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NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept.

of Aerospace Engineering


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Module5:
Multi - Dimensional
Problems



Lecture 25:
Linearized Compressible Flow
(Contd.)



















NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


2
The equation is still exact. Neglecting the terms containing squares (second degree) of perturbation
velocities, the equation becomes


( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c


3 2
2
1 3 2 1
2
1 1 1
x
w
x U
u
M
x
u
U
u
M
x
w
x x
u
M
v

v

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+

1 3
2
1 2
2
x
w
x
u
U
w
M
x x
u
U
M
v v

If the entire right hand side is neglected the equation becomes linear

( ) 0 1
3 2 1
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c


x
w
x x
u
M
v

or
( ) 0 1
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c


x x x
M

( is perturbation potential)
In transonic flow, where 1

M , the coefficient of
1
x
u
c
c
on the lhs becomes very small and it is then not
possible to neglect the first term on the . rhs This condition ( ) 1

M does not affect the terms


3 2
,
x
w
x c
c
c
cv
and can be neglected on the rhs. So, the small-perturbation equation valid for subsonic,
transonic and supersonic flow is
( ) ( )
1
2
3 2 1
2
1 1
x
u
U
u
M
x
w
x x
u
M
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c



v


( )
( )
2
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
x
x U
M
x x x
M
c
c
c
c +
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c



For flows outside the transonic range, the rhs can be neglected.
For
2

M very large, hypersonic-flow, certain terms on the rhs must be retained as the product of some of
the small perturbation quantities with
2

M may not be negligible



NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


3

Pressure coefficient
2
2
2
1
2
p
p p p p
C
M p
U





= =

( )
( )

)

+
+
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1 2
1 2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2 2 2


M
M
M
p
p
p
p
M
p
p
M
C
o
o
p

where
2 2
2 2
2 2
,
U V
M M
a a

= =

From energy equation
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
U a V a


+ = +



( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1
1
2 2
V
a a U V a U
U

| |

= + = +
|
\ .

2
2
2
2
2
1
1 1
2
V
a
M
a
U


| |

= +
|
\ .

2
1
2
2 2
2 1
1 1 1
2
p
V
C M
M U



(
| |

= +
` ( |
\ .

)


or
( )

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

+ =

1 1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
2

v
U
w u U
M
M
C
p



NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


4
1
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 1 2
1 1
2
u u w
M
M U U



(
| |
+ +
= +
` ( |
\ .

)


( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 1
u u w
M
U U U
v


(
+
= + +
(

neglecting
higher power
For 2-D and planar flows
p
C , consistent with the firstorder perturbation equations, is

=
U
u
C
p
2

For flow over axially symmetric or elongated bodies, the consistent approximation is
2
2 2
2

+
=
U
w
U
u
C
p
v



2-D past a wave shaped wall (Ackerets problem)

Consider the flow past a boundary of sinusoidal shape, the so called wavy wall. The boundary is given
by
0 sin = x h y o
h denotes the amplitude of the waves of the wall, and
o
t 2
= l is the wavelength








NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


5










For plane subsonic or supersonic flow, the linear equation may be used

( ) 0 1
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c


y x
M


Subject to the boundary conditions
y x c
c
c
c
,
are finite at infinity
and
( )
0
,0
y wall
y
x U
y x

v

=
| | | | c c
= =
| |
c c
\ . \ .


x h U o o cos

=

Consider 0 1
2
>

M , i.e., a subsonic flow. The equation is elliptic

0
1
2
2
2 2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y x


Try
( ) ( ) ( ) y G x F y x = ,


0
2
= ' ' + ' ' G F G F |
or
0
1
2
=
' '
+
' '
G
G
F
F
|

h

x

y

U

d

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


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