ქართულ-სომხური საეკლესიო ურთიერთობები

mitropoliti anania jafariZe
qarTul-somxuri
saeklesio urTierTobebi
Tbilisi
2011
1
qarTul-somxuri saeklesio urTierTobebi moicavs,

TiTqmis, or aTaswleuls. isini gansakuTrebiT intensiurni iyvnen VI-XI da XVII_XIX saukuneebSi.
wignSi, mraval wyaroze dayrdnobiT, erTadaa Sekrebili gamokvlevebi qarTul-somxuri saekelsio urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, romelnic ukve gamoqveynebulni iyvnen
sxvadasxva wlebSi, amJamad ki, isini erTad Tavmoyrilni
pirvelad miewoda mkiTxvels.
samecniero redaqtori - profesori i. gorgiZe
meufe anania jafariZe, 2011

sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti, 2011
ISBN 978-9941-20-010-6
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis nebismieri nawilis (teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) gamoyeneba arc erTi formiTa da saSualebiT
(eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri) ar SeiZleba gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Sesavali
pirvel aTaswleulSi, VI-VIII ss-Si, jer sparsuli
mazdeanuli imperia, xolo Semdeg arabTa xalifati samkvdro-sasicocxlod ebrZoda bizantiis imperias. am
omebis frontis xazze saqarTveloc aRmoCnda. sparselebi da arabebi bizantiuri marTlmadidebluri imperiis
dasustebis mizniT, kavkasiaSic devnidnen marTlmadidebluri mimarTulebis qristianebs, xolo aramarTlmadideblur eklesiebs naklebad ebrZodnen, anda piriqiT, politikuri mosazrebebiT aZlierebdnen kidec.
amis Sedegad, aRniSnul VI-VIII da mimdgom saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda somxuri monofizituri eklesia. xolo bizantielTa Tanamorwmuneobis gamo, qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia sastikad devnes. momentiT
isargebla somxurma eklesiam da SeZlo qarTuli mrevlis erTi nawilis Seyvana monofizitur eklesiaSi.
msgavsi suraTi ganmeorda, TiTqmis, aTasi wlis Semdeg.
axla ukve politikuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, kavkasiaSi qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias devnida sparseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebi, ruseTis marTlmadideblur
imperiasTan Tanamorwmuneobis gamo. somxuri monofizituri
eklesia maT mier kvlav gaZlierda, radganac XVII-XVIII
ss-is sparseTi da osmaleTi monofizitobas miiCnevdnen
politikurad neitralur sarwmunoebad.
3
amis Sedegad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da mesxeTSi, kvlav

gaZlierda somxuri eklesia da man SeZlo qarTuli mrevlis erTi nawilis gadaqceva somxuri eklesiis mrevlad.
XIX-XX ss-Si rusTa batonobis dros, kvlav gagrZelda qarTvelTa denacionalizacia, gansakuTrebiT, XX s-is
dasawyisSi. am dros, avtokefaluri moZraobiT ganawyenebulma ruseTis imperiam qvemo qarTlsa, da saerTod, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli soflebis eklesiebi didi
raodenobiT gadasca somxur eklesias (magaliTad: samRereTis, TeleTis, muxaTis, enageTis, borbalos, vaSlovanis,
bogvis, ardisubnis, jorjiaSvilis, ertisisa da sxva soflebis eklesiebi, es mxolod amJamindel manglisis eparqiaSi da ra Tqma unda, sxva eparqiebSic aseTive mdgomareoba iyo).
1921 wels, saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg, qvemo qarTlis erTi mniSvnelovani nawili ruseTis xelisuflebam
gadasca somxeTs. iq mdebare axtalis kaTedrali da sxva
qarTuli eklesiebi aRmoCnda saqarTvelos farglebs gareT. axtalis Zvel qarTul eklesiaSi, romelsac wmida
giorgi mTawmidelis freska amkobs, ruseTis wmida sinodis wevrebi _ saqarTvelos egzarqosebic ki aRavlendnen
liturgias, radganac is erT-erT umTavres marTlmadideblur sakaTedro taZrad iyo aRiarebuli. amJamad ki, is
somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSia moqceuli mTel somxeTSi gafantul mraval qarTul eklesiasTan erTad.
nawili I (VI-XI ss)

dvinis saeklesio kreba (506 weli)

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saeklesio ena albaneTSi, hereTSi, gugarqsa da

dasavleT saqarTveloSi VI-VII saukuneebSi

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èpistoleTa wignis~114 mokle Sinaarsi
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arsen safarelis Txzuleba `ganyofisaTKs

qarTvelTa da somexTa~

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monofizitobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb

saqarTveloSi

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asureli mamebi monofizitobis winaaRmdeg
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èrToba~ qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris

uxtanesis mixedviT
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somxur eklesiasTan urTierTobis

mizezi da misi Sedegi

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qarTveli monofizitebi da somxuri eklesiis

wevri qarTveli qalkedonitebi

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wmida nino da mociquli eliSa
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somxuri eklesiis istoria, monoTelitoba

da xatmebrZoloba masTan kavSirSi
a. kartaSevis mixedviT

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a) `ganyofa marTlmadideblobisagan erovnuli motivebis gamo~,

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b) somxeTi iustinianedan ereklemde
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g) erekles religiuri politika da somxuri eklesiis nawilis SeerTeba

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d) VI msoflio kreba

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e) somxuri eklesia monoTelitobis dros
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v) VII msoflio kreba _ xatmebrZoloba. 787 w.

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z) somxuri eklesia VIII-X saukuneebSi
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somxuri eklesiis pretenziebi qarTuli

eklesiis dauflebisaTvis
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didi mTargmnelebi
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`qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri redaqcia

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qarTvelTa armenizaciis Sesaxeb

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`Zichis Sagdari~
`Petcherno Sagdari~
`Wankis Sagdari~
`Melikis und Subsarnisi Sagdari~
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Rrtilas saeklesio kreba (daaxl. 1046 w.)
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nawili II (XVII-XX ss)

saqarTvelos patriarq anton I-is urTierToba
somxebsa da laTinebTan

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antonis urTierToba urC samRvdeloebasTan

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qarTvelTa gasomxeba (qarTl-kaxeTi)

ovblf bkbf vfhskbc smvbs^ #fqlutyf bcnjhbbcf _ thbc
ufvjwjw[kt,ff^ vthvbcbc ufvjhrdtdf cb,ytkbcfufy@&
obyfvlt,fht yfihjvib bcnjhbek o.fhjt,pt lf.hlyj,bs
uflvjwtvekbf jcvfksf lf bhfytksf vbth lfg.hj,bk mfhskrf[tscf lf vtc[tsib vw[jdht, bv mfhsdtk vfhskvflblt,tksf
[dtlhb^ hjvtkybw sfylfsfyj,bs cjv[ehb trktcbbc vhtdkfl
uflfbmwyty lfvg.hj,tksf gjkbnbrehb yt,bc itcf,fvbcfl&
ufvjyjabpbnt,bc itvltu cjv[ehb trktcbbc vhtdkib uflfcek
mfhsdtkt,c sfylfsfyj,bs ittwdfkfs tsyjacbmjkjubf^ lfrfhutc thjdyekb wyj,btht,f lf lffluyty ufcjv[t,bc upfc& tc
ghjwtcb ufycfresht,bs ufqhvfdlf s,bkbccf lf mdtvj mfhskib^
fuhtsdt mfhsk-rf[tsbc mfkfmt,cf lf upbcgbhf cjakt,ib^ cflfw
vf/-vflbfyt,bc ,fnjyj,f eahj vnrbwt b.j&
qarTvelTa gasomxebis politikuri

mizezebi
r& rtrtkbbc cf[tkj,bc [tkyfothsf bycnbnenbcf lf vfinjwbc cf[tkj,bc thtdybc vfntyflfhfybc ajylt,ib lfwekbf
cftrktcbj-ljuvfnehb ibyffhcbc mfhsekb fy,fybs lfothbkb
cjv[ehtyjdfyb rht,ekt,b lf mfhsekb nhfycrhbgwbbs lfothbkb cjv[ehb cftrktcbj kbnthfnehf& b& uhbifidbkbc fphbs^
\|+-\|++ cfereytt,ib cfmfhsdtkjib vw[jdht,b #cjv[t,bcfsdbc@ kjwdt,b mfhsekb fcjt,bs botht,jlf& p& zbzbyftc
thsb fctsb mfhsekb fcjt,bs lfothbkb cjv[ehtyjdfyb obuyb
#ythctc rfsfkbrjcbc ufkj,f@ [tks /mjybf ~u& vfbcehft^ mfhsdtkb lf cjvt[b [fk[t,bc ehsbthsj,f \+++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib@^
1982^ ud& 314-316`&
338
vrdktdfhsf ijhbc cflfdjf^ se hbcsdbc botht,jlf mfhsekb

nhfycrhbgwbbs cjv[ehtyjdfyb obuyt,b& cjvt[ vtwybthsf fphbs^ bcbyb ufyresdybkb b.dyty ufmfhsdtkt,ekb cjv[t,bcfsdbc^
u& vfbcehfbcf lf c[dfsf fphbs rb _ #cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt
mfhsdtkt,bcfsdbc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 315`^ t&b& mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,bc
fye ufcjv[t,ekb mfhsdtkt,bcfsdbc&
fv cfrbs[bc rdktdbcfc cfbynthtcjf lblb frfrbc lfrdbhdt,f^
hjvtkbw ths bcnjhbek vjs[hj,fibf uflvjwtvekb% \|+++ cbc lfcfo.bcib bvthtsbc vtat fktmcfylhtc lhjc #wb[t cbvfuhtt,b
sehmt,c tzbhfs [tkib^ ]fhb /.fdlfs xf.tyt,ekb .dtkufy lf
mdt.ybc ,tlcf lf e,tlj,fc ufyfut,lyty^ vtat vfsb cehdbkt,bc
fqvfchekt,tkb^ .ehvjzhbkb .vf b.j afif bpvfbkb^ mesfbcbc
wb[tib b]lf lf bmblfy ufyfut,lf& sehmt,b .jdtksdbc bvfc
wlbkj,lyty^ hjv bvthkt,bcfsdbc h]ekb lf thjdyekb tkathb
tyfcsfy thsfl lftrfhudbyt,byfs lf uftvf/vflbfyt,byfs@ ~frfrb^
#thsj,f xdtysdbc nf[nbf@^ 1991^ ud& 368`&
sehmt,c uflfeo.dtnbfs^ mfhsekb fcjt,bs lftothfs
fhf,ektyjdfyb mhbcnbfyekb cfqvhsj obuyt,b^ hjv mfhsdtkt,c
.ehb ittxdbfs fhf,ekb tybcfsdbc lf fvbnjv mfhsdtkt,c
trktcbt,ib fhf,ek tyfpt fcvtybyt,lyty cf[fht,fc^ vfuhfv hflufyfw fhf,ekb lfvothkj,f mfhsdtkvf obuybc vrbs[dtkt,vf fh
bwjlyty^ mfhsekb nhfycrhbgwbbs uflvjewbfs bub& tc cfmvt sfdbc vjv[ht cfvqdltkjt,bcfsdbc lfedfkt,bfs^ frfrb othc% #x[tbt
mesfstkvf^ c[dfsf ijhbc^ mfhsekb cfqvhsj othbkb uflffsfhuvybyf fhf,ekfl cbn.df-cbn.dbs^ lf bct frbs[t,lf trktcbt,ib&
vfibyltkb fhf,ekfl yfsfhuvyb cf[fht,f^ mfhsekb fcjt,bs
lfothbkb^ lqtcfw vjbgjdt,f fmf-bm bvthtsib@ ~bmdt^ 371`&
vfifcflfvt^ frfrbc lhjcfw^ \+\ c-bc vtjht yf[tdfhib^ ]th
rbltd vjbgjdt,jlf fhf,ektyjdfyb cftrktcbj obuyt,b^ hjvtkybw
mfhsekb fcjt,bs b.dyty lfothbkyb^ vcufdcfldt bvfdt lhjc
339
ufytresdyt,jlf cjv[ehtyjdfyb cftrktcbj obuyt,b^ lfothbkyb

mfhsekb fcjt,bs& mfhsekb nhfycrhbgwbbs itchekt,ekb
fhf,ektyjdfyb obuyt,b botht,jlf fhf #ufmfhsdtkt,ekb
fhf,t,bcfsdbc@^ fhfvtl^ gbhbmbs^ mfhsdtkt,bcfsdbc^ hjvtksf
thjdyekb uflfudfht,fw eyljlfs^ fctdt mfhsekb nhfycrhbgwbbs itchekt,ekb cjv[ehtyjdfyb obuyt,b botht,jlf fhf
#ufmfhsdtkt,ekb cjv[t,bcfsdbc@ fhfvtl gbhbmbs^ bv mfhsdtkt,bcfsdbc^ hjvtksf ufcjv[t,fw cehlfs^ hjvtkybw f[kfl
b.dyty itcekyb cjv[ehb trktcbbc vhtdkib&
#cjv[ehb kbnthfnehf mfhsekb nhfycrhbgwbbs^ tzdb fhff^
cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc mfhsdtkt,bcfsdbc eylf itlutybkb.j^
hjvtksf lblvf evhfdktcj,fv^ ,eyt,hbdbf^ cjv[ehb othfrbs[df fh bwjlf& vjcf[ktj,bc fvfdt yfobkbc cekbthb
vjs[jdybkt,t,bc lfcfrvf.jabkt,kfl pjub cjv[ehb kjwdf
bsfhuvyt,jlf mfhsek tyfpt& ths-thsb fctsb yfsfhuvyb
rht,ekbc lfybiyekt,bc sfj,fpt ubjhub ujhtkb udfeo.t,c%
#uflvjsfhuvfyt,ekb cjv[bc tyblufy mfhsdtksf tyfpt ujhtkb
utdhu eqbhcb dfhsfgtnbcfufy cfhujs .hvfsf cjv[tsbc trktcbbcfsf^ dbcfw cjv[tsbc tyf fh tcvbc@& fv wyj,fib bcff cf.ehflqt,j^
hjv ubjhub ujhtkc tc cftrktcbj ljuvfnehb rht,ekb cjvt[
#.hvfsf cfhujs@ rb fh esfhuvybf^ fhfvtl #.hvfsf cjv[tsbc trktcbbcfsf@^ t&b& bvfssdbc^ dbyw cjv[eh trktcbfc tresdyjlf lf fvfdt
lhjc cjv[ehb fh bwjlf& fctst,b rb^ ufcfut,bf^ evsfdhtcfl
cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc mfhsdtkt,b^ t&b& mfhsdtkb vjyjabpbnt,b
b.dyty@ ~u& vfbcehft^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 315`&
hjujhw frfrb othc^ cfmfhsdtkjc res[tsf vg.hj,tkb vf/
vflbfyt,bc cehdbkb b.j^ mfhsdtkt,b ufyijht,jlyty vij,kbeh
trktcbfcf lf h]ekc^ t&b& vfhskvflblt,kj,fc&
jcvfkt,b lf .bpbk,fit,b ~bhfytkt,b` \|+-\|+++ cfereytt,ib
itmvybkb ufycfresht,ekb cfthsfijhbcj gjkbnbrehb vb340
ptpt,bc ufvj^ vbpfyvbvfhsekfl t,hjlyty fhf .dtkf mhbcnbfyek cfhoveyjt,hbd vbvfhsekt,fc^ fhfvtl v[jkjl mfhsek
trktcbfc& vfssdbc vjcfsvtyb lf pju]th vbcfqt,bw rb b.j
cjv[eh-mhbcnbfyekb^ rfsjkbrehb lf ,thyekb trktcbt,b^
vfuhfv vjesvtytkb b.j mfhsdtksf vfhskvflblt,kehb
cfhoveyjt,f& fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ i& kjvcft othc% #fv lhjc
sehmt,c bctdt^ hjujhw cgfhctkt,c^ vjcdtyt,fc erfhufdlf
vfhskvflblt,kehb hectsbc ofhvfnt,fyb^ hjvtkbw cek eahj
cfv[htsbs vjbotdlf lf rfdrfcbbc eqtknt[bkc t,]byt,jlf&
&&&vfhskvflblt,kehb hectsbc ofhvfnt,fyb sehmtsc .dtkfpt vtnfl fabmht,lf lf .jdtkb qjybcbt,bs wlbkj,lf^ fh lftidf vfhskvflblt,keh [fk[sf ehsbthsrjynfmnb^ lf hfw vsfdfhbf^ vfsb rfdibhb thsvjhoveyt hectsbc cf[tkvobajcsfy@
~i& kjvcft^ #udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy@^
1979^ ud& 75`&
fvbc ufvj sehmsf lf cgfhctksf vbth lfvjhxbkt,ek
vtc[tsib^ mfhsk-rf[tscf lf bvthtsib vfhskvflblt,keh
cfhoveyjt,fc^ fye #mfhsdtkj,fc@ itehbut,tkb jvb ufvjtw[flf
~bmdt^ ud& 35`&
,bpfynbbc lfg.hj,bc itvltu jcvfkt,vf itmvytc epfhvfpfhb
bvgthbf^ hjvkbc itvflutykj,fib leyfbcgbhtssfy thsfl ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbw itlbjlf^ bhfybc bvgthbf rb rfdrfcbblfy byljtsblfy b.j ufydhwj,bkb^ cfmfhsdtkj vfs thsvfytsc ijhbc /
mjylfs uf.jabkb& lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj jcvfktsc^ [jkj
fqvjcfdktsb bhfyc tresdyjlf&
\|++ cfereybc lfcfo.bcbcfsdbc vrdtshfl itbwdfkf cfthsfijhbcj dbsfht,f& cfmfhsdtkjc xhlbkjtsbs ofhvjmvybkb
f[fkb vfhskvflblt,kehb hectsbc cf[tkvobaj 'kbthlt,jlf^
cohfab ufafhsjt,bc ufvj bthst,lf bmfvlt jcvfktsbcf lf bhfybc ufdktybc cathjib v.ja vbof-o.fkc& hectsvf jcvfktsc off341
hsdf .bhbvb^ xhlbkj ifdb pqdbcgbhtsb^ xhlbkjrfdrfcbf^ leyfbcgbhtsb^ ufvjxylf rfcgbbc pqdbcgbhtsib^ hbsfw itfiajsf bhfyb lf jcvfktsb& \|+++ cfereytib tdhjgfib ufdhwtkt,ekb fphbs^ hectsb fgbht,lf rjycnfynbytgjkbc fqt,fc^ ,jcajhbcf lf
lfhlfytkbc chentt,bc [tkib xfult,fcf lf [vtksfief pqdfib
ufcdkfc^ vfifcflfvt^ hectsbc cehdbkb b.j jcvfktsbc
cf[tkvobajc lfikf-lfyfotdht,f^ hfcfw vbpfyvbvfhsekfl
f[jhwbtkt,lf rbltw& fctdt bhfyibw abmhj,lyty^ hjv hect,b
fgbht,lyty rfcgbbc pqdbcgbhtsblfy bhfybc ufdkbs byljtsib
itcdkfc& bhfyb lf jcvfktsb hectsbcufy cfcbrdlbkj cfahs[tc
tkjlyty^ sfdbfysb bvgthbt,bc vskbfyj,bc obyffqvltu vbvfhsekc&
fv lhjc jcvfksf lf bhfytksf gjkbnbrehb vbpfyb b.j^
hjujhvt fh lftrfhufs rfdrfcbf ~fvbthrfdrfcbf`^ hflufyfw
rfdrfcbbc lfzthbc itvltu hect,c upf t[cyt,jlfs jcvfktsbcf lf
bhfybc wtynht,bcfrty^ hfw vfsb bvgthbt,bc lfikfc vjfcofdt,lf&
bhfytkt,cf lf jcvfkt,c ufycfresht,bs fahs[j,lfs
mfhsdtkt,bc vfhskvflblt,kehb cfhoveyjt,f^ hflufyfw bwjlyty^ hjv thsvjhoveytj,bc ufvj vfhskvflblt,keh hectsc
rfdrfcbbc lfeakt,fib [tkc iteo.j,lf sfyfvjhoveyt mfhsdtkj,f ~hfw vfhskfw fct vj[lf itvlujv`&
rfdrfcbfib hectsbc thsflthsb ,eyt,hbdb gjkbnbrehb vjrfdibht cfhoveyjt,hbdb thsbfyj,bc ufvj b.j vfhskvflblt,tkb
mfhsdtkb [fk[b^ hjvkbc vbcohfat,f hectsbcfrty \|++-\|+++
cfereytt,ib wyj,bkb b.j& rfdrfcbbc c[df .dtkf [fk[b lf mdt.fyf
bv lhjbcfsdbc fy vecekvfyehb b.j^ fylf gjkbnbrehb sfdbcsfdflj,f /mjylf lfrfhuekb& xhlbkjrfdrfcbtkt,bc ufvecekvfyt,bc ghjwtcb lfvsfdht,ekb b.j^ cjv[tscf lf
fpth,fb]fyib rb vecekvfyehb cf[fyjt,b fhct,j,lyty& fv lhjc
cjv[t,bc hbw[db fvbthrfdrfcbfib ghjwtynekfl 'fkpt vwbht
342
b.j& fv fc sfy fd t^ vf sb gjk bn bre hf l y tb nhf ke hb

~fhfvfhskvflblt,kehb` cfhoveyjt,hbdb vbvlbyfhtj,f
~vjyjabpbnj,f` cfahs[tc fh ofhvjflutylf bhfybcf lf
jc vf kts bcf sd bc^ v [jk jl mf hsd tk sf cf hov eyj t, fc
ufyb[bkfdlyty gjkbnbrehfl cfibi tktvtynfl^ fvbnjvfw
bhfytkt,vf lf jcvfkt,vf lfbo.tc cfereyjdfyb lblb htkbubehb jvb mfhsdtksf thjdyekb cfhoveyjt,bc^ fye mfhsekb
vfhskvflblt,tkb trktcbbc obyffqvltu& elbltcb vybidytkj,f
vbtybzf mfhsdtkt,bc ufvf/vflbfyt,fc^ c[df cfhoveyjt,hbd stvib
uflfcdkfc ~mfhsdtkt,bc ufcjv[t,fc^ ufrfsjkbrt,fc`^ cfmfhsdtkjc lfwkfc f[fkufphlf lf ]fycfqb vjcf[ktj,bcfufy ~t&b&
mfhsdtkt,bc n.dtt,fl uf.bldfc^ bhfy-jcvfktsib uflfcf[kt,fc`&
#cjvt[b rfsjkbrtyb bct^ hjujhw cjvt[-uhbujhbfyyb^
sehmt,cf lf bhfytkt,cfw \|-\|+++ cfereytt,ib^ #vbev[hj,tkb@ lf #eo.byfhb@ htkbubbc ofhvjvflutykt,fl vbfxylfs&
fvbnjv sfdbfys mdt.fyfib vfs ufhrdtek ghbdbktubt,cfw
fybzt,lyty@ ~i& kjvcft^ udbfyb iefcfereytt,b^ ud& 41`& hflufyfw cjv[ehb cfhoveytj,f vf/vflbfyt,c eo.byfh^ ecfahs[j htkbubfl vbfxylfs^ [jkj mfhsekb vfhskvflblt,kj,f _ cfibifl^ fvbnjvfw c[dflfc[df [th[t,bc ufvj.tyt,bs wlbkj,lyty^ bc
mfhsdtkt,b^ hjvtksf ufvf/vflbfyt,fcfw dth f[th[t,lyty^
cjv[ehb trktcbbc vhtdkfl uflftmwbfs&
#sehmtsbc vbth lfg.hj,bk nthbnjhbfpt fhyf[ekfl ufbpfhlf^ hjujhw cjvt[ dfzfh-vhtodtksf^ bct cjv[eh-uhbujhbfyekb trktcbbc 'kbtht,f lf fdnjhbntnb& cjvt[b [fk[b^ sehmtsbc ceksyt,c sfdbfysb gjkbnbrbc lfcf.hlty bfhfqfl vbfxylfs@ ~bmdt^ ud& 22`&
cjv[ehb trktcbbcflvb rtsbkufyo.j,f bvltyfl lblb b.j^ hjv
rjycnfynbytgjkbc fqt,bcsfyfdt ceksfy vt/vtl ++-v ~1451-81`
rjycnfynbytgjkib lfffhcf f[fkb mhbcnbfyekb wtynhb _
343
cjv[eh-uhbujhbfyekb cfgfnhbfhmj^ hjvtkbw ,thtysf cfgfnhbfhmjc sfyfcojhb eakt,t,bs fqbzehdf& jhbdt cfgfnhbfhmj^
,thyekb lf cjv[ehb^ yjvbyfkehfl lfevjhxbktc ceksfybc
rfhc& ceksfy vt/vtl ++-c rjycnfynbytgjktkb cjv[t,b vbfxylf
sfdbcb bynthtct,bc thsuek lfvwdtkt,fl& cfthsjl^ mhbcnbfyek htkbubeh vbvlbyfhtj,t,ib^ cjvt[sf sfdbct,ehb ctmnf^
hjvtkcfw vjudbfyt,bs ~1836 o&` uhbujhbfyj,f itthmdf^ cjv[t,c
ufycfresht,ek lf itlfht,bs ghbdbktubht,ek vlujvfhtj,fib
f.tyt,lf^ hjujhw sehmtsib^ bct bhfyib@ ~bmdt^ ud& 23`& rjycnfynbytgjkbc cjv[eh cfgfnhbfhmjc /mjylf 49 tgfhmbf& vfc
tvjhxbkt,jlf jcvfktsbc bvgthbbc vstkb vjyjabpbnehb
vjcf[ktj,f^ fhf v[jkjl cfcekbthj^ fhfvtl cfvjmfkfmj lf
cfcfvfhskj cathjibw ~bmdt^ ud& 24`&
fctdt lblb gfnbdbs tg.hj,jlf cjv[eh trktcbfc bhfybc
[tkbceakt,f^ cjv[t,c yt,f lfthsjs cfhoveyjt,hbdb
fqvcfht,kj,bc sfdbceakt,bcf^ #if/b gbhflfl t[vfht,jlf
cjv[t,c trktcbt,bc vityt,kj,fib ~bmdt^ ud& 37`& lflbjlf vfs
mhbcnbfyek lqtcfcofekt,pt^ tcoht,jlf mhbcnbfyek
wthtvjybfkt,c& vbcb ufycfresht,ekb ,hfyt,bs c]blyty
.dtkf vfc^ dbyw cjvt[ mhbcnbfyc itehfw[.jafc vbf.tyt,lf ~f&
fybycrb^ cjv[ehb trktcbbc bcnjhbf^ rbibybjdb^ 1900^ ud&
264`&&& thsb v[hbd^ sehmtsbcf lf vtjht v[hbd^ cgfhctsbc
vtcdtehsf gjkbnbrbc o.fkj,bs \|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib
cjv[ehb cfdfzhj rfgbnfkb cfthsfijhbcj fhtyfpt ufdblf& vfs
d[tlfds% ifdb pqdbc^ tutjcbc pqdbc^ [vtksfief pqdbc^ fnkfynbcf lf byljtsbc jrtfytt,bc fept,ib lf c[df@ ~bmdt^ ud& 38`&
ufycfresht,bs nhfubrekb b.j vtc[tsbc mfhsdtksf ,tlb& fm
jcvfkt,vf vfhskvflblt,kj,f ~mfhsekb trktcbf` frhfktc&
mfhsdtkt,b^ hjvtksfw fh vbbqtc vf/vflbfyj,f^ cjv[ehb trk344
tcbbc vhtdkfl fmwbtc& v[jkjl vwbht yfobkb mfhsdtkt,bcf

uflfbmwf rjycnfynbytgjkbc cfgfnhbfhmjc vhtdkfl&
#1578 o& jcvfkt,vf cfvw[t-cffsf,fuj lfbg.htc& mfhsekb
cjwbfkeh-gjkbnbrehb o.j,bkt,f uffemvtc^ vbc flubkpt itmvytc xbklbhbc ~f[fkwb[bc` cfafij& vtc[tsib mfhsdtkj,fc
itehbut,tkb ,hjkf ufvjtw[flf& vnhbc lfhn.vt,b gbhdtk
hbuib mfhsek trktcbbc pehuc [dlt,jlf& jcvfkt,vf rfhufl
bwjlyty^ hjv mfhsekb vfhskvflblt,kehb trktcbbc lfshueydbc ufhtit vfs vbth lfo.t,ekb cfmvt itbkt,jlf ofhvfnt,bs
dth lfudbhudbyt,ekb.j& fv lhjc sehmt,c bctdt^ hjujhw
cgfhctkt,c^ vjcdtyt,fc erfhufdlf vfhskvflblt,kehb hectsbc ofhvfnt,fyb^ hjvtkbw cek eahj cfv[htsbcfrty vjbotdlf@
~i& kjvcft^ udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc&&& ud& 35`&
cfvw[t-cffsf,fujc^ fye vtc[tsbc mfhsekb trktcbf sehmt,vf
cjv[eh trktcbfc lfemdtvlt,fhtc& fvbc ufvj mfhsdtkb
mhbcnbfyt,b vtc[tsib ufcjv[lyty ~bvfs ufhlf^ hjvtkybw
,thyek cfgfnhbfhmjc lfemdtvlt,fhtc`& fvbc itcf[t, i& kjvcft
othc% rjycnfynbytgjkbc uhbujhbfyek cfgfnhbfhmjc eakt,fc
\| c& vtjht yf[tdhblfy lftmdtvlt,fhf cfvw[t-cffsf,fujc mfhsekb trktcbf& mfhsdtksf uhbujhbfyek cfhoveyjt,fpt vbmwtdbc ntyltywbt,b firfhfl buhyj,f bvbth nfjcf lf fhphevbc
cfcfpqdhj ghjdbywbt,bc mfhsek vjcf[ktj,fib& hjujhw
cfabmht,tkbf^ .fhcbcf lf fhphevbc vfhskvflblt,kehb cfvo.cj
\|++ c-bc ,jkjc ufemvlf lf vhtdkb ittho.f sehmek-vecekvfy eh lf c jv[ eh-uhbu jhb fy ek tr kt cbt ,c & f mf eh
vfhskvflblt,tksf ~mfhsdtksf` ufuhbujhbfyt,bc ~ufcjv[t,bc`
afmnb lflfcneht,ekb fmdc fuhtsdt vrdktdfh buyfnb afafpbfyc^ sfdbc #trktcbbc w[jdht,fib@^ fctsbdt dbsfht,f itbmvyf \|+\|+++ cfereytt,ib fhnffybc stvt,ib^ xbklbhbc n,bc vblfvjt,ib
~bmdt^ ud& 42`& fctsbdt cehfsc mfhsdtksf ufcjv[t,bcf flubkb
345
/mjylf bhfytksf vbth lfg.hj,bk mfhsk-rf[tsib \|++-\|+++

cfereytt,ib^ fvbc itcf[t, cf]fhjl cfcfvfhskjpt ufyfw[flf
mfhsdtksf wyj,bkvf tgbcrjgjcvf ybrjkjp xjkj.fidbkvf
~ybrbajht bh,f[vf`^ hjvtkbw itvlujv lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc
rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmb uf[lf& rthjl^ 1634 okbc fv,t,sfy
lfrfdibht,bs hjcnjv vtabc rfhpt ybrbajht bh,f[vf ufyfw[flf%
#.jdtklqbd xdtybc sdfkbs d[tlfds^ hjv vhfdfkyb mfhsdtkyb
cj v[ lt, bf y^ lf ea hj vj vtn t, ekb v fsu fyb v f/v flbc
cfhoveyjt,fcfw qt,ekj,c@ ~v& sfvfhfidbkb^ bcnjhbf
rfsjkbrj,bcf mfhsdtksf ijhbc^ 1902^ ud& 127`& vbcb cbn.dt,blfy
xfyc^ hjv mfhsdtksf ufcjv[t,bc afmnt,b \|++ c-ib .jdtklqbehfl vbvlbyfhtj,lf lf mfhsdtkt,bc ufcjv[t,f xdtekt,hbd cehfsc ofhvjflutylf& mfhsdtkt,b eo.dtnfl uflflbjlyty
cjv[ehb trktcbbc vhtdkib& fvbnjvfw [tlfdlyty fvfc #.jdtklqt
cfresfhb sdfkbs@& fvfc fqothlyty fuhtsdt tdhjgtkb
vbcbjytht,bw& s,bkbcbc wyj,bkb uev,sbfyb trktcbf^ vbc vhtdkbc ufuhbujhbfyt,bc ufvj fqvjxylf cjv[t,bc [tkib& fctsbdt
,tlbcf fqvjxylf fvfdt mfkfmbc rbltd cfvb uev,fsbfyb mfhsekb
trktcbf^ itvlujvib^ fuhtsdt^ cjv[t,bc [tkib uflfcekf
s,bkbcbc js[b euev,fsj trktcbf #euev,fsj js[b fo eg.hfds
cjvt[sf@ ~df[einb ,fuhfnbjyb^ m&w& +|^ 1973^ ud& 226`& bcfyib^
fqybiyeksf ufhlf^ cjv[t,bc [tkib uflfcekf thsb mfhsekb
euev,fsj trktcbf ~bmdt^ ud& 337`&
s,bkbcbc wb[tib ~t&b& ufkfdybs itvjpqelek yfobkib` _
cgfhctkt,b w[jdhj,lyty^ #[jkj wb[bc ufhts eahjc cjvt[yb
~lf vwbhtl mfhsdtkyb`^ mwtdf-pybsf mfhsekbsf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 338`&
df[einbc fphbs^ mdtvj mfhskib #f[gfnb lf cfyfbyb vtatsf mfhsdtksf fqityt,ekyb trktcbfyb uev,fsbfyb@ ~mfhskbc
w[jdht,f^ +|^ ud& 308`^ sfdlfgbhdtkfl mfhsdtksf [tkib
.jabkf^ #ufhyf fo c[tlf cjvt[yb@ _ othc df[einb ~t&b& \|+++ c346
ib`& fvfs ufhlf bmdt^ mj,thbc lf 'tkb ztivfhbnbc wyj,bkb cftgbcrjgjcj trktcbf^ hjvtkcfw fuhtsdt #fufhfrb@ thmdf^
df[einbc lhjc ]th rbltd mfhsdtksf [tkib b.j ~fv #fufhfrbc@
ufvj tojlf ths-ths tgfhmbfc #fufhfr-ofkrbc tgfhmbf@`&
vf/vflbfysf vg.hj,tkj,bc ufvj mdtvj mfhskbc mfhsdtkj,f^
hjvtkbw ktrt,cf lf sfsht,c uflfehxf^ bekt,ekb uf[lf vbtqj
cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,f^ fye uhbujhbfyj,f& fvbs bcbyb uflfehxyty abpbrehfl ufyflueht,fc vf/vflbfyt,bc vbth& df[einb vfs
itcf[t, othc _ #fv flubksf ibyf vjcf[ktyb fhbfy cfhoveyjt,bs
cjvt[yb ~lf vwbhtlfl mfhskbc cfhoveyjt,bcf`^ fhfvtl mwtdfpybsf mfhsekbsf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 312`&
df[einbc lhjc #cfhoveyjt,bs cjvt[yb@ ~vfuhfv tsybrehfl
mfhsdtkt,b` w[jdhj,lyty nfibhcf lf f,jwib ~bmdt^ ud& 312-313`^
vfuhfv mdtvj mfhskib ]th rbltd vhfdkfl b.j mfhsekb trktcbf-vjyfcnht,b^ sevwf #[ewbc cfvfh@ lfhxtybkyb& vfkt vhfdfkb vfsufyb uflfdblf cjvt[sf [tkib& tc rfnfcnhjaf itvlujvfw
ufuhtklf&
fvbnjvfw othlf ufjwt,bs thsb tdhjgtkb vrdktdfhb
~ahtlthbr lb,ef` _ #cfjwfhb bcff^ hjv vfhnj mfhsdtkt,c cltdybfy jcvfkt,b lf fhf cjv[t,c^ vfs ceksybcfufy yfijdyb /
mjylfs cfhoveyjt,bc sfdbceakt,f@ ~,& fhdtkft^ #cjv[ehb@
se mfhsekb trktcbt,b cfmfhsdtkjib( s,bkbcb^ 1996^ ud& 97`&
347
`Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli mahmadianTa

batonobisas~
kefhcf, +-bc 't lfdbs \+ cgfhctkt,vf uffvf/vflbfytc lf
s,bkbcc _ mdtvj mfhskbc vtatl ~[fyfl` lfybiytc& #afhcflfy
ujhub]fybbc wyj,bs lfes[fyb 1562 otkc erdt s,bkbcbcf lf
mdtvj mfhskbc vtatf^ hjvtkcfw vbcb 'vf cbvjyb nf[nblfy
uflfcf.tyt,kfl t,hdbc@ ~u& ;jh;jkbfyb^ cfmfhsdtkj \|++
cfereybc&&& 1987^ ud& 20`&
mfhskb afmnbehfl jh gjkbnbreh yfobkfl b.j uf.jabkb
_ s,bkbcb lf mdtvj mfhskb cgfhctsbc eiefkj mdtitvhljvj,bc
mdti v.ja nthbnjhbfc ofhvjflutylf ~vf/vflbfyb ,fuhfnbjybc
vvfhsdtkj,bs`^ [jkj mfhskbc vtjht yfobkb s,bkbcbc xhlbkjtsbs kb[bc vsfvlt mhbcnbfyek cf[tkvobajc ofhvjflutylf& fvbnjvfw^ mdtvj mfhskcf lf s,bkbcib erdt \|+ cfereyblfydt vtn-yfrkt,b byntycbdj,bs vbvlbyfhtj,lf bctsb
ghjwtct,b mfhsdtksf ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbcf^ hjujhw bvfdt ,tlbc
mdti v.ja vf/vflbfysf vakj,tkj,bc mdti vjmwtek vtc[tsib _
rthjl^ mfhsdtksf ufcjv[t,f lf ufsfsht,f&
if /-f,f cv f^ hj vtk bw cj v[ ehb t rk tcb bc vb vf hs
ufycfresht,ekb vjo.fkt,bs b.j ufyo.j,bkb^ mfhskbc vvfhsdtkfl lfybiyf ufvf/vflbfyt,ekb ,fuhfnbjyb ,fuhfnb^ hjvtkcfw obyffqvltuj,f ufeobtc mfhsdtkvf mhbcnbfyt,vf lf fh vbcwtc yt,f^ s,bkbcbc xhlbkjtsbsf lf lfcfdktsbs vlt,fht mfhskbc nthbnjhbt,b tvfhsf^ cfvfubthjl bc bhfybc [fybc nbnekbs ,fnjyj,lf s,bkbccf lf mdtvj mfhskpt^ #[jkj lf]lf
mfhskcf ,fuhfn^ hjvtkb ufhlfmwtekb b.j c]ekcf vf/vflbcfcf lf fhwf b.j qbhcb vtaj,bcf^ lf pehufl ufy]bc [fyb lf vbcyb vlujvyb /.dtc lf vfiby fvfy ,fuhfn dth lfezbhf sfdb mfhsdtksf lf dthw teakf mfkfmc ptbs ptvj mfhskcf lf fhwf /
348
.dfhj,lyty mfhsdtkyb lf fhwf-hfl f[ctyt,lyty sfshj,bcfsdbc

lf tf[lyty cf,fhfsfidbkj ,fnjycf lf b.jat,jlf tuhts@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ ++^ ud& 402`&
fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv ,fuhfn-[fyb vcufdcfl lfes[fybcf s,bkbcbcf
lf mdtvj mfhskbc cgfhcb vvfhsdtkbf ~sevwf tsybrehfl mfhsdtkb`& vbc itcf[t, rfhufl othc df[einb _ #[jkj tct ,fuhfn
b.j ahbfl vf/vflbfyb lf fhf hfb rtsbkb b.j vbc sfyf&
cekj,lyty mfhsdtkyb lf b.j cf,fhfsbyjc lf e[vj,lyty
cf,fhfsbyjc ,fnjycf fqwfqf se tuty thxlyty lf vjhxbkt,lyty&
itvlujvfl ,jkybcc .jafcf ibyf vjrdlf ,fuhfn 1619& [jkj
wjkb vbcb fyyf 'bs cdbvjybs b.jajlyty sabkbcc lf cjv[bsc
fhwf vfc vjhxbkt,lyty mfhsdtkyb bvltyfl@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^
+|^ ud& 428`&
s,bkbcb^ cflfw .bpbk,fisf ufhybpjybw bluf^ fcts
dbsfht,fib ~vf/vflbfysf vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc` mfhsdtksf ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbc vsfdfh rthfc ofhvjflutylf^ hfcfw [tkc
eo.j,lf fuhtsdt \|++ cfereybc 40-bfyb okt,blfy s,bkbcbc trjyjvbrehb fqvfdkj,f^ #mfhskbc cfnf[nj mfkfmb ofhvjflutylf vybidytkjdfy cfnhfypbnj geymnc^ hjvkbc vtidtj,bs
ofhvjt,lf ufw[jdtkt,ekb dfzhj,f hjujhw fqvjcfdkts
fvbthrfdrfcbbc^ bct sehmtscf lf bhfybc mfkfmt,c ijhbc@ ~r& rewbf^ #s,bkbcbcf lf fqvjcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcbbc&&&@^ #bt,fyb&&&@^
1976^ ud& 258`& [jkj cfdfzhj cathj^ hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ cjvt[sf
lf cjv[ehb trktcbbc [tkib bv.jat,jlf fqybiyek lhjc^ hfw
rfhufl ufvjb.tyt,jlf mfhsdtksf cjv[eh cfhoveyjt,fpt uflf.dfybcfsdbc& fv vbptpbc ufvj^ mdtvj mfhskcf lf s,bkbcib 'kbth
ufbpfhlf cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjytsf hfjltyj,f^ vjcf[ktj,bc thsb yfobkb sfylfsfy cjv[ehb trktcbbc vhtdkfl bmwf
cgfhctksf yt,bs& vjcf[ktj,bc cfvfhsfdfl vf/vflbfyvf vvfhsdtkt,vf itvjbqtc f[fkb cf[tkj _ #vtkbmb@& hjujhw otcb^ s,b349
kbcbcf lf cjv[bsbc vtkbmt,b cgfhcek-vf/vflbfyehb gjkbnbrehb jhbtynfwbbcfyb b.dyty ~#refkfl vtkbmb cjv[bsbcf lf fsf,tu
pfmev thsuekj,lyty .tbycf@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ n& +|^ ud& 434`&
fctdt s,bkbcbc vvfhsdtkbf ,fuhfnbjyb ufcgfhctkt,ekb cbvjy-[fybw& stbvehfp-cffrfbc f]fy.t,bc itvltu .bpbk,fit,b
rdkfdbylt,ehfl bluyty mdtvj mfhskcf lf s,bkbcib #ofhvjdblf .bpbk,fibc ]fhb lf vjbwdtc cf,fhfsfidbkj lf cjv[bsb vjbsfhtitc lf b.dyty &&& [jkj .jhxb,fivfy uffvfuhf wb[t nabkbcbcf lf lffulj vey cdbvjy-vtat fmts 1628&&&@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^
++^ ud& 415`& fv cdbvjy [fybc vjrdkbc itvltu ufyhbc[t,ekvf if/vf
mfhskbc dfkfl ufvjupfdyf ufsfsht,ekb hjcnjv-[fyb^ fvbc itvltu mfhsk-rf[tsc ufsfsht,ekb vvfhsdtkt,b vfhsfdlyty&
w[flbf^ bcbyb bctsbdt trjyjvbreh gjkbnbrfc fnfht,lyty mfhskcf lf rf[tsib^ hjvtkbw vbqt,ekb b.j cfthsjl cgfhctsbc
cf[tkvobajib& cgfhctsib rb dfzhj,f lf vhtodtkj,f cjv[ehb
cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt vjcf[ktj,bc [tkib b.j&
fvbnjvfw eylf bsmdfc^ hjv erdt \|+ cfereyblfydt mdtvj mfhskb lf s,bkbcb c gfhcek gjkb nbreh-trjyj vbrehb
lfmdtvlt,fht,bc mdti v.ja mdt.fyfc ofhvjflutylf lf fm cjv[eh
trktcbfc bctsbdt itqfdfst,b lf egbhfntcj,fyb /mjylf^
hjujhw cfthsjl cgfhctsib^ fvbc ufvj vhtdkb frklt,jlf vf/
vflbfysf vbth cfcnbrfl ltdybk cgfhctsbc trktcbfc lf tvfnt,jlf
cjv[eh trktcbfc& hfw itt[t,f s,bkbcbc xhlbkjts lf lfcfdktsbs vlt,fht mfhskc^ hjvtkcfw 'bhbsflfl mhbcnbfyb^ fylf
mfhsekb thjdyekb sdbsitvtwyt,bc vmjyt vf/vflbfyb
,fuhfnbjyt,b vfhsfdlyty^ itlfht,bs itytkt,ekb b.j mfhsdtksf ufsfsht,bcf lf ufcjv[t,bc ghjwtcb^ sevwf rb hjcnjvbc
lhjc sehvt^ hjujhw ybrjkjp xjkj.fidbkb fqybiyfdlf^
mfhsdtkt,bc vybidytkjdfyb hfjltyj,f .jdtklqbehfl
sfshlt,jlf lf cjv[lt,jlf& itltuvfw fh lff.jdyf^ serb \|++
350
cfereybc lfcfo.bcib rf[tsib .jabkf 20 cftgbcrjgjcj^ mfhskib 21 cftgbcrjgjcj^ [jkj vtc[tsib 14-vlt^ stbvehfp ++-bc
mhbcnbfyekb otcbs rehs[tdbcfc vt-18 cfereybc 40-bfyb
okt,bcfsdbc mfhsk-rf[tsib cek hfvltybvt vjmvtlb cftgbcrjgjcj fhct,j,lf^ [jkj vtc[tsib fqfhwthsb&
\|+++ c& ,jkjcf lf \+\ c& lfcfo.bcbcfsdbc mfhskib .jabkf
cek tmdcb cftgbcrjgjcj^ rf[tsib js[b^ hjujhw tc cf,esblfy
xfyc _ #[jkj vfsbc eovbyltcj,bc [tkmdtityb vqdltkvsfdfhyb
hjvtkybwf fo fhbfy% mfhskcf ibyf _ 1& nabkbcbcf vbnhjgjkbnb&&& 2& hebcbcf vbnhjgjkbnb&&& 3& obkrybcf vbnhjgjkbnb&&&
4& eh,ybcbcf vbnhjgjkbnb&&& 5& cfvsfdhbcbcf tgbcrjgjcb&&& 6& ybmjpbcf tgbcrjgjcb& rf[tscf ibyf _ 1& ,jl,bcf vbnhjgjkbnb&&&
2& ybyjovbylbcf vbnhjgjkbnb&&& 3& hecsfdbcf fh[btgbcrjgjcb&&&
4& ytrhtcbcf vbnhjgjkbnb&&&@ ~mfhsekb cfvfhskbc 'tukt,b^ n&
+++^ ud& 112-113`&
fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv mfhskbc 21 cftgbcrjgjcjlfy uflfhxtybkf
tmdcbjlt^ [jkj rf[tsbc 20 cftgbcrjgjcjlfy _ js[b&
hfw itt[t,f vtc[tsc _ fm^ hjujhw fqbybiyf^ mfhsekb
cftgbcrjgjcjt,b chekbfl vjbcgj& htytufnj,bc upfpt lfvlufhb f[fkwb[bc ufvf/vflbfyt,ekb mfhsdtkb afit,b sdbsjydt
eo.j,lyty [tkc cfvw[tib mhbcnbfyj,bc lfshueydfc lf
vecekvfyj,bc lfythudfc&
cfvw[tib vf/vflbfyj,bc ufdhwtkt,bc itltufl vybidytkjdyfl itvwbhlf mhbcnbfyekb htkbubbc vcf[ehsf hbw[db^ mhbcnbfyb vjcf[ktj,f afmnbehfl eobyfvqdhjl lfhxf ~v& cdfybt^
#cfmfhsdtkj-jcvfktsbc ehsbthsj,bc bcnjhbblfy@^ ud& 322324`& df[einbc cbn.dbs^ #ufyyf sdbybth flubk-flubk bgjdt,bfy
vqdltkyb lf itbmvyf chekbfl vf/vflbfyj,f otcbsf lf c]ekbsf
vfsbsf lf fqitylt,bfy vtxtsyb& fhfvtl lfisty ukt[yb lf bubybwf evo.tctkyb^ dbsfhwf gbhen.dyb@& lblb [ybc ufyvfdkj,fib
351
bwfdlf ukt[j,f vfvf-gfgfsf cfhoveyjt,fc^ vfuhfv lfhxtybkyb

#evo.tctkfl@ lf ufesfdt,tkb jcvfkehb uflfcf[flt,bs
lf,tuhbkb ukt[t,b sfylfsfy bqt,lyty ew[j h]ekc&&&
cek c[df dbsfht,ff fqybiyek gthbjlib cjv[eh mhbcnbfyek
trktcbfib& vfc itvltu^ hfw rbkbrbblfy cfrfsfkbrjcj nf[nb
txvbfbyib bmyf uflfnfybkb 1441 otkc^ bc fm bmwf cjv[eh cfcekbthj wtynhfl^ 1540 otkc fhphevbc #rfyey yfvtib@ cgtwbfkehb vbsbst,ff cjv[ehb vjyfcnht,bc vbobcvakj,tkj,bc itcf[t,
lf fqybiyekb cfcekbthj ojlt,bc ufysfdbceakt,bc sfj,fpt lf
cf[tkvobaj uflfcf[flbcfufy (. . ,
XVI . . 1971, . 26).
mfhsek ghjdbywbt,ib se jcvfkj lfvg.hj,kt,b vbobc
vakj,tkj,fc 'bhbsflfl eyfhxeyt,lyty 'bhbsflfl ufvf/
vflbfyt,ek mfhsdtk lblt,ekt,c lf vfsb cf[bs sfdbfys
lfcf.hltyc tt,lyty bm^ cjv[eh #ufdfht,ib@^ hfvltyflfw vbof
evtntcfl mehsb ,tut,bc [tkib b.j^ jcvfkt,b bsdfkbcobyt,lyty
cjv[ehb evfqktcb cfcekbthj ojlt,bc hjkc vfct,bc
lfvjhxbkt,bc cfmvtib lf ghbdbktubht,ek vlujvfhtj,fib
njdt,lyty vfc& fctdt ufhrdtekb itqfdfst,bs cfhut,kj,lf
evfqktcb cfcekbthj ojlt,f fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjibw&
\|+++ cfereybc cjvt[ rfsfkbrjcc _ cbvtjy thtdfytkc sfdbc
#]fv,hib@ yfsmdfvb fmdc^ txvbfbybc rfsfkbrjct,b^ fhw 'vj,bc
otdht,b dfklt,ekt,b fh b.dyty uflfcf[flb t[flfs cfthj
[tkbceakt,bc cfcfhut,kjl ( , ,
1958. . . 201). lhjlflhj se vj[lt,jlf lf hjvtkbvt
lfvg.hj,tkb vfbyw itfothlf uflfcf[flc txvbfbybc vjyfcnthc^
vbcb vtcdteht,b .jdtksdbc wlbkj,lyty vjtt,yfs itcfathbcb
vjvtynb vbc ufcfemvt,kfl& vfu& rfsfkbrjcbc vtkmbctsbc lhjc
bhfybc vg.hj,tkc if/-f,fpc ~1587-1628` lfe[fhrbf #ovbylf
nf[nb@ .jdtkokbehb uflfcf[flbs& if/-ctabc vakj,tkj,fib
352
rfsfkbrjcvf vjdctcvf itkj sfy[vj,bc vbqt,f fv uflfcf[flbc

ufemvt,fpt& fctdt bmwtjlyty wfkrtekb cfcekbthj gbht,bw&
ceksfy vt/vtl +|-cfsdbc ~1648-1687` hfvltybvt dfhlfgtnc vbevfhsfdc s[jdybs [fh]bcfufy ufysfdbceakt,bc sfj,fpt^ bv vjnbdbs^ hjv qdsbcvcf[ehyb 'dtksfufydt cfhut,kj,lyty fv
egbhfntcj,bs& ceksfyc vfsb s[jdyf iteo.yfht,bf ~bmdt^ ud& 315`&
hfvltyflfw trktcbf-vjyfcnht,b cjv[tsib jcvfktsbc
,f nj yj, bc gb hj ,t, ib w u fhrd tek b egb hf ntc j, bs
cfhut,kj,lyty^ vfs cfsfdtib [ibhfl tluyty atjlfkehb cfudfhtekjc ofhvjvflutykt,b&&& \|+-\|++ cc-ib pjubthsb vjyfcnthb rbltdfw f[th[t,lf sfdbc cfvakj,tkjt,bc ufafhsjt,fc&
fvltyfl^ cjv[ehvf trktcbfv itbyfhxeyf sfdbcb eakt,t,b lf
itedfkj,f^ hbc itltuflfw cjvt[b ukt[b^ obyffqvltu cfvw[tcffsf,fuj ukt[bcf fh lfhxtybkf eobyfvqdhj lf #evo.tctkb@&
fqcfybiyfdbf bc ufhtvjt,fw^ hjv txvbfbyb ittwflf^ [tkib
ftqj cftrktcbj uflfcf[flt,bc ituhjdt,bc eakt,f .dtkf mhbcnbfyb cjvt[bcfufy^ cflfw fh eylf tw[jdhf vfc& tc rb ybiyfdlf
txvbfbybc pheydfc cjvt[sf ijhbc cfhoveyjt,bc lfwdfityfhxeyt,bcfsdbc& .jabkf itvs[dtdt,b^ hjltcfw cfrfsfkbrjcjc uflfe[lbf uflfcf[flb cf[tkvobaj [tkbceakt,bc
cfcfhut,kjl bv vjhoveytsf vfubdhfl^ dbcfw fvbc ufrtst,f sdbsjy fh ittkj& tdhjgtkb vjupfehb g& nehytajhb f[ctyt,c hf
txvbfbybc cfrfsfkbrjcjc cbvlblhtc^ fmdt lfctyc% bc qfhb,bf^
c[df vybidytkj,bs lf yfvldbkb qfhb,bw^ hflufyfw dfklt,ekbf
uflfb[fljc cekflj,hbdb uflfcf[flb bv vjhoveytsf vfubdhfl^
hjvkt,cfw cfiefkt,f fhf fmds vbcb uflf[lbc& txvbfbyb fv lfyfrkbcc^ c[dfsf ijhbc^ cfdfhfeljf^ bdct,lf cjvt[b lbldfzht,bc
[fh]pt^ hjvkt,bw mhbcnbfyj,bc ityfhxeyt,bs^ vtnbcvtnfl
b.dyty lfobyfeht,ekb lf ufvlblht,ekb cfufhtj dfzhj,bc
cfh,btkpt&&& ptvjsmvekbc cfaedtkpt^ dabmhj,s^ cjv[ehvf mhmitropoliti anania jafariZe
353
bcnbfyekvf trktcbfv^ hjvtkbw cfuhyj,b itqfdfst,bs

cfhut,kj,lf jcvfktsbc ,fnjyj,bc gbhj,t,ib^ lblb hjkb itfchekf vjcf[ktj,fib cfhoveyjt,bc lfwdbc cfmvtib& pheyfdlf
sfdbcb vhtdkbc ityfhxeyt,fpt^ bc pju]th sdbsjy vblbjlf
lfsvj,fpt mhbcnbfyb vjcf[ktj,bc vbvfhs lf fvbs rbltd ths[tk
[fpc ecdfvlf sfdbc cbvnrbwtc cfhoveyjt,bcfsdbc ,hjkfib&
chekbfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb b.j dbsfht,f fv v[hbd cfvw[tcffsf,fujib& lblb [yblfy vjo.dtnbkb cfmfhsdtkjc lfyfhxtyb
v[fhtt,bcfufy^ jcvfktsbc gjkbnbrbc o.fkj,bs^ fm byntycbehfl [lt,jlf atjlfkehb ptlf atyt,bc ufvf/vflbfyt,f^ hfw ufhrdtekb ghbdbktubt,bc vjgjdt,fcsfy b.j lfrfdibht,ekb&
vwbhlt,jlf trktcbf-vjyfcnht,bc hbw[db lf dbyw lfhxf #mhbcnbfyekb^ bubybwf^ evo.tctkyb fhbfy dbyfblfy fhqfhf hfc
vjhxbkt,ty mfhskbc rfsfkbrjpcf lf ,thtysf fhf cwfkbc vfssdbc& fvbcfsdbc etgbcrjgjcjyb lf e[ewjyb fhbfy@ ~df[einb^
m&w&^ +|^ ud& 660` cffhct,j gbhj,t,bcf eeakt,j vlujvfhtj,bc
cbvbvt fbekt,lf vfs sfylfsfy uflfcekb.dyty ew[j h]ekpt
lf fv bs vjt gjdt ,by fs pju bthsb itqfdfs b f hct ,j, bc
itcfyfhxeyt,kfl@ ~k& lfdkbfybt^ #/frj,bc rfytwbc thsb wyj,bc
ufvj@ 'bt,fyb cfmfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrfcbbc bcnjhbblfy^ 1976^ ud&
250-254`&
fhfvfhnj vtc[tsib^ fhfvtl .dtkufy cfmfhsdtkjib^ cflfw rb
at [b vj brb lt c v f/ vflbfy vf vv fhs dt kt, vf ^ f mnb ehfl
vbvlbyfhtj,lf mfhsdtksf ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbc ghjwtcb&
mf hsd tkt ,c vf /vf lbf yehb c f[t kvo baj t, b f hf vfhnj
fcf[kt,lyty sfdbfysb vbof-o.kblfy^ .blblyty lf .blekj,lyty
n.dtt,fl^ fhfvtl .jdtkyfbhfl eo.j,lyty [tkc mfhsdtkt,bc
c[df tht,ib ufsmdtaf-fcbvbkfwbfc^ hfw bv lhjc v[jkjl thsb
[th[bs vbbqotjlf _ cfhoveyjt,hbdb uflfudfht,bs^ mfhsekb
thjdyekb trktcbbcfsdbc cfaedkbc ufvjwkbs&
354
#mfhsdtksf ufystcdf@ _ tvbuhfwbf& atjlfkehb [fybc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc nhfubrekb vjdktyt,b #mfhsdtksf yfstcfdbc ufystcdbc afmnt,ptw vbudbsbst,ty& y& ,thtybidbkb uekyfrkekb itybiyfdc^ hjv itecofdktkb lf iteafct,tkbf fv
ifd,ytk [fyfib vbvlbyfht tsybrehb ghjwtct,b ~mfhsdtksf
#ufsfsht,f@^ #ufktrt,f@& #lfrfhudf@ ~y& ,thtybidbkb^
,jh]jvbc [tj,f ~lqbehb 1947^ cfm& bcn& cfrbs[t,b +^ 1964^ ud&
243 * fu htsd t y& ,thtyb idbk b^ c fmfhsdtk j \+ -\|+ ++
cfereytt,ib^ cfm& bcn& cfrbs[t,b^ |+^ 1973^ ud& 317* f& rfwft^ #cfmfhsdt kjc vjcf[k tj,bc vbuhfwbbc cfr bs[t,b frf l& y&
,thtybidbkbc ihjvt,ib@ ~bmdt^ ud& 49`&
mfhskcf lf rf[tsib mfhsekb thjdyekb ~mhbcnbfyekb`
cf[tkvobajt,hbj,bc fhct,j,fvlt fct se bct mfhsdtksf ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbc ghjwtcc cf[tkvobaj frfdt,lf^ bvbs^ hjv mfhse k trk tcb fc eo tdlf .jd tkv [hbd v[f hlfzt hfc f lf
vpheydtkj,fc^ vfuhfv bvbc itvltu^ hfw \|++ c& 30-bfyb okt,blfy
mf hs k-r f[t sb c v f/v flbfy b v vf hsd tkt ,b vj tdk by ty
mfhsdtkj,fc@^ cfaedtkb ufvjtwfkf& mfhskcf lf rf[tsibw
byntycbehfl ufuhtklf mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc cfpqdht,c ufhts lfhxtybk mfhsdtksf ~ifmcf^ .fhf,fqcf^ zfh,tkfmfycf^
kjht-nfibhcf^ ,fv,frcf^ mdtvj mfhskcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsib` vbvlbyfht ghjwtcb mfhsdtksf ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbcf _
mfhsekb trktcbbc cfvo.cjlfy ufcekb vhtdkb mfhsekb
mhbcnbfyj,bc lfrfhudfcsfy thsfl thjdyt,fcfw rfhufdlf&
hjujhw fqbybiyf^ s,bkbccf lf mdtvj mfhskib vf/vflbfysf
,fnjyj,bc lhjc mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,f 'bhbsflfl cjv[eh trktcbfc trtlkt,jlf^ hfw ufvjodtekb b.j cjwbfk-trjyjvbrehb
vbptpt,bs& cjv[eh trktcbfc ittkj n.dtsf lf[cyf lf
cfvij,kjib lf,heyt,fw lf pjubthsb vf/vflbfyb v,hfyt,tkb
rhfkfdlf cjv[ehb vjcf[ktj,bc itdbohjt,fcfw rb& fct lfe[cybf
355
mfhskbc n.dtsfufy 300 j]f[b yflbhif/bc itvjctdbcfc cjv[eh

trktcbfc #bvbc ufvj^ hjv mfhsdtksf ijhbc fctsb cf[cht,b 'ytkfl cfijdfhb b.j^ xfyc mdt.fyfc lblfkb [fk[b trfhut,jlf& tc
dbsfht,f cjv[eh cfhoveyjt,fc cfmfhsdtkjib gjgekfhekcf lf
vbvpbldtkc [lblf@ ~i& kjvcft^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 40`&
bv ghbdbktubt,bc ufvj^ hjvtkybw vbfybztc cgfhctscf lf
jcvfktsib cjv[eh trktcbfc^ cjv[ehb vjcf[ktj,bc dfzhj,fcf
lf fqt,-vbwtvfib xf,vfv vfsib lblfkb aekflb cf[cht,bc
sfdvj.hfc iteo.j [tkb&
txvbfbyb lblfkb rfgbnfkbc vmjyt cfatjlfkj b.j& bhfybcf
lf sehmtsbcfsdbc^ jvbcf lf c[df cfzbhjt,bc itvs[dtdfib^ bub
c[df cjvt[ lbldfzht,sfy thsfl bsdkt,jlf aekflb cf[cht,bc
vbvojlt,tk ths-ths wtynhfl& aekbc ufhrdtek yfobkc
txvbfbyb [fh]fdlf lfn.dtdt,ek cjvt[sf ufvjcf[cytkfl^
hjujhw cjv[tsib^ bct cfmfhsdtkjib@ ~bmdt^ ud& 40`& cgfhctsib
~vfs ijhbc ]th s,bkbccf lf mdtvj mfhskib^ itvltu rb vstk
fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib` hjujhw bsmdf^ dfzhj,f lf fqt,vbwtvj,f cjvt[sf [tkib b.j^ fctdt b.j sehmtsibw _ #sehmtsbc nthbnjhbfpt v[jkjl cjvt[ dfzht,c lfenjdtc eakt,f
tdhjgfcsfy cffqt,vbwtvj ehsbthsj,bcf& flht erdt itdybiyts^
hjv cjvt[ dfzfhsf ghbdbktubht,bc cfaedtkb mhbcnbfyekb htkbubbc ufyc[dfdt,ek ctmnfib vlujvfhtj,lf& sdbs tdhjgtkb
dfzht,bw rb^ hjvtksfw jnjvfyt,bc bvgthbfib sfdbfysb
bynthtct,b /mjylfs^ xevfl _ cjvt[sf cf[tkbs lf nfycfwvkbs
itvjlbjlyty lf bct cfmvbfyj,lyty@ ~bmdt^ ud& 43`&
\|++ c-bc 40-bfyb okt,blfy trjyjvbrehvf fqvfdkj,fv mfhskbc vf/vflbfy vvfhsdtksf vakj,tkj,fib uflfcdkfcsfy thsfl ufpfhlf s,bkbcib cjv[ehb trktcbbcf lf dfzfh-vtofhvtsf
ufdktyf& #\|++ cfereybc 40-bfy okt,ib mfhskbc cfvtajc cfthsj gjkbnbreh-trjyjvbreh lfobyfeht,fcsfy thsfl bo.t,f fqv&
356
cfm fhsd tkjc elblt cb c fmfkf mj w tynhb c _ s ,bkb cbc

fqvfdkj,fw& #fvbc fqvfdkj,fc fgbhj,t,lyty thsb v[hbd^ bhfysfy lfvjrblt,ekj,bc itlfht,bs [tkcf.htkb gjkbnbrehb
ajhvf^ [jkj vtjht v[hbd bhfy-jcvfktsbc 1639 okbc pfdb^
hjvtkvfw ,jkj vjeqj lfechekt,tk jvt,c fvbthrfdrfcbbc
nthbnjhbfpt lf sbsmvbc 90 okbc ufyvfdkj,fib #epheydtk.j
vidblj,bfyb w[jdht,f vf[kj,tk fqvjcfdktsib@ ~d& uf,fidbkb^
\|+-\|+++ cc& mfkfmt,b^ yfhrdtdt,b vf[k& fqv& mfkfm& bcn& +^
1966^ ud& 183`& frfl& y& ,thtybidbkbc fphbs^ fqt,ekb [fybc
s,bkbcb&&& fqvjcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcbfib ths-thsb .dtkfpt vybidytkjdfyb mfkfmb uf[lf&&& tc mfkfmb vfhnj atjlfkehb mdt.ybc
vvfhsdtkbc cflujvb rb fh b.j^ fhfvtl vybidytkjdfyb trjyjvbrehb
wtynhbw ~y& ,thtybidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkj \+-\|+++ cfereytib^ cfm&
bcn& cfrbs[t,b^ +|^ ud& 227`& mfhskbc cfnf[nj mfkfmb ofhvjflutylf vybidytkjdfy cfnhfypbnj geymnc^ hjvkbc vtidtj,bs
ofhvjt,lf ufw[jdtkt,ekb dfzhj,f hjujhw fqv& rfdrfcbbc^ bct
sehmtsbcf lf bhfybc mfkfmt,c ijhbc@ ~r& rewbf^ #s,bkbcbcf lf
fqv& fvbthrfdrfcbbc mfkfmt,bc cfdfzhj ehsbthsj,f^ 'bt,fyb&&&
1976^ ud& 258`&
[tkcf.htkb gbhj,t,bc lflujvbc itvltu cjv[ehb trktcbf
fldbkfl phlblf sfdbcb vhtdkcf lf cfvo.cjc& mfhsdtkt,b bhfyibw vfc trtlkt,jlyty&
#\|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib bhfycf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc
u f w [j d t k t , ek b c f d fz hj -t r j yj v b r e hb e hs b t hs j , f
fhct,j,lf&&& bhfytkb lf mfhsdtkb dfzht,bc mfhfdyt,b vblbvjlbjlyty bhfycf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc^ fvfdt lhjc^ mfhsdtkb dfzht,b^ hjujhw xfyc^ [fyuhkbdfl w[jdhj,lyty bhfybc
mfkfmt,ib lf totjlyty fqt,vbwtvj,fc^ fvbc sfj,fpt wyj,t,b
lfwekbf tdhjgtkb vjupfeht,bc s[pekt,t,cf lf mfhsek
ljrevtyneh o.fhjt,ib&&& flfv jktfhbecbc lf bfy cnhtbcbc
357
s[pekt,t,ib lfwekbf wyj,f^ hjv bcgf/fybc ufhte,fy /

fcfyf,flib w[jdhj,lyty mfhsdtkb mhbcnbfyt,b^ hjvtksf ijhbc itcfybiyfdb dfzht,bw b.dyty^ bctdt hjujhw cjv[t,c ijhbcfwj ~u& ;jhlfybf^ ew[jtk vjupfehsf wyj,t,b mfhsdtksf
itcf[t, \|++ cfereytib^ #vyfsj,b@^ 1962^ =8^ ud& 174^ 175`&&&
mfhsdtkb dfzht,b bhfybc mfkfmt,ib cfrvfjl at[vjrblt,ekyb
.jabkfy lf bm velvbdfl w[jdhj,lyty@& ,eyt,hbdbf^ hjv vfs
rfdibhehsbthsj,f /mjylfs tdhjgtk lf fpbtk dfzht,sfy& fvbc
sfj,fpt cfbynthtcj wyj,fc udfodlbc #mekfvidblj,bc lfdsfhb@&&& hjujhw xfyc^ mfhsdtkb dfzht,b fhf vfhnj vblb-vjlbjlyty bhfycf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc^ fhfvtl okj,bs ~lf
fstekb okj,bsfw` at[vjrblt,ekyb b.dyty bhfybc mfkfmt,ib
lf vbcltdlyty dfzhj,fc&
xdtyb fphbs^ fv ufhtvjt,fpt eylf vbesbst,ltc bcbw^ hjv bcgf/
fybc ths-ths e,fyib xdtyfvlt vjfqobf mfhsek lf mfhsekcjv[eh ofhotht,bfyvf cfakfdbc mdt,vf& fv ofhotht,c bhfyib
cfvtwybthj vbdkbyt,bs lhjc vbfrdkbf vfufkb sjlefv&
cfakfdt,b itvjhxtybkbf bcgf/fybc ]ekafib ythctcbc^ vbyfcbc
lf c fhm bc bc cjv [e h t rk tcb fs f t pj t,i b ~ tr ktc bt ,b
vlt,fhtj,lyty mdbcvsktksf^ sfdhbpbcf lf thtdybc mext,ib`^ ~b[&
vfufkb sjlef^ mfhsekb ytrhjgjkb bhfyib^ mfhsek-cgfhcekb
tnbelt,b^ 1971^ ud& 196`& cfakfdsf evtntcj,fc ofhotht,b jh
tyfpt _ mfhsekfl lf cjv[ehfl fmdc ufrtst,ekb& fm ud[dlt,f
ujht kb sf.f bidbkb pffk,t rbc^ cf frfidb kb ubjhubc^
vb]fyfidbkb fsf,tufc^ fvbh,f,bfys tkbp,fhbc idbkbc ,fqsfcfhfc^ vbhbfys hfvfpbc idbkbc pehf,,trbc^ vbhbfys hfvfpbc idbkbc ubdb,trbc cfakfdt,b ~mfhsek-cjv[ehb ofhotht,bs` lf
c[df&&& bcgf/fybc ]ekafib^ cjv[ehb trktcbt,bc tpjt,ib thsb
udfhbc hfvltybvt rfwbf lfcfakfdt,ekb lf sfyfw c[dflfc[df
lhjc^ hfw bvbc vfxdtyt,tkbf^ hjv cfakfdt,b flubkj,hbdb
358
vw[jdht,kt,bcff& sf.byfidbkb vfvb]fyf ud[dlt,f 1679 okbc

cf,est,ib ~ljrevtynt,b s,bkbcbc bcnjhbbcfsdbc^ \|+-\+\ cc&
obuyb +^ 1962^ ud& 34` ~cf,esb s,bkbcehb ofhvjij,bcff`^
sf.fbidbkb lfdbsf 1745 okbs lfsfhbqt,ek ~vfcfkt,b cfmfhsdtkjc trjyjvbrehb bcnjhbbcfsdbc^ +++^ 1955^ ud& 52`^ [jkj
sf.fbidbkb ubjhub \|+++ cfereybc ief [fyt,bc cf,est,ib
b[ctybt,bfy ~bmdt^ ud& 544`&&&@ ~l& rfwbnft^ #mfhsdtkb dfzht,b
bhfyib@^ 'bt,fyb&&& ud& 263-269`&
cbyfvldbktib dby b.dyty tc mfhsekb udfhbc vfnfht,kt,b^
hjvkt,bw cjv[eh trktcbfsf tpjt,ib lfbrhfkyty^ mfhsdtkt,b
se cjv[t,b( l& rfwbnft^ v& nbrft lf c[df vtwybtht,b vfs
eojlt,ty #cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bc mfhsdtk dfzht,c@ ~bmdt`^ vfuhfv cbyfvldbktib tc gbhbmbs eylf .jabkb.j^ bcbyb b.dyty
cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt thjdyt,bs mfhsdtkb gbht,b^
cojhtl fvbnjv lfbrhfkyty bcbyb cjv[eh-uhbujhbfyek trktcbfib^ sfdbfysb cfhoveyjt,hbdb fqvcfht,kj,bc itcf,fvbcfl&
.jdtkudfh cf,escf se ljrevtynib bcbyb abuehbht,ty hjujhw
cjvt[b dfzht,b^ sevwf rb vfsb udfh-cf[tkt,b mfhsekb b.j^ mfhsekb ajhvbsdt uflvjcwtvlyty vfs udfh-cf[tkt,c bnfkbehfl lf kfsbyehfl^ ew[jtkt,bw vfs mfhsdtkt,c eojlt,lyty&
cfthsjl^ bvltyfl lblb b.j uhbujhbfyek cfhoveyjt,fpt
uflfcek mfhsdtksf hbw[db \|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib^ hjv sfdbcb f[fkb cfvo.cjcfsdbc cjv[ehb trktcbf kjwdt,cf lf cftrktcbj obuyt,c mfhsekb fcjt,bs fothbyt,lf cjv[eh tyfpt& f[kfl
ufuhbujhbfytkt,ekvf mfhsdtkt,vf fh bwjlyty^ fy cecnfl bwjlyty cjv[ehb tyf^ vfs fhfse ityfhxeyt,ekb /mjylfs mfhsekb
tybc wjlyf^ fv tybc ufhlf c[df fhw bwjlyty& ityfhxeyt,ekb /
mjylfs mfhsekb udfht,b^ flfs-otct,b lf xdtekt,t,b& vfs
hbw[dc itethslyty sfylfsfyj,bs mfhsdtkb dfzht,bw fv
cfereytt,ib^ bvltyfl hjv \+\ c& lfcfo.bcbcfsdbc .dtkf mfhsdtkb dfzfhb erdt cjv[fl bsdkt,jlf&
359
#&&& cfmfhsdtkjc mfkfmt,ib vw[jdht,b cjvt[b dfzfh[tkjcyt,b vzblhjl lf jhufyekfl b.dyty lfrfdibht,ekb mfhsek atjlfkeh cfpjufljt,fcsfy& #cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bc
s,bkbctkb dfzht,bcf lf [tkjcyt,bcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb b.j
mfhsekb otc-xdtekt,t,b^ ufthsbfyt,ekb b.dyty fmfeh dfzfhsf fv[fyfuj,t,ib lf [tkjcfysf #fcyfat,ib@^ [jkj #vjmfkfmtyb @ ~hj ujhw m fkfmb c ptlf aty bc of hvjvflutykt ,b`
fchekt,lyty cfmfkfmj sfyfvlt,j,t,c ~mfkfmbc vtkbmb^ vtkbmvfvfcf[kbcb^ ueihb,b^ mts[elt,b lf c[df` ~d& uf,fidbkb^ bjct,
mfhsdtkbc dbyfj,bcf lf vjqdfotj,bc cfrbs[bcfsdbc^ sce
ihjvt,b^ 116^ 1965^ ud& 335-336^ bmdt^ ud& 267`&
d& uf,fidbkc^ hjvtkvfw uf,fjybc [tkvjothbs lf,tzlbk
lblt,ek hjvfyib #fbdybfyb mfkfmb@ cojhtl mfhsdtksf
ufcjv[t,bc cehfsb lf[fnf^ rfhufl vjt[ctyt,f^ hjv cjvt[sf
ufmfhsdtkt,bcfsdbc fhfdbsfhb gbhj,t,b fh fhct,j,lf \|++\|+++ cc& cfmfhsdtkjib^ fvbnjvfw rfhufl vjt[ctyt,jlf
s,bkbctkb dfzht,bc^ [tkjcyt,bcf lf vjmfkfmtsf yfobkb b.j
fhf cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bc gbht,b^ fhfvtl uhbujhbfyekb trktcbbc vhtdkfl mwtekb mfhsdtkj,f& vjmfkfmtsf cjv[eh
yfobkc fh ittkj ufmfhsdtkt,f lf fh ufmfhsdtkt,ekf^ bcbyb
fhf #cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bcfyb@^ fhfvtl cjv[t,b b.dyty& [jkj
vtwybthsfsdbc cftzdj #cjv[ehb ofhvjij,bc vmjyt@ mfhsekb
otc-xdtekt,t,bcf lf udfht,bc vfnfht,tkb gbht,b _ .jabkb
mfhsdtkt,b _ fye #mfhsekb ofhvjij,bc cjv[t,b@ fhbfy&
#\|++-\|+++ ljrevtynt,ib .dtkufy^ hjujhw otcb^ cjv[ehb
ofhvjij,bc mfkfmbc vj[tktt,bc^ dfzht,bc^ [tkjcyt,bc lf vfsb
cf[kbc rfwt,bc dbyfj,f udfhbc fqvybidytkb mfhsekb ajhvbsff
lfcf[tkt,ekb ~bmdt`& eylf fqbybiyjc bcbw^ hjv mfhsekb ajhvbsff uflvjwtvekb ujhtkb lf s,bkbctkb cjvt[b dfzht,bcf lf
360
vjmfkfmtt,bc udfht,b kfsbyehfl lf bnfkbehfl& bidbfsb fh

b.j vfsib ovbylf mfhsekb cf[tkt,bw@ ~bmdt`& s,bkbctkb lf
ujhtkb dfzht,b bcgf/fyibw rb mfhsek .fblfpt lf,jkjt,ekb
udfht,bs w[jdhj,lyty&&& cfakfdt,c bcgf/fybc ]ekafib cjv[ehb
trktcbt,bc tpjt,ib ofhotht,b mfhsek-cjv[ehfl lf pjubthsc v[jkjl mfhsekfl fmdc ufrtst,ekb&&& fqcfybiyfdbf bcbw^ hjv
mfhsek-cjv[ehb tgbnfabt,bc 'bhbsflb yfobkb mfhsekbf&&&
bcgf/fybc ]ekafib w[jdhj,lyty lf fqt,vbwtvj,fc totjlyty
s,bkbctkb lf ujhtkb dfzht,b^ bcbyb ofhvjij,bs cjv[t,b
b.dyty^ vfuhfv bojlt,jlyty mfhsdtkt,fl@ ~bmdt`^ hfw fhfcojhbf^ gbhbmbs^ bcbyb ofhvjij,bs^ tsybrehb ofhvjvfdkj,bs
mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty^ hfcfw vfsb udfht,b lf tgbnfabbc tyfw
fvnrbwt,c^ vfuhfv cjv[t,fl bojlt,jlyty vfsb uhbujhbfyekb
cfhoveyjt,bc ufvj^ hfw vfsb cjv[eh trktcbfib lfrhfkdbs
lfcnehlt,f& #tdhjgtkb vjupfeht,b lf bhfybc cfpjufljt,hbj,f
vfs fc[dfdt,lf bcgf/fybc ]ekafib vw[jdht,b cjv[t,bcfufy ~bcgf/
fybc ]ekabc cjv[eh cfcfakfjt,pt^ hjujhw xfyc^ tsybrehfl
mfhsdtkt,cfw ~mhbcnbfyt,c` fcfakfdt,lyty ~mfhsdtk
mhbcnbfyt,c c[df ufvjcfdfkb fh /mjylfs^ bcgf/fyib mfhsekb
trktcbt,b fh b.j@ ~l& rfwbnft^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 263-269`&
vfhsfkbf^ bcgffyib fh b.j mfhsekb trktcbt,b^ vfuhfv
mfhsdtkt,c ~vfhskvflblt,kt,c` ufyf yt,fc lfhsfdlyty^ uhbujhbfyek trktcbfib lftrhfkfs vbwdfkt,ekb( cjv[eh trktcbfib cjv[ehb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt gbht,b brhfkt,jlyty^
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjvtkb tsybrehb ofhvjij,bc b.dyty bcbyb^
mehst,b se mfhsdtkt,b& fvbnjvfw^ cjv[eh trktcbt,ib
lfrhfkekb mfhsdtkb gbht,b cfhoveyjt,bs uhbujhbfyt,b fye
cjv[t,b b.dyty&
hj uj hw y& ,t h tyb id bkb o thc^ it eco fd ktk b lf
iteafct,tkbf \|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib cfmfhsdtkjib vbvlbyf361
ht tsybrehb ghjwtct,b _ mfhsdtksf #ufsfsht,f@^ #ufktrt,f@^

#ufcjv[t,f@^ #uf,thyt,f@^ #ufjct,f@^ #lfrfhudf@&
vf/vflbfyehvf bvgthbt,vf sfdbc vbpfyc yfobkj,hbd vbfqobtc
bvbs^ hjv mfhsdtkt,bc tsybreh sdbsitvtwyt,fc cfaedtkb
uf vj fwf kt c& mfhsd tkj ,f lf t hjd yek b trk tc bf
itecbc[k[jhwlf thsvfytsc^ mfhsekb trktcbbc fdnjhbntnbc
se trjyjvbrehb cfaedkbc ith.tdf mfhsdtkj,bc ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbfc bodtdlf&
qarTvelebis armenizacia
sehmt,vf rjycnfynbytgjkbc #f[kflitmvybk cjvt[sf cfgfnhbfhmjc lfevjhxbktc% cjv[t,b^ cbhbtkt,b^ mfkltdtkt,b^
rjgnt,b^ mfhsdtkt,b ~buekbc[vt,f fv lhjc sehmt,bc vbth
cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjc lfg.hj,bkb ghjdbywbt,bc mfhsdtkt,b^
.fhc-fhphevbcf lf yfobkj,hbd bvbthb nfjc vbvlt,fht
vblfvjt,bc mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,f`^ f,bcbybtkt,b@ ~u& jhvfybfyb^
cjv[ehb trktcbf^ 1913^ ud& 74* i& kjvcft^ #udbfyb ief
cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy@^ 1979^ ud& 27`& cjv[ehb
cfgfnhbfhmjcflvb lfvjhxbkt,ekb mfhsdtkt,b cjv[lt,jlyty^
fhf vfhnj bvbnjv^ hjv vfs trktcbt,ib bythut,jlf cjv[ehb tyf
lf bcbyb uhbujhbfylt,jlyty^ fhfvtl bvbnjvfw^ hjv vfsb cfvjmfkfmj-cfcfvfhsfkj cfmvtt,cfw rb o.dtnlf rjycnfynbytgjkbc
cjvt[sf cfgfnhbfhmj@ ~bmdt^ ud& 24`&
rjycnfynbytgjkbc fqt,bc itvltu sehmt,vf uffemvtc
,thyekb gjkbnbrehb [tkbceakt,f& #fvbthblfy hxt,jlf
v[jkjl ,thyekb vfhskvflblt,kehb trktcbf^ rjycnfynbytgjkbc cfgfnhbfhmj^ hjvtkbw mdt.fyfib ]th rbltd lblb ufdktybs cfhut,kj,lf& vjcfkjlytkb tmcwtct,bc sfdblfy fcfwlty362
fl^ hjujhw jcvfkt,b abmhj,lyty^ cfzbhj b.j ufvjyf[ekb.j

vtcfvt 'fkf^ hjvtkbw lfegbhbcgbhlt,jlf rjycnfynbytgjkbc
cfgfnhbfhmjc^ ,pfhc itbnfylf vfhsflvflblt,tksf eakt,t,ib
lf vbc htfkeh rjyrehtynfl uflfbmwtjlf& ceksfybc vsfdhj,fv
fcts vtcfvt 'fkfl vbbxybf jcvfktsbc bvgthbfib vw[jdht,b
cjv[t,b lf cjv[eh-uhbujhbfyekb trktcbf^ hjvtkbw trjyjvbehfl vfiby cfrvfjl vjqjybtht,ekb xfylf&&& ceksfy vt/vtl ++-c
rjycnfynbytgjktkb cjv[t,b vbfxylf sfdbcb bynthtct,bc thsu ek lf vw dtk fl& c ft hsj l^ mhbcn bf yek htkb ub eh
vbvlbyfhtj,fib cjvt[sf sfdbcsfdflb ctmnf^ hjvtkcfw
vjudbfyt,bs ~1836 o&` uhbujhbfyj,f itthmdf^ cjv[t,c
ufycfresht,ek lf itlfht,bs ghbdbktubht,ek vlujvfhtj,fib
f.tyt,lf hjujhw sehmtsib^ bct bhfyib& fct itbmvyf vtjht
cjv[ehb cfgfnhbfhmj rjycnfynbytgjkib& fvhbufl^ cjvt[b
[fk[b cjv[ehb cf[tkvobajc fhfhct,j,bc gbhj,t,ib ew,fl jhb
cfgfnhbfhmjc ~txvbfbyb-rjycnfynbytgjkbc` lf jhb cfrfsfkbrjcjc ~cbcbc lf f[nfvfhbc` gfnhjyb uf[lf@ ~i& kjvcft^ #udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy@^ 1979^ ud& 22-24`&
cfmfhsdtkj uf.jabkb b.j sehmtscf lf bhfyc ijhbc& se cfmfhsdtkjc sehmek yfobkib mfhsdtkt,bc ufcjv[t,fc sehmt,b
eo.j,lyty [tkc^ bhfyek yfobkib ~mfhskcf lf rf[tsib`
mfhsdtkt,bc ufcjv[t,f cgfhctkt,bc yt,bs [lt,jlf&
bv lhjc cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrjcb tdltvjp lbfcfvbt cgfhcvf [tkbceafkvf rklblfy uflffult,byf^ [jkj rfsfkbrjcb
ljvtynb cnfv,jkbc wb[tib b.j ufvjrtnbkb^ bhfybc ltlfmfkfmib cgfhctsbc if/t,bc [tkito.j,bs fut,lyty cjv[eh
trktcbt,c ,ho.bydfkt fhmbntmnehekb uflfo.dtnbs^ vjjmhe kb z thb sf lf u ev,f st,b s^ lf[d tob kb u tvj dyt, bs
itchekt,ekb v[fndhj,bs ~1605-1663 oo&` 2 ^ fvfdt lhjc rb
s,bkbcbc cbjyb rbyfqfv vf/vflbfyeh vtxtsfl uflffrtstc&
363
#eahj vtnbw^ cgfhctsib ufcf[kt,ek cjv[t,c if/b yt,fc hsfdlf lf gbhflflfw t[vfht,jlf trktcbt,bc vityt,kj,fib^ lflbjlf vfsc mhbcnbfyek lqtcfcofekt,pt^ tcoht,jlf mhbcnbfyek
wthtvjybfkt,c^ vbcb ufycfresht,ekb ,hfyt,bs c]blyty .dtkfc^ dbyw cjvt[ mhbcnbfyc itehfw[.jafc vbf.tyt,lf&&& f,hfv thtdfywb ceksfy f/vfl +++-c cjvt[sf rtsbklqtj,fpt vpheydtkcf
lf #cjvt[b [fk[bc vtehdtc@ tf[bc^ eahj vtnbw^ yflbh-if/bc
vbth cjv[t,bcflvb ufvjwtvekb hf.fvt,blfy vtjs[t hf.fvib
drbs[ekj,s _ #se hjvtkbvt cjvt[b mhbcnbfyb vbbqt,c vf/vflbfyeh cfhoveyjt,fc^ vfiby vfc xfvjthsvtjlf vstkb vbcb
vtvrdblhtj,f@ 3 & fvfdt lhjc mfhsdtkt,c bekt,bs fvf/
vflbfyt,lyty^ vfifcflfvt^ se mfhsdtkc mhbcnbfyfl lfhxtyf eyljlf^ bc eylf ufcjv[t,ekb.j^ hflufyfw cjv[bc ufvf/vflbfyt,fc
rfyjyb rhfkfdlf&
fv tgjmfib mfhsk-rf[tsb 'bhbsflfl cgfhctkt,bc [tkib b.j
lf cgfhctsbc cf[tkvobajib itlbjlf^ fvbnjvfw cfmfhsdtkjib^
bctdt hjujhw vstk cgfhctsib^ cjv[t,b ghbdbktubht,ek vlujvfhtj,fib b.dyty^ [jkj mfhsekb trktcbbc vhtdkb ltdybkb&
bvbc itvltu^ hfw #&&&bhfybc if/vf txvbfbyc^ hjujhw cjvt[sf
cfhoveyjt,hbd wtynhc^ vjo.fkt sdfkbs it[tlf@4 ^ cjvt[sf
cfhoveyjt,hbdb wtynhb ufyepjvkfl ufvlblhlf^ ufafhsjdlf
lf sfdbcb ufdktyf uffdhwtkf vtpj,tk mdt.yt,pt&
txvbfbyc vybidytkjdfyb vfvekt,b /mjylf sfdhbpcf lf
s,bkbcib^ vfvekt,sfy thsfl bcbyb .blekj,lyty fuhtsdt .vfukt[t,c^ hjvkt,bw fveifdt,lyty yf.bl vbot,c& vfu&^ 1715 o& rfsfkbrjc fcndfwfneh fvflytkvf s,bkbcib b.blf .vt,fl
[f[enfidbkt,bc hfvltybvt j]f[b^ hbc itvltu bcbyb txvbfbybc
yfc.bl .vt,fl bsdkt,jlyty@5&
wyj,bkbf^ hjv bc mfhsdtkb .vf-ukt[t,b^ hjvtksfw txvbfbyb
lf^ cfthsjl^ cjv[ehb trktcbf .blekj,lf^ bqt,lyty uhbujhbfyek cfhoveyjt,fc lf cjv[lt,jlyty&
364
mfhsdtkb ukt[t,bc ufcjv[t,bc afmnb fqothbkb fmdc vbcbjyth fv,hjpbc& vfc itevxytdbf^ hjv cjv[lt,jlyty fhf vfhnj
cjv[ehb trktcbbc vbth yf.blb mfhsdtkb ukt[t,b^ fhfvtl
cjv[lt,jlf bv mfhsekb cjakt,bc vjcf[ktj,f^ hjvkt,cfw
btylyty vlblfhb cjv[t,b& 1640 otkc bc hjvib upfdybc othbkc&
mfhsdtkt,bj^ _ othc^ _ #hfrb vfsb [tkmdtbsb uf[lt,bfy^ ,tdhb
vfsufyb uflflbc cjv[bc otcptl&&&@^ vlblfhb cjv[t,b rb^ hjvtksfw ittkjs cfmfhsdtkjib cjakt,bc^ vfvekt,bcf lf .vt,bc
ittyf^ vhfdkfl b.dyty hjujhw cgfhctsib^ bct sehmtsib ~sehmtsib itlbjlf mfhsk-rf[tsb^ sehmtsib _ vtc[tsb`&
cgfhctsbc cjv[t,vf #itmvytc ]ekabc cfdfzhj rjvgfybf^ rfdibhb lffv.fhtc bnfkbbc^ cfahfyutsbc^ ghecbbc cfvhtodtkjt,sfy^
itmvytc sfdbfysb rfynjht,b byljtsbc sbsmvbc .dtkf lbl mfkfmib^ bfdfcf lf abkbgbybc reyekt,pt lf c[d&&& sehmtsbcf lf
vtjht v[hbd^ cgfhctsbc vtcdtehsf gjkbnbrbc o.fkj,bs \|++\|+++ cfereytt,ib cjv[ehb cfdfzhj rfgbnfkb cfthsfijhbcj
fhtyfpt ufdblf& vfs d[tlfds ifdb pqdbc^ tutjcbc pqdbc^ fnkfynbcf lf byljtsbc jrtfytt,bc fept,ib lf c[df@6&
cojhtl fv lhjc^ hjwf cjv[t,c sfdbfysb cb,hybcf lf
ujybtht,bc vtj[t,bs cfiefkt,f /mjylfs cbvlblht vjtgjdt,byfs
byljtsbcf lf o.yfhb jrtfytt,bc cfyfgbhj mdt.yt,ibw rb^
mfhsdtkj,fc fn.dtdt,lyty lf cfvij,kjlfy fcf[kt,lyty^ ltdyblyty lf fvf/vflbfyt,lyty&
if/-f,fcvf rf[tsbc mfhsdtkj,f ~xfyc^ 300 000 cekb`
lffn.dtdf^ cgfhctsib uflffcf[kf lf bekt,bs uffvf/vflbfyf^
fvfdt lhjc rb if/-f,fcbc vtsdfk.ehtj,bs itylt,jlf bcgf/fy]ekafc ,ho.bydfkt cjv[ehb trktcbt,b&
cgfhctkt,b mfhskbc frkt,bc lhjcfw efvhfd mfhsdtkc
fn.dtdt,lyty lf cgfhctsib vbthtrt,jlyty& cojhtl fcts lhjc
cjv[ehb trktcbf t[vfht,jlf lf n.dtj,blfy b[cyblf uhbujhbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt vjcf[ktj,fc&
365
lfn.dtdt,bcf lf uflfcf[kt,bc lhjc bhqdtjlf mfhsekb

j]f[t,b^ vfvf bhfybc ths res[tib b.blt,jlf^ idbkt,b rb _
c[dfufy^ sfdbceakt,f lf .jdtkudfhb flfvbfyehb qbhct,f
bcgj,jlf& fv cfibytkb ufcfzbhblfy sfdbc lf[cyf itbkt,jlf
uhbujhbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc vbqt,bs^ hflufyfw bhfyib
fhct,ekb rfyjyt,bs^ hjujhw fqybiyekb b.j^ uhbujhbfyekb
cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt vjcf[ktj,f ltdyfc fh ufybwlblf&
#&&&1741 o& fudbcnjib^ hjwf .bpbk,fit,vf mfhskb fbrktc^
vtht ufecbtc vfh,btkb fdqfybcf lf cfwf hfv lfhxtybkb.j^
lffn.dtdtc&&& ufvfh]dt,ekvf cgfhctkt,vf^ hjwf mfhskbc
n.dtt,b lffuhjdtc lf bhfyib ufcfhtrfl uffvpfltc^ fv lhjc yflbh-i f/b c o by fit u fvj w[f llyty c jv[ ehb t rkt cb bc
ofhvjvflutykt,b^ vbfhsdtc vfc 300 sevfyb aekb^ 300 aesb
[jh,fkb lf b[cytc ijhtek bhfyib ufcfhtrfl ufvpflt,ekb 300
cjv[ehb j]f[b& bvbc ufvj^ hjv mfhsdtksf ijhbc fctsb cf[cht,b
'ytkfl cfijdfhb b.j^ xdtyc mdt.fyfc lblfkb [fk[b trfhut,jlf&
tc dbsfht,f cjv[eh cfhoveyjt,fc cfmfhsdtkjib gjgekfhekcf lf vbvpbldtkc [lblf@7&
mfhsdtksf ufcjv[t,fc vfcj,hbdb [fcbfsb vbeqbf lf .jdtklqbehfl sehvt bvlhjbyltkb lfvrdbhdt,tkb cfresfhb sdfkbs [tlfdlf^ se hjujh cjv[lt,jlyty mfhsdtkt,b& tc bmblfy
xfyc^ hjv fv afmnc flfcneht,c bctsb ufvjxtybkb vjqdfot _ vjupfehb^ hjujhbw b.j ybrjkjp xjkj.fidbkb ~ybrbajht bh,f[b`&
ybrjkjp xjkj.fidbkb cfmfhsdtkjib ths-thsb .dtkfpt
ufdktybfyb cfcekbthj gbhb b.j& vfc tkxflfw fupfdyblyty tdhjgfib^ vbbqj tcgfytsbc vtatv^ hjvib mfhsekb obuybc ufvjwtvbcfsdbc bpheyf^ gfnbdc cwtvlf hjvbc gfgb& bc fhf vfhnj rf[tscf
lf mfhskib^ fhfvtl cfvtuhtkjibw vjqdfotj,lf^ fvbnjvfw
cbn.df bv rfwbcf^ hjvtkbw rfhufl bwyj,lf fhf vfhnj cfmfhsdtkjc .jdtkb res[bc^ fhfvtl bvlhjbyltkb vcjakbjc
366
w[jdht,fc^ ztivfhbnb b.j lf v[jkjl cbvfhsktc itbwfdlf& vfy

ths rht,fpt^ hjvtkcfw tcoht,jlf hjcnjv vtat^ cfmfhsdtkjc
rfsfkbrjcb lf tgbcrjgjct,b^ ufyfw[flf% #.jdtklqt xdtyb sdfkbs d[tlfds^ hjv vhfdfkyb mfhsdtkyb cjv[lt,bfy lf eahj
vjvtnt,ekb vfsufyb vf/vflbc cfhoveyjt,fcfw qt,ekj,c@8 & hjcnjv vtat^ rfsfkbrjcb lf tgbcrjgjct,b vfc lftsfy[vyty&
cgfhcsf lf sehmtsbc vbth lfg.hj,bk cfmfhsdtkjc
res[tt,ib mfhsdtkt,b ufycfresht,bs cjv[lt,jlyty ~fye uhbujhbfyek cfhoveyjt,fc bqt,lyty` mfkfmt,cf lf upbcgbhf cfdfzhj cjakt,ib& flfvbfybc ufcjv[t,f bvbs ufvjb[fnt,jlf^ hjv
bc fqbfht,lf sfdbc sfdc cjv[ehb trktcbbc otdhfl&
fv lhjc vfc xdtekt,hbd hxt,jlf sfdbcb mfhsekb tyf^ mfhsekb flfs-otct,b lf xdtdt,b^ vbc w[jdht,fib sbsmvbc fhfathb
bwdkt,jlf ufhlf bvbcf^ hjv vf/vflbfyt,bcfufy f[kf erdt lfwekb b.j cjv[ehb trktcbbc vbth&
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376
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vf[kj,kflfw fct b.j^ sdbs cf.lhbc ityt,fsf wyj,t,cfw rb cothlyty mfhsekfl&&& s,bkbcbc cjv[j,f bctdt /gfnhjyj,lf mfhsek tyfc^ hjujhw mfhsdtkyb^ efvbcjl fh itbkt,jlf^ hflufyfw vfibyltkb cjvt[bw njvbs mfhsdtkb b.j^ bub mfhsdtk uhbujhbfyfl eylf ithfw[ekb.j& fcts gbhsfufy mfhsek tyfptl
'kbth ,tdhb obuyt,bf yfoth-yfsfhuvyb&&& xdtyb vjcfpht,f b.j^
hjv udtcfe,hf lf lfudtcf,est,byf bc ufhtvjt,fybw^ hjv
mfhsdtkt ,ibw fhbfy bctsy bw^ hjvtkb w uhb ujhbf ysf
cfhoveyjt,fc fqbfht,lyty lf lqtc vbcb vtj[t,bs bubyb cjv[bc
udfhflfw bhfw[t,jlyty& fctsb vjcfpht,bc lfcfvnrbwt,kfl cfzbhjf wjw[fkb wyj,t,b^ yfvldbkb fv,t,b ztivfhbnt,fcsfy f[kjc
vlufhb& fcts ztivfhbnt,fc tvjhxbkt,jlf .jdtkb ufyfskt,ekb
rfwb^ fv ztivfhbnt,fc dthfdby tobyffqvltut,f&&& fb^ tctw pjub
udfht,b mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,bcf&&& fkfdthlfidbkb^ fkfdthljdb^ vsfovbyltkb^ vfvfgfgfs mfhsekbc tybs vjkfgfhfrt^ lqtc
fkfdthljdb^ ufudfht,ekb&&& bub cothc itvltu cf.ehflqt,j
wyj,fc^ hjvtkbw evybidytkj bmyt,f^ hjv vjdb.dfyjs fm% #vt
dcofdkj,lb s,bkbcbc cf[tkjcyj crjkfib& vt cjvt[b dfh^ vfuhfv cjv[ehb fh dbwjlb^ cfmfhsdtkjc cjv[t,b vfhnjl h]ekbs
dfhs cjv[t,b^ sjhtv thjdyt,bs mfhsdtkt,b dfhs^ hjujhw
ahfyut,b lf sfsht,bw^ cjv[t,bc ufy.jabkt,fib mfhsekb tyf
frhfkekb fmdcs^ bm fhfdby fv tyfc^ fhw vt vfcofdkblyty^ mfhsekbc othf vt xtvbc ihjvbs lf vfkdbs itdbcofdkt^ fvbnjv
fv[fyfut,b vt #dhfwfc@ vtf[lyty^ t&b& mfhsdtkc^ hjwf tc fv,fdb
392
cjv[ehb tybc vfcofdkt,tkvf lf vqdltkvf itbn.dtc^ vfs fvbc ufvj

cfcnbrfl ufvrbw[tc& mfhsek tyfc ye cofdkj,cj^ fctsb dfbdfukf[bs itdbcofdkt xtvb qdbkb tyf _ mfhsekb@57 &
p& zbzbyft xfvjsdkbc mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,bc udfht,c%
fk[fpbidbkb _ udfhbc uflfrtst,bc itvltu _ fk[fpjdb* fzfhbfyb* fhtift _ fhtijdb* e,ekjdb _ f,ekbfywb _ 'dtkb udfhb
f,ekft* ,fhfsfidbkb* ,fmhft _ ,fcbkfidbkb _ ,fcbkjdb*
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,thtybidbkb^ lfkfmbidbkb^ uekfidbkb _ bdfyuekfidbkb _ bdfyuekjdb* vfvekfidbkb _ vfvekjdb* qfhb,fidbkb _ rfhb,jdb*
kjkft* fv,fhlfyf* rj[nbtdb* vfvfwfidbkb* vfxf,tkb* cfylft*
nehbfidbkb* sfh[ybidbkb* vpfhtekjdb* cjcbfidbkb*
if,ehbidbkb _ if,ehjdb* qfhkbft* vexfbt^ seibidbkb _
seiehbfywb* kfpbidbkb* j,tkujubfywb* qfv,fhbidbkb* hjcnjvfidbkb* ]fibnfidbkb* fsf,tujdb _ ]f.tkb* pehf,fidbkb*
lbl-pehf,fidbkb _ lbl-pehf,jdb* mjybfidbkb _ udfhbc
uflfrtst,bc itvltu cfkjdb* vtcfvskbidbkb _ udfhbc uflfsfhuvybc itvltu _ cdtxybrjdb* vtkbfidbkb _ udfhbc uflfsfhuvybc
itvltu _ kbcbwbfyb* [ewbidbkb^ ujvtkfehb* cek[fyfidbkb*
pjpbfidbkb* kjvbt* gfyxekbt _ gfyxekbfyb* ahbljyfidbkb*
vfk[fpbidbkb* tkbcf,hjdb* yflbhft* vtystifidbkb _ vfysfijdb* ofvfkfidbkb* rj[nfidbkb* bfcfvfyjdb* fqybfidbkb*
,e [hfid bk b* yfv ehft * mjx jhfid bk b _ mj xj hbf yw b*
vfvf]fyfidbkb* vfvbyfidbkb* ifyitidbkb* vbhpfidbkb* sfdmfkfidbkb _ sfd-mfkbfywb* gehflfidbkb _ gehfljdb* sevfybidbkb* ]fdf[bidbkb* vbhbfyfidbkb* yfhbvfyfidbkb* othtstkb*
vfhnbfidbkb* afybfidbkb* 'brjdb* [blf,tubidbkb* [f[fyfidbkb*
pfkbfidbkb* [bpfyjdb* vtqdbyjdb* ,fbylehfidbkb* x[tbt* lflbfyb* ljqfidbkb* rjirfidbkb* ujpfkjdb* cfafhbidbkb^ [bvib393
fidbkb* ovbyljfidbkb* ljylfhjdb* ubjhuft* mbnbfidbkb*

[fpfhbidbkb* vtqjhbidbkb* xfhtmfidbkb* vtnbdbidbkb*
[f[enfidbkb* vfydtkjdb* fa[fpbidbkb* [e,kfhbf* zbgfidbkb*
qdsbcbtdb&&&58
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#hfw itt[t,f mfhsdtk rfsjkbrt,c^ bvbc ufvj^ hjv dfnbrfyib
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rfsjkbrtsf vhtdkc cjvt[ rfsjkbrtsf ofhvjvflutykt,b se
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ofhvjvfdkj,f lf ,jkjc^ hflufyfw rjyuhtufwbfc vfs cftrktcbj
tyfl cjv[ehb /mjylf lfvnrbwt,ekb^ cjv[t,fl ufvjtw[flt,byf&
394
cfvoe[fhjl^ hjujhw erdt ptvjs dyf[ts cja& dtkbc vfufkbspt^ vtc[tsbc cbyfvldbktib tc yfobkj,hbd rbltw ufrtslf@59 &
v& sfvfhfidbkb othc _ #f[kf[fyc ujhib lf f[fkwb[tc ~1703
lf 1705 o&` lfothbkb cf,est,b fqvjfxbytc^ hjvkt,bw w[flfl
udbvnrbwt,ty bmfehb rfsjkbrt,bc mfhsdtkj,fc yfskbcqt,bc
cf[tkt,bs lf c[df ufhtvjt,bs&&& fb [ctyt,ek f[kfl yfgjdy
cf,est,ib pjubthsb cf[tkt,b% vbyljhfsb^ vfyfyft^ ofklft^
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/jhjdtkfsb^ vtx[efsb^ abkbzfvbfsb^ ujltkfsb^ ujlthvfsb^
sestkfsb^ [esmfksb&&& yf[dhtnfsb^ mdfsb^ aeaekfsbf^ utlbfsb^ rtyzbfysb^ [hbyobfysb&&& r,bkfsb^ rjzb,hjkfsb^ cfhlfkfsb^ rfyltkfrbfysb^ 'fvfsb^ geyorfsb^ [f[bfyfsb^ utkfzfvbfsb^ zjzefsb^ tsthfsb^ gehflfsb^ mjxjhfsb^ qdbybfsb^
xbnbhtrfsb^ fvpthbfysb^ mjybfsb lf c[df _ ~rfwt,bc cf[tkt,b`
mhbcntcf^ qdsbcf^ fqlujvtkf^ vf[fhf^ lfhxbf^ jnbf^ ufybf^
,therf^ xbnf^ ithvfpfyf^ thtrkt^ hfvfpf^ cfdf^ ybrj^ ujubnf^
afhcflfyf^ yflbhf^ [jif^ vf[fhj,tkb^ rbrbyf^ pffkb^ tkbp,fhf^
ukf[f^ cf,f^ ;j;ef^ ,t;fyf^ pehf,f^ fvbhfyf^ gfgef^ vfverf^ gffnf^
ujubf^ ,t;ef^ vfvekf^ ifmhj^ ybrfif^ vfkfmbf^ yjyj^ yjybf^ bjhlfyt^ cf.dfhtkf^ ibj^ sfvfpf lf c[d& ltlfrfwbc cf[tkt,b% vptmfkf^ vpbcflfhf^ dfhlbuekf^ uekceylf^ bfueylf^ yfstkj^ ltlbmfkf^ ltlfyj^ lfht]fyf^ sesf^ sdfkidtybthb^ 'eeyf^ sfvfhf^
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.dtkf tctyb^ mfhsdtkb rfsjkbrtyb^ cjv[t,fl bojlt,jlyty&
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395
s,bkbcbc vjmfkfmtsf ufuhbujhbfyt,bc itvltu uhbujhbfysf

e,yt,ib fhct,ekb mfhsdtksf trktcbt,b evhtdkjl lf evjmvt lj l lfhx ty bky b _ u hbu jhb fy t,c hx t, jlf s& vf sb
vfhskvflblt,tkb obyfght,bc vbth b.j fityt,ekb rbltw tc
trktcbt,b& trktcbbc vhtdkb v[jkjl cfhoveyjt,fc bwdkblf^
cftrktcbj ityj,f rb rdkfd 'dtkb hxt,jlf& sfvfhfidbkb othc _
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ofhotht,b uffmhtc _ nabkbcib vtblybc sfdpt .jabkf gfnfhf
uev,fsbfyb trktcbf^ lqtc ceha-utjhmfl ojlt,ekb^ ovblf
ybrjkjpbc trktcbf^ lqtc ]buhfitybc trktcbfl ojlt,ekb^
fdkf,hbc [blbc bmbs bcybc trktcbf^ at[sfbybc trktcbf^ 'dtkfl
,tsktvbc vqdsbcvij,kfl ojlt,ekb^ nabkbcbc f[kjc stktsbc
ovblf ubjhubc trktcbf^ ifdyf,flfc trktcbf^ stkfdbc
qdsbcvij,kbc trktcbf^ hjvtkbw thtrkt vtabc cf[kbc tpjib
.jabkf^ ]fdf[tsib revehljc trktcbf lf c[df@60 &
#\+\ cfereybc vtjht yf[tdfhib ,fnjy.vj,bc uflfdfhlybc itvltu^ vhfdfkb vt,fnjybc vfvekb edfhlt,jlf cjvt[ lbldfzfhc&
pju]th fv vfvekib vc[ljvb ukt[t,b f[fkb vt,fnjybc
cfhoveyjt,fcfw qt,ekj,lyty@61 & tsyjuhfa y& djkrjdfc 1976
otkc lvfybcbc hfbjybc cjatk dfhlbce,fyib fctsb cfbynthtcj
vfcfkf fmdc lfabmcbht,ekb% dfhlbce,fyib w[jdhj,lyty
mfhsdtkt,b lf cjv[t,b& cjv[t,b totht,bfy vbyfcbfywt,fl^
vbmtkbfywt,fl^ fdfmbfyt,fl lf vfhmfhbfyt,fl^ gfcgjhnibw eothbfs^ hjv fhbfy cjv[t,b& vfs cjv[ehb tyf fh bwbfy& vfsb
vij,kbehb tyf mfhsekbf& .jabsb otc-xdtekt,t,bs lf reknehbc .dtkf ybiybs mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy^ cjv[eh .jafcsfy fhfathb
frfdibht,s& sbsmjc bctsb cehfsb bmvyt,jlf^ hjv cjv[t,bc
mfhsdtkt,sfy fcbvbkfwbfc eylf /mjyjlf flubkb^ cbyfvldbktib rb tc fct fh fhbcj^ othc y& djkrjdf& ufvjrbs[dbc itltufl
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396
mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy lf fm fcbjlt okbc oby vjcekfy c[dflfc[df

hfbjyt,blfy& fct^ vfufkbsfl^ vbyfcbfywt,bc lf vbmtkbfywt,bc
obyfght,b lbqvtkb stshftt,b .jabkfy^ hjvkt,bw lbqvblfy
cfvb sfj,bc oby uflfcekfy^ vfhmfhjdt,bc obyfgfhb ujhtkb
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fmfeht,c rfhufl f[cjds^ se hjujh itewdfkf flubkj,hbdvf
cjvt[vf vtvfvektv mfhsdtkt,c mfhsekb udfht,b cjv[ehfl&
1985 o& fvfdt cjatkib bubdt vfcfkf bmyf lfvjovt,ekb^
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uflfertsf udfhb&
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xfnfht,ekb vjcf[ktj,bc rfvthfkehb fqothbc vfcfkt,b lf 1886
otkc cfj]f[j cbt,b&&& mfhsdtkb vjyjabpbnt,b ~uhbujhbfyt,b`
[ibh itvs[dtdfib cjv[ehb thjdyt,bcflvb fhbfy vbsdkbkb& fv
itvs[dtdfib uflfvo.dtnb fphb fqvothsf vbth cfhoveyjt,hbd
vjvtynptf uflfnfybkb& se mfhsdtkb vfhskvflblt,kehb hovtybc ufhlf fqbfht,lf c[df cfhoveyjt,fc^ bc vjcf[ktj,bc
it[tlekt,bs mfhsdtkb fqfh b.j& fct vjbyfskyty cjv[t,fl
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thtsib^ sehmt,fl vf/vflbfyb mfhsdtkt,b cfv[hts-lfcfdkts
cfmfhsdtkjib& wyj,bkbf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib vjyjabpbnj,f
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cf pj ufljt ,bc cj at k f [f klf ,f ib c[ dflfc[ df ud fhbc
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fhsf ofhvjvflutykt,b cjv[ehb tsybrehb atybcflvb fhbfy

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1886 okbc cfj]f[j cbbs itbkt,f ufvjsdkf^ se hfvltyb rjvkb^
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398
vthf,bidbkt,b^ ubuefidbkt,b^ [f,fpbidbkt,b lf vhfdfkb c[df&&&

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cfhoveyjt,f lf itcf,fvbcfl vbtresdyt,bfy cjv[eh thjdyt,fc&&&
mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,bc xfvjsdkf 1886 o& cc-bc vb[tldbs
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vfpht,blfy&&& fdbqjs vfufkbsfl^ s,bkbcbc vfphbc cjatkb _
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sfsfhfidbkb^ upbhbidbkb^ ufhctdfyjdb^ [jhbnjdb^ uehfvjdb^
uf,btdb^ ;e;bfidbkb^ ntnbfidbkb^ rf[tkfidbkb^ mj,ekfidbkb^
jkmbfidbkb^ ltlbkfidbkb^ ybybfidbkb^ cjpbfidbkb^ vfbcehft^
cf.tdfhjdb^ rf[ehjdb^ hjcnbfidbkb&&& gfnfhf tyutsib #uhbmehfidbkb ~tctyb vtcndbhbidbkt,b fhbfy`@^ cfhsbzfkfib _ #cntafyjdb ~tctyb ufhcbfidbkt,bf`@* cfybjhtib - #j[fyfidbkb
399
~jhrjlfidbkt,bf`@^ #cfhmbcfidbkb ~rbrefidbkt,bf`@^ .fylfehfib _ #repfyfidbkb ~ufvnrbwekfidbkt,bf`@^ xevkf.ib _

#ltv ehj d ~vt yf ,lb id bkt ,bf `@^ f yf yehib _ #c ntg fy jd
~ve[fidbkt,bf`@&&& vstkb ief cfereytt,bc vfybkpt cfmfhsdtkjib cjv[ehb vjcf[ktj,f b.j lf^ itcf,fvbcfl^ mfhsdtkb
uhbujhbfyt,bw^ vfuhfv fv erfyfcrytksf hfjltyj,bc phlf
ufycfresht,bs buhyj,f \+\ cfereybc ief [fyt,blfy ~fhfthsb
vfufkbsb itbkt,jlf vjudtnfyf \+\ cfereybc c[dflfc[df gthbjlbc rfvthfkehb fqotht,blfy^ hjvkt,ibw tcf se bc udfht,b
]t h vfhsk vflblt,k t, fl lf mf hsd tk t,f l^ it vltu
uhbujhbfyt,fl lf cjv[t,fl fhbfy xfothbkb& cfmfhsdtkjib \+\
cfereytib mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,bc phlf^ xdtyb fphbs^
lf rf dib ht ,ek b e ylf b .j c m dt .fy fi b r fgb nf kbc ne hb
ehsbthsj,bc cohfa phlfcf lf 1811 okblfy cfmfhsdtkjc
vfhskvflblt,kehb trktcbbc fdnjrtafkbbc lfrfhudfcsfy@62 &
g& vehflbfyc fcts cjv[t,fl vbfxybf .fhfidbkb^ ,bzbfidbkb^
xtrehbidbkb^ uf,hbtkfidbkb^ vec[tkbidbkb ~,& fhdtkft^
cjv[ehb lf mfhsekb trktcbt,b^ 1996^ ud& 46`&
\\ c& lfcfo.bcib iblf mfhskbc hfbjyt,ib 133 cjv[eh trktcbfc 133 vqdltkb nthnthf tvcf[eht,jlf^ vhtdkb 100 000-vlt
rfwc itflutylf&
trjyjvbrehb ptvjmvtlt,bc itcf[t, othc m& ifhfibt^ vfntyflfhfyib lfwekb mfhsekb [tkyfotht,bc ths yfobkpt
veifj,bc itvltu& #fv ]ueaib cf.ehflqt,js b.j hfvltybvt
cf,esb^ hjvkt,bw w[fl.jalyty^ hjv cjvt[sf trktcbf^ cfmfhsdtkjc pjubths hfbjyib^ se itbkt,f bsmdfc^ aekflb sfy[bc
ufvctc[t,tkb lfotct,ekt,bc aeymwbfc fchekt,lf^ fhf vfhnj
cjvt[b^ fhfvtl mfhsdtkb vjcf[ktj,bcfsdbcfw@&
#cf.ehflqt,jf cjvt[ rfsfkbrjc ythctcbc /evfyehb gbhjdyt,f
~1760-1857`&&& vfy lfffhcf cjv[ehb ctvbyfhbf lf lfo.t,bsb
400
crjkt,b s,bkbcib^ evfqktcb cfcofdkt,tkb&&&ythctcb lf[vfht,bc

[tkc eodlbc mdhbd-j,kt,c& stkfdtkb mdhbdbc^ cjv[bc mfkbc
vbvfhsdf [ctyt,ekb gbhjdyt,bcflvb vjovj,c^ hjv ythctcbc
lf[vfht,bs bphlt,bfy^ itcf,fvbc fcfrib vpbsdlt,bfy lf
mjhobylt,bfy mdhbdbc j,jkb ujujyt,b lf c[df& fqcfybiyfdbf^
hjv ythctcbc mdtkvjmvtlt,f fh fhbc itvjafhukekb yfwbjyfkehb lf htkbubehb pqeltt,bs& ythctcvf xbyt,ekfl bwbc mfhsekb&&& cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv ythctcb^ tn.j,f^ gbhflfl vblbjlf
mfhskbc cjakt,ib pjubthsb cfmvbc vjcfudfht,kfl& \+\ cfereybc + yf[tdfhib fv rfsfkbrjcc ybdsbthb lf[vfht,bcf lf
vafhdtkj,bcfsdbc mfhsdtkt,bw vbvfhsfdty&&& ythctcc vbvfhsfdc dbyvt sfvfhb^ tn.j,f^ lblb sfdflbc vteqkt^ hjvkbc mvfhbw
n.dtj,fibw lfqegekf& lfqegekb^ xfyc^ ufhrdtek gjkbnbreh
hjkc sfvfij,lf^ dbyfblfy vbcb j]f[bcfsdbc xfvjehsvtdbfs .vf
lf vfvekb^ mdhbdb cfcnbr cbqfhb,tib xfdfhlybkf& sfvfhb vtnfl sfdlf[hbkfl cs[jdc ythctcc yeutic lf lf[vfht,fc& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv fv mfhsdtkb sfdflbc vteqkt mfhsek tyfpt vbvfhsfdc cjv[ehb trktcbbc vtsfehc^ fvfdt lhjc rb ufemvt,ekb mfhsekb trktcbbc vtsfehb hecb tupfh[jct,b cfcnbrfl ltdyblyty mfhsek tyfc& sfdflbc mdhbdbcfsdbc mjyt,f cojhtl hectsbc
~vfhskvflblt,tksf` [tkbceakt,fc xfvjehsvtdbf^ cjvt[b [tkbceafkb rb vfc [tkc evfhsfdc& w[flbf^ ufcjv[t,bcfsdbc gbhj,t,b
itmvybkbf&
m& ifhfibt othc _ #f[fkb fv,fdb fh fhbc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib
vw[jdht,b cjv[t,bcfsdbc mfhsekb tyf cfereytt,bc vfybkpt
vij,kbehb tyf uf[lf lf mfhsekb vobuyj,hj,f vfsb elbltcb
yfobkbcfsdbc thsflthsb b.j^ hjvtkcfw bcbyb akj,lyty& vfntylfhfybc xdty vbth fyjnbht,ekb cf,est,b ths[tk rbltd
flfcneht,ty fv afmnc& mfhsekfl botht,f vjrbs[dbc ,fhfst,b^
mfhsekfl ofhvjt,c cfmvbfyb vbvjothf j]f[bc otdht,iefw^ mfmitropoliti anania jafariZe
401
hsekfl botht,f fhf se rthj gbht,bc fyufhbit,b^ lfdsht,b^

sfv fcemt ,b^ fhfvt l cjv t[sf trkt cbt,b c ja bwbfk ehb
fyufhbit,bw&
cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv cfvb dfzfhb 'vf^ hjvtksfufy thsb
s,bkbcib dfzhj,c^ vtjht _ thtdfyib lf vtcfvt rbltd _ .fhcib^
thsvfytssfy mfhsekb vbvjothbs fhbfy lfrfdibht,ekb& fv sdfkcfphbcbs^ xdtysdbc .dtkfpt cf.ehflqt,j b.j ythctc rfsfkbrjcbc vbvfhs 1826 okbc f[kjc lfothbkb ,fhfsb&&&@64
\+\ cfereytib^ bv lhjc^ hjwf mfhsekb tyf fvbthrfdrfcbbc
lf cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,bc evsfdhtcb tyf b.j^ s,bkbcib fh
fhct,j,lf fhw thsb mfhsektyjdfyb crjkf se cfcofdkt,tkb
~\+\ cfereybc 60-70-bfy okt,fvlt` vfiby^ hjwf bvfdt lhjc
s,bkbcib fhct,j,lf cjv[ehtyjdfyb ctvbyfhbf^ c[dflfc[df
cjv[ehb cf[tkjcyj cfcofdkt,tkb lf evfqktcb cfcofdkt,tkbw
rb& vjcf[ktj,f lf vfs ijhbc mfhsdtkb vjcf[ktj,fw
~ufycfresht,bs vjmfkfmtyb` sfdbfys idbkt,c fv cjv[eh
cfcofdkt,tkib f,fht,lyty^ cflfw bcbyb cofdkj,lyty rbltw
cjv[eh tyfc^ vfssdbc ew[j tyfc&
eylf lfdfcrdyfs^ hjv thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajc
lfikbc itvltu ~\| c&` thsbfyb mfhsdtkb [fk[bw ufybwlbc ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbfc^ c[dflfc[df mfhsek cfvtaj-cfvsfdhjt,ib
lfyfobkt,ek mfhsdtkj,fc exylt,f res[ehb gfnhbjnbpvb^
.fkb,lt,f bvthkj,f^ mfhskj,f^ rf[tkj,f se vtuhtkj,f^ fvfdt
lhjc mfhsdtksf thsb yfobkb #sfshlt,f@^ #ahfyult,f@^
#cjv[lt,f@^ ufycfresht,bs rb vbvlbyfhtj,lf mfhsdtksf fhvtybpfwbf& vsbfyb yfobkbc mfhsdtkj,fw ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbfc ufybwlblf& tc ghjwtcb ufuhtklf \+\ cfereytibw& sevwf^ fvfdt
cfereybc ,jkjc lfbo.j rjycjkblfwbbc ghjwtcb^ fv lhjc mfhsdtksf thjdyekb rjycjkblfwbbcflvb fynfujybcnehfl
ufyto.j cjv[ehb ,eh;efpbf& u& vtkbmbidbkb othc _ #vtjht
402
v[hbd^ mfhsdtksf thjdyekb rjycjkblfwbbc ghjwtcbcflvb fynfujybcnehfl ufyo.j,bkb fqvjxylf fuhtsdt 'kbthb cjv[ehb
,eh;efpbf^ hjvtkbw uf,fnjyt,ek vlujvfhtj,fc fqotdc fv [fybc
cfmfhsdtkjib lf rfdrfcbbc pju c[df hfbjyib@65 & lf tc^ w[flbf^
[tkc eo.j,lf uhbujhbfytkb mfhsdtkt,bc cjv[t,ib fcbvbkfwbfc&
,jkjcbn.df
hecb tsyjuhfab djkrjdf^ vbelujvtkb mfhsdtksf
ufcjv[t,bc cfrbs[ib^ cffhmbdj vfcfkt,pt lf.hlyj,bs othc^ hjv
\\ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib iblf mfhskib txvbfbyc /.fdlf sbsmvbc fcb fsfcbfyb vhtdkb& bcbyb tsybrehb ofhvjij,bs mfhsdtkt,b
b.dyty ~cfhoveyjt,hbdfl .jabkb vfhskvflblt,kt,b^
ufvjcekyb mfhsekb trktcbbc obfqblfy`& sbsmvbc fvfdt wbahc
fcf[tkt,c cfereybc lfcfo.bcib wyj,bkb vrdktdfhb fktmcfylht
ahjytkb^ hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw vbcb lhjbcfsdbc ufcjv[t,ekb fye
ufuhbujhbfyt,ekb b.j 400 000 mfhsdtkb& vfy efvhfdb wjw[fkb
vfufkbsbc vjnfybs lffvnrbwf^ hjv mfhsdtkt,bc ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbc evsfdhtcb vbptpb b.j jcvfksf^ cgfhctksf lf ktrsf
vbth mfhsekb trktcbbc vbpfyvbvfhsekb ltdyf^ bub 1914 otkc
othlf% #dby babmht,c^ hjv hjv mfhsdtkyb cek hfqfw 130 okbc
obyfs fct bxfuht,jlf^ ,tdhc pqfghfl vjtxdtyt,f jhb vbkbjyb
mfhsdtkbc ufvf/vflbfyt,f lf 400 fsfcbc ufcjv[t,f^ vfuhfv chekb
ztivfhbnt,f lf cbyfvldbkt rbf@ ~fk& ahjytkb^ lblt,ekb
vtc[tsb^ m& ujhb^ 1914^ ud& 28`&
fk& ahjytkbc lhjc 100 fsfcb uhbujhbfyb mfhsdtkbc ~t&o&
#cjv[t,bc@` cfw[jdhbcc ofhvjflutylf iblf mfhskbc mfkfmt,b
lf cjakt,b& lfyfhxtyb 300 000^ xfyc fk& ahjytkbc fphbs
w[jdhj,lf s,bkbccf^ mdtvj mfhskcf^ rf[tscf lf vtc[tsib
~jcvfkjc cfmfhsdtkjib`& bfrj, f[efidbkc vj/.fdc xfyfothb
403
\|+++ c& tdhjgtkb vbcbjythbc lqbehblfy^ hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw

mfhsdtkb lfg.hj,bk cfmfhsdtkjib bekt,ekb [lt,jlf
efht.j ltlf mfhsekb trktcbf lf vbrtlkt,jlf fhfthjdyek
trktcbfc^ obyffqvltu itvs[dtdfib% 1& vfc jcvfktsbc cf[tkvobaj
ufvjfw[flt,lf cfibi rfwfl^ lfeo.t,lf sdfk.ehbc ltdyfc* 2&
cflfdj cfrbs[bc ofvjzhbcfc uffvn.eyt,lf* 3& cfcfvfhskjw esejl lfflfyfifekt,lf^ vfhsfkbw hjv .jabkb.j* 4& cfveifj fh
vbtwtvjlf^ rfhub [tkjcfybw hjv .jabkb.j* 5& mfhsdtkbc ~t&b&
mfhsekb trktcbbc otdhbc` mjyt,bc ofvhsvtdb fh lfbc]t,jlf^
mfhsdtkb mfkb ufycfresht,bs bxfuht,jlf veckbvsf vbth* 6&
ve ck bvf ybc o .ty by t,b c i tv s[d tdf ib mf hs dtk b ~ t& b&
vf hs kvf lb lt, tk b^
mf hse kb
tr kt cbb c
vht dk b`
ufycfresht,ekfl lfbc]t,jlf* 7& mfhsdtkt,c trhfkt,jlfs
k[byb^ cbvqthf lf mjhobkbc odtekt,f* 8& vbwdfkt,ekbc
lfcfakfdt,bc yt,f tktjlfs qfvbs^ ufkj,bcf lf otcbc
itchekt,bc u fhtit* 9 & mfhsd tk vqdlt kc jcvfk tsib
ufyb[bkfdlyty^ hjujhw ufycfresht,ekfl wjldbfy flfvbfyc^
fvbnjvfw ufhlfwdfkt,bcfc qhvf cfakfdc es[hblyty^ hflufyfw
abmhj,lyty% #mfhsdtkb vqdltkb bct wjldbkbf^ se qhvfl fh
xfdafkbs^ vbof fvjbcdhbcj@ ~b& f[efidbkb^ mfhsekb udfhcf[tkt,b^ 1994^ ud& 110`^ sevwf bvfdt lhjc cjvt[ se rfsjkbrt
vqdlkt,c lblb gfnbdbcwtvbs tg.hj,jlyty& fvbc ufvj mfhsdtkb
vqdlkt,b bekt,ekyb ufv[lfhfy^ thbcrfwbc nfybcfvjcb xftwdfs
lf vfkekfl ittchekt,byfs mhbcnbfyekb otct,b^ sevwf^ vfbyw^ cf,jkjjl vfs vstkb vhtdkb lfrfhutc vtc[tsib&
mfhsdtkj,f fy ufvf/vflbfylf fy ufcjv[lf&
mdtvj mfhskcf lf s,bkbcib ufcjv[t,fc vfcbehb cf[t vbeqbf
fqf vf/vfl [fybc itvjctdbc itvltu& vnthb v[jkjl mfhsdtkt,c
[jwfdlf^ cjv[t,c rb bylj,lf& #ljcbstjc abw[tkfehbc
404
uflvjwtvbs xeqehtsib^ rerbfib^ ifd cjatkib^ dthfpt lf

fdkf,fhib 'fkbfy ,tdhvf mfhsdtkvf vbbqj cjvt[sf h]ekb&&&
vnhbc erfy vj,heyt,bc ibib 'kbthb b.j& [vf b.j lfh[tekb^ hjv
vnthb vtjhtl fgbht,c vjcdkfc sabkbcpt^ mfhsdtkt,c .dtkfc
lf[jwfdc lf f,f hf 'fkf udfluf^ hjv xdtyw vnthc sfdb vbdwts
[t ki bj& f v lhjc f hbf y ufc jv [t, ek b v fbc ehft t, b^
kfpfhfidbkt,b^ vthf,bidbkt,b^ ybrekfidbkt,b lf c[dfybw vhfdfkyb@ ~ufp& cfvij,kj^ 1915^ =178`&
cfvoe[fhjl^ hect,bs \+\ cfereytib^ hjujhw flht jcvfkt,b
lf bhfytkt,b^ v[jkjl mfhsek trktcbfc ltdyblyty& vjcgtc mfhsekb trktcbbc jhufybpfwbf^ [jkj cjv[eh trktcbfc [tkb fh
f[ktc lf lfenjdtc cfrfsfkbrjcj o.j,f& cjvt[sf gfnhbfhmb
hect,bc lhjc s,bkbcib b]lf& hect,bc vbth mfhsekb trktcbbc
vbpfyvbvfhsekb ltdybc ufvj \+\ cfereytib mfhsdtksf
ufcjv[t,bc ghjwtcb fhf se ito.lf^ fhfvtl ufbpfhlf rbltw& fvfc
sfy lfthsj trjyjvbrehb vjnbdt,b& d& uf,fidbkbc smvbs^ \+\
c-ib vlblfhb cjv[ehb lf rfsjkbrehb trktcbt,b mhsfvbs
b,bht,lyty mfhsdtkt,c sfdbc vhtdkib ~dfkthbfy uf,fjyb^ #fbdybfyb mfkfmb@^ 1988^ ud& 500`&
hectsbc [tkbceakt,f mfhsekb trktcbbc sfdbcsfdflj,bc
ufemvt,bs fh lfrvf.jabkt,ekf^ cf[tkvobajc [fpbyfc uflftwf
vstkb vbcb mjyt,f^ fvfdt lhjc rb cjv[ehvf trktcbfv sfdbcb
mjyt,bc ufvj.tyt,bs s,bkbcib uf[cyf cjv[ehb ctvbyfhbt,b^
cfcofdkt,kt,b& s,bkbcb \+\ c-ib hectsbc o.fkj,bs cjvt[sf
evsfdhtc lf elbltc reknehek-cekbth wtynhfl uflfbmwf& tc
fv cfereytib [tkc eo.j,lf mfhsdtkt,bc ufcjv[t,fc s,bkbcib^
mfhskcf lf rf[tsib&
405
damateba: alali da arami (urartu da armenia)

406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
literatura
nawili I
84
s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. V, 1987, gv. 112; 83 qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebi, I, gv. 594; 84 s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. V, 1987, gv. 112; 87
epistoleTa wigni, 1968, gv. 98; 88 iqve, gv. 99; 89 giorgi mcire,
cxovrebai giorgi mTawmindelisai, Zegl. II, gv. 154; 90 epistoleTa
wigni, z. aleqsiZis komentari, gv. 161; 91 qarTveli eris istoria,
I, gv. 300; 92 saistorio moambe, I, gv. 50-53; 93 kanonikuri wyobileba,
gv. 320; 94 epistoleTa wigni, z. aleqsiZis komentari, gv. 161; 95
georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 88; 96 epistoleTa wigni, gv. 196; 97 i.
drasxanakerteli, somxeTis istoria, gv. 10; 98 qarTlis cxovreba,
IV, 1973, gv. 750; 99 a. jafariZe, saqarTvelis samociqulo eklesiis
istoria, t. I, gv. 428; 100 epistoleTa wigni, z. aleqsiZis komentari,
gv. 197; 101 qronikebi, I, gv. 340; 102 epistoleTa wigni, gv. 198; 103
giorgi mcire, `cxovrebai giorgi mTawmidelisai~, Zegl. II, gv.
150; 104 iqve, gv. 149; 105 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli
literaturis Zeglebi, 1967, gv. 123; 106 iqve, gv. 124; 107 iqve, gv.
146; 108 petriwonis monastris ti pikoni, Tavi 35, muxli 11, a.SaniZe,
Txzulebani, t. 11, 1986, 118.
35
v. goilaZe, saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da albaneTis istoriis
sakiTxebi... kr. `saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi~, V, gv. 19; 36 iqve, gv. 19; 37 iqve, gv. 19; 38 qarTlis
cxovreba, I, gv. 266; 39 qrestomaTia, I, gv. 35; 40 iqve, gv. 40; 41 mose
xoreneli, somxeTis istoria, gv. 172; 42 z. sxirtlaZe, freskuli
warwerebi, gv. 107; 43 . ,
. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1886,
#3, gv. 67; 44 movses kalankatuaci, albanTa qveynis istoria, gv.
51-52; 45 qrestomaTia, I, gv. 166; 46 z. sxirtlaZe, freskuli warwerebi, gv. 107; 47 iqve, gv. 108; 48 iqve, gv. 108; 49 uxtanesi,
416
istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 63; 50 epistoleTa wigni, gv. 15; 51 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 67; 52 iqve, gv. 67; 53 maqsime
sardeli mitr. saqarTvelos eklesia da misi avtokefalia, 1966,
rusuli Targmani, gv. 26-28; 54 qse, 9, gv. 669; 55 iqve, gv. 669; 56 e.
nikolaZe, eklesiis istoria, gv. 142-148; 57 igulisxmeba ègriswylis~ aqeT mdebare qveyana; 58 . ,
. _ macne, istoriis
seria, 1986, #3, gv. 63; 59 iqve, gv. 62-64; 60 qse, 9, gv. 463; 61 CC, c.
Ap. CCP, . 77; 62 . ,
. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1886,
#3, gv. 66; 63 iqve, gv. 66; 64 . ,
. _ macne, istoriis
seria, 1986, #3, gv. 67; 65 iqve, gv. 62; 66 iqve, gv. 64; 67 .
,
. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1886, #3, gv. 69; 68 d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II, gv. 151-152; 69 p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 52; 70
arseni safareli, ganyofisaTYs, gv. 78; 71 narkvevebi, t.II, gv. 276;
72
saqarTvelos istoria, gv. 70; 73 epistoleTa wigni, gv. 140; 74
qse, 9, stat. z. aleqsiZe, somxuri samociqulo eklvsia, gv. 472; 75
arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis, gv. 156; 76 iqve, gv. 51; 77 iqve, gv.
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iqve, gv. 284; 83 iqve, gv. 285; 84 arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis,
gv. 79; 85 iqve, gv. 80; 86 iqve, gv. 80; 87 iqve, gv. 154; 88 Tveni II, 1983
(Targmani rusulidan), gv. 52-55; 89 iqve, gv. 59; 90 Tveni II, 1983
(Targmani rusulidan), gv. 70; 91 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I,
gv. 410; 92 iqve, gv. 391; 93 iqve, gv. 392; 94 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv.
208; 95 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv.
161; 96 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 207-2084; 97 iqve, gv. 208; 98 iv.
javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 412; 99 iqve, gv. 412; 100 iqve, gv.
413; 101 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 415; 102 iqve, gv. 386; 103
417
iqve, gv. 415; 104 qse, 8, stat. saeklesio ganxeTqileba kavkasiaSi,

gv. 625; 105 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 391; 106 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 418; 107 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 223; 108 k.
kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 88; 109
iqve, gv. 269; 110 iqve, gv. 345; 111 r. TvaraZe, TxuTmetsaukunovani
mTlianoba, gv. 154; 112 iqve, gv. 154; 113 Zeglebi, II, gv. 123; 114
èpistoleTa wigni~ somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa da komentarebiT gamosca zaza aleqsiZem 1968 wels; 115
qse, 8; qse, 9, stat. somxuri samociqulo eklesia, gv. 625; 116
epistoleTa wigni, gv. 157; 117 unda iyos ioane maxarebelisa; 118
uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 23; 119 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 31; 120 iqve, gv. 31; 121 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv.
31-33; 122 iqve, gv. 35; 123 iqve, gv. 43; 124 iqve, gv. 63; 125 uxtanesi,
istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 123; 126 iqve, gv. 131; 127 iqve, gv. 139-141;
128
s. janaSia, Sromebi, gv. 112; 129 k. danelia, Zveli qarTuli enis
kaTedris Sromebi, #23, 1980, gv. 89; 130 iqve, gv. 122; 131 k. danelia,
Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, #23, 1980, gv. 90; 132
arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis, gv. 87; 133 uxtanesi, istoria
gamoyofisa, gv. 31; 134 arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis, gv. 84; 135
iqve, gv. 156; 136 v. nalbandiani, somxur siZveleTa gakveTilebi,
gv. 11; 137 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 156-157; 138 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 300; 139 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa,
gv. 157; 140 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 424; 141 iqve, gv. 422;
142
iqve, gv. 423; 143 iqve, gv. 423; 144 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani,
I, gv. 428; 145 iqve, gv. 424; 146 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 51; 147 iqve, gv. 51; 148 k. kekeliZe, Zveli
qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 52; 149 qse, 7, stat. monofizitoba, gv. 100; qse, 8, stat. saeklesio ganxeTqileba kavkasiaSi, gv.
625; 150 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 350; 151 k. kekeliZe,
Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 487; 152 iqve, gv. 474;
153
uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 286; 154 iqve, gv. 255; 155 iqve,
gv. 255; 156 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 255; 157 iqve, gv. 81;
418
158
uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 369; 159 iqve, gv. 371.

203
movses kalankatuaci _ alvanTa qveynis istoria, 1985 w.,
gv. 121-123; 204 v. gurgeniZe, kirion I, `saRvTismetyvelo krebuli~, 1984, #2, gv. 114; 205 s. janaSia _ feodaluri revolucia
saqarTveloSi, 1935 w., gv. 107-112; 206 iqve, gv. 114-115; 207 sinuri
mravalTavi 864 wlisa, Tb., 1959 w., gv. 283; 208 p. ingoroyva,
Txzulebani, t. III, gv. 145; 209 iqve, gv. 102; 210 iqve, gv. 144; 211 iqve,
gv. 414; 212 p. ingoroyva, Txzulebani, t. III, gv. 418; 213 iqve, gv. 416.
18
èkumeni~ _ berZnul-romaul anu civilur samyaros (romis imperiis teritorias) ewodeboda; 19 . ,
, , 1963 ., . 568-572; 20 iqve, gv. 574; 21 .
, , , 1963 ., . 573-574; 22
erekle (irakli) _ igulisxmeba bizantiis imperatori _ herakle; 23 . , , , 1963 ., .
588; 24 . , , , 1963 ., .
585-690; 25 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. VII, 1984 w., gv.
98; 26 . , , , 1963 ., .
639-658; 27 iqve, gv. 670; 28 . , ,
, 1963 ., . 670-674; 29 . , ,
, 1963 ., . 696; 30 iqve, gv. 556; 31 . ,
, , 1963 ., . 696-751; 32 . ,
, , 1963 ., . 751; 33 a. abdalaZe,
`legenda da sinamdvile~, lit. saqarTvelo, 1988, 19. II., gv. 1112; 34 a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba IX-XI saukuneebSi, 1988, gv. 99; 35 iqve, gv. 99-100; 36 qarTlis
cxovreba, t. I, 1955 w., gv. 250; 37 al. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis
politikur erTeulTa urTierToba IX-XI saukuneebSi, 1988, gv.
173; 38 iqve, gv. 176; 39 al. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur
erTeulTa urTierToba, 1988 w., gv. 178; 40 iqve, gv. 178. SeniSvna
28; 41 iqve, gv. 144; 42 iqve, gv. 11; 43 iqve, gv. 75; 44 iqve, gv. 177.
SeniSvna; 45 al. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa
urTierToba, 1988 w., gv. 181; 46 Zveli qarTuli literaturis
419
qrestomaTia, w. I, 1946 w., gv. 129; 47 iqve, gv. 129; 48 qarTlis

cxovreba, t. I, 1955 w., gv. 243; 49 Zveli qarTuli literaturis
qrestomaTia, w. I, 1946 w., gv. 130; 50 al. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis
politikur erTeulTa urTierToba, 1988 w., gv. 77-78; 51 iqve, gv.
81; 52 iqve, gv. 78; 53 al. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur
erTeulTa urTierToba, 1988 w., gv. 82; 54 iqve, gv. 84; 55 k.
danelia, qarTuli samwerlo enis istoriis sakiTxebi, 1983 w., gv.
356; 56 k. danelia, qarTuli samwerlo enis istoriis sakiTxebi,
1983 w., gv. 130; 57 iqve, gv. 129; 58 iqve, gv. 131; 59 iqve, gv. 162; 60
iqve, gv. 162; 61 iqve, gv. 165; 62 iqve, gv. 127; 63 iqve, gv. 133; 64 iqve,
gv. 133; 65 iqve, gv. 134; 66 iqve, gv. 135; 67 iqve, gv. 135; 68 iqve, gv.
136; 69 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984 w., gv. 224; 70
iqve, gv. 235; 71 iqve, gv. 236; 72 iqve, gv. 6; 73 uxtanesi, istoria
gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, 1975 w., gv. 107; 74 sinuri
mravalTavi, a. SaniZis bolosityvaoba, 1959 w., gv. 295; 75 k.
danelia, qarTuli samwerlo enis istoriis sakiTxebi, 1983 w., gv.
297; 76 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I,
1980, gv. 47; 77 iqve, gv. 52; 78 iqve, gv. 53; 79 iqve, gv. 53-54; 80 iqve,
gv. 55; 81 iqve, gv. 55; 82 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I. 1980 w, gv. 57; 83 k. danelia, qarTuli samwerlo
enis istoriis sakiTxebi, 1983 w., gv. 356-357; 84 iqve, gv. 211; 85
iqve, gv. 250; 86 iqve, gv. 299; 87 iqve, gv. 301; 88 iqve, gv. 303; 89 g.
meliqiSvili, qarTlis (iberiis) samefos gaZliereba ax. w. I-II
saukuneebSi. narkv. I, 1970, gv. 518-521. ix. mecnierebaTa akademiis
macne, istoriis seria, #4, 1987, gv. 170-191; 90 giorgi mcire,
cxovrebaA da moqalaqeobaA wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa
giorgi mTawmidelisa, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, 1967, gv. 123; 91 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, 1955 w.,
gv. 16; 92 iqve, gv. 16; 93 iqve, gv. 17; 94 iqve, gv. 26; 95 iqve, gv. 6; 96
iqve, gv. 7; 97 iqve. gv. 4; 98 a. bogveraZe, leonti mrovelis erTi
istoriuli koncefciis Sesaxeb, `macne~, istoriis seria, #4, 1987
w., gv. 174; 99 a. abdalaZe, `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ armeno420
filuri tendenciisaTvis, `macne~, ist. seria, #4, 1987 w., gv. 191;
100
iqve, gv. 191; 101 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, 1970 w.,
gv. 518-519; 102 iqve, gv. 521; 103 a. abdalaZe, `cxovreba qarTvelTa
mefeTas~ armenofiluri tendenciisaTvis. `macne~, istoriis seria, #4, 1987 w., gv. 191; 104 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, 1955 w., gv. 16;
105
p. ingoroyva, TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. III, 1965 w., gv. 212; 106
iqve, gv. 211-212; 107 S. badriZe, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ arqauli
nawilis interpretaciisaTvis, `macne~, istoriis seria, 1987 w.,
#4, gv. 179; 108 q. cxadaZe, àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi
CanarTis wyaro, `macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, #1, 1986
w., gv. 90; 109 iqve, gv. 94; 110 a. bogveraZe, leonti mrovelis erTi
istoriuli koncefciis Sesaxeb, `macne~, istoriis seria, #4, 1987
w., gv. 174; 111 iqve, gv. 191; 112 iqve, gv. 174; 113 giorgi anCabaZe,
juanSer da misi `cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa~, `macne~, istoriis seria, #4, 1987 w., gv. 186; 114 e. goilaZe, saqarTvelos,
somxeTisa da albaneTis istoriis sakiTxebi, krebuli _ saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi, V, 1986 w., gv. 21; 115
iqve, gv. 20; 116 p. ingoroyva, Txzulebani, t. III. 1965 w., gv. 188-192;
117
qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, 1955 w., gv. 22; 118 iqve, gv. 6; 119 Zveli
qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, t. III, 1971 w., gv.
47; 120 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, t.
I, 1964 w; 121 qarTlis cxovreba, 1955 w.; 122 berZeni mwerlebis
cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. I, 1967 w., gv. 151; 123 iqve, gv.
120; 124 S. badriZe, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ arqauli nawilis interpretaciisaTvis, `macne~, istoriis seria, 1987 w., #4, gv. 179;
125
iv. lolaSvili, àrsen iyalToeli~, Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi, 1978 w., gv. 632; 126 didi sjulis kanoni, 1976 w.,
gv. 557; 127 mcire uwyebani, 1982 w., gv. 170; 128 Zveli qarTuli
agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, t. III, 1971 w., gv. 47; 129
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, t. III,
1971 w., gv. 47; 130 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis
Zeglebi, t. III, 1971 w., gv. 46; 131 iqve, gv. 42; 132 iqve, gv. 46-47; 133
421
iqve, gv. 51; 134 v. goilaZe, saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da albaneTis

istoriis sakiTxebi, krebuli _ saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis
istoriis sakiTxebi, 1986 w., gv. 20, SeniSvna _ 8; 135 v. goilaZe,
qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, 1984 w., gv.59 SeniSvna 3; 136
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, t. I, 1964
w., gv.191; 137 p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954 w., gv 423; 138
iqve, gv. 423; 139 p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954 w., gv. 367-371;
140
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984 w., gv. 228; 141 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, 1955 w., gv. 8; 142 petriwonis qarTvelTa
monastris ti pikoni, a. SaniZe, t. IX, 1986 w., gv. 117; 143 iqve, gv.
231; 144 i. abulaZe, Sromebi, t. IV, 1985 w., gv. 139; 145 iqve, gv. 137;
146
iqve, gv. 151-152; 147 i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. VIII, 1977
w., gv. 284; 148 iqve, gv. 289-290; 149 i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t.
VIII, 1977 w., gv. 283; 150 iqve, gv. 284; 151 o. gvilava, ispahani,
Sirazi, qaSani, 1980 w., gv. 102; 152 i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t.
VIII, gv. 287; 153 q. cxadaZe, àxali qarTlis cxovreba _ erTi
CanarTis wyaro, `macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 1986 w.,
#1, gv. 85; 154 q. cxadaZe, àxali qarTlis cxovreba _ erTi
CanarTis wyaro, `macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 1986 w.,
#1, gv. 92; 155 iqve, gv. 88; 156 iqve, gv. 88; 157
, 1980, . 77-78; 158 marTlmadidebluri samyaros burjs, bizantias, ebrZodnen sparselebi, arabebi da Turqebi VI-XV ss-Si, xolo bizantiis dacemis Semdeg
axal burjs marTlmadidebluri msofliosi, ruseTs, ebrZodnen
Turqebi da sparselebi XVI-XIX ss-Si; 159 g. ormaniani, somxuri
eklesia, 1913 w.,gv. 74; S. lomsaZe, gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan, 1979 w., gv. 27; 160 iqve, gv. 24; 161 S. lomsaZe,
gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan, 1979 w., gv. 4243; 162 iqve, gv. 22; 163 S. lomsaZe, gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan, 1979 w., gv. 22-24; 164 o. gvilava, ispahani, Sirazi,
qaSani, 1980 w., gv. 103; 165 S. lomsaZe, gviani Sua saukuneebis
saqarTvelos istoriidan, 1979 w., gv. 39; 166 iqve, gv. 38; 167 iqve,
422
gv. 40; 168 iqve, gv. 38; 169 iqve, gv. 40; 170 m. TamaraSvili, istoria
kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, 1902 w., gv. 127; 171 iqve, gv. 53; 172
iqve, gv. 53; 173 iqve, gv. 126; 174 S. lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi, 1975
w., gv. 302; 175 iqve, gv. 302; 176 iqve, gv. 302-303; 177 g. maisuraZe,
qarTveli da somexi xalxebis urTierToba, 1982 w., gv. 268; 178
iqve, gv. 315; 179 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis mwerlebs, 1904 w.,
gv. 67; 180 iqve, gv. 67; 181 iqve, gv. 73; 182 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad
somxis mwerlebs, 1904 w., gv. 67; 183 iqve, gv. 78; 184 iqve, gv. 58; 185
m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis mwerlebs, 1904 w., gv. 58; 186 iqve,
gv. 52; 187 iqve, gv. 60-67; 188 ev. nikolaZe, saqarTvelos eklesiis
istoria, 1918 w., gv. 145; 189 iqve, gv. 146; 190 ev. nikolaZe, saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria, 1918, gv. 148; 191 s. avaliani, anton I, 1987
w., gv. 21; 192 `mzametyveleba~ qmnili antoni I saqarTvelos
kaTalikosisagan, 1882 w., gv. 5; 193 ev. nikolaZe, saqarTvelos
eklesiis istoria, 1913, gv. 147-148; 194 iqve, gv. 147; 195 g. maisuraZe, qarTveli da somexi xalxis urTierToba, 1982 w., gv. 264267; 196 iqve, gv. 267-268; 197 iqve, gv. 269; 198 g. maisuraZe, qarTveli
da somexi xalxis urTierToba, 1982 w., gv. 264; 199 m. TamaraSvili,
pasuxad somxis mwerlebs, 1904 w., gv. 75-78; 200 iqve, gv. 75; 201
iqve, gv. 72; 202 iqve, gv. 75; 203 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis
mwerlebs, 1904 w., gv. 75; 204 s. avaliani, anton I, 1987 w., gv. 33;
205
Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi, 1978 w., gv. 287; 206
`mzametyveleba~, qmnili antoni I saqarTvelos kaTalikozisagan, 1882 w., gv. 596-597; 207 iqve, gv. 112; 208 g. maisuraZe, qarTveli
da somexi xalxis urTierToba, 1982 w., gv. 265; 209 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis mwerlebs, 1904 w., gv. 78; 210 g. maisuraZe,
qarTveli da somexi xalxis urTierToba, 1982, gv. 166; 211 iqve, gv.
149; 212 iqve, gv. 166; 213 iqve, gv. 167; 214 T. Jordania, qronikebi, t.
II, 1897 w., gv. 459; 215 iqve, gv. 460; 216 iqve, gv. 460; 217 g. JorJoliani, saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi, 1987 w., gv.
62; 218 iqve, gv. 63; 219 iqve, gv. 71; 220 iqve, gv. 71-72; 221 g.
JorJoliani, saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi, 1987
423
w., gv. 72; 222 g. maisuraZe, qarTveli da somexi xalxis urTierToba, 1982 w., gv. 172; 223 iqve, gv. 173; 224 iqve, gv. 175; 225 m
TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis mwerlebs, 1904 w., gv. 238; 226 g.
maisuraZe, qarTveli da somexi xalxis urTierToba, 1982 w., gv.
176; 227 iqve, gv. 304; 228 m TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis mwerlebs,
1904 w., gv. 238; 229 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis mwerlebs,
1904, 205; 230 z. WiWinaZe, qarTveli grigorianebi, 1906 w., gv. 68;
231
g. maisuraZe, qarTveli da somexi xalxis urTierToba, 1982 w.,
gv. 305; 232 gr. robaqiZe, gvelis perangi, 1988 w., gv. 70; 233 g.
maisuraZe, qarTveli da somexi xalxis urTierToba, 1982 w., gv.
319; 234 iqve, gv. 312; 235 iqve, gv. 312; 236 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad
somxis mwerlebs, 1904, gv. 234; 237 iqve, gv. 315-316; 238 iqve, gv.
310; 239 iqve, gv. 311; 240 z. WiWinaZe, qarTveli grigorianebi, 1906
w., gv. 21-105; 241 iqve, gv. 94-112; 242 S. lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi,
1975 w., gv. 501-502; 243 m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa
qarTvelTa Soris, 1902, gv. 411-412; 244 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad
somxis mwerlebs, 1904, gv. 123; 245 iqve, gv. 124-125; 246 iqve, gv.
126; 247 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis mwerlebs, 1904, gv. 110;
248
iqve, gv. 232; 249 iqve, gv. 156; 250 giuldenStedti, mogzauroba
saqarTveloSi, t. I, 1962 w., gv. 89-91; 251 iqve, gv. 185; 252 iqve, t, II,
gv. 91; 253 iqve, gv. 101; 254 n. berZeniSvili, t. VIII, nawili I, 1958
w., gv. 245; 255 r. TofCiSvili, qsnis xeobis zogierTi eTnoistoriuli sakiTxi, `macne~, istoriis seria, 1987 w., #4, gv. 35; 256 r.
TofCiSvili, qsnis xeobis zogierTi eTnoistoriuli sakiTxi,
`macne~, istoriis seria, 1987 w., #4, gv. 39; 257 g. jalabaZe,
eTnikuri procesebi Sida qarTlSi, krebuli _ `Sida qarTli~,
1987 w., gv. 17-18; 258 r. TofCiSvili, XIX saukunis mosaxleobis
aRweris masalebi, mnaTobi, 1987 w., #12, gv. 158-160; 259 ,
,
- . ., 1978, . 16-17;
260
r. TofCiSvili, XIX saukunis mosaxleobis aRweris masalebi
saqarTvelos eTnoistoriis da socialuri yofis Sesaxeb,. mna424
Tobi, 1987 w., #12, gv. 158-160; 261 T. Jordania, qronikebi, t. II,
1987 w., gv. 475; 262 q. SaraSiZe, erevanSi mivlinebis angariSi,
`mravalTavi~, XIII, 1986 w., gv. 114; 263 iqve, XIII, 1986 w., gv. 115; 264
q. SaraSiZe, erevanSi mivlinebis angariSi, `mravalTavi~, XIII,
1986 w., gv. 117; 265 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, 1970w., gv. 330.
181
`sityvis geba berisa efTime grZlisa, sosTenis mimarT,
somexT moZRvrisa~, saqarTvelos samoTxe, gamocemuli gobron
(miqael) sabininis mier, 1882, gv. 615; 182 iqve, gv. 615; 183 iqve, gv.
616; 184 saqarTvelos samoTxe, 1882, gv. 617; 185 iqve, gv. 617.
186
iqve, gv. 616; 187 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis
istoria, I, gv. 490; 188 T. Jordania, qronikebi, I. gv. 336; 189
saqarTvelos samoTxe, 1882, gv. 617; 190 iqve, gv. 619; 191 iqve, gv.
620; 192 iqve, gv. 621.
nawili II
412
T. Jordania, anton I, saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, #1, 1991,

gv. 36; 413 iqve, gv. 55; 414 iqve, gv. 69; 415 iqve, gv. 76; 416 iqve, gv. 77;
417
iqve, gv. 78; 418 iqve, gv. 80; 419 iqve, gv. 80; 420 iqve, gv. 80, k.
kekeliZe, IV, 1957, gv. 179; 421 iqve, gv. 81; 422 n. mTvareliSvili,
anton I, iqve, gv. 20; 423 T. Jordania, dasax. naSr., gv. 73; 424 iqve, gv.
74; 425 iqve, gv. 75; 426 iqve, gv. 111; 427 iqve, gv. 120; 428 iqve, gv. 123;
429
iqve, gv. 124; 430 iqve, gv. 128; 431 iqve, gv. 24; 432 iqve, gv. 63; 433 n.
mTvareliSvili, anton I kaTalikozi, iqve, gv. 22; 434 T. Jordania,
dasax. naSr., gv. 56; 435 iqve, gv. 68; 436 iqve, gv. 91; 437 al. xaxanaSvili,
`kaTalikos anton pirvelis cxovreba da moRvaweoba~, iqve, gv.
108; 438 T. Jordania, dasax. naSr., gv. 90; 439 m. guguSvili, l.
ZoweniZe, anton pirvelis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis zogierTi
sakiTxi, iqve, gv. 132; 440 n. mTvareliSvili, anton I, saqarTvelos
kaTalikosi, dasax. naSr., gv. 24; 441 iqve, gv. 28; 442 iqve, gv. 153.
425
i& kjvcft^ udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy^ 1979^

ud& 27* 2 j& udbkfdf^ bcgf/fyb^ ibhfpb^ mfifyb^ 1980^ ud& 103* 3 i& kjvcft^
udbfyb&&&^ ud& 39* 4 bmdt^ ud&38* 5 bmdt^ ud& 40* 6 bmdt^ ud& 38* 7 bmdt^ ud& 40* 8 v&
sfvfhfidbkb^ bcnjhbf rfsjkbrj,bc^ mfhsdtksf ijhbc^ 1902^ ud& 127* 9
i& kjvcft^ cfvw[t-]fdf[tsb^ 1975^ ud& 302* 10 bmdt^ ud& 32* 11 bmdt^ ud& 302303* 12 u& vfbcehft^ mfhsdtk lf cjvt[ [fk[t,bc ehsbthsj,f^ 1982^ ud&
315* 13 v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl cjv[bc vothkt,c^ 1904^ ud& 67* 14 bmdt^ ud&
78* 15 td& ybrjkft^ cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc bcnjhbf^ 1918^ ud& 145* 16 bmdt^
ud& 146* 17 c& fdfkbfyb^ fynjy gbhdtkb^ 1987^ ud& 21* 18 #vpfvtn.dtkt,f@
mvybkb fynjy + cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrj,bcfufy^ 1882^ ud& 5* 19 td& ybrjkft^
lfcf[& yfih& ud& 147-148* 20 bmdt^ ud& 147* 21 u& vfbcehft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud&
226-227* 22 bmdt^ ud& 267-268* 23 bmdt^ ud& 269* 24 bmdt^ ud& 264* 25 v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&&^ ud& 75* 26 'dtkb mfhsekb kbnthfnehbc 'tukt,b^
1978^ ud& 287* 27 vpfvtn.dtkt,f^ ud& 596-597* 28 bmdt^ ud& 112* 29 u& vfbcehft^
lfcf[& yfih& ud& 265* 30 v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 78* 31 u& vfbcehft^
ud& 166* 32 bmdt^ ud& 149* 33 bmdt^ ud& 166* 34 bmdt^ ud& 167* 35 u& ;jh;jkbfyb^
cfmfhsdtkj \|++ c& 30-50-bfy okt,ib^ 1987^ ud& 62* 36 bmdt^ ud& 63* 37 bmdt^
ud& 71* 38 bmdt^ ud& 71-72* 39 bmdt^ ud& 72* 40 u& vfbcehft^ ud& 172* 41 bmdt^ ud&
175* 42 bmdt^ ud& 175* 43 v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 238* 44 u& vfbcehft^
ud& 176* 45 bmdt^ ud& 304* 46 v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 238* 47 bmdt^ ud&
205* 48 p& zbzbyft^ mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,b^ 1906^ ud& 68* 49 u& vfbcehft^
ud& 305* 50 uh& hj,fmbt^ udtkbc gthfyub^ 1988^ ud& 70* 51 u& vfbcehft^ ud&
319* 52 bmdt^ 312* 53 bmdt^ ud& 312* 54 v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 234* 55
bmdt^ ud& 310* 56 bmdt^ ud& 311* 57 p& zbzbyft^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 105* 58 bmdt^
ud& 94-112* 59 i& kjvcft^ cfvw[t-]fdf[tsb^ ud& 501-502* 60 v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 232* 61 h& sjaxbidbkb^ \+\ c& vjcf[ktj,bc fqothbc
vfcfkt,b^ vyfsj,b^ 1987^ =13^ ud& 158-160* . ,
, -
, . 1978, . 16-17. 62 h& sjaxbidbkb^ lfcf[&
yfih& ud& 160* 63 m& ifhfibt^ thtdfyib vbdkbyt,bc vfcfkt,b^ #vhfdfksfdb@ \+++^ 1986^ ud& 115* 64 bmdt^ ud& 117* 65 cfm& bcnjhbbc yfhrd& n& 1^ 1970^
ud& 330&
426
sarCevi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
nawili I (VI-XI ss)
dvinis saeklesio kreba (506 weli) . . . . . . . . .
saeklesio ena albaneTSi, hereTSi, gugarqsa da
dasavleT saqarTveloSi VI-VII saukuneebSi . . . . .
èpistoleTa wignis~ mokle Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . .
arsen safarelis Txzuleba `ganyofisaTYs
qarTvelTa da somexTa~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
monofizitobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb
saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
asureli mamebi monofizitobis winaaRmdeg . . . . . .
èrToba~ qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris
uxtanesis mixedviT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
somxur eklesiasTan urTierTobis mizezi da
misi Sedegi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
qarTveli monofizitebi da somxuri eklesiis
wevri qarTveli qalkedonitebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wmida nino da mociquli eliSa . . . . . . . . . . . . .
somxuri eklesiis istoria, monoTelitoba
da xatmebrZoloba masTan kavSirSi
a. kartaSevis mixedviT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
somxuri eklesiis pretenziebi qarTuli eklesiis
dauflebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
didi mTargmnelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri redaqcia . . .
qarTvelTa armenizaciis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rrtilas saeklesio kreba (daaxl. 1046 w.) . . . . .
. 5
. 20
. 50
. 85
. 98
. 107
. 120
. 126
. 138
. 147
. 157
.
.
.
.
.
176
193
211
257
317
427
nawili II (XVII-XX ss)

saqarTvelos patriarq anton I-is urTierToba
somxebsa da laTinebTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
qarTvelTa gasomxeba (qarTl-kaxeTi) . . . . . . .
qarTvelTa gasomxebis politikuri mizezebi .
Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli mahmadianTa
batonobisas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
qarTvelebis armenizacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gasomxebulTa gvarebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 327
. . . . 338
. . . . 338
. . . . 348
. . . . 362
. . . . 390
damateba:
alali da arami (urartu da armenia) . . . .
406
literatura
416
428
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
qarTuli arqiteqturis Zegli - noraSenis eklesia

(mdebareobs Tbilisis sionis sapatriarqo taZris win)
qarTvelma monofizitebma XIX s-Si aRadgines Zveli eklesia
da axlad moaxatvines.
(sakurTxevelSi Zveli moxatuloba iwyeba iatakis nulovani
donidan. es miuTiTebs, rom taZris Zveli sakurTxeveli iyo
marTmlmadidebluri, xolo samreklos kibe agebulia qarTulwarweriani im saflavis qvebiT, romelnic taZris ezoSi moiZies eklesiis aRdgenisas).
429

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mitropoliti anania jafariZe

qarTul-somxuri saeklesio urTierTobebi moicavs,

samecniero redaqtori - profesori i. gorgiZe

meufe anania jafariZe, 2011

amis Sedegad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da mesxeTSi, kvlav

nawili I (VI-XI ss)

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

saeklesio ena albaneTSi, hereTSi, gugarqsa da

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

`epistoleTa wignis~114 mokle Sinaarsi

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

arsen safarelis Txzuleba `ganyofisaTKs

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

monofizitobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb

asureli mamebi monofizitobis winaaRmdeg

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

`erToba~ qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris

somxur eklesiasTan urTierTobis

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

qarTveli monofizitebi da somxuri eklesiis

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

wmida nino da mociquli eliSa

somxuri eklesiis istoria, monoTelitoba

a) `ganyofa marTlmadideblobisagan erovnuli motivebis gamo~,

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

b) somxeTi iustinianedan ereklemde

g) erekles religiuri politika da somxuri eklesiis nawilis SeerTeba

e) somxuri eklesia monoTelitobis dros

v) VII msoflio kreba _ xatmebrZoloba. 787 w.

z) somxuri eklesia VIII-X saukuneebSi

somxuri eklesiis pretenziebi qarTuli

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri redaqcia

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

qarTvelTa armenizaciis Sesaxeb

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

Rrtilas saeklesio kreba (daaxl. 1046 w.)

nawili II (XVII-XX ss)

antonis urTierToba urC samRvdeloebasTan

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

qarTvelTa gasomxeba (qarTl-kaxeTi)

qarTvelTa gasomxebis politikuri

vrdktdfhsf ijhbc cflfdjf^ se hbcsdbc botht,jlf mfhsekb

ufytresdyt,jlf cjv[ehtyjdfyb cftrktcbj obuyt,b^ lfothbkyb

b.j& fv fc sfy fd t^ vf sb gjk bn bre hf l y tb nhf ke hb

tcbbc vhtdkfl fmwbtc& v[jkjl vwbht yfobkb mfhsdtkt,bcf

/mjylf bhfytksf vbth lfg.hj,bk mfhsk-rf[tsib \|++-\|+++

`Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli mahmadianTa

.dfhj,lyty mfhsdtkyb lf fhwf-hfl f[ctyt,lyty sfshj,bcfsdbc

bwfdlf ukt[j,f vfvf-gfgfsf cfhoveyjt,fc^ vfuhfv lfhxtybkyb

rfsfkbrjcvf vjdctcvf itkj sfy[vj,bc vbqt,f fv uflfcf[flbc

bcnbfyekvf trktcbfv^ hjvtkbw cfuhyj,b itqfdfst,bs

mfhskbc n.dtsfufy 300 j]f[b yflbhif/bc itvjctdbcfc cjv[eh

cfm fhsd tkjc elblt cb c fmfkf mj w tynhb c _ s ,bkb cbc

s[pekt,t,ib lfwekbf wyj,f^ hjv bcgf/fybc ufhte,fy /

vw[jdht,kt,bcff& sf.byfidbkb vfvb]fyf ud[dlt,f 1679 okbc