CS2203 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 3 (Common to CSE & IT)

Aim: To understand the concepts of object-oriented programming and master OOP using C++ Unit I

300

9 Object oriented programming concepts ! objects ! c"asses ! methods and messages ! abstraction and encapsu"ation ! inheritance ! abstract c"asses ! po"#morphism Introduction to C++ ! c"asses ! access specifiers ! function and data members ! defau"t arguments ! function o$er"oading ! friend functions ! const and $o"ati"e functions ! static members ! Objects ! pointers and objects ! constant objects ! nested c"asses ! "oca" c"asses Unit II 9 Constructors ! defau"t constructor ! Parameteri%ed constructors ! Constructor &ith d#namic a""ocation ! cop# constructor ! destructors ! operator o$er"oading ! o$er"oading through friend functions ! o$er"oading the assignment operator ! t#pe con$ersion ! e'p"icit constructor Unit III 9 (unction and c"ass temp"ates - E'ception hand"ing ! tr#-catch-thro& paradigm ! e'ception specification ! terminate and )ne'pected functions ! )ncaught e'ception Unit IV 9 Inheritance ! pub"ic* pri$ate* and protected deri$ations ! mu"tip"e inheritance ! $irtua" base c"ass ! abstract c"ass ! composite objects +untime po"#morphism ! $irtua" functions ! pure $irtua" functions ! +TTI ! t#peid ! d#namic casting ! +TTI and temp"ates ! cross casting ! do&n casting Unit V 9 Streams and formatted I,O ! I,O manipu"ators - fi"e hand"ing ! random access ! object seria"i%ation ! namespaces std namespace ! -.SI String Objects ! standard temp"ate "ibrar# Total: 4 TE!T BOO"S: / 0 Tri$edi* 1Programming &ith -.SI C++2* O'ford )ni$ersit# Press* 3445 RE#ERENCES: / Ira Poh"* 1Object Oriented Programming using C++2* Pearson Education* Second Edition +eprint 3446 3 S 0 7ippman* 8osee 7ajoie* 0arbara E 9oo* 1C++ Primer2* (ourth Edition* Pearson Education* 344: ; 0 Stroustrup* 1The C++ Programming "anguage2* Third edition* Pearson

Unit I
Object oriented programming concepts ! objects ! c"asses ! methods and messages ! abstraction and encapsu"ation ! inheritance ! abstract c"asses ! po"#morphism Introduction to C++ ! c"asses ! access specifiers ! function and data members ! defau"t arguments ! function o$er"oading ! friend functions ! const and $o"ati"e functions ! static members ! Objects ! pointers and objects ! constant objects ! nested c"asses ! "oca" c"asses

Objects
An o$%&'t i( an &n'a)(*lation o+ $ot, +*n'tion( an- -ata
Objects are an Abstraction represent real world entities Classes are data types that define shared common properties or attributes Objects are instances of a class -"" objects ha$e attributes (characteristics)* this is sometimes referred to as state Objects have State have a value at a particular time Objects have Operations associated set of operations called methods that describe how to carry out operations (behavior) Objects have Messages request an object to carry out one of its operations by sending it a message messages are the means by which we exchange data between objects
;

Cla((&(
Cla(( : <hate$er &e can see in this &or"d a"" the things are a object -nd a"" the objects are categori%ed in a specia" group That group is termed as a c"ass C"ass has man# other features "i=e creation and imp"ementation of the object* Inheritance etc

c"asses
E$er# object be"ongs to (is an instance of) a c"ass -n object ma# ha$e fie"ds* or $ariab"es
The c"ass describes those fie"ds

-n object ma# ha$e methods

The c"ass describes those methods

-n -bstract >ata T#pe (->T) bund"es together?

some data* representing an object or @thing@ the operations on that data

The operations defined b# the ->T are the only operations permitted on its data E'amp"e? a CheckingAccount* &ith operations

Prob"em? printing student mar= sheet

C"ass student +ea" &or"d entities? student* teacher* subject* mar= sheet etc C"ass student A Pub"ic ? int +o"".oB string nameB string addressB $oid Print>etai"s() A cout CCro""noB cout CCnameB cout CC addressB D DB

TV.0/ Cla(( an- 3 In(tan'&(

Object-Oriented Concept
The rectang"e area prob"em >efine a c"ass? +ect
>ata? &idth* "ength (unctions? computeEarea()

-n object? an instance of the c"ass +ect

To So"$e the prob"em* create an object of +ect* and reFuest this object to return the area of the rectang"e

Encapsu"ation
class Circle { private: int radius public: Circle(int r); // The area of a circle int compute_area(); }; }; class Trian le { private: int ed ea! ed eb! ed ec; public: Trian le (int a! int b! int c); // The area of a trian le int compute_area();

"#ample Code
class $ect { private: int %idth! len th; public: $ect (int %! int l) { %idth & %; len th & l; } int compute_area() { return %idth'len th; } }

main() { $ect rect(()!*); int #; #&rect(+compute_area(); cout,,#,,endl; }

M&t,o-( 0 M&((a1&(
G
S&n-in1 a m&((a1& i( o*2 3a4 o+: ! int&2a'tin1 3it, o$%&'t(5 ! mani)*latin1 an o$%&'t6( (tat&5 T&ll( t,& o$%&'t 3,at to -o 3it, it(&l+ E7am)l&: To ',an1& t,& ',ann&l on TV ! 8& *(& t,& ',ann&l (&l&'tion $*tton( 9T,i( (&n-( a m&((a1& t,at 3& 3ant to (&l&'t a n&3 ',ann&l ! T,& TV 2&()on-( to t,& m&((a1& $4 (&l&'tin1 an- &7&'*tin1 a method. ! T,& TV no3 2&'&i:&( a n&3 (i1nal 3,i', i( t,& ',ann&l 3& (&l&'t&-

M&t,o! T&ll( t,& o$%&'t ,o3 to 2&()on- to a m&((a1& O*2 TV.0/ o$%&'t( 2&()on- to t,& +ollo3in1 m&((a1&(: ! T*2n t,& t&l&:i(ion (&t on o2 o++ ! C,an1& t,& ',ann&l ! C,an1& t,& :ol*m&

Characteristics of OOP7
En'a)(*lation: Combining data structure &ith
actions
>ata structure? represents the properties* the states* or characteristics of objects -ctions? permissib"e beha$iors that are contro""ed through the member functions

hiding? Process of ma=ing certain data inaccessib"e In,&2itan'&: -bi"it# to deri$e ne& objects from o"d ones
>ata

Pol4mo2),i(m: -bi"it# for different objects to

interpret functions different"#

permits objects of a more specific c"ass to inherit the properties (data) and beha$iors (functions) of a more genera",base c"ass abi"it# to define a hierarchica" re"ationship bet&een objects

O-O Princip"es and C++ Constructs

O-O Concept C++ Construct(s)

-bstraction C"asses Encapsu"ation C"asses Information Hiding Pub"ic and Pri$ate 9embers Po"#morphism Operator o$er"oading* temp"ates* $irtua"

OOP (eatures
6 major features in OOP
encapsu"ation information hiding inheritance o$er"oading

Encapsu"ation
an o$%&'t &n'a)(*lat&( $ot, it( att2i$*t&( 0 m&t,o-( imp"ications?
an attribute, method is attached to an object, c"ass &hen #ou mention an attribute, methods* #ou ha$e to specif# &hich object, c"ass it comes from

&h# encapsu"ationI
&hen #ou get ho"d of an object* #ou a"so get ho"d of its data & beha$iour components good for reuse

Information Hiding
an o$%&'t 'an ,i-& it( int&2nal -&tail(
e g #ou donJt =no& ho& #our mobi"eJs e"ectronics &or=s e'cept punching the buttons

can se"ecti$e"# sho& some detai"s to the outside &or"d

e g #our mobi"e on"# sho&s the number it dia"s

defines an 1interface2 to interact &ith the outside &or"d

e g #our mobi"e interacts &ith #our through the buttons & screen

<h# Information HidingI

the object can ha$e a comp"e' interna" but simp"e interface
ma=ing interaction &ith the outside &or"d easier

#ou donJt need to =no& about the interna" of an object

on"# the interface is important i e ho& to interact &ith it

faci"itate code reuse

hiding an# interna" change from the outside &or"d b# =eeping the interface unchanged

Inheritance
a 'la(( ma4 $& (imila2 to anot,&2 'la(( $*t $&in1 mo2& ()&'iali(& e g the c"ass 1student2 is simi"ar to the c"ass 1person2 but 1student2 is more specia"ised
a person has attributes "i=e? se'* age* name a student has a"" these + a student no

Inheritance (contJd)
a subclass
e'tends, specia"ises a superclass inherits attributes & methods from its superclass ma# ha$e more attributes, methods than its superclass ma# change the content, procedure of an inherited method
i e same method name, signature but different beha$iour

&h# inheritanceI
reuse e'isting c"ass definition customise, specia"ise if needed

O$er"oading
different functions, procedures, methods can ha$e the same name
pro$ided that the parameters are of different t#pes
gi$ing a uniFue 1signature2

the s#stem &i"" figure out &hich one to in$o=e e g #ou can ha$e 3 procedures* both named 1call2* ta=ing a 1dog2 or 1person2 object as parameter respecti$e"# >epending on #ou gi$e it a 1dog2 or 1person2 object as the parameter* 8a$a &i"" =no& &hich one to use

<h# O$er"oadingI
#ou can ca"" the same method (name) but in$o=e different beha$iour
d#namic binding of method
&hich method to in$o=e is determined at runtime

code reuse
in term of the 1ca""ing2 code

 Encapsu"ation is the mechanism that binds together code and data* and =eeps both safe from outside interference or misuse / 0oth data and member functions treated as sing"e unit 3 -bstract focuses on beha$ior of object* encapsu"ation focuses on actua" imp"ementation ; Encapsu"ation achie$ed through data hiding 6 (or abstractions to &or=* imp"ementations must be encapsu"ated

-bstract T.pes
class /hape { public: /hape(); // Calculate the area for // this shape virtual int compute_area() & 0; };

-0ST+-CTIO. -.> E.C-PS)7-TIO.

Definition: 1ata "ncapsulation or 2nformation 3idin is the concealin of the implementation details of a data ob4ect from the outside %orld+ Definition: Data Abstraction is the separation bet%een the specification of a data object and its implementation+ Definition: - data type is a collection of objects and a set of operations that act on those ob4ects+ Definition: -n abstract data type (ADT) is a data t.pe that is or ani5ed in such a %a. that the specification of the ob4ects and the specification of the operations on the ob4ects is separated from the representation of the ob4ects and the implementation of the operation

 -d$antages of >ata -bstraction and >ata Encapsu"ation Simp"ification of soft&are de$e"opment Testing and >ebugging +eusabi"it# 9odifications to the representation of a data t#pe

-bstract Classes

6a. Contain abstract methods /ome methods and data ma. be defined abstract class Coloured/hape { private Colour c; // stora e allocated for each public abstract void dra%(); public Colour etColour() { return c; } public abstract void erase(); } 7o instances allo%ed /ubclasses must implement all abstract methods or the. are also abstract

Florida Community College at Jacksonville

Object-oriented Principle Inheritance

Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. By use of inheritance, an object need only define all of its characteristics that make it unique within its class, it can inherit its eneral attributes from its parent. !ccount "heckin
COP 2551 Object Oriented Programming

#ort a e

$oan
29 of 10 slides

OO Conce!ts Overvie"

Florida Community College at Jacksonville

Object-oriented Principle % &ncapsulation

&ncapsulation is the mechanism that binds to ether the code and the data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. Public 'ariables and methods Pri'ate 'ariables and methods Public 'ariables is not recommended
COP 2551 Object Oriented Programming OO Conce!ts Overvie" #0 of 10 slides

A Class

 Encapsu"ation Hides the imp"ementation detai"s of a c"ass (orces the user to use an interface to access data 9a=es the code more maintainab"e -PI doc as an e'amp"e

2nheritance and 8ol.morphism

class Circle : public /hape { private: int radius; public: Circle (int r); int compute_area(); }; class Trian le : public /hape { private: int ed ea! ed eb! ed ec; public: Trian le (int a! int b! int c); int compute_area(); };

int sum_area(/hape s(! /hape s9) { return s(+compute_area() : s9+compute_area(); // "#ample of pol.morphism }

27T$;1<CT2;7 T; C::
2nherit all -7/2 C directives 2nherit all C functions

=asic C:: "#tension from C

comments

/* You can still use the old comment style, */ /* but you must be very careful about mixing them */ // It's best to use this style for 1 line or partial lines /* And use this style when your comment consists of multiple lines */

cin and cout (and >include ,iostream+h?)

cout !"ello#$ char name%1&'$ cin (( name$ cout !"i, # cout endl$ name #, nice name)# endl$

// print a blan* line

declarin variables almost an.%here

// declare a variable when you need it for +int * , 1$ * -$ *../ 0 char a,1m2$ cout * a$

C7-SSES

- Kraphica" +epresentation of C"asses

the Do1 c"ass the P&2(on c"ass name o&n &a"= instruct &riteEemai" attributes (data component) interface to the outside world

co"our name &here &a"= s&im bar=

methods (procedural component)

- Kraphica" +epresentation of Objects

Pa=i* a Do1 object

+a$i* a P&2(on object

name? +a$i o&n? 7assie &a"= instruct &riteEemai"
+aja* a P&2(on object
name?+aja o&n? nu"" &a"= instruct &riteEemai"

Lassie* a Do1 object

co"our? #e""o& name? Pa=i &here? ''' &a"= s&im bar=

co"our? &hite,bro&n name? 7assie &here? -nnur &a"= s&im bar=

L* another Do1 object

L* another P&2(on object

L* another Do1 object

-ccess specifiers
Specif# &hether the data defined &i"" be a$ai"ab"e to the users of the objects of the c"ass Pub"ic Pri$ate Protected Pub"ic? the data defined under pub"ic is a$ai"ab"e to objects Pri$ate? data defined under pri$ate is not a$ai"ab"e to objects

C"ass student A Pub"ic ? int +o"".oB pri$ate? string nameB string addressB pub"ic? $oid Print>etai"s() A cout CCro""noB cout CCnameB cout CC addressB D DB $oid main() A student student/B student/ +o"".oM 5B student/ nameM 1N2B ,, does not &or= since name is pri$ate student/ addressM 1O2B ,, does not &or= since name is pri$ate Student/ Print>etai"s()B D

(unction and data member

/ 3 / 3 ; (unctions can be defined either inside or outside the c"ass >efining function members outside c"ass $er# simp"e to define functions outside c"ass If the functions are bigPdefine outside Static data members of c"ass Static members are stored at a "ocation &here the# are retained throughout the e'ecution of the program and are not stored &ith c"ass objects Stored on"# as a sing"e cop#! simi"ar to member functions -"" the static data members are initia"i%ed to %ero at the time of dec"aration

C"ass student A Pub"ic ? int +o"".oB string nameB string addressB $oid Print>etai"s()B DB

,,defining function members outside c"ass

,,protot#pe

$oid student ?? Print>etai"s() A cout CCro""noB cout CCnameB cout CC addressB D DB $oid main() A student student/B student/ +o"".oM 5B student/ nameM 1N2B student/ addressM 1O2B Student/ Print>etai"s()B
D

c"ass student A pub"ic? static int Passing9ar=B int Subject9ar=Q:RB boo" fai"B $oid >isp"a#9ar=s() A for (int iM4BiC:B++i) A cout CC19ar=s of subject .o 2B cout CCiCC1is2 CCSubject9ar=QiRB D D $oid Set9ar=s (int 9ar=sQ:R A for (int iM4B iC:B ++i) A Subject9ar=sQiRM9ar=sQiRB D D boo" Chec=Passing() A fai"Mfa"seB for (int iM4BiC:B ++i) A if (Subject9ar=QiRCPassing9ar=) fai"M trueB D if (fai") cout CC 1congratu"ationsS Oou are passingTn2B e"se cout CC1sorr# S Oou are fai"ingTn2B return Sfai"B DDB

int student?? Passing9ar=B ,,reFuired definition $oid main() A student??Passing9ar=M;:B student NB student OB int Nmar=sQRMA5:*::*U:*:U*VWDB int Omar=sQRMA/:*3:*/44*WV*VWDB N Set9ar=s(Nmar=s)B O Set9ar=s(Omar=s)B N Chec=Passing()B O Chec=Passing()B D

D&+a*lt A21*m&nt(
- defau"t argument is a $a"ue gi$en in the +*n'tion -&'la2ation that the compi"er automatica""# inserts if the ca""er does not pro$ide a $a"ue for that argument in the +*n'tion 'all5 S#nta'? return_type f(@! type # & default_value!@);

D&+a*lt A21*m&nt( (E'amp"es)

double pow(double #! int n&9) // computes and returns #n The defau"t $a"ue of the 3nd argument is 3 This means that if the programmer ca""s )o3(')* the compi"er &i"" rep"ace that ca"" &ith )o3('*3)* returning '3

D&+a*lt A21*m&nt( (+u"es)

Once an argument has a defau"t $a"ue* a"" the arguments after it must ha$e defau"t $a"ues Once an argument is defau"ted in a function ca""* a"" the remaining arguments must be defau"ted
int f(int #! int .&0! int n) // ille al int f(int #! int .&0! int n&() // le al

(unction o$er"oading
(unction redefined &ith different set of arguments EN? add(f"oat* f"oat) -dd(int* int) -dd (int* int* int) (unction o$er"oading is usefu" &hen simi"ar function is reFuired to be ca""ed &ith either $ariab"e number of arguments or arguments of different t#pe or both

#*n'tion O:&2loa-in1
T&o or more functions can ha$e the same name but different parameters E'amp"e?
int ma#(int a! int b) { if (a?& b) return a; else return b; } float ma#(float a! float b) { if (a?& b) return a; else return b; }

8,at i( a #2i&n- #*n'tion; - friend function is used for accessing the non-pub"ic members of a c"ass - c"ass can a""o& non-member functions and other c"asses to access its o&n pri$ate data* b# ma=ing them friends Thus* a friend function is an ordinar# function or a member of another c"ass <o3 to -&+in& an- *(& #2i&n- #*n'tion in C==: The friend function is &ritten as an# other norma" function* e'cept the function dec"aration of these functions is preceded &ith the =e#&ord friend The friend function must ha$e the c"ass to &hich it is dec"ared as friend passed to it in argument Som& im)o2tant )oint( The =e#&ord friend is p"aced on"# in the function dec"aration of the friend function and not in the function definition It is possib"e to dec"are a function as friend in an# number of c"asses <hen a c"ass is dec"ared as a friend* the friend c"ass has access to the pri$ate data of the c"ass that made this a friend It is possib"e to dec"are the friend function as either pri$ate or pub"ic The function can be in$o=ed &ithout the use of an object

c"ass c"ass/ A pri$ate? int numB pub"ic? $oid get() A coutCC@.umber?@B cinXXnumB D friend $oid disp"a#(c"ass/ c")B DB $oid disp"a#(c"ass/ c/) A coutCCC/ .)9B D int main() A c"ass/ c"sB c"s get()B disp"a#(c"s)B D

(riend function

,,static member friend function matri' mu"tip"ication Y Zinc"udeCiostream hX Zinc"udeCconio hX Y c"ass matri'$ector A static int aQ;RQ;RB static int bQ;RB static int cQ;RB pub"ic? $oid getmatri'($oid)B $oid get$ector($oid)B friend int mu"tip"#(matri'$ector m$) DB Y int matri'$ector??aQ;RQ;RB int matri'$ector??bQ;RB int matri'$ector??cQ;RB Y $oid matri'$ector??getmatri'($oid) A coutCC@Tn enter the matri' $a"ue Tn@B for(int iM4BiC;Bi++) A for(int jM4BjC;Bj++) A cinXXaQiRQjRB D D D

$oid matri'$ector??get$ector($oid) A coutCC@Tn@B coutCC@Tn enter the $ector ?@B for(int =M4B =C;B=++) A cinXXbQ=RB D D Y int mu"tip"#(matri'$ector m$) A coutCC@matri' - $ector mu"tip"ication Tn@B coutCC@Tn the $ector Tn@B Y for(int mM4BmC;Bm++) A coutCC@Tn@B coutCCm$ bQmRB D Y coutCC@Tn the matri' Tn@B Y for(int iM4BiC;Bi++) A for (int jM4B jC;B j++) A coutCCm$ aQiRQjRB coutCC@Tt@B D

coutCC@Tn@B D for(int eM4BeC;Be++) A for(int dM4BdC;Bd++) A m$ cQeRMm$ cQeR+m$ aQeRQdR[m$ bQdRB DD coutCC@Tn the resu"t is Tn@B for(int nM4BnC;Bn++) A coutCCm$ cQnRB coutCC@Tn@B D return 4B D Yint main() A c"rscr()B matri'$ector m$B m$ get$ector()B m$ getmatri'()B mu"tip"#(m$)B getch()B return 4BD

'on(t m&m$&2 +*n'tion(

- function* &hich guarantees not to modif# the in$o=ing object If the bod# of the const function contains a statement that modifies the in$o=ing object* the program does not compi"e One e'ception here is the mutab"e member - mutab"e data member can be modified b# const function

$oid Print>etai"s()const A cout CCro""noB cout CCnameB cout CC addressB ro""noM6 ,,error D If ro""no definition is changed to m*ta$l& int ro""noB in the student c"ass *then there &i"" not be an error

\o"ati"e functions
- member function in$o=ed b# a $o"ati"e object - $o"ati"e object ]s $a"ue can be changed b# e'terna" parameters &hich are not under the contro" of the program

:olatil& m&m$&2 +*n'tion( >ec"are a member function &ith the $o"ati"e specifier to ensure that it can be ca""ed safe"# for a $o"ati"e object? c"ass 0 A int 'B pub"ic? $oid f() $o"ati"eB ,, $o"ati"e member function DB int main() A $o"ati"e 0 bB ,, b is a $o"ati"e object b f()B ,, ca"" a $o"ati"e member function safe"# D The object b is dec"ared $o"ati"e Ca""ing a non-$o"ati"e member function from this object is unsafe* because b^s state might ha$e been changed b# a different thread in the meantime To ensure that f() can be ca""ed safe"# for a $o"ati"e object* it^s

Pointers and objects

int x = 10; int *p; p = &x;

p 10 x

p ets the address of x in memor.+

<hat is a pointerI
int x = 10; int *p; p = &x; *p = 20; *p is the value at the address p+

p 20 x

<hat is a pointerI
int x = 10; int *p = NULL; p = &x; *p = 20; * dereference operator ets value at p 1eclares a pointer to an inte er & is address operator ets address of #

-""ocating memor# using n&3

Point *p = new Point(5, 5); new a""ocates space to ho"d the object new ca""s the objectJs constructor new returns a pointer to that object

>ea""ocating memor# using -&l&t&

// allocate memory Point *p = new Point(5, 5);

// !ree t"e memory #elete p; (or e$er# ca"" to new* there must be e'act"# one ca"" to #elete

)sing n&3 &ith arra#s

int x = 10; int* n$m%1 = new int&10'; int* n$m%2 = new int&x'; // o( // o(

Initia"i%es an arra# of /4 integers on the heap

 A )oint&2 'an )oint to an o$%&'t '2&at&- $4 a 'la((5 O$%&'t )oint&2( a2& *(&+*l in '2&atin1 o$%&'t( at 2*n tim&5 student s/B student [ptr M &s/B s/ getdata()B s/ sho&()B eFui$a"ent to ptr-Xgetdata()B ptr-X sho&()B or ([ptr) sho&()B &e can a"so create the objects using pointers and ne& operator student [ptr M ne& studentB This a""ocates enough memor# for the data members in the object structure and assigns the address of the memor# space to ptr

constant objects
const student s/('*#)B ,, object s/ is constant -n# attempt to modif# the $a"ues of ' and # &i"" generate compi"e time error - constant object can ca"" on"# constant member functions $oid Print>etai"s()const A cout CCro""noB cout CCnameB cout CC addressB D

nested c"asses
It is an another &a# of inheriting properties of one c"ass into another (rom this &e can understand that an object can be co""ection of man# other objects* that is a c"ass can contain objects of other c"asses as its members c"ass a"pha(L)B c"ass beta(L)B c"ass gamma A a"pha a/B beta b/B DB -"" objects of gamma c"ass &i"" contain the objects a/ and b/ This =ind of re"ationship is ca""ed

"oca" c"asses
C"asses can be defined and used inside a function or a b"oc= Such c"asses are ca""ed "oca" c"asses $oid test(int a) ,,function A L c"ass student ,,"oca" c"ass A L ,,c"ass definition L DB L L student s/(a)B ,,create student object L L D 7oca" c"asses can use g"oba" $ariab"es and static $ariab"es dec"ared inside the function Enc"osing function cannot access the pri$ate member of a "oca" c"ass

0asic C++ E'tension from C (II)

const
In C*Zdefine statements are hand"ed b# the preprocessor* so there is no t#pe chec=ing In C++* the const specifier is interpreted b# the compi"er* and t#pe chec=ing is app"ied

.e& data t#pe

+eference data t#pe *&+ 9uch "i=es pointer int i'B ,[ i' is @rea"@ $ariab"e [, int & r' M i'B ,[ r' is @a"ias@ for i' [,

C++ - -d$ance E'tension

C++ a""o& function o$er"oading
In C++* functions can use the same names* &ithin the same scope* if each can be distinguished b# its name and signature The signature specifies the number* t#pe* and order of the parameters The name p"us signature* then* uniFue"# identifies a function

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There are man# different =inds of programming paradigms* OOP is one among them In OOP* programmers see the e'ecution of the program as a co""ection of dia"oging objects The main characteristics of OOP7 inc"ude encapsu"ation* inheritance* and po"#morphism .ot on"# OOP7 can do OOP* but a"so others