saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti realuri istoriis damdgeni saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mudmivmoqmedi komisia

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

qaldea
(saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi)

rekomendebulia stu-is saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier. 06.06.2013, oqmi #3

Tbilisi 2013 1

saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II-isa da wmida sinodis mier dasmul sakiTxebs asaxavs mitropolit anania jafariZis vrceli naSromi `qaldea~ (saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi). sabWoTa epoqaSi gavrcelda usafuZvlo Teoria, TiTqosda lazebi VII saukunis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelodan gadasaxldnen trapezuntis regionSi, sadac amJamadac cxovroben. sinamdvileSi, rogorc wyaroebis analizi aCvenebs lazebi am (trapezuntis) regionis mkvidri igive qaldebi arian. strabonis cnobiT qaldebs (xalibebs) aseve uwodebdnen `alazonebs~, saidanac warmodga pontospireTisa da misi mosaxleobis saxeli `lazonia~, `lazi~. uwmidesi patriarqi ilia II, aRniSnavs, rom `qaldi~ saerTo qarTul samyaros, kolxeTis centrs, mis guls erqva. iv. javaxiSvilis kvleviT qaldea ara mxolod lazebis, aramed yvela qarTuli tomis samSoblo iyo. qarTuli tomebis es miwawyali bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda da eklesiurad aq, qaldealazikaSi, Camoyalibda fasidis eparqiis petras, rodopolisis, ziganasa da saisinis saepiskoposoebi, xolo rac Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos, is gaqristianebis Semdeg, IV saukunidanve qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. fasidis eparqiis ZiriTadi nawili ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed aRniSnul qaldea-lazikaSi (trapezunt-Teodosiopolis SemaerTebel gzaze) mdebareobda. qaldeas, dasavleT saqarTvelosa da sxva qarTuli qveynebis kvlevas exeba winamdebare naSromi, romelic daiwera Cveni uflisa da macxovris ieso qristes sadidebelad da exeba saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sakiTxs. wignSi mraval wyaroze dayrdnobiT, mimoxilulia, dasavleT saqarTvelos, lazika-qaldeasa da saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli regionebis saeklesio, ekonomikuri, politikuri, administraciuli, yofiTi da geografiuli viTareba pirvel aTaswleulSi.

samecniero redaqtori profesori i. gorgiZe

mitropoliti anania jafariZe, 2013 sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2013 ISBN 978-9941-20-324-4 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

amonaridi wmida sinodis dadgenilebidan: `2012 wlis 5 ivliss saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Sedga wmida sinodis morigi sxdoma. sxdomas Tavmjdomareobda sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi da biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia II. wmida sinodma moismina manglisisa da walkis mitropolit ananias (jafariZe) moxseneba saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT da ganaCina: vinaidan XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi da gansakuTrebiT, XX s-Si, komunistebis mmarTvelobis xanaSi, mizanmimarTulad Seicvala da gayalbda Sexeduleba saqarTvelos eklesiis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, mkvidrdeboda ra azri, TiTqos, dasavleT saqarTvelo IV-X saukuneebSi, anu 600 wlis manZilze, ar iyo qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, amasTan, TiTqos, Crdilo, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi aseve ar Sedioda Cveni zogierTi istoriuli regioni, daevalos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis qarTul universitets, gadadgas realuri, drouli da qmediTi nabijebi aTeistur periodSi SemuSavebuli ideologiis nacvlad saqarTvelos eklesiis namdvili istoriis warmoCenisa da popularizaciisaTvis. xeli Seewyos meufe ananias ( jafariZe) mier warmodgenili masalebis dabeWdvas da istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobili im WeSmariti azris ganmtkicebas, rom `wmida mociqulma andriam iqadaga yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~, xolo wminda ninom `gananaTla yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~ (didi sjulis kanoni, 1974, gv. 545-546) da rom amas mowmoben ucxouri wyaroebic. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am azrs srulad iziarebs batoni ivane javaxiSvili. igi wers: `andria mociqulic da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebis calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT, radgan isini mTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis iRvwodnen~ (qarTveli eris istoria, t. III, gv. 47). (`sapatriarqos uwyebani~, #27, 12-20 ivlisi, 2012 w., gv. 4)

uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II

`qaldi~ saerTo qarTuli samyaros, kolxeTis centrs, mis guls erqva. gviandel periodSi ki, ucxotomelTa zewolis Sedegad, am centrma qarTuli tomebiTve dasaxlebul Crdilo-aRmosavleT regionSi, imave kulturis wiaRSi, gadmoinacvla da Seiqmna qarTlis samefo, romlis saxelwodebac, rogorc didi ilia varaudobs, swored `qaldidan~ momdinareobs. amdenad, qaldi _ qarTi _ qarTli _ qarTveli, Cveni eris istoriuli gzis, Cveni erTobis gamomxatveli terminebia. saerTod, es sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevasa da gaRrmavebas saWiroebs~

`saSobao epistole~, 2012 weli

Sesavali
saqarTvelos wmida eklesia gamaerTianebeli Zala iyo qarTveli erisa da mtkice sayrdeni saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobisa, rogorc pirvel, ise meore aTaswleulSi, amitomac ebrZoda mas Cveni qveynis yvela mteri. isini ar dakmayofildnen avtokefaliis gauqmebiT, imisTvisac izrunes, rom iseTi `samecniero~ Teoriebic SeeqmnaT, romelnic samomavlod SezRudavda Cveni eklesiis makonsolidirebel da saqarTvelos gamaerTianebel funqcias, amisTvis peterburgis universitetSi patkanov-maris mier SemuSavda kidec e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria. am Teoriam gansakuTrebuli aRiareba hpova bolSevikur-sabWoTa epoqaSi. aTeisturi epoqis samecniero literaturaSi e.w. `qarTizacia~ ganimarte ba ase : `qarTizacia~ _ ` qarTis tomebis SeRweva _ infiltracia _ araqarTul an araqarTvelur tomebSi, sadac SeaRwevda qarTlis elementi, vrceldeboda qarTuli ena da aRm. qarTuli kultura. aseTi viTareba Seiqmna ara marto aRmosavleTiT hereTis (albaneTi) teritoriaze, aramed dasavleT saqarTveloSic~ (qse, t. X, gv. 459-160. statia `qarTvelebi~). am gansazRvrebiT hereTi (igulisxmeba kaxeTis umetesi nawili) da dasavleT saqarTvelo dasaxlebuli iyo `araqarTuli da araqarTveluri tomebiT~ da `qarTizaciis Sedegad~, romelsac TiTqos mcxeTa axorcielebda, maTSi `SeaRwia qarTulma enam~ da dasavleT saqarTvelos bizantiuri eklesiis samwysos mcxeTa daepatrona _ gaauqma iq arsebuli ZvelTaganve konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myofi fasisis (foTis), rodopolisis (varcixis), ziganas (`ziginevi _ gudayvas~), saisinisa (caiSis) da petras (cixisZiris) saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. hereTSi, TiTqos, albaneTis sakaTalikosos samwyso miisakuTra, qvemo qarTlSi ki kirion I-is dros mkvidri somxuri mosaxleoba gaaqarTvela. amJamadac es Teoria sruliad aRiarebulia da Setanilia yvela saxelmZRvanelosa, cnobarsa Tu enciklopediaSi, viTarca saistorio WeSmariteba. `qarTizaciis Teoriam~ gansakuTrebiT waaxalisa afxazeTSi mokalaTebuli saeklesio separatistebi, misi daxmarebiT TavianTi separatizmi samarTlebrivad Semoses da saerTaSoriso saeklesio wreebs miawodes, viTarca qarTuli eklesiis prozelitizmiT dazaralebulebma. aseve iqcevian sxva separatistebic, gansakuTrebiT cxinvalSi mokalaTebuli TviTmarqvia `mitropoliti~, romlis jgufs mZafri sainterneto omi aqvs gaCaRebuli qarTuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg, Crdilouri Zalebis daxmarebiT. unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupirebis Semdeg, axla ukve cdiloben saqarTvelos eklesiis daSla-danawevrebas, misi iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis `samarTlebriv~ Semcirebas sxvadasxva, maT Soris `samecniero~ meTodebiT. gaCaRebuli aqvT brZola, romelSic cdiloben sxva eklesiebis

Carevasac, amitomac, vfiqrob, saWiroa aRorZineba realuri istoriis amsaxveli im Zveli saeklesio swavlebebisa, romelnic marTalia uaryofili iqnen sabWoTa epoqaSi, magram maT wina saukuneebSi Seasrules eris makonsolidirebelisa da qveynis gamaerTianebelis funqcia. Cveni naSromi am sakiTxebis kvlevas exeba. gamokvlevis sagani: Cveni naSromi eZRvneba saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis kvlevas. eklesiis Zvelma mematianeebma (gansakuTrebiT ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis mamebma) mogvces cnobebi, rom daarsebisTanave saqarTvelos eklesiis iuridiqciis sazRvrebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad dasavleT saqarTveloc Sedioda, magram XX s-Si, albaT sabWoTa reJimis ZaldatanebiT, oficialur istoriografiaSi gabatonda mtkiceba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebidan 500-600 wlis manZilze (IX-X ss-mde) konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda da TiTqosda, mxolod Semdeg miierTa is qarTulma eklesiam. Cven mravalwlovani Sroma movandomeT imis kvlevas, rom es ase ar iyo da sworia Cveni matianeebisa da wmida mamebis Zveli Tvalsazrisi. dasavleT saqarTvelo wmida ninos droidanve ara konstantinopolis, aramed mcxeTis saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, radganac is erovnuli wyaroebis cnobebiT qarTlis samefos nawili iyo. bizantia Tavis saeklesio iurisdiqcias axorcielebda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed qarTvelTa uZveles qveyanaSi, istoriuli lazikis erT nawilSi, trapezuntis regionis mxares, romelic jer kidev romis imperiam Camoacila qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebrivi gavlenis sferos, sadac konstantinopolis sapatriarqom sxva samitropolitoebTan erTad Camoayaliba fazisis (fasidis) samitropolitos saepiskoposo kaTedrebi _ zigana, petra, rodopolisi da saisini. VII saukunisaTvis maT momcvel regionSi, mTavari qalaqis Rirseba trapezuntma moipova. pirvel aTaswleulSi daarsebulma konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiebma iarsebes ramdenime saukune. isini, rogorc iTqva, mdebareobdnen qarTveli eris uZveles samSobloSi, romelsac lazeTi (lazika) da qaldea erqva. iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT qaldea iyo samSoblo yvela qarTuli tomisa, maT Soris cxadia svanebisa da megrel-Wanebisa. VI-VIII ss-Si trapezuntis regionSi (lazika-qaldeaSi) ganlagebul fasidis samitropolitoSi Semaval ziganas, rodopolisis, saisinisa da petras saepiskoposo kaTedrebis momcvel qveyanas rTuli istoria hqonda.

jer romma, Semdgom ki bizantiam daipyres qarTvelTa naTesaviT dasaxlebuli pontospireTis mxareebi sinopidan Woroxamde (xufaTamde) da Seiyvanes TavianTi imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. imperatorebma dapyrobis Semdeg xalibebis, makronebis, mosinikebis, drilebis, kolxebis, tibaranebisa da sxva qarTuli tomebis am miwa-wyalze svadasxva dasaxelebis bizantiuri administraciuli erTeulebi Camoayalibes, magram maT (administraciul erTeulebs) qarTuli saxelebi aRar uwodes, magaliTad konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT, qaldebiTa da lazebiT dasaxlebul administraciul erTeuls mxolod imis gamo uwodes `armeniakonis Temi~, rom misi sazRvrebis maxloblad armenielebi saxlobdnen. 824-863 wlebSi misma daSlam da qaldeas calke Temad gamoyofam gamoiwvia Zveli saepiskoposo kaTedrebis _ ziganas, petras, rodopolisis da saisinis saxelebis gaqroba-damcroba. maT adgilas axali qalaqebi da Sesabamisi kaTedrebi warmoiqmna. amasTanave, es Zveli saepiskoposo qalaqebic gadanawilda sxvadasxva axal administraciul olqebs Soris. arabTa mpyrobelobis Sesustebisas X-XI saukuneebSi gaizarda qaldeas Temis dedaqalaqis trapezuntis saeklesio mniSvneloba da avtoriteti. pirveli aTaswleulis bolos arzrumis regionidan arabTa gandevnis kvaldakval, roca is bizantiis saxelmwifos daubrunda, am regionis umetesi nawili eklesiurad dauqvemdebares trapezuntis samitropolitos, anu e.w. eparqias `lazikaSi~. maleve, meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, Turqmanuli tomebisagan gaTavisuflebuli vrceli miwa-wyali vanis tbis mimarTulebiT aseve trapezuntis samitropolitos `lazikis~ saeklesio olqis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes. rogorc misi saxelwodebidan Cans, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiebis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda im miwa-wyalze, romelsac konstantinopolSi `lazikas~ uwodebdnen. lazikis geografiuli adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras upirvelesi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis, lazikis zusti geografiuli adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris gareSe SeuZlebelia pirveli aTaswleulis saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis dawera. lazikis geografiuli mdebareobis Sesaxeb arsebobs ramdenime gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi. amJamindeli oficialuri saistorio TvalsazrisiT, lazika ewodeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos (amitomac, TiTqosda, dasavleT saqarTvelo eklesiuradac konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, radganac wyaroebiT lazikaSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos ramdenime eparqia gaaCnda). lazikis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb sul sxva Tvalsazrisisa iyvnen eklesiis wmida mamebi da Zveli qarTuli istoriografia.

berZnuli wyaroebis saukeTeso mcodne aToneli mamebis, kerZod ki eqvTime mTawmidelis TvalsazrisiT fazisi mdinare Woroxs, xolo lazika _ mdinare Woroxidan trapezuntisaken mimdebare sanaxebs erqva, mas `sofeli megrelTas~ uwodebdnen (wmida aToneli mamebi TavianT TxzulebebSi sityva `lazikas~ Targmnidnen ase _ `sofeli megrelTa~). lazikis Sesaxeb Zveli mamebis saeklesio Tvalsazriss kvlevebiT vadastureb da miviCnev, rom lazika imTaviTve erqva trapezuntis mimdebare regions (Woroxidan zigana-gumuSxanes mimarTulebiT) istoriuli samxreT egrisis vrcel mxares. Cvens mier warmodgenili mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad gamowvlilviT vixilavT pirvelwyaroebs: strabonis, prokofi kesarielis, agaTia sqolastikosis, Teofilaqte simokatas da berZen-romael sxvadasxva avtorTa Sesabamis Sromebs, aseve Zvel somex istorikosTa (movses xorenacis, uxtanesis, aristakes lastivertecisa da sxvaTa naSromebs) da cxadia Zvel qarTul istoriografias (`moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, `qarTlis cxovreba~ da sxva), Cemi TemisaTvis uaRresad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis dadgenilebis (Zeglisweris) gansazRvreba dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavdapirveladve saqarTvelos (mcxeTis) eklesiis iurisdiqciis ganvrcobis Sesaxeb (da ara konstantinopolisa, rasac qvemoT vexebiT). Cvenma Ziebam, rogorc iTqva, Camogviyaliba Tvalsazrisi, rom lazika imTaviTve mdebareobda Woroxamde mdebare Semdegdroindel pontos (trapezuntis) regionSi, e.w. `samxreT egrisSi~ (igive `sofeli megrelTa~), (es Tema qvemoTaa ganxiluli), rom lazebi arian pirdapiri STamomavlebi xalibebisa anu qaldebisa, es mosazreba Camogviyaliba qsenofontes Sromebma (romelnic qvemoTaa ganxiluli), strabonis cnobebma (magaliTad, strabonis cnobiT xalibebs (qaldebs) aseve hqondaT eTnonimi _ `alazonebi~, maT qveyanas SemdegSi `alazonia~ (lazonia, lazia) erqva, sityvebSi `alazonia~ da `lazoni~ _ fuZea `laz~-i) da sxva wyaroTa monacemebma. aRniSnulTa garda aseve viyenebT mraval sxva wyaros. vfiqrob naSromisaTvis mniSvnelovania isic, rom masSi gamowvlilviTaa gaanalizebuli Tanamedrove da Zveli avtorebis gamokvlevebi kolxeTis, lazeTis, mesxeTis, e.w. `aRmosavleTis~ (tao-basianidan vanis tbispireTamde miwa-wylis momcveli teritoriis), pontos samefosa da trapezuntis imperiis Sesaxeb, maT Soris, rogorc qarTveli (o. lorTqifaniZe, d. musxeliSvili, nana xazaraZe, g. meliqiSvili, v. goilaZe, T. beraZe, v. jafariZe, g. grigolia, b. kudava da sxva), aseve ucxoel avtorTa (n. adonci, s. karpovi da sxva) naSromebi.

kvlevis mimarTuleba: lazikaSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eparqiebis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisas, cxadia, Cveni umTavresi amocanaa gamovarkvioT sad mdebareobda lazika. rogorc iTqva, TiTqosda, es sakiTxi Teoriulad garkveulia Cvens istoriografiaSi, romlis mixedviT lazika erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos, magram Cven gvaeWvebs es Teoria, ufro metic, misi gaurkvevloba xels gviSlis Cveni amocanis gadaWraSi. gamosavali albaT isaa, rom movaxdinoT konstruireba imisa, Tu ra saxis, rogori bunebisa da geografiuli garemos qveyanas gadmogvcemen lazikis aRwerisas sxvadasxva avtorebi da maT Soris am sakiTxze sagangebod momuSave prokofi kesarieli. amocana ufro konkretdeba _ Cven gvainteresebs ganvsazRvroT lazikis adgilmdebareoba VI saukuneSi, anu prokofi kesarielis epoqaSi. `mecnieruli dakvirvebis procesSi buneba damkvirvebels eZleva praqtikis formiT, mkvlevari gamoyofs bunebaSi obieqtebis garkveul nakrebs, afiqsirebs yovel maTgans mkacrad gansazRvruli niSnebiT da iyenebs mas eqsperimentisa da dakvirvebis saxiT~ (a. frangiSvili, o. namiCeiSvili, saubrebi mecnierebis filosofiis Sesaxeb, 2009, gv. 279). davsvaT kiTxva _ ra saxisa iyo prokofis mier aRwerili lazikis geografiuli garemo, buneba? 1) prokofis cnobiT, lazikis qveynis zRvis mTeli sanapiro imdenad kldovani iyo, rom is aCerebda zRvis denas. lazikis zRvispira sanapiro mTeli lazikis teritoriaze iyo kldovani _ `lazikaSi ki miwa yovelgniT zRvidanaa warmoCenili da mis denas aferxebs, aq Semoqmeds zRvisTvis sazRvari daudgenia, aq zRva Tavis napirebs exeTqeba, is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas axerxebs, aramed ukan ixevs da kvlav Tavis adgils ubrundeba, icavs miCenil sazRvars~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 142). dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispiri Caqvidan biWvinTamde kldovani ar aris, piriqiT, vrceli teritoria Caqvidan biWvinTamde da quTaisidan foTamde, romelsac amJamad lazikas uwodeben, warmoadgens uvrceles vakes. aq zRvispiras kldeebi ar aris. es realuri faqti prokofis cnobas ewinaaRmdegeba. prokofis cnobiT xom lazikis zRvis sanapiros mTel sigrZeze kldeebi iyo gadaWimuli, radganac, `aq Semoqmeds zRvisTvis sazRvari daudgenia, aq zRva Tavis napirebs exeTqeba, is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas axerxebs~. realobasa da prokofis cnobis Seusabamobis gamo ismis kiTxva: sadaa saqarTvelos zRvispira dablobze kldovani sanapiro?

aq kldovani sanapiro ar aris, magram kldovania sanapiro baTum-xofas mimarTulebiT, maSasadame aq, baTum-xofas mimarTulebiT, SeiZleba veZioT prokofis lazika. 2) saerTod prokofis sityviT, lazika iyo ara baris, aramed mTiani da kldovani (daqanebuli ferdebis mqone) qveyana (prokofis Sesabamisi naSromi sagangebod qvemoTaa ganxiluli). dasavleT saqarTvelos umetesi zRvispira nawili araa mTian-kldovani, piriqiT is uvrcelesi vakea. es faqti da wyaros cnoba erTmaneTs ar eTanadeba. 3) kldovanobisa da maRalmTianobis gamo lazikis mxolod erT mcire monakveTSi (moxirisSi) modioda mosavali (xorbali, Rvino), danarCeni misi adgilebi umosavlo iyo (kldian-mTebiani iyo, dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi ki, rogorc aRiniSna, uvrcelesi vakea, aq, subtropikuli mosavalic ki modis). 4) lazikis mdinare fazisi zRvis SesarTavTan Zalze swrafi iyo (mag. mas SeeZlo 30 kaciani navis (katarRis) imdenad didi siCqariT waReba, rom istorikosis cnobiT, misi marTva am 30 meomars anu Ronier menaves Zalze uWirda). realurad ki zRvis SesarTavTan md. rioni araa Cqari. faqti da wyaros cnoba erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. es da sxva faqtebi uflebas gvaZlevs md. fazisi sxvagan veZioT. 5) prokofis mier aRwerili lazikis cixe-simagreebi sarapana da skanda, mdebareobdnen maRalmTian anu umosavlo adgilebSi, sadac ar modioda marcvleuli (pureuli) da yurZeni (e.i. uvenaxo adgili iyo), sadac kldovanebisa da maRalmTianobis gamo sursaT-sanovage zurgiT ahqondaT. realurad ki imereTis Sorapani da imereTis skande ar mdebareoben aseT umosavlo da maRalmTian adgilebSi. isini zRvis donidan 170-250 metrSi mdebareoben, rac idealuri pirobaa mevenaxeobis ganviTarebisaTvis. SorapanSi sabWoTa periodSi mevenaxeobis saxelovani e.w. sabWoTa meurneoba arsebobda. realoba da wyaros cnoba erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. 6) prokofis cnobiT, ara marto lazikis zRvis mTeli sanapiro, aramed md. fazisis mTeli sanapiroc saTavidan zRvamde kldovani iyo. Tu rioni fazisia, maSin rions Tavis vrcel dablobSi kldovani napirebi unda hqondes. es ki ase araa, piriqiT quTaisidan foTamde rioni uvrceles vakeze miedineba yovelgvari kldovani napirebis gareSe. es faqti prokofis cnobebs ewinaaRmdegeba. aRniSnulTa garda, arsebobs sxva mravali erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego realurad arsebuli faqti da wyaros cnoba. dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi arsebuli realuri geografiuli faqtebisa da prokofis (aseve sxva wyaroTa) cnobebis SeuTavseblobam, ufleba mogvca gangvecxadebina, rom lazika sxva geografiul garemoSi unda veZioT.

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erTi sityviT, lazika iyo zemoaRwerili niSnebis mqone anu maRalmTiankldovani qveyana asTi niSnebis mqone lazikis adgilmdebareobis moZiebisTvis Cven kidev erTxel unda SevamowmoT istoriuli saqarTvelos romeli mxarea aseTi mkacri da kldovani bunebisa, es dasavleT saqarTvelos gavakebuli qveyanaa, rionis dablobis bari, Tu kldovan-xrioki Woroxis xeoba? ra gvexmareba am amocanis gadaWraSi? TiTqosda, Cvens dasaxmareblad winaswar izruna TviT prokofi kesarielma, misi sityviT es aris bunebis anu geografiuli garemos ucvleloba aTaswleulTa manZilze. prokofi kesarieli lazikisa da md. fazisis Sesaxeb wers: `sakiTxi exeba ara moCvenebiT raimes, aramed mdinares da qveyanas, romlis Secvla da ramenairad dafarva SeuZlebelia, mxedvelobac sakmao sabuTad gamodgeba da araferi SeuSlis xels imas, visac WeSmaritebis gamokvleva aqvs ganzraxuli~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 140). Tu samyaros aTaswleulTa manZilze Camoyalibebuli fizikuri suraTi (saxe) ucvlelia, es saSualebas gvaZlevs avagoT Zveli Teoriebis dasasabuTeblad axali Teoriuli sqema. amisTvis ki saWiroa Tavdapirvelad Seiqmnas hipoTezuri modeli, romelic Semdeg dasabuTdeba cdebiT. magaliTad, naSromSi _ Cven jer SevqmeniT hopoTezuri modeli, rom prokofiseuli skanda unda veZioT iseT garemoSi, romelSic imyofeboda es cixe-simagre prokofis aRweriT, kerZod, is mdebareobda maRalmTianeTSi, sadac gadioda iberia-lazikis damakavSirebeli Zalze mniSvnelovani gza, da amasTanave maRalmTianobis gamo ar modioda xorbali da Rvino, maSasadame, Cven unda veZioT maRalmTianeTSi gamavali regionebis damakavSirebeli gza, sadac Zveli cixe-simagrea, romlis saxeli etimologiurad `skand~ fuZe-ZirTanaa daaxloebuli. Cven Sesabamisad skandis Zieba daviwyeT arsianis qedze, im gzis piras, romelic erTmaneTs akavSirebda Woroxis xeobas (klarjeTs) da istoriuli iberiis kola-artaanis mxares. amis Semdeg Cven movamzadeT sagangebo eqspedicia, romelmac adgilze gamokiTxvis gziT, Turq mkvidrebisgan moismina, rom saZiebel adgilas arsianis qedze 2000 m. simaRleze, istoriuli klarjeTisa da artaanis damakavSirebeli mniSvnelovani gzis piras, Zvel cixesimagresTan (sofel bagdasenTan) erT adgilzea Tavmoyrilia `skand~ fuZis mqone punqtebi, esenia: kanridi, kandili, qanotamali, qinZis cixe da punqti askani. iqvea did cixeTa nangrevebi, romelTa Sua gadioda klarjeT-artaanis damakavSirebeli Zveli gza da iqvea axali gza (eqspediciis muSaobis Sedegi qvemoTaa gadmocemuli). esaa alpuri zona da ar modis mosavali.

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maSasadame, Cveni hipoTezuri modeli (rom skanda arsianis qedze SeiZleba yofiliyo) _ dadasturda (dasabuTda) cdiT (ufro gamowvlilviTi analizi ixileT qvemoT). maSasadame, obieqtTa empiruli Seswavlidan Cven SegviZlia gadavideT maT Teoriul aTvisebaze. eqsperimentebi amis saSualebas iZleva. Cvens naSromSi mocemulia ramdenime aseTi eqsperimentis ganxilva. rogorc cnobilia, empiriuli kvleva eyrdnoba mkvlevaris uSualo praqtikul moqmedebas Sesaswavl obieqtTan. igi gulisxmobs dakvirvebis ganxorcielebas da eqsperimentul moRvaweobas (iqve, gv. 257). magaliTad, CvenTvis Teoriulad cnobilia, rom strabonis aRweriT sarapanasTan fazisi aris Zalze swrafi, imdenad swrafi, rom igi aq `RrialiT da didi mquxarebiT~ (am adgilidan) miemarTeba kolxidaSi. Cven es cnoba SegviZlia SevamowmoT eqsperimentiT. amisTvis saWiroa sarapanasTan davakvirdeT mdinares _ Zalze swrafia is Tu ara, da aqvs Tu ara mas mquxare, mgrgvinavi da mWeqare xma am adgilas. amJamindeli oficialuri mecnieruli codniT sarapana aris igive Sorapani, daba zestafonTan. aq mis sanapiroze Camoedineba mdinare Zirula. Cveni mecnierebis mtkicebiT Zirula igive fazisia saTaveebSi. davakvirdeT am adgilas Zirulas, aris Tu ara is aq, SorapanTan, `Zalze swrafi da mquxare~, rogorc aRwers straboni. Cven es TvaliTac SegviZlia davinaxoT, da movusminoT kidec mis xmas. aseTi martivi, magram Zalze saWiro eqsperimentebi mravladaa mocemuli Cvens SromaSi, aqve, albaT SeiZleba kidec iTqvas, rom SorapanTan arsebuli realuri geografiuli faqti gansxvavebulia, kerZod, aq md. Zirula aris ara Tu Cqari, aramed aris mdore, Zalze neli, sarkuli zedapiris mqone. is aq ufro nakadulia da Znelia is aRiqva iseT mdinared, romelzec didi navebi dacuraven, Tanac SorapanTan Zirula, uxmauro da Cumia. am arealze meore, mis axlos gamdinare wyals _ marTlac, TiTqosda sagangebod, `dumilac~ ki ewodeba, radganac SorapanTn (da mis axlo-maxlo) miwis zedapiri TiTqmis vakea, amitomac aq gamavali mdinareebi ar xmauroben. am realuri faqtisagan gansxvavebiT, prokofis mier aRwerili sarapanas da skandas cixeebi imdenad maRal mTaSi mdebareobdnen, rom iq sursaTsanovage saWapano pirutyviTac ver ahqondaT da mas mebarguli kacebi zurgiT ezidebodnen. Tanac, prokofisave TqmiT, am maRal mTaSi, rogorc aRiniSna, xorbali da venaxi ver xarobda didi simaRlis gamo. SevadaroT da Cveni TvaliT vnaxoT, rom, rogorc iTqva, zestafonis Sorapani ara maRal mTaSi, aramed subtropikul zonaSi mdebareobs, amitomac aq amJamad gaSenebulia venaxis plantaciebi da subtropikuli xexili. es eqsperimenti, wyaroebis analizTan erTad, uflebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT eWvi, rom prokofis mier aRwerili cixe-simagre sarapana da ze-

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stafonis Sorapani SeuZlebelia iyos erTi da igive punqti, amitom strabonis sarapana unda veZeboT sxvagan, wyaroSi aRwerilis Sesabamis geografiul garemoSi. rogorc iTqva, Cveni mTavari amocanaa davadginoT konstantinopolis eparqiebis adgilmdebareoba lazikaSi. maSasadame, Tu prokofis mier aRwerili lazika dasavleT saqarTveloa, es eparqiebi aq unda veZioT, anda isini unda veZioT sxvagan, istoriuli saqarTvelos Sesabamis mxareSi. am Ziebis dros umTavresia Tavidan aviridoT subieqturi momenti. Cveni amocanis pasuxma obieqturi axsna unda mouZebnos Zvel da axal masalas. unda moiZebnos faqtebis Sesabamisi Teoriuli axsna. faqtebis formirebaSi monawileobs Teoriuli cnobebi, romlebic warsulSi damoukideblad iyo Semowmebuli. magaliTad, amJamindel istoriografiaSi dogmad aris miRebuli Semdegi Tvalsazrisi: imis gamo, rom fazisi iyo sanaosno mdinare, is ar SeiZleba iyos md. Woroxi, radgan, Tanamedrove istorikosis mtkicebiT, `Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno mdinare~ (o. lorTqifaniZe, argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi, 1986, gv. 46). iyo Tu ara Woroxi sanaosno mdinare? Cven unda davZlioT, amJamad, samecniero wreebSi gabatonebuli Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno mdinare (`amitomac is araa fazisi~), amisaTvis saWiroa eqsperimentis Catareba, anda amis Sesaxeb ukve daviwyebuli sxva mecnieruli codnis moZieba. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom Cven Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb gvaqvs ZvelTaZveli codna, romelic warsulSi damoukideblad iyo Semowmebuli, magaliTad Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba ganekuTvneba VIII saukunes, matianeSi aRniSnulia, rom aSot kurapalatis mkvlelebs Sexeba hqondaT Woroxis erTerT navsayudel adgilTan, romlis saxeli iyo _ `sanave~, amasTanave Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb werdnen XVII s. Turqi (Celebi), XIX s. rusi (veidenbaumi,) da qarTveli (yazbegi, baqraZe) istorikosebi da sxvebi. maSasadame, Cven gvaqvs Semowmebuli Teoriuli codna Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb, romelsac amJamad viyenebT axali faqtis formirebisas. is SeiZleba gamoviyenoT axali Teoriuli ideebisa da warmodgenebis gansaviTareblad. maSasadame, Tu Woroxze naosnoba ZvelTaganve iyo, es faqti uflebas gvaZlevs davuSvaT xelaxla aRorZinebuli idea, rom Woroxi _ fazisia da wyaroebi ganvixiloT am kuTxiT. cnobili h. Slimani Woroxis qvemowelze aTavsebda kolxeTis centrs da amitom Slimani `Zveli saberZneTisa da kolxeTis mZlavr urTierTkavSirs baTumis regionSi varaudobda~ (o. lorTqifaniZe, argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi, 1986, gv. 44).

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axali Teoriuli modelis misaRebad ganvixiloT Zveli Teoriuli konstruqcia, magaliTad, strabonis cnobiT md. fazisze gadebuli iyo 120 xidi. faqtia, rom md. rionis dablobze (quTaisidan foTamde) warsulSi, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis danergvamde, SeuZlebeli iyo 120 xidis ageba gruntis sirbilis, adgilis Rrma daWaobebis, mdinare rionis klaknilobis, da misi kalapotis xSiri cvlis gamo. meore mxriv, teqnologiurad SeuZlebelia barSi rionze 120 xidis gadeba, amJamadac, XXI s-Si, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pirobebSi md. rionze sul ramdenime xidia gadebuli (igulisxmeba q. quTaisidan foTamde). saqme isaa, rom md. rionis kalapoti Zalze ganieria, datotvilia, Zvelad arasdros hqonda erTi kalapoti, radganac xSirad icvlida mas, magram md. rionis dablobze md. rionze 120 xidis gadeba SeuZlebeli iyo upirvelesad teqnikuri mizezebis gamo: foTidan TiTqmis quTaisamde rionis sanapiroebi xidis burjebisaTvis ar Seicavs myar grunts, amitomac saWiroa xidis burjebis asagebad mniSvnelovani sainJinro samuSaoebis Catareba. Zvel dros xidis burjebs ayrdnobdnen kldovan qanebs anda myar grunts, romelsac garkveulwilad aZlierebdnen, amitomac xidebis agebisaTvis Sesabamisi gruntis sanapiros moZebna iyo saWiro. rionis vake-dablobis Waobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki sanapiroebi arc axla da miTumetes 2000-1500 wlis win, amis saSualebas ar iZleoda. Waobis lia, anu wyliT gajerebuli miwa _ ganieri mdinarisaTvis saWiro grZeli xidis mZime burjebs ver daiWerda. amisaTvis Zvel dros, rogorc iTqva, kldovan sanapiroebs iyenebdnen. kldeebze, rogorc wesi, Zveli teqnologiebis Sesabamisad idgmeboda xidis burjebi. md. rionis dablobze ki kldeebi ar aris. rionis barSi quTaisidan foTamde arc erTi aseTi Zveli TaRovani xidi arc rionze da arc mis Senakadebze araa da es bunebrivicaa, aseTi xidebis gadeba rionis barSi SeuZlebelia. md. rionis erTi sanapirodan meoreze gadadiodnen ara xidebiT, aramed bornebiT _ gaWimuli iyo bagirebi, romelzec tivebi an navebi iyo gamobmuli, romlebic erT sanapiros aerTebdnen meoresTan _ es iyo bunebrivi wesi geografiuli garemodan gamomdinare. maSasadame, strabonis cnobis dasamtkiceblad saWiro iyo Zieba axali Teoriuli konstruqciisa, anu Zieba iseTi mdinaris ucvleli, kldovani kalapotisa, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda 120 xidis ageba. namdvilad iyo Tu ara md. fazisze asi an meti xidi? unda vigulisxmoT rom iyo, magram ara md. rionze aramed md. Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze. prokofi xSirad wers _ `md. fazisis orive sanapiro

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aris kldovani da amitom misi kalapoti ucvlelia~, swored am mdinaris pira kldeebze idgmeboda xidis burjebi, romelzec Zveli teqnologiebis Sesabamisad dgamdnen TaRovan xidebs. marTlac, md. Woroxis xeobaSi, Senakadebze, dRemdea moRweuli aTeulobiT uZvelesi TaRovani xidi, gadebuli Rrma mdinareebze. Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze SesaZloa 120 xidis ageba, radganac is da misi Senakadebi miedineba kldeTa Soris, amis gamo misi kalapoti mudam ucvlelia. misi sanapiroebi kldovanobis gamo myari sayrdenia mZime konstruqciebisaTvis da maTze SeiZleboda xidis burjebis dayrdnoba (marTlac, Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze, amJamadac, uamravi Zveli TaRovani xidia SemorCenili, maSin roca rionis dablobze, rogorc iTqva, Zveli xidebis naSTebs ver SexvdebiT. baqraZis cnobiT, mis dros, Woroxze 300-ze meti xidi iyo). aseTi faqtisa da wyaros cnobis erTmaneTTan Seusabamo magaliTi mravalia. maSasadame, saWiroa Teoriis morgeba realiebTan. am realiebma ki SeiZleba gvibiZgos imisken, rom SevcvaloT amJamad miRebuli fundamenturi Teoriuli sqema _ rom lazika dasavleT saqarTveloa. problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba: problemis Seswavlis mdgomareobisTvis unda ganvixiloT sxvadasxva Teoriebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb. XIX-XX saukuneebamde qarTuli saistorio skola, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, miiCnevda rom dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebisTanave saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, magram XX saukunis istoriografia misgan gansxvavebiT amtkicebs, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo IX-X saukuneebamde konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyo da mxolod Semdeg miierTa is qarTulma eklesiam. maSasadame, gvaqvs ori Teoria _ erTi Zveli, eklesiisaTvis tradiciuli, meore ki _ Cveni Tanamedrove, sabWoTa epoqis periodSi danergili. pirveli anu Zveli, eklesiisaTvis tradiciuli Teoria, rogorc iTqva, gadmocemulia ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswerasa da ZvelqarTul wyaroebSi, meore ki _ asaxulia yvela Tanamedrove gamocemaSi, amitomac, Cven, mas vuwodebT _ `saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb amJamad arsebul oficialur Teorias~. ivane javaxiSvili ixilavda orive Teorias da gulmxurvaled uWerda mxars eklesiisaTvis tradiciuls. iv. javaxiSvilis sidiade Cans iqidanac, rom man eklesiis wiaRSi ZvelTaganve danergil Teorias _ wmida ninos droidan qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis Sesaxeb _ upirobod dauWira mxari, ufro metic, is mis erTgul

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mcvelad iqca, am Teorias misca didi Sefaseba, miiCnia mTeli qarTveli xalxisa da mis saukeTeso SvilTa naRvawad, saukuneTa brZoliT miRweul monapovrad. amave dros, misTvis kargad iyo cnobili sxva Teoriebic am sferoSi. magaliTad, misi moRvaweobis periodSi zogierTi mecnieri ayalibebda Teorias, TiTqosda, Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTvelo imyofeboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis qveS. iv. javaxiSvilma es axali Teoria miiRo rogorc erT-erTi mimdinare muSa Teoria, romelic emsgavseboda Teorias _ dasavleT saqarTvelos antioqiis iurisdiqciis qveS yofnis Sesaxeb. rogorc iTqva, misTvis zogadad, rogorc mecnierisaTvis misaRebi iyo mxolod Teoria qarTuli eklesiis Tavdapirveli erTianobis Sesaxeb, radganac is miaCnda `mTeli qarTveli eris mier Sesisxlxorcebul Semecnebad~, romlis mospobis ufleba, misi azriT, aravis hqonda, arc maT vinc dasavleT saqarTvelos konstantinopolur iurisdiqcias uWerda mxars da arc antioqiuris momxreT. iv. javaxiSvili Zalze did mniSvnelobas aniWebda saqarTvelos eklesiis mTlianobasa da mis damoukideblobas. am moments is afasebda gansakuTrebuli sityvebiT, romlebic albaT, unda daimaxsovron momavalma Taobebma. iv. javaxiSvilis sityvebiT Cveni eklesiis Tavisufleba da mTlianoba warmoadgenda `qarTveli eris saukeTeso SvilTa da mTeli xalxis mier saukuneTa brZoliT miRweul monapovars~. amitomac iyo, rom igi uaryofiTad afasebda kidec warsulSi saqarTvelos eklesiis erTianobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebebs. kerZod, man gamowvlilviT ganixila im antioqieli da ierusalimeli patriarqebis qmedebebi, romlebic qarTveli separatistebis mxardaWeriT aqucmacebdnen da anawevrebdnen saqarTvelos eklesias. iv. javaxiSvili werda _ `XV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqi mixeili Camovida... rasakvirvelia, umTavresad Sewirulebisa da fulis Sesagroveblad iyo garjili~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. III, gv. 447). mas dauweria `mcnebaY sasjulo~, sadac aRniSnuli aqvs, rom winaT qarTlisa da afxazeTis kaTalikosni antioqiis patriarqisagan iyvnen damokidebuli da maTgan hqondaT miRebuli xeldasxma. qarTuli eklesiis mermindeli TviTmwysoba da saeklesio TviTmmarTveloba antioqiel-ierusalimel patriarqs ukanono movlenad hqonda gamocxadebuli~ (iqve, gv. 447). es mas sWirdeboda, raTa TviTon ekurTxebina dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis axali meTauri, amiT ki dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia CamoeSorebina saqarTvelos erTiani dedaeklesiisagan. Tavis mxriv, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio damoukidebloba surda im dros imereTis mefes, bagrats. amitomac, antioqielis saeklesio Teoria gamoTqmuli iyo qarTveli separatistebis gulis mogebis mizniT.

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iv. javaxiSvili ganagrZobs: `man, rasakvirvelia, bagrat mefesTan SeTanxmebiT da saTanado jildos miRebis Semdeg afxazeTis kaTalikosad akurTxa ioakime, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis kaTalikos-patriarqisagan sruliad damoukideblad gamoacxadda. aRsaniSnavia, rom antioqiel-ierusalimelma patriarqma afxazeTis `kaTalikosi saydarsa zeda andria mociqulisa~ dasmulad aRiara. amave dros `sasjulo mcnebaSi naTqvamia, rom nino qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelma mxolod qarTli moaqcia, andria mociqulma ki dasavleT saqarTvelo gaaqristiana. antioqiel-ierusalimel patriarqs mixeils saqarTvelos saeklesio mTlianobis moSla undoda, rom istoriuli sabuTebiT daemtkicebina. raki aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos qristianobis sxvadasxva mqadageblebi hyavda, amiT mas undoda daesabuTebina, rom, maSasadame, afxazeTis kaTalikoss damoukideblad arsebobisa da TviTmwysobis ufleba hqonda. is mcxeTis kaTalikosisagan ar unda yofiliyo xeldasxmuli~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. III, gv. 447). ra xerxebiT unda daemtkicebina ucxoel patriarqs qarTuli eklesiis antioqiaze damokidebuleba uZveles droSi? ucxoelma patriarqma ise warmoadgina saqme, TiTqosda, saqarTvelos sivrceSi Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibda ori sxvadasxva eklesia _ qarTlisa da afxazeTisa, rom TiTqosda isini oriveni Tavdapirvelad imyofebodnen antioqiis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi. Sesabamisad, maTze uflebamosileba gaaCnda antioqias, magram man aRmoaCina, rom realurad dasavleT saqarTveloze Tavis uflebamosilebas axorcielebda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio xelisufali. es man miiCnia saeklesio kanonebis darRvevad. marTlac, Tavdapirvelad Tu sxva eklesia iyo afxazeTis eklesia, ra ufleba hqonda qarTlis eklesias afxazeTSi? antioqieli patriarqis azriT, saeklesio samarTlebrivi safuZveli amisTvis ar arsebobda, xolo antioqiis eklesias ki, misi azriT, gaaCnda Zveli samarTlebrivi ufleba afxazeTis sakaTalikosoze. maSasadame, misi azriT, qarTlis eklesiam saeklesio wesebis darRveviT Tavisi uflebamosileba gaavrcela mis iuridiqciisqveSa teritoriaze _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi. es iyo dadanaSauleba prozelitizmSi, anu es iyo erTi eklesiis SeWra meore eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi _ darRveva III msoflio krebis me-8 kanonisa. es kanoni gmobda aseT qmedebas da amasTanave moiTxovda aRdgenas Zveli Tavdapirveli mdgomareobisas. marTlac, antioqiis patriarqma Tavis azriT aRasrula es kanoni da gamosca samarTlebrivi dokumenti `mcnebaY sasjuloY~, romelSic ganacxada, rom afxazeTis eklesia antioqiam ukanve daibruna Tavis saeklesio wiaRSi da aRadgina Tavisi Zveli iurisdiqcia afxazeTze, ris Semdegac mas ufleba hqonda epatrona am saeklesio erTeulisaTvis da daeniSna misi sasuliero meTauri. es ucxo eklesiis meTauri marTlac ase moiqca da caiSel-bedieli mitropoliti ioakime daniSna afxazeTis kaTalikosad.

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aseTi qmedeba aRaSfoTebs iv. javaxiSvils, mas miaCnia, rom antioqiels araviTari samarTlebrivi ufleba ar gaaCnda afxazeTis sakaTalikosos mimarT. iv. javaxiSvili Tavisi msjelobis sayrdenad miiCnevs qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi ZvelTagan arsebul samarTlebriv dokuments, gamocemuls ruisurbnisis krebis mamebis mier, rom Tavdapirvelad anu I-IV ss-Si, andria mociqulisa da wmida ninos epoqaSi, Camoyalibda ara ori sxvadasxva eklesia, aramed erTi, sruliad saqarTvelos momcveli eklesia, rom orive ganmanaTlebelma, rogorc andriam, ise wmida ninom, mxolod erTi eklesia Camoayalibes, rom isini moRvaweobdnen ara sxvadasxva arealze, aramed erT geopolitikur sivrceSi, rom andriam saxareba iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~, xolo wmida ninom ki gananaTla `yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~. maSasadame, maT erTi eklesia Camoayalibes da am eklesiam avtokefalia ZvelTaganve moipova, rom mxolod Semdeg am erTiani eklesiis wiaRSi Camoyalibda ori saeklesio administraciuli erTeuli _ qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebi, rom isini, marTalia, administraciulad TavisTavadi saeklesio erTeulebi iyvnen, magram qmnidnen erT qarTul saeklesio mTlianobas, radganac gaaCndaT saerTo saeklesio samarTali, saerTo sjuliskanoni, saerTo saeklesio tradiciebi da liturgiis saerTo qarTuli ena. administraciuli TavisTavadoba afxazeTis sakaTalikosos miuRia qarTlis sapatriarqosagan, rodesac IX s-Si qarTvelTa mefe bagratma `ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~. antioqiis patriarqis Camosvlis dros ki, XV s-Si, realuri viTareba aseTi iyo. rogorc vTqviT, antioqielma patriarqma gaixsena III msoflio krebis me-8 kanoni, romelic krZalavs erTi eklesiis SeWras meore eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi da moiTxovs winandeli, anu Tavdapirveli mdgomareobis aRdgenas. antioqielma mcxeTa daadanaSaula, rom is SeiWra dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, amitomac man scada gaeuqmebina mcxeTis yovelgvari uflebamosileba iq da TviTon akurTxa afxazeTis axali kaTalikosi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, CvenTvis istoriul magaliTs unda warmoadgendes es saqme. rogorc cnobilia, amJamad, Cveni oficialuri istoriografiis mier miiCneva, rom Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTvelo IV-IX ss-Si 600 wlis manZilze, TiTqosda, imyofeboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi. es Teoria Zalze saSiSia samomavlod, radganac iseTive samarTlebriv uflebamosilebas aniWebs konstantinopolis sapatriarqos, rogoric TavisTavze miiwera antioqielma patriarqma mixeilma.

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rogorc iTqva, III msoflio krebis me-8, aseve mociqulTa 35-e da II msoflio krebis me-2 kanonis ZaliT, sxvis eklesiaSi SeWrili meore eklesia valdebulia aRadginos Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba da am kanonebidan gamomdinare, Tuki dasavleT saqarTveloze Tavis uflebamosilebas Tavdapirvelad axorcielebda konstantinopoli, mas samarTlebrivi ufleba eniWeba masze. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, ivane javaxiSvili mxars ar dauWerda Cvens istoriografiaSi amJamad gabatonebul Teorias dasavleT saqarTvelos konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi 500-600 wlovani yofnis Sesaxeb. piriqiT, is am Teorias miiCnevda `mTeli qarTveli xalxis brZoliT monapovris~ uaryofad da is uTuod, amJamadac, mxars dauWerda ruis-urbnisis krebis samarTlebriv aqts, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi I-IV ss-Si Camoyalibda erTiani eklesia, rom Tavdapirvelad wmida andriasa da wmida ninos RvawliT dafuZnebuli qarTuli eklesia Tavidanve erTiani iyo, Tumca misTvis sxva samecniero Teoriebic aRniSnul sakiTxze cnobili iyo. iv. javaxiSvili werda: `giorgi mTawmideli da gansakuTrebiT efrem mcire, ruis-urbnisis 1103 wlis saeklesio krebis yvela sulisCamdgmeli da nikoloz kaTalikosi amtkiceben, rom andria mociqulma iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~, xolo Semdgom qristianoba kvlav aRadgina wmida ninom, romlis saswaulTmoqmedebam da qadagebam `miizida yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~, nikoloz kaTalikosic, wmida ninos saerTo mociqulad da ganmanaTleblad Tvlida `Cven qarTvelTaisa~ (`saswaulni sveticxovlisa~). erTi sityviT, andria mociqulic da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebis calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT, radgan isini mTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis iRvwodnen. antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqi mixeili, swored am qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa mier Seqmnilsa da mTeli qarTveli erisagan Sesisxlxorcebul Semecnebas spobda~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txz., t. III, gv. 340). samwuxaroa, rom Zvel qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa (iv. javaxiSvilis Sefaseba) mier boZebul Semecnebas spobs zogierTi axali qarTveli mecnieri, Tanac iseTi umaRlesi saerTaSoriso saeklesio organodan, rogoricaa `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~. magaliTad, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis sawinaaRmdegod `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~-s me-13 tomis avtorebi (gv. 200) noticiebze _ bizantiur kaTedraTa nusxebze _ dayrdnobiT miiCneven, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi IX s-mde arsebuli saepiskoposoebi konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen. TiTqosda, `egrisis samefoSi, I noticiis mixedviT, arsebobda

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lazikis eparqia, romlis centri iyo fazisis (foTis) samitropolito oTxi saepiskoposo kaTedriT _ rodopolisi (varcixe), saisini (caiSi), petra (cixisZiri), zigana (ziganisi, gudava) (`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, t. XIII, gv. 200, rus. enaze). TiTqosda, Semdgom isini qarTulma eklesiam konstantinopols CamoaSora. vSiSobT, rom es araswori Teoria, gavrcelebuli mTel msoflioSi `pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ mier, did safrTxes Seuqmnis samomavlod saqarTvelos teritoriul da saeklesio mTlianobas. sinamdvileSi lazikis aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen trapezuntis olqSi _ qalaq ziganas regionSi, iqve iyo rodopolisis kaTedrac. amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs ara mxolod msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli mecnieri n. adonci, aramed, amJamad, saberZneTSi dabeWdili zogierTi saeklesio rukac. qarTuli wyaroebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, mudam, farnavaz mefis droidanac, dasavleT saqarTvelo yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis samefos sazRvrebSi vidre md. egriswylamde da vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg vidre md. klisuramde. amitomac miiCneoda, rom am sasazRvro mdinareebis aqeT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, konstantinopols arasodes iurisdiqcia ar gaaCnda, mxolod am mdinareebis iqiT mdebare teritoria Sedioda bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, VIII s-mde. magram eklesiurad isic qarTul eklesiaSi Sedioda. amis mizezs gvixsnis `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTi, romlis mixedviTac VI msoflio krebis gadawyvetilebiT (e.i. VII saukunidan) mTeli marTlmadidebluri kavkasia (Crdilo da samxreTi) saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. rusul `pravoslavnaia enciklopediaSi~, dasavleT saqarTvelos msgavsad, samxreT saqarTveloc araqarTul qveynadaa gamocxadebuli, sadac, TiTqosda, qarTuli eklesiis gabatonebis Semdeg moxda mkvidri `somxebis~ gaqarTveleba. `somxebis~ gaqarTvelebis `Tvalsazrisi~ imdenadaa gavrcelebuli, rom man ukve qarTul saeklesio gamocemebSic SeaRwia. magaliTad, cnobili avtori wers: kirion I kaTalikosma, qvemo qarTlSi `araqarTuli mosaxleobis gasaqarTveleblad marjved gamoiyena politikuri viTareba~ (saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 28). somexi avtorebi, da ara mxolod isini, aseT statiebs safuZvlad udeben Teorias, rom qvemo qarTli da, saerTod, samxreT saqarTvelo somxuri qveyana iyo, romelic eklesiis mier `gaqarTvelda~. esaa e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria, romelic oficialuri istoriografiisaTvis ueWvel dogmad iqca. am Teoriis msgavsia amJamad gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, rom mcxeTaTbilisis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare regionebi, e.i. istoriuli kaxeTi da qvemo qarTli, TiTqosda, Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebuli iyo albaneli xalxiT, romelic qarTuli eklesiis meSveobiT gaqarTvelda.

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albanelebis `gaqarTvelebis~ Teoriac unda eqvemdebarebodes gadaxedvas, radganac Zveli qarTuli saeklesio istoriografiis Tanaxmad, hereTalbaneTi moicavda sul sxva teritorias. kerZod, Semdegdroindeli ranisa da Saqis miwa-wyals, Semdgom saukuneebSi saeklesio wyaroebSi, amitomac, uwodebdnen hereTis dedofals SuSaniks _ ranis dedofals, xolo mefeTa titulaturaSi ixseneboda ranTa mefe, romelic gulisxmobda hereTis yofili samefos mflobelobas. albaneTis kulturul memkvidreobaze, amJamad, pretenzias acxadeben azerbaijanelebi, amitomac Tuki albaneTi uSualod emijneboda mcxeTaTbiliss _ aRniSnuli TeoriiT maT garkveuli uflebamosileba eniWebaT mcxeTis aRmosavleTiTa da Tbilisis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyalsa da masze mdebare kulturis Zeglebzec, maT Soris isini bodbesa da daviT garejas kompleqss asaxeleben. rusul `pravoslavnaia enciklopediaSi~, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos msgavsad kaxeTis didi nawili araqarTul, kerZod ki albanur qveynadaa gamoyvanili. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan, Cans, rom didi iv. javaxiSvili ar ganixilavda saistorio mecnierebas rogorc dogmas, aramed miiCnevda, rom is unda ganviTarebuliyo, rom erTxel miRebuli Tvalsazrisi ar unda CaTvliliyo Seucvlel WeSmaritebad, romlis koreqtireba anda uaryofa SeuZlebeli iqneboda. mis mier ruis-urbnisis krebis samarTlebrivi aqtis mxardaWera miuTiTebs imis Sesaxebac, rom istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis, zogjer saWiro aris axali ideebis Camoyalibeba, anda Zveli erovnuli saistorio ideebis aRorZineba-ganaxleba axali moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad. marTlac, Tu ar ganviTarda istoriuli mecniereba, is CamorCeba da erT adgilas gaiyineba, amiT ki ver SeZlebs Tavisi funqciis srulyofilad aRsrulebas. ivane javaxiSvili CvenTvis yovelTvis TvalsaCino etaloni da magaliTi aris Tavisi moRvaweobis yoveli waxnagiT. sakiTxis istoriografia: saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb, amJamad, arsebuli sabWoTa epoqaSi SemuSavebuli Teoria yvelaze ukeT gadmoica `pravoslavnaia enciklopediasa~ da `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ tomeulebSi. wm. ninos mier fuZeCayrili eklesia, `pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ mixedviT, mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos moicavda, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, imave enciklopediis Tanaxmad, qristianobis momZlavrebis Semdeg, konstantinopolis sapatriarqom VI s-is Sua wlebSi daarsa saeklesio kaTedrebi (`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, moskovi, 2006, t.13, gv.193. rus. enaze).

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`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, rogorc aRiniSna, wers: `konstantinopolis sapatriarqos noticiebSi (Notatiae Episcopatuum), mis iurisdiqciaSi myof kaTedraTa siebi gvaZlevs warmodgenas VI-IX ss-is dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis Sesaxeb. I noticiis (VIII-IX) Tanaxmad, egrisis samefos teritoria saeklesio-administraciuli damokidebulebiT dayofili iyo Semdegi saxiT: lazikis eparqia fasisis (foTis) samitropolito centriT da 4 saepiskoposo kaTedriT _ rodopoli (varcixe), saisini (caiSi), petra (cixisZiri), ziganei (ziganisi, gudava); abazgiis (afxazeTis) eparqia avtokefaluri samTavarepiskoposo sakaTedro centriT sevastopolSi (cxumi, soxumi). Crdilo SavizRvispireTis centralur da aRmosavleT nawilebSi daarsebul iqna zixiis (jiqeTis) eparqia, warmodgenili 3 avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposoTi: xersoniT, bosforiTa da nikofsiiT. fazisis mitropolia (nomeri 27), Cans daarsebuli iqna imp. iustiniane I-is mmarTvelobisas, radganac ekava 2e adgili iustinianepolis (mokis) Semdeg samitropolitos sxva momdevno 8 kaTedraTa Soris... 680-681 wlis VI msoflio krebis aqtebSi ixsenieba Teodore, `uRirsi episkoposi fasisisa, lazikis provinciaSi~ (Le Quien. OC. T. 1, P. 1343). konstantinopolis trulis krebas (691-692 ww.) aseve eswreboda fasisis mitropoliti igive Teodore da petras episkoposi ioane, sevastopoleli foti da, SesaZloa, ziganeis episkoposi favsti (misi kaTedra ixsenieba petramde). nikeis VII msoflio krebis (787) aqtebs xels awers `mitropoliti qristefore~, sxvadasxva sami dazustebiT _ `episkoposi fasisisa~ (nusxa ABE) `episkoposi fasisisa e.i. trapezuntisa~(D), `episkoposi trapezuntisa~(F); aqedan, am momentSi fasisisa da trapezuntis kaTedrebi imyofebodnen erTi episkoposis mmarTvelobaSi, maSin roca trapezuntis kaTedra gamoyofili iyo fasisis mitropoliisagan rizes teritoriiT, romlis episkoposi aseve eswreboda krebas da, rogorc Cans, eqvemdebareboda neokesariis mitropolits (polemoniakis pontos diocezi). 2-e noticiis Tanaxmad (Sedgenilia araugvianes IX s-is I meoTxedisa), das. saqarTvelos saeklesio organizaciis suraTi ar Secvlila... me-7 noticiaSi (901-907) asaxulia X sis dasawyisSi konstantinopolis eklesiaSi gatarebuli saeklesio reformebis Sedegebi. masSi aRar ixsenieba dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centrebi. e.i. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqodan dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centrebis gamoyofa moxda 879 da 901/ 907 wlebs Soris... me-7 noticiaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centrebi aRniSnulia rogorc `trapezunti lazikisa~. es miuTiTebs dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiaSi separatistuli tendenciebis arsebobis Sesaxeb da amis Sedegad trapezuntis gadaqceva fasisis alternatiul mitropoliad, romelic SemdgomSi gadaiqca konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi lazikis eparqiis centrad. araa gamoricxuli, rom trapezunteli mRvdelmTavris

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(Tavdapirvelad neokesariis mitropolitis qvemdebarisa) TandaTanobiTi amaRleba jer mTavarepiskoposis statusamde, Semdeg ki mitropolitisa, dakavSirebuli iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul procesebTan. es garemoeba emsaxureboda prestiJis dacvas da warmoadgenda am regionSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mdgomareobis stabilurobis garants~ (konstantinopolis sapatriaqos saeklesio kaTedrebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi da maTi gamoyofa, pravoslavnaia enciklopedia, moskovi, t. 13. 2006, gv. 200-2001, rus. enaze). identuria Tanamedrove oficialuri qarTuli istoriografiis Tvalsazrisic, romlis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelo konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi, TiTqmis, 600 wlis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda. SeuZlebelia aRniSnul mtkicebas eklesia daeTanxmos, radganac ewinaaRmdegeba ara mxolod ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis gansazRvrebas sagangebod am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnils, aramed ZvelqarTul Semecnebas, romelic asaxulia wmidaTa locvebSic ki, magaliTad wm. ninos Tavis troparSi ewodeba `qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli~, xolo kondakSi `qarTvelTa eris winamZRoli~. sad cxovrobda qarTveli eri, romelic gananaTla wmida ninom? ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi amis Sesaxeb naTqvamia _ wmida ninom moaqcia `yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~ (`didi sjuliskanoni~ 1975, gv. 546). davusvaT kiTxva aRniSnul istorikosebs: `yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavi~ ar cxovrobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi? da Tu cxovrobda, maSin is maTi ganmanaTleblis mier daarsebuli qarTuli eklesiis mrevlsac warmoadgenda. `Zeglisweris~ identur cnobas IV saukuneSive iZleva gelasi kesarieli, msoflio eklesiis erTerTi pirveli istorikosi. gelasi kesarielis cnobiT `tyve qalis~ (e.i. wmida ninos) mier erTdroulad miiRes qristianoba evqsinis pontos maxloblad mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma (georgika, t. I. gv. 189). wm. ninos mier gaqristianebuli eri dasavleT saqarTveloSic rom cxovrobda, miuTiTebs noqalaqevis IV s-is eklesia da mis maxloblad, nojixevSi, aRmoCenili I aTaswleulis qarTuli asomTavruli saeklesio warwerebi. amasve miuTiTebs qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebi. magaliTad, I aTaswleulis somexi patriarqisa da istorikosis cnoba, rom VI s-is bolos moRvawe kirion qarTlis kaTalikosi `winandeli drois wesebis Sesabamisad iyo arqiepiskoposi egrisisa da gugareTisa, qarTlis eklesiis mrevlisa~ (ioane drasxanakertci, 1937, gv. 9, rus. enaze). VI saukunis `winandeli dro~, cxadia, IV da V saukuneebia. amasve miuTiTebs saeklesio xelovneba da arqiteqtura.

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erTi magaliTia WyondidSi VII s-Si agebul mcxeTis jvris tipis taZari, es ar aris SemTxveviToba, piriqiT, warmoadgens I aTaswleulSi mcxeTisa da Wyondidis saeklesio-liturgikuli mTlianobisa da erTobis niSansvets. dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio mTlianobis Sesaxeb ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglisweris miTiTeba warmoadgens saeklesio tradiciis gamoxatulebas, rom daarsebisTanave qarTuli eklesia Tavis iurisdiqciaSi moicavda sruliad istoriul saqarTvelos da ara mis romelime erT kuTxes. aseTia Zvel qarTvel wmida mamaTa mtkicebani. maTTgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc aRiniSna, Tanamedrove saero saistorio skola miiCvevs, rom 500-600 wlis ganmavlobaSi, vidre IX-X ss-mde dasavleT saqarTvelo, TiTqosda, Sedioda konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi da iq arsebobdnen lazikis eparqiis berZnuli saepiskoposoebi, xolo eklesiebSi wirva-locva berZnul enaze aResruleboda, vidre is ar gaauqma mcxeTis eklesiam. araviTari werilobiTi wyaro ar adasturebs Teorias romlis mixedviTac IX-X saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesia SeiWra dasavleT saqarTvelos konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi, gaauqma iq berZnuli kaTedrebi da berZnulenovanis nacvlad SemoiRo qarTulenovani msaxureba da amiT ki, TiTqosda, moaxdina `qarTizacia-gaqarTveleba~ iqauri mosaxleobisa. sabWouri epoqis samecniero literaturaSi e.w. `qarTizacia~ ganimarteba ase: `qarTizacia~ _ `qarTis tomebis SeRweva _ infiltracia _ araqarTul an araqarTvelur tomebSi... sadac SeaRwevda qarTlis elementi, vrceldeboda qarTuli ena da aRm. qarTuli kultura. aseTi viTareba Seiqmna ara marto aRmosavleTiT hereTis (albaneTi) teritoriaze, aramed dasavleT saqarTveloSic~ (qse, t. X, gv. 459-160. statia `qarTvelebi~). oficialuri istoriografiis am gansazRvrebiT, rogorc aRiniSna, TiTqosda, hereTi (igulisxmeba kaxeTis umetesi nawili) da dasavleT saqarTvelo dasaxlebuli iyo `araqarTuli da araqarTveluri tomebiT~ da `qarTizaciis Sedegad~ maTSi `SeaRwia qarTulma enam~ da kulturam, amis Sedegad, TiTqosda, dasavleT saqarTvelos bizantiuri eklesiis samwysos, mcxeTa daepatrona _ gaauqma iq arsebuli ZvelTaganve konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myofi fasisis (foTis), rodopolisis (varcixis), ziganas (`ziginevi _ gudayvas~), saisinisa (caiSis) da petras (cixisZiris) saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. zemoaRniSnulis erTi TvalnaTeli magaliTia, axlaxan (2001 wlis dasawyisSi), n. lomouris mier gamoqveynebuli Sromebi, esenia `qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba~ da `saqarTvelos eklesia da misi avtokefalia~. avtori wers: `rodesac moxda qristianobis damkvidreba saqarTvelosa da saerTod amierkavkasiaSi, saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo ori poli-

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tikuri erTeuliT: aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, e.i. qarTlis anu iberiis samefo da dasavleT saqarTvelo, e.i. egrisis anu lazikis samefo. am or saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi politikuri, social-ekonomikuri da kulturuli viTareba sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo da, Sesabamisad, qristianobis gavrceleba da saboloo damkvidreba sxvadasxva gziT da sxvadasxva situaciaSi xdeboda~ (saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, 2001, gv. 113). aqedan Cans, rom n. lomours wm. nino dasavleT saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad ar miaCnia, radgan, misi sityviT, `dasavleT saqarTveloSi sxva gziT Sevida qristianoba~. es daskvna ewinaaRmdegeba qarTul saeklesio istriografiaSi miRebul saeklesio krebaTa, kerZod ki ruis-urbnisis krebis mier dadgenil debulebas aRniSnul sakiTxze da agreTve, saerTod qarTvel wmida mamaTa, istoriografTa da mematianeTa mier tradiciulad gansazRvrul Tvalsazriss. ruis-urbnisis krebis RvTivganbrZnobil da wmida mamaTa TqmiT, saqarTvelo erTiani, mTliani qveyana iyo, rogorc andria pirvelwodebuli mociqulis, ise wmida ninos qadagebaTa dros, amitomac, rogorc wm. andria, ise wm. nino arian sruliad saqarTvelos da mTeli qarTveli eris ganmanaTlebelni, moviyvanoT Sesabamisi amonaridi ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweridan jer ZvelqarTulad da Semdeg axalqarTulad: `pirvelwodebuli andria, Zma Tavisa mociqulTaisa petresi, vidre Cuendamdeca moiwia da qadaga sacxorebeli qadageba saxarebisa yovelsa queyanasa saqarTveloYsasa da uricxuni simravleni erTani ganaSora sacTurisagan~... (didi sjuliskanoni, 1975, gv. 545); aqedan naTlad Cans, rom ruis-urbnisis krebis dadgenilebis Sesabamisad andria pirvelwodebulma iqadaga ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~, e.i. sruliad saqarTveloSi, msgavsadve wmida ninom ruis-urbnisis krebis Tanaxmad `sarwmunoebasa mimarT Tvisisa miizida yoveli savseba yovlisa qarTvelTa naTesavisa. (iqve, gv. 546). e.i. am krebas miaCnia, rom wmida ninom mTeli qarTveli eri (`yoveli savseba yovlisa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~) gaaqristiana. kidev erTxel SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom `yovelTa qarTvelTaSi~, cxadia, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba igulisxmeba, radganac am krebis Zeglisweris erT-erTi mTavari xelismomweria giorgi Wyondideli episkoposi da kreba, `yovelTa qarTvelTaSi~ samegrelos da sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleobas gulisxmobda. am krebis Catarebis wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi dvrita dasavleT saqarTvelo (egris-afxazeTi) iyo, radganac Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli saamiros xelSi iyo, kaxeT-hereTi droebiT ganze idga. igive ruis-urbnisis kreba mefe mirianTan dakavSirebiT wers: `naTel iRo man da yovelman erman qarTlisaman~ (iqve, gv. 546).

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`qarTlis cxovrebis~, kerZod ki, Cveni udidesi saeklesio istorikosis leonti mroveli episkoposis Tanaxmad, mefe mirianis samefoSi aRmosavleTTan erTad dasavleT saqarTveloc `egrisic~ Sedioda: `mefobda esreT mirian mcxeTiT gaRmarT qarTls, somxiTs, rans, hereTs, movakans da egrs~ (q.c.,1955, I, gv. 65). ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglisweris axali qarTuli Sesabamisi teqsti aseTia: `mociqulTagan erTi _ pirvelwodebuli andria, mociqulTa Tavis, petres Zma Cvenamde movida, saxarebis sacxonebeli qadageba mTel saqarTveloSi iqadaga~ (saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, 1987, gv. 464); am krebis gansazRvrebiT, wmida ninom `Tavisi sarwmunoebis mimarT miizida qarTvelTa sruli modgma~ (saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, 1987, gv. 464); wmida mefe mirianis dros `naTeli iRo man da mTelma qarTvelma erma~ (saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, 1987, gv. 464); ai, esaa saeklesio istoriografiis mtkiceba, rom rogorc andria pirvelwodebulis, ise wmida ninos dros naTeliRo mTelma erma. es Tvalsazrisi savsebiT gansxvavdeba baton nodar lomouris Tvalsazrisisagan, rom TiTqosda, aRniSnul epoqaSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianoba sul sxva gziTa da sxva viTarebaSi dainerga. sxvaTa Soris, batoni nodar lomouris Teoria, romelic mecnierebaSi axal sityvad miiCneva, ara Tu Zalze hgavs, aramed imeorebs kidec XV saukuneSi antioqiis patriarq mixeilis Teorias. samwuxaroa, rom Zvel qarTvel `saxelovan mecnierTa mier Cvendami boZebul Semecnebas~ (iv. javaxiSvilis sityvebia), rom mociqulebisa da wmida ninos mier safuZveli Caeyara erTian, yovelTa qarTvelTa momcvel eklesias spobs zogierTi axali qarTveli mecnieri. maTgan gansxvavebiT, jer kidev saukunis dasawyisSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, gaarkvia ivane javaxiSvilma, rom `qronologiuradac qristianobis gavrcelebis dasawyisi aRmosavleTsa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi rogorc etyoba, erTsa da imave xanad unda vigulisxmoT, am mxriv gansakuTrebiT yuradRebis Rirsia gelasi kvizikelis moTxroba. mas iberTa moqcevis ambavSi naTqvami aqvs: `amave dros pontos gaswvriv mdebare qveynis mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma RmrTis sityva, romelic manamde ar swamdaT Seiwynares~. gamodis, rom aRmosavleTsa da dasavleT saqarTvelos qristianoba erTsa da imave dros miuRia... gelasi kvizikelis danarTi cnoba, rom iberebma da lazebma erTsa da imave dros miiRes qristianoba, arsebiTad swori gamodis im mxriv, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSic IV s-is damdegidan qristianobas gza gakvleuli unda hqonoda~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. 1, 1979, gv. 269-271); iberTa moqcevis Sesaxeb IV s-Si werdnen sokrate, sozomeni, Teodorite kvirikeli, nikifore kallisto da sxvani. marTalia, isini ar axseneben lazebis gaqristianebas, magram amis mizezi iyo is, rom lazebs iberieli xalxis erT-erT Stod miiCnevdnen, gelasi kvizikels ki es ambavi ufro dau-

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konkretebia. is da gelasi kesarieli weren, rom lazebma da iberebma erTi ganmanaTleblis _ wmida ninos mier miiRes qristianoba. zogierTi istorikosi qarTul eklesias prozelitursac ki uwodebs, radganac, TiTqosda, is sxva ucxo eklesiis, am SemTxvevaSi, dasavleT saqarTvelos konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebSi iWreboda da mis mrevls isakuTvrebda. esaa dadanaSauleba prozelitizmSi. prozelitizmi dagmobilia mociqulTa droidanve, xolo sxvisi samwysos misakuTreba eklesiisaTvis saTakilo qmedebad iTvleboda jer kidev I msoflio krebidan. saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis am saTakilo epiTetiT, Tanamedrove avtorebs, Cans, eris winaSe Cveni eklesiis mniSvnelobis `warmoCena~ surT, magaliTad, 2005 wels, saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, romelic saqarTveloSi qristianobis oc saukunes eZRvneboda, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis istoriis institutis saxeliT wardgenili iqna moxseneba _ `qarTuli eklesia da saxelmwifo teritoria Sua saukuneebSi~, sadac naTqvamia: `qarTuli eklesiis kulturul-ideologiuri prozelitizmi winaswar qmnida mkvidr niadags politikuri procesebis warmatebiT ganviTarebisaTvis~ (d. musxeliSvili. qarTuli eklesia da saxelmwifo teritoria Sua saukuneebSi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos qristianuli kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri, II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, 2426 noemberi, 2005). SeuZlebelia, saqarTvelos wmida eklesia prozelituri yofiliyo imitom, rom `prozelituri~ iseT eklesias ewodeba, romelic iWreba sxva eklesiis samrevloSi misi misakuTrebis mizniT. aseTi qmedeba ki msoflio saeklesio kanonebiT miuRebeli iyo da aris. magaliTad, mociqulTa 35-e kanoni brZanebs: `episkoposma ar unda gabedos xeldasxma Tavisi samrevlos gareT, qalaqebsa da soflebSi, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian mis eklesias. xolo Tu igi mxilebuli iqneba, unda ganikveTos isic da mis mier xeldasxmulebic~ (`didi sjulis kanoni~, 1974, mociqulTa kanonebi). mociqulTa am kanons kidev ufro amtkicebs 381 wels konstantinopolSi mowveuli II msoflio krebis me-2 kanoni: `eklesiaTa keTilad gangebisa da mSvidobisaTvis arc erT episkoposs ara aqvs ufleba, gascdes Tavisi eklesiis sazRvrebs da SeiWras sxva eklesiis sazRvrebSi, raTa ar moaxdinos eklesiebis aRreva. kanonis Tanaxmad, aleqsandriis episkoposi unda ganagebdes mxolod egviptis eklesiebs... pontoeli episkoposni unda marTavdnen mxolod pontos eklesiebs, xolo Trakiis episkoposni _ mxolod Trakiis eklesiebs. episkoposi ar unda gavides Tavisi samTavros eklesiis farglebidan xeldasxmisaTvis~ (`didi sjulis kanoni~ 1974, II ms. krebis me2 kanoni). III msoflio krebis mamebma kidev ufro dabejiTebiT damoZRvres eklesiaTa meTaurebi, ar daemorCilebinaT sxvisi samwyso: `nurc erTi episkopo-

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si nu miitacebs sxva eparqias, romelic Tavidanve da ZvelTaganve ar emorCileboda mas da ar iyo mis winamorbed saydrismpyrobelTa gamgeblobis qveS, xolo Tu vinme miitacebs sxvis eparqias iZulebiT, ganTavisuflebuli unda iyos igi, raTa ar dairRves mamaTa kanonebi~ (III msoflio krebis me-8 kanoni). imaves wers da aRniSnavs sxva saeklesio kanonebic. Tu qarTuli eklesia prozelituri iyo da mas ZvelTaganve ar emorCileboda dasavleT saqarTvelos, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erTi nawilis, samxreT saqarTvelos samwysoebi, qarTulma eklesiam ki miiTvisa isini, amiT daurRvevia msoflio saeklesio kanonebi, kerZod, mociqulTa 35-e, II msoflio krebis me-2, III msoflio krebis me-8, karTagenis 74-e da sxva kanonebi, da gana kanondamrRvevi eklesia SeiZleba yofiliyo marTali da marTlmadidebluri, romliTac amayobdnen saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida mamebi? amis Taobaze SesaniSnavad miuTiTebda prokofi kesarieli, `rom qarTvelebi marTlmadideblobis wesebs yvelaze ukeT icavdnen~. somexi ierarqebi werdnen, rom qarTvelebi amayoben TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi siwmidiT da TavianTi saeklesio upiratesobiT. saqarTvelos eklesia ki Turme, `qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis~ sityviT, arRvevda umTavres saeklesio kanonebs da sxvis iurisdiqciaSi iWreboda, is wers: `dasavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonda qarTuli eklesia da mRvdelmsaxurebac qarTul enaze sruldeboda, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli dasavleT saqarTveloSi `qarTizaciis~ process~ (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, `saq. ssr~, 1981 w., gv. 61). qarTuli eklesiis `gabatonebamde~ dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Cveni istorikosebis mtkicebiT, Turme arsebobda egrisisa da afxazeTis eklesiebi, romlebic imyofebodnen konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi, isini Semdgom gaerTianebulan konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSive, magram IX s-Si mcxeTis sakaTalikosos `gabatonebis~ Sedegad konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daukargavs mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli es mniSvnelovani samitropolitoebi da saepiskoposoebi. sabWoTa epoqis istorikosi wers: `es saeklesio gamoyofa, rogorc vTqviT, erTbaSad ar momxdara. jer xorcieldeba egris-afxazeTis eklesiebis gaerTianeba, rogorc konstantinopolis samwysoSi Semavali eparqiisa, romelsac saTaveSi afxazTa kaTalikosi edga (VIII s-is bolo an IX s-is dasawyisi); Semdgom IX s-is manZilze (safiqrebelia, ufro mis pirvel naxevarSive) dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia gamoeyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqos da mcxeTis taxts uerTdeba, xolo afxazTa kaTalikosi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoss eqvemdebareba. konstantinopolidan gamoyofis Semdeg iwyeba berZnuli kaTedrebis moSla da maT sapirispirod qarTuli saepiskoposo centrebis daarseba~. es saeklesio reforma, n. berZeniSvilis varaudiT, sabolood X s-Si sruldeba (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973).

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`qarTuli eklesiis konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi reaqciuli SeWris~ Sesaxeb `narkvevebSi~ weria: `qarTvelebi aqedan sdevnian berZnul enas, berZnul viwro erovnul kulturas, SemoaqvT da avrceleben sakuTar, qarTul enas, qarTul RvTismsaxurebas da qarTul saeklesiosamonastro wesebs. qarTul kulturas Tan mohqonda qarTuli politikuri Segneba da ideali, ase rom mcxeTa jer enobrivad (eTnikur elementebze dayrdnobiT) SeiWra lixT-imereTSi, xolo Semdeg, rogorc Cans, es saintereso formula wamoayena Tavisi organizaciuli gabatonebis dasafuZneblad _ `qarTlia~ iq, sadac mRvdelmsaxureba qarTul enazea (mxolod `kvirieleisoni~ SeiZleba berZnulad). mironis kurTxeva `qarTls~ ganeweseba. maSasadame, qarTls nakurTxi mironi savaldebuloa yvela im eklesiisaTvis, sadac mRvdelmsaxureba qarTul enazea. cxadia, mcxeTis sakaTalikosos mxriv es aris kanonikuri safuZvlebis dacviT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZola lixT-imereTis eklesiaze organizaciulad gabatonebis mizniT~ (T. papuaSvili _ adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli literatura da saistorio mwerloba, wignSi: `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi~, t. II, Tb., 1973). msgavs nakvlevebs eyrdnoba afxazi saeklesio separatisti d. dbari da wers: IX-X ss-Si `afxazuri eklesia da afxazuri saxelmwifo qarTvelma agresorebma qarTuli eklesiis winamZRolobiT daipyres da afxazuri eklesia Cakles~ ( (). , , 2005 ., c.10). d. dbari imeorebs `narkvevebisa~ qse-s Semdeg mTavar daskvnebs: `konstantinopolidan gamoyofis Semdgom iwyeba berZnuli kaTedrebis moSla da maT sapirispirod qarTuli saepiskoposo centrebis daarseba~ (narkv., II, gv. 427). `dasavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonda qarTuli eklesia da mRvdelmsaxurebac qarTul enaze sruldeboda, ramac xeli Seuwyo dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTizaciis process~ (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia (qse), t. `saq. ssr~, 1981 w., gv. 61). _ `es aris kanonikuri safuZvlebis dacviT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZola lixT-imereTis eklesiaze organizaciulad gabatonebis mizniT~ (saq. istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, 1973, gv. 586) da sxva. es afxazi separatisti siamovnebiT imeorebs da Tavisi naSromis mTavar `samxilad~ warmoadgens Cveni mecnierebis `mtkicebebs~ imis Sesaxeb, rom, Turme, qarTuli eklesia SeWrila sxva eklesiis (konstantinopolis) iurisdiqciaSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi anu afxazeTSi), iq gauuqmebia berZnuli kaTedrebi da dauarsebia sakuTari. TiTqosda, saqarTvelos eklesiam qarTuli ena dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaavrcela IX-X ss-Si, amasTanave, gandevna iqidan berZeni episkoposebi da TviTon `gabatonda~.

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d. dbarma es sabWouri samecniero dogma gaavrcela mTel msoflioSi, kerZod, Tavdapirvelad viTomda `aRadgina ukanonod gauqmebuli e.w. afxazeTis samitropolito~, Semdeg ki misi saxeliT mimarTvebi gaugzavna msoflios yvela marTlmadidebel eklesias, mowodebiT, rom maT cnon `qarTvelebis mier ukanonod gauqmebuli afxazeTis avtokefaluri eklesia~. samwuxarod am mimarTvebs gamoxmaurebac moyva. sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebis Caketilobis gamo berZnul samyaroSi da, maT Soris, konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSic XX saukunis bolosac ar icnobdnen iqamde sruliad axal sabWoTa `saistorio Teorias~ qarTuli eklesiis prozelitizmisa da `misi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZolis Sesaxeb~ (sabWoTa istorikosebis sityvebia). cnobili berZeni kanonistis _ mitropolit maqsimes 1966 wels gamocemuli wigni `saqarTvelos eklesia da misi avtokefalia~ ar Seicavs cnobebs aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT. SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, ra problemebi Seeqmneba saqarTvelos eklesias samomavlod, Tu konstantinopolis sapatriarqo an ucxoeTis romelime eklesia oficialurad aRiarebs aRniSnul Teorias, qarTuli eklesiis SeWris Sesaxeb iqamde konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myof dasavleT saqarTveloSi, es Teoria xom ar SeuqmniT maT myar samarTlebriv safuZvels, raTa scnon da aRiaron separatistuli eklesiebi afxazeTsa da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi. meore mxriv, es Teoria iZleva karg saSualebas da masze dayrdnobiT dainteresebuli mxareebi ukve aqezeben am kuTxeTa separatist moazrovneebs, raTa dedaeklesiad aRiaron ara saqarTvelos wmida eklesia, aramed konstantinopolis sapatriarqo. aRniSnuli `saeklesio Teoria~ yvelaze ufro metad gaitana da gaavrcela rusulma `pravoslavnaia enciklopediam~. arasodes, arc erT saukuneSi, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos ar gamouTqvams araviTari Tvalsazrisi an SeniSvnac ki dasavleT saqarTvelos mis eparqiebSi qarTuli eklesiis SeWris Sesaxeb. es rom ase yofiliyo, qarTul-berZnuli aTaswlovani saeklesio urTierTobebis dros amis Sesaxeb erTxel mainc gamoiTqmeboda Tundac mcire SeniSvna. saqme is aris, rom konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myofi fazisis samitropolito da misi oTxi saepiskoposo, romlebic, TiTqosda, qarTuli eklesiis mier iyvnen gauqmebulni, sinamdvileSi mdebareobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed qarTveli eris uZveles qveyanaSi, romelsac trapizonis olqi ewoda. iqamde ki mas erqva `qaldea~, `sofeli megrelTa~. iq trapizonis olqSi mdebare Woroxis anu fasisis marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobdnen fasisis samitropolito da misi saepiskoposoebi _ rodopolisisa, saisinisa, petronisa da ziganasi, rogorc es kargad aris garkveuli n. adoncis mier. konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis CrdiloeTiT moqceuli miwa-wyali xufaT-

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Woroxidan vidre mdinare egriswylamde (vaxtang gorgaslis Semdgom mdinare klisuramde), da `mcire xazareTis mdinaremde~ (yubanamde) _ ZvelTaganve saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. dasavleT saqarTvelo eklesiurad odesme konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi rom yofiliyo, amis Sesaxeb uTuod SemorCeboda pirdapiri an iribi cnobebi TviT berZnul wyaroebSive, an raime sayvedurnarevi miniSneba mainc iqneboda berZeni ierarqebisa, aseTi ki ar arsebobs. magaliTad, konstantinopolis patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi Zalze Tbil da megobrul werilebs werda afxazTa mefes giorgi II-s X saukunis Sua wlebSi, roca sabWoTa istorikosebis azriT, mis samefoSi `brZola iyo gaCaRebuli konstantinopolis sapatriarqos winaaRmdeg~, ase rom yofiliyo, konstantinopolis patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi rogorme moaxerxebda protestis gacxadebas afxazTa mefis _ giorgi meorisadmi (922-957 ww.), [patriarq mistikosis werilebi giorgi II-sadmi; georgika, IV, nakveTi II]; erTi sityviT, wyaroebi ar adastureben sabWour epoqaSi miRebul Tvalsazriss. Sua saukuneebSi, mas Semdeg rac kaTolike da sxva misionerebi saqarTveloTi dainteresdnen, maT, Cemi mosazrebiT, SecdomiT, evropaSi pirvelad gaavrceles Tvalsazrisi, rom istoriaSi Cakarguli kolxeTi mdebareobda rionis regionSi. rom md. fazisi rioni iyo. es mosazreba XIX-XX ss-Si CvenSic damkvidrda, XX s-Si ki ganmtkicda Tvalsazrisi, rom rionis dablobSi (`lazikaSi~) 500-600 wlis manZilze konstantinopolis sapatriarqo avrcelebda Tavis iurisdiqcias. es mosazreba ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTul wyaroebs _ Sesabamisad qarTul wyaroebs gamoecxada sruli undobloba, radganac maTi cnobebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo mudam qarTlis samefosa da qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda. es mosazrebani mTlianad ewinaaRmdegebian ruis-urbnisis krebis wmida mamebisa da sxva Zveli qarTveli istorikosebis mtkicebebs. imdenad saxifaTo saxe miiRo amgvarma mtkicebebma, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT imsjela wmida sinodma da Sesabamisi dadgenilebac miiRo. zemoT aRniSnul wmida sinodis ganCinebaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos garda masSi naxsenebia saqarTvelos sxva ZirZveli kuTxeebi, romelnic sadavod aqcia qarTizaciis Teoriam, magaliTad kaxeTis umetesi nawili: unda iTqvas, rom kaxeTis umetesi nawili, romelsac hereTad miiCneven, rogorc aRiniSna, qarTizaciis Teoriis Sesabamisad albaneTis sakaTalikosos miakuTvnes. zogi istorikosis TvalsazrisiT wmida ninos saqmianoba, TiTqosda, mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom hereTSi mcxovrebi araqarTuli mosaxleoba (albanelebi) gaeqarTvelebina. Cveni azriT, aseTi warmodgena wmida ninos Sesaxeb Zalze ucnauria. amis Sesaxeb mecnieri wers: sujeTisa da kambeCovanis sazRvarze mdebare bodbe, TiTqosda, mefe mirianis dros `axladSemoerTebuli qveyana iyo, aq

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`albanelebic (herebi) cxovrobdnen... maTi saboloo asimilacia drois ambavi iyo~. anda, `Cans, mirian mefis da wmida ninos intensiuri kulturulsaganmanaTleblo saqmianoba mimarTuli iyo hereTSi qarTuli qristianobis gavrcelebisaken... romelic winaaRmdegobas awydeboda ara mxolod albanelTagan, aramed somxebisganac~ (d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv. 38). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, wmida nino `aqarTvelebda~ ara marto heralbanelebs, aramed, somxebsac; Cveni mecnieris am mosazrebis sapirispirod, movses xorenacs mTeli mosaxleoba `klarjeTidan masquTebamde~ (anu kaspiis zRvispireTSi mcxovreb tom masquTebamde) _ eTnikur qarTvelebad miaCnia (sadac iqadaga wmida ninom) da ara somxebad, anda albanelebad (herebad). somxuri saistorio mwerlobis mama, somexTa herodoted wodebuli, movses xorenaci wers: `sanatreli nune wavida iqedan, raTa Tavisi advilgasagebi saubriT qarTvelTa qveynis sxva kuTxeebic daemoZRvra. gavbedav da vityvi, rom nune mociquli qali gaxda. man iqadaga saxareba klarjeTidan dawyebuli vidre alanTa da kaspiis karamde, masquTTa sazRvrebamde, rogorc amas agaTangelozi gvauwyebs~ (movses xorenaci, `somxeTis istoria~, 1984, gv. 172). wmida ninos somxebi, anda Tundac albanelebi (Cveni mecnieris azriT _ igive herebi) rom gaeqarTvelebina, rogorme xorenaci miuTiTebda amis Sesaxeb, magram is sul sxva raimes gvauwyebs. kerZod, sazRvravs qarTvelebis eTnikur gansaxlebas _ esaa klarjeTidan, vidre alanTa da kaspiis karamde da vidre masquTTa sazRvramde _ am sazRvrebSi, misi sityvidan gamomdinare, qarTvelebi saxloben, maT uqadaga wmida ninom; ase rom, darialis karamde mcxovrebi dvalebi gaqarTvelebuli vainaxebi ki ar iyvnen, rogorc warmoudgenia sabWouri epoqis istoriografias, aramed _ qarTvelebi, aseve masquTebis qveynamde, anu aRniSnul mtkvar-araqsis SesarTavamde mcxovrebi herebi m. xorenacs eTnikur qarTvelebad miaCnia da ara albanelebad. xorenaci, V s. istorikosi, qarTvelebis sacxovriss masquTebis qveynamde e.i. mtkvar-araqsis SesarTavamde da kaspiis zRvispiramde miuTiTebs, xolo mis sapirispirod, qarTvel mecniers bodbec albanelebis qalaqad miaCnia. xorenacisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTveli mecnieri fiqrobs, rom wmida ninos `prozelitizmis simbolo~ aRumarTavs axladSemoerTebul albanur qalaq bodisSi (e.i. sadRac ujarma _ bodbeSi) da wers: `mgonia ase unda gavigoT wmida ninos gadawyvetileba, rom jvari _ qristianuli prozelitizmis simbolo _ droebiT `aRimarTos igi ujarmas qalaqsa da daba bodisi ara win aRudges qalaqsa mas mefeTasa, rameTu erisa simravle ars mun~ (d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv. 38).

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ase iqca _ Cveni mecnieris sityviT _ `ori faqtobrivad eTnikurad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli qveyana erT kulturul erTeulad~ anu ganxorcielda albanelebis `qarTizacia~. aqedan Cans, rom sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebis azriT, wmida nino qarTlis garda, albaneTSic moRvaweobda da man albaneTis qveynis erTi nawili qarTul eklesias SemouerTa. bodbis miCneva ara qarTlis, aramed albaneTis qalaqad, qarTul wyaroebs ewinaaRmdegeba. wmida nino qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelia da ara albanelebisa. jvari ar aris prozelitizmis simbolo, rogorc istorikosi wers. saqarTvelos eklesias jvari prozelituri mizniT arasodes gamouyenebia, miT umetes, araqarTuli tomebis `asimilacia-gaqarTvelebis~ mizniT; aseTi mosazreba usafuZvloa, igi ar eyrdnoba wyaroebs. XX s-Si Camoyalibebul, amJamad gavrcelebuli umarTebulo Tvalsazriss, TiTqosda, bodbe, sagarejo, saingilo da Siraqi istoriulad albaneTSi Sedioda, Sedegad mohyva dainteresebuli mxareebis gaaqtiureba. Sesabamisad, albaneTis sakaTalikosos rukebzec (IV-VI ss.) bodbe da misi mimdebare miwebi (ior-alaznis SesarTavamde) albaneTis sakaTalikosos teritoriadaa warmodgenili: `pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ rukaze `albaneTis sakaTalikoso~ da Sesabamis statiebSi qarTlis samefos teritoriis vrceli nawili Telavidan ior-alaznis SesarTavamde albaneTis (e.i. azerbaijanis) istoriul teritoriadaa warmodgenili (radganac, albaneTis kulturul da teritoriul memkvidred azerbaijani miiCneva).

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, es mosazrebani mTlianad ewinaaRmdegebian ruisurbnisis krebis wmida mamebisa da sxva Zveli qarTveli istorikosebis mtkicebebs. imdenad saxifaTo saxe miiRo amgvarma mtkicebebma, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT imsjela wmida sinodma da Sesabamisi dadgenilebac miiRo . amasTanave wyaroebisa da Sesabamisi kvlevebis guldasmiTi da miukerZoebeli analizi da kvlevebi, romelic qvemoTaa mocemuli, srul uflebas gvaZlevs ganvacxadoT, rom mTlianad marTldeba Zveli saeklesio swavleba aRniSnul sakiTxze.

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34

Tavi I wyaroebi
CvenSi damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT fazisi erqva md. rions da lazikis umetesi nawili mis dablobSi mdebareobda (Sesabamisad, aqve, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, mdebareobda konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS myofi eparqiebi). am mosazrebis damamtkicebel wyaroebad uTiTeben strabonis, prokofi kesarielisa da sxvaTa naSromebs. Cven qvemoT gamowvlilviT vixilavT am wyaroebs, da vamtkicebT, rom strabonisa da sxvaTa mixedviT kolxeTi da lazika mdebareobda iberiis anu qarTlis samefos samxreTdasavleTiT, qarTvelTa istoriul miwa-wyalze Woroxis xeobidan trapezuntis mimarTulebiT. qvemoT mocemuli aris wyaroTa ganxilva.

straboni kolxeTis Sesaxeb

kolxida iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda T. yauxCiSvili Tavis wignSi `strabonis geografia~ (1957) wers: strabonis cnobiT, `kolxebi moxsenebulni arian ara iberia-albaniis gayolebaze, aramed ufro samxreTiT _ armeniis gaswvriv~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia~, 1957, gv. 21). amave mosazrebas, rom kolxebi cxovroben armenielebis gaswvriv da ara iberebisa, straboni sxvaganac imeorebs. T. yauxCiSvili wers (iqve, gv. 21) _ `yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom iberielebi da albanelebi kolxebs zemoT mcxovreblebad arian gamocxadebuli~ (strab. VI, 4, 2). aqedan Cans, rom kolxeTi _ iberiis samxreTiT (samxreT-dasavleTiT) mdebareobda. marTlac, is (strabonis cnobiTve) moicavda trapezuntis regions mimarTuls Woroxis xeobisaken. straboni Tavis TxzulebaSi, dabejiTebiT da ramdenjerme, imitom uTiTebs mdinare fasisis saTavis armeniasTan siaxlovis Sesaxeb, rom mas fasisad miaCnia md. Woroxi. mxolod aseTi ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba kolxeTi iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT, xolo iberia ki mis `zemoT~.

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T. yauxCiSvili kvlav ubrundeba am sakiTxs da wers: `strabonis meore rigis cnobebSi kolxida isea gansazRvruli, rom is aRmosavleTiTaa kapadokiisagan, erT xazzea armeniasTan da iberia da albania masze ufro Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebareoben~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 283). aSkaraa, rom strabonis am cnobebis mixedviT kolxida mdebareobda ara `iberiis gaswvriv~ e.i. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed `armeniis gaswvriv~ trapezunt-Woroxis regionSi, anu istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi. radganac kabadokiasTan kavSirSic axsenebs straboni kolxeTs, Cans, misi erTi nawili trapezuntis dasavleTiTac mdebareobda. kolxidis sanapiro marTlac, strabonis cnobiT, kolxidis `sanapiro vrceldeba pitiuntidan trapezuntamde~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strab. geografia, gv. 283). pitiuntis adgilmdebareoba dRemde sadavoa. kerZod, n. adonci da p. ingoroyva pitiunts (pitias) aTavsebdnen rizesTan axlos punqt ofTan. sxva mosazrebebiT ki, aq igulisxmeba afxazeTis biWvinTa. zemoT aRniSnulidan, rom kolxida _ armeniis gaswvrivaa, `erT xazzea armeniasTan~, ufro savaraudoa, rom strabonis pitiunti iyo of-rizes regionSi. kolxidis gaswvriv, `erT xazze~ _ armeniaa strabonis cnobebidan Cans, rom kolxidas gverdiT, `erT xazze armeniasTan~, mis gaswvriv aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda armenia da ara iberia. magaliTad, iazonma kolxeTis Semdeg ilaSqra armeniasa da midiaSi. ratom? imitom, rom kolxebis uSualo, gaswvrivi mezoblebi iyvnen armenielebi da mis Semdeg midielebi. amitomac wers straboni Semdegs _ `Zveli xalxebi Sua zRvaSi ki ar curavdnen, aramed napirnapir, rogorc iazoni, romelmac dastova xomaldi, rodesac kolxebidan modioda da armeniasa da midiamde xmeleTiT ilaSqra~ (straboni, I, 3, 2. iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 74). `iberebi dasaxldnen kolxidis zemoT araqsTan~ strabonis TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiaSi iberebi gadmosaxldnen `dasavleTis iberiidan~ anu espaneTidan, da isini dasaxldnen ara kolxidis gaswriv mdebare adgilebSi, aramed _ kolxidis zemoT, araqsTan da mis iqiT: `dasavleTis iberTa nawili gadasaxlda pontosa da kolxidis zemoT mdebare adgilebSi (iberebi, apolidores mtkicebis Tanaxmad, armenias esazRvrebian araqsiT, ufro ki mtkvriT da mosxuri mTebiT). egviptelTa nawili eTiopiasa da

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kolxebSi gadasaxlda~ (straboni, I, 3, 21. T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 81). maSasadame, aqac, iberebi kolxidis zemoT cxovroben md. araqsis mimarTulebiT. maSasadame, kolxeTs straboni ar uwodebs dasavleT saqarTvelos, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos `zemoT~ araa md. araqsi! kolxida samsunTanaa straboni sxvagan wers: `amisodan aRmosavleTisaken jer Segvxvdeba kolxida~ (strab. II, 1, 3), maSasadame, kolxeTi _ qalaq amisos aRmosavleT mxaresaa. q. amiso, amJamad, iwodeba samsunad, ase ganimarteba _ `amiso _ qalaqi pontoSi, exlandeli samsuni~ (T. yauxCiSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 270). maSasadame, kolxida samsunTanaa, e.i. trapezuntis mxares. armenia da kolxida erTmaneTis gaswvrivaa roca iberiaze saubrobs straboni, xSirad asaxelebs dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi mcxovreb tomebs _ aqeelebs, zigebs, henioxebs da sxvebs (straboni, II, 5, 31), magram kolxidis gaswvriv, `erT xazze~, yovelTvis armenias asaxelebs, magaliTad wers _ `hirkaniis zRvasa da pontos Soris aris didi nawili armeniisa, kolxida da mTeli kapadokia evqsinis pontomde da tibarenTa tomebamde~ (strab. II, 5, 31). kolxeTis CrdiloeTiT sazRvravs zigebs, aqevelebs, henioxebs da sxvebs. strabonma, cxadia, kargad icis ras wers, magaliTad, iqve miuTiTebs geografiuli `paralelebis~ Sesaxeb _ `eratosTenes mixedviT es paraleli gadis kariaze~ (II, 5, 39) anda `cota CrdiloeTiT aris paraleli, romelic gadis lisimaqiaze~ (II, 5, 40) da sxva. `kolxidis zemoT mcxovrebi albanebi da iberebi~ iberebis gaswvriv (dasavleTiT) henioxebi, svanebi da sxva tomebi cxovroben, xolo kolxebis gaswvriv (aRmosavleTiT) ki armenielebi. maSasadame, kolxebis qarTuli tomi cxovrobda kapadokielebisa da armenielebis gverdiT. straboni kidev erTxel ubrundeba sakiTxs, rom iberebi ara kolxebis gverdiT, aramed maT maRla cxovroben da wers: `armenielebi da kolxidis zemoT mcxovrebi albanebica da iberebic, saWiroeben mxolod mmarTvelTa yolas da kargad morCileben mas~ (strab. VI, 4, 2). maSasadame, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom strabonisTvis kolxeTi erqva ara dasavleT saqarTvelos aramed iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare miwa-wyals, amitom is `kolxidis zemoT~ iyo moqceuli.

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kolxida trapezuntTanaa sxva adgilas ki straboni miuTiTebs, rom kolxeTi _ trapezuntTan mdebareobda _ is wers: `tavrebis mTianeTSi aris mTa trapezunti, Tanamosaxele im qalaqisa, romelic mdebareobs tibaraniasa da kolxidasTan~ (strab. VII, 4, 3). kunZulebi kolxidis sanapiros gaswvriv dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, rogorc cnobilia ar aris kunZulebi, magram strabonis cnobiT kolxidis sanapiros gaswvriv kunZulebi iyo, isini ki imiT iyo cnobili, TiTqosda, aq mokla medeam Tavisi Zma _ `mTeli sanapiros gaswvriv aris afsirtidis kunZulebi, romlebTanac medeam mohkla Tavisi Zma afsirte, romelic daedevna medeas~ (strab. VII, 5, 5). maSasadame, es sanapiro trapezuntis mxares mdebareobda. iazonis laSqroba armeniaSi strabonis azriT, iazonma ilaSqra armeniaSic da wers: `iazonis laSqrobas mowmoben iazonis taZrebi, magaliTad abderaSi, iazonis taZari, parmenionis mier agebuli~ (strab. XI, Tavi 14, 12). armeniaSi iazonis Tanamgzavrebis pativsacemadac augiaT taZrebi. saerTod, strabonis TvalsazrisiT, armenielebi iazonis laSqrobis Semdegaa Camoyalibebuli, is wers: `Zveli istoria am xalxis aseTia: armenosma armenionidan, Tesaliis qalaqidan, romelic mdebareobs ferasa da larisas Soris, ilaSqra iazonTan erTad armeniaSi... vinc armenosTan erTad iyvnen, zogi dasaxldnen akiliseneSi, romelic uwin sofenebis gamgeblobaSi iyo, zogic sispiritisSi kalaqenemde da adiabenemde armeniis sazRvrebs gareT. amboben, rom tansacmeli armenielebs Tesaliuri aqvT... xolo Tesalielebi grZel tansacmels atareben, radgan elinTa Soris yvelaze ufro Crdilo da susxian adgilebSi cxovroben~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 194). midielebi _ medeas STamomavlebi strabonis azriT armenielebi da midielebi arian medeasa da iazonis STamomavlebi. saerTod straboni miiCnevs, rom medea iyo ara genetikuri kolxi (e.i. ara egviptelTa Camomavali), aramed Tesalieli, iseve, rogorc iazoni iyo Tesalieli. Tesalielebi ki strabons miaCnia elinebad, amis Sesaxeb wers _ `yovelive amis mixedviT amsgavseben midielebsa da armenielebs, romelTac raRaca naTesaoba aqvT TesalielebTan da maTTan vinc iazonisa da medeas Camomavlebi arian~ (straboni XI, Tavi 14, 14).

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qarTvelebi armenielTa mier dapyrobil iberiaSi saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom imJamindeli politikuri viTarebis gamo, tibarenebic da qaldebic (Wanebi), araqsze mcxovrebi iberebic armeniis politikur-kulturuli gavlenis sferoSi iyvnen moqceulni, imis gamo, rom armeniam iberiisagan miitaca miwa-wyali. straboni wers: `mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis patara qveyana gafarTovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad. isini iyvnen antioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg ki mefeebi gaxdnen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo, CamoaWres ra irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebs olqebi. kerZod, iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene, romelic kiris meore mxaresaa, xalibebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres kareniti da qserqsene, mcire armeniis mosazRvre nawilebi~ (straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5). am CamorTmeul (ukve armeniaSi Semaval) miwebze mcxovreb qarTul tomebs, albaT garkveulwilad ukve armenizebulT, straboni politikur somxebad miiCnevda. iazoni araqsTan armeniaSi iazonma, strabonis cnobiT, araqsis wyals gauWra axali kalapoti, riTac mudmivi datborvisagan ixsna vrceli dablobi (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 194). fazisi _ `armeniis mdinarea~ aseve, strabonisaTvis Woroxi _ fazisi _ armeniis mdinarea, armeniis mdinarea likosic. amitomac wers _ `qveyanaSi (armeniaSi) bevri mdinarea, gansakuTrebiT cnobilia fazisi da likosi~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 190). fazisi armeniis mdinared miiCneva strabonis mier (strab. XI, Tavi 14, 7). am cnobidan ki aSkaraa, rom fazisi araa strabonisTvis dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinare. ase, rom ar iyos, maSin dasavleT saqarTvelo armeniis nawilad CaiTvleba, rac cxadi uzustobaa. fazisi armeniis mdinared imitom miiCneva strabonis mier, rom Woroxi moiazreba fazisis qveS. amitomac, kidev ramdenjerme ambobs straboni, rom `fazisis saTave armeniaSia~. (XI, 2, 17). strabonis es cnobebi ase unda ganimartos: mas Semdeg, rac armeniam, strabonisave cnobiT, iberias waarTva vrceli olqebi _ pariadres kalTebi, xorZene da gogarena, cxadia, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mravali geografiuli punqti da mdinare aRmoCnda armeniis xelSi. amitomac, rogorc iTqva, strabonis cnobiT _ saTave samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinare fazisisa (e.i. Woroxi) moeqca armeniaSi da Sesabamisad am armeniidan iRebda is saTaves (strab. XI, 2, 17).

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erT regionSi mdebare _ trapezunti, farnakia, mcire armenia, skidise, kolxidis zemoT mdebare mosxuri mTebi, pariadre, Temiskira, sadene, efeso, smirna, kvime da mirina strabonis sxva cnobebic ufro gasagebi xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kolxidis miwa-wylad ganvixilavT teritorias trapezunts da Woroxs Sua. magaliTad, straboni wers: `trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxovroben tibaranebi, qaldebi da sanebi, romelTac uwin uwodebdnen makronebs, aqvea mcire armenia, am adgilebis axlos cxovroben apaitebi, uwindeli kerkitebi. am adgilebze gadaWimulia skidise, kldovani mTa, romelic uerTdeba mosxur mTebs, romlebic kolxidis zemoT mdebareoben. skidises mwvervalebi uWiravT heptakomitebs. pariadre _ sadenesa da TemiskirasTan mdebare adgilebidan mcire armeniamde vrceldeba da hqmnis pontos aRmosavleT napirs. yvela am mTebSi mosaxleni srulad velurebi arian, xolo aRematebian sxvebs heptakomitebi... Zvelebi maT mosinikebs uwodebdnen... exlandeli qaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen. amaT Soris mdebareobs farnakia... saerTod am adgilebSi sanapiro metismetad viwroa, radganac iqve aRmarTulia liTonebiT savse da tyiani mTebi... unda vifiqroT, rom am adamianebs uwin erqvaT alibebi, xalibebis nacvlad... homerosi aliZonebs uwodebs xalibebs. zogni weren alaZonebs, zogni ki amaZonebs... amboben, rom am midamoebSi zogi amaZonebis Tanamosaxele qalaqia, rogorc magaliTad efeso, smirna, kvime da mirina~ (strab. XII, Tavi 3, 18-21). maSasadame, Temiskiradan (Tanamedrove Termedan) da ordudan (Tanamedrove farnadan) Tanamedrove erzrumis (arzrumi) mimarTulebiT _ trapezuntis zemoT (e.i. kolxeTSi) cxovrobdnen qaldebi, tibarenebi, sanebi (makronebi), apaitebi anu kerkitebi, mosinikebi. am mTianeTis win sanapiro ki viwroa. aqedan naTelia, rom saubari Seexeba ara dasavleT saqarTvelos aramed md. kelkitsa da Woroxs Soris moqceul regions. mosxuri mTebi mdebareobdnen ara imereTSi (rogorc amJamad miiCneva), aramed arzrumis mimarTulebiT _ n. xazaraZis kvleviT. strabonis cnobiT, kolxidis sanapiro zRvis doneze ki araa gadaSlili (rogorc, magaliTad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi), aramed maRali mTianeTia da zemodan dahyurebs kolxeTs, mis zemoT mdebareobs: `kolxidis maRla Zevs~ (strab, XII, 3, 17). es cnoba, rom kolxidis sanapiro maRali mTianeTia, miniSnebaa imisa, rom straboni kolxidis qveS gulisxmobda ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed Woroxis dasavleTiT mdebare gonio-trapezuntis regions, sadac marTlac zRvis sanapiros uSualod emijneba maRali mTianeTi.

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tibarenebi, sanebi (makronebi), apaitebi (kerkitebi) heptakomitebi (mosinikebi) da qaldebi (xalibebi) imaves wers straboni sxvaganac _ `farnakiisa da trapezuntis maxloblad mdebare adgilebs zemoT arian tibarenebi da qaldebi vidre mcire armeniamde. es ki sakmarisad mdidari qveyanaa. mas ganagebdnen Tavisi dinastebi. eseni xan emegobrebian danarCen armenielebs, xan damoukideblad moqmedeben~. am armenielebis `qveSevrdomebi iyvnen qaldebi da tibarenebi, ise, rom trapezuntamde vrceldeba maTi xelisufleba~. maSasadame, trapezuntisa da farnakiis maxloblad cxovroben kolxidis tomebi tibarenebi da qaldebi, maT mcire armenia esazRvrebaT, magram politikurad armenielebis xelqveiTebi arian, radganac armenielebis xelisufleba trapezuntamde da farnakiamde vrceldeba _ strabonis cnobiT (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 212). miTridate evpatori miTridate evpatorma armenielebs CamoarTva am adgilebis, e.i. kolxidis, mmarTveloba da `is gaxda kolxidisa da yvela amaTi batoni~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 212), `yvela eseni~ ki qaldebi da sxva naxsenebi tomebia. qalaqi farnakia _ pontoSi mdebareobda, trapezuntis maxloblad. `kolxida da yvela eseni~ miTridatesaTvis dauTmia antipatros sisides Zes, mas latiSevi miiCnevs mcire armeniis mefed (iqve, gv. 235). aRwerilia kolxeTis es adgilebi da qalaqebi, romelTagan zogierTi iyo `didi armeniis sazRvarze~ (iqve, gv. 212), magaliTad, aseTia qalaqi sinoria. ZiriTadad esaa pariadres kalTebi, daRaruli cicabo xeobebiT _ vfiqrob, da cxadia _ esaa pontos mTianeTi da ara dasavleT saqarTvelo. aq gamoiqca pompeusisagan devnili miTridate, aqve daipyro dastirasTan akilisenes wyaluxvi mTa, evfratis maxloblad romelic akilisenes mcire armeniisagan hyofda, bolos is iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina Tavisi sadgomi akiliseneSi da gaqceuliyo zRvis mimarTulebiT, jer is gadalaxavda mimdgom mTebs, Sesabamisad Cavidoda Woroxis xeobaSi e.i. kolxeTSi, iqidan is gadasula bosforSi `pompeusma am adgilebTan mcire armeniaSi aaSena qalaqi nikopolisi~ (iqve, gv. 213). piTodorosi _ polemonisa da arqelaes qvrivi `tibarenebi da qaldeebi kolxidamde, farnakiamde da trapezuntamde upyria piTodoross~ Wkvian qals, piTodore traelis asuls, polemonis meuRleyofils, romlisganac miiRo taxti. misi Svili daayenes didi arme-

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niis basilevsad. Semdeg miTxovda mcire armeniis mmarTvel arqelaes da daqvrivda. mas upyria aseve TemiskirasTan, pariadresTan mdebare adgilebi, kabeira amasiasTan, sadac idga miTridates sasaxle _ ase gadmogvcems straboni. ase, rom aq araferia naTqvami dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, misi msjeloba Seexeba istoriul samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos tibarenebidan trapezuntamde, anu kolxeTs. riT aris yovelive es strabonis aRweriloba, CvenTvis saintereso? saqme exeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqcias, aseve `qarTlis cxovrebis~ viTarca saistorio wyaros avtoritets. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ avtoritets strabonis cnobebi amtkicebs amJamindeli istoriografiis mier `qarTlis cxovrebis~ viTarca wyaros avtoriteti dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT mTlianad ugulebelyofilia. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTlis cxovreba dabejiTebiT mogviTxrobs qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos ueWveli yofnis Sesaxeb, azon-farnavazis xanidanve, mainc mtkiced miiCneva, rom vTqvaT farnavazi iyo mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefe. miT ufro ugulebelyofilia misi Semdgomi mefeebis Zalaufleba dasavleT saqarTveloze. Sesabamisad SeiTxza usafuZvlo, sruliad axali istoria dasavleT saqarTveloSi kolxeTis saxelmwifos arsebobis Sesaxeb. am axal istorias afuZneben ZiriTadad strabonisa da prokofi kesarielis cnobebze. sinamdvileSi ki, Tu am wyaroebs Zalas ar davatanT, wavikiTxavT swored imas, rac uweriaT am avtorebs (strabons, prokofis da sxvebs) kargad davinaxavT, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo aris sul sxva qveyana, xolo strabonisa da prokofis kolxeT-lazika sul sxva qveyana. erTi mdebareobda iberiis gaswvriv dasavleTiT, meore ki iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT, Tumca istoriuli saqarTvelos es orive mxare qarTveli xalxiT, qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. kolxeTis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda armenia da ara iberia. mxolod ZaldatanebiT iqna miRebuli Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda, strabonis fazisi aris rioni, maSin, roca straboni fasisis TiTqmis yoveli xsenebis dros armenias axsenebs, radganac misi saTave (e.i. Woroxis da ara rionis saTave) armeniis mier iyo dapyrobili strabonis dros. fazisis saTave armeniaSia armeniis `qveyanaSi bevri mdinarea, gansakuTrebiT cnobilia fazisi da likosi~ (strabonis geografia, iqve, gv. 190), `fazisi, didi mdinare, romelsac saTave armeniidan aqvs~ (iqve, gv. 123). fazisis saTave armeniaSia _ `saTave armeniidan aqvs, romelic Rebulobs glavkossa da hiposs, maxlobeli mTebidan gamomdinareT~ (iqve, gv. 123).

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esaa erTi mTliani uwyveti winadadeba strabonisa, anu armeniis mTebidan gamodis ara marto fazisi, aramed iqve, anu armeniis mTebis maxloblad gamoedineba glavkosi da hiposi. cxeniswylis saTavec armeniaSia? fazisis saTave armeniaSia _ `saTave armeniidan aqvs, romelic Rebulobs glavkossa da hiposs, maxlobeli mTebidan gamomdinareT~ (iqve, gv. 123). CvenSi gavrcelebuli azriT glavkosi aris yvirila (iqve, gv. 275), xolo hiposi _ cxeniswyali (iqve, gv. 301). strabonis cnobiT, glavkosisa da hiposis saTaveebi armeniis mTebis maxlobeladaa, Tu es asea, anu maSin cxeniswylisa (hiposis) da yvirilas (glavkosis) saTaveebic armeniis maxlobel mTebSi unda veZioT. magram Cans, rom glavkosi da hiposi arian fazisis anu Woroxis Senakadebi, romelTa saTaveebi arian sper-arsianis mTebSi, romelTa maxlobeli miwa-wyali marTlac Sedioda armeniaSi, radganac iberiisagan iyo mitacebuli. sarapana sxvaa, Sorapani ki sxva straboni ar axsenebs sityva `Sorapans~, is sarapanas Sesaxeb wers, magram qarTveli mTargmnelebi mas Sorapans uwodeben: `fazisze aRma curva SeiZleba Sorapanamde, am simagres SeuZlia daitios mTeli qalaqis mosaxleoba~ (iqve, gv. 123). g. grigolias kvleviT, Sorapani anu sarapana aris sparsuli sityva da niSnavs mniSvnelovan gzaze mdebare mgzavrebisaTvis gankuTvnil mosasvenebels, es SeiZleba iyos raime simagre, qalaqi an punqti Sesabamisi dasasvenebeli adgilebiT da sawyobebiT. aseTi sarapanebi ki saerTaSoriso gzebze mravali iyo, daSorebulni erTmaneTisagan `erTi dRis gziT~ (20-30 km-iT). saerTod ki strabonis `sarapana~, Tu is qarTulad gamoiTqmoda rogorc `Sorapani~, ar unda veZioT maincdamainc zestafonis SorapanTan. aseTi punqti, rogorc iTqva mravali SeiZleboda yofiliyo. strabonis dros erTi aseTi `sarapana~ yofila fazisze (Woroxze), xolo prokofi kesarielis dros aseTi `sarapana~ yofila arsianis maRal mTaSi, sadac gadioda artanuj-artaan-dvinis damakavSirebeli gza. SeiZleboda Tu ara `aRma curva~ foTidan zestafonis Sorapanamde? vfiqrob es SeuZlebeli iyo, Tundac imitom, rom didi manZiliT arian bolo wertilebi erTmaneTs daSorebulni, garda amisa, Sorapani Zevs ara yvirilas, aramed Zirulas sanapiroze, sadac mdinare, Zalze Txeli da Zalze mdore nel-nela miikvlevs gzas yvirilasaken. saerTod, quTaisamde yvirila mdorea da ar hgavs Tavisi siCqariT im Zalze swraf faziss, rogorsac aRweren Zveli mwerlebi.

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swraf da mquxare mdinareebze gadebuli 120 xidi strabonis sityviT md. fazisi sarapanasTan Cqara miRrialebs: `swrafi da xmaura miemarTeba kolxidaSi, 120 xidiT gadaisvleba~ (XI, 3, 4). arc erTi uZvelesi xidis naSTi SorapanTan moZiebuli ar aris (arc imereTSi), maSin roca Woroxis xeoba savsea aseTi uZvelesi TaRovani xidebiT. aqedanac Cans, rom strabonis fazisi aris md. Woroxi, romlis sanapirozec strabonis dros yofila erT-erTi `sarapana anu mniSvnelovan gzaze mdebare mgzavrTa mosasvenebeli punqti~. fazisi sanaosno mdinare iyo `fazisze aRma curva SeiZleboda Sorapanamde~ (strabonis geografia, gv. 123). es cnoba, Cveni fiqriT, ufro Seexeba Woroxs, aq ZvelTaganve iyo naosnoba da mravalma mkvlevarma, maT Soris e. veidenbaumma, g. yazbegma, da d. baqraZem da sxvebma aRweres naosnoba Woroxze. d. baqraZis cnobiT `Woroxze aRma-daRma 200 satvirTo da samgzavro navi dacuravda baTumidan arTvinamde~. maSasadame, Cveni azriT, strabonis `sarapana~ iyo Woroxispira romelime punqti, aqvea uamravi Zveli xidi. md. Woroxi yovelTvis sanaosno iyo, vidre sabWoTa kavSirma masze, viTarca sasazRvro mdinareze, naosnoba ar akrZala 1926 wels, naosani menaveebi ki daapatimra, rogorc kontrabandistebi. XIX s-Si g. yazbegis, e. veidenbaumisa da sxvaTa aRweriT Woroxze saqonliT datvirTuli 200-mde navi mimodioda arTvinidan baTumamde da piriqiT. rac Seexeba zestafonis Sorapans da masTan gamaval md. Zirulas, iq naosnoba SeuZlebelia, radganac Zirula sinamdvileSi mcire da mdore nakadulia da arc yvirilaa sanaosno, saerTod iqaurTaTvis naosnoba ucnobi saqmea. oTxi dRis gza `sarapanidan saurme (e.i saWapano) gziT, fexiT 4 dReSi miisvleba mtkvramde~ (iqve, strabonis geografia, gv. 123). rogorc aRiniSna, erTi dRis gza 20-30 kilometria, mTian regionSi ufro naklebi. maSasadame, sarapanadan mtkvramde oTxi dRis gza anu 60-80 km yofila. Zvelad saurme gza iSviaTobas warmoadgenda da gulisxmobda mniSvnelovan gzas, magaliTad iseTs, rogorzec mdebareobda konstantine porfirogenetis dros artanuji, es iyo sparseT-Savi zRvis damakavSirebeli saerTaSoriso gza, romelic Woroxis xeobis gavliT Sav zRvas dvinTan da sparseTTan akavSirebda. am gzis erT-erT monakveTs Woroxidan mtkvramde gulisxmobs straboni.

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anu aq, oTxi dRis gzaSi igulisxmeba arTvin-artanuj-artaanis saurme gza, romelic moqmedi iyo vaxtang gorgaslis drosac, am gziT usargebliaT wm. mociqulebs da sxvebs. e.i. arTvinidan mtkvramde 4 dRis savali gza yofila fexiT. qalaqi fazisis SesarTavTan fazisis SesarTavTan yofila qalaqi `garSemortymuli mdinariT, tbiT da zRviT~ (iqve, gv. 123). foTi marTlac garSemortymulia mdinariT, tbiTa da zRviT, amitomac is miiCneva fazisad, magram ara mxolod foTs hqonia aseTi geografiuli garemo. e. veidenbaumis aRweriT Woroxis SesarTavTan, mis marcxena mxares didi tbebi yofila. maSasadame, am adgilzec erTad yofila Tavmoyrili tba, zRva da mdinare. Woroxis SesarTavTan, mis marcxena mxares, amJamadac erTi didi da ramdenime momcro zomis tbori aris da, amitom, SesaZloa, aq mdebareobda Zveli qalaqi fazisi. albaT, aq, igulisxmeboda amJamindeli gonios axlos, TviT uSualod SesarTavTan mdebare romelime punqti. aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gadmocemiT, gonios win gaedineboda Woroxis erT-erTi didi toti, romelic Semdeg gadaketes. safiqrebelia, rom momavalSi arqeologebma am adgilas (goniosTan) qalaq fazisis naSTi aRmoaCinon kidec. saerTod, mTeli es Txroba strabons aqvs TavSi, romelSic mimoixilavs `mcire armenias~. foTi ki Sorsaa mcire armeniidan. mas, ese igi, mcire armenias, strabonis dros ganagebda arqelae. strabonis cnobili fraza, rom q. fazisis garSemo akravs zRva, mdinare da tba Seesabameba ara mxolod foTs, aramed, rogorc iTqva, aseve Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavis adgilsac. aq, e.i. Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavTan XIX saukuneSic iyo (e. veidenbaumis cnobiT) da amJamadac aris (adgilobrivi turistuli rukebis mixedviT) sakmao zomis tbori. ase, rom paliastomis garda sxva tbac arsebobda, oRond Woroxis SesarTavis dasavleT (marcxena) sanapiros mxares. sxvaTaSoris aq apirebda cnobili troas aRmomCeni Slimani arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dawyebas. sazRvao gza fazisidan am qalaq fazisidan q. amisomde da sinopamde yofila sami an ori dRis zRviT samgzavro gza. asea strabonis Zveli gamocemebis mixedviT, `ukanasknel gamocemebSi es wakiTxva damajereblad Secvlilia `8 an 9 dRis samgzavro~ _ wers T. yauxCiSvili (iqve, strabonis geografia, gv. 123). Cemi

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azriT Zveli wakiTxva SesaZloa sworic iyos, radganac fazisi ufro Woroxia da ara rioni, amitomac Woroxidan amisomde ufro mokle gzaa. `fazisidan amisomde da sinopamde 2-3 dRis savalia gemiT~ _ asea yvelaze uaxles rusul TargmanSic _ 2 3 - , ycx (straboni, geografia, 1964, gamomcemloba `nauka~. rus. enaze, gv. 472). aq sainteresoa is, rom q. fazisi rom yofiliyo q. foTi, maSin gemiT mgzavrobas, cxadia, meti dro dasWirdeboda. rbili sanapiro Woroxis SesarTavi iseTivea, rogoradac aRwers straboni fazisis SesarTavs _ `sanapiro rbilia~ e.i. Waobiania. xolo Woroxidan rizes mimarTulebiT sanapiro dabali da qviSiania. kolxuri seli `kargi nayofebi icis, garda Taflisa (metwilad mwarea) da moipoveba navTsaSeni yovelive masala, radgan izrdeba aq mravali tye da mdinareebiTac Camoitaneba, amuSaveben blomad sels, kanafs, cvilsa da fiss. xolo selis damuSaveba ganTqmulic ki aris. qveynis gareTac ki gaaqvT~ (iqve, strabonis geografia, gv. 124). Woroxis xeobaSi arTvinamde mSvenieri tyeebia. aseve mkvlevarTa cnobiT XIX saukuneSi Woroxze arTvinidan baTumSi didi raodenobiT CahqondaT navebiT daxerxili xis masala. aq, e.i. erge-liganis xeobaSi aseve amuSavebdnen (XIX s-Sic) ganTqmul selis qsovilebs, romelic liganis gareTac iyideboda. fazisis, glavkosisa da hi posis maRla levkoTeas samlocvelo mosxebis qveyanaSi `moxsenebul mdinareebs zemoT mosxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobs levkoTeas samlocvelo, friqses mier agebuli da misi samisno, sadac verZs ar swiraven msxverplad. odesRac is mdidari iyo, xolo Cvens dros... gaZarcvuli~ (iqve, strabonis geografia, gv. 124). e.i. es samlocvelo mosxebis qveyanaSia, moxsenebuli mdinareebis zemoT, romeli mdinareebi axsena aq strabonma? _ fazisi, glavkosi da hiposi. Tu glavkosi da hiposi arian yvirila da cxeniswyali, maS maT saTaveebTan unda veZioT Cven `mosxebis qveyana~. mdebareobda viTom mesxeTi cxeniswyalis maRla? Zalze saeWvoa, magram, Tu ki Cven glavkosad vigulisxmebT `liganisxevs~ anu imerxevs, hiposad ki iqve

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gamdinare wyals, maT maRla, anu arsianis qedTan marTlac mesxeTis qveyana _ kola-artaania, iqve SavSeTi da samcxea, qvemoT ki taoa. ai, aq iyo `mosxebis qveyana~ n. xazaraZis kvleviTac. aq unda veZioT (da ara imereTSi) levkoTeas taZari. msgavsi toponimi amJamadac aris javaxeTSi, esaa sofeli `koTelia~. mosxebis an mesxebis qveyana iyo aseve WoroxTan axlos mdebare klarjeTi anu artanujis mxare. is, strabonis dros, arsianis qedamde kolxebis xelSi yofila. marTlac, straboni wers, rom mosxebis qveynis mesamedi nawili eWiraT kolxebs. sam nawilad gayofili mosxebis qveyana `mosxebis qveyana, romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi misi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs~ (iqve, strabonis geografia, gv. 125). sad SeiZleba iyos is `mosxebis qveyana~, romelic sam nawiladaa gayofili kolxebs, iberebsa da armenielebs Soris? cxadia, esaa istoriuli mesxeTi _ samcxe, javaxeTi, kola, tao-basiani da SavSeTartanuj-klarjeTi. am Tvalsazrisisaa T. yauxCiSvilic (iqve, gv. 258). kolxeTis gavlena vrceldeboda arsianis qedamde, rac imas niSnavs, rom strabonis epoqaSi Woroxidan arsianamde mesxeTis nawili (klarjeTi) kolxebis xelSi iyo. meore nawili _ e.i. samcxe-javaxeTi-kola-artaani da SeiZleba SavSeTic _ iyo iberiisa, xolo _ koladan vrceli miwebi tao-TorTumbasianis CaTvliT somxebs miusakuTrebiaT. amis gamo, mesxeTi sam nawilad aRmoCnda gayofili. sazRvari kolxidasa da iberias Soris maSasadame, sazRvari kolxidasa da iberias Soris aq, Semdgomdroindel SavSeT-klarjeTSi gadioda arsianis qedze, aq unda yofiliyo iberiis qalaqi friqsopolisi _ ideesa. p. ingoroyva fiqrobda, rom is taosTan mdebareobda. sadRac am arealTanaa dioskuria, radganac straboni mosxebis qveynis dayofis aRweris damTavrebis Semdegve ubrundeba mas. svanTa laSqari dioskuriaSi savaWrod Cadiodnen svanebic, yvela tomze aRmatebulni simamaciT da ZaliT (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 126). `floben isini irgvliv yvelafers upyriaT kavkasionis mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT aris. hyavT maT basilevsi da sabWo 300 mamakacisagan Semdgari, rogorc amboben hkrefen laSqars 200 000 kacis raodenobiT, marTlac mTeli xalxi meomaria, magram araorganizebuli~.

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svanuri oqro `amasTanave amboben, rom zamTris niaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo barbarosebi agroveben oqros daxvretili varclebiT da banjgvliani tyavebiT. aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisian verZze~... svanebs iberebsac uwodebdnen `Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels dasavlelebisas, romelTac aqvT oqros sabadoebi orive mxares~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957 gv. 126). saubaria svanebze, magram ra kavSiri aqvT maT iberebTan? am kavSiris Sesaxeb straboni wers garkveviT da gasagebad, magram gaugebaria misi qarTuli Targmani, magaliTad, mTargmneli wers _ `Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels~ da a.S. ras niSnavs `deben~? Semdgomi frazac gaugebaria. radganac qarTuli Targmani gaugebaria, amitomac gamoviyeneT strabonis rusulenovani gamocema, sadac aRniSnuli fraza srulad gasagebia _ H - - , (XI, 2, 19). e.i. aseve zogierTebi svanebs uwodeben iberielebs _ dasavleTis iberTa saxelis msgavsad, radganac orive qveyanaSi aris oqros marcvlebi, romelic mdinareebs CamoaqvT da maT agroveben, ramac safuZveli daudo oqros sawmisis miTs. maSasadame, svanebis qveynis saxelic _ iberiaa, dasavleTis iberiis qveynis saxelis msgavsad, radganac orivegan oqros marcvlebi CamoaqvT mdinareebs. straboni wers: `svanebs zogierTebi iberebs uwodeben~, es martivi fraza CvenSi gaugebrad iTargmna, amitomac Zvirfasi cnoba saqarTvelos Sesaxeb ZiriTadad gamouyenebelia. svanebis sacxovrisi svanebi didi tomia _ 200 000 mebrZoli hyavT. esaa yvela brZolisunariani mamakaci, rac SesaZloa iyo mTeli mosaxleobis mesamedi an meoTxedi, anu svanebis saerTo ricxvi naxevarmilionze meti yofila. aseTi mravalricxovani xalxi, cxadia mcire teritoriaze ver icxovrebda. sad cxovrobdnen svanebi? dioskuriis maRla mdebare mTebTan, kolxebis maRla, cxovrobdnen aseve qveynis siRrmeSi _ mTieli tomebis mezoblad. dioskuria _ Cveni kvleviT, trapezuntis mxares mdebareobda of-rizes qvemoT. mis sanapiro viwro zolis maRla mTebSi, Cans qaldebis, tibarenebis, mesxebis regionSi, kolxebis maRla cxovrobdnen svanebi. Semdegdroindel SavSeT-aWara-guriis mTianeTSi mcxovrebTac, Cans im dros, svanebis

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saxeliT icnobdnen. maSasadame, svanebi gagrZelebiT cxovroben rionis xeobidan vidre of-rizemde (dioskuriamde). cxadia, daaxloebiT 0,5-0,8 milioniani xalxi mcire teritoriaze ver moTavsdeboda. isini bunebrivia Tanamedrove svaneTSic cxovrobdnen. maT qveyanaSi Camohqonda mdinareebs oqros marcvlebi dasavleTis iberiis msgavsad, da maTac iberebs uwodebeno, werda straboni. asea, Tu ise, iberia dasavleT saqarTvelosac erqva, radganac iq mcxovreb iseT did toms, rogoric iyvnen svanebi _ zogierTi Zveli istorikosi iberebis saxeliTac icnobda. strabonis es cnoba eTanadeba Cvens erovnul wyaros _ `qarTlis cxovrebas~, romlis cnobiTac egrisi anu dasavleT saqarTvelo farnavazis Semdeg, mudam qarTlis samefos nawils Seadgenda, da mas qarTli anu iberia ewodeboda, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos msgavsad. iazoni kolxeTze saubrisas, cxadia straboni axsenebs iazons da friqses. kolxeTidan gadasula iazoni armeniasa da midiaSi (iqve, strabonis geografia, gv. 124). Tu kolxeTi dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo, armeniisa da midiisaken mgzavrobisas iazonisaTvis bunebrivi iqneboda iberiis gziT wasvla, maSin roca dasavleT saqarTvelodan armeniaSi Sesasvlelad trapezuntis axlo regionis gavla iyo saWiro, amitom unda vifiqroT, rom swored armeniis uSualo mosazRvre trapezuntis momijnave regions uwodebda kolxeTs straboni. kolxeTi _ pontos erTi nawili rogorc iTqva, strabonis dros kolxeTs piTodorida marTavda, romelmac orjer moaswro daqvriveba. saerTod, is iyo pontos dedofali. meuRle iyo pontos mefis polemonisa, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg SeirTo arqelausma _ kapadokia-somxeTis erTi nawilis mefem. miTridate pontoeli ufro adre flobda kolxeTs, sadac gamgeblad Tavisi megobari moafreni (strabonis biZa) gagzavna. miTridates dacemis Semdeg ki kolxeTi polemons gadaeca, misi sikvdilis Semdeg misi meuRle `mefobda kolxebze, trapezuntze, farnakiaze da zemoT mcxovreb barbarosebze~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957 gv. 125). farnakia _ pontos qalaqi iyo, trapezuntis madloblad (iqve, gv. 298) TemiskirasTan axlos, mis maRla cxovrobdnen tibarenebi, qaldebi da sanebi. miiCneva, rom farnakia ufro qaldebis (e.i. xalibebis) miwaze mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 298). aq naxsenebi `sanebi~ Cans, rom Wanebi an svanebia. maSasadame, dedofali marTavda pontosa da trapezuntis regionis miwas, maT Soris kolxeTs, romelic fazisamde (e.i. Woroxamde aRwevda).

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sanebis tomi qaldebis gverdiT sanebis tomi qaldebis gverdiT SesaZloa iyo Wanebi an svanebis tomis nawili. tomTa sacxovrisi mkveTrad Seicvala bizantia-sparseTis omis dros da mis Semdeg VI-VII saukuneebSi. es omi jer lazikisaTvis, Semdeg ki svaneTis gamo mimdinareobda. svanebi omis gadamwyvet momentSi sparselebs miemxrnen, rac maT ar apatia am omSi sabolood gamarjvebulma bizantiam, rac gamoixata imiT, rom svanebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gadasaxlebuliyvnen ufro CrdiloeTiT, miuaxlovdnen maT amJamindel sacxovriss. maqsime aRmsareblis epoqaSi isini ukve gadasaxlebulni Canan ufro CrdiloeTiT. iberia dasavleT saqarTveloSi da `Sua iberia~ dasavleT saqarTveloSi iberiis yofnas strabonic adasturebs, oRond arapirdapir. magaliTad is wers, rom kavkasiis erT-erTi qedi moemarTeba CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, hkveTs iberias da uerTdeba mosxebis mTebs. straboni wers didi kavkasionis qedis Sesaxeb: `zogi toti am mTisa moemarTeba samxreTisaken, gars ertymis Sua iberias da erTvis armeniis mTebs da mosxebisad wodebulT, agreTve skidises da pariadres~ (straboni, XI, 2, 15). romelia is qedi saqarTveloSi, romelic miemarTeba CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken da uerTdeba mesxeTis (mcire kavkasiis) mTianeTs? esaa erTaderTi qedi _ lixisa anu suramisa. maSasadame, strabonis cnobiT, lixis qedi Suaze kveTda zogadad iberias da amasTanave, mis erT nawils _ `Sua iberias~ sazRvravda. Tu iyo `Sua iberia~, cxadia iyo misi sxva araSua nawilebic _ iberiis dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi regionebi. Tu lixis qedi da kavkasionidan samxreTisaken mimarTuli meore qedi `Sua iberias~ ertymoda gars, maSin `Sua iberia~ Sida qarTli yofila, romelsac marTlac ertymian gars kavkasiis qedidan gamomavali samxreTisaken mimarTuli surami-lixisa da saguramoqarTlis qedebi; Tu es asea, maSin iberiis dasavleTi nawili _ dasavleT saqarTveloa, xolo aRmosavleTi nawili _ kaxeTia, aqedan gamomdinare dasavleT saqarTvelo iberiis nawilad moiazreba strabonis mierac. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTvelo mcxeTis samefos nawilad iTvleboda, xolo kolxeTi ki _ pontos samefosi, romelic iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda da Woroxamde aRwevda. strabonis am cnobiT, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ monacemebi marTldeba, rom mcxeTis (qarTlis) samefos dasavleTi sazRvari aRwevda md. egriswylamde mefe aderkis, e.i. strabonis epoqaSi. `moqcevaYs~ cnobiT, ufro adre, azonis dros, arian-qarTlidan Camosuli xalxi dasaxlda dasavleT saqarTveloSic da amitom azonis samefo md. egriswylamde vrceldeboda. `moqcevaYs~ cnobiT, azonis samefos Crdi-

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lo-dasavleTi sazRvari md. egriswyali iyo. am qarTlis samefos sazRvrad am uZveles wyaroSi, iseve, rogorc `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ _ `egriswyali~ ixsenieba. maSasadame, am wyarosaTvisac egriswylispireTis mosaxleoba (egriselebi) nawili iyo arian-qarTlis xalxisa. kolxida mosxebis mTebis qvemoTaa straboni, rogorc vTqviT, kolxeTs uwodebda qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebul im ekonomikurad ganviTarebul da mowinave regions, romelic mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed trapezuntis mxares, is wers kidec: `mdebareobs kolxida kavkasionisa da mosxebis mTebis qvemoT~ (straboni, wigni XI, Tavi 2, 1). mosxebis mTebi arzrum-arsianis mTianeTia. mosxebis mTebi _ pariadres uerTdeboda: `mis nawils uwodeben pariadres, misi meore nawili aris mosxebis mTebi, gars ertymian armenias iberebamde~ (straboni, XI, Tavi XII, 4). sxvagan wers: `am tomebs gars artyia kavkasioni da aRwevs armenielebamde, uerTdeba agreTve mosxebisa da kolxebis mTebs~ (XI, XIV, 1). maSasadame, mosxebis mTebi da armeniis mTebi erT regionSi mdebareobdnen, mosxebis mTebs uerTdeboda Sua iberiidan gamomavali lixis qedi, romelic, marTlac, arsianis mTaTa sistemas uerTdeba. straboni, rogorc iTqva, wers _ kavkasiis qedis `zogi toti moemarTeba samxreTisaken, gars ertymis Sua iberias da erTvis armeniis mTebs da mosxebisad wodebulT~, kvlav unda iTqvas, rom mxolod suramis qedi gamodis kavkasiidan CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken. maSasadame, strabonTan laparakia suramis qedze, romelic `Sua iberiaSi~ gadioda. kidev erTxel rom vTqvaT, straboni wers _ es totebi gars ertymian Sua iberias da uerTdebian armeniis da mosxebis mTebs. maSasadame, im qveyanas, romelsac axla hqvia `Sida qarTli~ straboni uwodebs `Sua iberias~, mxolod mas ertymian garSemo CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken mimarTuli mTebi (maT Soris gansakuTrebiT suramis qedi, romelic uSualod uerTdeba mosxebis mTebs), romelnic miemarTebian CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken. erT-erTi aseTi ki, rogorc ramdenjerme iTqva _ suramis qedi, meore ki TianeT-saguramos qedi momarTuli CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, maSasadame, `Sida qarTli~ strabonis mier iwodeboda `Sua iberiad~. qarTlis cxovrebis `Sua-qarTl~ aris strabonis `Sua iberia~ `zogi toti moemarTeba samxreTisaken, gars ertymis Sua iberias da erTvis armeniis mTebs da mosxebisad wodebulT~ (straboni, XI, 2, 15). hqonda Tu ara strabons raime wyaro imisaTvis, raTa exmara termini `Sua iberia~?

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iqneb strabonis periodSi iberiaSi arsebobda mxare `Sua iberiis~ saxelwodebiT? am kuTxiT Zalze sainteresoa is, rom am termins (`Sua iberia~) icnobs `qarTlis cxovrebac~. aq mas aseTi saxeli aqvs _ `Sua qarTli~. kerZod, masSi naTqvamia, rom, roca movida aleqsandre, man jer daipyro `Sua qarTlis~ cixeebi da Semdeg ki kaxeTis cixeebi, maT Semdeg ki egrisi. mematiane vrclad CamoTvlis `Sua qarTlis~ cixe-simagreebs mesxeTidan _ xunanamde, Tumca ki ar CamoTvlis kaxeTisa da egrisis cixeebs, radganac, rogorc Cans, strabonis msgavsad, am wyaros, qarTlis mTavar nawilad misi `Sua~ miaCnia, sxva nawilebad ki kaxeTi da egrisi. aseve unda gavigoT strabonis cnoba, rom es qedi (lixi-suramisa) `Sua iberias~ sazRvravda anu strabonis azriT dasavleT saqarTvelo da kaxeTi iyvnen iberiis nawilebi, sityva-sityviT ki wyaroSia _ gaZlierda aleqsandre, movida `da povna cixe-qalaqni ese Zlierni Sua-qarTl (wunda, xerTvisi... Tuxarisi... urbnisi, kaspi, ufliscixe... sarkine... rusTavi da deda-cixe samSvilde da... xunani) da kaxeTisa qalaqni~ (q.c., I, 1955, gv. 18). azonma `daipyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (q.c. I, gv. 19). strabonis `Sua iberia~ qarTlis cxovrebis `Sua qarTlia~. qarTuli tomebi zRvispireTSi saerTod, straboni, dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiros da kolxidis sanapiros erTmaneTisagan ganarCevs. is CamoTvlis tomebs qalaq batadan, romelsac zogi mecnieri Tanamedrove novorosiiskTan aTavsebs (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 274) Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT _ kerketebi, aqeelebi da henioxebi, miTridates omebis aRmweri mwerlebi ki aseTi TanmimdevrobiT _ aqeelebi, zigebi, henioxebi, kvlav kerketebi, mosxebi, kolxebi, Semdeg amaT zemoT _ fTirofagebi, svanebi da sxva patara tomebi (iqve, gv. 120). kolxebi samxreTSi cxovrobdnen am CamonaTvalidan Cans, rom kolxebi _ erT-erTi tomia aRniSnulTa Soris da isini cxovroben yvela tomis qvemoT, samxreTSi. Sesabamisad, kolxeTic samxreTiTaa, Tu kerZod sad _ amas TviTon zomebiT aRwers straboni _ misi TvalsazrisiT mdinare fazisidan bosforamde aris 4.000 stadioni (bosforSi mimavalma miTridatem fazisidan es gza gaiara), Tu erT stadions vivaraudebT 178 metrad, rogorc miRebulia, maSin md. fazisidan bosforamde aris 712 km. am monakveTis TiTqmis 482 kilometriani zoli zRvispireTSi eWiraT zemoCamoTvlil qarTul tomebs.

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kerZod, `batadan kerketebis sanapiromde, romelzedac aris navTsayudelebi da soflebi daaxloebiT 850 stadionia, Semdeg aqeelTa sanapiro 500 stadioni, mere henioxTa sanapiro 1000 stadioni, xolo pitiuntis (sanapiro) dioskuriamde 360~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957 gv. 120). maSasadame, batadan (e.i. miaxloebiT novorosiiskidan) kerketebis toms eWira sanapiros 151 km (850 stadioni), aqeelebs eWiraT 89 km (500 stadioni), henioxebs eWiraT sanapiros 178 km (1000 st.), Semdeg iyo pitiunti, saidanac dioskuriamde iyo 64 km (360 st.), sul am tomebs eWiraT sanapiros 482 km. marTlac, amdenivea istoriuli saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiro, kerZod, saZiebo sistema `googl-planeta zemlias~ mixedviT saxmeleTo manZili Tanamedrove novorosiiskidan xofamde (Zvel xufaTamde) aris daaxloebiT 460 kilometri. strabonis cnobebi damajerebelia. pitiunti of-rizesTanaa aRniSnul kilometrebs Tu gadaviyvanT Cvens realobaSi, maSin, gamodis, rom strabonis `didi pitiunti~ aris ara afxazeTis biWvinTa, aramed rizeofTan axlos mdebare pitiusa-pitiunti. swored aq miuTiTebdnen pitiuntis mdebareobas n. adonci da p. ingoroyva. maSasadame, aRniSnul 482 kilometri bata-novorosiiskidan aris ara manZili afxazeTis biWvinTamde, aramed rize-ofis maxlobel pitiusamde. aqedan aiTvleboda kolxida (strabonis cnobiT), anu kolxebis sacxovrisi. kerketebi da qarTul tomTa saxelebis fuZeebi _ `erg~ da `arg~ (egr-isi, m-arg-veTi, m-arg-ali, gur-ia) `batadan kerketebis sanapiromde, romelzedac aris navTsayudelebi da soflebi daaxloebiT 850 stadionia~. strabonis orive wyaros cnobiT (erTia artemidore, meore ki miTridates ambebis aRmwerni), Savi zRvis sanapiros didi monakveTi bata-novorosiskidan 151 km (850 stadioni) eWira kerketebis toms, TiTqmis, albaT, Tanamedrove soxum-oCamCiremde. kerketebi Cvenma istorikosebma etimologiurad daukavSires Cerqezebs (es dakavSireba Cven Seusabamod migvaCnia, radganac TviT `pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ cnobiTac ki, adiRe-Cerqezebi SavizRvispireTsa da saerTod Crdilo kavkasiaSi gamoCndnen Temurlengis laSqrobebis Semdeg, roca aq man stepebis tomebi gadmoasaxla). saerTod ki sityva `Cerqez~ Turqul sityvad miiCneva. etimologiurad sityva `kerketi~ gacilebiT axloa sityva `gergetTan~, gerg anu georg _ qarTvelTa eTnikur saxelTan (`gerg~ da sufiqsi `eti~).

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Crdilo kavkasiaSi `georg~ tomebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb sxva antikuri avtorebic weren. safiqrebelia, rom `kerket~ igivea, rac `georget~. amasTanave `gerg~ fuZe-ZirTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli qarTuli tomebis saxelebis fuZeebi _ `erg~, `arg~, aqedan egr-isi, m-arg-veTi, m-arg-ali, guria da sxva. kerket _ erT-erTi regionaluri saxeli unda yofiliyo georgebis qarTuli tomisa. miT umetes, rom kerket-kerkitebi qaldea-WaneTTanac cxovrobdnen. aqeelTa sanapiro `Semdeg aqeelTa sanapiro 500 stadioni~. kerketebis Semdeg 89 kilometriani zoli (500 stadioni) eWiraT aqeelebs. strabonis da sxva avtorebis cnobiT, aqeelebi arian warmoSobilni argonavtebis razmis wevr Tesilielebisagan, `amboben, rom iazonis laSqridan fTielma aqavelebma daasaxles aqauri aqaia, xolo lakonelebma _ henioxebi, romlebsac marTavdnen rekasi da amfistrate dioskurebis meetleebi. henioxebma amaTgan miiRes saxeli~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 118). aqeelebi da henioxebi qarTuli tomebi arian, radganac pliniusis azriT msgavsadve argonavtebisagan Camoyalibdnen iberebi, albanelebi, Crdilo somxebi da midielebi _ erTi Tesaluri warmomavlobis xalxebi (ix. mitropoliti a. jafariZe, dedaRvTismSobeli Semwe qarTuli enisa, 2008, gv. 5-30). aqeelebi da henioxebi, `argonavtuli warmoSobis~ gamo, TanamonaTesaveni gamodian iberebisa. marTalia, strabonis TvalsazrisiT iberebi gadmosaxldnen dasavleTis iberiidan (espaneTidan), magram sxva mwerlebis cnobebiT ise Cans, rom iberielebisa da albanelebis mmarTveli dinastiebi (da albaT xalxebic) Camoyalibdnen kolxeTSi argonavtebis laSqrobis Semdeg. aseve, Crdilo somxeTSi mcxovrebi xalxis warmoSobas, rogorc aRiniSna, argonavtebis wevr armeniosTan akavSirebdnen (iqve, gv. 5-30). `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnobiTac, egriswylamde (e.i. egrisSic `hereTidan egriswylamde~) dasaxlda arian-qarTlidan Camosuli xalxi (safiqrebelia, rom Crdilo somxebi eTnikurad gansxvavdebodnen samxreTSi mcxovreb somxebisagan da tomobrivad albanelebsa da iberebs enaTesavebodnen). henioxTa sanapiro `mere henioxTa sanapiro 1000 stadioni~. sanapiros yvelaze didi nawili 178 kilometri (1000 stadioni) eWiraT henioxebs. henioxebis saxels etlTan, e.i. cxenosnobasTan akavSirebdnen. aq SeuZlebelia ar gavixsenoT, rom cxens Zvel qarTulad hune erqva, Tu es

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dakavSireba SesaZlebelia _ sitya `hune~ `xi~-sufiqsis darTviT, TiTqosda, gvaZlevs `henioxs~ _ rac albaT `cxenosnebs~, `cxenosans~ niSnavs. saerTod ki, sityva `cxeni~, SesaZloa, sityva `mesxenTan~ _ `mesxTan~ iyos axlos. SesaZloa, es tomi cxenosnobiT iyo ganTqmuli, marTlac mesxebiT dasaxlebul kapadokias `kargi cxenebis qveyana~ erqva. strabonis meore wyaros Tanaxmad ki batadan _ dioskuriamde cxovrobdnen `henioxebi, kvlav kerketebi, mosxebi, kolxebi~. pitiuntis sanapiro `xolo pitiuntis (sanapiro) dioskuriamde 360~. kolxebis sacxovrisi gansazRvrulia dioskuriidan qvemoT. `dioskuriis Semdeg danarCeni sanapiro kolxidisa aris da mis momdevno trapezuntTan qmnis mniSvnelovan moxrilobas~. rizesTan Wanebis (e.i. kolxebis) tomebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda prokofi kesarieli, romlis cnobiTac rizesTan Wanebs ebrZodnen romaeli jarebi Wanive Teodores meTaurobiT. dioskuria Cans mdebareobda of-rizesa da trapezunts Soris. Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi rkalis moxriloba, strabonis cnobiT, iwyeboda batadan da mTavrdeboda pitiuntTan da dioskuriasTan. marTlac, Tu rukas davxedavT, vnaxavT, rom es rkali mTavrdeba sadRac rizesTan. straboni wers: `es sanapiro miemarTeba aRmosavleTisaken da uyurebs samxreTs, xolo batadan nel-nela brundeba, Semdeg Semobrundeba dasavleTisaken da sruldeba pitiuntTan da dioskuriasTan~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 121). esaa Savi zRvis morkalulobis aRwera novorosiiskidan trapezuntisaken. strabonis pitiunti _ am mxriv aTina-rizes sanapiroa, radganac iq Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi nawilis sanapiros rkali mTavrdeba. straboni dioskurias trapezuntis regionSi aTavsebs, roca ganagrZobs aRweras Savi zRvis sanapiros morkalulobisa: `dioskuriis Semdeg danarCeni sanapiro kolxidisa aris da mis momdevno trapezuntTan qmnis mniSvnelovan moxrilobas, Semdeg pirdapir miemarTeba da qmnis marjvena gverds pontosas, romelic uyurebs CrdiloeTs~ (iqve, gv. 121). maSasadame, kolxeTi iwyeboda dioskuriasTan (trapezuntis maxloblad), romelic aTina-pitiuntidan daSorebuli iyo 64 km-iT. am arealSia strabonis kolxeTi da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos centrSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi pirveli wyaro _ `artemidore~ saerTod ar axsenebs tomebis CamonaTvalSi kolxebs, xolo meore wyaro _ `miTridates ambebis aRmwerni~ kolxebs asaxelebs tomebis CamonaTvalis boloSi, CamoTvla ki iwyeba bata-novorosiiskidan, TiTqmis trapezuntamde.

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ase, rom strabonis kolxeTi mdebareobda iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT, anu iberiis qvemoT, iberia ki kolxeTis `zemoT~. meore mxriv _ md. fazisi kolxeTis mdinarea, dioskuriac _ kolxeTis qalaqia. es adgili `kavkasionis qvemoTaa~. kavkasionis qveS, am SemTxvevaSi, straboni ise, rogorc, sxva mravali Zveli avtori, gulisxmobs e.w. `mcire kavkasions~, sadac ganlagebulia arsian-karCxalis didi mTianeTi. aqvea istoriuli provincia `sakavkasiZeo~ da amJamadac ki, karCxalis ferdobzea punqti saxelwodebiT `kavkasori~ (Tumca, cxadia, strabonisaTvisac ZiriTadi `kavkasia~ aris `didi kavkasiis qedi~), eratosTenes TqmiT, adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mier kaspiad wodebuli `zogi toti am qedisa moemarTeba samxreTisaken, gars ertymis Sua iberias da erTvis armeniis mTebs, da mosxebisad wodebulT, agreTve skidises da pariadres. yvela eseni arian tavris nawilebi, romelic hqmnis armeniis samxreT nawils~ (iqve, gv. 122). `dioskuria amisTana ubeSi mdebareobs da uWiravs ukiduresi aRmosavleTi punqti mTeli zRvisa~ (iqve, gv. 122). maSasadame, dioskuriis maxloblad armeniisa da mosxebis mTebi yofila. Tu dioskuria soxumia, rogorc miCneulia amJamad (iqve, gv. 276), maSin gamodis mis axlos iyo armeniisa da mosxebis mTebi da is iyo `ukiduresi aRmosavleTi punqti mTeli zRvisa~, rac ase ar aris. amitom dioskuria ufro samxreTiT unda veZioT. dioskuriasTan axsenebs straboni faziss (iqve, gv. 122), radganac miiCnevs, rom qveyana fazisidan (e.i. Woroxidan) Temiskiramde _ zogadad kolxeTia (e.i. arsebobda konkretuli kolxeTic). ase gvesmis Cven strabonis fraza, rom aRniSnuli mTianeTis nawilebi vrceldebian Temiskiramde dawyebuli kolxididan (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957 gv. 122). `dioskuria amisTana ubeSi mdebareobs~ _ wers is, e.i. mis win Savi zRvis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi nawili mdebareobs, xolo ukan ki kavkasiis mTianeTisa da armeniis tavris mwvervalebia aziduli. dioskuria _ mdebareobda Savi zRvis `yvelaze Cavardnil ubeSi~ anu 41-e paralels (ganeds) qvemoT straboni wers: `dioskuriada aseT ubeSi mdebareobs _ uWiravs mTeli zRvis yvelaze aRmosavleTi wertili, es ube evqsinis pontos yvelaze `Cavardnil adgilad~ iTvleba, xolo iq curva miCneulia yvelaze uSoresad, amitom ase unda gavigoT cnobili leqsi: `fazisze, romelic xomaldebisaTvis bolo wertilia~, da ara ise TiTqos, iambis avtors mxedvelobaSi hqonda mdinare da masTan mdebare Tanamosaxele qalaqi. ufro ki ise, rom qveynis am erTi nawiliT, man mTeli kolxida gamoxata, radganac mdinaridan da qalaqidan `Cavardnil adgilamde~ pirdapiri xaziT aranakleb 600 stadionia~ XI, 2, 16 (straboni, geografia, 1964, gamomcemloba `nauka~, rus. enaze, gv. 472).

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maSasadame, fazisidan dioskuriamde 600 stadionze meti manZili iyo (str, XI, 2, 16). ras niSnavs dioskuriasTan dakavSirebuli strabonis sityvebi _ `yvelaze Cavardnili ube~, `Cavardnili adgili~? strabonis arc erT qarTul TargmanSi es sityva `Cavardniloba~, `Cavardnili ube~ ar Cans, magram rusulSi asea _ (, , 1964, . , . 472), an `ot reki i goroda do vpadini~ (iqve, gv. 472) da sxva. cxadia, laparakia zRvis iseT ubeze, romelic gansakuTrebiT dabla mdebareobda Savi zRvis sxva ubeebTan SedarebiT. maSasadame, dioskuriasTan ube Savi zRvis yvelaze dabal wertilSi mdebareobda. Tu Cven rukas davxedavT, mTeli Savi zRvis aseTi yvelaze dabali wertili, yvelaze samxreTiT mdebare ube anu `yvelaze Cavardnili ube~ mdebareobs Tanamedrove punqt surmenesTan, rizesa da trabzons Soris, ufro zustad ofsa da araklis Soris. marTlac, zustad rizesa, trabzonsa da stambolze gadis 41-e paraleli romelic erTmaneTTan aerTebs Savi zRvis yvelaze samxreTiT mdebare wertilebs. Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiros sxva punqtebi am paralelis maRla mdebareoben, magram arsebobs ori gamonaklisi, erTia am 41-e paralelis dabla mdebare aRniSnuli surmenes `Cavardnili~ ube, romelic kargad Cans rukaze (ofsa da araklis Soris). meore aseTi 41-e paralelis qvemoT mdebare ubea ordu-giresunis ube trabzonis dasavleTiT, magram, Cans am or `yvelaze Cavardnil ubes~ Soris, ufro `Cavardnilad~ strabonis dros iTvleboda arakli-surmenes ube (romelic amJamadac, marTlac ufro samxreTiT mdebareobs) _ Cans, aq, surmenes axlos mdebareobda dioskuriada (dioskuria). dioskuria aranakleb 600 stadioniT, anu 106 kilometrze meti manZiliT iyo daSorebuli faziss anu Woroxis SesarTavs, xolo (dioskuria), rogorc iTqva, 360 stadioniT (64 km-iT) iyo daSorebuli pitiuntidan. kolxidis sanapiro rogorc iTqva, kolxebis sacxovrisi ganisazRvrulia dioskuriis qvemoT. `dioskuriis Semdeg danarCeni sanapiro kolxidisa aris da mis momdevno trapezuntTan qmnis mniSvnelovan moxrilobas~. marTlac, aRniSnul surmenedan (sadac Cven vaTavsebT dioskurias) trapezuntamde sanapiro moxrilia, im mxriv, rom is miemarTeba ara dasavleTiT, aramed maRla Crdilo-dasavleTiT. dabla ki, `Cavardnil~ ubeSi, tovebs surmene-dioskurias. es ube of-rizes axlos, maT dasavleTiT mdebareobs.

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zogadad kolxeTi iyo qveyana fazisidan (Woroxidan) trapezuntamde, aqedan gamomdinare misi nawilia `sanapiro pitiuntidan trapezuntamde~ (iqve, T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 283), magram konkretuli `kolxeTis sanapiros~ qveyana ganlagebuli iyo dioskuriidan (arakli surmenedan) trapezuntamde. SavizRvispireTs, trapezuntidan dioskuriamde, erqva `kolxidis sanapiro~. radganac werda: `dioskuriis Semdeg danarCeni sanapiro kolxidisa aris~. `dioskuriasTan miedineba md. qaresi~. `fazisi _ xomaldebisaTvis bolo wertili~ `fazisze, romelic xomaldebisaTvis bolo wertilia~ _ werdnen strabonamdec cnobili avtorebi, ra igulisxmeba am sityvebiT? miiCneoda, rom mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi yvelaze Soreuli porti, anu bolo samarSruto sanaosno wertili iyo qalaqi fazisi. es imas niSnavs, rom sxva portebi ufro axlos iyvnen berZnul centrebTan, magaliTad, trapezusidan Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirosaken gasuli gemi jer dioskuriasa da pitiusas Sexvdeboda, bolos ki, yvelaze bolos fazisis portSi Securdeboda. rac imas niSnavs, rom fazisidan batamde arcerTi sxva porti ar mdebareobda, is unavsadguro sanapiro yofila strabonamde, amitomac iyo fazisi `xomaldebisaTvis bolo wertili~, Tumca umniSvnelo `navTsayudelebi~ kerketebis sanapirozec mdebareobdnen. manZilebi punqtebs Soris (dioskuriada aris Tanamedrove surmene, pitiunti ki aTina-pazaria) strabonis cnoba, rom `batadan kerketebis sanapiromde, daaxloebiT 850 stadionia, Semdeg aqeelTa sanapiro 500 stadioni, mere henioxTa sanapiro 1000 stadioni, xolo pitiuntis (sanapiro) dioskuriamde 360~ _ albaT ase unda gavigoT: dioskuriidan pitiuntamde iyo 360 stadioni da aseve iwodeboda kidec _ `pitiuntis sanapiro~ (dioskuria, rogorc iTqva, 360 stadioniT (64 km_iT) iyo daSorebuli pitiuntidan), am ukanasknelidan 1000 stadioni iwodeboda `henioxTa sanapirod~, romelsac mosdevda `aqeelTa sanapiro~ (500 stadioni), aqedan batamde `kerketebis sanapiro~ 850 stadionze grZeldeboda. `mdinaridan da qalaqidan (fazisidan) `Cavardnil adgilamde~ pirdapiri xaziT aranakleb 600 stadionia~ (XI, 2, 16). Tanamedrove rukaze manZilebi strabonis monacemebiT aseT saxes miiRebs: Woroxis SesarTavidan (fazisidan) rizemde aris daaxloebiT 106 ki-

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lometri (600 stadioni), magram dioskuria `Cavardnil~ ubeSi mdebareobda. aseTi ube mdebareobs rizes dasavleTiT surmenesTan. Woroxidan am `Cavardnil~ ubemde ki daaxloebiT 140 kilometramdea, es 600 stadionze metia, magram strabonic amas miuTiTebda rom manZili fazisidan dioskuriamde `600 stadionze aranaklebi iyo~, maSasadame, dioskuria rizesa da surmenes Sua, ufro surmenes `Cavardnil~ ubesTan mdebareobda. dioskuriadan pitiuntamde 360 stadioni anu 64 km iyo. surmenedan daaxloebiT 64 kilometris daSorebiTaa punqti aTina pazarTan (ardeSenTan) Sesabamisad, albaT, pazari (Caieli) an aTina iwodeboda pitiuntad. e.i. sanapiros trabzonidan surmenemde ewodeboda `kolxidis sanapiro~, surmenedan daaxloebiT pazaramde `pitiuntis sanapiro~, romelsac moyveboda henioxTa, aqeelTa da kerketebis sanapiroebi daaxloebiT novorosiiskamde. damatebiT, albaT, SesaZloa vTqvaT, rom qarTveli tomebiT, WanebiTa da biZerebiT dasaxlebul sanapiroze mdebare am pitiuntis kaTedridan unda yofiliyo 325 wels I msoflio saeklesio krebis monawile pitiunteli episkoposi da ara afxazeTis biWvinTidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli (biWvinTa) pitiuntad miiCnies mxolod misi saxelis bgeriTi msgavsebis gamo iqaur qarTul toponim `biWvinTasTan~. afxazeTis biWvinTa ki mudam qarTul eklesiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da ara bizantiurTan. (bgeriT msgavsebasTan dakavSirebiT isic SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom ardaSen-rizes regionSi gvxvdeba mravali toponimi `pazaris~ saxelis mqone, magaliTad ofis samxreTiT `dernepazari~, ofis CrdiloeTiT zRvispirze `es(ki)pazari~, ofisave samxreTiT, ispirTan axlos, Woroxispirze `pazariolu~ da TviT qalaqi `pazari~, romelsac Cven pitiuntad miviCnevT aTinaardaSenTan erTad. pazaris saxelis mqone punqtebi aseve md. kelkitis SesarTavis regionSic mdebareobda. saxeli pazari imiTaa saintereso, rom miagavs sityva faziss. eparqias lazikeSi, aseve erqva `fazisisa~). p. ingoroyvas azriT, klavdi ptolomes geografiaSi naxsenebi navsadguri `pitiusa~ (da aseve `hvisis navsadguri~) mdebareobda trapizonsa da rizes Soris (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv, 253). misive kvleviT sxvadasxva avtorebis mier naxsenebi Pitius, Pitiusa, Pithia ofTan axlos mdebareobda. is wers _ `V saukunis dasawyisis ZeglSi, romelsac ewodeba Notatiae Dignitatum pontos provinciaSi, trapizonis mxareSi dasaxelebuli hvisis navsadguri (Usi porto) aris surmene, xolo piTia (Pithia) _ aris ofi~ (iqve, gv. 253). misgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc aRiniSna, me vTvli rom strabonis mier naxsenebi dioskuria mdebareobda surmenesTan, xolo pitiunti _ pazarTan.

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daskvna kolxeTi mdebareobda ara iberiis dasavleTiT, aramed mis samxreT-dasavleTiT. Sesabamisad iberia `kolxeTis maRla~ mdebareobda, rogorc wers straboni. Tu ase iyo, maSin marTldebian ZvelqarTuli wyaroebi (`qarTlis cxovreba~ da `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~), romelTa dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT farnavazidan vaxtang gorgaslamde qarTlis samefo moicavda dasavleT saqarTvelosac da misi sazRvari aq md. egriswyalze gadioda (Semdeg ki Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT ufro ganivrco). Sesabamisad, dasavleT saqarTvelo, ara bizantiur, aramed qarTul saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi iyo da daarsebisTanave qarTul saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, rasac miuTiTeben kidec wyaroebi. iv. javaxiSvilis sidiade Cans iqidanac, rom man eklesiis wiaRSi ZvelTaganve danergil Teorias _ wmida ninos droidan qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis Sesaxeb _ upirobod dauWira mxari, ufro metic, is mis erTgul mcvelad iqca, am Teorias misca didi Sefaseba, miiCnia mTeli qarTveli xalxisa da mis saukeTeso SvilTa naRvawad, saukuneTa brZoliT miRweul monapovrad. amave dros, misTvis kargad iyo cnobili sxva Teoriebic am sferoSi. magaliTad, misi moRvaweobis periodSi zogierTi mecnieri ayalibebda Teorias, TiTqosda, Tavdapirvelad dasavleTi saqarTvelo imyofeboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis qveS. iv. javaxiSvilma es axali Teoria miiRo rogorc erT-erTi mimdinare samuSao Teoria, romelic emsgavseboda Teorias _ dasavleT saqarTvelos antioqiis iurisdiqciis qveS yofnis Sesaxeb. rogorc iTqva, misTvis zogadad, rogorc mecnierisaTvis, misaRebi iyo mxolod Teoria qarTuli eklesiis Tavdapirveli erTianobis Sesaxeb, radganac is miaCnda `mTeli qarTveli eris mier Sesisxlxorcebul Semecnebad~, romlis mospobis ufleba, misi azriT, aravis hqonda, arc maT vinc dasavleT saqarTvelos konstantinopolur iurisdiqcias uWerda mxars da arc antioqiuris momxreT. iv. javaxiSvilma ganixila saqarTvelos eklesiis mTlianobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi, kerZod, is wers: `XV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqi mixeili Camovida... rasakvirvelia, umTavresad Sewirulebisa da fulis Sesagroveblad iyo garjili~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. III, gv. 447). mas dauweria `mcneba sasjulo~, sadac aRniSnuli aqvs, rom winaT qarTlisa da afxazeTis kaTalikosni antioqiis patriarqisagan iyvnen damokidebuli da maTgan hqondaT miRebuli xeldasxma. qarTuli eklesiis mermindeli TviTmwysoba da saeklesio TviTmmarTveloba antioqiel-ierusalimel patriarqs ukanono movlenad hqonda gamocxadebuli~ (iqve, gv. 447).

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aseTi qmedeba aRaSfoTebs iv. javaxiSvils, mas miaCnia, rom antioqiels araviTari samarTlebrivi ufleba ar gaaCnda afxazeTis sakaTalikosos mimarT. Tavisi msjelobis sayrdenad miiCnevs qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi ZvelTagan arsebul samarTlebriv dokuments, gamocemuls ruis-urbnisis krebis mamebis mier, rom Tavdapirvelad anu I-IV ss-Si, andria mociqulisa da wmida ninos epoqaSi, Camoyalibda ara ori sxvadasxva eklesia, aramed erTi, sruliad saqarTvelos momcveli eklesia, rom orive ganmanaTlebelma, rogorc andriam, ise wmida ninom, mxolod erTi eklesia Camoayalibes, rom isini moRvaweobdnen ara sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv arealze, aramed erT geopolitikur sivrceSi, rom wm. andriam saxareba iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~, xolo wmida ninom ki gananaTla `yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~. maSasadame, maT erTi eklesia Camoayalibes da am eklesiam avtokefalia ZvelTaganve moipova, rom mxolod Semdeg am erTiani eklesiis wiaRSi Camoyalibda ori saeklesio administraciuli erTeuli _ qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebi, rom isini, marTalia, administraciulad TavisTavadi saeklesio erTeulebi iyvnen, magram qmnidnen erT qarTul saeklesio mTlianobas, radganac gaaCndaT saerTo saeklesio samarTali, saerTo sjuliskanoni, saerTo saeklesio tradiciebi da liturgiis saerTo qarTuli ena. administraciuli TavisTavadoba afxazeTis sakaTalikosos miuRia qarTlis sapatriarqosagan, rodesac IX s-Si qarTvelTa mefe bagratma `ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, CvenTvis es faqti warmoadgens istoriul magaliTs. rogorc cnobilia, amJamad, Cveni oficialuri istoriografiis mier miiCneva, rom Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTvelo IV-IX ss-Si 500 wlis manZilze, TiTqosda, imyofeboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi. es Teoria Zalze saSiSia samomavlod, radganac iseTive samarTlebriv uflebamosilebas aniWebs konstantinolis sapatriarqos, rogoric TavisTavze miiwera antioqielma patriarqma mixeilma. III msoflio krebis me-8, aseve, mociqulTa 35-e da II msoflio krebis me2 kanonis ZaliT, sxvis eklesiaSi SeWrili meore eklesia valdebulia aRadginos Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba. am kanonebidan gamomdinare, Tuki dasavleT saqarTveloze Tavis uflebamosilebas Tavdapirvelad axorcielebda konstantinopoli, mas unda daubrundes kidec es saeklesio erTeuli. vfiqrob, iv. javaxiSvili mxars ar dauWerda Cvens istoriografiaSi amJamad gabatonebul Teorias dasavleT saqarTvelos konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi 500-wlovani yofnis Sesaxeb. piriqiT, is am Teorias miiCnevda `mTeli qarTveli xalxis brZoliT monapovris~ uaryofad da is mxars dauWerda ruis-urbnisis krebis samarTlebriv aqts, rom dasavleT da aRmosav-

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leT saqarTveloSi I-IV ss-Si Camoyalibda erTiani eklesia, rom wmida andriasa da wmida ninos RvawliT dafuZnebuli qarTuli eklesia Tavidanve erTiani iyo, Tumca misTvis es da sxva samecniero Teoriebic aRniSnul sakiTxze cnobili iyo. iv. javaxiSvili werda: `giorgi mTawmideli da gansakuTrebiT efrem mcire, ruis-urbnisis 1103 wlis saeklesio krebis yvela sulisCamdgmeli da nikoloz kaTalikosi amtkiceben, rom andria mociqulma iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~, xolo Semdgom qristianoba kvlav aRadgina wmida ninom, romlis saswaulTmoqmedebam da qadagebam `miizida yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~. nikoloz kaTalikosic, wmida ninos saerTo mociqulad da ganmanaTleblad Tvlida `Cven qarTvelTaYsa~ (`saswaulni sveticxovlisa~). erTi sityviT, andria mociqulic da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebis calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT, radgan isini mTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis iRvwodnen. antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqi mixeili, swored am qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa mier Seqmnilsa da mTeli qarTveli erisagan Sesisxlxorcebul Semecnebas spobda~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txz., t. III, gv. 340). samwuxaroa, rom Zvel qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa (iv. javaxiSvilis Sefaseba) mier boZebul Semecnebas spobs zogierTi axali qarTveli mecnieri, Tanac iseTi umaRlesi saerTaSoriso saeklesio organodan, rogoricaa `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~. magaliTad, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis sawinaaRmdegod `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~-s me-13 tomis avtorebi (gv. 200) noticiebze _ bizantiur kaTedraTa nusxebze _ dayrdnobiT miiCneven, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi IX s-mde arsebuli saepiskoposoebi konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen. TiTqosda, `egrisis samefoSi, I noticiis mixedviT, arsebobda lazikis eparqia, romlis centri iyo fazisis (foTis) samitropolito oTxi saepiskoposo kaTedriT _ rodopolisi (varcixe), saisini (caiSi), petra (cixisZiri), zigana (ziganisi, gudava) (`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, t. XIII, gv. 200, rus. enaze). TiTqosda, Semdgom isini qarTulma eklesiam konstantinopols CamoaSora. vSiSobT, rom es araswori Teoria, gavrcelebuli mTel msoflioSi `pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ mier, did safrTxes Seuqmnis samomavlod saqarTvelos teritoriul da saeklesio mTlianobas. sinamdvileSi, lazikis aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen trapezuntis olqSi _ qalaq ziganas regionSi, iqve iyo rodopolisis kaTedrac. amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs ara mxolod msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli mec-

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nieri n. adonci, aramed, amJamad, saberZneTSi dabeWdili zogierTi saeklesio rukac. qarTuli wyaroebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, mudam, farnavaz mefis droidanac, dasavleT saqarTvelo yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis samefos sazRvrebSi vidre md. egriswylamde (vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg vidre md. klisuramde). amitomac miiCneoda, rom am sasazRvro mdinareebis aqeT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, konstantinopols arasodes iurisdiqcia ar gaaCnda, mxolod am mdinareebis iqiT (nikofsiisaken) mdebare teritoria Sedioda bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, VIII s-mde. amitomac, rodesac Cven vamtkicebT, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi konstantinopols ar gaaCnda Tavisi iurisdiqcia, cxadia, igulisxmeba am sasazRvro mdinareebis aqeT mdebare dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoria. rogorc cnobilia, md. egriswylad miiCneva md. RaliZga (oCamCiris raionSi), xolo md. klisurad _ md. kelasuri (soxumTan). dasavleT saqarTveloSi konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis momxre mecnierebi TavianT mtkicebas safuZvlad udeben strabonisa da sxva avtorebis cnobebs, TiTqosda, isini kolxeTsa da lazikas dasavleT saqarTvelos uwodebdnen. vfiqrob, Cemi kvleva strabonisa aCvenebs, rom strabonis kolxida mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed qarTvelTa istoriul qveyanaSi _ samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi. amitomac, straboni ara Tu ewinaaRmdegeba ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis cnobebs dasavleT saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT, aramed ganamtkicebs kidec maT.

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prokofi kesarieli lazikis Sesaxeb

CvenSi damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT prokofi kesarieli Tavis naSromSi aRwers dasavleT saqarTvelos, romelsac lazikad miiCnevs. Cven qvemoT sagangebod ganvixileT prokofis sami wigni, romlebidanac naTlad Cans, rom prokofis mier aRwerili lazika mdebareobda Woroxis xeobasa da zRvispireTSi xufaTis mimarTulebiT da ara rionis dablobSi. prokofisaTvis md. fazisi aris md. Woroxi da ara md. rioni. misi lazika Cveni eris uZveles qveyanaSi, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdebareobda. prokofi wers _ `yvela adamians metwilad sCvevia, rom, Tu ki maT erTxel SeiTvises raime azri, isini aRar cdiloben WeSmariteba gamoikvlion, arc raime axal azrs iReben, aramed maT Zveli azri miaCniaT saRad da pativsacemad, xolo Tanamedrove azrs saTakilod da sasacilodac ki Tvlian~ (prokofi, georgika, II, 1965, gv. 139) prokofi kesarielma, romelic moRvaweobda iustinianes dros (VI s-is I naxevari) dawera sami Txzuleba: `polemika~, `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~ da `anekdota~. Cvens wignSi ganxilulia prokofis am naSromebidan is Tavebi, romelnic exebian lazikas. maT Sorisaa `polemikis~ I-II Tavi _ `omi sparselebTan~ da V-VII Tavi _ `omi guTebTan~, romelnic s. yauxCiSvilma Targmna da dabeWda Tavis cnobil `georgikebis~ meore tomSi (1965 w.). j. SoSiaSvilma Targmna da gamosca prokofis wigni `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~ (2006 w.), xolo n. efremiZem `saidumlo istoria~ (1989 w.). prokofis samive Txzulebidan gverdebis mixedviT moyvanilia citatebi, romelTac erTvis Sesabamisi komentarebi.

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I. prokofi kesarieli `omi sparselebTan~

De Bello Persico (BP)
iberebi saukeTeso marTlmadideblebi arian `iberebi qristianebi arian da am sarwmunoebis wesebs yvela imaTze ukeT icaven, romelTac Cven vicnobT, xolo ZvelTaganve sparselTa mefis qveSevrdomni gamxdaran~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 48). prokofi erT-erTi pirvelia im mraval avtorTa Soris, romelnic qarTvelTa uZvelesi marTlmadideblobis Sesaxeb miuTiTeben. marTalia, prokofis dros, iberia _ politikurad sparseTis xelT iyo, magram qristianobas mtkiced icavda. kaTalikosi `qristianTa mRvdelmTavarsac kaTolikoss uwodeben elinTa eniT, radgan is erTi ganagebs yvela aqaur soflebs~ (georgika 2, 1965, gv. 88). aqauri soflebis qveS igulisxmeba Woroxis xeobisa da of-rizes regioni istoriul lazikaSi. aq, ofSi, IV s-Si, wm. ninos dauarsebia saepiskoposo kaTedra (XVII s-is lazeTis mitropolit germanes im cnobis Tanaxmad, romelic man ruseTis xelmwifes miawoda). IV saukunis erT periodSi teritoria of-rizedan Woroxamde, jer kidev, qarTul saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda. Semdgom, V s-Si, mis dapyrobas cdilobda bizantia, qarTveli xelmwifeebi gaZlierebisTanave ibrunebdnen am mxares, magaliTad, vaxtang gorgasalma sagangebod ilaSqra kidec aq da daubruna qarTlis samefos es miwa-wyali, aqve amave regionSi (kerZod, Woroxis xeobaSi man aago eklesiebi da daafuZna monastrebi), Sesabamisad aqauri soflebi qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda V saukuneSi, aseve yofila prokofi kesarielis drosac, amitomac aqauri xalxi (maTze wers prokofi), jer kidev TavisTavs qarTveli kaTalikosis iurisdiqcias miakuTvnebda lazikisaTvis omebis dawyebamde, Tumca omis Semdeg viTareba Seicvala. aq unda gavixsenoT gelasi kesarielis cnoba, rom `tyve qalma~ moaqcia anu gaaqristiana pontos napiras mcxovrebi iberebi da lazebi. zRvispireTSi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciasTan dakavSirebiT unda gavixsenoT aseve mose xorenelis cnoba, rom wm. ninom iqadaga `klarjeTidan masquTebamde~, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebiT klarjeTis regioni Tavdapirvelad of-rizesac moicavda, xoli masquTebis tomi kaspiis zRvispirze cxovrobda. am regionSi (klarjeT-lazikidan kaspiis zRvamde) uqadagnia wm. ninos.

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am mxriv, oTxi wyaros _ prokofis, gelasi kesarielis, mose xorenelisa da lazikis mitropolit germanes cnobebi erTmaneTs adastureben da avseben. am cnobebidan, Cans rom IV-V-VI ss-Si zRvispireTi (of-rizes regionidan), jer kidev, saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda; xufaTamde kaTalikosis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda, mis qvemoT, trapezuntamde ki `lazTa episkoposebis iurisdiqcia gavrcelda. `lazTa~ episkoposebi n. adoncis kvleviT, zigana-gumuSxanes regionis episkoposebs erqvaT. iberTa marjvniv sparselebi cxovroben `iberTa marjvniv, aRmosavleTiT cxovroben sparselTa tomebi~ (iqve, gv. 48). iberiis marjvniv mcxovrebi albanelebi nakleb savaraudoa, rom prokofis sparselebad mieCnia, Cans, mis mier iberebis sacxovrisad moiazreboda aseve miwa-wyali vanis tbis mimarTulebiT (e.i. tao, basiani da mimdebare mxareebi), romlis iqiTac iyo sparseTi _ Tavisi sparsuli tomebiT. [Cans, prokofi ermaneTisagan asxvavebda terminebs `iberebi~ da `iberia~, radganac mis dros iberebi iberiis gareTac cxovrovdnen]. iberTa marcxniv lazikea `iberTa marcxniv, dasavleTiT mdebareobs lazike~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 48). prokofis mier iberiis qveS moiazreba mesxeTic (kola-artaaniT), romlis dasavleTiT _ marTlac iyo lazike. iberTa mefe gurgeni lazikeSi gaiqca iberTa mefe gurgeni `lazikeSi gaiqca iberTa yvela didebuliTurT, Tan waiyvana coli, Svilebi da Zmebi, romelTagan uxucesi iyo perani~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 50). gurgenis samefoSi aseve kola-artaanic Sedioda, romlis dasavleTiT artanuj-Woroxis xeoba imJamad laziked iwodeboda. mefis Semdeg meore pirs _ anu `uxucess~ iberTa samefo saxlSi moixsenebs strabonic. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT `I-II ss-Si mefobis uflebis memkvidreobis rigi pirdapiri ki ar aris, aramed, es ufleba ufrosobiT gadadis mTeli samefo sagvareulos ama Tu im wevrze~ (qarTuli samarTlis istoria, I, gv. 180). kolxida _ lazike prokofi wers: sparselTa azriT `kolxidas axla lazike ewodeba, ZvelTaganve sparselTa qveSevrdomi iyo, romaelebs usamarTlod uWiravT~ (georgika, t. 2, 1965, gv. 47).

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sparselebma VI s-Si daiqvemdebares istoriuli saqarTvelo, mis erTerT nawilad miiCnevdnen isini lazikas, amitomac gaRiziandnen, roca lazika romaelebma daiWires. lazike mTagoriania sparsTa mefe xosro ambobs: `lazebis qveyana sakmaod Znelgasasvlelia msubuqad Cacmuli kacisaTvisac ki, radgan is zomaze metad daqanebulia da xSirad uzarmazari tyeebis Semcveli did manZilze~ (georgika 2, 1965, gv. 81). dasavleT saqarTvelos centraluri da ZiriTadi nawili misi baria. amitomac is ar aris `Znelgasasvleli daqanebuli~ ferdobebiani qveyana, radganac vrceli qveyana foTidan Sorapnamde, sadac ivaraudeba lazikis centraluri nawilis arseboba _ vakea, (xolo teritoria suramidan Sorapnamde iberiis nawilad miiCneva). lazika ar iyo swori zedapiris mqone (anu vake) qveyana, aramed iyo `daqanebuli~ mTianeTis ferdebiani qveyana, amitom Cven qvemoT prokofis cnobebze dayrdnobiT vamtkicebT, rom lazika da dasavleT saqarTvelos bari sxvadasxva qveynebi iyvnen. politikuri lazika erge-ligan-xufaT-klarjeTis mxareebs moicavda da ara Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos centralur nawils. kldeebi fazisTan `lazike yvelgan, mdinare fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze _ gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares uzarmazari kldeebia, romelnic iq did manZilze viwrobebs qmnian. aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben elinuri gamoTqmiT~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 102). rogorc cnobilia, dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobSi rionis sanapiroebze arsadaa msgavsi kldeebi, romelTac prokofi aRwers, rac Seexeba Woroxs, misi sanapiro marTlac kldovania. maSasadame, am niSniTac prokofis `fazisi~ araa rioni. maRalkldianobis gamo gauvali Woroxisa da misi Senakadebis sanapiroebis orsave mxares aRmarTuli uzarmazari kldeebi, SesaZlebelia yvelam Tavisi TvaliT naxos arTvin-artanujis regionSi. artanujisaken mimaval viwro gzas `jojoxeTis kanionsac~ uwodeben, radganac gzis orive napirze 200-300 metri simaRlis Sveuli kldeebia aRmarTuli, romelnic aq, marTlac `did manZilze viwrobebs qmnian~. aseT gzas uwodebda prokofi klisuras _ misi sityviT aseTi iyo `gzebi, romelTac romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodebdnen elinuri gamoTqmiT~. artanuj-arTvinis damakavSirebeli es gza realurad amJamadac moqmedia, am gziT Sediodnen iberiidan momavali sparselebi lazikaSi.

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marili da Rvino `lazikeSi arsad ar aris marili, arc xorbleuli modis, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe, yvelaferi SemoaqvT maTTan navebiT romaelTa sanapiroebidan~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 96). aqedan Cans, rom `lazike~ _ zRvispira da mdinare fazisispira zolia. `lazike~ rom yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, vTqvaT Tanamedrove Terjolis raioni, rogor unda SeetanaT iq Rvino, marili da xorbali zRvidan anu romaelTa sanapiroebidan `navebiT~? amisaTvis saWiro iqneboda saxmeleTo an samdinaro gzebi, garda amisa iq Rvinis Setana viTom saWiro iqneboda? cxadia, rom ara, Terjola, zestafoni, Sorapani, baRdadi da mimdebare raionebis momcvelo teritoria saqarTveloSi Rvinis produqciis ZiriTadi mwarmoebelia, amitomac prokofis cnoba, rom iq `arc xorbleuli modis, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe, yvelaferi SemoaqvT maTTan navebiT romaelTa sanapiroebidan~ _ maT ar exeba. aq ara Tu xorblisa da Rvinis, aramed subtropikuli xilis mowevacaa SesaZlebeli, radganac saerTod dasavleT saqarTvelo subtropikuli regionia. radganac `yvelaferi SemoaqvT maTTan navebiT romaelTa sanapiroebidan~, amitom `lazike~ zRvispirze da mdinarispirze ganlagebuli viwro qveyana unda yofiliyo, romelsac grZeli sanapiro hqonda, da sadac produqti SehqondaT navebiT. aseTia magaliTad, Woroxis xeoba, sadac produqtis sanapirodan xeobis siRrmeSi Setanas grZeli gzebi ar esaWiroeba _ samdinaro gzac sakmarisia. Woroxis samdinaro gza aq iyo zRvasTan damakavSirebeli upirvelesi savaWro arteria, aseTive iyo am samdinaro gzis daniSnuleba XIX saukuneSic ki, TviTmxilvel mecnierTa aRweriT. es savaWro-samdinaro gza XIX saukuneSic moqmedebda, baqraZis, veidenbaumisa da yazbegis aRweriT arTvinidan baTumamde 200-ze meti savaWro navi dacuravda. Woroxze `sanaves~ axsenebs aSot kurapalatis cxovrebac. am navebiT zRvidan arTvinamde da piriqiT swored xorbals, marils, samSeneblo xe-tyis masalebsa da msgavs ezidebodnen XIX s-Sic ki. amasve aRwers prokofic VI s-Si. Cans prokofis lazika ZiriTadad Woroxis xeoba da erge-ligani iyo. xosro kolxeTSi iustinianes mefobis me-6 wels sparseTsa da bizantias Soris daido `uvado zavi~. sparselebma romaelebs daubrunes lazikis simagreebi, romlebic romaelebs am omamde eWiraT (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 62). Semdeg, sparselTa mefe `xosro didi jariT SeiWra kolxeTSi~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 63).

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Cven qvemoT vamtkicebT, rom is SeiWra ara suramis uReltexilis gziT, aramed mesxeTis mxridan arsianis qedis gadamkveTi e.w. klarjeTis gziT (artaan-artanuj-arTvin-zRvispiris gziT). lazikasa da sparseTs Soris iberia da persarmenia mdebareobda. prokofis nawerebSi sparseT-bizantiis omis dros, xSirad da SeiZleba iTqvas mudam, erTad ixsenieba `armenia, WaneTi, lazika~ (iqve, gv. 64). radgan isini erTmaneTis mezobeli qveynebi iyvnen. xosros gza `rodesac lazebi win miuZRvebodnen xosros, maT gadavles md. boasi da ise mividnen petraSi, rom fazisi marjvniv hqondaT, TiTqos, imitom, rom maT winaswar ganWvrites raTa mdinare fazisis gadasasvlelad arc dro da arc Sroma dasWirvebodaT, xolo namdvilad imitom, rom ar surdaT `sparselebisTvis eCvenebinaT TavianTi sabinadro adgilebi~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 102). didi sigrZis md. Woroxs, Tavisi dinebis sxvadasxva monakveTSi, sxvadasxva saxeli erqva. mas saTaveSi `akamfsi~ da `boasi~ erqva daaxloebiT arTvinamde, xolo arTvinidan zRvamde `fazisi~. prokofi boass md. Woroxs uwodebda karCxalis mTianeTamde (arTvinTan axlos), amitomac xosrom an md. boasi gadalaxa am adgilas, anda saxel `boass~ romaelebi aseve uwodebdnen md. imerxevs, romelsac saTaveSi g. yazbegis cnobiT, marTlac `yvirila~ erqva (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebi. `sveticxoveli~, #2, 2010, gv. 46-55). qarTul wyaroebSi naxsenebi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis `gza klarjeTisa~ artaanidan zRvisaken jer Tanamedrove artanujSi Sedioda, Semdeg gadalaxavda md. imerxevsa da aseve gadalaxavda md. Woroxs da Sedioda arTvinSi. iqidan ki zRvisaken samdinaro da saxmeleTo gzebic miemarTeboda. `klarjeTis gziT~ mavali xosro jer md. imerxevs gadakveTda, Semdeg ki Woroxs da amave geziT, anu Woroxis marcxena sanapiros gziT, svlas gaagrZelebda zRvisaken, amitomac is ise misula petraSi, rom fazisi (anu Woroxi) marjvniv hqonda. arTvinidan zRvisaken Zvelad marTlac arsebobda gza Woroxis marcxena sanapiros gavliT, rasac marcxena sanapiroze arsebuli qvis TaRovani xidebis uamravi naSTi da adgilobriv mcxovrebTa monaTxrobi adasturebs, Tumca arTvinidan zRvamde Woroxis marjvena sanapiroze gamavali gza ufro mniSvnelovani iyo. marcxena sanapiros gziT mavali kacisaTvis, cxadia Woroxi anu fazisi marjvena mxares aRmoCndeboda. amitom wers prokofi _ ise mividnen petraSi, rom fazisi marjvniv hqondaT (petra xufaTis regionSi mdebareoba, mdinaris marcxena napiras. es mxare marjvena sanapiroze mdebare moxirisis mxaresTan SedarebiT dausaxlebeli iyo).

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konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT qalaqi artanuji saerTaSoriso savaWro centrad am gzis meSveobiT iqca. rogorc iTqva, es gza dvins (e.i sparseTsa da armenias) iberiis (anu am SemTxvevaSi artaanis) gavliT zRvasTan akavSirebda. dvini-artaan-artanujis gza qarTul wyaroebSi `klarjeTis gzis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. es gza artaanTan iyofoda. misi erTi mTavari toti mcxeTa-Tbilisisaken miemarTeboda. maSasadame, es gza aseve Tbilissa da saqarTvelos Sav zRvasTan akavSirebda. es ZiriTadi gza iyo, romliTac mravalma qarTvelma mefem isargebla wyaroTa cnobiT. iberiis, armeniisa da sparseTis zRvasTan damakavSirebeli es gza I saukuneSic ki funqcionirebda (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mTavari savaWro gzebi da arteriebi. `sveticxoveli~ 2, 2010, gv. 40-45). rogorc aRweridan naTlad Cans, am gziT Semosulma sparselTa mefe xosrom gadalaxa md. boasi (rogorc iTqva, es Woroxis saxeli iyo am adgilebSi Tanamedrove arTvinis maRla, xolo mis dabla vidre zRvamde Woroxs ukve fazisi erqva) da q. petramde gahyva mdinare Woroxis marcxena sanapiros, ise rom, rogorc prokofi wers `fazisi (e.i. Woroxi) marjvniv hqondaT~. es aris Cveulebrivi svla-gezi, anu xosro petraSi mivida ara suramis qedis gziT, aramed sparseTidan q. petramde yvelaze mokle gziT _ sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, man gaiara Semdegdroindeli klarjeTi da md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiros gziT mivida petraSi. dvini _ sparsTa jaris dasasvenebeli adgili lazikis omebis dros prokofi wers _ sparselTa sardalma sursaTis naklebobis gamo gadawyvita jaris meti wili gaeyvana q. petradan, marTlac man q. petraSi datova 5 000 kaci, `TviTon ki danarCeni jariT mivida persarmeniaSi da daisvena dvinis maxlobel soflebSi~ (georgika 2, 1965, gv. 115). kidev erTxel unda davubrundeT sparsTa mier ganvlil gzas lazikisaken. qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografiis Tanaxmad VI s-is dasawyisSi sparselTa jari lazikaSi, kerZod ki q. petraSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamavali xaSur-lixis qedis gziT da amitom zRvispiras mdebare petramde unda gaevlo dasavleT saqarTvelos vrceli qveyana, kerZod, Tanamedrove imereTi, guria da aWara. prokofis aRweridan ki Cans, rom sparselTa jari petrasTan mivida arsebuli pirdapiri persarmenia-dvini-arTvinis gziT, Semdeg gayveboda md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiros da pirdapir miadgeboda q. petras _ es iyo umoklesi gza persarmeniidan petramde. persarmeniis mTavari qalaqi dvini ki lazikis omebis epoqaSi am omebSi monawile sparsTa jariskacebis dasasvenebeli qalaqi, erTgvari sareabilitacio-gamajansaRebeli centri iyo.

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persarmeniis am gziTve gavida es jari erT-erTi bolo damarcxebis Semdeg lazikidan, kerZod lazikidan gasuli sparsTa sardali `danarCeni jariT mivida persarmeniaSi da daisvena dvinis maxlobel soflebSi~ e.i. lazikaSi molaSqre sparsTa jaris banaki dvinSi iyo. lazikidan persarmeniaSi, da piriqiT, jari moZraobda pirdapiri gziT: xufaTi (petra)-arTvini-artaani-dvini. rogorc iTqva, lazikis qveS igulisxmeba ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed istoriuli qarTuli olqi _ `klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa zRvis piri~ _ am qveynis RerZuli umTavresi mdinarea Woroxi, romlis mTavari cixec im dros petra iyo, aqedan persarmeniamde _ (dvinamde) gadioda pirdapiri gza Woroxisa da misi momijnave kldovani mTebis gavliT. esaa arTvin-artanujartaan-dvinis gza. ase, rom dasasveneblad persarmeniaSi petradan Casul jars xaSur-lixis qedi da Tbilisi ar gauvlia da arc iyo amis saWiroeba. gubazi `xosrom da midTa jarma iberiis gavlis Semdeg lazikis sazRvrebSi miaRwies, maT daiwyes xeebis moWra... hyridnen mas Znelsaval adgilebSi... miaRwies Sua kolxeTs... movida gubazi lazTa mefe, eTayvana xosros, viTarca batons da Tavisi Tavi samefo ZalauflebiTurT da mTeli lazike gadasca mas. petra zRvispira qalaqia kolxeTSi...~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 82, 83). aqedan Cans, rom xosro petraSi Cqari svliT Sevida iberiis SedarebiT mokle e.w. `klarjeTis gzis~, da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos grZeli gzis gavliT. aq, `Sua kolxeTis~ qveS, Cans igulisxmeba arTvinis mxare xofas maxloblad. xosros saxomalde xe-tye lazikaSi romis elCebi xosros sTxoven romaelebs daubrunos lazika (iqve, gv. 91). xosrom gadawyvita `lazikidan kolxebi yvelani gamoesaxlebina~ (gv. 92). xosrom gadawyvita Sav zRvaze sazRvao flotis ageba, amitomac man gagzavna `lazikaSi auracxeli xe-tye~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 93). aqedanac Cans, rom lazikeSi ar igulisxmeba dasavleT saqarTvelo, sadac xe-tyis gagzavna saWiro ar iyo, Tavisi tyis siWarbis gamo. xe-tye SeaqvT im qveyanaSi, sadac Znelad moipoveba saxomalde masala. aseTi iyo petra-xofa-xufaTis zRvispiri, sadac porti da albaT gemTsaSenic iyo, es iyo istoriuli lazikis sazRvao centri Woroxis siaxloves. xosrom albaT aq xe-tye Woroxis samdinaro gziT Seitana. aRsaniSnavia, rom Woroxze navebiT daxerxili xis masala arTvinidan baTumisaken XIX s-Sic ki gadahqondaT yazbegis, veidenbaumisa da baqraZis

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cnobebiT. xofa-petras regionSi xomaldmSeneblobisaTvis masalis Setana saWiro iyo garedan, marTlac xosrom saxomalde masalad Seitana _ `auarebeli xe-tye~. iberebis sazRvari prokofi romael sardal besas Sesaxeb wers _ `is rom maSinve, rodesac gaimarjva, da petra aiRo, lazebisa da iberebis sazRvarze rom misuliyo da daecva iqauri Znelsavali adgilebi, sparselTa jari, Cemi azriT, lazikeSi veRar Semovidoda~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 185). skanda da sarapanisi safiqrebelia, rom arcTu didi manZiliT iyo daSorebuli q. petras. amas miuTiTebs prokofi kesarielis Semdegi mosazreba _ romaeli sardali besa, roca q. petra aiRo, maSinve, unda misuliyo iberiis sazRvarTan da daecva es adgilebi, rom iberiis (anu skanda-sarapanis) gziT sparselebi q. petraSi ar dabrunebuliyvnen. imereTis Sorapani da skande Zalze Sorsaa petradan, xolo arTvin-artaanis gzaze iberebis sazRvarze mdebare sarapana da skanda ki SedarebiT axlo iyo. skanda da sarapana `iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea lazebis miwa-wyalze ori simagre... iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe, sxva adgilebidan risime Semozidva, viwrobebis wyalobiT, SeiZleba, mxolod ise, Tu kacebi TviTon moitanen~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 51). prokofi Tavis meore wignSic wers sarapanisisa da skandis Sesaxeb: `iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea lazeTTan ori simagre sarapanisi da skanda, iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino da arc sxva ram sikeTe, xolo sxva adgilebidan risime Semozidva viwrobebis gamo SeiZleba mxolod ise, Tu TviTon kacebi moitanen~ (BG, georgika, II, 1965, gv. 110). e.i am maRal cixeebSi urmebiTac ver ahqondaT sanovage maRalmTianobis gamo. prokofi sxvaganac werda, rom maRalmTagorianobis gamo lazikaSi ar modioda xorbleuli, Rvino da sxva ram sikeTe (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 96). iberiis nawilad moiazreboda kola-artaanic, saidanac artanujis gavliT Woroxis xeobiT zRvamde (anu lazikamde) miemarTeboda Zveli savaWrosaWapano gza da iberiis gavliT lazikas am gziT ukavSirdebodnen. am gziT lazikaSi Sesvlisas mgzavrs ori simagre _ sarapana da skanda Sexvdeboda. prokofi skandasa da sarapanas qveS ar gulisxmobs imereTis skandesa da Sorapans.

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jer erTi, Sorapanisa da skandes cixeebSi urmebi Tavisuflad Sedian, TiTqmis vakeze arian, zRvis donidan mxolod 170-250 metr simaRleze, maT teritoriaze da maT irgvliv miwa-wyalze modis yovelgvari mosavali, rac ki daiTeseba (es faqti Cemi TvaliT minaxavs, radgan maT siaxloves vcxovrobdi aTeulobiT weli). meorec, prokofisTan kargad Cans, rom prokofis mier aRniSnuli ori simagre erT gzaze _ iberiidan lazikeSi mimavalzea, xolo rac Seexeba imereTis skandesa da Sorapans, isini erTmaneTisagan sakmaod arian daSorebulni (maT Soris mTeli qveyana _ zemo imereTia gadaWimuli) da erT gzaze ar mdebareoben. maTTan gamavali erTi gza akavSirebs zestafons _ xaSurTan, meore ki Terjolas _ muxura-xreiTis gavliT WiaTurasTan. prokofis mier aRwerili skandasa da sarapanas geografiuli aRweriloba ar Seesabameba imereTis skandesa da Sorapnis realur garemos, amitom isini sxvadasxva regionSi unda veZioT. skande da Sorapani sxva punqtebia, xolo skanda da sarapana ki sxva. strabonis mtkicebiT sarapana kolxeTSi mdebareobda mis epoqaSi, e.i. I saukunisaTvis, maSin roca arqeologiuri masalebiT imereTis Sorapanis dasavleT regionSi zRvisaken _ kldeeTsa da boriTSi _ armazul warwerebiani (strabonis epoqis) arqeologiuri saganZurebi aRmoCnda iberieli pitiaxSebisa. am faqtis gamo XX s-is mkvlevarebma Sorapani iberiaSi moaqcies, magram es strabonis cnobis ugulebelyofaa, romelic, rogorc vTqviT, sarapanas kolxeTSi aTavsebs. kvlav skanda da sarapana prokofi kvlav imeorebs: `iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar (lazikeSi), iqvea lazebis miwa-wyalze ori simagre (skanda da sarapanisi), iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino, arc sxva sikeTe~ (BP, I, 12) (iqve, gv. 96). Cans es ori simagre mesxeTSi arsianis mTebis kalTebze mdebareobda. isini e.w. klarjeTis gzis cixeebi unda yofiliyvnen. es gza artaanis gavliT zRvasTan aerTebda iberias, somxeTsa da sparseTs. artaani ki iberiiis nawili iyo. prokofi wers aseve: `amas garda lazikeSi arsad ar aris marili, arc xorbleuli modis, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe~. (BP, II, 28). aqedan Cans, rom lazike ar iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, sadac Tu saWiroa xorblis da marcvleulis moyvana advilad SeiZleba (quTaisis, Terjolis, zestafonis, zugdidis da sxva regionebSi), miTumetes aq ZvelTaganvea gaSenebuli vazi. Cans lazike iyo mTiani mxare _ Woroxis xeobis momdgami mTianeTi, sadac maRalmTianobis gamo vazi arc axla xarobs im odenobisa, rom misgan saWiro raodenobis Rvino daayenon.

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lazikis maRalmTianoba dasturdeba prokofis kidev erTi cnobiT _ sparsTa mefis kidev erTi laSqrobis Semdeg, lazeTSi sparselTa 20.000 cxeni SimSiliT daiRupa. mizezi iyo is, rom maT ar hqondaT cxenis sakvebi balaxi samyofad lazikis kldianobis gamo: `rodesac lazikeSi iyvnen sakvebi arc Tu sayofad hqondaT, da amrigad SimSiliT da daavadebiT Seviwrovebulni, mTlad davardnen~ (georgika, II, 1965 gv. 194). cxenebisaTvis balaxi dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi uamravia, xolo artanuj-arTvinis regionSi ki naklebi, radganac maRalmTian-kldeebiani mxarea. amitomac amtkicebs prokofi kesarieli rom lazikeSi ar modioda Rvino, xorbali `da sxva sikeTe~. s. yauxCiSvilis TvalsazrisiT lazike iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo da radganac prokofis mier aRwerili dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli realoba ar eTanadeboda aRwerils da amitom am aRwerisas, s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, prokofi cdeboda, magram riT unda avxsnaT cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom lazikeSi pirutyvis sakvebi balaxic mcire iyo, imdenad rom cxenebi daiRupa? amiT kargad Cans, rom lazike iyo kldovani qveyana, sadac namdvilad ar moiZieboda aseTi `sikeTeebi~. Cven viciT, rom aseTi iyo mesxeTis mTianeTi, kerZod ki klarjeTi (mamaTa cxovrebidanac Cans). prokofis sityviT, mTel lazikeSi erTaderTi regioni iyo moxirisi, sadac `Rvinoc kargic modis da sxva nayofnic iq kargad xaroben, Tumca lazikis sxva adgilebze ar SeiZleba igive iTqvas~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 194). Cveni kvleviT `skanda~ erqva punqts Tanamedrove sofel bagdasenTan artaanis regionSi, radganac mis axlosaa `kand~ Ziris mqone toponimebi _ namonastrali `kandridi~, mTa `kandili~, cixe `qinZotamali~ da sxva, sarapana ki arTvin-artanujis regionSi unda veZioT. moxirisi prokofis sityviT, moxirisi _ erTaderTi adgili iyo lazikeSi, sadac Rvino modioda, danarCeni mousavliani iyo (georgika II, 1965 gv. 96). Cans moxirisi xelvaCaur-erge-liganis nayofieri sakmao zomis regioni iyo xolo danarCeni lazika iyo Woroxis xeobis umosavlo mTianeTi da is ar iyo baraqiani dasavleT saqarTvelo, romlis yvela mxare nayofieria. petra zRvispira qalaqia `petra zRvispira qalaqia kolxeTSi~, is iustinianemdec arsebobda, magram umniSvnelo iyo. iustinianem SemozRuda da gaamSvena (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 83). petra dgas kldeze (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 85). xosrom petra aiRo _ (meore SemoWris dros, iqve, gv. 87).

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cibes monopolia petraSi `ioane cibem (patrikiosma) imperatori iustiniane daajera lazebis qveyanaSi zRvispira qalaqi aeSenebina saxelad petra~ (georgika, II, 1965 gv. 74). strategiosma cibem iustinianes gaamagrebina cixe-qalaqi petra da SemoiRo e.w. `monopolia~, rac gulisxmobda ZiriTadad mariliTa da pirveladi saWiroebis saqonliT vaWrobis centralizaciasa da strategios cibes xelSi Tavmoyras (iustinianes dros monopolia bizantiis sxva adgilebSic arsebobda). es namdvilad SeeZlo cibes, radganac cixe-simagre petra iyo erTaderTi Camketi vrceli olqisa, romelsac qmnis md. Woroxis xeobis vrceli qveyana. md. Woroxis auzi bunebrivad garSemortymulia yoveli mxriT uzarmazari `camde aziduli~ (rogorc prokofi ambobda) mTebiT (3000 m. simaRlisa), da xeobis ZiriTadi bunebrivi gasasvleli gadioda cixe-simagre petraze _ mdinare Woroxi iyo arteria mTeli xeobisa. rac Seexeba mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, misi monopoliis xelSi Cagdeba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeeZlo bizantiel strategioss, radgan dasavleT saqarTveloSi zRva mTel mis sanapiros uvlis gars da misi zRvispiris gakontroleba XX saukuneSi sabWoTa kavSirsac ki uWirda. xolo Woroxis didi xeobis gakontroleba advili SesaZlebelia mis SesarTavSi mdebare erTi-ori cixe-simagriT, radganac es xeoba kldeebis bunebrivi sazRvriTaa Caketili. lazebis qveynis am ZiriTad xeobas akontrolebda cibe. boasi-fazisi, `nacvlad boasisa amieridan fazisad wodebuli~ mdinare `mdinare boasi gamodis WaneTis sazRvris maxloblad armenielTa adgilebSi... TavSi is karga manZilze... Txelia... im adgilamde, sadac marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebia, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba... mis Semdeg rac es mdinare miaRwevs im adgils, sadac kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebia, aq radgan mas bevri wyali emateba, is izrdeba Zalian da nacvlad boasisa amieridan fazisad wodebuli ganagrZobs mdinarebas, naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi... zRvamde da mis orive mxriT lazike aris, magram marjvniv mTeli is qveyana did manZilze, vidre iberiis sazRvramde dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT. lazTa soflebi, xom yvela mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras da qalaqebic maT ZvelTaganve aq auSenebiaT, maT Soris aris arqeopolisi, Zalian gamagrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec, xolo skanda da sarapani _ iberiis sazRvrebisken~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 100).

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`WaneTidan gamomavali boasi~, cxadia, aris Woroxi, romelic boasad iwodeboda karCxalis mTebamde, xolo Semdeg is `fazisad~ iwodeboda da naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi iyo. prokofisaTvis karCxalTan mTavrdeboda `kavkasiis mTa~ (e.i. mcire kavkasioni), (is `kavkasiis mTad~ iwodeboda, radganac mas 3000 m. simaRlis mwvervalebi aqvs), amis qvemoT Woroxs ukve fazisi erqva, aqve, maxloblad, iyo kidec iberiis sazRvrebi (kola, artaani, SavSeTi da sxva). marTlac, arTvinis marjvniv, artanujis iqiT iwyeboda artaan-kolas regioni anu iberia. aqve mdebareobda istoriuli provincia `sakavkasiZeo~ da karCxalis erT mTas amJamadac `kavkasori~ hqvia. anu mdinares aq esazRvreboda karCxalkavkasiis mTa, romelic CrdiloeTisaken mimarTul mis (fazisis) denas dasavleTisaken ucvlida gezs. ase aRiwereba avtorTa mier fazisis dineba da zustad ase miedineba amJamadac Woroxi. mdinaris `aqeTa napiras~ anu Woroxis marcxena sanapiros mxares ganlagebuli iyo lazTa qalaqebi fazisi, sebastopolisi, pitiunti da petra, romelnic Cven rukazecaa aRniSnuli. boasi, kavkasiis mTa, fazisis saTave prokofi wers md. boasis Sesaxeb _ `Txelia da araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgens fonSi gasasvlelad vidre im adgilamde sadac marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 106). marTlac, CvenTvis cxadia, rom aq laparakia md. Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze, md. Woroxi miemarTeba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, erT adgilas, sadac sxva Senakadebic uerTdeba mas, eRobeba mesxeTis mTebi, esaa karCxalis qedi, romelic warmoqmnilia aWara-SavSeT-mesxeTis mTebis erTobliobiT. swored iq, sadac es mTagrexili `Tavdeba~ (prokofis sityviT), aq mdinare Woroxi, TiTqmis, 90 gradusiT uxvevs marcxniv da wyalsavse miemarTeba zRvisaken. Cans, karCxalis am mTagrexils prokofi miiCnevs `kavkasiis mTad~, rac bunebrivia. saqme isaa, rom berZeni da laTini avtorebi im qveyanas, romelsac rusebi `zakavkazias~ uwodeben, aRiqvamdnen ara CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, aramed piriqiT _ samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, amitomac, Tu rusisaTvis `kavkasiis~ mTebi _ aris didi kavkasionis mTagrexili, berZen-laTini avtorebisaTvis is arzrum-klarjeT-mesxeTis mTebiT iwyeba. s. yauxCiSvili am sakiTxs ganixilavs, ase vTqvaT, rusuli TvalTaxedviT. misTvis kavkasionis mTa _ didi kavkasionia. amitomac is wers: `kavkasi-

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isa da iberiis sazRvrebi Woroxis xeobaSi saZiebeli ar aris~ (iqve, gv. 107), Cveni TvalTaxedviT ki piriqiT _ iberiis nawilad moiazreboda Semdegdroindeli artaani, romlis erTi bolo kavkasiis qediT, kerZod ki karCxalis qediT Tavdeboda, da ase esazRvreboda lazikas _ anu q. petrasken mimaval gzas. aseTi TvalTaxedviT aRwers prokofi meorejer sparsTa jaris gzas q. petrasaken. marTlac Woroxis xeobaSi arsianis qedis bolosaken iyo kidec Zveli qarTuli saerisTavo, saxelwodebiT _ `sakavkasiZeo~, rogorc iTqva, arTvinTan axlos karCxalis erT-erT mTis wvers, amJamadac, `kavkasori~ ewodeba (is imiTaa saxelganTqmili, rom iq didi saxalxo zeimi imarTeba). romaelebisa da berZnebisaTvis kavkasia iwyeboda mesxebis mTebTan da Wanebis qveyanaSi. mesxebis mTebis dasawyisi speris regionsa da mis ares moicavda. aqve iRebda saTaves md. Woroxi. es maRali mTianeTi zemodan dahyurebda, rogorc kolxidas (e.i. regions trabzonidan xufaTamde da mis iqiT, of-rize-aTinas CaTvliT), ise iberias (e.i. am SemTxvevaSi kolaartaanis regions). Woroxi anu fazisi gamoedineboda Wanebisa da mesxebis mTebidan, iberiis maRla aRmarTuli regionidan. amasTanave strabonis cnobiT es regioni armeniis mier iyo xeldebuli Zv.w. II saukunidan artaqsiasa da zariadres epoqidan. `pliniusi (gard. ax. w. 79 w.) da solini (ax. w. III s.) md. fazisis saTaves deben mosxebis anu mesxebis mTebSi. pirveli amaTgani aRniSnavs, rom `fazisi saTaves iRebs mosxebis samflobeloebSi~, xolo meore wers suraTovnad _ `mosxebis mTebi gadmoanTxevs faziss~ (m. berZniSvili, qalaq fazisis istoriisaTvis, 1969, gv. 96). mosxebis mTebis dasawyisi speris is mTianeTia, saidanc iRebs saTaves Woroxi. m. berZniSvilis kvleviT kavkasia da misi mTebi miaCnda fazisis saTaved aristoteles, aseve eklesiis udides mRvdelTmTavrebs basili didsa da ambrosi mediolanels (iqve, gv, 97). Woroxis saTavis olqi, rogorc iTqva Zv.w. II s-Si, strabonis cnobiT, armeniam miitaca iberebisagan, pariadres kalTebis, xorZenasa da gogarenas mitacebis dros, amitomac Woroxis saTavis es regioni strabonisa da sxva cnobil avtorTa epoqaSi armeniaSi Sedioda, Tumca ki mesxebiTa da WanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli (saerTod ki am epoqaSi mesxebiT dasaxlebuli vrceli regioni, strabonisave cnobiT, samad iyo gayofili, erTi nawili mitacebuli iyo armeniis mier (igulisxmeba speri, tao da basiani), meore nawili Sedioda iberiaSi (kola, artaani, SavSeTi, samcxe), mesame ki im dros romaelTa iyo xeldebuli anu am SemTxvevaSi kolxeTs ekuTvnoda (ligani, arTvini da artanuji). Woroxi imJamad armeniis mier xeldebul mesxTa qveynidan gamoedineboda, amitomac werdnen kidec amis Sesaxeb straboni, eratosTene (Zv.w. II s.), dionise (ax.w. II s.), arisciane (V-VI ss.), stefane bizantieli (VI s.) da sxvebi (iqve, gv. 95). ispirSi anu Wanika-kolxeTis Tavze mdebareobdnen `ama-

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rantos~ saxeliT cnobili mTebi, amitomac zogierTi avtori ufro azustebda cnobas da am mTebs miiCnevda fazisis saTaved (ktezia knidoseli (V-IV ss.), apolonios rodoseli (Zv.w. III s.) da sxvebi (iqve, gv. 96). mermeroe fazisis marcxniv `xolo mermeroem, rodesac man midTa mTeli jariT ganvlo iberiis sazRvrebi, win gaswia, ise, rom mdinare fazisi marjvniv hqonda. iman ar moindoma lazikis soflebze gaeara sadme, raTa iq mas raime dabrkoleba ar Sexvedroda. is eSureboda gadaerCina qalaqi petra~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 107). Tuki sparsTa jarma gadmoiara suramis qedi da Sevida dasavleT saqarTveloSi, romelsac s. yauxCiSvilis azriT `lazika~ ewodeboda, q. petramde anu baTumis sanapiromde mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gadalaxvas rogor SeZlebda ise, rom `lazikis soflebze ar gaeara~? es SeuZlebeli iyo, magram Tuki artaanis mxridan Semosvlis Semdeg arTvinis gavliT Woroxis marcxena dausaxlebel sanapiros gauyveboda, is pirdapir moadgeboda zRvas da q. petras. prokofi xSirad wers, rom Woroxis anu fazisis marcxena uSualo sanapiros mTianeTi nakleb dasaxlebuli iyo, rac istoriuladac dadasturebuli faqtia, Tumca ki zRvispira viwro zolSi qalaqebi mdebareobda. es axlac asea. prokofis kritika s. yauxCiSvilis mier prokofis cnobiT iberiidan momavali sparselTa jari boasis gadalaxvis Semdeg pirdapiri gziT mivida petraSi, ise rom fazisis marcxena mxares gahyva da is ar gadaulaxavs (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 108). s. yauxCiSvili, md. fasiss miiCnevs md. rionad, boass ki _ yvirilad. amitom, misTvis prokofis aRweriloba xSirad ar eTanxmeba realur suraTs, ris gamoc s. yauxCiSvili prokofis xSirad akritikebs. magaliTad, s. yauxCiSvili wers: `iberiidan momavali jari mdinareze gadausvlelad da mis marcxena napiras svliT petraSi ver mividoda~ (iqve, gv. 108). Cveni azriT, es SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki fasisad miviCnevT Woroxs, kerZod, WoroxTan axlos mdebare iberiis erTi kuTxidan _ artaanidan momavalma sparselTa jarma fexiT an cxenebiT gadalaxa mdinaris foni sadRac arTvinis maRla (radganac aq boasad saxeldebuli Woroxi wyalmcirea) gadavida mdinaris marcxena sanapiroze, gahyva mas (e.i. md. Woroxs, daaxloebiT arTvinidan mas ukve fazisi erqva) da pirdapir miadga q. petras _ esaa sruliad bunebrivi gza, xolo namdvilad arabunebrivi da SeuZlebeli gza iqneboda sparsTa jarisaTvis Tu is suramis qedis gadalax-

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viT gaivlida uvrceles dasavleT saqarTvelos qveyanas, gaivlida rionis Waobebs da Semdeg mividoda md. WoroxTan axlos q. petraSi _ ai, swored es gza iqneboda arabunebrivi. ase rom XX s-is qarTuli istoriografia am sakiTxs, vfiqrob, arasworad aSuqebs. rusul jars XIX s-Si namdvilad suramis qedis gavliT uxdeboda md. Woroxamde misvla, xolo sparsul jars es gza ar esaWiroeboda, radganac sparsuli qveyana (e.i. persarmenia) _ lazikis (Woroxis xeobis) gverdiT iyo, gzad persarmeniasa da lazikas Soris iberia (kerZod, kola-artaanis Temi) iyo moqceuli, romelic gadakveTa xosros jarma da md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiros gziT pirdapir mivida q. petraSi. ase, rom xosros jars am SemTxvevaSi dasavleT saqarTvelo ar gauvlia. akamfsisi md. boass (anu md. faziss) saTaveSi `adgilobrivi mcxovrebni uwodeben akamfsiss~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 108). Cveni azriT, bunebrivia, rom adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi TavianT mdinares ara berZnul `boass~, aramed TavianTi enis Sesaferis saxels akamfsiss uwodebdnen. p. ingoroyvas azriT `fs~ _ TanxmovanTkompleqsiT qarTvelebi wyals aRniSnavdnen. amitom bunebrivia maT TavianTi mdinareebisaTvis sufsa, akamfsisi da msgavsi saxelebi ewodebinaT. `boasi~ erqva ara mdinare rionis Senakad `yvirilas~, aramed Woroxis (fasisis) erT-erT Senakadsa da aseve am mdinares saTaveSi. sxvaTaSoris, rogorc aRiniSna, md. `yvirilas wyali~ gaedineba guriaSic, is sufsis Senakadia. aseve md. yvirilad iwodeba imerxevis erT-erTi Senakadi SavSeTSic. md. fazisi axloa petrasTan romaelTa jaris erTi nawili akavebs mters zRvasTan axlos fazisis kldovan `viwroebSi~ (aseTi kldovani viwroebi zRvasTan mxolod md. Woroxis sanapirozea da ara md. rionisa), bolos, siWarbis gamo, sparselebi imarjveben, amis gamo berZnebma (romaelebma) moxsnes q. petras alya da md. fasisisaken gaswies TavianTi jaris nawilis dasaxmareblad, es rom dainaxes qalaqSi, iqamde alyaSi myofma sparselebma karebi gaxsnes da upatronod mitovebul (e.i. fasisisken ukandaxeul) romaelTa banaks Tavs daesxnen. Tavis mxriv, iqve dabanakebulma romaelTa momxre Wanebma sparselebs Seuties, ukuaqcies da TviTon daarbies upatronod mitovebuli romaelTa banaki, daitaces qoneba, amis Semdeg ukan dabrundnen TavianT samSobloSi rizesa da trapizonis gavliT (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 110).

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prokofi kesarielis aRweridan naTlad Cans, rom md. fazisi axloa q. petrasTan. aqedan, garda imisa, rom Cans fazisis da petras siaxlove (e.i. fazisi Woroxia), Cans isic, rom Wanebis samSoblo WoroxTan SedarebiT axlo mdebare rizes iqiT iyo. fazisi zRvaSi Cqara Seedineba, rioni ki nela prokofi wers _ `mdinare (faziss) xom siRrme aqvs sxvebze aranaklebi da siganiTac did manZilzea gadaWimuli, siswrafec mas iseTi aqvs, rom zRvaSi Casuli is karga manZilze calke mimdinareobs~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 113). sxva wyaroebSic aRiniSneba, rom fazisi roca zRvas erTvoda, is SerTvis Semdegac Zalze didi siswrafis gamo zRvis zedapirzec miedineboda da zRvaSi calke nakads qmnida, _ `zRvaSi Casuli is karga manZilze calke mimdinareobda~. aseTivea mnaxvelTa TqmiT amJamadac Woroxi. zRvaSi mdinarisa da zRvis wylebi erTmaneTs ar ereoda fazisis Cqari nakadis gamo. rionis buneba ki sxvagvaria _ XIX-XX ss-Si sagangebo arxebis gakeTebamde md. rioni zRvis SesarTavTan Zalze nela miedineboda, radganac is uvrceles TiTqmis zRvis doneze mdebare vakes _ `rionis dablobs~ gaivlida, sadac qmnida uamrav da dausrulebel meandrebs, narionalebsa da Waobebs. am WaobebSi inTqmeboda da ikargeboda md. rioni imdenad, rom zRvis SesarTavTan araviTar swraf nakads ar qmnida. misi bunebisagan didad gansxvavdeba Woroxi, marTalia, XIX-XX ss-Si misi siCqare, piriqiT, xelovnurad SezRudes sxvadasxva jebir-kaSxaliT da damWeri saSualebebiT, daagubes wyalsacavebSi, magram miuxedavad amisa mainc, axlac swrafi nakadiT Caedineba zRvaSi. misi mdinarebis saxe emTxveva Zveli avtorebis aRwerebs fazisTan dakavSirebiT, amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom fazisi aris ara md. rioni, aramed Woroxi. lazikis mezoblebi `lazike~ mdebareobda kapadokiis, galatiisa, biTviniis mezobelad, prokofi kesarielis sityviT `lazikes SemoerTeba xosros undoda kapadokiis, galatiisa da biTviniis dasamorCileblad (iqve, gv. 95). lazike _ dasavleT saqarTvelo rom yofiliyo misi xelSi CagdebiT xosro kapadokias an galatias ver daimorCilebda, kapadokiasa da dasavleT saqarTvelos Soris gadaWimuli iyo didi qveyana qaldea-WaneTi-trapizo-

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nis regioni. sinamdvileSi, am regionSive mdebareobda `lazike~ da is ar iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos centraluri nawili. Wanebi da fazisi `armeniis mosazRvred cxovroben Wanebi mTagorian qveyanaSi, saidanac gamoedineba fazisi. Wanebi adre iwodebodnen sanebad. miwa maT arafers aZlevs sarCod. isini cxovroben mudam nisliT da TovliT dafarul mTianeTSi. romaelTa mefe maT fuls ugzavnida, raTa maT ar gaeZarcvaT armenielebi da romaelebi _ `vidre zRvamde maTi mezoblebi~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 53). maSasadame, fazisi _ Wanebis qveynidan gamoedineba. aqedan Cans, rom prokofisaTvis fazisi iyo ara rioni, aramed Woroxi, radganac Woroxi gamoedineba Wanebis mTagoriani qveynidan. Wanebi cxovroben WanikaSi da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi. md. boasis saTavesac prokofi aCvenebs Wanebisa da persarmenielebis mezoblad, e.i. boasi araa imereTis yvirila. VI s-is dasawyisSi bizantielma sardalma sittam daamarcxa Wanebi, amis Semdeg isini gaqristiandnen (e.i. VI s-Si). WaneTi da lazeTi `iustiniane mefem lazebis dasaxmareblad gaagzavna sardali dagisTe da 1000 Wani, isini kolxeTSi (kolxidaSi) mividnen da daibanakes~ (iqve, gv. 99). lazebi da Wanebi prokofis sityviT sxvadasxva `xalxia, radganac lazebi qristianebi arian yvelaze metad, sparselebis sarwmunoebrivi Sexedulebebi sruliad amaTi sawinaaRmdegoa~ (iqve, gv. 95). lazebi _ kolxebi `lazebi TavianT Tavs kolxebs uwodeben sparsi xosro mefis winaSe, TviTonac hyavT mefe. mudam sparselebis mokavSireebi iyvnen, romaelebma jari Cauyenes, mefe daumcires. iTxoven sparselTa jariT daxmarebas romaelTa winaaRmdeg~ (georgika 2, 1965, gv. 76). prokofi aRniSnavs rom Wanebma, mTielma xalxma, qristianoba miiRo VI sSi mis dros, xolo misi drois lazebi `yvelaze ufro meti (kargi) qristianebi iyvnen~, maSasadame, Wanebi sxva xalxia, xolo lazebi sxva. Tumca lazebic da Wanebic erTi regionis, erTi mTianeTis xalxia. oRond lazebis win _ zRvaa.

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qalaqebi prokofi garkveviT wers, rom fasisis marjvniv iyo qalaqebi moxirisi da rodopolisi, aseve skandasa da sarapanis simagreebi, xolo sebastopolisi da pitiunti marcxniv _ `aqeTa napiras~ (gv. 101). prokofisaTvis, rogorc iTqva, fasisi Woroxia (xosrosTan omis aRwerisas), xolo qalaqebi pitiunti (ara biWvinTa, romelic afxazeTSi iyo) da sebastopolisi (aseT saxels mravali qalaqi atarebda) _ Woroxis marcxniv mdebareobdnen. konstantinopolSi mjdomi kacisaTvis `aqeTa sanapiro~ md. Woroxis marcxena mxarea, e.i. rize-ofi-xofas (xufaTis) regioni. s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, prokofis ar awvdidnen swor cnobebs da sinamdvileSi, TiTqosda, qalaqebi arqeopolisi, pitiunti, skanda, sarapani, rodopolisi da moxirisi md. fasisis marjvniv mdebareboda Woroxis marjvena sanapiro `adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT~ _ mesxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, xolo marcxena anu prokofisaTvis `mdinaris aqeTa napiri~ ki _ lazebiT. es asea amJamadac ki, Tanamedrove mkvlevaris aRweriT, romelic qvemoTaa moyvanili, arTvinTan Woroxis marjvena sanapiro qarTulad, xolo marcxena sanapiro _ lazurad metyveli mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli. maSasadame, lazebis soflebi da qalaqebi mdinaris `aqeTa napiras~ anu Woroxis marcxena sanapiros mxares mdebareobda. marTlac, pitiunti p. ingoroyvas kvleviT iyo q. ofi, iqve iyo sevastopolisic. mis sapirispiro mxares, Woroxis marjvena sanapiros momcvel regionSi _ `iberiis sazRvrebisaken~ anu artaanisaken mimaval gzaze maRalmTaSi idga skandisa da sarapanisis cixe-simagreebi (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 100). rodopolisi, moxirisi da lazikis sazRvrebi `yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris rodopolisi da moxirisi. mdinaris marcxniv, erTi dRis manZilze msubuqad datvirTuli kacisaTvis lazikis sazRvrebia. am mxaris mezoblad romaelebi cxovroben, romelTac pontoelebi ewodebaT~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 100). sad gadioda sazRvari lazikasa da romis imperias Soris? prokofi Zalze gasagebad wers, rom sazRvari lazikisa imperiasTan gadioda mdinare fazisis `marcxniv erTi dRis manZilze~. ramdeni kilometria erTi dRis gza? rogorc cnobilia esaa daaxloebiT 20-25 km. maSasadame, sazRvari gadioda md. fazisidan, Woroxidan 30-iode km-Si. sazRvari saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris xufaTTan gadioda, romelic, marTlac, daaxloebiT am manZiliTaa daSorebuli Woroxs. imJamad is yofila lazikisa da imperiis sazRvari,

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prokofis aRweridan SeiZleba SevityoT, rom romaelebs Savi zRvis napirebidan gauZevebiaT iberiis samefo, waurTmeviaT misTvis samxreTis mxare, kerZod arianes dros ZidritebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria (gv. 25). am teritoriaze dauarsebiaT buferuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli, Semdeg iberiis sazRvrebi kvlav Semcirda, iberiam dakarga klarjeTi Tavisi zRvispiriT, rac eTanadeba qarTul wyaroebs. prokofis fazisi _ Woroxia. pitiunti da sebastopolisi _ trapezuntsa da petras Sua mdebareobdnen. rodopolisi `dablobSi erTi qalaqi iyo, saxelad rodopolisi, romelic yvelaze uwinares xvdeboda gzaze iberiidan kolxidaSi SemosulT~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 185). q. rodopolisi skanda-sarapanisTan axlos mdebareobda _ es qalaqi rodopolisi unda iyos dRevandeli arTvini an axlo mdebare adgili Woroxze. `sarapana~ erqva saerTaSoriso gzaze, yoveli `erTi dRis~ (20-25-30 km) gzaze mdgar mgzavrTa mosasvenebel punqtebs (cixe-simagres an dasaxlebas). strabonis dros arTvinis adgilze, Cans, erT-erTi aseTi sarapana iyo. prokofis dros ki _ sarapana mTaSi idga lazika-iberiis gzaze. qalaqi fazisi da qalaqi fasida amJamad aRiarebuli TvalsazrisiT, fazisi da fasida iyo erTidaigive qalaqi, amitomac miuxedavad imisa, rom 787 wlis VII msoflio saeklesio krebis aqtebs mRvdelmTavarma qristeforem xeli moawera, rogorc `fasidisa da trapezusis episkoposma~, CvenSi miiCneva rom man, TiTqosda, xeli moawera, rogorc `fazisisa da trapezuntis episkoposma~ (m. berZniSvili, qalaq fazisis istoriisaTvis, 1969, gv. 186). safiqrebelia, rom fazisi da fasida sxvadasxva qalaqebi iyvnen. fadisa erqva qalaq polemonions, romelic iqamde polemonis eparqiis dedaqalaqi iyo da trapezuntTan axlos mdebareobda. Zvel polemons, amJamad, fadisa rom hqvia es naTqvamia 2001 wels vaSingtonSi dabeWdil wignSic Byzantine Seals. 30. Polemonion Polemonion, a twin town witch Fadisane/Fatsa, gave its name the river Boleman (Catalogue of Bizantine Seals at Dumbarton oaks and in the Fogg Museum of art, volome 4, the East, 2001, 83). fadisa-fadsasTan gamaval mdinares, amJamadac, bolemoni/polemoni hqvia. VIII saukunisaTvis pontos regionis ekonomikurma centrma trapezusSi (trapezuntSi) gadainacvla, amitomac am olqis (polemonis eparqiis)

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mRvdelmTavarmac iq gadaitana Tavisi kaTedra, SesaZloa Tavisi pretenzia polemonion anu fadisaze kvlav hqonda. mas Tavis xelmoweraSi qalaqi fazisi ar uxsenebia. rac Seexeba qalaq faziss, misi arseboba faqtiurad VII saukuneSi Sewyda lazikisaTvis bizantia-sparseTis omebis damTavrebisa, herale keisris sparseTSi laSqrobisa da arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg. qalaqi fazisi mdebareobda Woroxis anu md. fazisis SesarTavTan zRvispiras mTa-gorakebiT SemosazRvrul, SesaniSnavi klimatis mqone adgilTan, daaxloebiT iq, sadac amJamad gonioa. fazisi iTvleboda dasasvenebel, gril, sazafxulo kurortad pindaris (Zv.w. VI-V ss.) im cnobiT, romelic man erT mdidar qsenokrates Sesaxeb dawera. is `zafxulobiT fazisisaken micuravda, zamTarSi ki nilosiskeno~ (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv.122). zafxulobiT, roca saberZneTSi cxela, m. berZniSvilis TqmiT, es qsenokrate Tavs qalaq fazisis anu foTis sigriles afarebda da amisTvis sakuTari gemiT mocuravdao, magram grila zafxulobiT foTSi? wyaroebiT zafxulobiT foTi saSiSi iyo malariis, didi sicxisa da tenianobis gamo, misgan gansxvavebiT, axlac ki, sarfi da gonio kargi sazafxulo kurortia. m. berZniSvili aseve wers `agaTias monaTxrobiT raioni, romelic q. faziss emijneboda mofenili yofila soflebiT, mgzavrTa gasaCerebeli sadgomebiT da sxva binebiT~ (iqve, gv.174), ismis kiTxva foTis irgvliv dausrulebel WaobebSi odesme iyo soflebis siWarbe? es SeuZleblad migvaCnia Seusabamo geografiuli pirobebis gamo. maSasadame, fasida da fazisi sxvadasxva qalaqebi iyo, Tumca ki isini oriveni qarTvelTa istoriul olqebSi mdebareobdnen, fadisa mdebareobda trapezuntis marcxniv da mas aseve polemonioni erqva, fasidi ki Cans erqva qalaqs aTina-rizes regionSi, xolo q. fazisi mdebareobda trapezuntis marjvniv, zRvispiras, Woroxis SesarTavTan, daaxloebiT iq, sadac amJamad gonioa. aq, gonios maxloblad, Woroxis marcxniv, axlacaa patara tbebi da didi guburebi, amis gamo, q. fazisi sami mxridan SemozRuduli iqneboda zRviT, mdinariTa da tbiT.

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svanebi da alanebi sparseTis mefe kavadma romaelTa qveynis winaaRmdeg gaagzavna jari Semdgari persarmenielebisa `da agreTve su(a)nTagan, romelic alanTa mezoblad cxovroben. maTTan iyvnen hunebic, sabirebad wodebulni~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 55). aRsaniSnavia, rom radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos xalxi (aRniSnuli svanebi) emxrobodnen sparselebs, gasaneitraleblad bizantiam maT teritoriaze (e.i. dasavleT saqarTveloSi) Seiyvana alanTa meomari razmebi Crdilo kavkasiidan zRvispireTis (Semdgomi afxazeTis) gziT, gadasca maT mniSvnelovani cixe-simagreebi VI saukuneSi. alanTa meomrebi dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilidan mxolod bizantiis dasustebis Semdeg xazarTa SemweobiT gaaZeves VII s-is bolos. qarTuli wyaroebic im teritorias, romelsac Semdgom sakuTriv afxazeTi ewoda _ alanias uwodebdnen. es iyo klisuras iqiT teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili. Tamaris istorikosi wers: giorgi III `Jamsa zamTrisasa gardavidis lixTimereTs da miuwios zRvad pontosad da moinadiris alanTa qveyana, romelic ars afxazeTi~ (`istoriani da azmani~, q.c. II, 1959, gv. 15). alania _ gvian Sua saukuneebSic ki erqva afxazeTis erT nawils. Crdilo kavkasiis, donis, dunaisa da dneprispireTSi alanTa Zalze mravalricxovani momTabare xalxi ise iyo gaZlierebuli V-VI saukuneebSi, rom isini evropaSic ki laSqrobdnen. araa gasakviri, rom maT mebrZolebs VI s-Si dasavleT saqarTvelos nawilSi (bizantia-sparseTis omisas bizantielTa nebiT) fexi hqondaT mokidebuli garkveuli droiT. alanTa Semdgom, arabebis Semosevebis epoqaSi, aq, xazarTa gavlena gaZlierebula.

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II. prokofi kesarieli `omi goTebTan~

De Bello Gothico (BG)
prokofi kesarieli Tavis sxva wignSi _ De Bello Gothico-Sic exeba lazikas. wignSi _ `sparselebTan omi~, prokofi ufro gamowvlilviT da damajereblobiT aRwers lazikas, vidre sxva wignebSi, `goTebTan omSi~ cnobebi lazeTis qalaqebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb ufro naklebi informaciis mqonea. mizezi amis is unda yofiliyo, rom wigni `sparselebTan omi~ bizantia-romis omis uSualo mizezs _ lazikas aRwers. sxva wignebSi lazika ukve meorexarisxovania da albaT, amitomac, lazeTis Sesaxeb Tavis cnobebs prokofi veRar aqcevs iseT yuradRebas, rogorc `sparselebTan omSi~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 118), Tumca am wignSic is kvlav exeba lazikis im tomebs, punqtebsa Tu mdinareebs, romelnic aRwera `sparselebTan omSi~, amitomac Cven kvlav, kidev erTxel, vubrundebiT mas. WeSmaritebis kvlevisaTvis saWiroa axali azri prokofi, rogorc aRiniSna, wers _ `yvela adamians metwilad sCvevia, rom, Tu ki maT erTxel SeiTvises raime azri, isini aRar cdiloben WeSmariteba gamoikvlion, arc raime axal azrs iReben, aramed maT Zveli azri miaCniaT saRad da pativsacemad, xolo Tanamedrove azrs saTakilod da sasacilodac ki Tvlian~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 139). prokofis sityvebidan gamomdinare, albaT, Cveni axali azri, rom lazika erqva ara rionis xeobas, aramed Woroxisas, nakleb pativsacemad gamoCndeba, radganac, amJamad, yvela darwmunebulia, rom lazika _ dasavleT saqarTveloa. lazika kldovani qveyanaa, sadac zRvispira maRali kldeebia da ara dablobi _ wers prokofi (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 142). lazTa episkoposebi prokofi kesarieli wers _ trapezuntelebsa da lazebs Soris cxovrobs erTi tomi, is arc romaelebs da arc lazTa mefes eqvemdebareba, magram `isini qristianebi arian, lazTa episkoposebi uweseben maT mRvdelmsaxurebs~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 125). maTi qveynis `marjvniT aRmarTulia metad cicabo mTebi... amis gadaRma cxovroben e.w. persarmenielebi da armenielebi~. isini lazikis omebamde kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen, Semdeg ki `lazTa episkoposebs~. lazTa episkoposebis qveS igulisxmeba noticiebSi moxseniebuli petras, ziganas, saisinis, fasisisa da rodopolisis episkoposebi.

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saeWvoa, rom prokofi kesarielis dros, an manamde, Woroxis axlos mdebare qalaq petraSi episkoposi mjdariyo, radganac petra iyo mecixovneTa (xan sparselTa, xan ki romaelTa) cixe-simagre, romelic VI s-Si TviT romaelebma daangries da aRarc aRdgenila, radganac strategiuli funqcia dakarga, xolo, rogorc wesi, bizantiaSi saepiskoposo kaTedrebs did qalaqebsa da ekonomikur (xalxmraval) centrebSi aarsebdnen. vfiqrobT, petras kaTedra sxvagan, istoriuli lazikis sxva punqtSia saZebni. n. adoncs petras kaTedra paipertTan (baiburdTan) eguleboda. rac Seexeba ziganas episkoposs, n. adoncis kvleviT, is ijda punqt ziganaSi, trapizonis mxares, mdebareobda mniSvnelovan gzajvaredinze. iqve, trapezuntis mxaresaa saZebni sxva kaTedrebic. q. fadisa erqva aseve istoriuli lazikis qalaq polemonions. Tavdapirvelad is yofila saepiskoposoebis saeparqio centri (VII s-mde), SemdgomSi centrad trapezunti iqca, xolo fasida rize-aTinasTan unda veZioT. Cveni dakvirvebiT, Secdomaa, saisinis _ caiSad, rodopolisis _ varcixed, ziganas _ gudayvad (ziginevad), fasisis _ foTad moxsenieba (ix. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, qarTizaciis Teoriis kritika da aseve sapatriarqos realuri istoriis damdgeni mudmivmoqmedi komisiis daskvna e.w. `qarTizaciis Teoriis~ Sesaxeb, 2010 w.). prokofi naTlad miuTiTebs Tu sad, romel qveyanaSi vrceldeboda aRniSnul `lazTa episkoposebis~ gavlena _ es iyo ziganas mxares regionSi (xufaTidan trapizonisken) mcxovrebi erTi tomi, romelic persarmenielebs esazRvreboda, maTi qveynis `marjvniT aRmarTulia metad cicabo mTebi... amis gadaRma cxovroben e.w. persarmenielebi da armenielebi~. esaa rize-aTina-xofas regioni, Zidritebis tomis Zvel sacxovrisTan, romelic I saukunisaTvis iberiis mefe farsmans emorCileboda, axla ki VI saukunisaTvis bizantielTa xelqveS iyo (Zidritebi an zidritebi, Zveli qarTuli tomi, mcxovrebi Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze md. Woroxis SesarTavTan ax.w. II s-Si (ivane javaxiSvili, enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tsu, 2002, gv. 734). lazike kldovani qveyanaa `lazikeSi ki miwa yovelgniT zRvidanaa warmoCenili da mis denas aferxebs, qmnis zRvis sasruls, aq Semoqmeds zRvisTvis sazRvari daudgenia, radgan aq zRva Tavis napirebs exeTqeba, is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas axerxebs, aramed ukan ixevs da kvlav Tavis adgils ubrundeba, icavs miCenil sazRvars~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 142). e.i. lazikis sanapiro aris kldovani, es kldeebi zRvis doneze maRlaa, amitomac ver axerxebs zRva `maRla awevas~. TvalnaTelia, rom es aris baTum-trapizonis sanapiro da ara rionisa dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac

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rionis vake zRvis donezea, zRva mas warsulSi tboravda da mudmiv Waobs qmnida, iq ar iyo kldovani zRude zRvisaTvis. es vake rionis SesarTavidan, TiTqmis, quTaisamde vrceldeba. prokofis am aRweridan Cans, rom misi lazika iyo ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed xufaTidan Woroxamde gadaSlili qarTuli mxare, romelsac zRvisagan maRalkldovani sanapiro mijnavda. WeSmaritebis gamokvleva exeba ara raime moCvenebiTs, an bundovan rasmes, aramed mdinare faziss, romelsac hqonda kldovani da ucvleli kalapoti prokofi wers md. fazisis Sesaxeb: `sxvaTa Soris sakiTxi exeba ara raime moCvenebiTs an bundovan rasmes, aramed mdinares da qveyanas, romlis Secvla da ramenairad dafarva SeuZlebelia, mxedvelobac sakmao sabuTad gamodgeba da araferi SeuSlis xels imas, visac WeSmaritebis gamokvleva aqvs ganzraxuli~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 140). md. fazisi kldovani sanapiros mqone lazikaSi miedineba: `aSkarad misdevs zRvisgan gamoWril xmeleTis nakveTs~. rioni zRvisaken misdevs ara `xmeleTis kldovan nakveTs~, aramed, TiTqmis, zRvis doneze mdebare swori zedapiris mqone xmeleTs, xolo Woroxi `gamoWril, gamokveTil xmeleTSi~ anu Rrma xeobaSi miedineba, zaTqiT da gruxuniT uerTdeba zRvas _ aseTive iyo fazisi prokofis mravalmxrivi aRweriT. axlac ki, XXI s-Si, TvalnaTliv Cans, rom rioni baris mdinarea, xolo Woroxi ki _ mTisa, iseTive bunebisa, rogorsac aRwerda faziss yvela Zveli avtori, esaa ara moCvenebiTi anda bundovani raime, aramed faqti, romlis Secvla da ramenairad dafarva SeuZlebelia, mxedvelobac amis sakmao sabuTad gamodgeba da araferi SeuSlis xels imas, visac WeSmaritebis gamokvleva aqvs ganzraxuli. winabrZoloba `lazebs undodaT eCvenebinaT sparselebisaTvis TavianTi sivaJkace... Zalian undodaT, rom pirvelni sZgerebodnen martoni mters~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 147). mesxebis cnobili winambrZoloba _ `martod pirveli SebrZoleba~ _ aRwerili qarTul wyaroTa mier, identuria lazebis amave qarTuli Tvisebisa, romelic dafiqsirebulia prokofis mier. mematianes cnobiT, qarTvelTa es Tviseba monRolebsac ki aocebdaT.

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msgavsi toponimebi saqarTvelos kuTxeebsa da lazikeSi mravali erTnairi toponimi da hidronimi iyo. magaliTad, egriswyali afxazeTSi (bediasTan) da `egres_su anu egriswyali trapizonis mxares~ (iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, t. II, gv. 123), klisura (cxumTan) da `klasuri~ trapizonisaken (iqve, gv. 23). `pitia~ _ `trapizonTan~, `pitiunti~ cxumTan, sebastopolisi, trapizonis olqSi da sebastopolisi abxazeTSi. `zegana~ (`zeganTa sofeli~) XI s-Si Sida qarTlSi (T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, gv. 33) da `zigana~ qaldiaSi (trapizonis mxares), aseve ziginevi (afxazeTSi) da zegani sof. kldeeTTan, zestafonSi. q. fazari (Zveli aTina) trapizonTan (georgika II, 1965, gv. 102) da fazisi. fazisi erqva Woroxsac, araqsac, kelkits, rionsa da fiqroben yubansac. lazikas kldovani sanapiro aqvs da saerTod kldovani qveyanaa prokofi mravaljer imeorebs cnobas lazikis bunebis Sesaxeb _ prokofi kesarieli lazikis kldovanobis Sesaxeb, rogorc iTqva, wers: `lazikaSi ki miwa yovelgniT zRvidanaa warmoCenili da mis denas aferxebs. amrigad, is erTaderTia, rac zRvis sazRvars qmnis da cxadad mowmobs, rom Semoqmeds, aq, zRvisTvis sazRvari daudia, radgan aq zRva Tavis napirebs exeTqeba. is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas axerxebs, Tumca ki aq erTvis uricxvi mdinareebis nakadebi. zRva aq ukan ixevs da kvlav Tavis adgils ubrundeba. is icavs miCenil sazRvars~ (prokofi kesarieli, georgika, tomi II, 1965, gv. 142). sxva adgilas magaliTad, prokofi kesarieli lazikas ase aRwers _ `lazike yovelgan, mdinare fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares uzarmazari kldeebia romlebic iq viwrobebs qmnian, aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben~ (georgika II, 1965, gv 102). md. rionTan dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi kldeebi arsadaa, is aris Woroxis sanapiroebze, istoriul lazikeSi. prokofis am cnobidan Cans, rom lazikaSi aramarto zRvis sanapiro iyo kldovani, aramed mdinare fazisisac. dasavleT saqarTveloSi arc zRvis sanapiroa kldovani da arc rionisa quTaisidan foTamde. aq arc kldeebs exeTqeba zRvis talRebi, rogorc aRwers prokofi, da arc mdinare miedineba kldeTa Soris. piriqiT, rionis SesarTavTan sanapiro, rogorc viciT, aris zRvis doneze gadaSlili vrceli vake da kldovani ar aris. es realuri faqti lazikis aRweras ar eTanadeba. maSasadame, prokofisTvis lazika aris Woroxis regioni _ aWara-klarjeTTan erTad, sadac namdvilad aris metnaklebad kldeebi zRvis sanapiroze.

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Tanamedrove avtobani moiTxovs farTo gzebs. amis gamo zRvis sanapiroze xofis mimarTulebiT, saiTac gveguleba lazikis sanapiro, kldeqarafebi uaxlesi teqnikiT aris gaWrili, aseve kldovania Woroxis sanapiroebi. amitomac werda prokofi _ `lazike yovelgan, mdinare fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares uzarmazari kldeebia romlebic, iq, viwrobebs qmnian, aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben~ (georgika II, 1965, gv 102). rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, md. rionTan dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi kldeebi arsadaa, is aris Woroxis sanapiroebze, prokofis lazikeSi. lazikis kldeebisa da viwro gasasvlelebis Sesaxeb prokofi kesarieli sxvaganac laparakobs. magaliTad, mermeroes sparsuli jari romaelTa petras mcvel razms fazisis kldeTa `viwroebSi~ daxvda. prokofis mier mravaljer gameorebuli cnoba, rom lazikis mTeli qveyana kldovani iyo, garda misi erTi provincia moxirisisa, Cemi azriT, naTlad gvixsnis Tu romel qveyanas uwodebda is `lazikas~ anu `kolxidas~. lazika, anu lazike iyo kldovani qveyana. msgavs kldovan _ `Rranteebian~ qveynad aRwerdnen qarTuli wyaroebi `klarjeTs, bolo klarjeTisa zRvispirs~. klarjeTi, aWaris erge da misi zRvispiri odesRac qmnida erT mTlian regions, romelsac ucxoelebi `lazikas~ uwodebdnen, radganac miiCnevdnen didi istoriuli lazikis nawilad, romelic trapezuntidan iwyeboda. prokofis dros ki, lazikis sazRvrebi CrdiloeTiT, TiTqmis, aRwevda sufsamde da rionamde, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT lazikis bunebrivi sazRvari iyo arsianis uzarmazari, 3000 metrze ufro maRali mTagrexili, samxreTiT ki, misi sazRvari md. Woroxidan erTi dRis gzaze iyo anu xufaTamde aRwevda. am lazikis umTavresi mdinare iyo Woroxi anu fazisi. yvelaze umTavresi, rac adasturebs, rom prokofis `lazika~ erge-liganklarjeT-xufaTis regioni iyo, is aris, rom prokofis daJinebuli miTiTebiT, lazikaSi ar modioda Rvino, garda erTi regionisa _ moxirisisa. marTlac, Tu ki `lazika~ klarjeTia _ klarjeTSi namdvilad ar modis kargi mosavali da maT Soris Rvino maRalmTianobis gamo, garda liganis zRvispirisa, romelic ergesTan erTad nayofieri adgili iyo da Rvinoc modioda. ase iyo warsulSic da asea amJamadac. saerTod, klarjeTi _ dabalmosavliania garda erge-liganisa. es ukanaskneli ki _ uxvmosavliani qveyanaa. ase, rom prokofis aRwera samarTliania da samwuxaroa, rom sabWoTa periodis istorikosebi mis cnobebs araseriozulad miudgnen.

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`viwroebi fazisTan~ prokofi kesarielis TqmiT md. fazisis sanapiroebis garkveul monakveTze mdinaris rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena sanapiros Zalze uaxlovdeboda mTaTa qedebi, ris gamoc mdinaris sanapiroze iqmneboda bunebrivi `viwroebi~, rac Zalze mosaxerxebeli iyo strategiuli TvalsazrisiT. Tu am `viwrobebs~ daicavda jariskacebis Tund mcirericxovani jgufi, maT SeeZloT mtris ufro meti raodenobis SeCereba. aseTi bunebrivi anu mTebisagan (kldeebisagan) Seqmnili viwroebi md. rionis sanapiro dablobSi ar aris, magram mravali aseTi `viwrobia~ md. Woroxis mTel sigrZeze _ zRvis SesarTavidan vidre borCxamde, arTvinamde da kidev ufro maRla. magaliTad, aseTi `viwrobebi~, romelsac karCxalisa da orjoxis qedebis gamonazardebi qmnian, TiTqmis, mdinaremde Cadian. isini arian arTvinis maRla, aseve arTvinsa da Worox-berTas SesarTavs Soris (arTvinsa da Sagairas Sua), aqve, marcxena mxridan mdinaresTn axlos Camodis orjoxis qedis erT-erTi gamonayofi qedi, am patara qedis mwvervali 1984 m. simaRlis mTaa. am or qeds Sua miemarTeba Woroxi. esaa bunebrivi viwrobi. amgvari ki WoroxTan uamravia. sarapanisi da skanda prokofi, rogorc iTqva, wers: `iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea lazeTTan ori simagre sarapanisi da skanda, iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino da arc sxva ram sikeTe, xolo sxva adgilebidan risime Semozidva viwrobebis gamo SeiZleba mxolod ise, Tu TviTon kacebi moitanen~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 110). prokofi sxvaganac werda, rom mTagorianobis gamo lazikaSi ar modioda xorbleuli, Rvino da sxva ram sikeTe (iqve, gv. 96). iberia _ kolxeTis gza sparsTa jarma gaiara `iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza~, (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 182). rogorc iTqva, aq igulisxmeba dvini-artaan-artanuj-arTvin-Woroxis xeobis damakavSirebeli gza, romelic gadadis arsianis mTis maRal uReltexilze. artaani _ iberiis qveyana iyo, artanuji, imJamad, lazikis nawili iyo. iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza, yvelgan daqanebuli napralebiTa da Znelsavali adgilebiT daserili da dafaruli uRrani tyeebiT, ise gaaswores, rom ara Tu mTelma maTma cxenosanma jarma gaiara iq daubrkoleblad, aramed spiloebic gaatares _ wers prokofi.

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maSasadame, iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza `gaaswores~. aqedan Cans, rom gza iyo mokle da ara grZeli. Tuki lazika iyo mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo da iberia ki _ aRmosavleTi, maTi SemaerTebeli gzis `gasworeba~ namdvilad ar iqneboda advili, radganac es gza grZelia, xolo artaanidan klarjeTSi e.i. iberiidan kolxidaSi gamavali gza, marTalia Zalze Znel, magram mxolod erT uReltexils gadadioda, romlis gasworebac simoklis gamo, albaT, SesaZlebeli iyo. aq unda yofiliyo (da ara lixis qedze) `lazebisa da iberebis sazRvrebi~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 185), aqve, axlomaxlo unda yofiliyo skandisa da sarapanisis cixeebi (e.i. arsianis qedze da ara lixis mTaze). prokofis `aqeTa~ `lazTa soflebi xom aq yvela mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras (mxares) da qalaqebic ZvelTaganve aq auSenebiaT. maT Soris aris arqeopolisi, Zalian gamagrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec, xolo skanda da sarapana iberiis sazRvrebisken. yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi~ (georgika, II, gv. 101). aRsaniSnavia, rom liganSi eTnikuri lazebi cxovroben Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze, mesxebi ki _ marjvenaze. Tu ra igulisxmeba `aqeTa mxared~ da `iqiTa mxared~, davas iwvevs mecnierTa Soris, Tu Tanamedrove gagebiT mivudgebiT am gamonaTqvams, niSnavs, rom mdinaris marcxena sanapiroze iyo yvela didi qalaqi, maSin, roca realurad marjvena sanapiro aranakleb iyo dasaxlebuli, amitom s. yauxCiSvili fiqrobda, rom `is adamiani, romlisganac prokofis auRia aRniSnuli cnoba, idga mdinaris Crdilo mxares, mdinaris CrdiloeT mxares aris dabanakebuli~ (iqve, gv. 101. SeniSvna 2). magram pitiuntis simagre da sevastopoli, n. adoncis, p. ingoroyvasa da sxvaTa kvlevebiT, rizesa da xufaTs Sua iyvnen ganlagebulni. skanda da sarapana artaanTan (iberiasTan) axlos mdebareobda. prokofis cnobaSi, mxolod arqeopolisis mdebareobaa bundovani, radganac is sxva cnobiT fazisis marjvena mxares mdebareobda. am SemTxvevaSi `aqeTa~, xom ar niSnavs zRvispiras axlos mdebare qalaqebs, xolo `iqeTa~ _ ki xmeleTis siRrmeSi mdebares? arTvini (borCxa?) _ rodopolisi `dablobSi erTi qalaqi iyo, saxelad rodopolisi, romelic yvelaze uwinares xvdeboda gzaze iberiidan kolxidaSi SemosulT~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 185). Tu ki iberiidan lazikaSi Sesasvleli gza artaansa da arTvins aerTianebda, SesaZloa, swored am ukanasknels (arTvins) erqva _ rodopolisi. prokofi kesarielis TqmiT, rodopolisi mdebareobda iberia-lazikis gzaze, dablobSi.

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rodopolisi iyo fazisze mdebare qalaqi, zRvidan daSorebuli daaxloebiT 50 km-iT. asevea Woroxze mdebare arTvini. 600 wliT adre, strabonis dros, Cans, mas `sarapana~ erqva. arTvini mdebareobda metad mniSvnelovani gzebis Sesayarze, erTmaneTTan akavSirebda erTi mxriv arzrums, artaans, artanujsa da meore mxriv petras. is iyo kolxeTis brinjaos metad mniSvnelovani `kera~ (qse, II. gv. 563) _ iq aRmoCenilia Zv.w. XII-XI ss mijnaze mniSvnelovani ganZi, kolxuri culebi, Toxebi, zodebi, aseve isini aRmoCnda mTel Woroxis xeobaSi. arTvini VIII-IX ss-Si iyo `qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~ qalaqi. etimologiurad saxeli arTvini saxel `vardTan~ unda iyos dakavSirebuli, da aqedan unda iyos miRebuli misi berZnuli Sesatyvisi saxeli _ `rodopolisi~. v. kotetiSvilis leqsikonis Tanaxmad `ard~ igivea, rac `vardi~. `ard~ _ vardkaWkaWa, vardi~ (v. kotetiSvili, `karabadini~, 1936, gv. 25). arTvini _ ardvini _ vard-vini _ vardovani anu rodopolisi. iberia-lazikis gzaze mdebare qalaqis `arTvinis~ saxeli SeiZleba berZenis yurs Casmenoda rogorc `vardaani~ anu `vardiani~, `vardebis qalaqi~ anu `rodopolisi~. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc Tu daSorebiT, md. kolopotamisze iyo swored am saxelis mqone qalaqi _ `varda~, vardiani, pontos regionSi, rizesTan axlos. gansakuTrebulad unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvagan mdebareobda rodopolisis saepiskoposo kaTedra, is iyo ara imereTis varcixe, aramed qalaqi Tanamedrove sumelas monastris siaxloves, zigana-gumuSxanes regionSi, anda SesaZloa, is iyo iqve mdebare qalaqi (punqti) `varda~, romelic Cvens rukazea aRniSnuli. arqeopolisi sparsTa sardalma mermeroem Seityo _ `mowinaaRmdegeni md. fasisis SesarTavTan dabanakebulano, gaemarTa maT winaaRmdeg. is umjobesad Tvlida jer isini gaenadgurebina da ise Semoertya alya arqeopolisisaTvis, raTa isini zurgSi ar moqceodnen~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 187). marTlac, mermeroe gaemarTa fasisis SesarTavisken, gzad man gauara arqeopoliss, mis cixes romaelebi icavdnen. mermeroe maT daemuqra _ jer mdinare fasisTan dabanakebul Tqvenianebs davamarcxeb da `male mogibrundebiT Tqveno~ (gv. 187). aqedan Cans, rom arqeopolisi axlos mdebareobda fasisis SesarTavTan (ese igi Woroxis marjvena sanapiros mxares). roca mermeroe miuaxlovda mdinaris marjvena napirze dabanakebul romaelebs, maT miatoves banaki da navebiT mdinaris meore napirze gadavidnen.

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arqeopolisi `quS serzea, Camoudis mdinare~ _ wers prokofi. marTalia, noqalaqevis aRwerac msgavsia, magram msgavsia baTumisa da cixisZir-Caqvis sanaxebic. arqeopoliss hqonia ormagi kedeli. marTalia, msgavsia noqalaqevis kedeli, magram es qalaqi gamonaklisi ar yofila, imdenad xSiri yofila orkeci (erTmaneTis paraleluri ori kedlis) ageba, rom qarTulSi mas specialuri terminic ki hqonia: s. s. orbelianis sityviT `aseT or kedels soxano erqva `orkeci kedeli zRudesTan, romelTa saSualebiT kacman gaiaros folorcis msgavsad~ (iqve, gv. 189). savaraudod, arqeopolisi mdebareobda qobuleT-baTumis regionSi, sadac aRmoCenilia mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri naSTebi. savaraudod, tabula pevtingerianas rukaze aRniSnuli savaWro punqti _ `portus altus~ (`Zveli qalaqi~ (laTinurad) s. yauxCiSvilis sityviT berZnulad SesaZloa arqeopolisad gamoiTqmoda (berZnulad `Zveli qalaqi~ arqeopolisi, gv. 22). arqeopolisi noqalaqevi rom ar aris iqidan Cans, rom Turme arqeopolisTan sparselebs cxenis sakvebis simciris gamo cxenebi daexocaT. aq _ `daiRupa sparselTa cxenebi aranakleb oci aTasisa... maT Sori gza gamoiares, romlis ganmavlobaSic Zalian daiRalnen, Tanac rodesac lazikeSi iyvnen, sakvebi arc Tu ise samyofad hqondaT, da amrigad, SimSiliTa da daavadebiT Seviwroebulni, mTlad davardnen (georgika, II, 1965, gv.194). dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi, rogorc cnobilia, cxenis sakvebi balaxi mravladaa, radganac wvimiani subtropikuli zonaa da zogadad balaxi aq Zalze mravladaa da asevea am zonaSi mdebare noqalaqevSic, magram naklebia klarjeT-Woroxis xeobaSi, saidanac mividoda daRlili da damSeuli jari arqeopolisTan. am sakiTxs sxvaganac vexebiT. arqeopolisi qobuleTbaTumis regionSia saZebni, cixisZirTan axlos. moxirisi sparselebi damarcxdnen arqeopolisTan da daixies moxirisisken. `moxirisi erTi dRis saval gzazea arqeopolisidan da Seicavs mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 194). erTi dRis gza, daaxloebiT, 20-25 km-ia. Tu arqeopolisi iyo Caqv-cixisZirTan, aqedan moxirisamde yofila 2025-mde km. anu `erTi dRis savali gza~, rac udgeba Tvalsazriss, rom moxirisi erge-xelvaCaur-ligania. radganac Caqvi-cixisZiri, marTlac, daaxloebiT `erTi dRis savalzea~ erge-xelvaCauridan, anu Cveni azriT _ moxirisidan. xolo cixe-gojidan quTaisamde _ meti manZilia, mis gavlas erTi dRis gza ar eyofoda.

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prokofis cnobiT, arqeopolissa da moxiriss Sorisi Seicavda `mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels~ anu Caqv-cixisZirsa da ligans Sua mravali kargi sofeli yofila VI s-Si. Cveni varaudiT, es, asec unda yofiliyo, radganac teritoria Caqvsa da ligans Soris uxvmosavliania, subtropikuli zonaa, Tavisi mTa-gorianobis gamo daculia `malariisagan~ anu cieb-cxelebisagan, rac momxibvlels xdida mas dasasaxleblad. xolo, XIX s-Sic ki, rionis xeoba uvargisad iTvleboda samosaxlod. aq iyo Waobebi, rac mosaxleobas afrTxobda, Tavisi cieb-cxeleba-malariiT musrs avlebda maT d. baqraZis cnobiT. teritoria cixisZir-Caqvsa da ligans Sua, anu arqeopolissa da ligans Soris `kolxidis miwa-wyalze saukeTeso mxares warmoadgens, Rvinoc kargi modis da sxva nayofnic iq kargad xaroben, Tumca lazikis sxva adgilebze ar SeiZleba igive iTqvas~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 194) moxirisi iyo xelvaCaur-erge-liganis qveyana, saukeTeso, uxvmosavliani, mWidrod dasaxlebuli regioni. `lazikis sxva adgilebi~ ki _ kldian-xrioki Woroxis xeoba da klarjeTia. kotaioni _ quTaTisi, mere _ uqimerioni, lazebis dialeqti `am mxares (moxiriss) Camoudis erTi mdinare saxelad reoni. mis sanapiroebTan Zveladve kolxebs augiaT cixe, romelic Semdeg xanebSi maT metwilad miwasTan gausworebiaT, radgan is metad dabal vakeze mdebareobda da maTi azriT advilad misasvleli iyo, maSin am cixes kotaions uwodebdnen elinuri eniT, amJamad ki mas lazebi quTaTiss eZaxian~ (iqve, gv. 194). SeiZleba prokofis mdinare reoni aris liganSi maradidTan Camavali md. RremSi-Rele anu Rremis (Rreonis) wyali, an sxva romelime Senakadi Woroxisa, da maradidTanve, Woroxispirze unda yofiliyo Zveli `quTaTisic~, `metad dabal vakeze~. marTlac, sofel maradidSi (Woroxis piras) axlacaa ubani saxelwodebiT _ `quTureTi~. quTaTisis axlos mdinarispira vakeze yofila `uqimerionis magari cixe~. uqimerionis adgilsamyofeli dResac sadavoa. SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom `uqi-meri-oni~ saxeli dRes JRers viTarca `meria~. aseTi saxelis mqone punqtebi namdvilad aris liganSi da mis maxlobel kuTxeebSi. radganac aWarul dialeqtSi `mere~ niSnavs mdinarispira vakes, aseTsave dabal adgilas mdgara uqimerioni (`mere _ vake adgili mdinarispiras~ _ S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993, gv. 504). rac Seexeba saxel quTaTiss, `quT~ fuZis mqone saxelebi mravlad yofila CvenSic da sxvaganac.

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s. yauxCiSvili mravaljer aRniSnavs, rom `kotais~, `qoTais~ saxelis mqone qalaqebi yofila frigiasa da berZnuli samyaros sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. amJamad, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom liganSic iyo punqti aseTi saxeliT, `berZnuli tradiciisaTvis sakmaod cnobili~ (georgika, 2, gv. 196). lazebs saxeli `kotaioni~ SemdgomSi `quTaTisad~ uqceviaT. `quTaTisi~ Zveli anu saliteraturo qarTulis enobrivi normebis mixedviTaa nawarmoebi, magram prokofis daJinebuli miTiTebiT sityva `quTaTisi~ nawarmoebia lazebis enobrivi normebis Sesabamisad, maSasadame, lazebis ena iyo qarTuli, amis mizezi SeiZleba isic yofiliyo, rom prokofis epoqaSi qarTul-megruli enobrivi diferenciacia SedarebiT axali dawyebuli iyo da is, Cans, im, anu prokofis droisaTvis ar iyo dasrulebuli. e.i. VI saukunisaTvis ar iyo dasrulebuli. zanur-qarTuli enobrivi diferenciaciis Sesaxeb wyaro an miniSneba ar moipoveba da mis Sesaxeb mxolod analitikuri varaudebi gamoiTqva XX s-Si. Cveni, zemoT aRniSnuli, varaudi ki efuZneba mniSvnelovan wyaros _ prokofis cnobas, sityva `quTaTisi~ lazuri enobrivi normebis mixedviT iyo nawarmoebi, magram `quTaTisi~ Zveli qarTuli enis normebiTaa nawarmoebi iseve, rogorc `moxirisi~, `muxurisi~, rac unda daiSalos ase _ `muxur-is~, mo-mu winsarTi _ gawarmoebulia, xolo `xur~ igivea rac saxli (saxl-i), xula, xuxula, aqedan xuro, xuroTmoZRvari, sa-xur-avi, m-sa-xur-i, mo-samsa-xur-e. quTaTisi da moxirisi _ qarTuli anu zanur-qarTuli enobrivi normebiTaa nawarmoebi. roca uqimerionis cixe sparselebs auRiaT, amiT maT gaukontrolebiaT `kolxidis saukeTeso nawili~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 197). kolxidis saukeTeso nawili iyo `moxirisi~, Cveni azriT, Tanamedrove aWara-liganis mTiswineTi, kolxeTad ki, rogorc iTqva, prokofi miiCnevda ara Tanamedrove rionis vakes, aramed erge-ligan-Woroxis xeobas. dabali vakis cixe kotaioni `reoni~ moxirisis qveyanaSi Seedineboda: `mis sanapiroebTan kolxebs augiaT cixe, romelic Semdeg xanebSi maT metwilad miwasTan gausworebiaT, radgan is metad dabal vakeze mdebareobda da maTi azriT advili misasvleli iyo, maSin am cixes kotaions uwodebdnen elinuri eniT, amJamad ki mas lazebi quTaTiss eZaxian, berZnuli enis ucodinarobiT mosdiT, rom am saxelwodebis namdvili saxe Seryvnes. ase aqvs es moTxrobili arianes~ (georgika 2, 1965, gv. 125). s. yauxCiSvilis cnobiT `arianes Cvenamde moRweul TxzulebebSi amis Sesaxeb araferi moipoveba~ (iqv. gv. 125). maSasadame, kotaionis cixe metad dabal vakeze, mdinarispiras idga.

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`kot~ fuZiT, rogorc gamokvleulia s. yauxCiSvilis mier, mravali qalaqi iwodeboda berZnul samyarosa da mcire aziaSi. amitomac, SesaZlebelia, amJamindeli quTaisis garda, quTaTisi sxva romelime punqtsac rqmeoda. ligan-ergesa da aWariswylis xeobaSi, romelic `dabali vakea~ (prokofis gamoTqmas Tu vixmarT), amJamadacaa soflebi da punqtebi am fuZiT, mag: `kvatia~, (igive `kot~ fuZis matarebeli), `quTureTi~ _ tbeTis sulTa matianeSi moxseniebuli sofeli, amJamad ki quTureTi sofel maradidis ubania. `qifaisi~, sofeli Woroxis saTaveebTan, `kvaSta~, sofeli erge-liganTan da sxvebi. aseve, mag. `quTahia~ ewodeba qalaqs TurqeTSi, odesRac xalibebis sacxovrisad miCneul mxareSi. mere _ uqimerioni `uqimerioni iyo quTaTisis maxloblad erTi metad magari cixe~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 196). s. yauxCiSvili ar eTanxmeba im azrs, rom `uqimerioni~ erqva quTaisis e.w. `arqielis goras~, sadac cixe iyo aRmarTuli. misi azridan gamomdinare moxirisi mdebareobda md. rionis marcxena mxares, sadac aris sofeli `dablagomi~. (iqve, gv. 210). Cveni azriT, sityva uqimerionSi gamoiyofa fuZis nawili `meri~. aWarul-SavSuri dialeqtiT, `mere~ ewodeba mdinarispira movakebul adgils, anu gaSlil vakes. uqimerioni, marTlac, `gaSlil vakeze mdebareobda~ _ prokofis cnobiT, iseve rogorc, kotaionis cixe idga `metad dabal vakeze~ _ aseT adgils, aWarul dialeqtSi, amJamadac ki `mere~ adgili hqvia. uki-meri SesaZloa aqedan iyos warmomdgari. uqimerioni ergemaradid-borCxas regionSia saZebni. moxirisi, reoni mTel lazikeSi, erTaderTi moxirisia mosavliani regioni, `am mxares Camoudis erTi mdinare saxelad reoni~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 194). moxirisad Cven, rogorc aRiniSna, erge-liganis maRalmosavlian, subtropikul mxares miviCnevT, xolo md. reoni Woroxis erT-erTi Senakadi unda yofiliyo erge-liganis regionSi. reoni ar iyo fazisi prokofi wers: _ mermeroem `sadac fazisis gadalaxva SeiZleba fonSi, gadalaxa es mdinare fexiT, gadalaxa agreTve meore mdinarec, saxelad reoni _ arc es aris sanaosno da fazisis marjvena mxares rom aRmoCnda, waiyvana jari erTi qalaqis _ arqeopolisis winaaRmdeg, romelic aris mTavari da udidesi qalaqi lazebis qveyanaSi~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 182).

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prokofi pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom sxvaa mdinare fazisi da sxvaa md. reoni, rom isini ori sxvadasxva mdinarea (s. yauxCiSvili maT erT mdinared miiCnevs). amJamad, sayovelTao TvalsazrisiT md. reonis qveS moiazreba md. rioni. Cemi azriT, is unda iyos Woroxis romelime Senakadi, sadac gaiara klarjeTidan arqeopolisisaken (baTum-Caqv-qobuleTis sanaxebisken) mimavalma sparsTa jarma, romelic iq e.w. `klarjeTis gziT~ Sevida. boasi _ akamfsisi trapezuntis `marjvniv aRmarTulia WaneTis mTebi, romelTa gadaRma romaelTa qveSevrdomi armenielebi cxovroben. am WaneTis qveynidan Camodis mdinare, saxelad boasi... adgilobrivi mcxovrebni mas akamfsiss uwodeben, imis gamo, rom misi damorCileba, zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas SeuZlebeli xdeba, vinaidan iseTi siswrafiT da simwvaviT uerTdeba da iseTi didi xmaurobiT miiwevs win~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 123). erTi sityviT boas-akamfsisis aRwerisas sityva-sityviTaa ganmeorebuli prokofis mierve aRwerili fasisi, esaa md. Woroxi da araa rioni, radganac rioni zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas ar qmnis msgavs suraTs da rioni, arc `armeniidan~ gamoedineba. `mdinare boasi gamodis sadRac WaneTis maxloblad armenielTa adgilebSi, romlebic farangionis garSemo cxovroben... mas Semdeg, rac es mdinare miaRwevs im adgils, sadac kavkasiisa da iberebis sazRvrebia... nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fazisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisTvis gamosadegi... zRvamde... mis orive mxriv lazika aris... marjvniv... iberiis sazRvramde dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT. lazTa soflebi mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras (georgika, II, gv. 101). `maSin romaelebma daiWires persarmenielTa qveyanaSi... farangioni, sadac sparselebi oqros Txrian... daimorCiles Wanebis tomi... TovliT dafaruli mTebi, saidanac gamodis md. fazisi~ (georgika, II, gv. 52). `Wanebis mTebidan Camodis mdinare boasi~ (georgika, II, gv. 122). mdinare fazisis marcxena sanapiroze lazebi cxovrobdnen, marjvenaze ki _ mesxebi. marjvniv `iberiis sazRvramde dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT, xolo lazTa soflebi mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras~. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu fazisi rionia, maSin mis marjvena sanapiroze mcxovrebi egriselebi yofilan mesxebi, xolo marcxena sanapiroze mcxovrebi gurulebi _ lazebi, rac arasworia, maSasadame rioni fazisi araa. boasi anu fazisi gamoedineboda Wanebis adgilebSi, persarmeniaSi, farangionis maxloblad. amis Sesaxeb samjer wers prokofi kesarieli. kidev erTxel unda iTqvas, rom VI s-is dasawyisSi, sparseTma Searyia qarTlis saxelmwifoebrioba da Tavisi batonoba gaavrcela taosa da mis

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momijnave miwa-wyalze. amis wyalobiT tao-basianis mimdgomi qarTuli mxareebi man eklesiurad dauqvemdebara, imJamad, prosparsuli orientaciis somxur eklesias. amis gamo aq mcxovreb mosaxleobas ucxoelebic, zogjer, persarmenielebad an armenielebad moixsenieben. am qveynidan gamodioda md. fasisi, saTaveSi boasad, qarTvelTa mier ki `akamfsisad~ wodebuli (Woroxi). `akamfsisi~ SeiZleba etimologiurad, qarTul `fsma~-sTan _ wylis denasTan iyos dakavSirebuli, amitom prokofis es cnoba ar aris ugulebelsayofi _ rogorc iTqva, p. ingoroyva `fs~-s akavSirebs wyalTan. hi posi `qalaq moxirisTan (lazikaSi) Camodis md. hiposi, e.i. cxeniswyali~ (iqve, gv. 119). unda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi ramdenime mdinare atarebs am saxels _ `cxeniswyali~, erTia samegrelo-imereTSi, meore ki _ afxazeTSi. aseTi saxelis mdinare yofila erge-liganSic. mTis mwvervalebi fazisis pirze fazisisaken ukan daxeuli jari Tavs Sveloda `iqauri mTebis mwvervalebze gaqceviT~. (iqve, gv. 110). prokofis cnobebidan Cans, rom md. fazisis axlos yofila mTebi da kldeebi, romelTa mwvervalebze gaqceviT Tavs uSvela ukan daxeulma jarma. Tu ki md. rioni Zvelad fazisad iwodeboda, ismis bunebrivi kiTxva, sad aris rionis dablobze mTebis mwvervalebi? am dablobze aseTi mTebi ar arsebobs. aqedanac Cans, rom prokofi kesarieli rions ar uwodebda faziss, aramed is fazisad miiCnevda qalaq petrasTan axlos gamaval mdinares, romlis xeobaSi mTebis mwvervalebi iyo. aseTi Woroxia. kavkasia `mesxeTis mTebi arc mwiria da arc nayofierebas moklebuli, aramed savsea yovelgvari sikeTiT, radgan mesxebic marjve miwis muSebi arian da iq venaxebic aris. am qveyanaSi mTebi metad maRalia, uzarmazari da saSinlad miuvali. da isini gavrcelebulia vidre kavkasiis mTebamde. amaT ukan aRmosavleTiT aris iberia, romelic persarmenielebamde aRwevs~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 128). rogorc aRiniSna, `sakavkasiZeo~ ZvelqarTul saistorio geografiaSi Woroxis xeobis erT nawils erqva. amJamadac `kavkasori~ WoroxTan axlos

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karCxalis erT maRal mTas hqvia. prokofis mier naxsenebi `kavkasiis mTebi~ karCxalis maRalmTianeTia, xolo `mesxeTis mTebi~ prokofisTan, sperisa da arsianis mTebia, sadac mesxebi yovelTvis cxovrobdnen. arsianis es mTianeTi karCxalis ufro maRal mTianeTs uerTdeba, romelsac prokofi `kavkasias~ uwodebs. mesxebis es sacxovrisi (SavSeT-artanuj-artaan-kola) iberiis nawili iyo da is taosTan persarmenias esazRvreboda. mermeroe zogjer prokofi kesarieli md. faziss uyurebs sakuTari Txzulebis personaJis TvaliT. magaliTad, aseTia sparsTa sardali mermeroe. roca is Seityobs rom petra romaelebma daikaves, gadawyvets lazikis sxva qalaqebisa da simagreebis daWeras. prokofi wers: `man kargad icoda, rom mdinare fazisis iqiTa mxares lazebs, petras garda, sxva arc erTi dasaxlebuli adgili ar moepovebodaT, is gabrunda da daiWira iberiidan kolxidis qveyanaSi gadasasvleli adgilebi~ (iqve, gv. 182). aq igulisxmeba, rom fazisis, anu Woroxis marcxena (mermeroesaTvis `iqiTa~) mxares lazebs petras garda sxva dasaxlebebi ar hqondaT. rac marTlac ase iyo, radganac ufro samxreTiT mdebare of-rizes regioni, imJamad, uSualod bizantielTa xelSi iyo da ara lazebisa. marTlac, Woroxis marcxena sanapiro goniodan q. xofamde mTa-kldovania da saqalaqo cxovrebisaTvis uvargisia, mxolod Woroxis marjvena sanapiros zRvispireTi (Tanamedrove qobuleT-baTum-erge-liganis vake) iyo miwaTmoqmedebisa da cxovrebisaTvis gamosadegi, sadac mdebareobdnen kidec qalaqebi _ arqeopolisi, rodopolisi, moxirisi da sxva. fazisi _ naxevarmTvara sanapiros SuaSi fasisi `erTvis evqsinis pontos iq, sadac es ukanaskneli Tavdeba~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 128). `naxevarmTvara napiris SuaSi~ da iq, `sadac evqsinis ponto Tavdeba, qmnis naxevarmTvaris msgavs napirs~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 126). `naxevarmTvaras im erT dasawyisSi, romelic aziisa aris mdebareobs qalaqi petra, xolo mis pirispir meore napiras, evropis nawilSi _ afsilebis qveyanaa. afsilebi lazebis qveSevrdomni arian da isini ZvelTaganve qristianebi arian~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 128). petra mdebareobda md. Woroxis Sav zRvasTan SesarTavis axlos, rions ki daSorebuli iyo, aseve md. fasisic petrasTan axlos gaedineboda. aqedan gamomdinare, fasisi iyo md. Woroxi.

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evropasa da azias hyofs fazisi `aziasa da evropas kolxeTis fazisi hyofs~ (iqve, gv. 140). `marcxniv aziaa, marjvniv evropa~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 127). prokofis cnobiT md. fasisi orad hyofda qveyanas, misi marjvena sanapirodan iwyeboda evropa xolo marcxniv azia mdebareobda, mis marjvniv, anu evropaSi cxovroben afsilebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am toms arianec am midamoebSi axsenebs _ fazisis marjvniv. afsilebi fasisis marjvena sanapiros mxare. `evropis nawilSi _ afsilebis qveyanaa. afsilebi lazebis qveSevrdomni arian da isini ZvelTaganve qristianebi arian~ afsilebisagan gansxvavebiT abazgebi warmarTebi iyvnen _ `es barbarosebi Cvens dromdisac Tayvans scemdnen Walebsa da tyeebs, xeebi barbarozs, raRac gulubryvilobis gamo RmerTebad warmoedgina~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 133). mixeil qurdianis kvleviT afsilebi, abSilebi md. abaSis regionSi cxovrobdnen (m. qurdiani, xubuSqia, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli, 2001, gv. 129). etimologiurad `afsili~ da `fasisi~ SeiZleba erTmaneTs fuZeebiT `f(a)s~, `fas~ davukavSiroT. m. qurdianis mosazrebiT, afsilTa qveS igulisxmeba sufsis xeobis da momijnave miwa-wylis, SesaZloa rionsa da Woroxs Sua mdebare dablobis mdinareebiT gajerebuli da farTod gadaSlili vake adgilebis mcxovrebni. aqaa, Tanamedrove epoqaSic hidronimi _`sufsa~. wyliani adgilebis aRmniSvneli sityvebis Ziri _ fSa _ fSani aseve wylianobis aRmniSvneli `fs~ (afs) ZirTan unda iyos kavSirSi. aq Cven unda gvqondes dakavSireba `fS~ `afs~ fuZesTan, romelic winareqarTulSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, wyals (gaSlil wyals) aRniSnavda. maSasadame, afSilebi _ gaSlili, wyliani adgilis tomi, dablobis mcxovrebi iyo, xolo mTiani adgilebis mcxovrebni, Cans, `gr~ fuZiT (gora-mTa) aRiniSnebodnen (margvelebi, gurulebi, egriselebi) (rogorc magaliTad, slavebSi _ `tyis xalxi~, `Waobis xalxi~ da a.S.). amis gamo (e.i. wyalTan, zRvasTan siaxlovis gamo) SesaZloa, mTeli zRvispireTis mosaxleobas `afsilebi~, `afSilebi~ erqva. prokofi erTnairad aRwers Wanebisa da abazgebis warmarTobas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Wanebisa da mesxebis mezoblobas samxreT saqarTveloSi, Wanebisa da abazgebis eTnikuri siaxlovec ar mogveCveneba ucxod. p. ingoroyvas abazgebi mesxebad miaCnda. mesxebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb am arealSi migviTiTebs strabonic, Tumca ki is saerTod ar axsenebs sityva `abazgs~ (Cans imitom, rom ukve naxsenebi hqonda mesxebi, igive mniSvnelobis eTnosaxeli).

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abazgebis qarTulenovnebas migviTiTebs sxvadasxva faqti: pirveli is, rom maT, TiTqmis, gaqristianebisTanave gaaCaRes qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba e.i. gaqristiandnen VI s-Si, xolo maTi qarTulenovani samefo ukve VIII s-Si Camoyalibda. abazgebis qarTulenovanebas migviTiTebs afxazeTis toponimebic, rac p. ingoroyvas cnobiT, xeebis TayvaniscemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. es toponimebi namdvilad adastureben prokofi kesarielis cnobebs, rom isini xeebs eTayvanebodnen _ `bzifi~ (bza), biWvinTa (fiWvi), cxumi (rcxila), gagra (kakali), soCa (soWi), wibeli (wifeli), Wuberi (wabli), da a.S. am cnobidan marTlac Cans, rom maT, am qarTulenovan toms `xeebi RmerTebad hqondaT warmodgenili~. prokofis sityviT abazgebma iustinianes dros miiRes qristianoba. man abazgebis qveyanaSi RvTismSoblis taZaric aaSena. g. CubinaSvilis azriT aq igulisxmeba noqalaqevis (da ara biWvinTis) Zveli eklesia (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 135). sityva abazgi SeiZleba sitya baSTan iyos dakavSirebuli m. qurdianis kvleviT. punqtebi `baSi~, `qvemo baSi~, `Sua baSi~, `zemo baSi~ rionis dablobis gaSlil vakeze mdebareoben, Tumca `abaSa~ samegreloSia, `Sua baSi~ samtrediis raionSi, `qvemo baSi~ foTis raionSi, da `zemo baSi~ quTaisis olqSi. rogorc Cans, Zvelad `baSi~ erqva gaSlil vakes (aRsaniSnavia, rom XX sis dasawyisSi qarTvelebi i. gedevaniSvilis cnobiT `baSs~ uwodebdnen e.w. `brezents~, anu gaSlil gadasafarebels. gaSlil sibrtyes). `faS~ (baS) wyalTanac unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli _ (fSa, fsori) am fuZiT aRniSnuli qveynis (afSil-afsil) garda sxva qarTuli qveyanebic _ fSavi, basiani (araqsze) da basiani dvaleTTanac ixsenieboda. radganac Ziri `bas~, `baS~, `fas~, `faS~ dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda wylian, gavakebul qveyanasTan, aseTi saxisa iyo aseve Crdilo kavkasiis is mxareebi, romlebic provincia basianTan da mimdebare regionebSi mdebareobdnen. esaa Crdilo kavkasiis vrclad gaSlili, mdinareebiTa da wylebiT gajerebul teritoria. es mxareebi uZvelesi xanidanve, rogorc Cans, qarTulenovani tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, rasac aRniSnuli toponimikac miuTiTebs. viTareba Seicvala gvian Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac Temur lengma Crdilo kavkasiis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba gaanadgura anda daTrguna, mas aseve, aq, Semouyvania adiReuri, Crdilo kaspiispireTisa da cimbiruli warmoSobis tomebi. `pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ cnobiT, adiReuri tomebi Crdilo kavkasiaSi pirvelad gamoCnda Temur lengis laSqrobebis Semdeg (pravoslavnaia enciklopedia, I, 2000, gv. 443). rogorc cnobilia mraval adiReur toms ar gaaCnda sakuTari saxeli da maT saxels aniWebdnen maT mier dapyrobili da asimilirebuli im tomis saxelis mixedviT, romlis miwa-wyalzec isini esaxlebodnen. amitomac, safiqrebelia, rom roca erT-erTi aseTi usaxelo

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adiReuri tomi dasaxlda Crdilo kavkasiaSi `fas~ an `bas~ qveyanaSi, am tomsac uwodes es saxeli `afsua~ an `abazi~, e.i. maT mier dapyrobili da asimilirebuli tomis saxelis mixedviT. Semdgom es adiReuri tomebi, ZiriTadad XVII s-is Semdgom, gadmosaxldnen samxreT kavkasiaSi, kerZod ki, afxazeTSi da rogorc Cans maT Tan gadmoitanes maT mier miTvisebuli axali saxeli `afsua~ an `abazi~. ase rom, sul sxva tomi iyo Zveli avtorebis (prokofis Tu agaTias) naxsenebi `afsilebi~ da sul sxva tomia `afsuebi~ da `abazebi~. es ukanasknelebi arian adiReuri tomebi, xolo `afsilebi~ da Zveli `abazgebi~, rogorc Cans, iyvnen qarTuli warmoSobis tomebi. afsilTa mezobeli abazgebi, p. ingoroyvas kvleviT, igive mesxebi iyvnen. `bas-xi~, araqsis, anu fazisis xaobaSi mcxovrebi basianelebi _ igive mesxebia. maTi satomo saxelebi, Cans, msgavsi fuZiT iyvnen nawarmoebni. iqamde, VI s-Si, prokofi politikuri TvalsazrisiT, TiTqosda, or nawilad hyofda saqarTvelos: sparsul-iberiulad (iberebi, mesxebi) da romaul-lazurad (lazebi, afSilebi, abazgebi, skvimebi, svanebi). prokofisaTvis, rogorc politikuri moRvawisaTvis mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos romauli (lazuri) nawili. es Tvalsazrisi aisaxeba kidec sparseTis samefo karze bizantieli elCebis vizitisas gamarTuli kamaTis dros. VI-VII ss sparseTbizantiis omebis Semdeg, Cans, afsilebi CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlebulan. xaskunebi alaniaSi s. yauxCiSvils mohyavs VI s-is cnobebi qarTlis cxovrebidan, romelic Seexeba alanur tomebsa da afxazeTs. iustiniane `brZoda kerZoTa ovseTisaTa, sazRvarsa avazgiassa naTesavsa xaskunTasa~. VI saukunisaTvis Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi (SavizRvispireTSi) bizantielebma sparselebTan lazikisaTvis omSi dasaxmareblad Crdilo kavkasiidan Semoiyvanes TavianTi mokavSire alanuri tomebi da maT gadasces mniSvnelovani simagreebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, amitomac, imJamad, `sazRvari avazgiisa~ droebiT iwoda `kerZoTa ovseTisaTa~. Cans, alanebs Crdilo kavkasiidan bizantiisaTvis arasasurveli zogierTi sxva tomic Semohyolia, maT Soris Cans aRniSnuli xaskunebic. iustinianem, romelic xaskunTa toms ebrZoda, Txova iberiis mefe farsmans daxmareba. farsmani Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi SebrZolebia xaskunebs, gaumarjvnia da misi mTavrebi Sepyrobili gaugzavnia iustinianesTvis. Cveni azriT iberieli mefe farsmani ver daexmareboda iustinianes jars, iberiis daqvemdebarebaSi rom ar yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos miwawyali `sazRvarsa avazgiassa~.

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qarTuli wyaroebiT qarTlis samefos imJamindeli sazRvari md. klisuraze gadioda, xolo teritorias klisuridan yubanamde bizantia flobda. lazikis omebis dros, rogorc aRiniSna, damxmare Zalad, sparselebTan saomrad am miwa-wyalze TviT bizantielebma Semoiyvanes alanuri tomebi. isini iq (klisuridan yubanamde) droebiT gabatondnen kidec (xazarebamde), rac toponimikaSic aisaxa, `alania~ da `kerZo ovseTisa~ bizantiis mier xeldebul am mxareebs ewoda (md. egriswyal-klisuras iqiT). rogorc aRiniSna, qarTuli wyaroebic im teritorias, romelsac Semdgom sakuTriv afxazeTi ewoda _ alanias uwodebdnen. es iyo klisuras iqiT mdebare teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili. Tamaris istorikosi, rogorc aRiniSna, wers: `giorgi III `Jamsa zamTrisasa gardavidis lixTimereTs da miuwios zRvad pontosad da moinadiris alanTa qveyana, romelic ars afxazeTi~ (`istoriani da azmani~, q. c., II, 1959, gv. 15). alania _ gvian Sua saukuneebSic ki erqva afxazeTis erT nawils. rogorc aRiniSna, V-VI saukuneebSi alanebis Zalze mravalricxovani momTabare xalxi Crdilo kavkasiisa, donis, dunaisa, dneprispireTsa da evropaSic ki laSqrobdnen. amitom, maT mebZolebs VI s-Si dasavleT saqarTvelos siRrmeebSi (bizantia-sparseTis omisas bizantielTa nebiT) fexi hqondaT mokidebuli, e.i cixe-simagreebi da mniSvnelovani punqtebi eWiraT garkveuli droiT. alanTa Semdgom aq xazarTa gavlena gaZlierebula arabebis Semosevebis Semdgom. afsilebi da abazgebi qarTulenovani xalxi iyo Zvelad afsilebi iyvnen `lazebis qveSevrdomebi~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 165). SemdegSi `afsilebi kolxebs gadaudgnen da ambobdnen kolxebma ar isurves daxmareba aRmoeCinaT maTTvis~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 164). bizantielebi (alanTa daxmarebiT) da sparselebic afsilebs sastikad ebrZodnen. maT TavianTi TanamoZme lazebis daxmarebis imedi hqondaT, magram omiT lazaralebulma lazebma es ver SeZles. afsilebi ganawyendnen. lazTa qveSevrdomebisagan gandgomis Semdeg, SesaZloa, zedafena afsilebisa VII-VIII ss-Si abaSgebis zedafenasTan erTad gadasaxldnen ufro CrdiloeTiT, cxumisaken da miitanes iq, afxazeTSi, qarTulenovani saxelmwifoebrioba da eklesia. CrdiloeTis es mxareebi saomar moqmedebaTa centrebs ufro daSorebuli iyo, amasTanave VII s. bolodan asparezze gamoCenilma xazarebma saqarTvelos zRvispireTidan gaaZeves alanuri tomebi _ bizantielTa mier mowveulni sparseTTa omisas. gamoTavisuflebul arealze, SesaZloa, es qarTuli tomebi wanacvldnen, Tumca es teritoria (Semdgomi afxazeTi) maTi istoriuli samSoblo iyo, egrosis wilxvedri qveyana.

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afsilebi da abazgebi qarTulenovani xalxi iyo, ratom? abazgebs berZnebTan hqondaT urTierToba, berZnebisagan miiRes qristianoba da radganac amis miuxedavad CamoyalibebisTanave, VIII saukunidanve, afxazTa samefoSi saxelmwifo da saeklesio ena iyo ara berZnuli, aramed qarTuli, es faqti miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli ena maTi mSobliuri ena iyo. bruqsebi abazgebis sacxovrisis Semdeg alanebis sacxovrisamde prokofis sityviT `bruqsebis~ (bruxebis, bruqebis) tomi cxovrobda (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 135). me vfiqrob, rom etimologiurad es sityva (bruqsebi) axloa sityva `iberTan~ (bru-iber). guTebi guTebi iustinianes ugzavnian oTx mociquls da iTxoven maTTvis episkoposs, radganac gaegoT, rom iustinianes abazgebisaTvis moZRvari gaegzavna (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 138). guTebma meorejerac VIII s-Si gagzavnes bizantiaSi TavianTi elCebi episkoposis moTxovniT da amjerad afxazur anu iberielTa eklesiaSi miiRo kurTxeva guTebis episkoposma ioanem. aqedanac Cans, rom guTebisaTvis abazgebi iberielebi iyvnen. saginebi, sebastopoli, pitiunti, trapezunti `xosrom, sparsTa mefem, lazebi rom warmouZRvnen mas petrasken, gadawyvita iq sparsTa jaris gagzavna am simagreebis asaRebad~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 137). `am simagreebis~ qveS igulisxmeba sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis aReba. prokofis `saginebis~ (sanigebis) tomi SavizRvispireTSi eguleba or adgilas (iqve, gv. 136), erTi trapezuntis siaxloves, meore ki abazgebisken. Cans, orive adgilas yofila punqtebi sebastopolisi da pitiunti, amitomac abazgebis, bruqsebis, alanebisa da hunebis aRwerisas kvlav ubrundeba trapezunts (saginebis xsenebis gamo), iqve mdebare sebastopolissa da pitiunts. petras siaxloves of-rizesken mdebare meore pitiuntisa da sebastopolisis cixeebi trapezunts icavdnen da amitomac maT didi strategiuli daniSnulebac gaaCndaT.

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afsaru rizesTan prokofis sityviT, q. rizes axlosaa punqti `afsaru~ `afsurta~ _ sadac iasonma da medeam mokles aietis vaJi afsurte (georgika 2, 1965, gv. 124), aqaa lazebisa da sanigebis (saginebis) qveyana (iqve, gv. 125). sxva adgilas prokofi am qalaqs _ `afsarunts~ uwodebs. q. fazisi erqva fasisis marcxena sanapiroze mdebare qalaqs mdinaris SesarTavTan. (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 126). prokofi kesarieli da sxva Zveli avtorebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros erT nawils aRniSnaven sagangebo terminiT _ `naxevarmTvaris msgavsi nawili~. afsaruntidan petramde 20-25 km. manZili yofila. sxva cnobiT, q. afsarosi md. arqabesTan, xofas maxloblad mdebareobda. manZili afsaruntidan petramde, skvimnia da svania prokofi wers: `q. afsaruntidan petramde (lazTa sazRvrebamde), sadac evqsinis ponto Tavdeba, erTi dRis savali gza aris. ponto rom Tavdeba, aq qmnis naxevarmTvaris msgavs napirs. am naxevarmTvaris gadasavali udris 550 stadions (daaxl. 100 km.), xolo mis ukan mdebare qveyana aris lazuri da asec iwodeba. amaT Semdeg Sida xmeleTSi modis skvimnia da svania. es tomebi lazTa qveSevrdomebi arian... am qveynis gverdiT, saxeldobr iberiis gaswvriv, cxovroben ZvelTaganve iberTa qveSevrdomi mesxebi, romelTac mTebSi aqvT sabinadro adgilebi. mesxeTis mTebi arc mwiria da arc nayofierebas moklebuli, aramed savsea yovelgvari sikeTiT, radgan mesxebic marjve miwis muSebi arian da iq venaxebic aris. am qveyanaSi mTebi metad maRalia, uzarmazari da saSinlad miuvali. da isini gavrcelebulia vidre kavkasiis mTebamde. amaT ukan aRmosavleTiT aris iberia, romelic persarmenielebamde aRwevs~. (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 127). Cveni xedviT, im qveyanas, romelsac Cven vuwodebT kolas da artaans _ prokofi kesarieli uwodebs iberias (e.i. iberiis erT-erT nawils), sadac mesxebi cxovroben, mis iqiTa qveyanas ki _ `persarmenias~ (armeniis sparsul nawils), lazika qarTuli wyaroebis _ `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiria~ ergeliganTan erTad, xolo skvimnia-svanias, Cans, uwodebs im qveyanas, romelsac, amJamad guriis mTianeTi _ samcxe-SavSeT-zemo aWara ewodeba. aqauri mTebi, marTlac, maRali, uzarmazari da miuvalia, miT umetes, rom am mTebis nawilia karCxal-arsianis mTianeTi, imereTis mTebi ki _ dabalia. aq, samcxe-kola-artaan-taosken, marTlac, (klarjeTisagan anu lazikis gulisagan gansxvavebiT) miwa nayofieria, aris baRebi da venaxebi. misi mcxovrebni, anu mesxebi iberi xalxis nawilia. Tu am kuTxiT ganvixilavT saqarTvelos istoriul geografias, prokofi kesarielis cnobebi eWvs naklebad gamoiwvevs da metad sando xdeba.

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wignis am nawilSi `persarmeniis~ xsenebisas prokofis kidev erTxel agondeba md. fazisi da kidev imeorebs _ mesxebis `ukan aRmosavleTiT aris iberia, romelic persarmenielebamde aRwevs. am mTebiT romelic aq aris, Camodis mdinare fazisi, romlis saTave kavkasiis mTebSia da pontos erTvis naxevarmTvara napiris SuaSi~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 127). esaa, Woroxisa da misi regionis aRwera. kolxebi _ lazebi prokofis mtkicebiT, kolxebi SeuZlebelia ar iyvnen igive lazebi, vinaidan mdinare fazisze mosaxleoben, xolo saxeli kolxi, rogorc sxva mravali tomisa, amJamad, `lazTa saxeliT Seicvala~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 120). aqedan naTlad Cans, rom ukve Zvel samyaroSi ar icodnen, Tu konkretulad romeli tomi iyo Zveli, legendaruli kolxebis pirdapiri eTnikuri STamomavali. aseTebad zogs erTi, sxvebs ki sxva tomi miaCnda. prokofic interesdeba am sakiTxiT da radganac cnobili iyo, rom kolxebi Zvelad md. fazisTan cxovrobdnen, xolo mis dros am mdinareze lazebi mosaxleobdnen, amitomac dawera _ `kolxebi igive lazebi arian~. ase, rom es cnoba eWvmiutaneli ar iyo TviTon prokofisTvisac, miTumetes, rom sparsTa mefis winaSe lazebi TavianT Tavs kolxebs uwodebdnen. Tanac saxeli `lazi~ am toms prokofis dros Serqmevia, maTi Zveli saxeli `lazTa saxeliT Seicala~. fazisis ritorikuli skola prokofi kesarieli axsenebs md. Termodontsa da md. Temiskuras, q. amisiasTan (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 122). prokofi wers: `amisiis maxloblad aris egreTwodebuli Temiskure da mdinare Termodonti, sadac, rogorc amboben, amazonTa banaki iyo. trapezuntelTa sazRvrebi vrceldeba surmenemde da egreTwodebul rizemde, romelic lazikaSi mimavalTaTvis ori dRis savali gziT aris daSorebuli trapezuntamde~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 122). miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli wyaroebi zogjer dabejiTebiT iZlevian geografiul miniSnebebs, Cveni zogierTi mkvlevari, mainc, am cnobaTa sawinaaRmdego daskvnebs akeTebs. magaliTad, sruliad gasagebad wers Temistiosi, rom q. fasisis ritorikuli skola mdebareobda `mdinare TermodontTan, mdinare TemiskurasTan, armenielebisa da kolxebis qveyanaSi~, mainc CvenSi damkvidrebuli azriT, fasisis qveS, TiTqosda, q. foTi moiazreba, maSin, roca, foTs araferi akavSirebs arc armenielebis, arc persarmenielebis mxaresTan da mis siaxloves ar gaedineba md. Termodonti da arc md. Temiskura.

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misgan gansxvavebiT ki, qalaqi `fadissa~ axloa am mdinareebTan (q. `fadissa~ mdebareobda kolxebis Zvel samSobloSi). fadisa, amJamad, fatsad iwodeba trapezuntis dasavleTiT. Wanebi prokofis TqmiT, Wanebi zRvispireTs Zalze arian daSorebulni da armenielebis gverdiT cxovroben (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 120). svania _ skvimnia prokofis sityviT skvimnia da svania mdebareobda iberiasa da moxiriss Soris (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 202). prokofi wers: `ase Caigdes xelSi sparselebma uqimerionis cixe da mtkiced daepatronnen lazikes. magram marto es lazike ki ar Caigdes xelT sparselebma, aramed skvimniaca da svaniac da amrigad moxirisidan iberiamde mTeli miwa-wyali gamoecalaT xelidan romaelebs da lazTa mefes~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 202). Cven vsvamT aseT kiTxvas _ Tu ki `skvimnia~ da `svania~ Tanamedrove leCxum-svaneTia, `moxirisi~ ki _ Tanamedrove quTaisis regioni, rogor moeqceodnen isini (skvimnia da svania) aseTi ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi moxirissa da iberias Soris? aseTi geografiuli ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi svaneTi da leCxumi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da quTaiss Soris moeqceoda. skvimnia da svania ki mdebareobda iberiasa da moxiriss Soris. magram, Tu skvimnia da svania VI s-Si erqva vrcel viwro mTian zols lanCxuTis mTianeTidan aWara-SavSeTis mTianeTis CaTvliT, xolo moxirisi xelvaCaur-erge-ligans, maSin skvimnia da svania moeqceoda iberiasa da lazikas Soris, radganac lazikad ZiriTadad Woroxis xeobas miviCnevT. prokofis sityviT sparsTa mTavarsardalma uqimerionis siaxloves aaSena lazTa cixe, romelsac `sarapaniss eZaxian da romelic zed lazikis sazRvrebTan mdebareobs~. esaa sul sxva, kidev erTi sarapana. g. grigolias sityviT _ sarapana erqva mniSvnelovani gzis dasacavad agebul cixes (sparsulad), amitomac iyo kolxeT-lazikaSi da saerTod saqarTveloSi mravali sarapana (ix. georgika, II, 1965, gv. 204) (g. grigolia, egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi, 1994, gv. 201).

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III. prokofi kesarieli `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~

(mimoxilva) klisurebi lazikis SesasvlelSi bizantielebisTvis lazikis `Sesasvleli~ mdebareobda Sav zRvasTan, xolo misi `gasasvleli~ sparseTis mxarisaken iyo mimarTuli. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, klisurebi anu erTmaneTTan mijriT mdebare mTebis viwro xeobebi lazikis `SesasvlelSi~ mdebareobdnen anu Savi zRvis siaxloves. is wers: imperatorma iustinianem `am qveyanaSi gaamagra xeobebic ki, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, klisurebs uwodeben, raTa lazikes Sesasvleli mtrisTvis Caketili yofiliyo~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 107). es aris mniSvnelovani cnoba, sxva wyaroebSi prokofi aseve wers, rom es klisurebi lazikaSi md. fazisis siaxlovesac iyo. maSasadame, lazikis klisurebi erTdroulad zRvisa da mdinaris piras mdebareobda. aseTi mdinare Woroxia da ara md. rioni, radganac md. rionis piras arasodes arsebula erTmaneTis paralelurad mdebare mTebiT warmoqmnili xeobebi (klisurebi), romelnic amave dros zRvis siaxlovesac mdebareobdnen. visac uxilavs arTvinidan artanujisaken mimavali gza mixvdeba Tu rogor xeobebs uwodebda prokofi klisurebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom borCxasa da md. aWariswyals Sua Woroxis marjvena Senakads `kliskurisu~ hqvia, rac etimologiurad `klisuras~ msgavsia. Woroxispira am adgilebSia mdinaremde CaWrili qedebi, romlebic axloa zRvasTanac, xolo md. rionis zRvispira nawili vrclad gadaWimuli velia. Wanebi Wanebi iyvnen armenielTa mezoblebi, aRmerTebdnen Walebs, frinvelebs, zogierT cxovels, cxovrobdnen `camde azidul uzarmazar mTebSi da miwas ki arasodes amuSavebdnen~ (prokofi kesrieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 104). WaneTSi `umetesad xrioki, sruliad mwiri da unayofo adgilebia, aq arc miwis moxvnaa SesaZlebeli, arc naTesis momka da arc Tibva~ (iqve, gv. 105). maSasadame, WaneTSi cxovelTaTvis sakvebi balaxi mcirea. prokofi sxva naSromSi aRwers, rom lazikeSi sparselebs 20.000-mde cxeni daexocaT SimSiliT, anu ubalaxobis gamo, maSasadame, lazikec WaneTis msgavsi, umosavlo qveyanaa.

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aseTi ki SeuZlebelia iyos dasavleT saqarTvelo mTlianad da gansakuTrebiT ki rionispira bari, subtropikuli zona, sadac balaxic da yovelgvari nayofic uxvad modis. Wanebi iustinianes dros gaqristiandnen da romaelebTan erTad laSqrobdnen. WaneTi yoveli mxridan kldovania, Zneladsavali qveyanaa cxenosnisTvisac ki. iustinianem maT eklesia auSena sqamalixonSi; cixeebi aaSena horononSi, ganaaxla sisilisonSi. WaneTs CrdiloeTiT esazRvreboda qalaqi trapezunti. WaneTsa da lazikes Sua prokofi asaxelebs trapezuntsa da rizes. lazi mefeebis samefo Sesamoseli zogierTi istorikosi lazikas Zlier saxelmwifod miiCnevs, radganac bizantiis imperatorebi lazeTis mefeebs samefo Sesamosels ugzavnidnen. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT ki piriqiT, msgavsi Sesamoslebi egzavnebodaT imperiisadmi daqvemdebarebul e.w. `satrapebs~. prokofi aRwers erT aseT magaliTs _ iustinianes epoqaSi bizantiisadmi daqvemdebarebul armeniis erT nawils marTavda xuTi satrapi (erisTavi). maT CamorTmeuli hqondaT qveynis suverenuli marTvis ufleba, magram mmarTvelis wodeba SenarCunebuli hqondaT imperatoris mier. isini mxolod garegnuli niSnebiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, amitomac wers prokofi _ amaT `mxolod zogierTi samefo niSani eniWebodaT romaeli imperatorisgan. Rirsi kia es niSnebi sityviT movixsenio, radgan adamianis Tvali maT verasodes ixilavs: esenia: qlamida, iqsoveboda zRvis cxovelis bewvisagan... porfiris CamoSvebuli nawili iq, sadac mewamuli nakecebia, oqroTia nakeri, qlamidas hkravs oqros balTa, romlis SuaSi Casmuli iyo romeliRaca patiosani qva, aqedan eSveboda sami iakinTis qva wvrili oqros ZewkviT. qitoni abreSumisaa, yoveli mxridan oqromkediT Semkuli, romelsac plumiebs eZaxian, fexsacmeli muxlamde mewamuli ferisa, romelsac mxolod romael imperatorebsa da sparsel mefeebs SeuZliaT Caicvan~ (prokofi kesrieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 98). maSasadame, romaeli imperatorebisa da sparseTis mefeebis msgavsad armeniis satrapebic (anu erisTavebic) icvamdnen wiTel (mewamul) fexsacmels, magram es faqti ar gamodgeba imis samtkiceblad, rom isini Zlieri anda suverenuli saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi iyvnen. safiqrebelia, rom lazeTis mefeebic armeniis aRniSnuli `satrapebis~ msgavsi mmarTvelebi iyvnen anu Seesatyvisebodnen qarTvel mTavars an erisTavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli satrapebis garda, erT-erT armenias sakuTari mefec hyavda, romaelTa gavlenis qveS myofi.

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cixe-simagreebi lazikeSi (petra, pitiunti, sebastopolisi) iustinianem lazikeSi aago cixe-simagre losorioni (SeiZleba SevadaroT, rom armeniaSi arsebobda punqti lisiormoni), gaamagra lazikis SesasvlelSi xeobebi (klisurebi), aRadgina lazikes Zveli, nangrevebadqceuli eklesia (klarjeTSi eklesiebi IV-V ss-Si aigo). iustinianem aaSena q. petra. iq lazebma sparselTa jari Seiyvanes, amitomac bizantielebma es qalaqi `miwasTan gaaswores, raTa barbarosebi kvlav ar mosuliyvnen~ (prokofi kesrieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 107). `gadaRma xmeleTze, meotis tbis mimarTulebiT aris ori cixe-simagre _ sebastopolisi da pitiunti. isini `romaelebma daangries, roca Seityves, rom xosro jaris gagzavnas apirebda am cixeebis asaRebad~ (iqve, gv. 107). xosros, petras aRebis Semdeg, surda, rom trapezuntic aeRo. mis gzaze, trapezuntisaken, rizes regionSi idga sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis cixeebi, amitomac isini TviT romaelebma daangries, raTa trapezunti daecvaT. trapezunti, anu trapezusi iyo bizantielTa umTavresi samxedro sazRvao porti Sav zRvaze. lazikisaTvis omisas petras dangrevis Semdeg mas udidesi funqcia mieniWa. amitom, xosrom daapira Tavisi laSqriT wasuliyo petradan trapezuntisaken zRvispireTis gziT da aeRo zRvaze bizantielTa umTavresi sazRvao-strategiuli es baza. petradan trapezuntze laSqrobisas gzaze mas Sexvdeboda pitiuntisa da sebastopolisis simagreebi, romelTa winaaRmdegobis daZlevis Semdeg, misi jari am cixeebSi Cadgeboda, riTac mudmiv safrTxes Seuqmnida bizantias da ukve advilad SeZlebda trapezuntze gamarjvebas. amitomac, sebastopolisi da pitiunti romaelebma daangries, roca Seityves, rom xosro jaris gagzavnas apirebda am cixeebis asaRebad. maSasadame, is pitiunti da sebastopolisi romelTac axsenebs prokofi, petrasa da trapezunts Soris mdebareobda. cnobili `pitia~ (pitiunti) Tavisi saepiskoposo centriT mdebareobda rizesTan axlos, rac rukebzecaa aRniSnuli. es pitiunti VI saukunis dangrevis Semdeg aRarasodes aRdgenila Tavisi Zveli mniSvnelobiT. sebastopolisi iustinianem aRadgina da aqcia RirSesaniSnav qalaqad (iqve, gv. 107). aRsaniSnavia, rom saxeli sebastopolisi sxvadasxva saukuneebSi sxvadasxva qalaqs eniWeboda SavizRvispirze. magaliTad, q. faziss erT periodSi sebastopolisi erqva. maSasadame, TviT romaelebma daangries _ `miwasTan gaaswores~ iqamde cnobili cixe-qalaqebi petra, pitiunti, sebastopolisi da sxvebi, romelnic

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aRarasodes aRdgenilan, Tumca maT saxelebs Semdeg sxvadasxva qalaqebs uwodebdnen Zveli saxelis sidiadis gamo. klisurebi prokofi kesarieli Tavis naSromebSi sakmaod xSirad xmarobs sityvas `klisura~, `klisurebi~. rogorc aRiniSna, klisura, misi ganmartebiT, aris viwro bunebrivi xevi or (TiTqmis paralelur) qeds Soris moqceuli. Tu am qedTaSua xevze gza gadioda, mis gasakontroleblad romaelebi agebdnen simagres. prokofis cnobiT klisura (klisurebi) yofila ara marto lazikaSi, aramed TrakiaSi (ae, IV,11), armeniaSi (ae, III, 3,2) da saberZneTSi (ae, IV, 2,17). prokofis cnobiT, imperatorma iustinianem lazikeSic `gaamagra xeobebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv klisurebs eZaxian, raTa lazikes Sesasvleli mtrisTvis Caketili yofiliyo~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 107). prokofi kesarieli TviTonve ganmartavs, Tu ras warmoadgens `klisura~ (`klisurebi~) is wers: `am mxareSi (e.w. `sofaneneSi~) rva milis manZilze aRmarTulia cicabo mTebi, yoveli mxridan gauvali, erTmaneTTan mWidrod mijrili, qmnian or viwro xeobas, romelsac klisurebs uwodeben. persarmeniidan sofanenisaken mimavali SeuZlebelia ar moxvdes am or xeobaSi. aqaurebi erT maTgans ilirisons, meores ki _ safxazs uwodeben. mtrebisaTvis gzebis gadaketvis TvalsazrisiT es adgilebi metad sayuradRebo iyo... imperatorma am xeobebSi aRmarTa Zlieri simagreebi da Caayena samxedro jari~ (p. kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, Targmna julieta SoSiaSvilma, 2006, gv. 100). ase rom, klisuri ewodeba or erTmaneTTan mijriT mdebare qedTa Sua xevs, anu klisuris pirdapiri qarTuli Targmani xevia. romaelebis yuradRebas es xevi anu klisura ipyrobda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu iq gadioda gza. am gzaze romaelebi cixe-simagreebs agebdnen. prokofi sxva naSromSi wers, rom lazikaSi aseTi klisuri mdebareobda petrasTan anu zRvasTan axlos md. fazisis sanapiroze. am SemTxvevaSi md. rioni arafriT ar SeiZleba iyos fazisi, radganac zRvis siaxloves md. rionTan araviTari mTis xevebi (klisurebi) ar aris, esaa daWaobebuli gaSlili bari, xolo Tu ki Woroxi aris fazisi, am SemTxvevaSi prokofis gageba advilia. Woroxze, zRvis siaxloves artanuj-gonios (petras) gzaze uamravi mTis xeoba anu prokofiseuli klisuraa. ase rom, cxadia, prokofisaTvis Woroxia fazisi da ara rioni.

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Waobi prokofis cnobiT rionis dablobis Waobi moicavs uvrceles regions da Seadgens mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobis mniSvnelovan nawils. Waobi iwyeba zRvispireTidan da grZeldeba, TiTqmis, samtrediamde, siganiTac is Zalze didia da vrcladaa gadaWimuli urek-qobuleTidan vidre oCamCiremde. Waobi yovelTvis dausaxlebeli iyo, Tu ar vigulisxmebT Zalze iSviaT gamonaklisebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc xmelTaSua ise SavizRvispireTis uSualod zRvasTan mimdebare sanapiro zoli qalaqebiT da soflebiT iyo (da aris) dasaxlebuli, garda Waobiani adgilebisa. romaelebi eridebodnen Waobian adgilebSi qalaqebisa da soflebis daarsebas, saerTod eridebodnen Waobebs. amis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs prokofi kesarieli. misi cnobiT, imperatori iustiniane, romelmac Tavis imperiaSi mravali qalaqi, cixe-simagre da nageboba aago, moerida erT-erT SesaniSnav adgils misi daWaobebis gamo da iq araferi ar aago. prokofi gvixsnis amis mizezs: `imis mizezi, Tu ratom araferi aaSena imperatorma bizanaSi, Semdegi ram iyo: aq, vake adgilze gaSlilia cxenosnobisTvis xelsayreli vel-mindvrebi, bevria daWaobebuli adgilebic. mtrisTvis es teritoria advilad dasapyrobia, aqaurebisTvis ki avadmyofobis saSiS keras warmoadgens, amitomac, imperatorma uyuradRebod datova igi, qalaqi sul sxva mxares gaaSena da Tavisi saxelic uwoda... dgas cicabo kldeze da SesaniSnavi klimatiT gamoirCeva~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, Targmna j. SoSiaSvilma, gv. 104). (ae, III, V, 13-15). maSasadame, romaelebi qalaq-soflebs agebdnen kldovan da kargi klimatis mqone adgilze, eridebodnen Waobebs, amitomac maT arc rionis dablobis WaobebSi SeeZloT qalaqebis ageba. aRsaniSnavia, rom daWaobebis gamo urekidan _ oCamCiremde zRvispiras qalaqebi da soflebi axlac ar arian (foTis garda).

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gza persarmeniidan bizantiisaken imperatorma iustinianem WaneTSi romaelTa da persarmenielTa sazRvrebis gasayarze aago mtkice cixe-simagreebi. maTi daniSnuleba iyo daecva gzebi. prokofi wers: `es qveyana sami gzajvarediniT aris danawilebuli. aqedan iwyeben gayras romaelTa, persarmenielTa da TviT WanTa sazRvrebi. aq iustinianem aago Zalian mtkice cixe-simagre horononi da amiT daadga Tavi zavis saqmes. pirvelad aqedan gaxda SesaZlebeli romaelTaTvis WaneTSi Sesvla~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 106). cixe-simagris daniSnuleba ZiriTadad iyo gzis dacva anu Zlieri cixesimagre mniSvnelovani gzis dacvis saqmes emsaxureboda. Sesabamisad, skanda da sarapana _ sparseTidan romis miwebisken (bizantiisken) mimaval gzaze unda agebuliyo _ raTa mtrisTvis gza gadaeketaT. prokofi wers _ iustinianem `aRmarTa Zlieri simagreebi~ (iqve, gv. 100) im adgilebSi, romelnic `mtrebisTvis gzis gadaketvis TvalsazrisiT metad sayuradReboni iyvnen~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 100). aqedan gamomdinare, CvenTvis saintereso skandas cixe-simagre, sadavo bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris, mniSvnelovan gzaze mdebareobda. aseTi gza, Tuki dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sorapnis mxridan Sedioda, maSin uSualod am gzispirze unda yofiliyo kidec skandas cixe. realurad ki, imereTis skande sul sxva regionSi mdebareobs. bizantielebi sparseTTan damakavSirebel gzaze agebdnen cixe-simagreebs, aseve iqceodnen sxva qveynebSic, magaliTad, Teodopolisis maxloblad xorzenas mxareSi gamaval gzaze: `sparselTa mefisaTvis aqedan advili iyo SeWriliyo romaelTa qveyanaSi, vidre imperatorma iustinianem gza ar Caketa. am kuTxis SuagulSi iyo sofeli artalesoni. igi cixe-simagred iqca~ (iqve, gv. 101). maSasadame, skandas cixe mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seasrulebda Tavis funqcias, Tuki is `gzis Camketi~ simagre iqneboda, anu is uSualod gzaze unda mdgariyo. imereTis skande ki suram-Sorapanis gzaze ar dgas, anu ar dgas da arasodes mdgara dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemaerTebel gzaze, xolo klarjeTis kandridi, romelsac Cven prokofiseul skandad miviCnevT, namdvilad aseT saerTaSoriso gzaze idga.

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`on~ sufiqsi da `art~ prefiqsi prokofi kesarielis traqtatSi `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~ gvxvdeba aTamde toponimi, `on~ sufiqsis da `art~ prefiqsis darTviT. `on~ sufiqsiT nawarmoebi saxelebi ufro WaneTSi gvxvdeba, esenia _ horononi, xartoni, sisilisoni, sqamaliqoni, janzakoni, WanWakoni, barxoni. losorionis cixe _ lazeTSi, aq dasaxelebuli punqtebis saxelwodebani on-sufiqsiT bolovdebian, on-i ki Wanuri zedsarTavi saxelebisTvis damaxasiaTebel sufiqsad iTvleba (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 22). `on~ sufiqsiT armeniis erT nawilSic asaxelebs prokofi saxelebs _ baiberdoni, areoni, germanufosatoni, kukarizoni, lisiormoni da sxva. Tu `on~ namdvilad Wanuri (saerTo qarTuli) sufiqsia, unda vifiqroT, rom aRniSnul sufiqsiani saxelebi armeniis im mxareSi iyvnen gavrcelebulni, romelSic mkvidri mosaxleobis _ Wanebis armenizacia moxda. `art~ prefiqsic WaneT-lazikes regionisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli _ ardaSeni, arTvini, artanuji, artaani da sxva (`art~-`qarT~-`qald~-`gard~ saerTo qarTuli fuZea). prokofis cnobiT mis dros armeniis mxare xorZeneSic yofila sofeli am prefiqsiT `artalesoni~. aRsaniSnavia, rom xorZenes olqi strabonis cnobiT Tavdapirvelad iberebis qveyana iyo, romelic Zv.w. II s-Si miitaca armeniam.

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IV. prokofi kesarieli `saidumlo istoria~

(mimoxilva) wyaros mtkicebebis ugulebelyofa mTargmnel-komentatoris mier prokofi kesarielis Txzulebis `saidumlo istoriis~ mTargmneli n. efremiZe Tavis komentarebSi wers _ `lazike _ Zveli kolxeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) saxelwodebaa IV saukunis Semdgom, igive `qarTuli egrisi~ (prokofi kesarieli, saidumlo istoria, 1989, gv. 118). n. efremiZe ucvlelad imeorebs XX s-is qarTul istoriografiaSi sayovelTaod gabatonebul Tvalsazriss, rom lazika _ dasavleT saqarTveloa, kerZod ki, rionis vrclad gadaWimuli dablobi, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawilia. aseTi msjeloba saocaria im mxriv, rom warmoadgens Tavis mierve Targmnili wyaros mtkicebebis ugulebelyofas. magaliTad, am wignSi `saidumlo istoria~ (iseve, rogorc yvela sxva Tavis TxzulebaSi), prokofi kesarieli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs _ `lazike, rogorc iTqva, kldovani da Znelsavali qveyanaa~ (prokofi kesarieli, saidumlo istoria, 1989, gv. 27). `mTiani da gauvali qveyana~ (iqve, gv. 28). prokofi kesarieli Camoyalibebul azrs, rom lazike mTagoriani da kldovani qveyanaa da am mTian-kldianobis gamo ugzo, gauvali da savalad Zneli, kidev erTxel imeorebs am TxzulebaSi _ `lazikaSi Tavdatexili aTasi ubedurebiT gawamebulma sparselebma es ambavic rom Seityves, SeSindnen, sadme mtris jars ar gadahyrodnen, col-Svilisa da samSoblos unaxavad ar amowyvetiliyvnen am mTian da gauval qveyanaSi~ (iqve, gv. 28). maSasadame, prokofis sityviT _ lazike aris `mTiani da gauvali qveyana~, amasTanave, `kldovani da Znelsavali qveyana~. mTiani, kldovani, Znelsavali, gauvali _ am sityvebs prokofi lazikis Sesaxeb, rogorc aRiniSna, yvela Tavis TxzulebaSi xSirad imeorebs. arsad, arc erT Tavis Txzulebasa Tu SeniSvnaSi, prokofis arsad ara aqvs naTqvami, rom lazika iyo iseTi vrceli vake-dablobi, rogoricaa dasavleT saqarTvelo foTidan wyaltubomde. marTlac, mTeli rionis dablobi Tvaluwvdeneli vakea da rogor aris is mTian-kldovani? rogorc iTqva, prokofi kesarielis lazike aris is qarTuli miwa-wyali, romelsac erovnul saistorio wyaroebSi ewodeboda klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa, erge, ligani, aWara, da, saerTod, mTeli Woroxis xeoba arTvinartanujis CaTvliT arsianis qedamde. Tu vinme Seadarebs Zveli qarTveli istorikosebis (mag. grigol xanZTelis `cxovrebis~ avtoris) mier Woroxis xeobis (klarjeT-SavSeTis) aRweras prokofis mier aRweril lazikes, mixvdeba, rom isini erTsa da imave qveyanas aRwerdnen _ es iyo mTian-kldovani qveyana.

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agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.) lazikis Sesaxeb

lazebi _ erTmorwmune qristianebi arian agaTia sqolastikosi lazikis xalxs da mis mefes uwodebs erTmorwmune qristianebs, kerZod, isini arian `romaelTa qveSevrdomi keTilmzraxveli da erTmorwmune~ (agaTia sqolastikosi, georgika, tomi III, 1936 w. gv. 29). saerTaSoriso gza lazikis gavliT rogorc xSirad aRiniSna, bizantielebs ar surdaT, rom sparselebs xelSi CaegdoT is saerTaSoriso gza, romelic lazikis gavliT persarmenias, anu sparsul armenias aerTebda Sav zRvasTan. kerZod, radganac persarmenia ZiriTadad sparselebis xelSi iyo (igulisxmeba qalaq dvinisa da sxva mimdebare qalaqebis sanaxebi), aqedan isini im gziT, romelic aerTebda dvins artaanTan da Semdegdroindel artanujTan, Cadiodnen Woroxis xeobaSi Semdegdroindel qalaq arTvinSi da Woroxispira gziT swrafad midiodnen zRvispira cixe-simagre `petraSi~, anu gadiodnen Sav zRvaze. es ki Zalze afrTxobdaT bizantielebs, amitomac wers agaTia: `Tu sparselebi omSi gaimarjvebdnen da mTel qveyanas (lazikas) aiRebdnen, aRaraferi daabrkolebdaT maT uSiSrad SemoecuraT evqsinis pontoTi da Zalian Rrmad gaekvliaT gza romaelTa samefoSi~ (georgika, III, gv. 29). aqedan Cans, dasavleT saqarTvelo rom yofiliyo lazika, maSin Zveli avtorebi mas da armenias erTad ar moixseniebdnen, radganac armenia da dasavleT saqarTvelo erTmaneTisagan Zalze daSorebuli regionebi arian da maT Soris imJamad sxva mravali tomi cxovrobda da mravali qveyana iyo. xolo lazika da mcire, anu romauli armenia namdvilad iyvnen erTmaneTis mezoblebi, erT saxelmwifoSi, bizantiaSi, Semavali, erTi mmarTvelobis, maT Soris strategiuli mmarTvelobis qveS. qarTul istoriografiaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda, sparselebi lazikeSi gadadiodnen Tanamedrove suramis uReltexiliT da TiTqosda am gzis gavlis Semdgom eweodnen e.w. petrasaTvis oms. ismis kiTxva: Tuki petrasaTvis omis dros sparseTis Sahma Tavisi jari Seagzavna jer aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Semdgom jarma gadalaxa suramis uReltexilebi da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT Cavida petraSi, ratom ganaxorciela man es Zalze urTulesi manevri, maSin, roca ukve arsebobda ukve gakvaluli gza, romliTac sparsul jars dvinis sanaxebidan (prokofis sityviT sparselTa ZiriTadi samxedro bazidan) SeeZlo pirdapir Sesuliyo petraSi umoklesi gziT (esaa iberiis (kerZod artaankolas) gavliT artaan-artanuj-arTvinis gza).

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aRniSnulis garda dasavleT saqarTvelo, kerZod ki rionis dablobi, aris zRvis piras gadaSlili Zalze vrceli vake, romelic Zvel dros metismetad iyo daWaobebuli da iq gavrcelebuli iyo malaria, cieb-cxeleba, daavadebani. Waobiani adgilebi ki saomari moqmedebebisaTvis uvargisi iyo. WaobebSi gavla uWirdaT SeiaraRebul razmebs, miTumetes warmoudgeneli iyo aseT WaobebSi spiloebiT omi. spiloebs ki lazikis omis dros iyenebdnen rogorc xosros uSualo xelmZRvanelobis, aseve mis mxedarTmTavar naxoraganis dros. agaTia sqolastikosis sityviT WaobSi, Waobian adgilebSi da iseT tyeebSi, sadac tyes gaaCnia sakuTari qve-tye, gavla uWirdaT ara Tu spiloebsa da cxenosan razms, aramed ubralo SeiaraRebul razmsac ki. kerZod, agaTia sqolastikosi erT umniSvnelo Waobze wers: `dablobebi metismetad Waobiani da Slamiania da maT gars akravs imdenad xSiri buCqnarebi da tyeebi, rom araTu SeiaraRebul razmebs, aramed kacsac ki _ isic msubuqad Cacmuls, gauWirdeba iq gavla~ (georgika, III, gv. 31). miTumets, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo dafaruli iyo ara patara zomis fragmentuli WaobebiT, aramed misi mTliani zedapiris didi nawili _ rionis dablobi da zRvispireTi, erT mTlian Waobs warmoadgenda, sadac SeiaraRebul razmebs da armiebs gavla cxadia gauWirdeboda. qalaq fazisTan kldeebs 2000 muSa angrevda prokofi kesarieli, iseve rogorc sxva avtorebi, gamowvlilviT aRweren e.w. lazikisaTvis omebs. isini xSirad axseneben kldeebs, aseve, sagangebo muSebis mier kldis ferdebis mongrevas, xramebis amovsebas, aRweren mdinarispira da zRvispira omebs, magram arsad ar aRweren omebs WaobSi anda romelime samxedro razmis mier Waobis gavlas. dasavleT saqarTvelos udidesi nawili ki Waobiani dablobi iyo, amasTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva _ Tuki qalaqi fazisi iyo qalaqi foTi, Zveli avtorebi, qalaq fazisisaTvis omis dros ratom ar axseneben Waobs, foTi da misi Semogareni xom mTlianad WaobebSi iyo Cafluli? sparselebs, mravalaTasiani sagangebo muSebis razmebic hyavdaT, romlebic lazikaSi maTi jaris saval gzas amzadebdnen. kerZod ki, agaTias sityviT, isini lazikaSi amtvrevdnen kldeebs da kafavdnen tyeebs. agaTia wers _ sparselTa meTaurs qalaq fazisisTan omisas: `imedi hqonda, rom muSebis saSualebiT gaWrida da gawmendda tyes da kldeebsac moamtvrevda da moacilebda xelis SemSlel nawilebs~ (georgika, III, gv. 32). Tu q. fazisi iyo q. foTi maSin agaTias mier naxsenebi kldeebi foTTan unda veZioT, magram kldeebi foTTan ar aris.

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radganac agaTia kldeeebs axsenebs, Cans, rom klarjeTze laparakobs da ara Waobze, radganac foTis irgvliv WaobebSi, rogorc iTqva, kldeebi geologiuradac ar dasturdeba. sparseTis Sahic aRniSnavda, rom lazikaSi jaris momarageba Wirda, amitom `didi gaWirvebiT, mebarguli kacebisa da sakidari cxovelebis saSualebiT xdeboda~, imitom, rom rogorc xSirad aRiniSneba, lazika kldovani qveyana iyo da ara Waobiani. agaTia werda, rom q. fazisis irgvliv iyo daxeTqili adgilebi, anu napralebiani adgilebi, magram ar axsenebs Waobs. magaliTad, is wers: `sparseli muSebi karga xania Txrilis amosavsebad muSaobdnen da maT ukve mTlianad SeesworebinaT Camongreuli da daxeTqili adgilebi. ise rom, alyis Semosartymelad gagzavnili jari am adgils advilad gaivlida (iqve, gv. 106). qalaq fazisis irgvliv, agaTias TqmiT, 2000 sparsi muSa muSaobda `Camongreuli da daxeTqili adgilebis~ gasasworeblad (iqve, gv. 122). bizantielebi, iseve rogorc sparselebi, asworebdnen, sagangebod amzadebdnen gzebs jaris savlelad. kerZod ki, xeebiTa da qvebiT yoravdnen arasaimedo adgilebs da dauRalavad muSaobdnen. agaTia amis Sesaxeb wers: `romaelebs araviTari Sroma ar dauzogavT da Tu sadme arasaimedo da advilad misadgomi adgili upoviaT, maSinve xeebiTa da qvebiT amouyoravT da dauRalavadac uSromiaT am mxriv (iqve, gv. 31). maTi saqmianobis aRweris dros arsad sityva Waobi ar ixsenieba. lazika da armenia agaTia sqolastikosTan, iseve rogorc sxva VI-VII saukuneebis berZen avtorTan, lazika da armenia erT konteqstSi, erTad moixsenieba xolme. magaliTad, mTavarsardali iustine fazisTan sparselebis damarcxebis Semdeg iRebs `kolxidisa da armeniis moqmedi jaris mTavarsardlobas~. ufro sworad, 557 wlisaTvis mas oficialurad ewoda `armeniis jaris mTavarsardali~ (georgika, t. III, gv. 30). ismis kiTxva, ratom evaleboda armeniis mTavarsardals ewarmoebina omi kolxeTSi. pasuxi is aris, rom kolxeTi da armenia, kerZod ki mcire armenia iyvnen erTmaneTis mezoblebi, mdebareobdnen erT regionSi. agaTias kolxeTi mdebareobda Woroxis xeobaSi, xolo md. Woroxis xeobis sazRvris iqeTa samxreT-aRmosavleT mTianeTs ukve armenias uwodebdnen. amitomac, rogorc aRiniSna ara marto agaTia sqolastikosTan, aramed sxva avtorebTanac, kolxeTi da armenia erTad moixseniebian.

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gubazi xobiswyalTan agaTias sityviT, lazTa mefe gubazi bizantielma strategiosebma xobiswyalTan mokles. Tu fazisi aris mdinare Woroxi, maSin agaTias aRniSnuli xobiswyali iqneba mis samxreTiT gamdinare md. xofiswyali. Woroxidan xofiswyali daSorebulia daaxloebiT 30 km manZilze, mdinare xofiswyali xufaTis (xofas) cixe-simagresTan axlos. taZrebi onogurisTan (wm. stefanes saxelobisa) da q. fazisTan lazikaSi yofila ramdenime cnobili taZari. kerZod, onogurisTan wm. stefanes saxelobisa. agaTias dros am adgils kidec ewodeboda wm. stefane. onogurisi ki ukve gadaviwyebuli Zveli saxeli yofila. TviTon onogurisi ki erTi nawili yofila arqeopolisisa. meore, kidev ufro saxelganTqmuli taZari lazikaSi, mdebareobda qalaq fazisis, anu Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavis samxreTiT. gacxarebuli saomari moqmedebis win iq salocavad wasula bizantieli mxedarTmTavari, romelsac Semdeg sastikad daumarcxebia sparselTa jari. aq qalaq fazisTan axlos, rogorc aRwerilobidan Cans, iyo aseve petras cixe-simagre. Woroxis SesarTavTan samxreTiT iyo afsarosi, sadac ganisvenebda mociquli mataTa, is cnobili salocavi unda yofiliyo. md. dokonisi da punqti nesosi agaTia wers, rom iq, sadac fasiss uerTdeba mdinare dokonisi, mdebareobda punqti nesosi. Tu fasisi Woroxia, dokonisi misi erTi SesarTavi unda iyos, radganac, agaTias sityviT, qalaqi fasisi aRniSnul punqt nesoss sul daaxloebiT 2025 km-iT iyo daSorebuli. q. fasisi `nesoss sul mcire 6 farsangiT aris daSorebuli dasavleTiT~ (iqve, gv. 37). iqve ganmartavs, rom farsangi aris daaxloebiT 21 stadioni, erTi stadioni ki aris daaxloebiT 178 metri. `6 farsangiT~ anu zRvispira qalaqidan nesosamde daSoreba yofila 22 428 metri, radganac agaTia wers: `sul didi 6 farsangi~, Cven SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es daSoreba iyo 20-22 km. axla vnaxoT, romeli mdinare uerTdeba mdinare Woroxs zRvidan 20-22 km-Si. pirveli aseTi mdinare aris aWariswyali da Semdgom sul ramdenime km-is iqiT maWaxliswyali. ase rom, dokonisi an aWariswyalia an maWaxliswyali. Cven rukebze sagangebod veZebeT xom ar iyo aRniSnuli mdinareebis xeobebSi raime punqti dokonisis saxelwodebiT da, marTlac, Cvenda gasakvirad aRmoCnda, rom qarTul toponimikas Semounaxavs, TiTqmis, 1500 wlis winandeli saxeli da qarTuli enciklopediis

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tomSi, romelSic `saqarTvelos ssr~ ewodeba, TanadarTul aWaris rukaze aRmoCnda md. aWariswylis saTaveSi mdebare sofeli dioknisi. dokonisi da dioknisi etimologiurad identurni arian da am sofelma dioknisma Semoinaxa aWariswylis Zveli saxeli anda piriqiT, mdinare aWariwyals Zvelad mis mixedviT erqva dokonisi, anu dioknisis wyali, rac prokofi kesarielis cnobidan Cans. moxirisi _ xelvaCaur-erge-ligani mdinare aWariswyalsa da qalaq borCxas Sua Woroxis napirebze gadaSlilia uxvmosavliani da baraqiani miwa-wyali, romelsac bolo saukuneebSi erge-ligani anu livani ewodeboda, romelic gagrZelebaa xelvaCauris uxvmosavliani raionisa. prokofi aRwers, rom lazikis kldovan qveyanaSi erTaderTi moxirisis teritoria iyo uxvmosavliani. klarjeTisa da xelvaCaur-erge-liganis mimarTebac aseTivea. klarjeTi aris kldovani qveyana, sadac mxolod ergeliganis veli aris kargmosavliani. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom istoriuli moxirisi iyo xelvaCaur-erge-ligani klarjeTTan SedarebiT dablobSi anu vakeze mdebare. Zvel moxirisSi mdebareobda qalaqi kutaia. `kut~ fuZiT mdinare aWariswylis xeobaSi (da sxva xeobebSic), amJamadac ki, arseboben soflebi. mag. aWariswylis xeobaSia soflebi kvatia da kvaStia. SesaZloa, kutaia-kutia mdebareobda iq, sadac amJamad mdebareobs borCxasTan axlos punqti arliki, anda sof. maradidi, romlis erTi ubnis saxeli aris quTureTi, igive kut (quT) Ziris mqone. sarapana yovelive aRniSnuli SesaZloa usafuZvlodac ki mogvCveneboda, rom qalaqebisa da mdinareebis aRniSnuli mdebareobani urTierTdaSorebebiT, manZilebiT, mimarTulebebiT, adgilmdebareobebiT da sxva niSnebiT, TiTqmis, zustad rom ar emTxveodes prokofi kesarielisa da sxva avtorebis monaTxrobs. Cven aRar gavimeorebT skandas da sarapanas cixeebTan dakavSirebul, SeiZleba iTqvas, Cvens istoriografiaSi gabatonebul lafsusebs _ magaliTad, Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, skandasa da sarapanas kldovan mTagorian adgilze mdebare cixe-simagreebis irgvliv ar modioda araviTari mosavali (arc xorbali, arc Rvino, sursaTic ki mecixovneebs cxenebiTac ver ahqondaT qveynis kldianobis gamo da mas zurgiT ezidebodnen) da, amave dros ki, Cven Tanamedrove zogierT mecniers eWvmiutanel faqtad miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli skanda da sarapana aris Tanamedrove zRvis donidan 170-250

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metr simaRleze subtropikul zonaSi mdebare punqtebi skande da Sorapani, romelTa irgvliv venaxebis plantaciebia gadaSlili. radganac aqve axlos zestafonis raionis sofelSi var gazrdili, SemiZlia vTqva, rom aqaur mosaxleebs aTeulobiT fuTi Rvino hqondaT dayenebuli qvevrebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sarapans sparseTis Sahi xosro uwodebs `sarapas~ (georgika, gv. 222), aseve `sarapas~ uwodebs mas berZeni avtori menandre. amitomac SegveZlo gvefiqra, rom es toponimi daculia Woroxis xeobaSi da erT-erT punqts ewodeba kidevac sarfi. vfiqrob, sarapanasTan etimologiurad sarfi ufro axloa, magram sarfisagan gansxvavebiT, Zveli sarapana mdebareobda ara zRvispiras, aramed maRla mTebSi iberiasTan, vfiqrob, Tanamedrove artaanTan axlos, sadRac artaan-artanujis gzaze. Tanac sarapana unda yofiliyo ara erTi, aramed erTmaneTTan axlos mdebare ramdenime cixe-simagre. amitomac moixsenieben mas zogjer mravlobiT ricxvSi _ sarapanebi. erT-erTi aseTi sarapani SesaZloa mdinare Woroxze mdebare arTvinic yofiliyo strabonis dros. ase, rom strabonis sarapana sxvaa, xolo prokofisa da agaTiasi sxva. strabonis sarapana md. fazisispirze mdebareobda, Semdegi drois avtorebi ki mis mdebareobas maRalmTianeTSi miuTiTeben. lazikis omebis ganxilvis dros XX s-is avtorebi berZnuli wyaroebis `iberiad~ moiazreben mxolod Tanamedrove aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, magram ar unda iqnas daviwyebuli, rom iberiis didi nawili Tanamedrove samxreT saqarTveloSi mdebareobda, vrclad iyo samxreTiT gadaSlili, vidre araqsamde. sazRvari iberiasa da armenias Soris da sparsi sardali naxoragani sazRvari iberiasa da armenias Soris gadioda mtkvris saTavesTan. straboni werda, rom mtkvris saTavesTanve iwyeboda iberia. amitomac, kolas didi nawili da artaani iberiaSi Sedioda. magaliTad, roca agaTia wers, rom `sparsi sardali naxoragani ukve iberiaSi iyo mosuli~ (iqve, gv. 54), gulisxmobs, rom naxoragani kola-artaanis provinciaSi iyo misuli da emzadeboda, raTa Tavisi jariT daSvebuliyo mdinare Woroxis xeobaSi, saidanac umoklesi gziT mividoda petras axlos mdgar qalaq fasisTan.

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lazikis mefis kavSiri iberebTan da svanebTan bizantielTa mier dapyrobil lazebs TavianTi mefe hyavdaT, romelic imperators mudam Tavis erTgulebas umtkicebda. maT bizantiidan ugzavnidnen samefo niSnebs _ grZel mosasxamsa da qamars. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, rogorc cnobilia, lazTa mefe gubazi berZenTa mxedarTmTavrebma mokles. sasamarTlo procesze, romelic sparselTa SiSis gamo gamarTes bizantielebma, mkvlelebi brals sdebdnen gubazs, rom is `bedavda saidumlo kavSiris gabmas iberebTan da svanebTan, ise iqceoda, ise warmoidgina Tavi, TiTqos marTla mefe yofiliyo da mis xelT yofiliyos Tavisi nebisaebr emarTa, uari Tqva CvenTan erTad elaSqra cixis winaaRmdeg da arc ki movida CvenTan: amayad da uxeSad mogvigo uari vidre es daqiravebul qveSevrdoms Seefereboda~ _ wers agaTia sqolastikosi (georgika, III, gv. 149). maSasadame, dampyrobeli berZnebis azriT, lazikis mefe mxolod garegnuli niSnebiT iwodeba ase, sinamdvileSi ki iyo daqiravebuli qveSevrdomi, romlis samefo Sesamoselsac zogjer ironiulad moixseneben xolme, magaliTad, ambobdnen: `mefis saxelwodeba abzindisa da qlamidis da, saerTod, garegnul samkaulebs ar ganekuTvneba~ (iqve, gv. 142). erTi sityviT, dascinodnen im samefo niSnebs, romelTac konstantinopolidan ugzavnidnen laz mefeebs. gubaz mefes yvelaze did danaSaulad CaeTvala is, rom `Sikrikebs afrenda xolme, rom cnobebi mietanaT iberiaSi da svanTa tomisTvis, kavkasiis gadaRma mcxovreb gadamTielTaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 147). aq `kavkasiad~ igulisxmeba karCxal-arsianis mTianeTi, mis gadaRma cxovroben svanebi (dasavleT saqarTvelo) da iberebi (igulisxmeba artaani). gubazis mkvlelebi dasajes, magram Semdgom maleve lazTa mefobis institutic gaauqmes. lazeTis samefo karis wevrebs bizantiur titulebs aZlevdnen. magaliTad, vinme farsant kolxs (lazTa mefis karis razmebis ufross) miniWebuli hqonda magistris tituli. agaTia wers, rom is `magistrosi iyo TanamdebobiT. am barbarosebSic ase ewodeba am Tanamdebobas~ (iqve, gv. 156). Cveni TvalsazrisiT, aq sainteresoa is, rom kurapalatisa da magistrosis titulebi iberiis samefo karze miitanes swored im mefeebma, romlebic warmoSobiT klarjeTidan iyvnen, kerZod, pirveli aseTi iyo vaxtang gorgaslis siZe guaram kurapalati, romelic Semdgom iberiis mefe gaxda. iberiis Semdgomi mefeebi daviT aRmaSeneblamde, TiTqmis, uwyvetad atarebdnen bizantiur titulebs. safiqrebelia, rom isini, kerZod ki guaram kurapalati an misi winaprebi naTesaur an Tanamdebobriv kavSirSi imyofebodnen lazTa mefeebTan. ase iyo Tu ise, lazTa mefeebi oficialurad atarebdnen basilevsis tituls. mas da mis moxeleebsac hqondaT bizantiuri maRali samoxeleo titulebi, maSasadame, maT STamomavlebs gaaCndaT didi samefo legitimuri

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uflebebi. vaxtangis Zis, mirdatis ojaxSi siZed, kerZod ki dis qmrad, wesiT maRali samefo legitimuri uflebebis mqone piri unda SeeyvanaT da, radganac bagrationebi TavianT kerZo mamulad klarjeTs Tvlidnen (romelsac isini Tavs afarebdnen yoveli didi saxelmwifo katastrofis dros), unda vifiqroT, rom bagrationebi iyvnen lazikis, anu klarjeTis mefeebis legitimuri memkvidreebi VI saukunidan. marTlac, Semdgom IX-X saukuneebSi bagrationTa sagvareuloSi warmoiqmna ganStoeba, romelTac klarji da artanujeli xelmwifeebi ewodebodaT. cxadia, maTi legitimizacia cariel adgilze ar moxdeboda. lazeTis Zveli mosaxleoba agaTia sqolastikosis monaTxrobidan Cans, rom mis dros mcxovrebi lazikis mosaxleoba eTnikurad gansxvavdeboda lazikis Zveli mosaxleobisagan, kerZod, misi TvalsazrisiT, misi drois lazikis mosaxleoba gamoirCeva `xasiaTis silamaziTa da sicqvitiT~ im dros, rodesac `winandel mcxovreblebs am mxarisas sruliad ar scodniaT zRvis dadebiTi Tvisebebi, warmoidgineT arc ki gaegonaT xomaldis saxeli manamde, sanam maTTan argos navi mividoda, exlandeli mcxovreblebi dacuraven kidec da vaWrobaSic naxulobdnen did sargebels (georgika, III, gv. 51). aqedan Cans, rom lazikaSi, agaTias sityviT, Zvel dros cxovrobda `winandeli~ mosaxleoba, romelic `exlandelisagan~ sxvadasxva niSniT gansxvavdeba. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom herodotes sityviT, mis epoqaSi, anu agaTia sqolastikosamde TiTqmis 1000 wliT adre mcxovrebi mosaxleoba iyo Savkaniani da xuWuWTmiani, egviptelebis msgavsad. Semdgom ki sxva berZeni avtorebis, magaliTad, strabonis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, kavkasiis maxlobeli mosaxleoba Secvlila ZiriTadad balkaneT-Tesaliidan Semosuli mosaxleobiT (Tavis mxriv, balkaneTSi maTi Soreuli winaprebi kavkasiidan Sesula). am balkanelTesaliel mosaxleobas Zveli avtorebis umetesoba miiCnevdnen argonavtebis STamomavlebad. magaliTad, Savi zRvispireTSi mcxovreb aqevelebs, iberebs, albanelebs, armenielebs, midielebs argonavtebis STamomavlebad (e.i. balkanur-Tesaliuri warmomavlobisad) miiCnevdnen. berZnul mwerlobaSi darCa nakvalevi imisa, rom zRvispireTis zogierTi regionis uZvelesi mosaxleoba, TiTqosda, Savkaniani iyo. magaliTad, zaqarias saxeliT cnobili avtori Savi zRvispireTis kavkasiis aRweris dros sxva tomebs Soris asaxelebs sam Savkanian tomsac. wers: `Semdeg aRmosavleTiT, CrdiloeTis ZirSi kidev sami Savi tomi cxovrobs~ (georgika, III, gv. 20).

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manZilebi lazikis punqtebs Soris agaTia sqolastikoss mohyavs oriode cnoba, Tu ra manZilebiT iyo daSorebuli erTmaneTs lazikis punqtebi. kerZod, is wers: `nesosi sul didi 5 farsangiT aris daSorebuli telefiss~ (georgika, III, gv. 36). iqve ganmartavs, farsangi aris sigrZis erTeuli _ berZnebis azriT, erT farsangSi Sedioda 30 stadioni, xolo laz-iberebisa da sparselebis azriT _ 21 stadioni. TviTon agaTias azriT, nesosi telefisis cixes daSorebuli iyo 150 stadioniT. maSasadame, misi azriT, erTi farsangi moiTvlida 30 stadions, radganac erTi stadionis sigrZe aris daaxloebiT 178 metri, nesosi telefiss daSorebuli yofila 26 700 metriT, anu 26,7 km-iT. radganac wers, rom sul didi, maSasadame, amaze ufro naklebi manZiliT iyo daSorebuli. gvaqvs aseve meore cnobac, rom fasisidan nesosi eqvsiode farsangiT iyo daSorebuli da wers: `nesosi sul didi 6 farsangiT aris daSorebuli dasavleTiT~ (georgika, III, gv. 97). agaTia sqolastikosis erT-erT xelnawerSi nacvlad 6 farsangisa dawerili yofila 5 farsangi (iqve, gv. 97, SeniSvna). mkvlevarTa Soris sadavoa, aseve, farsangis sigrZe. farsangis sigrZe aq lazur-iberiuli sazomiT aris mocemuli Tu berZnuliT. maSasadame, erT farsangSi 30 stadioni vigulisxmoT Tu 21. maSasadame, Tu nesosi faziss daSorebuli iyo 6 farsangiT, lazuri sazomiT maT Soris manZili iqneboda 22 428 m., xolo berZnuliT _ 32 040 m. Tu nesosi qalaq faziss daSorebuli iyo 5 farsangiT, maSin lazuri sazomiT maT Soris manZili iqneboda 18 690 m, xolo berZnuliT _ 26 700 m. maSasadame, maqsimumi nesossa da fasiss Soris aRmoCnda 32,04 km, da minimumi 18,69 km. erTi sityviT, saSualo manZili maT Soris iyo 25,365 km, anu daaxloebiT 25-26 km. radganac qalaqi fasisi zRvis piras iyo, xolo nesosidan fasisamde gza SesaZloa iyo garkveulwilad mixveul-moxveuli, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Savi zRvidan nesosamde manZili iyo 20-25 km. `nesosi~, Cveni azriT, mdebareobda Worox-aWariswylis (e.i. fasis-dokonisis) SerTvis adgilas, xolo fazisi _ goniosTan. saxelwodebaTa damTxvevebi berZen avtorTa mier gadmocemuli kolxeTis punqtebis saxelwodebebi, meordeboda sxva qarTul kuTxeebSi, magaliTad, lazikaSi iyo punqti telefisi. zogierTi mkvlevari mas aigivebda Terjolis raionis sofel telefasTan, magram, vfiqrob, telefisi etimologiurad aranakleb axlos aris Tbilisis Zvel saxelTan tfilisi. telefisisa da tfilisis gaigiveba, cxadia, ar SeiZleba. aqedan Cans, rom saxelTa msgavsebam mkvlevari SeiZleba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos. magaliTad, berZnuli wyaroebis onogurisi, TiTqmis, identuria qarTul samyaroSi cnobil saxelTan anaguri, romelic kolxe-

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Tis gareT sul sxva regionSia. aqedanac Cans, rom saxifaTo iyo dakavSireba qarTuli Sorapanisa da berZnuli sarapanasi, miTumetes, rom isini sul sxva regionebSi mdebareobdnen. sarapana maRal mTebSi, kldeTa Soris, xolo Sorapani dablobSi, zRvis donidan, daaxloebiT, sul raRac 170 metrze. sarapana etimologiurad aranakleb axlos dgas aseve dablobSi mdebare punqtis saxelTan sarfi, magram sarfisa da sarapanas gaigivebac ar SeiZleba maT Sesaxeb urTierTgamomricxavi cnobebis arsebobis gamo. magaliTad, erTgan xorbalic ki ar modis maRali mTianeTis siciveebis Sedegad, xolo meore ki piriqiT, subtropikul zonaSi mdebareobs. aseve ar aris eWvmiutaneli faqti, TiTqosda, berZnuli kotaisi da qarTuli quTaisi erTi da igive iyos. kot, kut fuZiT mravali qarTuli toponimi arsebobs. agaTias cnobiT, iberiaSi arsebobda qalaqi mesxiTa da miiCnevdnen, rom es aris qalaqi mcxeTa. TviT wyarodan ki Cans, rom aq igulisxmeba iberiis is qalaqi, romelic sparseTsa (persaremniasa) da lazikas Soris arsebobda, radganac, Cveni azriT, lazika es aris Woroxis xeoba, massa da persarmenias Soris moqceuli iyo iberiis provinciebi artaani da kolas didi nawili. vfiqrob, swored aq, artaanSi an kolaSi mdebareobda iberiis qalaqi mesxiTa. magram yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom is Zveli toponimebi, da hidronimebi, romelTac berZeni avtorebi axseneben, amJamad, sabolood dakargulia. magaliTad, rogorc aRvniSneT, mdinare dokonisis Ziebis dros aRmoCnda, rom es saxeli dokonisi dioknisis formiT SemorCenilia mdinare aWariswylis saTaveSi. alanebi misimianTa qveynis winaaRmdeg misimianTa qveyana uSualod esazRvreboda lazeTsa da aseve afsilias. afsilia lazeTis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda, xolo misimielebi cxovrobdnen afsilTa tomis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT: `isini am afsilTa tomze ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTisaken~ (georgika, III, gv. 83). agaTias sityviT, misimielebi afsilebisagan gansxvavebul enaze laparakobdnen. lazeTisa da misimianTa qveyanas Soris sazRvarze aRmarTuli iyo cixe buqloosi. monaTxrobidan Cans dampyrobelTa moqmedeba mkvidri mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg. SeiZleba gavixsenoT Semdgomi epoqis magaliTi, monRolebma saqarTveloSi jer Semoiyvanes osi molaSqreebi da Semdgom ki maT gadasces qarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani cixeebi da mxars uWerdnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg omSi, ufro adre msgavsadve iqceodnen bizantielebic, kerZod, maT surdaT misimianTa qveynis TavisTavadobis gauqmeba da misi dapyroba. amis gansaxorcieleblad bizantielebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi SemouyvaniaT sabirebTan erTad alani molaSqreebi da

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maTTvis cixeebi da irgvliv miwa-wyalic gadauciaT. amitomac misimielebi ar endobodnen bizantielebs da alanebTan dakavSirebiT maT Soris daundobeli omi dawyebula. kerZod, bizantieli strategiosi soteriqe mivida misimielTa qveyanaSi: `mas mefisagan fuli hqonda wamoRebuli, romelic mezobel, mokavSire barbarosTaTvis unda daerigebina. ase iyo imTaviTve dawesebuli da yovelwliurad urigdeboda fuli~ (georgika, III, gv. 85). roca soteriqe mivida misimielTa qveyanaSi, misimielebma istoriis warsuli magaliTebis mixedviT gansajes, anda sxva arxebiT Seityes, rom soteriqes bizantiidan waRebuli am didZali fuliT surda moesyida alanebi, raTa maT misimielebisaTvis waerTmiaT buqloosis cixe-simagre da daeWiraT is. agaTia yovelmxriv malavs am veragul zraxvas, Tumca iqve amJRavnebs da wers: `rodesac soteriqe maT qveyanaSi mivida, imaT ratomRac ifiqres, TiTqos, erTi maTi cixe zed lazeTis sazRvrebze aRmarTuli, romelsac buqloosi erqva, alanebisaTvis surda gadaeca soteriqes~ (geo, III, gv. 86). Semdgomi monaTxrobidanac Cans, rom bizantielebi da alanebi mokavSireebi arian. bizantielebi alanebs uxdidnen Tanxas da amave dros iyeneben kavkasiis sxva tomebTan urTierTobis damyarebisa da qarTul tomebTan omis dros (iqve, gv. 87). bizantielTa omi misimianTa winaaRmdeg misimianTa qveyana, rogorc iTqva, lazikas esazRvreboda Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mxridan. sparselebis winaaRmdeg lazikaSi gaCaRebuli omis dros bizantielebs gadauwyvetiaT Tavis xelSi aeRoT lazikis mezobeli es Zalze mniSvnelovani placdarmi, radganac misimielebs TavisTavadobis daTmoba eZnelebodaT, bizantielebs gadauwyvetiaT misimianTa winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebinaT TavianTi momxre tomi alanebisa. strategios soteriqes konstantinopolidan gamoatanes didZali Tanxa, raTa maT moesyidaT alanebi da waerTmiaT misimielebisaTvis lazeTis sazRvarze mdebare buqloosis cixe. Semdgom bizantielebs gadawyvetili hqoniaT gamagrebuliyvnen am cixe-simagreSi da Semdeg, alanebis daxmarebiT aqedan moesyidaT kavkasiis sxva tomebi (georgika, III, gv. 87). Tu ase moxdeboda, misimielebi kargavdnen ara marto damoukideblobas, aramed Tavisuflebas da mTel qonebasac. amitomac maT miugzavnes strategioss TavianTi elCebi, romelTac sTxoves strategioss, ar gamoeyenebina alanebi maT winaaRmdeg da ganucxades: `usamarTlobis moyeneba gangizraxavs CvenTvis, strategioso, arc sxvas unda misce neba Cveni qoneba wagvarTvas, arc TviTon moindomo amis Cadena~ (georgika, III, gv. 87). soteriqem elCebi joxebiT acemina, Seuracxyofilma misimielebma daRamebisTanave mokles soteriqe da misi Svilebi. agaTia wers, rom misimielebis azriT,

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romaelebi maT samagieros gadauxdidnen usastikesad da misimielebi ambobdnen: `Cveni bedi ukve gadawyvetilia. romaelebi movlen, Cven maT ver gavumklavdebiTo~. amitom isini aSkarad gadaudgnen romaelebs, sparselebis mxareze gadavidnen da elCebi gaugzavnes TxovniT: `migviReT, dagvexmareT, rogorc Tqvens qveSevrdomebso~ (iqve, gv. 90). misimielma didebulebma amcnes iberiaSi Sesul sparsel mxedarTmaTavars naxoragans, rom soteriqe CvenTan movida ara TiTqosda mokavSireobisaTvis fulis dasarigeblad, aramed mTeli Cveni modgmis asawiokeblad da gasanadgureblado, an sruliad unda movspobiliyaviT, anda dagveswro da qveynidan unda gagveyarao: `romaelebi male Tavs dagvesxmian da gagvinadgureben yvelafers: iRupeba tomi ara mciredi da ara umniSvnelo, aramed iseTi, romelsac SeuZlia udidesi sargebloba moutanos sparseTis saxelmwifos; Cveni qveyana mdebareobs kolxeTis zemoT, is Tqven gamogadgebaT mtris winaaRmdeg sasimagro safarad~ (georgika, III, gv. 155). male bizantielebma misimielTa winaaRmdeg gaagzavnes 4 aTasamde jariskaci, ramdenime strategiosi, aseve ufro adre dapyrobili Wani mebrZolebisagan Seqmnili jari, romelsac Teodore meTaurobda (iqve, gv. 156). aq iyvnen agreTve varaz armenieli, farsant kolxi TavianTi TanamolaSqreebiT. 555 wlis zafxulSi jari mivida afsilielTa qveyanaSi, maTi msvleloba SeaCera cnobam, rom misimielTa dasaxmareblad wamosuli iyo sparsuli jari. sparselebs Svelodnen maTi daqiravebuli sabiri hunebi. sparselebi male ukan dabrundnen, radgan zafxuli gavida, zamTarSi ki isini ar ibrZodnen, romaelebma ganagrZes winsvla misimielTa qveyanaSi, aiRes cixe, romelic mdebareobda misimielTa da afsilTa qveynis sazRvarze, Semdgom aiRes kldeebze mdebare cixe-simagre Zaxare. gamarjvebuli bizantielebi umowyalod xocavdnen misimielebs, maT Soris qalebsac. agaTia wers: ganrisxebulma romaelebma esenic ar Seibrales da umowyalod gaJletilebma imaTac zRves mamakacTa mier Cadenili borotmoqmedebisaTvis. gadawves misimielTa bziT daxuruli xis saxlebi, iseTi cecxlis ali avardnila maT qveyanaSi, rom is afsilTa qveyanaSic ki daunaxavT. misimielTa bavSvebis umowyalo daxocva bizantielebis mier agaTia wers, rom misimielTa qveynis dapyrobis Semdeg aramarto daxoces mkvidri mosaxleoba, aramed cecxls misces maTi saxl-kari. `am cecxlis dros ufro mravlad daixocnen barbarosebi: zogierTebi saxlebSi iyvnen darCenilni da iq gadaiwvnen, an nangrevebSi mohyvnen: zogierTebs kidev, romlebic gareT gamovardnen, maxvilebisagan hqondaT gamzadebuli sikvdili. mravali bavSvi, romlebic mware tiriliT eZaxodnen mSobel dedebs, datyvevebuli iqna. amaTgan zogierTebi kldeze dauSves Seubraleblad da ase iqmnen daglejilni, xolo zogierTebi, TiTqos TamaSis mizniT, haerSi

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iqnen asrolilni da rodesac Semdeg simZimisagan ukan daeSvnen, aSverili Subebi daaxvedres da zed aages haerSive (georgika, III, gv. 171). misimielebi qristianebi iyvnen misimielTa winaaRmdeg mxolod erTi SebrZolebis dros bizantielebs 20 aTasi mSvidobiani mosaxleoba amouxocavT. TavianTi istorikosis agaTias azriT, didZali nadavliT bizantielTa gamarjvebuli jari ukanve dabrunebula kolxidaSi. agaTia am jaris meTaurze wers: `dabrunda kolxidaSi Tavisi saxelmoxveWili da mamaci jariT~ (geo, II, 194). am jaris `simamace~ ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom maT erTmorwmune qristiani mosaxleoba Seubraleblad daxoces. iqamde damarcxebul misimielebs mociqulebi miugzavniaT da uTxovniaT bizantielTa jaris meTaurisaTvis `sabolood nu gagvanadgureb, Zirfesvianad nu aRmofxvri Cvens modgmaso, ZveliTganve xom romaelTa qveSevrdomni varT da erTmorwmuneni... vaJkacebi dagveRupa aranakleb 5 aTasisa, qalebi ufro meti, bavSvebi kidev ufro meti, ise rom, lamis mTeli Cveni modgma aRigavoso~ (iqve, gv. 174). ufro adre misimielebi bizantielebs werdnen _ `ar SevbRaloT `marTlmorwmuneoba da wminda saidumloTa umwikvlooba~ (iqve, gv. 76), anda `uzenaesis Sesaxebac Tqvennairad (e.i. berZnulad) moazrovneni~ (iqve, gv, 130). aqedan Cans, rom misimielebi VI saukunis Sua wlebSi ukve karga xnis qristianebi iyvnen. msgavsi barbarosuli qmedebebiT bizantielebi qristianobas ver gaavrcelebdnen iq da Cans, amis survili arc ki hqondaT. lazebi _ didi xnis qristianebi iyvnen da amitom lazebi ambobdnen: `mTeli sparseTi SevierToT da sulebi ki waviwymidoTo?~ _ (iqve, gv. 77) _ esaa perifraza saxarebidan. misimielebi lazTa zemoT cxovrobdnen, Cans, axlandel aWara-guriis mTianeTSi. isini lazebis msgavsad VI saukuneSi ukve Zveli qristianebi iyvnen. WanTa tomis damorCileba miuxedavad imisa, rom Wanebi bizantielebis mokavSireebi iyvnen, bizantielebs surdaT maTi sabolood damorCileba. rogorc Cans, damorCilebis is xarisxi, romelsac iustinianem miaRwia, WaneTSi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda 556 wlisaTvis. Wanebi, agaTias sityviT, cxovrobdnen qalaq trapezuntis qvemoT (georgika, III, 181). maTi razmebi TareSobdnen pontos gaswvriv mdebare soflebSi. Zarcvavdnen mgzavrebs, Tavs esxmodnen armenias. Wanebis qveynis Crdilo-dasavleT mxares mdebareobda trapizonis qveyana, aRmosavleTiT ki armenia. maT winaRmdeg gaigzavna bizantielTa jari Wanive

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Teodores meTaurobiT. radganac man Turme zedmiwevniT icoda Tavisi qveyana. agaTia wers: `is daiZra kolxididan didZali jariT fazisis gadaRma, mouara dasavleTiT Wanebis sazRvrebs da ucbad Sevida mtris maSindeli miwa-wylis SuagulSi. man daibanaka qalaq Teodoriadisa da e.w. rizes garSemo~ (georgika, III, 182). aqedan Cans, rom fazisi gaedineboda qalaq rizesa da trapizonis axlos, amitomac rizeSi rom Sesuliyo, Teodorem gars Semouara md. faziss, anu is pirdapiri gziT ki ar wavida, qalaq rizesaken, aramed Semouara Woroxs, anu gayva Woroxis xeobas `da, roca daupirispirda qalaq rizes, wavida dasavleTis mimarTulebiT da uSualod miadga qalaqs. amitomac wers agaTia _ fazisis gadaRma mouara dasavleTiT da miadga qalaq rizes. aqedanac Cans, rom mdinare fazisi namdvilad Woroxia. bizantielebma mokles 2000 kaci, Semdgom ki daxarkes Wanebi da yvelani aRweres. Cans, isini TavianTi qveynidanac gaaZeves (iqve, gv. 185). zRvis sanapirodan isini mTebSi arekes. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am omis win Wanebis qveynis Suaguli yofila sadRac qalaq rizesTan. agaTia wers: `rom Teodore Tavis jariT Sevida~ mtris maSindeli miwa-wylis SuagulSi: rizes garSemo~ (georgika, III, gv. 82). aqedanac Cans, rom `maSin odesRac Wanebis qveynis Suagulad rize iTvleboda~, xolo Semdeg isini iZulebuli gamxdaran bizantielebisTvis daeTmoT es SesaniSnavi zRvispira adgilebi, saidanac gadasaxlebulan TavianTi qveynis im mTian adgilebSi, romlebic trapizonis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda. amasTanave, ewerebodnen bizantiur jarSi da safiqrebelia, rom maT axla ukve viTarca bizantielTa nebis aRmsruleblebs, asaxlebdnen maTive monaTesave sxva qarTuli, jer kidev daumorCilebeli tomebis miwa-wyalzec. svanebis damorCileba bizantielebis mier VI saukuneSi msoflios mpyrobeli ori imperia ise did mniSvnelobas aniWebda svaneTsa da mis mosaxleobas, rom SeuZlebelia svaneTi yofiliyo patara qveyana, moqceuli im farglebSi, romelTac dRes lentexisa da mestiis raionebi ewodeba, piriqiT, svaneTi unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos baris momcveli, gavleniani qveyana. Cveni fiqriT, radganac qarTveli mematiane dasavleT saqarTvelos aRweris dros, TiTqosda, erTmaneTTan aigivebs egrissa da svaneTs (`egrisi, romel ars svaneTi~). SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom is qveyana, romelsac qarTuli wyaroebi egriss uwodebdnen, ucxoelebisaTvis iwodeboda svaneTad. marTlacda, erTgvar gaugebrobas badebs is sakiTxi, rom arcerTi berZeni da romaeli mwerali, dasavleT saqarTvelos aRwerisas ar axsenebs sityvas gurias an egriss. maSin, roca qarTuli wyaroebiT egrisi, TiTqmis, mTel

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dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavda argveTTan erTad, jer kidev qristeSobamde. ucxour wyaroebSi arc sityva argveTi ixsenieba, magram didi yuradReba eqceva svaneTs, svaneTis qveyanas, mis saxelmwifoebriv da politikur mimarTulebas. Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos romaul xanaSi ewodeboda kolxeTi da lazika, rom lazika igive egrisia da rom fazisi ewodeboda mdinare rions, Cveni gamokvleviT ki, prokofi kesarielis da agaTia sqolastikosis fazisi es aris mdinare Woroxi, rom maT dros kolxeTi, anu lazika ewodeboda ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed im qveyanas, romelsac wyaroebSi ewodeboda `klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~, anu Semdegdroindeli gonios, baTumis, borCxas, arTvinis, artanujis momcvel miwa-wyals, istoriuli kolaartaanidan Woroxis gayolebiT Sav zRvamde. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar iyo lazikis centri. Zveli, istoriuli lazika politikurad adridanve gayofila or nawilad. erTi nawili (trapezuntis mxare) berZnebs daupyriaT. berZnuli lazika moicavda trapizonis mimdebare qveyanas, is Seiyvanes bizantiur provincia I armeniaSi, xolo qarTuli lazika mdebareobda mis uSualod mezoblad da moicavda Woroxis xeobis aRniSnul monakveTs. isic erT periodSi bizantielebma daipyres da buferuli samefos statusi mianiWes. Tu dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar iyo lazikis didi nawili, unda gairkves berZnuli wyaroebis mimarTeba mis mimarT. Tu ras uwodebdnen berZnuli wyaroebi dasavleT saqarTvelos da romeli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli is. Cemi TvalsazrisiT (romelsac qvemoT ganvixilavT), gamomdinare iqidan, rom qarTuli wyaroebisaTvis egrisi da svaneTi, TiTqmis, identuri cnebebia, berZnuli da sxva wyaroebis `svaneTi~ SesaZloa iyos dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili. amis gamo edavebodnen erTmaneTs bizantia da sparseTi. 562 wels xangrZlivi omis Semdgom, bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris daido zavi. maT yvela sakiTxSi miaRwies SeTanxmebas svaneTis sakiTxis garda. im sisastikis gamo, romlebsac bizantieli jariskacebi iCendnen misimianeTsa da sxva qarTul kuTxeebSi, svanebs gadauwyvetiaT daaxloebiT 552_556 wlebSi mimxrobodnen sparselebs. amave xanebSi bizantielebma sparselebi gaaZeves lazikidan. sazavo molaparakebebis dros sparselebi aRiarebdnen TavianT marcxs, rom lazika bizantielebis teritoriad gadaiqca, magram ar Tmobdnen svaneTs. isini acxadebdnen `isini mogvekedlnen Cven Tavisi arCeviT da Tavisi nebiT~. bizantielebs ki hqondaT Tavisi mosazreba. kerZod, isini Tvlidnen, rom svaneTi iyo lazebis xeldebuli qveyana, damorCilebuli lazebis mier, ami-

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tomac, Tu lazika ekuTvnis bizantielebs, misi xeldebuli qveyana _ svaneTic bizantielebs unda darCenodaT. sparselebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom es ar iyo simarTle, rom `svanebi TviTTavadni iyvnen da arasdros kolxebis Zalauflebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen~ (georgika, III, gv. 215). sparselebi pasuxobdnen, rom lazikisadmi daqvemdebarebul tomebSi SeiZleboda egulisxmaT ara mxolod svanebi, aramed iberebic. iberias, lazikasa da svaneTs Soris umWidroesi kavSiri iyo da erT mTlianobad ganixileboda. amitomac ambobdnen sparselebi, Cven rom svanebi gadmogceT, viTarca lazikisadmi daqvemdebarebuli tomi, maSin Tqven `saSualeba mogecemaT iberiis Sesaxebac idavoT~ (georgika, III, gv. 215). didi svaneTi _ istoriaSi dakarguli qveyana s. yauxCiSvili menandre proteqtoris Sesaxeb msjelobis dros sruliad samarTlianad wers, rom bizantia da sparseTi xangrZlivad edavebodnen erTmaneTs svaneTis gamo, radganac svaneTs eWira geografiulad `moxerxebuli mdebareoba~. rogorc cnobilia, 562 wels sazavo molaparakebebis dros bizantia da sparseTi erTmaneTTan morigdnen, magram ver SeuTanxmdnen erTmaneTs svaneTis gamo. miaCndaT, da erTi mxriv ambobdnen, rom marTalia svaneTi RirsSesaniSnavi araa, umniSvnelo qveyanaa da ar aris davis Rirsio, magram meore mxriv, svaneTs erTmaneTs ar uTmobdnen masze gamavali gzebis mniSvnelobis gamo (georgika, III, gv. 205). svaneTi rom dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils, maT Soris barsac moicavda, kargad Cans berZeni istorikosis sityvebidan, rom svaneTi `Tavisi moxerxebuli mdebareobiT metad sasargeblo iyo romaelTa xelisuflebisaTvis, raTa am gziT mozRvavebul sparselebs kolxeTis sazRvrebi ar aeoxrebinaT~. (georgika, gv. 229). wyaros cnobiT, kolxeTis dakargvis Semdeg, sparselebi svaneTSi Sediodnen da iqedan aoxrebdnen kolxeTs. Tu svaneTis mdebareoba Tanamedrove mestiisa da lentexis raionebis mdebareobas emTxveoda, rogor unda Sesuliyvnen iq sparselebi bizantiuri kolxeTis gavliT _ amJamindeli TvalsazrisiT xom kolxeTi iyo mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo, xolo wyaroTa svaneTi moicavda svaneTis amJamindel teritorias? wyaros mixedviT ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan kolxeTis gverdis aqceviT sparselebi jer svaneTSi Sediodnen, xolo Semdeg iqidan /e.i. svaneTidan/ kolxeTis sazRvrebs aoxrebdnen. Tu kolxeTi iyo vTqvaT dasavleT saqarTvelos zestafonis, Terjolisa da quTaisis raionebi, romlebze gamavali gzebiTac sparselebi kolxeTis siRrmeebSi Sediodnen, maSin ismis kiTxva, rogor Sediodnen sparselebi svaneTSi (lentexisa da mestiis raionebSi) da iqidan aoxrebdnen kolxeTis sazRvrebs anu aRniSnul zestafonisa da Terjolis raionebs?

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mters jer unda gaevlo zestafon-quTaisis raionebi da Semdeg Sesuliyo lentex-mestiaSi, aseTi gziT sparselebi jer kolxeTSi Sevidodnen da Semdeg svaneTSi. wyaro ki sul sxva svla-gezs miuTiTebs _ sparselebi jer svaneTSi Sediodnen da Semdeg kolxeTSi. amJamindeli saistorio SexedulebiT sparselebi jer kolxeTSi Sediodnen da Semdeg svaneTSi, wyaros mixedviT ki piriqiT xdeboda _ sparselebi jer svaneTSi Sediodnen da Semdeg kolxeTSi. amitomac, amJamindeli saistorio Sexeduleba wyaros ewinaaRmdegeba. magram Tuki kolxeTs uwodebdnen Woroxis xeobas, xolo svaneTs _ Tanamedrove guriisa da imereTis mimdebare regionebis miwa-wyals, maSin aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan svaneTze, anu imereT-guriaze gamavali gza namdvilad miadgeboda istoriul kolxeTs, anu baTum-Caqvis regions. am gzis gamo bizantielTa mier dapyrobili kolxeTi e.i. Woroxis xeoba /erge-ligani/ namdvilad mudmivi saSiSroebis qveS imyofeboda sparsTa mxridan. amitomac bizantielebi cdilobdnen TavianTi xeldebuli lazika daecvaT CrdiloeTis mxridan. qarTuli wyaroebis guria, argveTi, egrisi erTobliobaSi iwodebodnen egrisad, magram, rogorc aRiniSna, qarTveli mematiane iqve wers: `egrisi, romel ars svaneTi~ anu qveyana, romelsac qarTuli wyaroebi egriss uwodebdnen, ucxoelebis mier SesaZloa svaneTad yofiliyo wodebuli. aq, anu dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadioda ara mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos WoroxTan damakavSirebeli gza, aramed gzebi, romlebiTac Crdilo kavkasieli tomebi ukavSirdebodnen bizantias, anu Crdilo kavkasia-bizantiis damakavSirebeli gza. sparseTis Sahi xosro sazavo molaparakebis dros, rogorc s. yauxCiSvili miuTiTebs, aRniSnavda kidec, rom svaneTis qveyanaze gadioda skviTebidan samxreTSi Semomavali gza _ `es erTi im tomTagania, romelic kavkasiis garSemo cxovrobs, hyavs mTavari da am qveyanaze skviTebi gadian~ (georgika, III, gv. 221). kavkasia Tanamedrove gagebiT ewodeba e.w. didi kavkasiis mTianeTs, magram sparselebisa da berZnebisaTvis kavkasia pirvel rigSi unda yofiliyo mcire kavkasia, anu Tanamedrove arsianis, karCxalisa da mesxeTis qedebi da mimdebare mTagrexilebi. magaliTad, stefane bizantielis geografiuli leqsikonis cnobiT, kavkasiaSi cxovrobda kolebis tomi (georgika, III, gv. 281), Cven ki viciT, rom istoriuli provincia kola artaanTan mdebareobda. kavkasiidan Camodis mdinare fazisi (Woroxi) da dokonisi (aWariswyali) (iqve, gv. 37), mis garSemo da mwvervalebze cxovroben svanebi (iqve, gv. 205221-222), kavkasiidan Camomavali fazisi, Tundac, rom iyos md. rioni, xolo mis garSemo da mwvervalebze mcxovrebni ki svanebad iwodebodnen, maT

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qveS mainc dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba unda vigulisxmoT. rogorc Cans, xosro svanebs uwodebda dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi maT yofdnen calkeul tomebad, uwodebdnen misimianebs, abazgebs, afsilebs da sxvas. marTalia agaTia wers, rom afsilielebsa da misimielebs sxvadasxva enebi hqondaT, magram safiqrebelia, rom fuZe qarTuli enis diferenciaciadaSlis xarisxi am 1500 wlis win gacilebiT naklebi iyo, vidre Semdgom. am 1500 wlis win maT albaT ufro esmodaT erTmaneTisa, imJamad fuZe enis naklebi diferenciaciis gamo, vidre, vTqvaT, 1000 wlis Semdeg, anu es tomebi V-VI saukuneebSi ufro gaugebdnen erTmaneTs, vidre XV-XVI saukuneebSi. s. yauxCiSvilis sityviT, svaneTze gadioda e.w. abreSumis gzis erTi biliki. berZen avtors, ioane epifaniels moepoveba cnobebi am marSrutis Sesaxeb, kerZod, am gzaze mdgomi ukan dabrunebuli bizantieli elCebi jer misulan alaniis qveyanaSi, aq bizantiisaken mimavali gza orad iyofoda. erTi svaneTis maxloblad misimianTa qveyanaSi Sedioda, meore ki e.w. darinis gziT Sedioda afsiliaSi, Sedioda rogatorionSi, Semdeg midioda Sav zRvamde, saidanac navebiT mdinare fazisamde eSvebodnen, Semdeg ki trapezuntSi. safiqrelia, rom afsilia mdebareobda md. rionis momijnaved mis samxreTiT da moicavda Tanamedrove guriis zRvispira regions, konkretulad ki, mdinare sufsis xeobas. sufselebis saxeli unda yofiliyo sufsari da aqedan safsari_afsili. maT Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, berZnuli wyaroebiT, cxovrobdnen misimielebi Tanamedrove guriisa da aWaris mTianeTSi. rionis xeobis vake nawilSi, Tanamedrove abaSasa da samtrediis regionSi, sadac am gaSlil velze mravali sofeli atarebs saxelwodebas baSi (zemo baSi, qvemo baSi, gaRma baSi, sajavaxosTan quTaisis da samtrediis maxloblad da raionuli centri abaSa, iqve Zveli abaSa), m. qurdianis azriT, dasaxlebuli iyo xalxiT, romelTac am saxelis _ baSis mixedviT abaSgebi, anu abazgebi ewoda. isini Semdegdroindeli afxazeTidan alanebma gamoaZeves ufro samxreTiT omianobis dros, Semdeg ki ukanve dabrunebulan. rogorc aRiniSna VI saukunis meore naxevarSi da aseve, VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi herakle keisris gamanadgurebeli laSqrobis dros, yvela es qarTulenovani tomebi samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT iqna gadaadgilebuli an gadasaxlebuli. Tanamedrove afxazeTs, anu teritorias mdinare egriswylis CrdilodasavleTiT, Cans, agaTia sqolastikosisa da menandres epoqaSi alania daerqva. albaT im mizezis gamo, rom is dapyrobili hqondaT bizantielTa mokavSire alanebs. sparselTa mierac Crdilo kavkasiuri tomebi bizantielTa mokavSireebad ganixilebodnen.

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qarTuli wyaroebiT, teritoria mdinare egriswylamde politikur iberiad, anu qarTlad ganixileboda, egriswylis iqiT mdebare qveyana bizantiur saxelmwifoSi Semaval miwa-wylad iTvleboda vidre arCil mefemde, anu VIII saukunis dasawyisamde da is, Cans, VI s-Si alanebis (momTabare tomis) mier iyo xeldebuli. Cans, am mdinare egriswylis iqiT bizantielebs alanebi gaubatonebiaT VI saukunis meore naxevarSi. isini cdilobdnen aseve alanebisTvis gadaecaT ufro aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi misimianebisa da svanebis zogierTi cixe-simagre. magram mas Semdgom, rac sparselebma gadawyvites fuliT moesyidaT alanuri tomebi, urTierToba bizantielebsa da alanebs Soris gafuWda. rogorc cnobilia, VII s-is bolosa da VIII s-is dasawyisSi, alanebi xazarebma gaaZeves da klisuras iqiTa teritoria abaSgebis qarTulenovani tomis xelSi moeqca VIII s-dan. bizantielTa mier svanebis tomis sastiki dasjis Semdeg svanebisa da sxva aRniSnuli tomebis beladebi, Cans, iZulebulni gaxades waweuliyvnen CrdiloeTiT. VIII saukuneSi gaCnda qarTuli termini afxazeTi, xolo cxumis qveyanas afSileTi ewoda. fuZe qarTuli enis naklebi diferenciaciis gamo, maT, jer kidev, saerTo fuZe-qarTuli ena miaCndaT TavianT mSobliur enad, amitomac es ena maT saxelmwifo da saeklesio enad iqca (Zveli qarTuli ena). afxazTa mefeebi eTnikuri svanebi unda yofiliyvnen. erTaderTi mefis gvari, romlis sagvareulo saxelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, svanuri warmomavlobisa iyo _ afxazTa mefe ioane Savliani da misi dinastia, amis anarekli unda iyos, rom gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebis taxtze ayvanisa da xmlis Semortymis ufleba svanebs hqondaT miniWebuli. menandresa da agaTias epoqaSi svaneTi unda rqmeoda, rogorc aRiniSna, dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils. svaneTis prosparsuli orientacia 562 wels dawyebuli xangrZlivi molaparakeba sparseTsa da bizantias Soris gagrZelda ori imperatoris, iustinianesa da iustines dros. bizantielebi Zalze cdilobdnen miemxroT da gadmoebirebinaT svanebi. menandre proteqtori wers: rodesac imperatori iustine mixvda, `rom svanebi ar moemxrnen romaelebs, rasakvirvelia gajavrda da ioanes brali dasdes cudi elCobisTvis... TviTmpyrobelma SeizizRa ioane da saxelmwifo saqmeebisTvis gamousadegarad miiCnia. xolo TviTon fiqrobda, Tu rogor gamoesworebina Secdomebi~. ioane iyo bizantielTa elCi sparseTSi da davalebuli hqonda svaneTis sakiTxis mogvareba.

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sparseTis Sahi da sparsi elCebi mudam ucxadebdnen bizantielebs Semdegs: TviTon TavianTi nebiT airCies svanebma, rom mimxrobodnen sparselebs, rom maT ar surdaT bizantielebTan urTierToba. menandre wers, rom sparselebs `gamamarTlebel sabuTad hqondaT _ TviTon svanebi SeuZleblad Tvlian romaelebis qveSevrdomobas, Tumca ki Zalian cdiloben maT gadabirebaso~ (iqve, gv. 230). rogorc iTqva, bizantiis imperatori Zalze gaajavra svanebis prosparsulma orientaciam. imdenad, rom Tavisi upirvelesi saxelmwifo moxelec ki ar daindo svaneTis saqmis mougvareblobis gamo. Tu ras niSnavda imperatorebisa da Sahebis gajavreba mtruli tomebis mimarT, iqve aqvs aRwerili menandres da sxva avtorebs. magaliTad, Semdegi imperatoris tiberi keisris dros, 576 wels, bizantiuri jari SeWrila albaniaSi da ukan gamobrunebula ise, rom ar auyria mkvidri mosaxleoba da ar gadausaxlebia sxvagan. es `Secdoma~ maleve gamousworebiaT da kvlav SeWrilan albaniaSi da iqauri mkvidri sabirebis tomi da albanelebi auyriaT sakuTari miwawylidan da gadausaxlebiaT bizantiis imperiis siRrmeSi, raTa isini sparselebs aRar mimxrobodnen, menandre wers am bizantiuri armiis Sesaxeb: `kvlav SeiWrnen albaniaSi da aiZules sabirebi da albanelebi mTlianad gadmosaxlebuliyvnen mdinare mtkvris aqeTa mxares, raTa amieridan romaelTa miwa-wyalze ecxovraT~ (georgika, III, 238). meore magaliTic Seexeba persarmenielTa da iberielTa gadasaxlebas, roca Semdgom 576-577 wlebSi bizantielTa da sparselTa Soris ukve sadavo iyo ara svaneTi, aramed iberia da persarmenia, sakiTxi Seexo ukve imas, rom TavianTi miwa-wyali daetovebinaT iberielebs da persarmenielebs. menandre wers: `zavs ganamtkicebda mxolod im pirobiT, Tu msurvel persarmenielebsa da iberebs neba eqnebodaT daetovebinaT TavianTi miwa-wyali da wasuliyvnen romaelTa qveyanaSi... sparselTa mefes sasiamovnod miaCnda es... nebas aZlevda, rom iqauri mcxovreblebi wasuliyvnen sadac undodaT~ (iqve, gv. 246). es iberebi persarmenielTa gverdiT cxovrobdnen, anu iq, sadac Semdeg basiani, tao da erzrumis qveyana iyo. aqedan Cans, rom damarcxebuli da damorCilebuli ucxo tomebis mimarT bizantielebi da sparsi mmarTvelebi ulmobelni iyvnen, miTumetes, Tu imperatori gajavrebuli iyo am tomis mimarT. rogorc aRvniSneT, menandre aRwers erT-erT Sedegs imperatoris gajavrebisa _ `keisari ukmayofilo da gajavrebulia, rom isini (bizantieli jariskacebi) albaniaSi SeiWrnen da ar ahyares yvelani sabirebi da albanelebi~ (iqve, gv. 238). imperatoris gajavrebiT SeSinebuli jari xelmeored SeiWra albaniaSi da, rogorc iTqva, iqauri mcxovrebni bizantielTa xeldebul qveyanaSi gadaasaxla.

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yovelive es zemoT aRwerili moviyvaneT imis dasamtkiceblad, Tu ra Sedegi unda mohyoloda imperator iustines gajavrebas svanebis mimarT. zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom Tu bizantielebi SeiWrebodnen svaneTSi, isini mkvidr damarcxebul mosaxleobas gadaasaxlebdnen bizantielTa uSualo xeldebul qveyanaSi, raTa maT sparselTa momxreoba ver gaebedaT. qarTuli wyaroebiT, rogorc aRiniSna, bizantielTa sakuTar, bizantielTa saxelmwifoSi uSualod Semaval teritoriad miiCneoda mdinare egriswylis iqiT mdebare miwa-wyali, romelsac Semdgom afxazeTi ewoda. swored aq unda gadaesaxlebinaT dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobebSi mcxovrebi svanuri tomebi: afsilebi, abaSgebi (abazgebi) da sakuTriv svanebi. aseve misimielebsac Seexeboda gadasaxleba. maT unda daeWiraT dasavleT saqarTvelos kavkasionis maRali mTianeTi. miTumetes, rom VI saukunis bolosaTvis sparseTma dakarga gavlena aramarto dasavleT saqarTveloze, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos did nawilzec, da amis gamo bizantielebs SeeZloT srulebiT Tavisuflad emoqmedaT dasavleT saqarTveloSi yovelgvari SiSis gareSe. kidev ufro daundobeli yofila imperatori herakle keisari saqarTveloSi. 620-ian wlebSi is lazikisa da iberiis gziT SeiWra sparseTSi. gamarjvebis Semdeg daundoblad moeqca qarTul mosaxleobas. mematianis sityviT, morwmuneebi da urwmunoebi SeurekavT eklesiebSi da ganurCevlad dauxocavT. `sisxli mdinareTani~ dioda eklesiebidano, masve saqarTvelodan gautania saeklesio, udidesi mniSvnelobis siwmindeebi. dava svaneTis gamo (562 wlis Semdeg) lazikis anu erge-ligan-klarjeTis zRvispira qalaq fazisTan damarcxebis Semdeg sparselTa Sahi mimxvdara, rom is ver SeZlebda lazikaSi jaris Senaxvas, mis momaragebas sursaTiTa da sabrZolo saWurvliT. zRvispira portebi bizantielTa xelSi iyo, saidanac uxvad amaragebdnen TavianT nawilebs, xolo sparselebs kldian da mTian qveyanaSi (klarjeTSi) ufro xSirad mebarguli kacebis zurgiT uxdebodaT sursaT-sanovagis gadazidva. es maTTvis qmnida uimedo mdgomareobas, rasac daemata is, rom lazikis mosaxleobam gadawyvita bizantielebs mimxroboda, sparselebma sazavo molaparakebisas mTeli lazika bizantielebs dauTmes. rogorc iTqva, maT Soris mxolod svaneTis sakiTxi darCa sadavo. `svaneTs~ isini dasavleT saqarTvelos uwodebdnen. svaneTis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad sparselebma elCad daniSnes saxelmwifoSi udidesi pativis mqone mefis sawolTuxucesi, romelsac ziqes uwodebdnen. aseTive didi pativi hqonda bizantielTa elCsac, romelic amtkicebda,

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rom svanebi ar iyvnen damoukideblebi, maT romaelebi mbrZaneblobdnen da imyofebodnen lazebis anu kolxebis gavlenis qveS, kerZod, dadgenili iyo wesi, rom svanebs puri mieRoT lazTa mefisagan. Tavis mxriv lazebs svanebi ugzavnidnen tyavebs da sxva produqts, rom `svaneTis sardali emorCileboda lazs da masTan iyo is aRricxuli~ saxarko siaSi da lazi kidevac iRebda misgan futkrebis nayofs da tyavebs da sxva ramesac, xolo, rodesac svanebis mTavari gardaicvleboda, lazeTis meTauri axelisuflebda mas... es iyo ZalaSi Cveni mefis Teodosis droidan, vidre Tqveni mefis perozisa da Cveni mefis leonis dromde, Semdeg petrem gamoiRo erTi wignaki, sadac erTi meoreze cal-calke naCvenebi iyvnen lazTa mefeebi, romlebsac gauxelisuflebiaT svanTa sardlebi~ (iqve, gv. 224). am sabuTis gacnobis Semdeg sparsTa mefem ganacxada, rom warmodgenili sabuTebi ar iyo ndobis Rirsi da Sedgenili iyo bizantiis saxelmwifos sasargeblod. mianiSna, rom sparselebsac hqondaT sabuTebi, oRond sawinaaRmdegos damamtkicebeli, ganacxada, rom bizantielebi ver amtkicebdnen svaneTis maTdami kuTvnilebas. amitomac sparseTis mefem wamoayena axali Tvalsazrisi. gaeTvaliswinebinaT TviT svanTa survili. `Tu maT surT romaelTa Zalauflebis qveS yofna, _ ganacxada Sahma, _ me araviTar SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegi ar viqnebi~ (iqve, gv. 226). bizantielTa elCi petre winaaRmdegi iyo SekiTxva daesvaT svanebisaTvis Tu romeli saxelmwifos Zalauflebis qveS yofna surdaT maT, radganac svanebi kategoriulad uars ambobdnen ecnoT bizantielTa Zalaufleba svaneTSi da emxrobodnen sparselebs. safiqrebelia imitom, rom imJamad, saqarTvelos udidesi (aRmosavleTi) nawili sparselTa Zalauflebis qveS imyofeboda da, Cans, svanebs erovnuli mTlianobisaTvis erTiani Zalauflebis qveS yofna erCiaT. bizantielebma TavianTi elCis warumateblobis Semdgom sxva axali elCi gaagzavnes svaneTis sakiTxis mosagvareblad, radganac sparsuli mxare Seucvlelad amtkicebda erTsa da imaves _ `TviTon svanebi SeuZleblad Tvlian romaelebis qveSevrdomobaso~. axalma elCma ioanem gabeda da imperatorTan SeuTanxmeblad gaagzavna svaneTSi kacebi, raTa maT ekiTxaT svanebisaTvis, surdaT Tu ara maT romaelebis qveSevrdomoba. svanebma bizantielTa am Suamavlebs mtkiced ganucxades, rom isini ar cnobdnen romaelTa xelisuflebas. svanebis am pasuxma, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo sazavo molaparakebis dros, kidev ufro ganamtkica sparselTa poziciebi. ioanes elCoba CaiSala da mas gajavrebulma imperatorma brali dasdo, `rom saxelmwifos sasargeblod ar imoqmeda~ (georgika, III, gv. 230).

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agaTias mixedviT md. fasisi _ md. Woroxia mTisa da baris mdinareebs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad ganasxvaveben, mTis mdinareebis siCqare didia, sasmelad vargisia, gemrielia, sufTaa da aqvs Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebi, xolo baris, miTumetes, Waobis mdinare (aseTia, magaliTad, md. rioni qvemowelSi da zRvis SesarTavTan) aris mdore, wyali aqvs ugemuri, myaye, wylis siCqare mcirea. rions, amJamindeli xelovnuri kalapotis gakeTebamde, faqtiurad ar SeeZlo Tavisi dinebiT daeZra adgilidan didi navi. rogori mdinarea Zveli berZeni avtorebis aRweriT md. fazisi? is mTis mdinarea Tu baris (Waobis)? Zveli berZeni avtorebis aRweriT, md. fasisi iyo mTis mdinare, magaliTad, is, iseTi Cqari dinebiT Seedineboda zRvaSi, rom mas didxans ar ereoda, misi wyali Zalze gemrieli iyo da imdenad sufTa, rom WurWelSi Senaxvis Semdegac didxans ar fuWdeboda. igives wers agaTia sqolastikosi md. fasisis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, is aRwers Semdeg ambavs, rom Wanebis tomi cxovrobda `qalaq trapizonis qvemoT, evqsinis pontos samxreTiT~ (georgika, III, 1936. gv. 181), es tomi Tavs esxmoda mezobel mxareebs da maT Soris armeniasac, amitom maT winaaRmdeg saomrad gagzavnes maTi Tvistomi Teodore _ samxedro meTauri Tavisi jariT. `mefem mas daavala es saqme. is daiZra kolxididan didZali jariT, faziss gadaRma mouara dasavleTiT Wanebis sazRvrebs da ucbad Sevida mtris maSindeli miwa-wylis SuagulSi. man daibanaka qalaq Teodoriadisa da egreTwodebul rizes garSemo~ (georgika, III, 1936, gv. 82). rogorc aRiniSna, aqedan Cans Semdegi _ Wanebis damsjeli samxedro razmi gamovida kolxeTidan, mouara dasavleTis mxridan WaneTis sazRvrebs da es dasavleTis mxare iyo fazisis gadaRma, anu fazisi iqvea, rizesTan axlos _ mTebs iqiT, iqidan Semouara WaneTis sazRvrebs Teodorem. rizesTan axlos ki erT mxares zRvaa da mopirdapire mxares md. Woroxi gaedineba _ esaa agaTia sqolastikosis fazisi. davuSvaT, fazisi aris md. rioni, WaneTis adgilmdebareoba ki cnobilia _ trapizon-rizesaken. dasavleT saqarTvelodan rize-trapizonisaken mimavali jari md. rions Semouvlida irgvliv da ise mividoda WaneTSi? aseTi gza iqneboda absurduli, fazisi _ rizes pirispiraa, mas Semouara Teodorem da ise mivida rizesTan, maSasadame fazisi _ Woroxia da ara rioni. saerTod ki, trapizonisken midioda sacxenosno gza, xolo trapezuntidan konstantinopolamde `saxelmwifo cxenebiT~ mgzavrobdnen moxeleebi. menandre proteqtori wers: strategosi zemarqe alaniidan, darinis gziT

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mivida afsiliaSi (ise, rom misimielTa qveyana marcxniv darCa), mivida rogatorionSi da Semdeg evqsinis pontomde da mere navebiT md. fasisamde, Semdeg trapezuntSi. aqedan saxelmwifo cxenebiT bizantionSi mivida mefesTan (georgika, III, gv. 237). ase mgzavroba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu afsiliad miviCnevT sufsis xeobas, mis mTianeTs ki misimielTa qveynad. alaniad, aq, igulisxmeba Semdegdroindeli afxazeTi, romelic e.w. darinis gziT uerTdeboda afsilias anu sufsis xeobas (rionis marcxena sanapiros vakes), aq yofila punqti rogatorioni, saidanac gasula zRvis sanapiroze da iqedan zRviT, navebiT miucuravs Woroxamde anu fazisamde. fasisi mTis swrafi mdinare romaa da swrafi siCqaris mqone, amis Sesaxeb vityobT agaTia sqolastikosis naSromidan: sparseli sardali malulad miiwevs q. fazisisken, miadgeba mdinares. q. fasisTan axlos mdinares gadaxergavs navebiTa da xis xergiliT (e.i. mdinare arc imdenad ganieria) ise, rom berZnebis ocdaaTniCbiani ramdenime navi da trieri darCa mdinaris aRniSnuli xergilis zemoT. es rom dainaxa menaveebis ufrosma, `maSinve moabruna saWe, rac Zala da Rone hqonda, mousva niCbebs da gabrunda ukan, Tumca Zalian gauZnelda fazisze ukan gacurva da pirispir SebrZoleba magar talRebTan, sparselebma mainc ori navi Caigdes xelSi, magram umezRvaurebod. mezRvaurebma rom dainaxes mters CavuvardebiT xelSio, gabedulad gadaeSvnen talRebSi... gadasWres mdinare iribad da xmeleTiT gaswies meore gziT, raTa mters ar SeCexebodnen da Cavidnen im qalaqSi, fazisis saxels rom atarebs~ (georgika, III, gv. 100). aqedan Cans, rom zRvis sanapirosTan axlos (q. fazisTan) md. fazisi aris imdenad Cqari mTis mdinare, rom mis talRebTan brZola uWirs 30-niCbiani navis 15 mezRvaurs. `magari talRis~ gamo isini mainc qvemoT micuravdnen. didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, am uZlurobis gamo, miatoves navi da wyalSi gadaxtnen. es 30-niCbiani carieli navi sparselebs CauvardaT xelSi, sparselebma Sig Casxes TavianTi mebrZolebi da radganac daRamda kidec, mdinareSi Ruza CauSves da navebSive daiZines. agaTias Semdegi Txrobidan Cans, rom md. fasisi namdvilad Cqari mTis mdinare iyo zRvis SesarTavTanac ki: `rogorc zemoT vTqvi, romaelTa ori 30-niCbiani navi, carieli sparselebma igdes xelT. es 30-niCbiani navebi midieli hoplitebiT iyo savse da mdinareSi idga RuzaCaSvebuli da wvrili TokebiT napiras mibmuli. rom daRamda, meomrebma navebSi daiZines, magram Zlieri talRebi wamosula da Tokebi dauWimia tvirTis simZimis gamo, erT navTagans moulodnelad Toki gaswyvetia, mowyvetili da gaTavisuflebuli navi talRas moutacia da radgan talRas niCbebiT ar uwevdnen winaaRmdegobas, navi swrafad gaeqana win da xelSi CauvardaT romaelebs~ (iqve, gv. 103). e.i. fasisi Zalze swrafia. aseTi ki Woroxia, xolo rioni gacilebiT mdorea. aqac fazisi _ Woroxia.

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Tu fasisi Woroxia, mis sanapiroebze (mis xeobaSi) unda iyos yvela is cnobili qalaqi (fazisi, rodopolisi, arqeopolisi), romlebzec xSirad weren (maT Soris muxirisic da kotaisis cixec). Cven rom veTanxmebodeT s. yauxCiSvilsa da saerTod, XX s-is II naxevaris qarTuli oficialuri istoriografiis Tvalsazriss kolxeT-lazikis mdebareobis Sesaxeb, cxadia, sakmaod rTul Sromasac ar gavwevdiT da am saqmes xelaxla ar gamovikvlevdiT, amitomac, Cven s. yauxCiSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, vfiqrobT, rom kolxeT-lazika mdebareobda Woroxis xeobaSi, kerZod, moicavda Woroxis zRvispira SesarTav mxares (Tanamedrove sarfigonio-baTumi da a.S.), e.w. istoriul `bolo klarjeTisas~ anu Woroxis zRvispira mxares md. aWariswylis SesarTavis zemoTac da agreTve Woroxis xeobas arTvinisken, agreTve istoriul klarjeTs _ artanujiswylis xeobas vidre arsianis qedamde. aq q. artanujze X saukunemdec da Semdgomac, porfirogenetis sityviTac, gadioda saerTaSoriso savaWro gza, romelic artanujs akavSirebda iberiasTan, armeniasTan da siriasTan, xolo, Tavis mxriv, artanuji aRniSnuli Woroxispira gziT (da TviT WoroxiT) uerTdeboda SavizRvispira savaWro portebs. ai, am saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaze mdebareobda lazika, anu istoriuli erge, ligani da klarjeTi. frontis xazi lazika 553 wlisTvis orad iyo gayofili. frontis xazi sparseT-bizantias Soris gadioda daaxloebiT iq, sadac md. aWariswyali uerTdeba md. Woroxs, e.i. zRvis zemoT 20-30 km-is manZilze (es zomebi, romelTac qvemoT ganvixilavT, gadmocemuli aqvs agaTia sqolastikoss). frontis xazi, Cans, gadioda Savi zRvis sanapiros paralelurad, rogorc agaTias monaTxrobidan Cans. kerZod, mermeroem sparselTa jariT orjer Seutia arqeopoliss da ukuqceul iqna muxirissa da kotaisis cixeSi. maSasadame, arqeopolisi berZnebisaa, muxirisi da kotaisis cixe _ sparselebis, es punqtebi erTmaneTTan axloa, Semdeg mermeroem gadawyvita berZnebis xelSi myofi sof. telefisis cixis Znelsavali adgilebis gavliT mieRwia md. fasisamde. telefisis erT mxares miudgomeli cicaboa, meore mxares ki Waobebia. mermeroe moulodnelad miadga telefiss, romelic berZnebma miatoves. telefisidan zRvis mimarTulebiT 7 stadionis manZilze iyo sofeli ollaria, berZnulad `qitropolia~ (qoTnebis savaWro), imave gzaze mdebareobs punqti `nesosi~ (nesosi sul 5 farsangiT aris daSorebuli telefiss. iberebis da lazebis farsangi udrida 21 stadions) (georgika, III, 1936, gv. 37).

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`nesosi 150 stadioniTaa daSorebuli telefiss. nesosi garSemortymulia mdinareTa morevebiT. fasisi da dokonosi cal-calke Camomdinareoben kavkasiis mTebidan. aq ki uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs~ (georgika, III, gv. 38). Tu 1 stadions daaxloebiT 178 metrad CavTvliT, sofeli nesosi telefisidan daSorebuli yofila (150X178) daaxloebiT 26,7 km-iT. amdeniTvea daaxloebuli q. fasisidanac, e.i. es qalaqebi erTmaneTTan axlos iyo. sof. nesosTan es ori mdinare berZnebs erTmaneTisTvis SeuerTebiaT arxiT. iqve, maxloblad, uerTdeboda kidec erTmaneTs bunebrivad es ori nakadi _ Cemi azriT, aWariswyali (dokonisi) da Woroxi (fasisi). wers kidec agaTia, `TavisTavad erTvian da bolos erTmaneTs Seerevian~ (iqve, gv. 38). mermeroem md. fasisze Tavisuflad gadaiyvana Tavisi jari (e.i. mdinare viwroa, araa ise ganieri aq, zRvidan daaxloebiT 27 km-is daSorebiT, xolo rioni zRvidan 27 km daSorebiT Zalze ganieria). man xidi gado _ ficrebiT da tivebiT (gv. 39). sazogadod, jaris, da gansakuTrebiT ki didi jaris xidze gadasvla, saxifaTo iyo, swored am dros esxmoda mas mowinaaRmdege. miTumetes, rom xidi saxeldaxelo iyo _ tivebiT da ficrebiT gadebuli, amitomac mermeroes sagangebod daucavs Tavisi jari, rogorc Cans, iqve mdgomi cixis _ onogurisis mecixovneTa meSveobiT. agaTia wers: `Tavisuflad gadaiyvana mTeli jari, rom aravis aRmouCenia dabrkoleba~ (georgika, III, gv. 40). da iqve ganagrZobs Txrobas onogurisis cixis Sesaxeb. onogurisi yofila, TiTqmis, erTi nawili arqeopolisis gareubnisa, ase rom, arqeopolisi berZnebis xelSi myofi da onogurisi sparselebisa, axlo iyvnen aRniSnul saxeldaxelo xidTan. 554 wels bizantielebma Seuties onoguriss (georgika, III, gv. 52). male berZnebma Seityves, rom iberiidan modioda mermeroes Semcvleli sparseli sardali naxoragani. Cans, isini fazisis anu Woroxis xeobaSi Sevidnen artaanidan (e.i. iberiidan) arTvinis gavliT. onogurisis cixesTan berZnebi damarcxdnen, ukuiqcnen da bevri daiRupa md. kaTariswylis xidis gadasvlis dros. agaTia wers _ `ormocdaaTi aTasi kargi mebrZoli gaeqca sami aTas sparsels~ (gv. 62), miaCnia, rom es iyo RvTis risxva lazTa mefis mokvlis gamo. naxoraganma waiyvana 60.000 sparsi jariskaci bizantielebis mier dakavebuli nesosis asaRebad (Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavTan). aq idgnen berZenTa sardlebi daqiravebuli huni sabirebis tomis meomrebiT, iqve axlos arqeopolisis dablobebis maxloblad iyo maTi ZiriTadi banakebi _ ase Cans agaTias monaTxrobidan (georgika, III, gv. 91). aq apirebdnen gavlas sparselebi. male erTmaneTis pirispir Sexvdnen sparseli da romaeli spasalarebi _ ara omis velze, aramed Tavdapirvelad mosalaparakeblad, naxoraganma martines SesTavaza _ `datove es adgilebi da gadadi Seni jariTurT trapezuntSi, pontos qalaqSi~ (iqve, gv. 96). aqedan Cans, rom am adgilebis axlo

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pontos provinciaa. es niSnavs, rom omi iyo pontos mezoblad erge-liganSi, klarjeTis bolos da ara rionis piras. molaparakebebis CaSlis Semdeg naxoraganma jari waiyvana q. fasisisken _ nesosidan 26-27 km. manZilze. agaTias sityviT, md. fasisi Zalze axlos Camoudis qalaqs da qalaqTan erTvis zRvas. `nesoss sul didi eqvsi farsangiT aris daSorebuli~ (georgika, III, gv. 97). `mdinare CrdiloeTis mxridan Camoudis qalaqs~ (iqve, gv. 98). mteri mas samxreTidan unda midgomoda, risTvisac mdinare gadakveTes. q. fasisTan axlos samxreTiT iyo `qristianTa Soris ganTqmuli taZari~ (georgika, III, gv. 113). aq iloca berZenTa jaris meTaurma da mteri saocrad daamarcxa. sparselebi ukan muxirisSi dabrundnen. bizantielebma sparselTa xelSi myofi q. rodopolisi aiRes. kotaisi sparselebs darCaT. amiT amTavrebs agaTia Tavis Txrobas, romlidanac Cans, rom aRniSnuli qalaqebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan da erTian urbanistul sivrces qmnidnen. am areals, amJamad, ZiriTadad Caqvi-xelvaCauris raioni moicavs. svaneTis sakiTxi 562 wlis `ormocdaaTwliani zavis~ Semdeg 562 wels daido e.w. ormocdaaTwliani zavi, sadac sadavo iyo svaneTis sakiTxi. saerTod, svaneTi, berZeni avtorebis cnobebiT, iyo mniSvnelovani qveyana, romlisTvisac ori imperia erTmaneTs saukunis manZilze edaveboda. Tanamedrove istorikosTa SromebSi svaneTis qveyana TiTqmis ar Cans, maSin, roca mas unda sWeroda saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili. sad iyo svaneTi? cxadia, Tanamedrove ori mTiani raioni ki ar iyo is, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos Zalze didi da mniSvnelovani nawili VI saukunisTvis. mdinare dokonisi radgan prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili skanda da sarapana, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRmoCnda Woroxis anu fasisis xeobaSi, aqve, amave xeobaSi unda veZioT prokofis, agaTia sqolastikosisa da sxvaTa mier dasaxelebuli punqtebi da patara mdinareebi. erTi aseTi punqti yofila `nesosi~, romelic mdebareobda md. Woroxisa da md. dokonisis SesarTavSi, da romelic daSorebuli iyo zRvispira qalaq fasisidan 25-27 km-iT (5 farsangiT). rukas Tu davxedavT, aseTi adgili SeiZleba mxolod iyos Woroxisa da md. aWariswylis anda iqve gamdinare md. maWaxliswylisa da md. Woroxis

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SesarTavi, romelnic daaxloebiT aRniSnuli manZiliT arian daSorebulni Woroxis SesarTavSi mdebare qalaqTan. 25-27 km. TiTqosda, ufro miuTiTebda Worox-maWaxliswylis SesarTavs, iq axla sof. kirnaTi mdebareobs, magram, rogorc iTqva, moulodneli sixarulis momgvreli iyo piradad CemTvis aRmoCena, rom saxeli `dokonisi~ amJamadac cocxalia, kerZod, aWariswylis saTaveSi amJamadac mdebareobs sofeli _ `dioknisi~, amitomac vfiqrob, warsulSi am mdinares dioknisi anu diokonisa erqva (ix. qarTuli sabWoTa encikolopediis tomi `saq. ssr~-s ruka, gv. 25). maSasadame, agaTia sqolastikosis mier naxsenebi mdinare dokonisi aris md. aWariswyali. radganac, rogorc aRvniSneT, amJamadac, am mdinaris saTaveSi aris sofeli `dioknisi~ da am soflis saxelis mixedviT, SesaZloa mTel mdinares erqva `dokonisi~. TviTon aWariswyali saqarTvelos mdinareTa Soris, SeiZleba iTqvas, gamonaklisia imiT, rom masze gadebulia mravali TaRovani xidi. kerZod, masze da mimdebare mdinareebze gadebulia Zveli erTTaRiani qvis xidebi, sof. safutkreTTan, kokolaTTan, qedaSi, dandaloSi, buTerulSi da sxv. (ix. qse `saq. ssr~, 1981, gv. 333). imave regionSi, Tanamedrove aWaraSi, md. Woroxidan ramdenime aTeul kilometrSi (qobuleTis raionis teritoriaze) aris `didi kolxuri naqalaqari~ daTariRebuli Zv.w. IV-III ss-iT. (iqve, gv. 333). amave regionSi mravali TavdacviTi nageboba (cixe-simagreebi), romlebzec aris adrindeli (IV-VI ss) samSeneblo fenebi. mikvleulia Zveli kolxuri (Zv.w. II aTasw.) namosaxlarebi (Coloqis SesarTavTan, baTumTan), rkinis sadnobi saxelosnoebi (lelva, jixnjiri da sxv.) (iqve, gv. 333.). TiTqmis amave regionSia md. aWariswylis saTavesTan axlos mdinareebi `gubazouli~ da misi Senakadi `yviriliswyali~ (sufsas erTvian). gubazoulis saxeli gvagonebs gubaz mefis saxels, yviriliswyali ki _ mis berZnul, rogorc amboben `Targmans~ _ boasi, Tumca am saxelis mqone saqarTveloSi mravali mdinare iyo, maT Soris SavSeTSic, e.i. Woroxis xeobaSi.

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menandre proteqtori (VII s.) lazikis (svaneTis) Sesaxeb

svaneTis gamo gaRizianebuli bizantiis imperatori menandre proteqtori aRwers, Tu svaneTis sakiTxis mougvareblobiT rogor ukiduresad iyo gaRizianebuli bizantiis imperatori, Tu rogor udierad da ukadrisad eqceoda konstantinopolSi svaneTis sakiTxis gamo Camosul elCs (georgika, III, gv. 233). erTi sityviT, svaneTis sakiTxi aRniSnul wlebSi ver gadawyda. Semdgom maleve sparselebma aRmosavleT saqarTvelozec dakarges TavianTi gavlena, safiqrebelia, rom amiT xelgaxsnilma bizantielebma isargebles movleniT, SeiWrnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sparsTa momxreobisTvis sastikad dasajes iqauri tomebis xelmZRvanelebi, SesaZloa ayares kidec TavianTi sacxovrebeli ZiriTadi adgilidan da gadaasaxles sparseT-bizantiis sazRvridan ufro moSorebiT, Tanamedrove svaneTsa da afxazeTSi. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, radganac svanebi da yvela sxva adgilobrivi tomi qristiani iyo, maTi ZiriTadi da saukuno momxre bizantielebi iyvnen, xolo sparselebi ki mtrebi, amitomac maleve, roca samxreT kavkasiaSi didi ajanyeba moxda sparselTa winaaRmdeg, isinic sparselTa winaaRmdeg amxedrdnen. istorikos Teofane bizantielis sityviT, 571 wlis ajanyebis dros `armenielebi CamoSordnen sparselebs da romaelebs miemxrnen, datoves qalaqi dvini, sadac cxovrobdnen, romaelTa miwa-wyalze gadavidnen... sparselebs maSinve gadaudgnen iberielebic da miemxrnen romaelebs (572 weli)... armenielebis mxareze ibrZodnen kolxebi, abazgebi da alanTa mefe saroe~ (iqve, gv. 258). aRniSnuli abazgebi SeiZleba iyos is egrisul-svanuri tomi abaSgebi, romlebic iqamde (560 wlebamde) m. qurdianis kvleviT, rionis sanapiroze abaSeTSi (abaSa, abaSebi) cxovrobdnen. sparselebis laSqroba svaneTSi imis Semdgom, rac bizantielebma TavianTi Zalaufleba aRidgines dasavleT saqarTveloSi da svanebi TavianT bunebrivi, anu sarwmunoebrivi mokavSiris /bizantiis/ mxareze mtkiced dadgnen, sparselebma gadawyvites elaSqraT svaneTSi.

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xalxTa da tomTa zeda fenis gadasxlebani sparselTa da bizantielTa mier `keisari mzad iyo daeTmo sparselebisTvis persarmenia da iberia, vinaidan kargad icoda, rom sparselebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daTmobdnen am qveyanas... zavs ganamtkicebda mxolod im pirobiT, Tu msurvel persarmenielebs da iberebs neba eqnebodaT daetovebinaT TavianTi miwa-wyali da wasuliyvnen romaelTa qveyanaSi~ (georgika, III, gv. 245). sparselebma sruli Tanxmoba ganacxades aseT pirobaze, maT rCebodaT iberiis miwa-wyali, Sahi ki `nebas aZlevda, rom iqauri mcxovrebni wasuliyvnen sadac undodaT~ (iqve, gv. 246). magram sinamdvileSi xalxis gareSe miwa-wyali misTvis momgebiani ar iqneboda, mas imedi hqonda, rom iberielebi samSoblos siyvarulis gamo ar miatovebdnen TavianT qveyanas, da sparselTa xelisuflebas mxolod zeda fena gaecleboda _ `iman icoda, rom garda mcireodeni mmarTveli pirebisa, romelnic ajanyebas meTaurobdnen, arc erTi persarmenieli da iberi ar wavidoda ucxo qveyanaSi samSoblos siyvarulis gamo, romelic adamianebSi bunebiT aris Canergili da gamjdari~ (georgika, III, gv. 246). msgavsadve, unda vifiqroT, rom svanebis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg bizantielebma TavianT uSualo xeldebul teritoriaze md. egriswylis iqiT (Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi) gadaasaxles abaSgebis (abazgebis), afsilebisa da svaneTis ara mTeli mosaxleoba dasavleT saqarTvelos baridan, aramed misi ajanyebuli zeda fena, xolo mosaxleobis udidesi nawili adgilze darCa. am abaS-abazgebis mmarTveli afxazeTSi ukve `berZenTa erisTavad~ iqca. mefeebis mirisa da arCilis afxazeTSi Sesvlis dros ar Canan egrisisa da svaneTis erisTavebi _ maTi memkvidre unda yofiliyo `afxazTa erisTavi leoni~ _ qarTuli kulturisa da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis amaRorZinebeli dinastiis meTauri, romelic savsebiT miiRo dasavleT saqarTvelos xalxma Tanametomeobis gamo.

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Teofilaqte simokata (VII s.) lazikis Sesaxeb

VII saukunis istorikosi Teofilaqte simokata miiCnevs, rom svaneTis irgvliv mimdinare ambebi iyo bizantiis istoriis didi nakveTi, misi monaTxrobidan Cans, Tu ra pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen bizantiaSi svaneTis sakiTxis mogvarebas. romaelebis qmedebani svaneTis garSemo Teofilaqte simokata wers: `istoriis mindvris yvavilebSi CavuqsovoT isic, rac romaelebma svaneTis garSemo moimoqmedes. mxatvrebic xom mniSvnelovansa da did nakveTebs rom Semoxazaven, manamde ar uSveben xels yalams, sanam mTelis umcires nakveTebsac ki ar gadaiReben suraTebze~ (georgika, IV, nakveTi I, gv. 21). barami svaneTSi Teofilaqte wers, rom daaxloebiT 589-590 wels sparseTis mefes hormisdas svaneTis winaaRmdeg gaugzavnia Tavisi sardali barami. am dros sparseTi gaZlierebuli yofila imdenad, rom hunebic ki dauxarkiaT. amis Semdgom sparselebs moucliaT da maT mefes `svaneTis winaaRmdeg aRumarTavs maxvili~ (iqve, gv. 30). sparsi sardali barami araqsze sparsel sardals barams svaneTSi xelSi ugdia didZali nadavli, gaugzavnia is sparseTSi, TviTon ki araqsze dabanakebula. iqamde mas omi hqonia kolxeTSi. `baramma omi kolxidis winaaRmdeg gadaitana~ (iqve, gv. 22). rogorc vTqviT, amis Semdgom man Seutia svaneTs, xelSi Caugdia simdidre da gaugzavnia is babiloniaSi (anu sparseTSi) _ `saxelganTqmuli barami svanebs mimarTavs da xelT igdebs ra didZal nadavls, gzavnis mas babiloniaSi da daibanakebs mdinare araqsze, romelsac barbarosebi erass uwodeben~ (georgika, IV, gv. 123). rogor moxvda barami svaneTidan araqsze ase swrafad? am kiTxvas svams mravali mecnieri. saqme isaa, rom svaneTs ucxoelebi uwodebdnen mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos. xolo kolxeTi ewodeboda Woroxis xeobas, istoriul klarjeTs. svaneTSi, anu dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamarjvebul sparsel sardals gauvlia Woroxis xeoba, anu kolxeTi da Semdegdroindeli artaan-artanujis gziT swrafad gadasula iqve maxloblad gamdinare araqsis xeobaSi. `da daibanaka mdinare araqsze~.

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es rom namdvilad ase iyo, Cans imave Teofilaqte simokatas monaTxrobidan, roca svaneTSi sparsi sardlis baramis laSqrobisa da misi kolxeTis gziT araqsis xobaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb Seityo, bizantiis imperatorma ukan daadevna bizantieli strategiosi romanozi, is, Cans aRniSnuli artanujartaanis gziT, anu kolxeTis gavliT gadasula araqsis xeobis im nakveTSi, sadac albanelebi cxovrobdnen. strategiosi romanozi lazikeSi da misi banaki albaniaSi Teofilaqte agrZelebs: `xolo avtokratorma e.i. (mavrikem) rom gaigo es ambebi, romanozi daniSna omis xelmZRvanelad. es strategiosi kolxidaSi rom mivida, romelsac mdabiurma enam lazike daarqva da SeuTanxmda iqaur mmarTvelebs, daiZra iqidan da dabanakda TviT albaniis winaaRmdeg~ (iqve, gv. 23). marTlac, es ori jari erTmaneTs Sexvda albaniis dablobSi, araqsis piras (georgika IV, 126). zemoT aRwerilidan Cans, rom, svaneTi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo. aq gamarjvebuli sparseli sardali dasavleT saqarTvelos gziTve Sevida Woroxis xeobaSi, gadalaxa arsianis qedi da miadga araqsis napirs. mas ukan daedevna kolxeTis, anu Woroxisve gziT romaeli sardali, SeebrZola araqsis napiras, albaniis dablobze da daamarcxa sparsi sardali. ase mogviTxrobs Teofilaqte simokata. kolxida, anu lazika rom yofiliyo mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo, xolo svaneTi mis amJamindel farglebSi myofi Crdilo-dasavleTis erTi nawili, bunebrivia, aseTi adgilmdebareobis SemTxvevaSi svaneTTan araqsis xeobisa da albaniis dakavSireba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ra saerTo SeiZleba hqondes mestiisa da lentexis raionebs mdinare araqsTan da istoriul albaneTTan? am sakiTxis garkvevas cdilobda s. yauxCiSvili. man wamoayena mravali Teoria da fiqrobda, rom SesaZloa Teofanes qronografis gadamwers, Secdoma mouvida da dedanSi ewera ara svaneTi da albaneTi, aramed sxva saxelebi (georgika, IV, I, 34, SeniSvna).

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Teofane JamTaaRmwereli (VIII s.) lazikis Sesaxeb

imave ambavs aRwers, sxva, VIII saukunis bizantieli mwerali, Teofane JamTaaRmwereli. mefe hormisdis sardali barami svaneTis winaaRmdeg Teofane JamTaaRmwereli wers: `sparselTa mefe hormisdam sardlad barami daniSna da didZali jariT svaneTis winaaRmdeg gagzavna. barami moulodnelad daeca svaneTs... baramma am omSi didi saxeli moixveWa. mdinare araqsze dabanakda. mavrikim rom es gaigo, romanozi daniSna strategiosad da svaneTSi gagzavna jariT. romanozi mivida lazeTSi da mdinare fazisze albaniis winaaRmdeg, dabanakda~ (georgika, IV, I, 88). marTlac, Tu lazikad vigulisxmebT mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, mdinare fazisad ki mdinare rions, aq misuli sardali romanozi rogor unda `dabanakebuliyo albaniis winaaRmdeg~? es SeuZlebelia. mdinare rionsa da albanias Soris sxva uamravi qveyana aris gadaWimuli, magram Tu mdinare fazisi Woroxia, WoroxTan albania gacilebiT axloa geografiuladac da araqsis xeobac axloa arsianis qedTan, amitomac aq dabanakebuli romanozi axlos iqneboda albaneTTan. 560-ian wlebSi, iqamde sparselTa momxre svanebi dasajes bizantielebma, erTi maTi nawili ki moqrTames. maT iseve, rogorc sxva kavkasiur tomebs, gadasces Zalze didi Tanxa, magaliTad, iqamde misimianTa tomisa da sxva kavkasiuri tomis mosasyidad misimianeTSi bizantielebs SeutaniaT strategios soteriqes xeliT 28800 xalasi oqros nomizma (georgika, III, gv. 174). Cans, svaneTis sakiTxis sabolood gadasaWrelad bizantielebma gamoiyenes ara mxolod samxedro Zala, aramed oqroc. roca svanebi ganudgnen sparselebs, maT dasasjelad svaneTSi SeWrila, rogorc aRvniSneT, sparsi sardali, xelT ugdia, albaT, aRniSnuli simdidre da radganac svaneTSi ar daedgomeboda, ukanve dabrunebula. svaneTSi sparselebis SeWris cnobis gagebisTanave bizantiis imperators svaneTSi sparselTa winaaRmdeg gaugzavnia Tavisi sardali. am ukanasknels ki Seutyvia, rom Woroxis, anu kolxeTis gziT araqsis xeobaSi gadasuli iyo sparsuli jari da, Sesabamisad, lazikaSi, anu Woroxis xeobaSi Sesuli armia ukan gaedevna sparselebs da arsianis gadalaxvis Semdeg araqsis xeobasTan albaniis dablobze dabanakda mtris pirispir. am ambis axsna, kidev erTxel vityviT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu svaneTad dasavleT saqarTvelos CavTvliT, xolo lazikad _ Woroxis xeobas.

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warumatebeli eqspedicia svaneTSi, romelsac Seewira sparseTis samefo dinastia namdvilad svaneTze rom aris saubari, iqidanac Cans, rom saqme Seexeboda sparsel sardal barams, qarTul wyaroebSi baram Cubinad cnobils, romelic araqsis piras aRniSnuli omis Semdgom aujanyda sparseTis Sahs da Camoagdo taxtidan, rasac Semdgom udidesi Zvrebi mohyva sparseT-bizantiis urTierTobebSi. rogorc vTqviT, svaneTis eqspediciidan ukan dabrunebuli barami dabanakda araqsis xeobaSi, mas wamoewia bizantieli sardali da sastikad daamarcxa, anu saboloo suraTi ase daixata _ sparsuli jari damarcxda svanuri eqspediciis gamo, es ambavi aseve ucnobebiaT sparseTis mefisaTvis. barams mTel jarSi gauvrcelebia cru cnoba, `TiTqos mefe javrobda sparselTa jarze da yvelas sikvdiliT emuqreboda im damarcxebaTa gamo, romlebic SeemTxvaT maT svaneTSi~ (georgika, IV, 1, 33). sikvdilis SiSiT SeZrwunebuli sparsuli jari baramis meTaurobiT aujanyda sparselTa mefes da Camoagdes taxtidan. `ase waerTva xosros samefo Zalaufleba~ _ wers Teofilaqte (iqve, gv. 35). anu warumatebel svanur eqspedicias Seewira sparseTis samefo dinastia. amitomac svaneTSi aRniSnuli laSqroba-eqspedicia didi da gamorCeuli movlena iyo. am movlenis Semdgom srulebiT sxvagvarad warimarTa sparseT-bizantiis urTierTobebi, amitomac SeuZlebelia am movlenaTa epicentris _ svaneTis saxeli SeSlodaT an avtor istorikosebs an maTi Sromebis gadamwerebs.

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epifane konstantinopoleli (VIII s) lazikis Sesaxeb

qarTuli tomebi did sebastopolisSi, afsaris cixesTan, hisos navsadgurTan da mdinare fazisTan qarTuli tomebi ganfenilni iyvnen da cxovrobdnen ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed vrclad ufro samxreTiTac da maT sakuTari kerZoobiTi saxelebiTac ixsenieben, magram zogadad isini mainc erTi saxeliT _ iberebad ixseniebodnen da maT aRniSnul miwa-wyalsac ZiriTadad iberia ewodeboda. VIII saukunis avtorma epifane konstantinopolelma, kritikulad mimoixila Tavisi wyaroebi da fexiTac moiara is adgilebi, sadac andria mociquli moRvaweobda. aq, yvelgan, iberebi cxovrebdnen. epifane konstantinopoleli wers: `did sebastopolisSi, afsaris cixesTan, hisos navsadgurTan da mdinare fazisTan mosaxleobdnen iberielebi, susebi, fustelebi da alanebi~ (georgika, IV, I, 57). misi azriT, trapezunti aris lazikis qalaqi, xolo trapezuntis zemoT mdebare qveyana ki ukve iberiaa. andria mociqulma gananaTla trapezunti lazikaSi, iberia da zRvis piras mcxovrebni wmida andria mociquli `amisodan wamosvlis Semdeg mivida trapezuntSi, lazikis qalaqSi, iqidan is wavida iberiaSi, mas Semdeg, rac man zRvis piras mcxovrebni mravalni gananaTla, is Cavida ierusalimSi~ (iqve, gv. 58). epifane konstantinopoleli Tavisi wmida andrias cxovrebis sxva adgilasac, erTad axsenebs iberiasa da faziss, isini erT regionSi arian. `moiares qalaqebi, iqadages da saswaulebi moaxdines da Cavidnen iberiaSi, xolo ramdenime dRis Semdeg susaniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 58). susania (s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT ki _ suania) qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, aWaris mTianeTsa da oZrxe-samcxeSi iyo, sadac andriam iqadaga trapizonidan mdinare Woroxis gadmokveTis Semdeg. qarTuli wyaroebi sadRac aq aRniSnavdnen punqt sosanigeTis arsebobas. Tu aseTi mosazreba misaRebia, istoriuli svaneTis erTi nawili, Cans, moicavda Woroxis SesarTavis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare mTian mxareebsac. berZnuli wyaroebic, TiTqosda, amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs. imedi unda viqonioT, rom Semdgomi Taobebi WeSmaritebas ukeT daadgenen.

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imperatori iustiniane (VI s.) lazikis Sesaxeb

(georgika, 2, gv. 35) novelebi iustiniane _ helenopontos, pontos da lazikis qalaqebisa da cixe-simagreebis Sesaxeb iustinianes mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi bizantias gaaCnda ori administraciuli erTeuli: ori ponto: 1. helenoponto 2. polemonis ponto helenopontos qalaqebi iyo (imperatorisave sityviT rva qalaqi): 1. amasia 2. ibora 3. evqaita 4. zela 5. antrapa 6. sinope 7. amisse 8. leontopolisi polemonis pontos qalaqebi iyo (imperatorisave sityviT xuTi qalaqi): 1. neokesaria 2. komana 3. trapezunti 4. kerasunti 5. polemonioni polemonis pontoSi Sedioda ori cixe-simagre: 1. pitiunti 2. sebastopolisi amaT `Semdeg mdebareobs Cveni lazike~ _ werda imperatori (georgika II, gv. 33). iustiniane wers _ am pontoebis `Semdeg mdebareobs Cveni lazike, sadac aris qalaqi petra~ (georgika, 2, gv. 33). maSasadame, lazike mdebareobda pontoebis iqeT, kavkasiisaken, misi (e.i. lazikis) qalaqia _ petra (WoroxTan) _ `Semdeg arqeopolisi da rodopolisi, udidesi da Zveli simagreebi, aqve Sedis agreTve Cven mier sparselebisagan ukan CamorTmeuli simagreebi skandisi, sarapanisi, murisi (muxurisi?) da lisisi da sxva ramec, rac ki lazeTSi SeviZineT (Semdeg modis WanTa qveyana, mxolod axla, Cveni mefobis dros romaelTa mier dapyrobili, masac

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aqvs ukve qalaqad qceuli adgilebi, momavalSic eqneba sxvebi), am qveynis Semdeg damkvidrebulni arian sxva tomebi, suanebi, skvimnebi, afsilebi, abazgebi da sxva, Cveni megobari tomebi~... (georgika II, gv. 35-37). maSasadame, lazikaSi ar iyo qalaqebi, magram iyo didi da mcire simagreebi, esenia: 1. petra; 2. arqeopolisi; 3. rodopolisi; 4. skandisi; 5. sarapanisi; 6. murisi; 7. lisisi. iustinianes mixedviT samoqalaqo cxovrebiT (VI saukuneSi) WaneTi ufro yofila ganviTarebuli, vidre lazika, es iqedan Cans, rom mas ukve hqonia qalaqad qceuli adgilebi, e.i. qalaqebi, magram, lazikas im dros qalaqebi ar hqonia, didi da mcire simagreebi ki hqonda. arqeopolisi da rodopolisi mdebareobdnen Woroxis axlos, mis marjvena sanapiroze, skanda da sarapanisi arsianis qedze, im saerTaSoriso gzis pirze romelic zRvis portebs Woroxis xeobis gavliT persarmeniasTan akavSirebda, maSasadame, WanTa qveyana da sadavo lazike erTmaneTis gverdigverd mdebareobdnen. WanTa qveyana gumuSxane-sper-rizes regionia da sadavo lazike mis gverdiT iyo ganlagebuli. amitomac axsenebs iustiniane lazikas da WaneTs eTmaneTis gverdiT, isini oriveni erT geopolitikur mTlianobas Seadgendnen. maT gverdiT mcxovreb svanebs da sxva qarTul tomebs (skvimnebs, afsilebs, abazgebs da sxvebs) imperatori bizantielTa megobrad saxavda e.w. lazikis didi omianobis dawyebamde, magram Semdeg viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala, megobrebi mtrebad gadaiqcnen VI s. garkveul periodebSi. sadavo lazika ara mTel dasvleT saqarTvelos, aramed umetesad Woroxis sanapiroebs moicavda, amasTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva _ ramdenad SesaZlebelia WaneT-lazikis gverdiT ecxovraT svanebs, skvimnebs, afsilebs, abazgebs da sxvebs? saqme isaa, rom svanebi, romelTac strabonis cnobiT `aseve iberebs uwodebdnen~, Zalze didi tomi iyo, daaxloebiT 200 aTasze meti meomari mamakacisagan Semdgari, amitomac maTi gansaxlebis teritoria ufro vrceli iyo, vidre Semdeg. isini saxlobdnen ara marto dasavleT saqarTvelos baris nawilsa da mTiswineTSi, aramed `mesxebis mTebis mwvervalebzec~ anu arsianisa da karCxalis mTianeTSi. arsianis qedis bolo emezobleboda spers da WaneTs, amasTanave arsianis qedi erTmaneTisagan yofda iberiasa da lazikas anu artaansa (iberia) da

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arTvin-artanujis (e.i. lazikis) mxareebs. aqedan gamomdinare svanebi emezoblebodnen WaneTsa da lazikas aRmosavleTis mxridan, magram isini lazikas CrdiloeTis mxridanac emezoblebodnen. guriisa da misi mimdebare kuTxeebis mravali toponimi, qarTvel mecnierTa sityviT, svanuria. rac Seexeba afsilebs, isini VI saukunis dasawyisSi e.w. lazikis didi omis dros cxovrobdnen md. sufsas xeobaSi, maSasadame, uSualod emezoblebodnen lazikas Crdilo-dasavleTis mxridan. afsilTa qarTulenovani tomi iseve, rogorc maTi mezobeli, dablobSi mcxovrebi aseve qarTulenovani tomi abazgebisa am omianobis Semdeg, ufro CrdiloeTiT _ afxazeTSic moixsenieba, sadac maT xelsayreli momentis dadgomisTanave _ VIII s-is dasawyisidan qarTulenovani saxelmwifo daarses. es maT qarTulenovnebas adasturebs. safiqrebelia, rom VI s-is dasawyisSi afsilTa da abazgTa tomebi alanebma gamoaZeves ufro CrdiloeTSi mdebare TavianTi sacxovrisidan (omis dasawyisSi), rasac agaTias cnobebic miuTiTebs. saerTod ki, saxeli `afSili~ unda rqmeoda ara konkretul eTnikur jgufs, aramed xalxis im nawils, romelic fSa-nakadulebiTa da wyaroebiT mdidar regionSi cxovrobda, amitomac gvaqvs qarTuli provinciebi `fSavi~ da `afSileTi~, (anu fSebian-wyaroebiani kuTxe) maT xalxs `fSavelebi~ da `afSilebi~ erqva, gvaqvs gvarebic afSilava da fSavliSvili. aseve abazgebi m. qurdianis kvleviT abaSeTis anu rionis vakisis mcxovrebTa saxeli unda yofiliyo. saerTod ki, `baS~, `faS~ saxeli erqva vake, gaSlil adgilebs da maT mkvidrT Tavdapirvelad ar hqonda eTnikuri datvirTva (rogorc slavebSi `tyis xalxi~, `Waobis xalxi~). araqsis (fazisis) _ mesxuri tomi igive saxelis mqone `basianelebi~ (fasianelebi). lazikis didma omianobam an Tavisi Zveli sacxovrisidan daZra aseve SedarebiT samxreTiT mcxovrebi svanuri tomebi, anda moxda am `iberiuli tomebis~ saxelis transformacia `gurulebad~, `margvelebad~ da sxva. SesaZloa isic vivaraudoT, rom ucxoelebi margvelebs, gurulebsa da maT mezoblebs `svanebs~ uwodebdnen. yvela es tomi iustinianes novelebis weris dros Woroxis sanapiroebze ganfenil lazikas emezoblebodnen. safiqrebelia, aseve, rom tomTa mmarTveli samxedro elita gadaadgilda qveynis mtrisagan dacul ufro Crdilo nawilSi da, iq, daefuZna kvlav TavianT TanametomeTa Soris. bizantielebi da sparselebi ufro metad tomTa mmarTvel zefa fenas rom devnidnen, es Cans bizantiur wyaroebSi. Cveni kvleviT, ucxouri wyaroebis `afsilia~ mdebareobda dRevandel guriis zRvispira teritoriaze sufsis regionSi. md. sufsa _ am kuTxis centraluri RerZi unda yofiliyo. amave dros, qarTuli wyaro _ qarTlis

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cxovreba _ `afSileTs~ uwodebs afxazeTis erT-erT zRvispira regions cxumTan. amasTanave, rogorc iTqva, saqarTvelos sxva erT-erTi regionis saxelwodeba imave etimologiis iyo _ `fSavi~. esec mdinarispirs an wyal-fSanebiT mdidar adgils unda miuTiTebdes. saerTod, `saerTo qarTveluri fuZe enis donisaTvis aRdgenilia `fs~ Ziri, romelic `siTxes~ an masTan dakavSirebul qmedebas aRniSnavs~ ( . , ,1964, . 191). `afsili~, `afSili~, `fSavi~, Ziri `fs~, romelic wyals aRniSnavs, uflebas iZleva gamoTqvas varaudi, rom qarTul samyaroSi yovel wyliT mdidar, zRvispira an fSanebian qveyanas `afsili~, an `afSili~ erqva, amitomac `afsilia~ savaldebulo araa iyos `afSileTi~. isini sxvadasxva regionebSi mdebareobdnen. daskvna (dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqcia IV-IX ss-Si) agaTia aRwers, Tu rogor umowyalod gaanadgures bizantielma jariskacebma misimielTa mTeli qristianuli tomi _ aTeulaTasobiT mamakaci, qali da bavSvi. jariskacebi bavSvebs xiStebiTac xocavdnen, Tanamedrove sityviT rom vTqvaT, es iyo xalxis sruli genocidi, radganac mTeli tomi mTlianad, mizanmimarTulad ganadgurda. agaTia dabejiTebiT wers, rom es tomi qristianuli iyo, amis Sesaxeb atyobinebdnen da mimarTvis werilebsac ugzavnidnen bizantiel xelisuflebs. miuxedavad amisa Sedegi umowyalo iyo. aseTivea bizantiel jariskacTa damokidebuleba svanebisa da sxva tomebis mimarTac. es faqti miuTiTebs, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qristianuli mosaxleoba ar Sedioda bizantiur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi da maT ar hyavdaT arc bizantielTa mier daniSnuli episkoposebi. ase rom yofiliyo, es bizantieli episkoposebi akrZalavdnen maTi mrevlis ganadgurebas. igive iTqmis lazikisa da aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeTa mimarT. magram, CvenTvis cnobilia, rom qristianebs uTuod esaWiroebodaT samRvdeloeba da ierarqia. magaliTad, misimielTa bavSvebi cxadia inaTlebodnen da TviTonac esaWiroebodaT samRvdeloebisagan kurTxevis miReba. Tu isini ar Sediodnen bizantiur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi maS visgan iRebdnen ierarqias? _ amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs qarTuli wyaroebi, romelnic weren magaliTad _ `wmida andriam iqadaga yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~, anda wmida ninom `gananaTla yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~ _ maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTvelo iseve, rogorc qarTveli xalxis mTeli areali _ Sedioda zogadqarTul saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi, anu mcxeTis sasuliero sferoSi. is ar iyo bizantiuri sasuliero ierarqiis sfero.

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arc erTi avtori, romelic ganvixileT (prokofi kesarieli, agaTia, menandre, Teofilaqte...) ar miuTiTebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi bizantiuri sasuliero ierarqiis Sesaxeb, gamonaklisia prokofis erTi cnoba, rom lazikasa da trapezunts Soris `erT xalxs~ mcxovrebT rizes regionSi lazTa episkoposebi emsaxurebodnen. prokofi imasac aRniSnavs, rom lazikis omebamde Woroxis regionis lazika kaTalikosis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, Semdeg ki, rizes regioni lazTa episkoposebs dauqvemdebares, anu n. adoncis mixedviT ziganas (gumuSxanes) regionis episkoposebs. dasavleT saqarTvelo, n. lomouris TvalsazrisiT, `yvela arsebul wyaroTa mowmobiT, vidre IX s-mde rCeboda eklesiurad konstantinopolis patriarqze daqvemdebarebulad~ (n. lomouri, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis kulturul urTierTobaTa zogierTi aspeqti, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli, XIV, 2011, gv. 124). esaa sabWoTa periodis saistorio wreebis mier gavrcelebuli da gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisi, maSin, roca yvela qarTuli wyaros mixedviT, dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebis Semdeg, IV saukunidanve, zogadqarTuli eklesiis (mcxeTis) iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda (`qarTlis cxovreba~, ruisurbnisis krebis `Zegliswera da sxva). Tu dasavleT saqarTvelo IV s-dan IX s-mde, 500 wlis manZilze, konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda, es faqti unda aesaxa saeklesio arqiteqturasa da kulturas. sabednierod, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio arqiteqtura da qristianuli kultura miuTiTebs ara am regionis bizantiuri eklesiis wiaRSi yofnis Sesaxeb, aramed qarTulisa. magaliTad, damaxasiaTebeli arqiteqturuli elementebiT dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi (biWvinTa, cixisZiri, noqalaqevi, sefieTi) eTanadebian zogadqarTul saeklesio stils da ara bizantielebisas. kerZod, n. lomouri amis Sesaxeb wers: 1) samnaviani bazilikebi saqarTveloSi gansxvavdebian bizantiurisagan, radganac maT arqiteqturul saxes aqvT bizantiurisagan gansxvavebuli mkveTrad gamoxatuli Taviseburebebi da gansxvavdebian am tipis saydrebis klasikuri nimuSebisagan (mag. Sua navi SedarebiT moklea, ara aqvs svetebis rigi, gverdiTi navebi viwroa da sxva.) `niSandoblivia, rom CamoTvlili elementebi mJRavndeba dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebzec (biWvinTa, cixisZiri, noqalaqevi, sefieTi...) ufro metic, samnaviani bazilikis aseTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebs cixisZirSi (anu Zvel petraSi) gamovlenil eklesiebsac (iqve. gv. 124) 2) samnaviani bazilikebis garda saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda ugumbaTo taZris sruliad gansxvavebuli saxeoba e.w. `sameklesiani bazilikebi~ (erT bazilikaSi moqceuli sami navi, romelnic erTmaneTisagan gayofilia kedlebiT, samive navs aqavs sakuTari sakurTxeveli da aqvs sxva origi-

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naluri niSnebi ucnobi bizantiuri ariteqturisaTvis. `aseTi `sameklesiani bazilikebi~ erTdroulad gamoCnda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da Zveli afxazeTis teritoriazedac _ Zveli gagris eklesia~ (iqve, gv. 125). 3) `TiTqmis srul damoukideblobas bizantiuri saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisagan amJRavnebdnen centralur-gumbaTovani taZrebi, romelTac, v. beriZis sityviT, ganvles ganviTarebis Taviseburi gza, martividan rTulisaken, Zveli gavazisa da Tbilisis qvaSveTis ubrali tetrakonqidan mcxeTis jvrisa da misi tipis rTuli aRnagobis Zeglebamde. es tipi aris qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis originaluri qmnileba, romelic Semdgom somxeTSi gavrcelda, magram bizantiis sxva provinciebSi mas ar eZebneba paralelebi. maT winamorbeds saqarTveloSi warmoadgens sacxovrebeli nagebobebis darbazuli forma. am tipis nagebobebia: atenis sioni _ qarTlSi, Zveli SuamTa _ kaxeTSi, martvilis RvTismSoblis taZari _ odiSSi, da taoSi~ (iqve, gv. 125). 4) `damoukidebeli arqiteqturuli mimarTuleba~ damaxasiaTebelia iseTi taZrebisTvis, rogoricaa sveticxoveli, bagrati, alaverdi, iSxani, bana, xaxuli, da a.S. yvela amaTi safuZveli iyo, adgilobrivi, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan SemuSavebuli erovnuli warmomavlobis Taviseburebani, es daskvna vrceldeba afxazeTSi agebul iseT eklesiebze, rogoricaa bzifis, anakofiis, lixnis, moqvis, gagris eklesiebi. (iqve gv. 125) e.i. bagratis, bzifis, anakofiisa da sxva dasavleT saqarTvelos taZrebi `saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi SemuSavebuli erovnuli arqiteqturuli Taviseburebani~ yofila. arqiteqturulad dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio xelovneba erT mTlianobas warmoadgens, rac Sedegi iyo erTiani qarTuli saeklesio iurisdiqciisa. maSasadame, arqiteqturuli faqtebiT dasturdeba Zvel qarTvel mematianeTa cnobebi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo ar yofila bizantiur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi. amas miuTiTebs: biWvinTis, cixisZiris, noqalaqevis, sefieTis, gagris, martvilis, bagratis, bzifis, lixnis, moqvis da sxva saeklesio arqiteqtura. biWvinTis mozaikis Sesaxebac igive SeiZleba iTqvas. is `ar naxulobs arsad analogs garda saqarTvelosi, rac aZlevs mkvlevarebs safuZvels es mozaika miakuTvnon am dargis adgilobriv skolas~. (iqve, gv. 123) es saeklesio xelovneba ar adasturebs im Tvalsazriss, TiTqosda, afxazeTis biWvinTaSi iyo bizantieli episkoposis rezidencia. aseve, TiTqosda, aq idga romauli garnizonebis sadgami. `adgilobrivi kulturis elementebi dadasturda biWvinTis eklesiis nangrevebSi~ (IV-V ss). mxedvelobaSia mozaikebi, romelnic `avlenen adgilobriv xelovnebasTan mWidro kavSirs~ (iqve, gv. 123).

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sinamdvileSi bizantiuri saepiskoposo kaTedrebi da romauli garnizonebi idga trapezuntis regionSi mdebare pitia _ pitiuntSi, xolo afxazeTis biWvinTa _ Tavidanve, qarTuli politikuri da kulturuli sivrcis nawili iyo. n. adoncis kvleviT, trapezuntis regionSi mdebareobda bizantiuri saeklesio olqi da am regions `lazikac~ erqva, is qarTuli anu Woroxis lazikis samxreTiT mdebareobda. eklesiuri da politikuri `lazikebis~ simravle warmoSva im faqtma, rom zogadad lazika iyo vrceli mxare sinopidan Woroxamde. es regioni bizantielTa saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi moeqca (pontos mxare), xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda gaqristianebisTanave, rasac qarTuli wyaroebic miuTiTebs (`andriam iqadaga yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa, wmida ninom moaqcia `yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~). qarTuli wyaroebis am miTiTebebs ar ewinaaRmdegebian prokofi kesarielis, agaTia sqolastikosisa da sxvaTa cnobebi, romelnic am wignSi ganvixileT.

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flavius ariane lazebisa da Zidritebis Sesaxeb

Sesavali arianes erT-erTi adrindeli nawarmoebi aris `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~ dawerili 131 wels, moRweulia erTaderTi xelnaweris saxiT. ariane iyo kapadokiis provinciis mmarTveli, amitomac man daaTvaliera Tavisi provincia, aRwera da werilis saxiT gaugzavna imperator adrianes. arianes trapizonidan fexiT mouvlia Tavisi provinciis sanapiro. `am nawilSi dawvrilebiT aRwera adgilebi da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb ramdenime cnoba Semogvinaxa~ (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis gaSemo, 1961, mTargmnel n. keWaymaZis gamokvleva, gv. 5). `arianes naSromis is nawilebi, romelnic Seexebian Savi zRvis sxva sanapiros aRweras nakleb sandoa da SecdomebiTaa savse~ (iqve, gv. 5) _ wers n. keWaymaZe. saerTod, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso SexedulebiT, am mxriv, ariane araa sando avtori. magram, CvenSi sandod miiCneva arianesmieri aRweriloba. arianes sammarTveli provincia radganac iyo kapadokia, amitomac unda gairkves arianes dros kapadokiis sazRvari sad aRwevda, da albaT, iqamde unda iyos mocemuli aRweriloba sando. arianes dros (II s-is dasawyisSi) kapadokiis provincia aRwevda trapezuntamde da odnav cdeboda mas aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT (CavTvaloT, rom aRwevda Woroxamde). ai, aqamde unda CaiTvalos arianes aRweriloba sandod, masSi II saukunis monacemebis garda, Semdgomi epoqis, ufro IV-V saukuneTa monacemebicaa aRreuli. radganac, polemoni iyo `kapadokias mikuTvnebuli pontos erTi nawilis mefe~ (dion kasiosi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, 2010, gv. 367). rogorc cnobilia, polemonis pontos sazRvari fazisamde aRwevda. pompeusis epoqaSi, anu I-II saukuneebSi, ponto (da Sesabamisad kapadokia) md. fazisamde aRwevda. (aq albaT unda SevniSnoT, rom mTlianad arasworia zogierTi Tanamedrove qarTveli istorikosis Sexeduleba, TiTqosda, kapadokiis sazRvrebSi iyo moqceuli afxazeTis biWvinTa da istoriuli cxumi. sinamdvileSi I pitia da I sebastopolisi trapezunt-rizes regionSi mdebareobdnen). vfiqrob, rom arianes imperatoris mier davalebuli hqonda aRewera sanapiro trapezuntidan _ md. fazisamde (anu Woroxis sanapiromde), sadac imJamad, romis imperia apirebda fexis mokidebas. es iyo ZiriTadad qarTlis anu iberiis xelqveviT moqceuli Zidritebisa da sxva qarTuli tomebis sacxovrisi. am miwebis daufleba surda roms da zogierT adgilas ukve mcire sajariso razmebic hyolia dayenebuli da iqaur am, ase vTqvaT, `adgilebis tomebisaTvis~ mefeebi dausvamT.

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maSasadame, SedarebiT sandod, da isic araueWvelad, SeiZleba miviCnioT arianes Txroba trapezuntidan _ fazisamde (Woroxamde). n. keWaymaZis sityviT, ariane kolxebs aTavsebs trapezuntidan ofamde. misive gamokvleviT am sanapiroze pirveloba moipova sxva SedarebiT Zlierma tomma _ lazebma. Tu, iqamde, kolxebis saxeli sxvaTa saxelebs faravda, axla ukve lazebis mniSvnelobis zrdam gamoiwvia sxva tomebis saxelebis gaqroba. e.i. kolxebi da lazebi sxvadasxva tomi iyo da lazebis siZlieris gamo kolxebsac `lazebi~ ewodaT (iqve, gv. 98). kolxebs, dril-sanebs, makronebsa da henioxebs lazebisagan hyofda Zidritebis tomi, romelic farsman meores _ iberiis mefes emorCileboda. lazebisaTvis da maTi mezobeli afsilebis, abaskebisa da sanigebisaTvis rogorc iTqva, romaelebs mefeebi dauniSnavT. SesaZloa, romaelebis gaaqtiurebamde lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi da sanigebi Zidritebis msgavsad, iberiis mefes eqvemdebarebodnen kidevac, `qarTlis cxovreba~ da sxva qarTuli wyaroebi, marTlac, miuTiTebs, rom dasavleT da aseve samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo farnavazis droidanve Sedioda iberiis samefos SemadgenlobaSi. II s-is dasawyisisaTvis, am mxareTa tomebi romaelebs gadaubirebiaT, magram Zidritebs SeunarCunebiaT Tavisi Zveli mdgomareoba. e.i. kvlav iberiis mefes emorCilebodnen. es Zidritebi, cxovrobdnen md. pritanididan afsarosamde (iqve, gv. 125). arianes aRweriT maT ekavaT 240 stadioni sanapiro, daaxloebiT 43-44 km monakveTi (e.i. Tu SevajamebT _ md. pritanididan md. piqsitemde _ 90 stadioni, piqsitedan md. arqabemde 90 stadioni, arqabedan md. afsarosamde 60 stadioni (iqve, gv. 36), sul 240 stadioni), esaa aTinas marjvena sanapiro. saerTod, n. keWaymaZis sityviT _ `arianes mier mocemuli manZilebi... sizustiT ar gamoirCeva da SemTxvevaTa did umetesobaSi is miaxloebiT ricxvebs gvTavazobs... rukis Sedgenis dros... zogi punqti gamotovebul iqna, radganac maTi Setana rukaze ar moxerxda _ irRveoda rukis mTeli aRnagoba, obieqtebs Soris manZilebi icvleboda da cnobil adgilTa mdebareoba ise gadainacvleboda, rom ruka saerTod aRar gamodgeboda... angariSi irRveoda, rukaze veRar Tavsdeboda... saWiro gaxda gamotoveba... gaangariSeba aRar moxerxda, ariane aq did lafsusebs uSvebs~ (iqve, gv. 24-25). n. keWaymaZis sityviT _ arianes mier mocemuli manZilebi `did umetesobaSi miaxloebiTia, sul damrgvalebuli ricxvebia mis `periplusSi~ mocemuli. erTidaigive ricxvebi meordeba. avtoris siyvaruliT sargeblobs `90 stadioni~, aseve, kargadaa ganwyobili 150, 180, 210, 30 da 60 stadionis mimarT. stadionTa erTidaigive raodenoba meordeba miyolebiT... ase simetriulad ganlagebuli mdinareebi Tu obieqtebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs~ (iqve, gv. 24).

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arianes mixedviT Savi zRvis garSemowerilobis rukis Sedgena SeuZlebelia. amis miuxedavad Cven mainc vcadeT arianes monacemebis mixedviT rukis Sedgena trapezuntidan _ fazisamde anu trapezuntidan Woroxis SesarTavamde. mis Semdgom arianes cnobebi kidev ufro arasandoa da Cans is, sxvadasxva periplusebis albaTobrivi nakrebia, Sedgenili mogvianebiT. mdinare fazisi arianes rukis Sedgenis dros, vfiqrob, umTavresia md. fazisis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra. rogorc cnobilia, V saukunis anonimma avtorma arianes cnobebis zusti gameorebiT gamosca Tavisi naSromi, masSi ganmartebulia mdinareTa da punqtTa imJamindeli saxelebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom anonimis mixedviT, ariane fazisis qveS gulisxmobda Woroxs, radganac wers `fazisis saTave armeniaSia~ _ `es mdinare fazisi armeniidan momdinareobs~ (anonimi, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, wignSi `flavius ariane, 1961, gv. 86). rogorc cnobilia, imJamad, somxeT-armeniis mier xeldebuli WaneT-speris mTianeTidan gamoedineba Woroxi... garda amisa mdinaris Seferiloba, misi sasmel wylad gamoyeneba, siCqare zRvis SesarTavTan da sxva mravali niSani miuTiTebs, rom anonimisa (da arianes) md. fazisi aris Woroxi. magaliTad, anonimi wers: `feri fazisisa Taviseburia, gavs tyviiT da kaliT SeRebil wyals~ (iqve, gv. 87). visac Tavisi TvaliT uxilavs Woroxi, is ityvis, rom swored Woroxia mocisfro-tyviisferi da ara rioni, romelic talaxisfer-yavisferia Tavis dablobSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva antikuri avtorebic miuTiTebdnen md. fazisis cisferobis Sesaxeb zRvasTan SerTvis adgilze. maSin roca rioni, rogorc iTqva iq talaxisfer-yavisferia. magaliTad, rufus festus avienusi, IV s. avtori, faziss uwodebs `lurj mdinares~ _ is wers: `fasisis lurji zvirTebis dasavleTiT biZerebis tomia, Semdeg beqirebi~... (rufus festus avienusi, antikuri kavkasia, 2010, gv. 599). feris garda md. fazisi sxva mdinareebisagan ganirCeoda erTi TvisebiT, romelic ancvifrebda mravlis mnaxvel Zvel mogzaurebsa da istorikosebs. es Tviseba mxolod da mxolod am konkretuli mdinarisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da amiT gansxvavdeboda sxvebisagan, es iyo is, rom didi siCqaris gamo fazisi zRvaSi Sedenis Semdeg zRvis wyals ki ar ereoda, aramed zRvis zedapirze qmnida mtknari wylis zols, Cqari dinebis mqones, imdenad Cqaris, rom navebs misi gadalaxva uWirdaT. am niSnis mixedviT Cven, TiTqosda, advilad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT Tu romeli mdinare iyo fazisi _ Woroxi Tu rioni.

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martivi dakvirvebac ki aCvenebs, rom zRvis SesarTavTan rioni mdore, SlamiTa da leqiT damZimebuli mdinarea, romelsac Tavisi wyali gaWirvebiT Seaqvs zRvaSi, amis mizezi isicaa, rom zRvaca da rionis dablobic erT 0-ovan doneze mdebareoben, Woroxi ki zRvispira mTebidan Camoedineba da aCqarebiT Seaqvs Tavisi wylebi zRvaSi. Woroxis aRwera fazisis aRweras eTanadeba, rionisa ki ara, radganac mdored erTvis zRvas. kidev erTi Tviseba md. fazisisa iyo misi maRali xma zRvis siaxlovesac ki. Woroxsa da rions erTmaneTisagan zRvispira dablobze ganarCevs xmianoba, kerZod Woroxi siCqaris gamo xmaurobs, xolo rioni uxmod, mdored Seedineba zRvaSi. xmauriani iyo md. fazisi, aseve, amiane marcelines cnobiT, `fasisi xmauriani dinebiT esazRvreba kolxebs~ (antikuri kavkasia, 2010, gv. 576). rioni zRvis SesarTavTan aseTi didi siCqarisa ar aris, piriqiT, is Zvelad, xelovnuri jebirebis gakeTebamde, jer Seedineboda zRvispira WaobebSi da qmnida dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobSi uamrav meandrebsa da narionalebs, e.i. rions uWirda Tavisi wylis Setana zRvaSi, amitomac xSirad icvlida kalapots, gubdeboda, anda meandrebis saxiT iklakneboda. erTi sityviT, rioni XX s-mde iyo Waobis mdinare, romelic Zalze mdored da mZimed Seedineboda zRvaSi, maSin roca am TvisebiT misgan mTlianad gansxvavebulia Woroxi. misi sagangebo mkvlevari tomaSevski XIX s-Si werda md. Woroxis Sesaxeb _ `saxeli `Woroxi~ adgilobriv enebze niSnavs `moudrekels~, radgan es mdinare zRvas erTvis didi siZlieriT da siswrafiT~ (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis gaSemo, 1961, gv. 67). TiTqmis, swored amave sityvebiT aRwers ariane md. faziss. ariane werda _ `CemTvis cnobili mdinareebis wylebs Soris fazisis wyali umsubuqesia da feric metad gansxvavebuli aqvs. mis simsubuqes Seityobs kaci wonis gasinjviT da kidev imiT, rom rodesac igi zRvas erTvis zRvis wyals zed moeqceva, ar Seereva _ zRvis wylis zemoT mimdinareobs, rogorc zeTi, da rodesac amoxapaven mis wyals _ mtknaria. Tu vinme siRrmeSi CauSvebs WurWels _ mariliani... Cveulebaa aseTi _ fazisSi Semsvlelebma ar unda Seitanon iq sxva wyali, da Sevlen Tu ara mis kalapotSi, brZaneba icema, rom xomaldze arsebuli Zveli wyali sul gadaiRvaros. amboben, vinc amas ar Seasrulebs _ bednieri mgzavroba ar eqneba. fazisis wyali ar Smordeba da aT welze met xans gaufuWebeli rCeba, ufro metadac tkbeba~ (iqve, gv. 39). SevadaroT, aviRoT md. rioni zRvis SesarTavTan, an Tundac mis dablobSi, vTqvaT samtrediidan foTamde, SeiZleba Tu ara misi wylis sasmelad gamoyeneba? Tu vTqvaT rionis wyals aq WiqiT aviRebT, sul male vnaxavT, rom WiqaSi Slamis sakmao naleqi darCeba.

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rioni, mis dablobze, sasmelad ar gamoiyeneba. es SeuZlebelia. mas sasmelad ver gamoiyenebdnen mezRvaurebi. am niSniT rioni araa fazisi. ariane aqcevs yuradRebas, aseve, fazisis fers _ `misi feri metad gansxvavebulia~ _ is iyo mocisfro-tyviisferi, rogorc, amJamad, Woroxis wyali. rionTan SedarebiT Woroxis wyali msubuqia, naklebi leqianobis anu silian-qviSianobis gamo (e.i. Woroxi iseTive msubuqia, rogorc fazisis wyals aRwers ariane), aseve Woroxi Tavis SesarTavTan Zalze Cqaria, rogorc fazisi. am TvisebebiT metad gansxvavebuli rionisagan. erTi sityviT md. fazisi Woroxia da ara rioni im xuTi TvisebiT, romliTac Zveli avtorebi faziss aRwerdnen, esenia fazisis saTave, misi gansakuTrebuli feri, misi sasmelad gamoyeneba SesarTavTan, misi msubuqi wona da misi didi siCqare, aseve, SesarTavTan. A. fazisis saTave md. Woroxi gamoedineba sper-WaneTis regionidan, romelic strabonis epoqaSi armeniis mier iyo xeldebuli. anu is, imJamad, ase vTqvaT, politikuri armeniidan gamoedineboda iseve, rogorc fazisi Zvel avtorTa aRweriT. B. fazisis feri md. fazisi _ Woroxia gansakuTrebuli feris gamo. es feria mocisfro tyviisferi, aseTi ferisaa Woroxi, fasisi aseTi feris mqone mdinared aRiwereba Zveli avtorebis mier. C. fazisis sasmelad gamoyeneba Woroxis gamoyeneba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sasmelad amJamadac ki, magram sasmelad rionis gamoyeneba mis dablobSi, SeuZlebelia _ radganac daWaobebul dablobze denis gamo baqteriebiTaa gajerebuli da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSia. D. fazisis wona rionis wyali Tavis SesarTavTan silisa da miwis did raodenobas Seicavs, amitomac rionis wyali mZimea didi silianobis gamo, Woroxis wyali ki masTan SedarebiT gacilebiT msubuqia, naklebi lamianobisa da silianobis gamo, am TvisebiT Woroxi fazisis aRweras emsgavseba. fazisis wylis simsubuqes aRweren Zveli avtorebic. E. fazisis siCqare iseTi siCqariT, rogorc Zveli avtorebi md. fazisis zRvaSi Sedenas aRweren, amJamadac ki, zRvaSi Seedineba Woroxi da ara rioni. yovelive amas ase aRwers ariane fazisTan dakavSirebiT, amitomac mis mier naxsenebi fazisi aris md. Woroxi da ara rioni. aseve unda aisaxos mis rukazec. miuxedavad aseTi Tvisebisa mainc arianes mTargmneli n. keWaymaZe dabejiTebiT wers: `md. fazisi _ md. rionia, Zvel mweralTa mier moxseniebuli

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md. fazisi _ md. rionia. aq, mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba ar arsebobs, md. rionis marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda q. fazisi (dRevandeli foTi)~ (iqve, gv. 68). sabWoTa istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli azri, rom fazisi rionia, faqtiurad emyareba Zvel cnobebs, imis Sesaxeb, rom fazisis SesarTavTan mdebareobda q. fazisi, SemosazRvruli zRviT, mdinariT da tbiT, radganac aseTive ganlagebisaa foTi, amitomac swored is miiCneva Zvel fazisad, magram swored aseTive tba-tborebi Woroxis SesarTavis dasavleT sanapirozecaa zRvis piras goniosTan axlos, am tba-tborebsa da Woroxs Sua zRvis sanapiroze Tavisuflad moTavsdeboda antikuri patara zomis qalaqi. amitomac vfiqrob fazisisa da rionis gasaigiveblad aRniSnuli cnoba sakmarisi araa. wmida eqvTime mTawmideli faziss md. Woroxs uwodebda, Sesabamisad, q. fazisi mdebareobda goniosTan axlos mdinarisa da zRvis piras. md. fazisi iTvleboda bizantiis imperiis sasazRvro mdinared istorikos zosimes sityviT. zosime wers _ konstantine didma `kapadokia, armenia da mTeli sanapiro pamfiliidan trapezuntamde da simagreebamde, fazisze... eparqozs gadasca~ (antikuri kavkasia, 2010, gv. 427), anu jer iyo pitia-sebastopolisis samagreebi, Semdeg ki md. fazisis simagreebi, aqamde aRwevda imperiis sazRvari IV s-Si. `zRvis sanapiro trapezuntidan~ (arianes teqsti) ariane ase aRwers zRvis sanapiros trapezuntidan fazisamde _ `mivediT trapezuntSi... trapezuntidan rom wamovediT, pirvel dRes movediT navsadgur hisosSi (issu). iq davaTvaliereT qveiTTa jari ...maTi damxmare 20 cxenosani... aqedan gavcureT... mivediT aTenSi [fazari] ... Cven gaviareT 500 stadionze meti da movediT afsarosSi, sadac dgas 5 kohorti (legionis 0,1 nawili). aq xelfasi davurige jariskacebs da davaTvaliere iaraRi, kedeli, Txrili, avadmyofebi da isic, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi iyo puris maragis damzadeba. Cemi azri yvelafris Sesaxeb mogwere laTinur werilSi... trapezuntidan napiris gaswvriv curvisas Cven gaviareT Semdegi mdinarebi: hisosi, romlisganaa saxelwodeba hisos navsadgurisa, romelic trapezuntisgan daSorebulia 180 stadioniT; ofisi, romelic daSorebulia hisos navsadgurs 90 stadioniT da gamohyofs kolxebis qveyanas Tianikisagan. Semdeg mosdevs fsiqsosad wodebuli mdinare, romelic daaxloebiT 30 stadioniTaa daSorebuli ofiss, Semdeg 30 stadioniT mdinare fsiqsoss _ md. kalosi [kalopotamisi]. mdinare fsiqsosis mezoblad aris mdinare riZiosi (1).

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mdinare riZiosi 120 stadioniTaa daSorebuli mdinare kalosidan. amisgan 30 stadionis moSorebiTaa mdinare askurosi da adieni askurosidan _ 60 stadioniT. aqedan aTenamde 180 stadionia (2). aTenidan mxolod 7 stadionis moSorebiT mdinare Zagatisi miedineba. aTenidan wamosulebma gaviareT mdinare pritanidi (3). mdinare pritanidi, romelTanac aSenebulia anqiales sasaxle daSorebulia aTenidan 40 stadioniT. pritanids emezobleba mdinare piqsite (4). afsarosidan gaviareT mdinare akamfsisi RamiT (5). akamfsisidan mdinare baTisamde 75 stadionia (6). mdinare akinase baTisidan 90 stadioniTaa daSorebuli. akinasidan isisi 90 stadioniT. akamfsisi da isisi sanaosno mdinareebia... Semdeg gaviareT md. mogrosi. mogrossa da isiss Soris 90 stadionia. es mdinarec sanaosnoa. aqedan SevediT fazisSi (7). romelic mogrosidan daSorebulia 90 stadioniT... cixe-simagre, romelSic Tavsdeba oTxasi rCeuli meomari, me meCvena metad miudgomlad bunebis mixedviT, uSiSroebis TvalsazrisiT metad moxerxebul adgilze moTavsebulad aq momsvlelTaTvis. ormagi Txrili ertymis kedels, orive farToa... kedeli da koSkebi gamomwvari agurisganaa gakeTebuli. misi saZirkveli myaria, zed samxedro manqanebia dadgmuli cixis garSemo adgilebi dasaxlebulia samsaxuridan gadamdgari samxedro pirebiT da vaWrebiT (8). gadavwyvite, cixis kedlis ormagi Txrilidan mdinaremde gameyvana sxva Txrili, romelic gars Semouvlida navsadgurs da cixis kedlis gareT mdgom saxlebs (9). fazisidan Cven gaviareT sanaosno mdinare qarienti (10). maT Soris manZili 90 stadionia. qarientidan gaviareT 90 stadioni da SevcureT mdinare qobosSi. aq Ruzaze davdeqiT (11). Tu ratom SevcureT aq da ra movimoqmedeT, SenTvis cxadi gaxdeba laTinuri werilidan. qobosis Semdeg gaviareT sanaosno mdinare singame (12), romelic qoboss daSorebulia mxolod 210 stadioniT. mdinare singamis Semdeg aris tarsusi (13). maT Soris manZilia 120 stadioni. md. hiposi daSorebulia tarsusas 150 stadioniT (14). hiposidan astelefs 30 stadioni aSorebs (15). astelefi rom gaviareT sebastopolisSi SevediT (16). SuadRemde qobosidan gamosulebi. astelefidan gaviareT 120 stadioni. imave dRes moxerxda jariskacTaTvis xelfasis micema, cxenebis da iaraRis daTvaliereba, mxedrebis gavarjiSeba cxenebze SextomaSi, avadmyofebis

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monaxuleba, puris maragis Semowmeba, cixe-simagris kedlisa da Txrilis Semovla. md. qobosidan sebastopolisamde sul 630 stadionia (17). xolo trapezuntidan sebastopolisamde 2260 stadioni (18). sebastopolisi Zvelad dioskuriad iwodeboda, miletis axalSenia (19). ...dioskuriadadan pirveli sadguria pitiuntSi, 350 stadionis manZilze aqedan nitifemde 150 stadionia. aq Zvelad cxovrobda skviTTa tomi, romelsac ixseniebs istorikosi herodote, maT is girCismWamelebs uwodebs (fTirofagebs) (20). es azri dRemdea Semonaxuli maT Sesaxeb, xolo nitikidan mdinare abaskosamde 90 stadionia. borgisi abaskoss daSorebulia 120 stadioniT. nesisi borgiss _ 60 stadioniT (21). aq aris koncxi heraklea. nesisidan masaikitemde 90 stadionia. aqedan mdinare aqeuntamde _ 60. es mdinare hyofs Zilqebsa da sanigebs. Zilqebis mefe staqemfakia. amasac Sengana aqvs taxti miRebuli. aqeuntidan (22) herakles koncxamde 150 stadionia. aqedan 180 stadionia borcvamde romelic icavs (mogzaurs) Traskiuli qarisagan da boreasagan. aqedan Zvel laziked wodebul adgilamde 120 stadionia. aqedan Zvel aqaiamde _ 150. aqedan navsadgur pagramde _ 350. pagridan hieronis navsadguramde _ 140, aqedan sindikemde _ 300~ (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, 1961, gv. 29-53). SeniSvnebi: (1) arianes sityviT afsarosi 500 stadioniT iyo daSorebuli romeliRac punqts, albaT rizes (riZioss), am SemTxvevaSi, afsarosi Tanamedrove rizedan daaxl. 86 km-iT iyo daSorebuli. navsadguri riZiosi aTensa da pitiunts Soris (straboni, VII,5,7) mdebareobda. rize _ n. keWaymaZis mier moZiebuli sxvadasxva wyaros cnobiT _ iyo q. beqiria, beqirTa qveyanaSi, rize aseve iTvleboda lazikis qalaqad trapezuntidan 2 dRis savalze (prokofi, SenobaTa Sesaxeb). is iustinianem ganaaxla. qalaq rizes saepiskoposo kaTedra Sedioda polemonis pontos eparqiaSi. Notitia, IV. rizes samitropolito Not. X. rizes saarqiepiskoposo (georgika, IV, 2, gv. 192)]. (2) aTena anu aTina (aTeni) axlos mdebareobda pitiuntTan, maT erTad axsenebs straboni (VII, 5, 7), Tavis mxriv pitiunti anu pitiunt I axlos mdebareobda md. fazisTan rac Cans zosimes cnobidan, rom jer mdebareobdnen `fazisis simagreebi~ e.i. pitiunti da sebastopolisi da Semdeg ki iyo bizantiis imperiis sazRvari, romelic md. fazisze iyo dadebuli. amasve adasturebs zosime sxvaganac, kerZod skviTebma, roca maT pitiuntis simagre ver aiRes iqve, imave regionSi md. fazisze CauSves Ruza da Semdeg gacures trapezuntisaken (antikuri kavkasia, 2010, gv. 425-426).

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(3) pritanidi. am mdinaresTan iyo makronTa da henoixTa mefis anqiales rezidencia... daaxloebiT axlandeli viwes maxloblad. makronebisa da henioxebis miwa-wyali md. ofisa da arqabeswylis Soris yofila moqceuli (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 1950, gv. 217]. (4) pliniusis mixedviT piqsite afsarosis dasavleTiTaa. afsarosi arqabesTan iyo. arqabe _ igive arxavea, biZerebis qveyanaSi. afsarosi _ biZerebis qveyanaSi iyo. arqabes axlandeli saxelia _ arxav-su, maT Soris manZili 90 stadionia, aseve piqsitidan arqabisamde 90 stadionia, arqabisidan afsarosamde _ 60 stadioni [arqabedan afsarosamde daaxloebiT 10 km manZili yofila]. (5) akamfsisi aseve erqva Woroxs saTaveebSi anu speris mTebSi, amitomac aq, arianesTan, naxsenebi mdinare `akamfsisi~ Woroxis mosaxele sxva patara mdinare yofila zRvispirze. igi afsaross daSorebulia 15 stadioniT [maSasadame, afsarosi md. akamfsiss, (ara Woroxs, aramed sxva mdinares) 2-3 km-iT yofila daSorebuli]. (6) marTalia md. baTisis saxeli mogvagonebs baTums, magram is yofila ara WoroxTan, aramed misgan daSorebiT dasavleTis mxares. (7) fazisSi anu WoroxSi. (8) ara mgonia vaWrebisaTvis moxerxebuli yofiliyo foTis garSemo WaobebSi cxovreba, amitomac q. fazisis qveS gonio unda igulisxmebodes, romlis klimati da buneba gacilebiT ukeTesia sacxovreblad. (9) aqedan Cans, rom fazisis cixis kedlis garSemo ganlagebuli iyo dasaxlebuli teritoria, idga saxlebi da xalxi cxovrobda, rogorc ZvelTaganve gonioSi. foTSi es ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo _ didi daWaobebis gamo. (10) es SeiZleba iyos md. yoroliswyali. am mdinaresTan moTavsebul navsadgurs n. keWaymaZis gamokvleviT tabula pevtengeriana aRniSnavs saxeliT portus altus _ Rrma navsadguri. italiur rukebze hqvia `vati~, gonios CrdiloeTiT. (11) md. qobosi unda iyos qobuleTis mxaris romelime mdinare, SeiZleba md. kintriSi. (12) SeiZleba singame iyo kintriSi anda natanebiswyali, (13) natanebs mosdevs md. sufsa, SeiZleba es iyo tarsusa, (14) SeiZleba es iyos kaparWina anda paliastomis tbis romelime mdinare. (15) astelefi SeiZleba iyos rioni, (16) aq, sebastopolisi unda iyos yulevi an anaklia, (17) [daaxl. 114 km], (18) [daaxl. 403 km], (19) amis Semdeg kvlav ubrundeba trapezuntis axlos mdebare I dioskuriadas (surmenesTan).

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(20) fTirofagebs axsenebs strabonic. (strabo, XI, 2, 19), magram is maT moixseniebs samxreTSi trapezuntsa da Woroxs Sua mTianeTSi, amitomac vfiqrobT, rom arianes es aRweriloba Seesabameba ara afxazeTis sanapiros, aramed trapezunt-Woroxisas. (21) nesosi erqva agreTve punqts fasisisa da md. dokonisis anu Woroxisa da aWariswylis SesarTavTan. (22) Sdr. strabonis aqevelTa sanapiro. punqtebi da mdinareebi maSasadame, ariane CamoTvlis Semdeg punqtebs (saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi) _ 1. trapezunti; 2. hisosi; (isu) 3. aTeni; 4. afsarosi; (safiqrebelia, rom arianem sinamdvileSi imogzaura mxolod afsarosamde) Semdeg kvlav ubrundeba gavlil sanapiros da ufro gamowvlilviT aRwers (yvela es Semdgomi aRwera unda iyos sxva avtorebis Canamati, radganac aRwera kvlav Tavidan iwyeba) _ 1. trapezunti; 2. hisosi (daSorebulia trapezunts 180 stadioniT (32km); 3. ofisi (daSorebulia hisoss 90 stadioniT (17 km); 4. md. fsiqsosi (daSorebulia wina punqts 30 stadioniT) (5,7 km); 5. md. kalasi (30) (5,7km); 6. md. riZiosi (daSorebulia 120 stadioniT) (22,7 km); 7. md. askurosi (30 stadioni) (5,7 km); 8. md. adieni (daSorebulia wina mdinares 60 stadioniT) (11,3 km); 9. aTeni (180 stadioni) [pitiunti ?] (32 km); 10. md. Zagatisi (7 stadioni) (1,3km); 11. md. pritanidi (aTenidan daSorebulia 40 stadioniT makronebis, maxelonebisa da henioxebis qveyanaSi, 7,6 km); 12. md. piqsite (daSorebulia wina punqtTan 90 stadioniT) (17 km) Zidritebis (biZerebis) qveyanaSi; 13. md. arqabisi (90, q. arqabe anu arxave biZerebis qveyanaSi) (17 km); 14. md. afsarosi (60 stadioni, 11,3 km); 15. md. akamfsisi (15 stadioni, 2,8 km); 16. md. baTisi (75 stadioni,14,2 km); 17. md. akinase (90 stadioni, 17 km); 18. md. isisi (90 stadioni, 17 km); 19. md. mogrosi (90, stadioni, anu 17 km);

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20. md. fazisi (md. mogrosidan daSorebuli 90 stadioniT, 17 km-iT, Woroxi); 21. md. qarienti ( md. yoroliswyali, 90 st,= 17 km); 22. md. qobosi (90, qobuleTiswyali anu kintriSi ( 17 km); 23. md. singame (natanebiswyali, 210 ) (40 km); 24. md. tarsusi (sufsa ? 120 22,7 km); 25. md. hiposi (kaparWana? 150) ( 28, 4 km); 26. md. astelefi (md. rioni? 30) (5,7km); 26. aqedan CamonaTvali kvlav Tavidan iwyeba. es sebastopolisi Cans surmene-dioskuriada I-ia an sxva aTvliT foTi-yulevia, sebastopolis III-ia; 27. q. sebastopolisi anu dioskuriada (daSorebulia astelefs 120 stadioniT (22,7km) is an foTi, yulevia an anaklia (md. qobosidan sebastopolisamde 630 stadionia _ 119 km), xolo trapezuntidan sebastopolisamde 2260 stadioni (daaxl. 427 km); 28. pitiunti ( 350 stadioni, daaxl 66 km, soxumi?); (Sdr. `pitiota, romel ars cxumi~, qarTlis cxovreba, I). 29. nitike (150, biWvinTa? nitike girCismWamelTa qveyanaSi) (28 km); 30. md. abaskosi (90 stadioni _ 17 km); 31. borgisi (120 stadioni _ 22,7 km); 32. nesisi (60 stadioni _ 11,3 km); 32. koncxi heraklea; 32. masaikite (90 stadioni _ 17 km); 33. md. aqeunti (60 Zilqebis da sanigebis qveynis sazRvari); 34. Zveli lazike (120 stadioni _ 22, 7 km). [saerTod lazike mdebareobda sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis iqiT, anu jer iyo pitiunti, Semdeg ki lazika]; 35. aqaia (150 stadioni _ 28,4 km); 36. pagra (navsadguri, 350 stadioni _ 66,2 km); 37. hironi (navsadguri, 140 stadioni _ 27,5 km); 38. sindike (300 stadioni _ 56, 7 km); sindikesTan cxovrobdnen kerketebi, romelTac aseve strabonic axsenebs. kerketebi igive gergetebi anu georgetebi arian. georgebis toms Crdilo kavkasiaSi sxvebic axseneben. tomebi SavizRvispireTSi trapezunts esazRvrebodnen kolxebi, Semdeg drilebi, arianes TvalsazrisiT drilebi igive sanebi iyvnen, Semdeg makronebi da henioxebi, da maT mefes anqiale erqva da misi sasaxle idga md. pritanidTan. ariane aseve iZleva sxva miniSnebas, rom md. ofisi erTmaneTisagan hyofda kolxebis qveyanas Tianikesagan.

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maSasadame, md. ofisidan pritanidamde cxovrobdnen kolxebi, drilsanebi, makronebi (maqelonebi) da henioxebi. am ukanasknelT (makronebsa da henioxebs) erTi mefe hyavdaT. henioxebis Semdeg (md. pritanididan) cxovrobdnen Zidritebi _ iberiis mefis farsmanis qveSevrdomebi, anu iberiis saxelmwifo sazRvari md. pritanidTan gadioda Savi zRvispirze. Zidritebs n. keWaymaZis miTiTebiT axsenebs straboni (XII 2,1) da ptolemeosi (5, 10, 6). biZerebi anu Zidritebi n. keWaymaZe wers: `md. afsarosidan md. arqabesamde winaT biZerebi cxovrobdnen, axla Zidritebi~ (iqve, gv. 76). misgan gansxvavebiT iv. javaxiSvilis kvleviT, Zidritebis sacxovrebelis dasavleTi sazRvari arqabes xeoba yofila, xolo aRmosavleT sazRvari afsarosis xeoba, radgan aqedan lazebi cxovrobdnen~ (iqve, gv. 76). Cveni kvleviT Zidritebis sacxovrisi md. pritanididan iwyeboda. iqve iyo piqsite da afsarosi. maSasadame, iberiis (Zidritebis) sazRvari Sav zRvaze yofila dasavleTiT _ md. pritanidi (henioxebTan da makronebTan) da aRmosavleTiT _ md. afsarosi (lazebTan). danarCeni teritoria, Cans romis imperias waurTmevia iberiisaTvis, Tumca, rogorc cnobilia romSi farsman II-is vizitis Semdeg iberias sazRvrebi gaufarToves, amitomac albaT lazebi da maT CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi tomebi kvlav iberias dauqvemdebares. amis Tqmis uflebas iZleva rogorc `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, ise `qarTlis cxovreba~. orive am wyaros cnobiT farnavaz mefis dros qarTlis samefos sazRvari gadioda md. egriswyalze (axlandel afxazeTSi), qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi uwyvetad iyo vidre VI s-mde. iberia, henioxebi da lazebi afsarosTan afsaross _ absarosis formiT ixsenebs pliniusi (VI, 4) is sebastopolis II-ea. `140.000 nabijis manZilze trapezuntidan mdinare absarosia da imave saxelis mqone cixe SesarTavTan. am adgilebSi mTebis gadaRma iberiaa. xolo napiris gaswvriv mosaxleoben henioxebi, amprevtebi, lazebi. mdinareebia _ akamfsisi, isisi, mogrosi, baTisi, kolxTa tomebi, qalaqi matiumi, mdinare herakliumi imave saxelwodebis koncxiTurT da usaxelovanesi pontos mdinareTagan _ baTisi~ (flavius ariane, mogzauroba, 1961, gv. 76). afsarosi Woroxis marcxena sanapiros mimarTulebiT mdebareobda, axlos sebastopolis II-sTan (rac Seexeba sebastopolis I-s, is iyo dioskuriada-surmene, xolo sebastopolis III _ foTi-cxumis regionSi mdebareobda).

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e.i. henioxebis (md. pritanidsa da ofs Sua), amprevtebis (eseni Cans, biZerebis erT-erTi tomi iyo) da lazebis sanapiro mTebis iqiT ukve vrclad gadaSlili iberia iyo. sanapiro mTebis win igulisxmeba teritoria daaxloebiT xufaTidan sarfamde. es adgilebi warmoadgens zRvispira viwro zols, romelsac emijneba maRali mTianeTi, am mTianeTis anu sanapiro mTebis iqiT, rogorc iTqva, ukve iberia yofila, magram zogjer mTeli es sanapiro iberiis xelT eqceoda, rogorc amas mogviTxrobs ariane Zidritebis tomis aRwerisas. kolxebi mdinare ofisamde, henioxebi da makronebi _ mdinare pritanidamde (viwemde), biZerebi (Zidratebi) afsarosamde maSasadame, arianes dros kolxebis sacxovrisi trapezunts daSorebuli yofila 180+90 stadioniT anu 49-50 km-iT. md. pritanidi trapezuntidan daSorebulia 727 stadioniT anu 133,4 kmiT [180 st (32 km) + 90 st (17 km) + 30 st (5,7 km) + 30 st (5,7 km) + 120 st (22,7 km) + 30 st (5,7 km )+ 60 st (11,3 km) + 180 st (32 km) +7 st (1,3 km) = 727 st (133,4 km)]. pritanidi yofila sazRvari Zidritebisa (e.i trapezuntidan 50 kilometris Semdeg sanapiro zoli 83,4 km-is sigrZisa dasaxlebuli yofila kolxebiT, dril-sanebiT, makronebiTa da henioxebiT maT Semdeg miedineboda md. pritanidi, sadac cxovrobdnen Zidritebi). md. pritanidi trapezuntidan daSorebulia 133, 4 km-iT. am mdinare pritanidsa da md. afsaross Sua cxovrobdnen Zidritebi. Zidritebis sacxovrisi, rogorc iTqva afsarosamde iyo (anu 90+90+60 stadioni, esaa 45,3 km. es monakveTi, rogorc iTqva, jer kidev iberiis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda. md. pritanidi aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT `aTe nidan~ _ aTinadan daSorebuli iyo 40 stadioniT, anu 7,6 km-iT. strabonis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, navsadguri riZosi aTensa da pitiunts Soris mdebareobda (strabo, VII, 5,7), anu pirveli pitiunti _ anu pitiunt I am arealSi, aTensa da rizesTan axlos mdebareobda. pitiunt II ki CrdiloeTiT. Zidritebis tomi, rogorc iTqva pritanididan afsarosamde anu erT-erT sebastopolamde cxovrobda. ptolemes cnobiT, sebastopoli iyo punqt afsarosis erT-erTi saxeli. md. afsarosis aRmosavleTiT ukve lazebi cxovrobdnen. erTi gamoTvliT, afsarosi md. faziss (md. Woroxs) dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, rogorc iTqva, daSorebuli iyo 540 stadioniT anu 97,2 km-iT (15 st + 75 st + 90 st + 90 st + 90 st + 90 st = 5X90 stadioni = 540 stadioni [97,2 km]). meore gamoTvliT ki, md. afsarosi md. faziss 360 stadioniT, anu

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68 kilometriT yofila daSorebuli, e.i. albaT, saSualo _ 80 km-iT iyo mdinare afsarosi daSorebuli md. faziss (md. Woroxs) dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. am gaurkvevlobis mizezi arianesTan unda veZioT, radganac, aRsaniSnavia, rom ariane asaxelebs md. afsarossa da cixe-simagre `afsaross~ _ da isini sxvadasxva adgilze yofilan erTmaneTTan axlos _ erTgan wers, rom afsarosis cixe-simagremde iyo 500 stadionze meti (ariane, mogzauroba, gv. 34), xolo meore adgilas wers `aTenidan wamosulebma gaviareT md. pritanidi, es mdinare daSorebuli aTenidan 40 stadioniT, pritanids emezobleba md. piqsite, maT Soris manZili 90 stadionia, aseve piqsitidan arqabisamde 90 stadionia, arqabisidan afsarosamde 60 stadioni~ (iqve, gv 36). aTenidan md. afsarosamde yofila _ 40+90+90+60 stadioni anu 280 stadioni (39,6 km). maSasadame, erTgan wers, rom afsarosamde 500 stadionia, meoregan ki uTiTebs 280 stadions. Woroxsa da md. afsaross Sua oriode grZeli mdinare gaedineboda. erTerTi yofila akinase, Tu gadavTvliT aTinadan am mdinaremdea 500 stadioni, SeiZleba aq iyo afsarosis cixe-simagre. akinasedan Woroxamde 48,6 kmia. radganac cnobili xufaTis (xofas) cixe-simagre daaxloebiT 30 km-iTaa daSorebuli Woroxs, unda vifiqroT, rom xofaswyals arianes epoqaSi erqva isisi (180 stadioniTaa daSorebuli md. Woroxs anu faziss). es monacemebi unda Sejerdes realur sigrZeebTan _ trapezuntidan Woroxamde. md. afsarosidan md. Woroxamde da mis Semdeg vidre sebastopolis IImde (md. evriposamde), zogadad, lazebis sacxovrisi yofila (sebastopolis I erqva afsaross xolo pitiunt I iyo axlo aTinasTan), kerZod ki, arianes TqmiT, sebastopolis II mdebareobda sanigebis miwaze, maTsa da lazebs Soris cxovrobdnen abaskebi da afsilebi. abaskebi abaski da abasgi erTi fuZis sityvebia (bas), nawarmoebia `a~ prefiqsiT da `ki~_`gi~ sufiqsiT. es sufiqsebi `ki~-`gi~-`xi~ _ qarTuli warmoSobisaa da simravles niSnavs (mesxi, kaxi, kolxi, sanigi, mosiniki da sxva). `bas~ fuZe m. qurdianma daukavSira `baS~ fuZes da miiCnia, rom abasgi aris igive abaSgi anu `abaS~-eTis rionis `abaSa~-s qveyanidan, iq mcxovrebni. isini, misi azriT, protoqarTuli _ megruli dialeqtis matarebelni yofilan da qristeSobamde XIII-XII saukuneebSi ulaSqriaT vanis tbisaken, sadac SeutaniaT qarTulenovani elementebi. T. gamyreliZis kvleviT abasi-abasgi da afxazi sxvadasxva fuZe-Zirebis mqone sityvebia da erTi meorisagan ar iwarmoeba. esenia sxvadasxva _ `bas~ da `fxaz~ fuZe-Zirebi.

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termini `afxazi~ qarTul matianeSi Cndeba VIII saukunidan da Cveni azriT dakavSirebulia sityva `xazarTan~, `xazareTTan~ (fuZe-Zirebi `xaz~ da `fxaz~). SesaZloa sityva `xazari~ qarTul yurs esmoda rogorc `xaz-ar~, saidanac `xaz~ miCneul iqna fuZe-Zirad, xolo `ar~ Cveulebriv qarTul sufiqsad, romelic sadaurobas gamoxatavs `ar-el~ (mtbevari, anu tbeli). maSasadame, qarTvelTaTvis `xazari~ iyo `xaz~ qveynis mcxovrebi (`xazari~), qveyana ki xazareTi. xazarebma VII s. bolodan, gansakuTrebiT ki VIII saukuneSi, SeZles TavianTi qveynis gafarToeba da miadgnen SavizRvispireTs. maT aq, qarTuli wyaros cnobiT, Seaviwroves bizantia. qarTlis cxovreba miuTiTebs, rom Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi xazarebis SemweobiT adgilobrivma mTavarma SeZlo TavisTavadobis anu `berZnebisagan~ damoukideblobis mopoveba, erTi sityviT es iyo ukve ara `berZnebis~ aramed xaz-ar-ebis qveyana anu `xaz-eTi~. `b,p,f,~ _ qarTulSi mravlobiTobas gamoxatavs (eb, ef). f-xaz, af-xaz sityvaSi winsarTi `f~ an `af~ SeiZleba iyos mravlobiTobis mawarmoebeli, igive eb, ef, romelic sityvis TavSi moeqca `af~ formiT. `ab~ da `af~ _ rogorc iTqva, mravlobiTobas gamoxatavs da SesaZloa `ab-xaz~, `af-xaz~ formiT im qveynis (`xaz-eTis~) mosaxleobas aRniSnavs, romelic xazarTa (`xaz~-Ta) mier iyo xeldebuli (fxazareTi-afxazeTi). Sesabamisad saxeli `afxazi~, Cans, daerqva xazarTa mier xeldebuli md. klisuras iqiT (marjvena sanapiros mxaris) mcxovrebTa qveyanas. `abasgi~ da `afxazi~ ar gamoxatavda erTidaigive tomis saxels. abasgi _ eTnikuri termini unda yofiliyo, xolo `afxazi~ unda yofiliyo ara eTnikuri datvirTvis aramed politikuri _ SemkreblobiTi mniSvnelobis mqone termini. `afxazis~ qveS ar igulisxmeboda konkretuli eTnikuri jgufi. magaliTad, qarTuli wyaroebisTvis, afxazTa samefos didi gafarToebis Semdeg, egriselebic afxazebi iyvnen margvelebica da svanebic, magaliTad, cotne dadians _ wyaroSi afxazi ewodeba. maSasadame, `afxazTa~ samefos gavrcelebis kvaldakval, am samefos yoveli mcxovrebi `afxazi~ xdeboda _ politikuri niSniT. Tavdapirvelad ki, rogorc iTqva, VIII saukunisaTvisac `afxazi~ unda yofiliyo ara romelime konkretuli eTnosis saxeli, aramed xazarebis mier xeldebuli im qveynis mcxovrebTa saxeli, romelnic cxovrobdnen md. klisuris (da md. egriswyals) iqiT, vidre md. yubanamde (imJamad am miwawyalsac flobdnen xazarebi). maSasadame, `abasgi~ tomis saxelia, xolo `afxazi~ politikuri termini iyo da ewodeboda afxazeTis yvela mcxovrebs eTnikuri warmoSobis miuxedavad.

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Sesabamisad `abasgi~ ufro Zveli terminia, naxsenebi arianesa Tu sxvaTa mier, xolo termini afxazi mogvianebiT gaCnda (VIII s-dan, xazarTa Zlierebis epoqaSi). es qarTul (megrul) enovani abasgebi (m. qurdianis abaSgebi) igive abaskebi sebastopolis II-Tan cxovrobdnen, m. qurdianis kvleviT, isini, abaSiswylis regionSi saxlobdnen. afsilebi maT qvemoT cxovrobdnen. Cans, md. qobosidan vidre sebastopolis I-mde lazebis qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen afsilebi da abaskebi. qarTuli wyaroebiT teritoria lixidan _ yubanamde iyo egrosis wilxvedri qveyana, am `egrisis wilxvedr~ arealSi Sedioda aseve teritoria md. egriswylidan _ yubanamde, sadac ganivrco afxazTa samTavro, es miwa-wyalic egriselebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, rogorc mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo. amitomac afsilebic da abasgebic iseve, rogorc iq mcxovrebi margvelebi da svanebi _ qarTuli wyaroebisaTvis `egriselebi~ iyvnen. md. egriswylidan _ vidre hereTamde qarTulma mosaxleobam farnavazqujis epoqaSi Camoayaliba `qarTlis samefo~, xolo egriswylis iqiT `darCa berZenTa~ (Zv. w. IV-III ss-dan). vaxtang gorgasalis dros `berZenTa mefis~ wyalobiT, qarTlis samefos gadmoeca teritoria egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua. amitomac VIII s-isaTvis qarTlis samefos sazRvari klisurze ido, rogorc es wm. arCil mefis cxovrebidanac Cans. mas Semdeg rac xazarebma berZnebi (e.i. bizantielebi) gandevnes md. klisuridan md. yubanamde _ es mxarec politikuri TvalsazrisiT, Cans xazareTis (`xaz-ar-eTi~) nawilad ganixiles da am qveyanas Sesabamisad `af-xazeTi~ ewoda, xazarebis daxmarebiT afxazeTis saerisTavo xelisuflebam SeZlo Tavisi Zalauflebis dasavleT saqarTveloze ganvrcoba da dasavleT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda `afxazTa samefo~. VIII s-danve afxazTa samefos administraciis, eklesiisa Tu kulturis ena qarTuli ena iyo. es ar aris SemTxveviTi movlena da ar aris e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Sedegi, aramed miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ena imJamad iyo jer kidev fuZe, proto qarTuli ena, romelic bunebrivad iqca urTierTobisa da kulturis enad da mxolod Semdeg daiwyo am enaSi arsebulma regionulma dialeqtebma ufro gaRrmaveba da ganviTareba anu iqauri xalxis enobrivi da eTnikuri diferenciaciis xarisxi I-VI-VIII ss-Si naklebi iyo, Semdgom ki ufro gaRrmavda. marTalia, adgilobriv tomebs sxvadasxva saxelebi erqvaT _ kolxebi, drilebi, sanebi, henioxebi, makronebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi Tu sanigebi, magram qarTuli wyarosaTvis yvelani isini _ egriselebi iyvnen. maT Cans, jer kidev hqondaT enobrivi erTobis safuZvlebis codna. marTalia, miuTiTebdnen tomebis sxvadasxva enovnebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad,

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misimielebi da afsilebi sxvadasxva enaze saubrobdnen), magram enaTa qveS unda igulisxmebodes dialeqtebi, romelnic enebad esaxebodaT ucxoelebs. magaliTad, zemoT aRniSnuli tomaSevski, XIX saukuneSi werda _ `adgilobriv enebze Woroxi moudrekels niSnavs~ (iqve, gv. 67), magram tomaSevskis sxvadasxva enebad warmoedgina gurulebisa da aWarlebis dialeqtebi, romelTa qveyanaSic gaedineba Woroxi zRvis SesarTavTan. sinamdvileSi ki es dialeqtebi cxadia araa enebi. msgavsadve unda vifiqroT, rom tomaSevskamde aTasxuTasi-oriaTasi wliT adre qarTvel tomTa enebis diferenciacia naklebxarisxovani iyo da am tomebis eklesiuri gaerTianeba advilad gaxda SesaZlebeli maTive mSobliuri qarTuli eniT _ afxazeTidan vidre hereTamde. Tanamedrove adiRe-Cerqezul tomebs ar hqondaT kavSiri dasavleT saqarTvelos afxazeTTan, radganac adiRe-Cerqezebi rogorc iTqva, mxolod Temur lengis Semdeg gamoCndnen Crdilo kavkasiaSi. rogorc iTqva, maT mravalricxovan usaxelo tomebs saxelebs aniWebdnen maT mierve dapyrobili sxva adgilobrivi tomebis saxelebis mixedviT. magaliTad, roca Cerqez-adiRevelebma Crdilo kavkasiis `basianis~ provincia daipyres, maT am provinciis saxeli TavianT satomo saxelad aqcies bas-abaz formiT da isini `abazebad~ iwodebodnen, msgavsadve dasavleT saqarTveloSi Casaxlebis Semdeg maT miisakuTres maT mier dapyrobili afSilebis saxelic (afsua) _ afsuas formiT. sabolood, abasgebisa da afsilebis (qarTuli tomebi) saxelebi adiRevelTa saxelebad gadaiqca afxazeTSi. qarTuli istoriografia axlac aramarTebulad miiCnevs, TiTqosda `yva~ da `fs~ fuZeebi adiReuri warmoSobisa iyos, maSin roca indoevropul fuZeSi `kva~ wyals niSnavs da aseve qarTulSic. rwyva, yvinTva, yurWumali, Wyurti, wyuri da sxva mravali qarTuli sityva, romelTa fuZe-ZirebSi, `yva~ aris, zogadad wyals aRniSnavs, iseve rogorc fuZe `fs~, amitomac saqarTveloSi uamrav mdinaresa da wyals erqva es saxelebi. magaliTad, boboyvaTi _ niSnavs bobos-wyals, gudayva _ gudaswyals. ase mravali hidronimia nawarmoebi iseve rogorc fuZe `fs~-Ti. sanigebi abaskebis gverdiT sanigebi cxovrobdnen `Zidritebis gverdiT lazebi arian, lazebis mefe malasaa, romelsac taxti Sengana aqvs miRebuli. lazebis mezoblebi afsilebi arian. maTma mefem iulianem mefoba Seni mamisgan miiRo. afsilebis mezoblbi abaskebi arian. abaskTa mefe resmagaa, amasac taxti Sengana aqvs miRebuli. abaskTa mezoblebi sanigebi arian maT miwaze imyofeba sebastopolisi. sanigTa mefem spadagam taxti Sengan miiRo... sul

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trapezuntidan dioskuriadamde, axlandel sebastopolisamde aris 2260 stadioni... aq mTavrdeba romaelTa samflobeloebi... dioskuridan rom midixar pirveli sadguria pitiuntSi 350 stadionis manZilze. aqedan nitikemde 150 stadionia~ (iqve, gv. 43, 52). TiTqmis, yvela avtori (prokofi kesarieli, agaTia da sxvani) dasavleT saqarTveloSi afsilebisa da abasgebis maRla, ufro CrdiloeTiT mcxovreblad warmoadgenen svanebs, amitomac, arianesTanac afsilebis da abasgebis maRla mcxovrebT ewodebodaT sanigebi, sadac iyo qalaqi sebastopolisi, amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom sanigebi iyvnen svanebi. Cans, etimologiurad `san~ da `suan~ erTi fuZe-Ziria. aq, SeiZleba gavixsenoT, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnoba, romelSic naTqvamia _ `egrisi, romel ars svaneTi~ anu saubaria istoriul Crdilo egrisze. lazebis zemoT afsilebi cxovrobdnen maT Semdeg abaskebi da sanikebi (abasgebi da sanigebi). zRvispireTSi iberiis Seviwroebis Semdeg isini lazebis qveSevrdomebad iqcnen. afsilebis saxels afsarosTan akavSireben, isini, TiTqmis, dioskuriamde (sebastopolisamde) aRwevdnen (iqve, gv. 104). georgebi rogorc iTqva, sindikesTan cxovrobdnen kerketebi, romelTac aseve strabonic axsenebs. kerketebi igive gergetebi anu georgetebi arian. georgebis toms Crdilo kavkasiaSi sxvebic axseneben. daskvna Cveni TvalsazrisiT arianem imogzaura trapezuntidan mxolod afsarosamde da man imperators gaugzavna afsarosidanve saidumlo angariSi laTinur enaze da aseve sazogado aRweriloba berZnulad. Semdgom dros (an sxva epoqaSi) arianes berZnuli angariSi gamouyenebiaT im periplusebisaTvis romelTac adgendnen Savi zRvis garSemo gemiT mogzaurTaTvis. es periplusebi Cans yofila sxvadasxva avtorisa da amasTanave naklovanic. momxdara ise, rom arianes mier aRwerili angariSi trapezuntidan _ afsarosamde, meorejerac gaumeorebiaT da daumatebiaT pirvelisTvis, anu afsarosidan vidre sebastopolisamde (da qobosamde) gameorebulia arianes pirveli aRwera, amas miuTiTebs aseve is, rom afsarosisa da sebastopolisis mecixovneTa mimarT arianes, TiTqmis, erTidaigive sityvebia gameorebuli. `xelfasi davurige jariskacebs~, `davaTvaliere iaraRi~, movinaxule `avadmyofebi~, Sevamowme `puris maragi~ anda Sevamowme cixis `kedeli~. savaraudod, qobosamdec romaa meorejer gameorebuli arianes monaTxrobi, iqidan Cans, rom `gamogigzavne laTinuri werili~ gameorebulia

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aqac (laTinuri werili arianem imperators gaugzavna afsarosidan, misi es miTiTeba meordeba md. qobosidanac. es saeWvos xdis, rom arianes aRweriloba ramdenjerme ganmeorda Savi zRvis periplusSi). safiqrebelia, rom periplusebis Semdgenlebis Secdoma gamoiwvia qalaqebis saxelebis erTidaigiveobam. magaliTad, ptolemes cnobiT, sebastopolisi erqva afsarossac (flavius ariane, 1961, gv. 67), xolo strabonis cnobidan Cans, rom pitiunti mdebareobda aTinasTan (`navsadguri riZosi aTensa da pitiunts Soris~, strabo, VII, 5,7; flavius ariane, 1961, gv. 65). rogorc Cans, Semdgom epoqaSi sebastopolisi ukve erqva ara afsaross, aramed misgan CrdiloeTiT mdebare sxva qalaqs, aseve pitiunti Semdeg dros Cans iyo ara aTinasTan, aramed ufro CrdiloeTiT, amitomac sadac ki am qalaqebis saxelebi SexvdaT arianesTan, maTive saxelis mixedviT ukve maT miaweres arianes aRwerili Sesabamisi cnobebi. amJamad, miiCneva, rom afxazebi iyvnen abaskebi, anu abaskebs, TiTqosda, qarTulad afxazebi erqvaT (iqve, gv. 104), magram es araswori azria, rogorc iTqva, sityva afxazis fuZe Ziria `f-xaz~, xolo abaskisa `bas~. Cans, erTi dakavSirebulia saxel `xazarTan~, meore ki `wyalTan~ (fs, bs). es fuZeZirebi sxvadasxva warmoSobisaa. maSasadame, arianes kvleva ar iZleva mtkice safuZvels, rom pitia _ afxazeTis biWvinTad miviCnioT, sebastopolisi ki cxumad. piriqiT, arianes periplusi am mxriv araa sando wyaro, mis mixedviT punqtebisa da mdinareebis adgilsamyofelis gansazRvra iZleva saeWvo Sedegs. amitomac mis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTveloSi tomebis sacxovrisi teritoriebis gansazRvra arasworia. masze gacilebiT ufro sando wyaroa `qarTlis cxovreba~, romlis cnobebi dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT samwuxarod, amJamad ugulebelyofilia. 8.05.2012.

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Tavi II qaldea-lazikis geografiuli garemo

tbebi da mdinareebi istoriul kolxeTSi mdinare fasisi

Sesavali rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, XX s-is oficialuri istoriografiis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli eklesia iyo `prozelituri eklesia~, romelmac TiTqosda IX-X ss-Si dasavleT saqarTvelodan gaaZeva ZvelTaganve konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myofi berZnuli saepiskoposoebi da gaauqma fasisis (foTis) samitropolitoSi Semavali rodopolisis (varcixis), ziganas (`ziginevi _ gudayvas~), saisinis (caiSis), petras (cixisZiris) berZnuli kaTedrebi. aseve, TiTqosda, Secvala iqamde dasavleT saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli berZnulenovani wirva-locva qarTuliT. maTi TvalsazrisiT, mecnierulad dadgenil faqtad miiCneva, rom berZnuli wyaroebiT lazika aris dasavleT saqarTvelo. am gabatonebul Tvalsazriss Cvenc viziarebdiT, magram imis gamo, rom Zveli qarTveli mematianeebisaTvis sruliad ucnobia berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arseboba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gadavwyviteT gamogvekvlia sinamdvileSi sad mdebareobda lazika. saWiro iyo garkveva imisa eTanadeba Tu ara prokofi kesarieliseuli geografiuli aRweriloba lazikisa Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos. aseve saWiroa kvleva imisa, prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili md. fazisi aris Tu ara md. rioni. prokofis cnobiT, lazikis umTavresi mdinarea fazisi, lazika mis sanapiroebzea ganfenili. fazisi imdenad Cqara Seedineba zRvaSi, rom karga xans zRvas ar ereva da damoukidebeli Cqari nakadis saxiT zRvis zedapirze miedineba. zRvaSi mcurav navebs am nakadis gadacurva uWirT. aqedan Cans, rom fazisi mTis mdinarea, magram rioni xom, dablobis, baris mdinarea zRvis SesarTavTan. rionis buneba mTlianad gansxvavdeba am aRwerisagan. rionis SesarTavTan foTi-samtrediis Zalze vrceli vake, TiTqmis, zRvis nulovan doneze mdebareobs, ufro meti, zogierTi nakveTebi zRvis done-

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ze dablacaa ganlagebuli, amitomac md. rioni ara mxolod qmnida uzarmazar Waobebs am vrcel vakeze, aramed ikargeboda kidec am WaobebSi. misi delta ganfenili iyo WaobebSi da is Znelad uerTdeboda zRvas, amitomac sabWoTa imperiis didi samecniero Zalebi SeeWida samuSaos, raTa SeeqmnaT kalapoti md. rionisaTvis. marTlac, es, TiTqmis, saukunovani Sromis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad aseTi uzarmazari samuSaoebisa, md. rionis siCqare, marTalia odnav gaizarda, magram amJamadac, TviTmxilvel damkvirvebelTa TqmiT, rioni Znelad uerTdeba zRvas: kerZod xan rioni Sedis zRvaSi didi gaWirvebiT, radganac zRvis donezea misi delta, xan ki piriqiT, zRva Sedis rionis kalapotSi, anu Sedinebis am adgilas aris zRvisa da md. rionis miqcevamoqceva. safiqrebelia, rom aseve iyo prokofi kesarielis drosac. rioni zRvis SerTvis adgilas aris Waobis mdinare da is ar SeiZleba iyos fazisis is ugemrielesi sasmeli wyali, romelsac, prokofis TqmiT, mezRvaurebi iRebdnen da inaxavdnen, radganac ar ugemurdeboda da ar fuWdeboda. rionis wyali imTaviTve sasmelad uvargisi unda yofiliyo, radganac yovelTvis iyo Waobis mdinaris wyali. magram sul sxvaa Woroxi _ esaa namdvilad zRvaSi Semdinare mTis wyaluxvi mdinare. Sua saukuneebSi saeWvoa md. rioni yofiliyo didi savaWro da saaRebmicemo arteria ufro metad imis gamo, rom misi dablobis uzarmazari Waobebi iyo malariis kera. Zvelad gavrcelebuli cieb-cxeleba aavadebda adamianebs, malaria ar aZlevda adamianebs saSualebas ecxovraT da eRvawaT md. rionis qveyanaSi anu zRvidan Tanamedrove samtrediamde, da TiTqmis, quTaisamde. malarias yvela erideboda. es cieb-cxeleba aiZulebda adamianebs mietovebinaT rionispira dablobis (anu Tanamedrove rionis vakis) teritoria da mTiswineTisa da mTagorakebisaTvis SeefarebinaT Tavi. garda amisa, aRniSuli daWaobebis gamo rionispira vake foTidan samtrediamde dafaruli iyo Waobis tyeebiT, buCqnarebiTa da ekalbardebiT. miwa ki wyliT iyo gajerebuli, aq adamianebs ar ecxovrebodaT. Sesabamisad, arc ekonomika da aReb-micemoba iyo ganviTarebuli, ar iyo gzebi da Sesabamisad, arc rionze iqneboda gadebuli 120 xidi (am sakiTxze qvemoT SevCerdebiT). meore mxriv, foTidan, TiTqmis, quTaisamde teqnologiurad SeuZlebelia rionze 120 xidis gadeba. amJamadac, XXI s-Si, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pirobebSi md. rionze sul ramdenime xidia gadebuli (igulisxmeba q. quTaisidan foTamde). saqme isaa, rom md. rionis kalapoti Zalze ganieria, datotvilia, mas arasdros hqonda erTi kalapoti, amasTanave xSirad icvlida Tavis kalapots, misi sanapiroebi xidis burjebisaTvis ar Seicavs myar grunts, amitomac saWiroa xidis burjebis asagebad mniSvnelovani sainJinro samuSaoebis Catareba. Zvel dros xidis burjebs ayrdnobdnen kldovan

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qanebs anda myar grunts, romelsac garkveulwilad aZlierebdnen, amitomac xidebis agebisaTvis Sesabamisi gruntis sanapiros moZebna iyo saWiro. rionis vake-dablobis Waobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki sanapiroebi, arc axla da miTumetes 2000-1500 wlis win amis saSualebas ar iZleoda. Waobis lia (`palia~) anu wyliT gajerebuli miwa _ ganier mdinarisaTvis saWiro grZeli xidis mZime burjebs ver daiWerda. amisaTvis Zvel dros, rogorc iTqva, kldovan sanapiroebs iyenebdnen _ kldeebze Zveli teqnologiebis Sesabamisad idgmeboda xidis burjebi. md. rionis dablobze ki kldeebi ar aris. iyo Tu ara md. fasisze asi an meti xidi? unda vigulisxmoT, rom iyo, magram ara md. rionze, aramed md. Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze. prokofi xSirad wers _ `md. fazisis orive sanapiro aris kldovani, aq aris viwro kldovani gasasvlelebi~ e.w. klisurebi, swored am mdinarispira kldeebze anu xevis sanapiroebze idgmeboda xidis burjebi, romelzec Zveli teqnologiebis Sesabamisad dgamdnen TaRovan xidebs. marTlac, md. Woroxis xeobaSi, mdinaris Senakadebze, dRemdea moRweuli aTeulobiT uZvelesi TaRovani xidi, gadebuli Rrma mdinareebze, magram rionis barSi quTaisidan foTamde arc erTi aseTi Zveli TaRovani xidi arc rionze da arc mis Senakadebze araa da es bunebrivicaa, aseTi xidebis gadeba rionis barSi SeuZlebelia, Woroxis xeobaSi es SesaZlebelia da agebdnen kidec. ai, aq e.i. md. Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze, am arealSi unda yofiliyo strabonis mier aRwerili 120 xidi gadebuli. md. rionis erTi sanapirodan meoreze gadadiodnen ara xidebiT, aramed bornebiT _ gaWimuli iyo bagirebi, romelzec tivebi an navebi iyo gamobmuli, romlebic erT sanapiros aerTebdnen meoresTan _ es iyo bunebrivi wesi geografiuli garemodan gamomdinare. erTi sityviT, quTaisidan foTamde rioni aris zRvis doneze mdebare uvrceles vakeze (e.w. rionis dablobze) gamdinare baris wyali, xolo fazisi mTis mdinarea. wm. eqvTime mTawmideli da zogadad qarTuli saeklesio istoriografia md. fazisad miiCnevda Woroxs da ara rions. berZen-romaeli avtorebis cnobebiT zRvasTan SerTvis siaxloves Zalze swrafi fazisi miedineboda kldeTa Soris, amitom misi kalapoti ucvleli iyo. mas saTave armeniaSi an WaneTSi hqonda, miemarTeboda samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. aq erT adgilas win xvdeboda kavkasiis didi mTa, ris gamoc mkveTrad icvlida mimarTulebas da uxvevda dasavleTisaken. am adgilebis axlos fasisis marjvniv iyo iberia da mis maRal mTebze mesxebi cxovrobdnen. aseTivea Woroxi, is miedineba CrdiloeTisaken, sadac arTvinTan xvdeba karCxalis didi mTa, ris gamoc icvlis mimarTulebas da mkveTrad uxvevs dasavleTisaken, amiT emsgavseba fazisis aRweras, karCxalis mTaTa sistemas, Cans `kavkasiis did mTas~ uwodebdnen Zveli avtorebi, aRsaniSnavia, rom aqve iyo Zveli saerisTavo sakavkasiZeo, (amJamadac aris adgili `kavka-

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sori~), iqve iyo artaanis olqi, Semavali iberiaSi anu iqve `iyo iberia~, sadac mesxebi cxovrobdnen, ase, rom fazisis aRwera identurad emTxveva Woroxisas. CvenSi amJamad miiCneven, rom fazisi raWaSi fasis mTidan gamomavali rionia. amave dros miiCneva, rom fazisis zemo dineba Zirulaa yvirilasTan erTad. Tu, vTqvaT, fasisis saTave WaneTi an armeniaa, da fasisi rionia, maSin raWa an lixis qedi armenia-WaneTSi yofila, rac ase araa. am da sxva mravali niSniT fazisi Woroxia.

wmida eqvTime mTawmideli md. fasisis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida mamebs berZnul teqstebSi naxsenebi sityva `fasisi~ Woroxad aqvT gadmocemuli, rasac miuTiTebs s. janaSia (s. janaSia, Sromebi, VI, gv. 254). marTlac, eqvTime mTawmideli wmida mociqul andrias cxovrebis aRmwereli berZnuli teqstis Targmnisas sityva `fasiss~ Woroxs ufardebs. man Sesabamisi adgili ase Targmna: `xolo didebuli andrea sxvaTa maT Tana movidodes qalaqiT-qalaqad da sofliTi-soflad, aswavebdes erTa da iqmodes saswaulTa da esreT moiwines qveyanad qarTlisa da vidre mdinaredmde Woroxisa daucxromlad qadagebdes saxelsa RmrTisasa~ (mimosvla andria mociqulisa, 2008, gv. 189). wm. eqvTimes dedanSi, rogorc cnobilia, mocemulia cnoba, rom andria mociqulma miaRwia md. fazisamde da misi gadalaxvis Semdgom iqadaga Sida iberiaSi. es adgili, rogorc aRvniSneT, wm. eqvTimes gadmoaqvs, rom andriam miaRwia mdinare Woroxamde da gadalaxa es mdinare. maSasadame, wm. eqvTime mTawmidelisa da misi epoqis sxva qarTveli sasuliero moRvaweebisaTvis md. fazisi iyo md. Woroxi. is aseve, berZnul geografiul saxelebs ufardebs Sesabamis qarTul saxelebs. magaliTad: eqvTime mTawmidels berZnul teqstebSi naxssenebi `iberia~ gadmoaqvs viTarca _ qarTli, `abazgia~ _ afxazeTi, `alanike~ _ `ovseTi~, `lazike~ _ sofeli megrelTa anda samegrelo, am wyebaTa sistemaSia sityva `fasisi~, romelic iTargmna _ Woroxad (iqve, gv. 108).

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md. fasisi arianes mixedviT

`CemTvis cnobil mdinareebs Soris fasisis wyali umsubuqesia da feric metad gansxvavebuli. mis simsubuqes Seityobs kaci wonis gasinjviT da kidev imiT, rom rodesac zRvas erTvis, zRvis wyals zed moeqceva, ar Seereva, rogorc homerosi ambobs... zemoT mimdinareobs rogorc zeTi. da rodesac zRvaSi zemodan amoxapaven wyals, is mtknaria, xolo Tu vinme siRrmeSi CauSvebs WurWels _ mariliani ... fasisis wyals tyviis Tu kalis feri gadakravs, magram, rom gaaCereb Zalian wminda xdeba, amitom Cveulebaa aseTi, rom fazisSi Semsvlelebma ar unda Seitanon iq sxva wyali, da Sevlen Tu ara mis kalapotSi, brZaneba icema, rom xomaldze arsebuli Zveli wyali sul gadaiRvaros. amboben, vinc amas ar Seasrulebs, bednieri mgzavroba ar eqneba. fazisis wyali ar Smordeba da aT welze met xans gaufuWebeli rCeba, ufro metadac tkbeba~ (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, 1961, gv. 38). fasisis wylisagan kardinalurad gansxvavebulia md. rionis wyali. cnobil mdinareTa Soris rionis wyali erT-erTi yvelaze mZimea, radganac `rioni msoflioSi gamoirCeva, rogorc naSali masalis (sila, Slamis da sxva) didi raodenobis matarebeli da zRvaSi Semtani mdinare. mecnierebis mier araerTgzis dadgenilia, rom yovelwliurad mdinare rions zRvaSi Seaqvs 812 milioni tona naSali masala, risi didi nawili zRvis sanapiros Soriaxlo ileqeba da iwvevs xmeleTis matebas zRvis xarjze~ (s. zaqaraia, literaturuli wyaroebis mimoxilva... krebuli `cotneideli~ II, 2008, gv. 70). imaves wers meore mecnieri s. gvasalia _ `specialistTa azriT rionSi 3-jer meti lamia, vidre nilosSi. rions zRvaSi yovelwliurad, saSualod, 10-12 milioni tona sila Seaqvs, zogjer meti, naklebi ki iSviaTad~ (s. gvasalia, antikuri xanis kolxeTi, krebuli `cotneideli~ II, 2008, gv. 57). Tvalxiluli faqtia, rom rioni zRvis SesarTavTan wyaltalaxis moZravi masaa, lamian-Slamiani, Sav-yavisferi WuWyiani wyali. maSasadame, Cven gvaqvs md. fasisisa da md. rionis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli cnobebi: fasisi msubuqia, radganac sila-Slamis naklebmatarebelia, maSin, roca rioni mZimea, sila-Slamis Zalze didi odenobis mqone, Tanac es gansxvaveba aRmwerTa cnobiT ukiduresia, magaliTad arianes mixedviT misTvis cnobil mdinareTa Soris fasisis wyali yvelaze msubuqi iyo, ariane ki imJamindeli msoflios mraval mdinares icnobda, radganac is, viTarca maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxele romis provinciaTa saqmeebs adgilebze warmarTavda, imperator adrianes sagangebo reskriptiT evaleboda `mSvidobis dacva provinciebSi~ _ bosforidan romamde _ II saukuneSi (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, 1961, gv. 3). maSasadame, misTvis mravali mdinare iyo cnobili. is zogjer fexiTac ki dadioda zRvaTa sanapiroebze da zomavda manZilebs mdinareTa Soris. misi

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aRweriT, rogorc iTqva, imJamindeli kulturuli msoflios mdinareTa Soris fazisis wyali yvelaze msubuqi iyo, maSin roca Cveni Tanamedrove mecnierebi statistikuri monacemebis urTierTSejerebiT gvamcnoben, rom mdinare rionis wyali _ `msoflioSi gamoirCeva, rogorc naSali masalis (sila, Slamis) didi raodenobis matarebeli~ (s. zaqaraia). aqedan Cans, rom fazisi da rioni sxvadasxva mdinareebi iyo, erTi sasmelad vargisia da ara marto vargisia, aramed saukeTesoa, xolo rionis wylis dalevas veravin gabedavs mis SesarTavTan, radganac simRvrivis gamo is sasmelad yovlad uvargisia. maTi am Tvisebebidan aisaxeba kidec zRvasTan Serevis suraTi, kerZod fasisi zRvas ar ereva, radganac zRvis wylis kuTri wona ufro metia misi marilianobis gamo, msubuqi fazisis wyali zemodan moeqceva da did manZilze calke miedineba zRvaSi, rogorc prokofi aRwerda kidec arianes Semdeg. rionis wyali ki piriqiT, didi silian-Slamovnobis gamo is napirzeve ileqeba. am process `sanapiros mosilvas~ uwodeben. sanapiro rionis SesarTavTan gansakuTrebiT lamiania _ `wvrili siliTa da lamiT Semdgari mosilvis saSualo moculoba 20 milion kubur metrs aRwevs~: amis gamo rionis SesarTavTan zRvis sanapiro xmeleTad iqceva da misi farTobi yovelwliurad izrdeba _ `statistika rionis SesarTavTan xmeleTis matebisa aseTia 1804, 1892 wlebSi xmeleTma saSualod 9 metri moimata. 1870 wlidan 1936 wlamde xmeleTma 190 metri moimata e.i. nameti weliwadSi daaxloebiT 3 metrs udris. magaliTad foTis cixe romelic osmalTa sulTanma aago 1578 wels zed zRvis sanapiroze, 1858 wlisaTvis daSorebuli iyo zRvis napirs 1,8 km-iT, am SemTxvevaSi xmeleTis matebam saSualod 6,5 metri Seadgina weliwadSi... XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi zed zRvis pirze agebuli Suqura XX s. dasawyisSi napirs 2 versze iyo daSorebuli~ (s. gvasalia, krebuli `cotneideli~ II, 2008, gv. 57). maSasadame, mdinare rionis wyali Tavisi simZimis gamo ara Tu zRvas zed moeqceva da masze gaedineba, aramed, piriqiT, zRvis sanapirozeve tovebs Tavis mZime sila-Slams, anu zRvis wyals qveS moeqceva. am mxriv fazisi ar SeiZleba iyos rioni. maTi wylebi sxvadasxva kuTri wonisaa. erTi msubuqia da meore mZime. aqedan gamomdinare, erTi sasmelad vargisia, meore rogorc iTqva uvargisia. rionis wyals, amis gamo, aravin inaxavs sasmelad, da Tu mas raime WurWelSi SevagrovebT ara Tu 10 wlis Semdeg, 15-20 wuTis Semdeg WurWlis mesamedi sila-Slami iqneba. fazisis wyali ki 10 wlis Semdegac kidev ufro ukeTes-ukeTesi xdeboda sasmelad da is tkbeboda kidec. kolosaluri gansxvavebaa, imdenad, sakvirvelia kidec, rogor SeiZleba am TvisebaTa gamo rionisa da fazisis gaigiveba. berZnebi saxel `fasiss~ uwodebdnen ara yvela mdinares, aramed mxolod mas, romelic iyo sasmelad saukeTeso. msubuqi imdenad, rom rogorc

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zeTi zemodan moeqceoda zRvas, radganac n. fofxaZis kvleviT `fasisi jer kidev II aTaswleulis teqstebSi ewodeboda wmida zeTs, romelic ixmareboda mefis an sasuliero piris mier sxva pirovnebis zeTiscxebis saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebis dros (ix. sityva `fasisi~ g. fridrixis xeTur-germanul leqsikonSi), amitom fasisia is sufTa mdinare romelic wmida zeTis msgavsad SeerTebis Semdeg zRvis wyals ar Seereva, mis Tavze moeqceva xolme (n. fofxaZe, kolxeTis warsulis oriod sakiTxi, krebuli, `cotneideli~, II, 2008, gv. 120). Cans, amis gamo berZnebma `fasisi~ uwodes mraval ankara, sufTa mdinares, maT Soris evfrats saTaveSi da yubansac ki. fasisi _ iyo `RmerTi~ okeanesa da Tetisis Svili hesiodes genealogiis Tanaxmad, amitomac iyo mdinare RvTaeba. berZnuli miTologiiT fazisi _ `RmerTia~, konkretulad aris `mdinare-RvTaeba~. Cven saeWvod migvaCnia, rom berZnebs saxeli `fazisi~ ewodebinaT amRvreul, sila-lamian, sasmelad uvargisi wylisaTvis, fasisi _ wminda, saamo garemoSi gamdinare (da ara WaobebSi) niavqarian (da ara malariiT ganTqmul) are-mares wyalia. aseTi garemo aqvs mTel sigrZeze Woroxs _ mTis saamo mdinarea, rioni ki WaobebSi Cakarguli, cieb-cxelebiT ganTqmul vakeze miedineboda SlamiTa da siliT iyo gajerebuli. I saukunis mweral plutarqes genealogiiT fasisi iyo heliosisa da okeanis asulis okores Ze, erTi sityviT fasisi berZnuli samyaros, berZnuli azrovnebisa da miTologiis STagonebis wyaroa, isaa wmida mdinare, sasmelad saukeTeso, aseTi ki araa mdinare rioni. `f-s~ fuZe p. ingoroyvam qarTul samyaros daukavSira, rac SeiZleba marTalic iyos, aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli samyaros mdinareebi iyvnen evfrati zemowelSi, Woroxi, rioni da albaT yubaniswyalic. ase, rom yvela maTgans SeiZleboda fasisi wodeboda, magram Cveni azriT, berZnebi aseT saxels ar uwodebdnen anu `RvTaeba-mdinared~ ar miiCnevdnen silian-Slamian sasmelad uvargis Waobis wyals, aramed sufTas, wmindas, keTil garemoSi mimdinares _ aseTi ki mTis ankara mdinareebi iyo. ariane wers: `fasisis wyali msubuqia, zRvas zed eqceva _ zeTiviT~, misi saTave armeniaSia ufro srulad moviyvanoT arianes cnoba fazisis Sesaxeb _ `mdinareebis wylebs Soris fazisis wyali umsubuqesia da feric metad gansxvavebuli. mis simsubuqes Seityobs kaci wonis gasinjviT an kidev imiT, rom rodesac igi zRvas erTvis zRvis wyals zed moeqceva, ar Seereva, rogorc homerosi ambobs, rom `titaresi peneosis wylis zemoT mimdinareobs, rogorc zeTi~ da rodesac zRvis zemodan amoxapaven wyals, mtknaria is, Tu vinme siRrmeSi CauSvebs WurWels _ mariliani... fasisis wyals tyviis Tu kalis feri gadahkravs, magram rom gaaCereb, Zalian wminda xdeba. amitom Cveulebaa aseTi, rom fazisSi Semsvlelebma ar unda Seitanon iq sxva wyali da Sevlen Tu ara mis kalapotSi, brZaneba icema, rom xomaldze arsebuli Zveli wyali

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sul gadaiRvaros... fasisis wyali ar Smordeba, aT welze met xans gaufuWebeli rCeba, ufro metadac tkbeba~ (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, 1961, gv. 38). `md. fasisi armeniidan momdinareobs. mis axlos cxovroben iberiidan armeniaSi gadasaxlebuli iberielebi. mdinaris SesavlelTan, fasisis marcxena napirze moTavsebulia miletelTa mier daarsebuli elinuri qalaqi e.w. fazisi, romlSic rogorc amboben Tavs iyris 60 sxvadasxva eri~... (anonimi, iqve, gv. 86). ariane wers _ `fasisis axlos cxovroben iberiidan armeniaSi gadasaxlebuli iberielebi~, Tuki fazisi rionia, maSin arianes Sesabamisad gamodis, rom `rionis maxloblad cxovroben iberiidan armeniaSi gadasaxlebuli iberielebi~. rionTan ra unda armenias? magram Woroxi gadmoedineboda qveynidan, romelic romaelebma mcire armeniis saxelmwifoebriv erTeuls miakuTvnes. am qveynis eTnikas exeba ariane.

straboni mdinare fasisis Sesaxeb

strabonis wignis XIV TavSi, romelic `armenias~ eZRvneba, straboni wers _ am `qveyanaSi bevri mdinarea, gansakuTrebiT cnobilia fazisi da likosi, romlebic pontos zRvas erTvian (eratosTene likosis magivrad asaxelebs Termodonts, rac araa swori~) (straboni, XIV, 7) (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 190). Tu ratom aTavsebs mdinare fasiss (anu Woroxs) straboni armeniaSi iqve TviTve ganmartavs: `mogviTxroben armeniaze, rom pirvelad is patara yofila... imiT gazardes, rom mezobel xalxebs CamoaWres nawilebi... iberebs (CamoaWres) pariadres kalTebi, xorZene da gogarene, romelic mtkvris gadaRma aris~ (straboni, XIV, 5). klarjeTi _ istoriuli xorZenes erT nawilad miiCneva. maSasadame, is istoriuli iberia iyo, romelic strabonis epoqaSi somxeTSi moeqca, amitomac Sesabamisad cxadia, klarjeTis mdinare Woroxi (fazisi) strabonisaTvis armeniis qveyanaSia moqceuli. s. janaSias azriT xorZene moicavda gumuSxanes Temis aRmosavleT nawils (s. janaSia, Sromebi, II, gv. 93) _ es ki istoriuli klarjeTis regionia. yovel SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasis mixedviT xorZene _ klarjeTia. `saqarTvelos ssr atlasi~ (1964), gv. 245. rukaze `xorZena~ moTavsebulia artanujis regionSi da iqve miwerilia, rom esaa `klarjeTi~. sxvagan straboni wers _ `xolo danarCeni kolxida metwilad zRvasTan mdebareobs: momdinareobs masze fazisi didi mdinare, romelsac saTave armeniidan aqvs, romelic Rebulobs glavkossa da hiposs, maxlobeli mTebidan gamomdinareT. aRma curva SeiZleba Sorapanamde, simagres SeuZlia

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daitios mTeli qalaqis mosaxleoba. fexiT, saurme gziT 4 dReSi miisvleba mtkvramde. fazisze mdebareobs misi mosaxele qalaqi, kolxTa savaWro adgili, garSemortymuli mdinariT, tbiTa da zRviT~ (straboni, XI, II, 17. T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 123). aqac, fasisi armeniidan momdinarebs. strabonis sarapanas mdebareoba gansxvavdeba prokofis sarapanasagan. strabonis sarapana _ md. fasiszea, xolo prokofisa _ maRalmTianeTSi. strabonis sarapana unda iyos arTvini. qalaqi fazisi ki unda iyos Tanamedrove gonio an misi maxlobeli punqti. cnobili Slimani aq apirebda arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dawyebas nebarTvis SemTxvevaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Woroxis zRvasTan SerTvis adgilas, marcxena sanapiroze axlacaa tbebi da aseve (erTi didi da ramdenime mcire) yofila veidenbaumis aRweriTac. am niSniT (marcxena sanapiroze tba da qalaqi) Woroxi miemsgavseba faziss. kavkasiis mTas uwodeben sper-arsianis mTianeTs, romlis erT-erTi udidesi mwvervalia karCxali, aq iyo Woroxis auzis vrceli qarTuli olqi _ istoriuli `sakavkasiZeo~.

agaTias mixedviT md. fasisi md. Woroxia

mTisa da baris mdinareebs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad ganasxvaveben, mTis mdinareebis siCqare didia, gemrielia da sufTaa da aqvs Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebi, xolo baris, miT umetes, Waobis mdinareebi (aseTia, magaliTad, md. rioni qvemowelSi da aseve zRvis SesarTavTan) aris mdore, wyali aqvs ugemuri, organoleptikurad uvargisi, wylis siCqare mcirea, mas zogjer faqtiurad ar SeuZlia Tavisi dinebiT daZras adgilidan didi navi. rogori mdinarea Zveli berZeni avtorebis aRweriT md. fasisi? is mTis mdinarea Tu baris (Waobis)? Zveli berZeni avtorebis aRweriT, md. fasisi aris mTis mdinare, magaliTad, is, ise Cqari dinebiT Sedis zRvaSi, rom mas didxans ar ereva, misi wyali Zalze gemrielia da imdenad sufTa, rom WurWelSi Senaxvis Semdegac didxans ar fuWdeba. igives wers agaTia sqolastikosi. magaliTad, is wers, rom Wanebis tomi cxovrobs `qalaq trapizonis qvemoT, evqsinis pontos samxreTiT~ (georgika, III, gv. 181), es tomi Tavs esxmoda mezobel mxareebs da maT Soris armeniasac, amitom maT winaaRmdeg saomrad gagzavnes maTi Tvistomi Teodore _ samxedro meTauri Tavisi jariT. `mefem mas daavala es saqme. is daiZra kolxididan didZali jariT, fasiss gadaRma mouara dasavleTiT Wanebis sazRvrebs da ucbad Sevida mtris maSindeli miwa-wylis SuagulSi. man daibanaka qalaq Teodoriadisa da egreTwodebul rizes garSemo~ (georgika, III, gv. 82). aqedan Cans Semdegi _ Wanebis damsjeli samxedro razmi gamovida kolxeTidan, mouara dasavleTis mxridan WaneTis sazRvrebs da es dasavleTis

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mxare iyo fasisis gadaRma, anu fazisi iqvea, rizesTan axlos _ mTebs iqiT, iqidan Semouara WaneTis sazRvrebs Teodorem. rizesTan axlos ki erT mxares zRvaa da mopirdapire mxares md. Woroxi gaedineba _ esaa agaTia sqolastikosis fazisi. davuSvaT, fasisi aris md. rioni, WaneTis adgilmdebareoba ki cnobilia _ trapizon-rizesaken. dasavleT saqarTvelodan rize-trapizonisaken mimavali jari md. rions Semouvlida irgvliv da ise mividoda WaneTSi? aseTi gza iqneboda absurduli, fasisi _ rizes pirispiraa, mTebSi mas Semouara Teodorem da mivida rizesTan, maSasadame fazisi _ Woroxia da ara rioni. saerTod ki, trapizonisken midioda sacxenosno gza, xolo trapezuntidan konstantinopolamde `saxelmwifo cxenebiT~ mgzavrobdnen moxeleebi. menandre proteqtori wers: strategosi zemarqe alaniidan, darinis gziT mivida afsiliaSi (ise, rom misimielTa qveyana marcxniv darCa), mivida rogatorionSi da Semdeg evqsinos pontomde da mere navebiT md. fasisamde, Semdeg trapezuntSi. aqedan `saxelmwifo cxenebiT~ bizantionSi mivida mefesTan (georgika, III, gv. 237). alaniad, aq, igulisxmeba Semdegdroindeli afxazeTi, romelic e.w. darinis gziT uerTdeboda afsilias anu sufsis xeobas (rionis marcxena sanapiros vakes). aq yofila punqti rogatorioni, saidanac gasula zRvis sanapiroze da iqedan zRviT, navebiT miucuravs Woroxamde anu fazisamde. fasisi mTis swrafi mdinare romaa da swrafi siCqaris mqone, amis Sesaxeb vityobT agaTia sqolastikosis naSromidan: sparseli sardali malulad miiwevs q. fazisisken, miadgeba mdinares. q. fasisTan axlos mdinares gadaxergavs navebiTa da SeSebiT (e.i. mdinare arc imdenad ganieria) ise, rom berZnebis ocdaaTniCbiani ramdenime navi da trierebi darCa mdinaris aRniSnuli xergilis zemoT. es rom dainaxa menaveebis ufrosma, `maSinve moabruna saWe, rac Zala da Rone hqonda, mousva niCbebs da gabrunda ukan, Tumca Zalian gauZnelda fazisze ukan gacurva da pirispir SebrZoleba magar talRebTan, sparselebma mainc ori navi Caigdes xelSi, magram umezRvaurebod. mezRvaurebma rom dainaxes mters CavuvardebiT xelSio, gabedulad gadaeSvnen talRebSi... gadasWres mdinare iribad da xmeleTiT gaswies meore gziT, raTa mters ar SeCexebodnen da Cavidnen im qalaqSi, fazisis saxels rom atarebs~ (georgika, III, gv. 100). aqedan Cans, rom zRvis sanapirosTan axlos q. fasisTan md. fasisi aris imdenad Cqari mTis mdinare, rom mis talRebTan brZola uWirs 30-niCbiani navis 15 mezRvaurs. `magari talRebis~ gamo isini mainc qvemoT micuravdnen. didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, am uZlurobis gamo, miatoves navi da wyalSi gadaxtnen. es 30-niCbiani carieli navi sparselebs CauvardaT xelSi, sparselebma Sig Casxes TavianTi mebrZolebi da radganac daRamda kidec, mdinareSi Ruza CauSves da navebSive daiZines. agaTias Semdegi Txrobidan Cans, rom md. fasisi namdvilad Cqari mTis mdinare iyo zRvis SesarTavTanac

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ki: `rogorc zemoT vTqvi, romaelTa ori 30-niCbiani navi, carieli sparselebma igdes xelT. es 30-niCbiani navebi midieli hoplitebiT iyo savse da mdinareSi idga RuzaCaSvebuli da wvrili TokebiT napiras mibmuli. rom daRamda, meomrebma navebSi daiZines, magram Zlieri talRebi wamosula da Tokebi dauWimia tvirTis simZimis gamo, erT navTagans moulodnelad Toki gaswyvetia, mowyvetili da gaTavisuflebuli navi talRas moutacia da radgan talRas niCbebiT ar uwevdnen winaaRmdegobas, navi swrafad gaeqana win da xelSi Cauvarda romaelebs~ (iqve, gv. 103). e.i. fasisi swrafia. aseTi ki Woroxia, xolo rioni gacilebiT mdorea. aqac fasisi _ Woroxia. Tu fasisi Woroxia, mis sanapiroebze (mis xeobaSi) unda iyos yvela is cnobili qalaqi (fasisi, rodopolisi, arqeopolisi), romlebzec xSirad weren (maT Soris muxirisic da kotaisis cixec). Cven rom veTanxmebodeT s. yauxCiSvilsa da saerTod, XX s-is II naxevaris qarTuli oficialuri istoriografiis Tvalsazriss kolxeT-lazikis mdebareobis Sesaxeb, cxadia, sakmaod rTul Sromasac ar gavwevdiT da am saqmes xelaxla ar gamovikvlevdiT, amitomac, Cven s. yauxCiSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, vfiqrobT, rom kolxeT-lazika mdebareobda Woroxis xeobaSi, kerZod, moicavda Woroxis zRvispira SesarTav mxares (Tanamedrove sarfigonio-baTumi da a.S.), e.w. istoriul `bolo klarjeTisas~ anu Woroxis zRvispira mxares md. aWariswylis SesarTavis zemoTac da agreTve Woroxis xeobas arTvinisken, agreTve istoriul klarjeTs _ artanujiswylis xeobas vidre arsianis qedamde. aq q. artanujze X saukunemdec da Semdgomac, porfirogenetis sityviTac, gadioda saerTaSoriso savaWro gza, romelic artanujs akavSirebda iberiasTan, armeniasTan da siriasTan, xolo, Tavis mxriv, artanuji aRniSnuli Woroxispira gziT (da TviT WoroxiT) uerTdeboda SavizRvispira savaWro portebs. ai, am saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaze mdebareobda lazika, anu istoriuli erge, ligan, klarjeTi. rogorc vTqviT, lazika 553 wlisTvis orad iyo gayofili. frontis xazi sparseT-bizantias Soris gadioda daaxloebiT iq, sadac md. aWariswyali uerTdeba md. Woroxs, zRvis zemoT 20-30 km-is manZilze (es zomebi, romelTac qvemoT ganvixilavT, gadmocemuli aqvs agaTia sqolastikoss). frontis xazi, etyoba, gadioda Savi zRvis sanapiros paralelurad. rogorc agaTias monaTxrobidan Cans, mermeroem sparselTa jariT orjer Seutia arqeopoliss da ukuqceul iqna muxirissa da kotaisis cixeSi. maSasadame, arqeopolisi berZnebisaa, muxirisi da kotaisis cixe _ sparselebis, es punqtebi erTmaneTTan axloa, Semdeg mermeroem gadawyvita berZnebis xelSi myofi sof. telefisis cixis Znelsavali adgilebis gavliT mieRwia md. fasisamde. telefisis erT mxares miudgomeli cicaboa, meore mxares ki Waobebia. mermeroe moulodnelad miadga telefiss, romelic berZnebma miatoves. telefisidan zRvis mimarTulebiT 7 stadionis manZilze iyo sofe-

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li ollaria, berZnulad `qitropolia~ (qoTnebis savaWro), imave gzaze mdebareobs punqti `nesosi~ (nesosi sul 5 farsangiT aris daSorebuli telefiss. iberebis da lazebis farsangi udrida 21 stadions) (georgika, III, 1936, gv. 37). `nesosi 150 stadioniTaa daSorebuli telefiss. nesosi garSemortymulia mdinareTa morevebiT. fasisi da dokonosi cal-calke Camomdinareoben kavkasiis mTebidan. aq ki uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs~ (georgika, III, gv. 38). Tu 1 stadions daaxloebiT 178 metrad CavTvliT, sofeli nesosi telefisidan daSorebuli yofila 150X178 daaxloebiT 26,7 km-iT. amdeniTvea daSorebuli q. fasisidanac, e.i. es qalaqebi erTmaneTTan axlos iyo. sof. nesosTan es ori mdinare berZnebs erTmaneTisTvis SeuerTebiaT arxiT. iqve, maxloblad, uerTdeboda kidec erTmaneTs bunebrivad es ori nakadi _ Cemi azriT, aWariswyali (dokonisi) da Woroxi (fasisi). wers kidec agaTia, `TavisTavad erTvian da bolos erTmaneTs Seerevian~ (iqve, gv. 38). mermeroem md. fasisze Tavisuflad gadaiyvana Tavisi jari (e.i. mdinare viwroa, araa ise ganieri aq, zRvidan daaxloebiT 27 km-is daSorebiT, xolo rioni zRvidan 27 km daSorebiT Zalze ganieria). man xidi gado _ ficrebiT da tivebiT (gv. 39). sazogadod jaris, da gansakuTrebiT ki didi jaris xidze gadasvla, saxifaTo iyo, swored am dros esxmoda mas mowinaaRmdege. miT umetes, rom xidi saxeldaxelo iyo _ tivebiT da ficrebiT gadebuli, amitomac mermeroes sagangebod daucavs Tavisi jari, rogorc Cans, iqve mdgomi cixis _ onogurisis mecixovneTa meSveobiT. agaTia wers: `Tavisuflad gadaiyvana mTeli jari, rom aravis aRmouCenia dabrkoleba~ (georgika, III, gv. 40). da iqve ganagrZobs Txrobas onogurisis cixis Sesaxeb. onogurisi yofila, TiTqmis, erTi nawili arqeopolisis gareubnisa, ase rom, arqeopolisi berZnebis xelSi myofi da onogurisi sparselebisa, axlo iyvnen aRniSnul saxeldaxelo xidTan. 554 wels bizantielebma Seuties onoguriss (georgika, III, gv. 52). male berZnebma Seityves, rom iberiidan modioda mermeroes Semcvleli sparseli sardali naxoragani. Cans, isini fasisis anu Woroxis xeobaSi Sevidnen artaanidan (e.i. iberiidan) arTvinis gavliT. onogurisis cixesTan berZnebi damarcxdnen, ukuiqcnen da bevri daiRupa md. kaTariswylis xidis gadalaxvisas. agaTia wers _ `ormocdaaTi aTasi kargi mebrZoli gaeqca sami aTas sparsels~ (gv. 62), miaCnia, rom es iyo RvTis risxva lazTa mefis mokvlis gamo. naxoraganma waiyvana 60.000 sparsi jariskaci bizantielebis mier dakavebuli nesosis asaRebad (Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavTan). aq idgnen berZenTa sardlebi daqiravebuli huni sabirebis tomis meomrebiT. iqve axlos arqeopolisis dablobebis maxloblad iyo maTi ZiriTadi banakebi _ ase Cans agaTias monaTxrobidan (georgika, III, gv. 91). aq apirebdnen gavlas sparselebi.

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male erTmaneTs pirispir Sexvdnen sparseli da romaeli spasalarebi _ ara omis velze, aramed Tavdapirvelad mosalaparakeblad. naxoraganma martines SesTavaza _ `datove es adgilebi da gadadi Seni jariTurT trapezuntSi, pontos qalaqSi~ (iqve, gv. 96). aqedan Cans, rom am adgilebis axlo pontos provinciaa. es niSnavs, rom omi iyo pontos mezoblad erge-liganSi, klarjeTis bolos da ara rionis piras. molaparakebebis CaSlis Semdeg naxoraganma jari waiyvana q. fasisiken _ nesosidan 26-27 km. manZilze. agaTias sityviT, md. fasisi Zalze axlos Camoudis qalaqs da qalaqTan erTvis zRvas. `nesoss sul didi eqvsi farsangiT aris daSorebuli~ (georgika, III, gv. 97). `mdinare CrdiloeTis mxridan Camoudis qalaqs~ (gv. 98). mteri mas samxreTidan unda midgomoda, risTvisac mdinare gadakveTes. q. fasisTan axlos samxreTiT iyo `qristianTa Soris ganTqmuli taZari~ (georgika, III, gv. 113). aq iloca berZenTa jaris meTaurma da mteri saocrad daamarcxa. sparselebi ukan muxirisSi dabrundnen. bizantielebma sparselTa xelSi myofi q. rodopolisi aiRes. kotaisi sparselebs darCaT. amiT amTavrebs agaTia Tavis Txrobas, romlidanac Cans, rom aRniSnuli qalaqebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan da erTian urbanistul sivrces qmnidnen. 562 wels daido e.w. ormocdaaTwliani zavi, romelzec sadavo iyo svaneTis sakiTxi. saerTod, svaneTi, berZeni avtorebis cnobebiT, iyo mniSvnelovani qveyana, romlisTvisac ori imperia erTmaneTs saukunis manZilze edaveboda. Tanamedrove istorikosTa SromebSi svaneTis qveyana TiTqmis ar Cans, maSin, roca mas unda sWeroda saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili. sad iyo svaneTi? cxadia, Tanamedrove ori mTiani raioni ki ar iyo is, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos Zalze didi da mniSvnelovani nawili VI saukunisTvis.

sxvadasxva avtorTa cnobebi fasisis saTavis Sesaxeb `mdinare fasisis saTave armeniaSi~
strabonis cnobiT mas Semdeg, rac armeniam iberebisagan miitaca pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena md. Woroxis saTavec ki strabonisave epoqaSi armeniaSi aRmoCnda. maqsime berZniSvilma gamoikvlia, rom Zvel avtorTa umravlesoba md. fasisis saTaves armeniaSi aTavsebs. is wers _ `SevCerdeT im mwerlebze, vinc fasisis saTaved armeniis mTebs Tvlida. amaTSi uwinaresad unda davasaxeloT eratosTene (III-II ss. Zv.w. mwerali)... TviTon straboni, romelic sam adgilas mainc laparakobs fasisis saTaveze, orjer igi garkveviT asaxelebs armenias (wigni XI, I, 17 da XI, XIV, 7). mesamejer ki am saganze ambobs iberiaSi kolxeTidan gadasaval gzasTan dakavSirebiT (XI, III, 4)... aq straboni agviwers sarapanis aRmosavleTiT mde-

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bare da iberiisaken mimaval gzas, romelic, misi sityviT, miimarTeba sarapanis mezobeli xeobiT. am xeobazeo, ganagrZobs igi, gza gasavalia, vinaidan fasisze 120 xidia gakeTebulio da swored aq dasZens, rom igi (e.i. fasisi) saTaves iRebs zemdebare mTebSio. radgan avtors laparaki aqvs iberiaze, amitomac konteqstiT aSkarad Cans, rom aq igi gulisxmobs iberias da mis Tavze mdebare mTebs~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fasisis istoriisTvis, 1969, gv. 95) _ `strabonis cnobas fasisis armeniidan momdinareobis Sesaxeb imeorebs straboniseuli qrestomaTiis avtoric, agreTve dionise (II s.), arisciane (V-VI ss), stefane bizantieli (VI s.), estate Tesalonikeli (XII s.)~ (iqve, gv. 95). amarantos mTebi _ `arian antikur mwerlebSi iseTnic, romelTac md. fasisis saTaved miaCniaT amarantos mTebi. pirveli, vinc amarantos mTebs ukavSirebda fasisis saTaves, iyo apolonios rodoseli. is Tavis `argonavtikaSi~ orjer asaxelebs fasisis am mTebidan momdinareobas. misi sqolasti gadmogvcems, rom axali welTaRricxvis II saukunis gramatikosis herodianes sityviT, amaranto qalaqia pontoSi. meore adgilas ki wers _ `amarantoi _ es barbarosuli tomia kolxebs zemoT, xmeleTze. aqedan gamomdinareoben fasisis wyaroebi _ an es mTaa kolxeTSi, amarantionad wodebuli, saidanac Camodis fasisi~ (iqve, gv. 96). amaranto miaCnia fasisis saTaved aseve Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis avtors ktezia knidosels (iqve, gv. 95). amarantos mTebi igive mosxis anu mesxeTis mTebia _ sperSi. mesxeTis mTebi _ `pliniusi (gard. ax.w. 79 wels) da iuli soloni (ax.w. III s.) md. fazisis saTaved miiCneven mosxebis, anu mesxebis (mesxeTis) mTebs. pirveli amaTgani aRniSnavs, rom `fazisi saTaves iRebs mosxebis samflobeloebSi~, xolo meore wers suraTovnad `mosxiis mTebi gadmoanTxeven faziss~ (iqve, gv. 96). vaxuStis kvleviT `mosxis~ (mesxeTis) mTebi sper-arzrumis raionSia. kavkasiis mTebi _ aristotele (382-322) wers _ `kavkasiidan sxva mraval (raodenobiT da sididiT) ganTqmul mdinareebs garda, modis fazisi~ (iqve, gv. 97). wmida basili didi (IV s.) aRniSnavs _ `fazisi gamomdinare kavkasionis mTebidan~. wm. ambrosi mediolanumeli ambobs _ `fazisi gamoedineba CrdiloeTis mxriT kavkasiis mTebidan da sxvebTan erTad erTvis evqsinis zRvas~. amave azrs imeorebs iulius honori (V s.) _ `fazisi saTaves iRebs velSi, kavkasiis mTis ZirSi, uerTdeba pontos zRvas, momdinareobs 805 mili~ (iqve, gv. 97). prokofi kesarieli wers _ `fazisi mdinarea, kavkasiis mTebidan Camoedineba~ (iqve, gv. 89). wm. ambrosi mediolanumeli gasagebad wers, rom `fazisi gamoedineba CrdiloeTis mxriT kavkasiis mTebidan~, maSasadame jer kavkasiis mTebia da misgan gamomdinare fazisi CrdiloeTiT miemarTeba _ `gamoedineba CrdiloeTis mxriT~. e.i. fazisi samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT miedineba. romeli

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mdinare miemarTeba kavkasiaSi ase samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT? aseTia mxolod Woroxi, is gamoedineba mcire kavkasiis Crdilo ferdebidan da miemarTeba CrdiloeTiT, ase dis ramdenime aseuli kilometri da mxolod Semdeg uxvevs dasavleTisaken. rioni ki gamoedineba didi kavkasionis samxreT ferdidan da dis ara CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, aramed dasavleTiTa da samxreTiT. maSasadame, cnobili avtorebi `kavkasiis mTebs~ uwodeben mcire kavkasiis mTianeTs _ sper-WaneTis mxares, romelic yovelTvis qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

prokofi kesarieli fasisis Sesaxeb

prokofi kesarieli md. fazisTan dakavSirebiT axsenebs sityva kavkasias. is wers, rom armeniis mTebidan gamomavali fazisi kavkasiis mTasTan mkveTrad uxvevs marcxniv. Cveni kvleviT `kavkasiis mTis~ qveS prokofi gulisxmobs karCxalis mTas, romelic aiZulebs mdinare Woroxs mkveTrad mouxvios marcxniv. dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Cven ar gvxvdeba toponimi `kavkasia~. es saxeli saerTod ucxod aRiqmeba iqaur mcxovrebTaTvis, magram gansxvavebuli viTarebaa mesxeT-liganSi _ Woroxis auzis mxareebSi, aq istoriulad arsebobda vrceli olqi `sakavkasiZeo~, romelic mniSvnelovani regioni iyo saqarTvelosaTvis. aRmoCnda swored karCxlis mTis raionSi, e.i. liganis (livanis) xeobaSi toponimi `kavkasori~ amJamad cocxalia da xalxur metyvelebaSia asaxuli. `kavkasori~ aris adgilis saxeli arTvinidan rva kilometris daSorebiT (r. malaymaZe, liganis xeoba, 2008, gv. 139) _ karCxalis mTaze. karCxalis mTa axloa liganTan, sadac, rogorc iTqva, erT-erTi adgilis saxelia `kavkasori~. unda vifiqroT, rom prokofis dros kavkasiis mTis saxelis mqone masivi, romelic aiZulebda fasiss marcxniv gaexvia, aris karCxalis mTa Woroxis xeobaSi. swored misi mwvervalis saxelia kavkasori. internetSi dadebulia am mwverval `kavkasoris~ mravali xedi, aq xalxi ikribeba sadResaswaulod da cnobili adgilia, aq imarTeba e.w. `kavkasoris festivali~. es mTa imiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rom mis ferdTan samxreTidan momdinare Woroxi mkveTrad uxvevs dasavleTisaken, ise, rogorc wers fasisis Sesaxeb prokofi. aqve SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom Woroxis xeobaSi dResac zogierTi toponimi emsgavseba prokofis mier moxmobil saxelebs, magaliTad, misi `quTaTisi~ SesaZloa areklili iyos Tanamedrove ubnis saxelSi `quTureTi~, romelic maradidTan mdebareobs. arc Tu moSorebiT sofel SoubanTan axlos Caedineba mdinare `katafxias wyali~ (Woroxis marjvena Senakadi). am sityvaSic gvaqvs Ziri `kat~, rac msgavsia `quT~ `kut~ Zirisa, romelsac

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prokofi xmarobs. aqve, mis mezobladaa `klaskuris wyali~, SeuZlebelia misi saxeli ar mivamsgavsoT prokofis mier naxseneb `klisuras~. Woroxs saTaveSi erqva `akamfsisi~, Sua wels boasi vidre imerxevis SesarTavamde, md. imerxevidan Woroxs erqva `fasisi~, anu erT mdinares sxvadasxva monakveTebSi erqva sxvadasxva saxeli (akamfsisi, boasi da fasisi). amitom prokofi roca wers _ xosrom gadalaxa boasi da moeqca fasisis marcxniv SeiZleba niSnavdes imas, rom xosrom gadalaxa Woroxi, Semdeg gaagrZela gza petrasaken Woroxis marcxena sanapiroTi, magram am monakveTze Woroxs ukve erqva _ fasisi, e.i. fasisi mis marjvniv moeqca. `am mdinares siRrme aqvs sxvebze ara naklebi, siganiT did manZilzea gadaWimuli. siswrafec mas iseTi aqvs, rom zRvaSi Casuli is karga manZilze calke mimdinareobs ise, rom mas ar uerTdeba, amitom iq menaosneTaTvis mosaxerxebelia Sua zRvaSi miiRon sasmeli wyali~ _ wers prokofi kesarieli (georgika, II, gv. 113). md. fasisis siCqarisa da siswrafis Sesaxeb igives wers arianec, is aseve aRwers Sav zRvaSi SerTuli fasisis wylis calke mdinarebas (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 37-38). prokofi sxvaganac wers, rom fasisi, saTaveSi boasad, xolo adgilobrivi mkvidrebis mier akamfsisad wodebuli, zRvas uerTdeba Zalze didi siCqariT: `misi damorCileba zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas SeuZlebeli xdeba, vinaidan iseTi siswrafiTa da simwvaviT uerTdeba da iseTi didi xmaurobiT miiwevs win, rom zRvis karga moSorebiT momdinarec SeuZlebels qmnis zRvaSi Securvas. ase rom, pontos am adgilas mcuravni verc Sig lazikeSi axerxeben Senavebas (naviT Securvas) da verc iqidan gamosvlas da verc axlos gacurvas, vinaidan arsad ar SeuZliaT daimorCilon wylis mdinareba, aramed Sors unda gavidnen zRvaSi, sadme Sua pontoSi mividnen da ise aicdinon mdinaris SesarTavi. ai, rac mindoda meTqva boasis Sesaxeb~ (georgika, II, gv. 123). aq unda SevniSnoT, rom SesarTavTan rioni ara Tu swrafi, aramed Zalze mdore mdinarea. am niSniT _ SesarTavTan siswrafiT _ Woroxi ufro miagavs fasiss prokofi kesarielis sityviT, mdinare fasisi gamoedineba WaneTis qveynidan. is wers: `armeniis mosazRvred cxovroben Wanebi, mTagorian qveyanaSi, saidanac gamoedineba fasisi~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 53). saTaveSi md. fasiss boassac uwodebdnen, prokofi mis Sesaxeb wers, rom md. boasi Wanebisa da persarmenelebis mezoblad gamoedineba (iqve, gv. 60). es mdinare (boasi) WaneTis mTebidan gamosvlis Semdeg wyalmcirea, mis marjvniv iberiaa, pirispir ki kavkasiis mTa. `kavkasias~ ucxoelebi qarTul qveyana `sakavkasiZeos~, anu mcire kavkasias uwodebdnen. kerZod berZnebi TavianTi mogzaurobis dros jer samxreT kavkasiis mTianeTs xvdebodnen. boasi Tu Woroxia, mis marjvniv namdvilad

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iyo mesxeTis qveyana, kerZod ki artaani (es iyo iberia), xolo mis win aRmarTuli iyo karCxlis qedi (es iyo berZnebisTvis kavkasia), sadac boasi ukve wyaluxvi xdeboda da saxelic ecvleboda _ mas ukve fasisad moixseniebdnen. prokofi wers _ `is izrdeba Zalian da nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fasisad wodebuli ganagrZobs mdinarebas~ (iqve, gv. 100).

naosnoba Woroxze g. yazbegis mixedviT

Tavisi drois gamoCenilma mkvlevarma giorgi yazbegma XIX s-is 70-ian wlebSi ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis davalebiT imogzaura da gamowvlilviT aRwera `TurqeTis saqarTvelo~ anu klarjeT-lazeTi. man sakuTari TvaliT ixila Woroxze naosnoba. Woroxze misi cnobiT dacuravda 80 navi. `arTvinis xidis qveS aqauri navebis misadgomia. es navebi veneciur gondolebs waagavs da wablis xisgan mzaddeba. maT brtyeli fskeri aqvT, sigrZe 25 nabijia, sigane sami nabiji. navebis es forma gamocdilebiT gamomuSavda da Zveli kolxeTis droidan modis. Zvel mwerlebs aRwerili aqvT es navebi, axali mecnierebic amas eyrdnobian da askvnian, rom fasisi rioni ki ara, Woroxia. rogoradac ar unda iyos, am Zvelma monapovarma kargi samsaxuri gagviwia _ 2,5 saaTSi Cven gaviareT TiTqmis 30 versi arTvinidan borCxamde, maSin, roca Zveli gziT gagzavnilebma Cvenma sapalneebma 9 saaTi dahyves. arTvinis xidTan wylis siCqare 1 wuTSi 200 nabijs udris ...wylis dinebis nebaze miSvebuli navi saaTSi 8 verss gaivlis, magram sami xofis ZaliT es siCqare mniSvnelovnad izrdeba... Woroxis locmanebi imdenad daxelovnebulebi arian, rom maT sruliad SeiZleba endoT. isini navSi 200 fuTamde tvirTs aTavseben da TiTqos carieliao ise mihyavT farvateris zigzagebSi. gamoucdeli TvalisaTvis gaugebaria, rogor SeiZleba mZimed datvirTuli navi aseT winaRobebSi, kldeebs Soris gaataro... ubeduri SemTxvevebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba da es aris arTvineli menaveebis saukeTeso rekomendacia~ (giorgi yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, 1995, gv. 114). giorgi yazbegis azriT, arTvinidan baTumamde naviT mgzavrobas esaWiroeboda 4-5 saaTi, Tumca iqve eTanxmeba erT-erTi evropeli mecnieris Tvalsazriss, rom amisaTvis saWiroa 9 saaTi (iqve, gv. 154). magram ukan dabrunebisaTvis baTumidan arTvinSi, navebs esaWiroebodaT 4 anda zogjer 5 dRe _ `am SemTxvevaSi baTumSi datvirTuli navebi dinebis sapirispirod saWapano lafetebiT miaqvT~. Woroxis samdinaro-sanaosno gzas XIX s-Sic ar daukargavs Tavisi saerTaSoriso savaWro mniSvneloba. g. yazbegi wers _ `meore welia, rac ingliseli vaWrebis kompaniam daiwyo yarsis da SavSeTis puris

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Sesyidva da baTumSi tvirTis Woroxis gziT gagzavna~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, 1995, gv. 115). ingliseli vaWrebi puris marcvals yidulobdnen ZiriTadad yarsis olqSi, iqedan saxmeleTo gziT gadahqondaT q. arTvinamde, aqedan ki ukve samdinaro gziT, anu Woroxis navebiT CahqondaT baTumSi _ `arTvinamde puris didi nawili qurTebs gadmoaqvT sapalne jorebiTa da cxenebiT, Semdeg ki navebiT miacureben. mimdinare 1874 wels erTi kompaniis agentma arTvinidan (baTumSi Woroxis gziT) _ 44 aTasi fuTi xorbali gagzavna. yarsidan baTumamde erTi fuTi xorblis Catana mis fasTan erTad erTi maneTi jdeba~ (iqve, gv. 115). XIX s-Si q. ribinskSi (ruseTi) yofila puriT vaWrobis centri. g. yazbegi arTvins am mniSvnelobiT adarebs ribinsks da miaCnia, rom `arTvins puriT vaWrobaSi ruseTis ribinskis mniSvneloba aqvs~ (iqve, gv. 115). puriT vaWrobis garda, arTvinidan aseve samdinaro gziT baTumSi gadahqondaT regionis xili, gansakuTrebiT ki zeTisxili. amasTanave, amave Woroxis gziT navebiT ezidebodnen baTumisaken daxerxil xe-tyis masalasa da aseve meTuneobis nawarms _ agursa da kramits _ `arTvinidan borCxamde Woroxi miedineba kldovan kedlebs Soris, romelTa gverdiT moCans kargi tyeebi da mravali sofeli. mdinaris napirze Cven davTvaleT 6 saxerxi da 6 agur-kramitis da erTi kiris qarxana. am masalebis mTel marags baTumi liganidan Rebulobs~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. gv. 116). Woroxis samdinaro gzaze gaCaRebuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gamo, mTeli adgilobrivi mosaxleoba _ Woroxis sanapiro qalaqebis _ arTvinisa da borCxas mcxovrebni _ faqtiurad mxolod menaveobas misdevdnen. ar amuSavebdnen miwas, ar mohyavdaT mosavali, amasTanave arc mecxoveleobas misdevdnen, isini ojaxebs mxolod menaveobiT arCendnen _ g. yazbegi wers q. borCxasTan dakavSirebiT: `rqiani pirutyvi da cxeni aq sul ar aris. yvela mcxovrebi navTmSeneblobas, menaveobas da Tixis WurWlis damzadebas misdevs. mcxovrebTagan aravin Tesavs da mkis, ris gamoc puris mTel marags fuliT yiduloben. yvela ojaxs aqvs Tavisi navi, romelic pirutyvs cvlis~ (iqve, gv. 116). g. yazbegi eTanxmeba azrs, rom arTvinidan baTumamde samdinaro gziT aris 82 versi. Woroxis sigane aWariswylis qvemoT wyaldidobis dros 400mde nabijia (iqve, gv. 254).

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sanaosno mdinare Woroxi (fasisi) d. baqraZis mixedviT

sabWoTa epoqis mkvlevarebis mtkicebiT md. Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno, radganac `Woroxi miuwvdomeli iyo zRvidan navis Sesacureblad~ (o. lorTqifaniZe `argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, 1986, gv. 46). Cveni arqeologebi da istorikosebi darwmunebiT weren, rom Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno, da TiTqosda, mxolod rioni iyo aseTi (e.i. sanaosno). es aris mniSvnelovani Secdoma, romelic ukan swevs lazikis Seswavlis saqmes. sinamdviles mecnieruli siRrmiT gvamcnoben gamoCenili mkvlevarebi. d. baqraZe wignSi `mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi~ (1987 w.) wers: `baTumidan oTx-xuT versze gaedineba mdinare Woroxi. is aris mdore da uxmo. masze aRma-daRma mimodian datvirTuli navebi. mdinare Woroxis marjvena napirs mihyveba lazistanSi yvelaze saukeTeso gza. es gza dolognis qvemoT gadadis Woroxis marcxena napirze da gasdevs mdinare Woroxs maradidamde da gadava kvlav marjvena napirze, gaivlis sof. borCxas da Sedis qalaq arTvinSi, Semdeg qalaq baiburTSi, Semdeg SeuerTdeba did Saragzas, romelic aerTebs arzrumsa da yarss erTmaneTTan. mdinare Woroxi saTaves iRebs mTebSi lazistansa da arzrumis safaSoebis sazRvarze. Woroxis auzi qmnis uzarmazar tafobs, romelic yoveli mxridan SemozRudulia maRali WiuxebiT. Woroxis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Senakadebi marjvena mxridan aris TorTomiswyali, olTiswyali, artanujiswyali, aWariswyali da sxvebi. mdinare Woroxi mniSvnelovani sanaosno arteriaa. masze arTvinisa da zRvis SesarTavSive dacuravs orasamde brtyelZira navi anu kaiuki. naosnoba mTel weliwads SeiZleba, garda gazafxulisa, roca dineba Zalze swrafia. navebi axlomaxlo mcxovrebT ekuTvniT. akeTeben naZvis an fiWvis xisagan, Rirs 1500 yuruSi. navis sigrZe 50 futia, gani 4-5 futi. Woroxze navebiT asvla zRvis SesarTavidan borCxamde 3-4 dReSi SeiZleba, xolo qveviT zRvamde naviT mgzavroba SeiZleba 8-10 saaTi. erTi navi itevs 300 baTmanamde tvirTs. am navebiT ezidebian yovel adgilobriv nawarms _ erbos, xils, tyavs, daxerxil ficrebs, Tixis WurWels, kramits. Tixis WurWeli da kramiti miaqvT borCxadan baTumSi, xofaSi da trapizonSic (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 36). d. baqraZis am Canaweridan Cans, rom Zveli avtorebis mdinare fazisi ZiriTadad aris ara mdinare rioni, aramed mdinare Woroxi, radganac Zveli avtorebis cnobebiT mdinare fasisi iyo sanaosno da masze mdinariT gadahqondaT mniSvnelovani tvirTebi. marTlac, rogorc zemoT moyvanili aRweridan Cans, Woroxis xeobis mosaxleobas Tavisi savaWro produqcia brtyelZira navebiT gadahqonda baTumSi, rizesa da trapizonSi, xolo rac Seexeba mdinare rions kalapotis xSiri cvlis gamo, ufro mouxerxebeli iyo naosnobisaTvis da mas adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleoba faqtiurad

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ver iyenebda. xolo mdinare Woroxi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis aReb-micemobis sasicocxlo arterias warmoadgenda. amitomac migvaCnia, rom Zveli avtorebis mixedviT mdinare fasisi ufroa mdinare Woroxi. mdinare Woroxze borCxis xevTan axlos mdebareobs mdinare liganis xevi. gansakuTrebulad aRvniSnoT, rom Zveli berZeni da romaeli avtorebis cnobiT, mdinare fazisis erT-erTi Senakadi aris mdinare glavki. Cveni azriT, mdinare liganis xevi SeiZleba iyos igive mdinare glavki etimologiuri msgavsebis gamo. SeiZleba SeniSvnis saxiT aRvniSnoT: samxreT saqarTveloSi mdinare mtkvarze aris adgili saxelwodebiT likani. sityvebis likanisa da liganis xevis etimologiuri msgavseba gvavaraudebinebs, rom mdinare glavki fasiss uerTdeboda swored samxreT saqarTveloSi da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rac kidev erTxel gvafiqrebinebs, rom fasisi Woroxs erqva da ara rions. garda amisa, Woroxis xeobaSi, kolasa da artaanis gverdiT, mdebareobda qveyana, romlis saxeli iyo livani. d. baqraZis cnobiT, livanis saxeliT cnobilia Woroxis xeoba aWaris wylis SesarTavidan ispiris sazRvramde. es unda iyos vaxuStis liganis xevi anu qarTuli matianeebis ligani. am sityvebTan liganis, nigalis an likanis etimologiuri msgavseba udavoa, amitomac aseTi etimologiuri damTxvevebi uyuradRebod ar unda iqnas datovebuli Woroxisa da fasisis igiveobis mtkicebis dros. Zveli avtorebisa da maT Soris strabonis cnobiT, mdinare fasisze gadebuli iyo asze meti xidi. visac Tavisi TvaliT uxilavs mdinare rioni da icis masze gadebuli xidebis raodenoba, warmoudgenlad miiCnevs, rom mdinare rionze odesme asi xidi yofiliyo gadebuli. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia is, rom mdinare rioni mudmivad icvlida kalapots, is miedineba vakeze, romelic nulovan anu zRvis donezea gadaWimuli. amis gamo rions uWirda Tavisi wylis zRvaSi Setana da mudmivad icvlida kalapots, narionalebi amis Sedegia. md. rions aqvs ganieri kalapoti da icis Zalze didi adideba, romelic did winaaRmdegobas warmoadgenda Zvelad xidebis mSeneblobisTvis, miT umetes im periodis mSeneblobisaTvis. mdinare rionisTvis ufro iyo damaxasiaTebeli masze gadebuli boranebi, riTac xalxi ukavSirdeboda erTi napiridan meores. strabonis cnoba, rom mdinare fasisze 120 xidi iyo gadebuli, ar gvaeWvebs. amis safuZvels warmoadgens is, rom d. baqraZem, marTlac, naxa Tavisi TvaliT mdinare Woroxis mimdebare mquxare mdinareebze gadebuli uZvelesi saocari xidebi. es is xidebia, romelsac Cveni xalxi uwodebs Tamaris TaRovan xidebs. aseTi xidebis gadeba SeiZleboda viwro kldovani kalapotis mqone im mdinareebze, romelTa sanapiroebi maRla iyo aziduli, xolo TviT mdinare Rrma xevSi miedineboda. amitomac erTi kldovani napiridan meore kldovan napirze konstruqciulad SesaZlebe-

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li iyo TaRovani xidis gadeba. d. baqraZe wers, rom aseTi xidebi mas yvelgan xvdeboda. aWaraSi, kerZod, mas TaRovani xidebi Sexvedria qedaSi, cxmorisSi, dandaloSi, Wvanasa da furtioSi. aseTive xidebi, misi cnobiT, agebuli yofila TurqeTis, e.i. SavSeT-klarjeTis sxvadasxva adgilas. saqarTvelos maxloblad erTi aseTi xidis saSualo zoma yofila 40 arSini. d. baqraZis cnobiT, aseTi xidi konstruqciulad warmoadgens wesier TaRs, gadebuls erTi napiridan meore napirze uburjod, SeduRabebulia kiriT da saukuneebis manZilze dganan. aRsaniSnavia, rom d. baqraZem TaRovani xidebi naxa kintriSis xeobaSi xulosa da cxenmolaSi. am xidis sigrZe yofila 35 nabiji da sigane 5 nabiji. ase rom, fasisis 120 xidi gadebuli yofila ara mdinare rionze, aramed mdinare Woroxis xeobis piras gamavali gzis sxvadasxva monakveTebze. es uflebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom mdinare fasisSi ar igulisxmeba mdinare rioni. Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, mdinare fasisis erT-erTi Senakadi iyo md. boasi. CvenSi gavrcelebuli TvalsazrisiT, berZnuli sityva boasi aRniSnavs yvirilas da amitomac am sityvas ucxoelebi uwodebdnen md. yvirilas. marTlac, imereTis mdinare yvirila uerTdeba md. rions, mdinare yvirilas axlos Zirulas napirze mdebareobs Zveli cixe-simagre Sorapani. miuxedavad aseTi damTxvevebisa, Cveni azriT, Zveli avtorebis boasi anu yvirila erqva ara imereTSi gamaval mdinares, aramed md. Woroxis Senakads. guriaSic gaedineba mdinare, romlis saxeli aris `yviriliswyali~. es mdinare uerTdeba mdinare sufsas da aRsaniSnavia, gansakuTrebiT isic, rom mdinare sufsaze Sua saukuneebSi arsebobda cixe-simagre, romlis saxeli iyo `Sorapani~, igive gurianTa. ase rom, Cven mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvqonda ori mdinare yvirila da ori cixe-simagre Sorapani. prokofis sityviT, md. boasi iyo fasisis saxeli saTaveSi. md. Woroxis marcxena Senakadebia mquxare mTis mdinareebi forCxas wyali, murRuli an xatilas wyali, romlebic arTvinidan goniomde uerTdebian md. Woroxs. SavSeTSic iyo md. yvirila. Zveli avtorebi, gansakuTrebiT prokofi kesarieli, aRweren lazeTis gzebs. maTi cnobebiT, gzebi lazeTSi gadioda mTebsa da miuval Wiuxebze Znelad gasavlel adgilebSi, sadac zogjer venaxica da xexilic ki ar iyo gaSenebuli. Tu lazeTi aris igive rionis xeoba da misi dablobi, maSin Zneli asaxsnelia, Tu romel gzebs moixsenieben Zveli avtorebi, radganac gzebi rionis dablobze ZiriTadad gadioda WaobebSi. dablobSi mdinare rionTan Cven arsad ar gvxvdeba kldovani adgilebi da iseTi adgilebi, romelsac aRwers prokofi kesarieli. Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rionis dablobze Zvel dros gzebi nakleb iyo gayvanili. amis mizezi unda yofiliyo rionis xeobis daWaobebis gamo iq gavr-

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celebuli cieba da malaria. es daavadeba musrs avlebda adgilobriv mosaxleobas. amis Sesaxeb icodnen ucxoelebmac, amitomac yovelnairad Tavs aridebdnen rionis dablobSi moZraobas. zemoT moyvanilis gamo, rionTan gzebi gadioda ara dablob-vakeSi, aramed mTebsa da miuval adgilebSi, magaliTad, visac misvla undoda quTaisSi Tu vanSi, is ara zRvis mxridan miadgeboda aRniSnul punqtebs, aramed gadaivlida aWara-guriis qedebs da ise mividoda iq. ase moiqca, magaliTad, d. baqraZe, romelmac aRniSnuli mTis gzebi ganvlo, raTa moexila guriis cnobili cixe-simagre vaSnari. d. baqraZe kidevac aRniSnavs amis Sesaxeb. is, magaliTad, wers: `uReltexilze avediT Tu ara, Tvalwin gadagveSala rionis xeoba misi gauvali WaobebiT, malarias rom avrcelebs mTels rionispira guriaSi~ (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, 1987, gv. 210). ai, swored am malariis gamo gzebi ar gayavdaT rionis xeobaSi. maSasadame, rionis xeoba ar aris is qveyana, romelsac Zveli avtorebi lazeTs uwodebdnen, radganac lazeTSi gzebi kldeebze gadioda, rogorc es aRvniSneT. d. baqraZe Tavis wignSi sxvaganac aRniSnavs rionis mavne havis Sesaxeb, is wers: `guriaSi mavne haviT gamoirCeva rogorc Savi zRvis sanapiroebi, aseve gansakuTrebiT Coxatauris qedis Crdilo mTiswineTebi, romelic savsea liebiTa da WaobebiT da xels uwyobs ciebis gavrcelebas. guriis danarCeni nawili aWara-guriis qedis mTiswineTia, amitom Waobs ar aCerebs Tavis niadagSi. dro da dro mZvinvarebs cieba, ar ician rogor daicvan Tavi metismetad teniani haerisagan. visac aqauri wvimebi ar unaxavs, ver warmoidgens maT Zalasa da xangrZlivobas. kokispiruli wvimebi grZeldeba dReebiTa da kviraobiTac~ (iqve, gv. 89). aseve iyo vake imereTsa da samegreloSi. ciebas sxva regionSic ver aridebdnen Tavs, miTumetes, rionis xeobaSi, sadac Waobisa da mudmivi talaxis gamo gzebis gayvana SeuZlebeli iyo Zvel epoqaSi. aq gzebi, faqtiurad, axlac ar aris gayvanili. foTi-senakisa da foTi-urekis damakavSirebeli gzebi mxolod XIX-XX saukuneebSi iqna gayvanili ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris, msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifoebis ZalisxmeviT. ase rom, arc prokofi kesarieli da arc Zveli avtorebi lazeTis gzebis aRwerisas ar gulisxmoben rionis xeobas. maTi lazeTi, rogorc iTqva, klarjeT-aWara-guria da trapizonis regionia.

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d. baqraZis aRwerili xidebi mogvagonebs strabonis aRweril 120 xids

`2 saaTze sxalTaSi mivedi, sadac Zveli TaRovani xidiT gadavediT, romelic sxalTiswylis orive napirs akavSirebs. unda aRvniSnoT, rom aseTi xidebi aWaraSi yvelgan gvxvdeba, saxeldobr: saRoreTTan, qedaSi, cximorisSi, dandaloSi, WvanarTasa da furtioSi da garda amisa, gvxvdeba Curuqsus mTian nawilSic. aseTive xidebi aRniSnulia Turquli aziis sxvadasxva adgilas... yvela maTganis konstruqcia friad originaluria: es sxva araferia, Tu ara lamazi, wesieri TaRebi, gabedulad gadatyorcnili erTi napiridan meoreze umoajirod da uburjod... SeduRabebuli kiriT... isini kargadaa Senaxuli, saukuneebis manZilze dganan, rogorc Cans, sruliad SeukeTeblad~ (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, 1987, gv. 53).

Woroxi isevea sanaosno, rogorc strabonis aRwerili fazisi

`baTumidan 4-5 versze gamoCnda md. Woroxi, romelic mdored da uxmod miagorebda mRvrie wyals da romelzec datvirTuli navebi aRma-daRma mimodiodnen. gza, romliTac Cven mivdiodiT, saukeTesoa lazistanis safaSoSi~. (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, 1987, gv. 35). `yvelaze mniSvnelovan Senakadebs Woroxi marjvnidan ierTebs, es aris TorTomiswyali, olTiswyali,. artanujiswyali, aWariswyali da sxva. md. Woroxi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom, rogorc amboben, masSi 200mde brtyelZira navi anu kaiuki dacuravs arTvinsa da Woroxis SesarTavs Soris. naosnoba mTel weliwads SeiZleba, garda gazafxulisa, roca Tovli dneba da dineba Zalze swrafia. navebi axlo-maxlo soflebis mcxovrebT ekuTvnis. maT naZvis an fiWvis xisagan akeTeben, navis sigrZe 50 futamdea, gani _ 4-5 futi. zeviT svlas (arTvinamde) 3-4 dRe sWirdeba, xolo qveviT navmisadgomamde _ 8-10 saaTi, itevs 300 baTmanamde tvirTs. am navebiT ezidebian yvela adgilobriv nawarms: erbos, xils, tyavs, ficrebs, WurWelsa da kramits. Tixis WurWeli miaqvT baTumSi, xofasa da trapizonSi~ (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, 1987, gv. 36). `livanis saxeliT cnobilia Woroxis xeoba aWariswylis SesarTavidan ispiramde. esaa, vaxuStis mixedviT liganisxevi, anu qarTuli matianeebiT _ nigali. livanis dasaxlebuli punqtebia: maradidi, borCxa, arTvini, artanuji, berTa, anCa, parxali~ (iqve, gv. 41). `es xidi TaRiviTaa gadebuli aWariswyalze~ (gv. 43). albaT, aseTi iyo is 120 xidi, romlebic md. fazisze iyo gadebuli.

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sabWouri epoqis samecniero wreebSi gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, TiTqosda, mdinare Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno misi Cqari dinebis gamo. mkvlevari wers _ `cnobilia, rom mdinare rioni Sorapanamde sanaosnod gamosadegi iyo da misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba satranzito saqonlis gadazidva, rasac ver gaviziarebT mdinare Woroxze, misi Cqari dinebisa da maRali mTebidan qva-RorRis Sav zRvaSi Cadinebis mizeziT~ (krebuli `cotneideli~ t. II, 2008, gv. 98). sinamdvileSi Woroxi iyo, TiTqmis, erTaderTi arteria misi auzis mimdebare regionebisaTvis, saidanac am mdinaris saSualebiT navebiT gadaizideboda xorbali, produqtebi, zeTisxili, samSeneblo masala (kramiti, aguri). aseve xis daxerxili masala baTumisaken, xolo baTumidan isev navebiT arTvinisaken gadaizideboda ZiriTadad qsovilebi da fufunebis sagnebi. amis Sesaxeb kargad aRweren d. baqraZe, e. veidenbaumi da sxvebi. ase rom mdinare Woroxi iyo sanaosno, masze arsebobda navmisadgomebi, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ki saukeTeso navTmSenebelni da menaveni iyvnen. sabWoTa epoqaSi sazRvris Caketvis gamo aikrZala navebiT curva arTvinidan baTumamde da iseTi STabeWdileba Camoyalibda, TiTqosda, Woroxi saerTod ar iyo sanaosno. amitomac, sainteresoa e. veidenbaumis monaTxrobi amasTan dakavSirebiT. es sakiTxi CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom ukavSirdeba saeklesio iurisdiqciis sakiTxs. am kuTxiT iyo Tu ara naosnoba mdinare Woroxze mniSvnelovani momentia, radganac mdinare fazisze namdvilad iyo naosnoba SesarTavidan 30 km. manZilze, punqt sarapanamde. sad iyo sarapana, romeli mdinarea fazisi, am sakiTxis kvlevisaTvis, rogorc vTqviT, sainteresoa e. veidenbaumis monaTxrobi. 1878 wels ruseTis xelisuflebis davalebiT, Tavisi drois dakvirvebulma mecnierma evgeni veidenbaumma naviT (kaiukiT) imogzaura arTvinidan baTumamde. samdinaro gza, romliTac iqamde mniSvnelovani tvirTebi gadahqondaT inglisel da somex vaWrebs, regionis SemoerTebis Semdgom rusebis interesis sagnad iqca. e. veidenbaumi ase aRwers am samdinaro gzas Woroxze: `zustad 8 saaTze gavudeqiT gzas. navSi eqvsni viyaviT, Tu ar CavTvliT sam meniCbes. navi brtyelZiriania, misi Ziri or saJens udris, cxviri da kiCo erTnairad msxvilwveriani aqvs da konstruqciiT arafriT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. navebi mzaddeba wablis xisagan, sofel maradidSi. erT navs SeuZlia zidos 100 fuTiani tvirTi da imisdamixedviT, Tu ra raodenobisaa igi fraxti arTvinidan baTumamde Rirs 10-dan 15 maneTamde. Cven gadavixadeT 12 maneTi. imis gamo, rom navi mTlad myari ar aris _ mgzavrebi Tavsdebian mis ZirSi mjdomare an dawolil mdgomareobaSi. mis samarTavad oTxi adamiania saWiro _ sami zis navis cxvirze, mokle niCbebiT xelSi,

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romlebic damagrebulia palubze lafnis rgolebiT. niCbebis daniSnulebaa, ara imdenad navis moZraobis aCqareba, ramdenadac misTvis saTanado mimarTulebis micema. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi wyali Semoabrunebs mas dinebis gardi-gardmo. niCbebis mosmas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs im adgilebSi, sadac viwrobi, an Cqeria da sadac wyali mkveTrad uxvevs. navi mkveTrad miemarTeba gamoSverili kldisken, romelsac dineba exeTqeba. marjve mesaWe kldisagan garkveuli manZilis daSorebiT swrafad abrunebs saWes. meniCbeebi mTeli ZaliT awvebian niCbebs da navi mieqaneba dinebis mimarTulebiT ise, rom kldes odnav aacdens kiCos. zogjer es fandebi sakmarisi ar aris, dineba iseTi swrafia da iseT mkveTr Semobrunebas akeTebs, rom navi aucileblad Seejaxeboda kldes Tu ara meniCbeebi. isini WokebiT, romlebic dawyobilia qimis gayolebiT, moxerxebulad aicdenen xolme Sejaxebas. mesaWe dgas kiCoze xelSi niCbebiT, romlebic amyofebs navs saTanado mdgomareobaSi, an exmareba moxvevebis dros. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi ori niCabi aucilebelia, raTa navi ufro swrafad mobrundes. mesaWe erTi niCbiT usvams win, meoreTi ki ukumoZraobas akeTebs. navis marTva aseT swraf da mixveul-moxveul mdinareebze did gawafulobas moiTxovs, zogjer iseTi adgilebic ki gvxvdeba, rom warmoudgenelia gavla safrTxis gareSe, magram mesaWis moxerxebulobis, simamacisa da misi Tvalis sizustis wyalobiT aseT Cqerebs isini mSvidobianad uvlian gverds. amboben rom ubeduri SemTxvevebi aq Zalian iSviaTia. zogjer saWesTan navis mepatrone dgas, xan daqiravebuli piri, iseve rogorc meniCbeebi. yvelas erTnairi anazRaureba aqvs. mesaWes mTeli upiratesoba ki is aris, rom mas ar uwevs saWmlis momzadeba, es meniCbeTa movaleobaa. baTumSi mimavali mgzavrebi iSviaTad gaivlian mTel gzas WoroxiT, e.i. ar gadian zRvaze, radgan es gza grZelia da Tanac navs zRvaSi cota uWirs. isini gadmosxdebian kopandibis sazRvarTan, sofel elgis cota qvemoT da baTumamde rCeba raRac 10 versis manZili. am gzis gavlas navi andomebs Svid saaTs. Cveni menave, romelic warmoSobiT borCxadan aris, gvimtkicebda, rom wyaldidobisas, e.i. aprilsa da maisSi is gadis am gzas mxolod saaTnaxevarSi. aman Zalian gagvakvirva, magram ar gvqonda araviTari mizezi ar dagvejerebina misi naTqvami. did wyalSi navebi aseve dadian imerxevis xididan arTvinamde, imerxevis xidis zemoT sanaosno kavSiri ar aris. Cveni mogzaurobis dros wylis done Zalian dabali iyo, magram miuxedavad amisa, wylis fskers mxolod or adgilas Cqerze Seexo. Woroxze daRma mogzauroba did siamovnebas gvgvris, TiTqos gahyureb swrafad moZrav panoramas. navi xan isris siswrafiT miqris Cqerebze da iseTi grZnoba geufleba, TiTqos cigiT eSvebi yinulovani mTidan, xan ki

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nela midis wyalze, samagierod mdinaris aRma mogzauroba Zalian momqancvelia, igi grZeldeba (imisda mixedviT Tu ra raodenobiTaa wyali mdinareSi da rogoria tvirTis moculoba) 4-5 dRes, wyaldidobisas ki mogzauroba saerTod SeCerebulia, radgan warmoudgenelia am dros mdinaris daZleva. menaveebis Sroma aRma curvisas, marTlac rom katorRulia _ ori-sami fexSiSvela adamiani, muxlebamde wyalSi miaTrevs navs. ori an erTi awveba navs WokiT, rom ar misces mas napirze amovardnis saSualeba. Cven bevri eseTi navi Segvxvda gzaze. maT danaxvaze gagvaxsenda burlakebi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom ar gaismoda maTi sevdiani simRera. oTxisnaxevarze gaviareT aWariswylis SesarTavi, oTx saaTze marcxena mxridan sofeli simorisi (rukaze, ahmed-efendis TqmiT _ simoneTi), Semdeg sofeli elga da 4 saaTsa da 20 wuTze mivadeqiT napirs kopan-dibis maxloblad, sadac winaswari SeTanxmebiT cxenebi unda dagvxvedroda... da bolos gamoCnda ganaTebuli baTumi da Svidis naxevarze mogzauroba davasruleT. manZili arTvinidan kopandibamde, wyliT rom gaviangariSoT, rukis mixedviT udris 42 verss. Cveni mogzauroba mdinariT, Tu ar CavTvliT SeCerebebs, grZeldeboda 6 saaTs. aqedan gamomdinare Tu manZili rukaze swored aris naCvenebi, navi mcirewylian mdinareSi gaivlis daaxloebiT 7 verss~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 72-78). e. veidenbaumis cnobiT, arTvinis garda kidev ramdenime adgilas mdinare Woroxze arsebobda navmisadgomi (navsadguri) da aseve aSenebdnen navebs. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba navTmSeneblobiT iyo dakavebuli. aseTi punqtebi arTvinis garda yofila borCxasTan da maradidTan. is wers: `sofeli borCxa mdebareobs iq, sadac Cair-su Caedineba mdinare WoroxSi. adgilobrivebi am Senakads Cxalis wyals uwodeben. sofeli Woroxis napiridan, sadac mdebareobs kaiukebis (navebis) navmisadgomebi, amfiTeatriviT miemarTeba mTaSi. borCxelebis mTavari saqmianoba aguris, kramitis da doqebis keTebaa. am nakeTobebiT amarageben Woroxisa da baTumis sanapiroebs. xvna-Tesvas naklebad etanebian... xnulebi pataraa, mdebareobs cicabo maRlobze... borCxaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT aris kaiukebis (navebis) navsadguri. yvelani Woroxze zemoT da qvemoT dasasveneblad mimavalni aq Cerdebian. amasTan dakavSirebiT aq duqnebic ki aris sasmelebiTa da nugbariT... navebi (kaiukebi) borCxidan baTumamde iReben 10 maneTs, xebadan borCxamde navebi (kaiukebi) andomeben 4 saaTs~ (iqve gv. 58). e. veidenbaumis TqmiT, kldovanebis gamo Woroxis auzSi urmis an etlis saxeobebi ucnobia, radganac `warmoudgenelic ki iqneba maTi gamoCena viwro, cicabo da maRal bilikebze, romlebic gzebis rols asruleben~ (iqve, gv. 60). amitom aq yvela mgzavrobs fexiT an naviT (kaiukiT) (iqve, gv. 61). arTvinSi ar iyo etli, samagierod hqondaT katarRebi.

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Woroxis auzis erT-erT umTavres qalaq arTvinSic ki `imis gamo, rom quCebi viwro da cicaboa, etliT gavlaze laparakic ki zedmetia, urmebic ki ar Cans arTvinis quCebSi. samagierod didi gasavali aqvT katarRebs, romlebic Zalian Zviri fasobs~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 67). Woroxis auzSi, rogorc iTqva, gadaadgileba SeiZleboda fexiT an naviT. cxenebic ki g. yazbegisa da e. veidenbaumis dakvirvebiT aq Zalze cota, SeiZleba iTqvas, arc ki iyo kldianobis gamo, cicabo da maRal bilikebze (gzebze) _ `cxenebic ki, TiTqmis, ar gamoiyeneba arc cxenosnobisaTvis da arc sapalned, Cvens mier gavlil gzaze baTumidan arTvinamde, kaxaberTan, mxolod erTxel Segvxvda ori cxeni da erTi saxedari sapalniT aWaridan, saerTod yvela fexiT dadis, zurgze mogdebuli kalaTebiTa da TofiT... isini SesaniSnavi fexiT mavalni arian... yvela maTgani raRacnairad, Taviseburad dadis, TiTqos odnav Caimuxleben siarulisas~ (iqve, gv. 61). g. yazbegi imasac aRniSnavs, rom kldovanebis gamo Woroxis auzis regionebSi naklebia cxenebis sakvebi balaxi. amis gamo (e.i. kldianobis da ubalaxobis gamo) e. veidenbaumis cnobiT aq mesaqonleobac ar aris ganviTarebuli (iqve, gv. 63). es momenti CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom eTanadeba prokofi kesarielis cnobas _ sparselebs fazisTan, kerZod ki arqeopolisTan, 20 000 cxeni daeRupaT ubalaxobis anu cudi kvebis gamo. rogorc viciT rionis xeobaSi Zalze kargi balaxi izrdeba, Woroxis xeobaSi ki e. veidenbaumis cnobiT piriqiT _ balaxi cotaa da mecxeneoba nakleb ganviTarebulia ubalaxobisa da kldianobis gamo. Woroxze navsaSeni da navmisadgomi e. veidenbaumma daafiqsira sofel maradidSi, is wers _ `CavuareT mTels qvemo maradids, Woroxis marcxena mxares, sanapiros gaswvriv. aq Sendeboda navebi (kaiukebi). aqvea navmisadgomi~ (iqve, gv. 49). Woroxis Zalze vrceli auzis tvirTebi, rogorc aRiniSna, mdinariT gadaizideboda baTumisaken, kerZod kramiti, sxvadasxva produqtebi, xorbali, zeTisxili, aguri da sxva. winaT xe-tyis masala, koWebi da ficrebic gadaizidebodao wers is, magram axla _ `Woroxis auzis mTeli tye, romlis moWrac ki SeiZleboda, didi xania moWrili da dacurebulia... amitomac Zalian Zviria~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan _ arTvinamde, gv. 38). Cans, ara mxolod XIX s-Si, aramed VI saukuneSic xomaldmSeneblobisaTvis anu sazRvao gemebisaTvis saWiro xis masala Znelad moipoveboda Woroxze (SesaZloa kldeebidan moWrisa da gadmogdebis dros xis tani ibzareboda da xomaldmSeneblobisaTvis uvargisi xdeboda). prokofis cnobiT sparselebs Savi zRvis xomaldebisaTvis saWiro masala petrasaken Sori gzidan miuzidavT. am mxriv veidenbaumisa da prokofis monaTxrobi erTmaneTs emsgavseba, iseve, rogorc sxva sakiTxebis aRweris drosac. ase, rom Woroxi samdinaro-savaWro didi magistrali iyo XIX saukuneSic, rogorc fazisi I-VI saukuneebSi strabonisa da prokofi kesarielis cnobebiT.

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n. adonci: boasi _ Woroxia

`mdinare boa saTaves iRebs farangiasTan axlos, armeniis qveyanaSi, WanikasTan axlos. boa Seesityveba somxuri geografiis Woroxs, mis zemo dinebas, Woroxis SesarTavebi ispirSi Zevs. Zveli cnobebiT, spiriditSi iyo oqros sabadoebi, romlebiTac TviT aleqsandre makedoneli dainteresda. am niSnebiT, farangia Seesabameba spers, anu sispiriss~ (n. adonci `armenia iustinianes epoqaSi~,1908, rus.enaze, gv. 26). prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, boasi erqva faziss saTaveebSi. n. adoncis sityviT boa _ Woroxia. aqedan gamomdinare fazisi Woroxs Seesabameba. n. adoncis TvalsazrisiT, boasi _ erqva Woroxs artanujiswylamde, anu rac igivea mdinare imerxevamde. mis qvemoT zRvis mimarTulebiT boass ukve ewodeboda fazisi, xolo saTaveebTan imave boass adgilobrivi saxeli _ akamfsisi erqva. roca sparselebma gadakveTes boasi, dauyvnen mis marcxena sanapiros petrasaken. am adgilebSi boass ukve fazisi erqva da is jariskacebis marjvniv moeqca. ise gadakveTes is, rom fazisi marjvniv hqonda.

fazisi s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT

amiane marcelines Txzulebis komentirebisas s. yauxCiSvili wers, rom fazisad zogjer antikur wyaroebSi moixseniebdnen ara mxolod md. Woroxs saTaveSi, aramed faziss uwodebdnen donsa da yubans (georgika, I, gv. 81). amiane marceline faziss uwodebs `xmaurians~, romelsac aqvs didi siCqare, anu `xmauriani dena~ da im monakveTze, sadac faziss aqvs didi siCqare (xmauriani dena) cxovroben kolxebi _ egviptelebis Zveli modgma. is wers _ `fazisi xmauriani deniT Camoudis kolxebs, egviptelTa Zvel modgmas~ (georgika, I, gv. 112). amianes TvalsazrisiT, zRvis SesarTavamde fazisi xmauriania, anu fazisi saTavidan SesarTavamde aris Cqari mTis mdinare da mis napirebze kolxebi cxovroben saTavidan SesarTavamde. s. yauxCiSvili komentirebisas wers, rom aq amiane fazisis qveS gulisxmobs md. rions. am SemTxvevaSi Znelia daveTanxmoT s. yauxCiSvils Semdegi mizezis gamo: md. rioni Camoedineba mTebidan, quTaisis Semdgom is gaivakebs da foTamde miedineba mdored, mZimed da nela, amasTanave, xmauris gareSe, anu uxmaurod da aseTi saxiT gadaWris mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, anu rionis vakes. maSasadame, amianes Sefasebis (fasisis xmaurianobis) gamo SeuZlebelia md. rioni fazisad iwodebodes. aq, `xmaura~ fazisis gverdiT, TiTqosda, cxovrobdnen egviptelTa modgmis kolxebi. s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, aseTi Sefaseba mwignobruli tradiciis gavlenaa, magram prokofi kesarieli fazisis aRwerisas wers, Tu siCqaris gamo rogor gaitaca jariskacebis

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navebi fazisma. arianes mixedviT xmauriani fazisis SesarTavTanaa q. fazisi (iqve, gv. 112) da dioskuria.

fasisi p. ingoroyvas mixedviT

`saxelwodeba mdinarisa fasisi qarTuli warmoSobisaa. Zvel qarTul dialeqtSi sityva `fasi~ niSnavda wyals. amitom fasisi erqva rions, Woroxs (akamfsisi, anu kakam-fasisi, igive kakam mdinare), aseve fasisi rqmevia agreTve araqss, misi mdinarebis zemo nawilSi, sadac qarTuli mosaxleoba iyo~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 519). araqss fasisi erqva rogorc qristemde V s-Si qsenofontes dros, aseve X saukuneSi konstantine porfirogenetis dros. amasTanave, `fasisi~ araqsis saxeli yofila ara mxolod ucxoelTaTvis, aramed mkvidrebisTvisac, mis gantotebebsa da iq mdebare punqtebs es sityva dRemde SemounaxavT. `konstantine porfirogeneti (X saukune) fasiss uwodebs md. araqsis zemo nawilis dasavleT tots, romelic iwyeba deveboinus qedTan, gaivlis daba fasinlers da SeuerTdeba araqsis ZiriTad tots. dasavleT tots, amJamad, ewodeba fasi-dere, e.i. fasis-xevi~ (iqve, gv. 519). saxeli `fasoni~ gvxvdeba wm. daviT da konstantines cxovrebaSi _ nawamebi Zmebi `STayarnen mdinaresa mas fasonsa, romel ars eniTa qarTuliTa rioni~ (wm. daviT da konstantines wameba, 1979, gv, 157). avtoris sityviT rions ucxourad erqva ara fazisi, aramed fasoni. yovel SemTxvevaSi orive sityvas (fasoni, fazisi) erTi fuZe aqvs _ `fas~. pavle ingoroyvam gaarkvia: `md. fasisis anu araqsis xeobaSi mdebare basianis mxareSi mosaxle tomi `fasianni~ warmoadgenda mesxebis toms~ (iqve, gv. 520). p. ingoroyva wers: `fasisi aris araqsis Zveli saxelwodeba misi mdinarebis zemo nawilSi. es saxelwodeba dRemde aqvs SerCenili araqsis zemo nawilis dasavleT tots, romelic momdinareobs daba fasinleris seqtorSi. mas amJamad ewodeba fasis-xevi, fasi-dere. araqsis am Zveli saxelwodebidan (fasisi) momdinareobs TviT saxelwodebac am mxarisa _ fasiani~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 66, SeniSvna 1). qsenofontedan konstantine porfirogenetamde araqss fasisi erqva, xolo qveyanas _ fasiani. VII msoflio krebis (787 wlis) aqts xels awers `qristefore episkoposi fazisisa anu trapezuntisa~ (p. i. gv. 212). qsenofonte md. araqss uwodebs `fasiss~ (anabazisi, VI, 6,4). maSasadame, antikur xanaSic md. araqss fasisi erqva (iqve, gv. 519). mis xalxs `fasianebs~ uwodebs (qsenefonte, anabasisi, IV, 6,5, VII, 8, 25). `saxelwodeba mdinarisa fasisi qarTuli warmoSobisaa. Zvel qarTul dialeqtSi sityva `fasi~ niSnavda wyals (Sdr. `fasi~ da `fSa~, `fSani~, `foso~,

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`fseli~), amitom aris rom es saxelwodeba `fasisi~ ewodeba mTel rig mdinareebs saqarTveloSi. fasisi rqmevia _ araqss, misi mdinarebis zemo nawilSi, sadac qarTuli mosaxleoba iyo. fasisi araqss ara mxolod antikur xanaSi erqva, aramed Semdgomac. magaliTad, konstantine porfirogeneti (me-10 saukune) `fasiss~ uwodebs md. araqsis zemo nawilis dasavleT tots, romelic iwyeba devaboinis qedTan, gaivlis daba fasinlers da SeuerTdeba araqsis ZiriTad tots sofel iaganis qvemoT. araqsis am dasavleT tots, amJamad, ewodeba fasi-dere, e.i. fasis xevi. mxaris (basianis) mTavari mdinaris am saxelwodebasTan (`fasisi~) dakavSirebulia mxaris saxelwodeba `fasiani~ da satomo saxelwodeba `fasianni~, `fasianelebi~ (iqve, gv. 519). ix. agreTve (iqve, gv. 184-186). p. ingoroyvas azriT, fuZe-sityva fsi (fsa)=fsisi, igive fasi=fasisi gvxvdeba afxazeTSi da mTels dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aseve zemo araqsis xeobaSi, spersa da klarjeTSi. afxazeTSi _ nikofsisa, nikofsia (mdinareebis saxelebia), md. lagumfsa. md. rionis istoriuli saxelwodeba p. ingoroyvas mixedviT, aris fasisi. Woroxs ki _ namdvilad erqva fasisi ZvelqarTuli saistorio cnobiT. magaliTad, andria mociqulis mimosvlis ZvelqarTul TargmanSi berZnuli dednis fasisi qarTulad gadmocemulia rogorc Woroxi (berZnuli teqsti, georgika, IV, 1. gv. 58, qarTuli teqsti _ saqarTvelos samoTxe, gv. 35). Woroxs aseve erqva akamfsisi (akam-fasisi), guriaSi igive fuZisaa _ sufsa. p. ingoroyvas etimologiiT `sur-fsa, anu surebis wyali (fsa _ wyali). zemo araqsis xeobaSi _ `basiani~-s saxelwodeba warmoSobilia md. araqsis saxelidan `fasisi~. fasisi erqva araqss zemowelSi. ase rom `fasisi~ erqva uamrav mdinares Crdilokavkasiidan _ fsoudan evfratis xeobamde, p. ingoroyvas azriT, amis mizezia is, rom fasisi _ fsi aRniSnavda cnebas `wyali~, aqedanaa `fSa~, `fSani~ da sxva (iqve, gv. 185). `fas~ sityvas zogjer daerToda brunvis nawili `isi~ da miiReboda fasisi an basisi. aseve zogjer erTvoda naTesaobiTi brunvis mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani `Ta~ _ `fsTa~.

fuZe `fas~
n. mars miaCnda, rom dasavleT saqarTvelosa da basianSi cxovrobda xalxi `fas~ saxelis mqone. es fuZe `fasi~ gamoiyofa sityva `fazisidan~, JRers istoriuli olqebis saxelebSi `basiani~, romelTagan erTi taos samxreTiT, meore ki didi kavkasiis mTianeTSi mdebareobda. orive basianidan gaedinebodnen mdinareebi `fazisis~ saxelis mqoneni. erTis maxloblad araqsi, meorisa ki _ rioni (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, gv. 86). p. ingoroyvas dakvirvebiT, basxi igive mesxia, basxi da fasxi erTi warmoSobis sityvebia. basxisaganaa miRebuli `abasxi~ anu `abasgi~, abasxi, maSasa-

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dame, igive mesxi (mesRi) (sx=sR=sg). kolxebi _ mesxuri tomia hekatos miletelis mixedviT. SesaZloa sityva mesxisganac iyo miRebuli fasiani _ basiani, maSin misi Tavdapirveli forma iqneboda fasxiani-basxiani-mesxiani. Tu mesxebis migracia marTlac moxda CrdiloeTiT, rogorc fiqroben da vTqvaT, `mcxeTa~ saxeli mesxisaganaa miRebuli, maSin ar SeiZleba gamoiricxos, rom mesxebi am migraciis dros rionis xeobaSic dasaxldnen da misces Tavisi saxeli _ fasi _ basxi, amas gvafiqrebinebs, agreTve, VI saukunis cnoba, rom qarTlis mefes iustinianes epoqaSi brZola hqonia dasavleT saqarTveloSi taskunTa tomTan, vfiqrob, dedanSi ewera ara taskuni, aramen baskuni (`t~ da `b~ Zvel qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi identuri asoniSnebia erTnairi TavebiT, mxolod fexis vertikaluri xazebi aqvT wanacvlebuli). baskunebi igive basxian, basx-on, basx-unebi, anu mesxebi unda iyvnen. sityvebi mesxi da fasisi rogorRac dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tumca, berZnebis azriT, `fasisi~ berZnuli sityvaa da erqva heliosis vaJs, romelic daixrCo md. arqturaSi, romelsac Semdeg md. fazisi ewoda am movlenis aRsaniSnavad (m. berZniSvili, iqve, gv. 85).

m. berZniSvili _ `fazisi rionia, yvirila ZirulasTan erTad~

strabonis cnobiT, Sua aziidan indoeTis saqoneli mdinare amudariiT (oqsusiT) CahqondaT kaspiis zRvaSi, iqidan ki mtkvris gavliT Sav zRvaSi. mtkvars (kirsa) da faziss erTmaneTs akavSirebda `oTxi dRis saxmeleTo gza~. kerZod, es gza sarapanis cixidan Sedioda iberiaSi mtkvarTan. `es gza yofila farTo Saragza, Cveneburi gamoTqmiT _ saurme gza~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, gv. 99). iberia-kolxeTis am makavSirebel gzaze 120 xidi yofila gadebuli m. berZniSvilis azriT. marTlac, straboni wers _ `iberTa qveyanaSi erTi Sesasvleli aris kolxeTis cixe sarapanaze da mis mezobel xeobaze. am xeobaze fazisi, romelic mixveul-moxveulobis gamo gasavali Seiqmna 120 xidis meSveobiT, mZafrad da gaqanebiT miemarTeba kolxeTSi, xramavs ra wvimian darSi am midamoebs mravali nakadiT. mas saTave aqvs (iberiis) zemdebare mTebSi. aseTia gasavali kolxeTidan iberiaSi, Sebrkolebuli kldeebiT, simagreebiT da mdinareebiT, xevebs rom warmoqmnian (iqve, gv. 100). Cveni epoqis mecnierebma ueWvel faqtad miiCnies, rom strabonis sarapana aris Sorapani zestafonTan, magram maT am rwmenas win eRobeba is, rom strabonis mixedviT sarapana md. fazisze mdebareobda (`fazisi gemsavalia, aRma vidre sarapanas cixemde~). magram Sorapani sakmaodaa daSorebuli Cve-

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ni mecnierebis mier fazisad miCneul mdinare rions. amitomac daadgines, rom yvirila, romelic Camoudis Sorapans, mdinare fazisis zemoweli iyo, Tumca didi eWvi imisa, rom odesme md. yvirilaze Sorapnamde Savi zRvidan gemebi amodioda _ uyuradRebod darCa. md. yvirila md. fazisis zemoweli marTlac rom yofiliyo, rogorc aRiniSna, strabonis cnoba mainc Zalze gaurkveveli darCeboda, radganac yvirilas saTavea WiaTura-saCxeris regioni da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gadasavleli misgan Zalze daSorebulia. amitomac mkvlevrebma gamosavali moZebnes imiT, rom fazisad miiCnies `jer yvirila, Semdeg ki Zirulas xeoba~. wers kidec berZniSvili _ `straboni iberiaSi kolxeTidan gadasaval gzasTan dakavSirebiT ambobs cota ar iyos gaurkvevlad. saqme isaa, rom aq straboni aRgviwers sarapanis aRmosavleTiT mdebare da iberiisken mimaval gzas, romelic misi cnobiT, miemarTeba sarapanis mezobeli xeobiT. am xeobazeo, ganagrZobs igi, gza gasavalia vinaidan fazisze _ faqtiurad nagulisxmevia, Cveni fiqriT, jer yvirilas, mere Zirulas xeoba _ 120 xidia gakeTebulio~ (m. berZniSvili, gv. 94). maSasadame, Sorapnidan Sida qarTlis gzaze yvirilasa da Zirulas xeobaze odesRac 120 xidi yofila gadebuli. maTgan, Tundac, erTi xidis naSTi mainc xom unda darCeniliyo, aseTi ki ar iZebneba. samagierod, Zveli qvis TaRovani xidebi mravladaa darCenili, amJamadac, Woroxis Senakadebze, ligansa, aWarasa da SavSeTSi. Cans, ara Sorapans erqva sarapana strabonis dros, aramed Tanamedrove arTvins, romlis aRmosavleTiT artanujis da SavSeTis ori gza miemarTeba artaanSi, anu Zveli iberiis olqSi.

fasisis Senakadi md. reoni g. grigolias mixedviT

(petra, sebastopolisi, kutaia) prokofis cnobidan Cans, rom md. reoni iyo erT-erTi Senakadi md. fasisisa. wyaro sruliad naTlad aCvenebs, rom fasisi da reoni aris ori sxvadasxva mdinare. araTu Cans, prokofi kesarieli wers kidevac amis Sesaxeb, _ cnoba exeba sparseTis jarebis msvlelobis marSruts, mermeroes sardlobiT. is iberiis mxridan Sevida lazikaSi, magram gzaSi acnobes, rom petra ukve aiRes romaelebma (besas mTavarsardlobiT) da maT 551 w. petras cixis kedlebi miwasTan gaaswores, rom `mters kvlav ar gaeWirvebina saqme romaelTaTvis... mermeroem gaigo yvelaferi, rac moxda da sruliad Secvala is gza, radgan icoda, rom mdinare fasisis iqiTa mxares lazebs petras garda sxva arc erTi dasaxlebuli adgili ar moepovebodaT. is gabrunda da daiWira iberiidan kolxidis qveyanaSi gadasasvleli adgilebi, sadac fasisis gadasvla SeiZleba foniT, gadalaxa es mdinare fexiT, gadalaxa agreTve meore mdinarec, saxelad reoni _ arc es aris aq sanaosno _ da

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fasisis marjvena mxares rom aRmoCnda, waiyvana jari erTi qalaqis arqeopolisis winaaRmdeg, romelic aris mTavari da udidesi qalaqi lazebis qveyanaSi~ (georgika II, gv. 180-182). maSasadame prokofi wers: `md. fasisis Semdeg mermeroem gadalaxa agreTve meore mdinarec saxelad reoni~. g. grigolia wers, rom prokofis Sromis es adgili didi xania mecnierTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. kerZod ki akritikebs s. yauxCiSvils, romlis azriTac iberiidan gadmosulma sparselebma jer md. yvirila gadalaxes, romelic mas fasisad miaCnia da Semdeg md. rioni _ `rogorc vxedavT, mkvlevari ewinaaRmdegeba adre gamoTqmul Tavissave mosazrebas boas-fasisTan dakavSirebiT, romlis mixedviT yvirila boasia da ara fasisi~ (g. grigolia `egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi~, 1994, gv. 53). TviT grigolias TvalsazrisiT ki sparsel-romaelTa omebis pirvel etapze petrasTan dakavSirebiT, fasisad igulisxmeba md. Woroxi, petra mdebareobda wyaroTa cnobebiT fasisTan axlos. petra _ fasiss prokofis cnobiT, erTi dRis savali (daaxloebiT 30 km) manZiliT iyo daSorebuli da mdebareobda lazikis sazRvarTan md. fasisis marcxniv dausaxlebel adgilas, `pontoelTa mezoblad~. petras simagre iyo im adgils sadac adamianebs arasdros ucxovriaT. ukacriel adgilas saepiskoposo kaTedra ver daarsdeboda, Tanac aq mudam omebi iyo. g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT, ara kaTedra, aramed petras simagre mdebareobda xufaTTan Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze. es mdinare Woroxi (fasisi) gadaulaxavs mermeroes Tavisi sparsuli jariT da Semdeg ki iqve gamdinare `meore mdinare reoni~ anu Woroxis Senakadi gadaulaxavs da kvlav fasisis anu Woroxis marjvena mxares gadasula (`fasisis marjvena mxares aRmoCnda~) da jari wauyvania qalaq arqeopolisisaken, romelic rogorc Cans, isev iqve, maxloblad, Woroxis marjvena sanapirozeve mdebareobda. Cveni mecnierebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT arqeopolisi aris noqalaqevi. Tuki fasisi Woroxia, xolo reoni aris ara mdinare rioni, aramed Woroxis erT-erTi Senakadi, maSin arqeopolisic iqve unda veZioT. marTlac Tu ki arqeopolisi iyo noqalaqevi, romelsac Cveni mecnierebi `lazikis dedaqalaqs~ uwodeben, ratom ar Sedioda tabula pevtengerianas rukis sagzao magistrali noqalaqevSi? saxelmwifos dedaqalaqs gana gverds auvlida savaWro da samxedro gza? amasTan dakavSirebiT g. grigolia wers _ `Zneli warmosadgenia, rom gzas gverdi aevlo dedaqalaqisaTvis da kastoriuss igi gamorCenoda~ (g. grigolia, egris lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi, 1994, gv. 108). g. grigolia wers, rom kastoriusis rukis anu tabula pevtengerianas mixedviT (segmenti XI-XII) mniSvnelovani gza somxeTis Zvel dedaqalaq artaSatidan miemarTeboda sebastopolisisaken... tabula pevtengerianas rukis

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aRniSnuli magistrali ar Sedis noqalaqevSi, romelic `egrisis dedaqalaqi~ iyo rukis Sedgenis dros (III-IV saukuneebSi). aseve, gza ar Sedis foTis mxares (romelic q. fasisad miiCneva), da rac aseve, Zalze sainteresoa _ gzaze ar Cans kutaia _ quTaisi~ (iqve, gv. 109). rogor SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom romis imperiis umTavres sagzao rukaze ar daetanaT noqalaqevi, quTaisi da foTi, Tuki isini namdvilad iyvnen Zvel samyaroSi Zalze cnobili arqepolisi, kutaia da fasisi. magram radganac am Zvel mTavar qalaqebSi ar Sedis am rukis gzebi, unda vifiqroT, rom Zveli arqeopolisi ar aris noqalaqevi, kutaia _ Tanamedrove quTaisi da q. fasisi _ foTi. g. grigoliam ase gadaWra es sakiTxi: kastoriusis rukis aRniSnuli segmentis umTavresi gza artaSatidan miemarTeba q. sebastopolisisaken, da saerTod gzis damamTavrebeli qalaqi aris sebastopolisi, xolo g. grigolias kvleviT, es qalaqi sebastopolisi aris ara afxazeTis qalaqi cxumi, aramed baTumTan axlos mdebare cixisZiri. maSasadame, artaSatidan gza miemarTeba cixisZirSi _ erT-erT saporto qalaqSi. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia es gza ver gaivlida quTaiss, foTsa da cixe-gojs. sebastopolisi Tu aris cixisZiri, maSin sxva qalaqebi mis samxreTiT unda mdebareobdnen, radganac cnobilia Zveli wyaroebiT, rom sebastopolisi ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda, Sesabamisad, g. grigolias kvlevidan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom cixisZiris axlos iyo qalaqi arqeopolisi. sad SeiZleboda yofiliyo is? unda vifiqroT, rom arqepolisi berZnulad igivea rac laTinurad `portus altus~ (portus altus), rac Rrma anu Zvel ports niSnavs Cveni mTargmnelebis azriT. Zvelad, albaT, mas `Zveli portis~ an `Zveli qalaqis~ mniSvneloba hqonda, rac berZnulad _ arqepolisia. es qalaqi mdebareobda Tanamedrove baTumTan axlos. sebastopolisi _ cixisZiris axlos unda yofiliyo. g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT arsebobda `ori sebastopolisi~ (g. grigolia, dasax. naSr. gv. 81), erTi _ afsarossa da fasiss (Woroxs) Sua (iqve, gv. 83), meore ki iyo cxumi (iqve, gv. 83). misive azriT iyo ori piTia (pitiunti), erTi iyo rizesTan (iqve, gv. 89) da sxva, albaT, msgavsadve, SesaZloa Tanamedrove quTaisis garda sxva punqtsac erqva `kutaia~, romlis regionSi Caedineboda mdinare `reoni~ (da ara rioni). is, rogorc wyarodan Cans, mdebareobda lazikis qveynis mdidar regionSi, romelsac `moxirisi~ erqva. Cveni mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, aseTi gamorCeulad mdidari regioni dasavleT saqarTveloSi aris quTaisis sanaxebi cxeniswylamde. am mosazrebas ver gaviziarebT, radganac dasavleT saqarTveloSi sxva regionebic aranakleb mosavliani da ufro uxvmosavlianebic kia, xolo Tu ki fasisi aris md. Woroxi, misi xeoba marTlac Tvalxilulad viwroa, kldovania, naklebmosavliania da mxolod erTi gamorCeuli mxarea erge-ligani, romelic Seudareblad uxvmosavliania. erge-liganis uxvmosavlianobis da gamor-

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Ceulobis Sesaxeb vaxuStic miuTiTebs. swored es unda yofiliyo `moxirisis~ mxare, Tavisi `reoniT~ da kutaia-quTaTisiT. prokofi kesarielis `quTaTisi-kutaia~ unda iyos punqtebi Woroxis xeobisa, romelic SedarebiT axlo iyo zRvasTan vidre rionis quTaisi. zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas prokofi miuTiTebs `fasisis kldeebis~ Sesaxeb, es cxadia ar aris rioni (iqve, gv. 31), radganac uzarmazari kldeebi da klisurebi rionis xeobaSi ar gvxvdeba. prokofis sityviT `kavkasiis~ mTasTan fasisi mimarTulebas icvlis, g. grigolias azriT _ `gaugebrobaa `kavkasiis~ Zieba yvirila-rionis SesarTavTan~ (iqve, gv. 39). g. grigolias daskvniT, kavkasia erqva klarjeTis mTebs, herodotes cnobiT, kavkasia vrceldeba armeniidan kolxTa mxaremde (iqve, gv. 39). rogorc iTqva, aq iyo (klarjeTSi) _ `sakavkasiZeo~, amitomac `prokofis fasisi rioni araa~ (iqve, gv. 50). prokofis sityviT, fasisi kldeTa Soris miedineba, amitomac misi kalapoti ucvlelia, xolo `rioni meandrebad daxveuli danavardobs vakeze~ (iqve, gv. 49) _ wers g. grigolia. maSasadame, prokofis fasisi aris md. Woroxi _ kldeebSi CaWedili. winaaRmdegobas imaSi xedavdnen Cveni mecnierebi, rom Zvel avtorTa cnobiT fasisi iyo sanaosno, xolo Woroxs ratomRac ar Tvlian sanaosno mdinared. g. grigolias sityviT ki Woroxi `forCxidan mainc~ vidre zRvamde sanaosnoa (iqve, gv. 49). misi msjelobidan Cans, rom WoroxTan iyo arqeopolisi, sebastopolisi, pitiunti, q. fasisi, moxirisi, rodopolisi, skande da sarapani (iqve, gv. 51). misi daskvniT, petras omebi ar Sexebia yvirila-rionis xeobas (iqve, gv. 50). g. grigoliamac miaqcia yuradReba prokofis cnobas, rom cxenis sakvebis simciris gamo sparselebi iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan gaebrunebinaT lazikidan 25 000-iani jari. dasavleT saqarTvelo da rionis xeoba rom igulisxmebodes prokofis `lazikis~ qveS, cxadia ubalaxobis gamo sparselebs cxenebi ar daexocebodaT, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelo swored Waobisa da balaxis qveyanaa. magram Woroxis kldianeTSi ki namdvilad cota balaxia _ cicabo, dakidebuli kldeebis gamo aq namdvilad gaWirdeboda 25 aTasi cxenis gamokveba. amitomac prokofis lazike _ Woroxis xeobaa (iqve gv. 54). aseve yuradReba unda mieqces, rom SavSeT-klarjeTSi mravali toponimi Seicavs fuZe `mer~-s. erT-erTi aseTi unda yofiliyo `uqimerioni~. is mdebareobda ara rionis quTaisTan, aramed Woroxis erges qveyanaSi, sadac vvaraudobT `kutaias~ arsebobas. sparselebs lazikis omebis dros TavianTi cnobili rva saomari spilo unda SemoeyvanaT artaan-arTvinis gziT, romelnic rogorc cnobilia aomes arqeopolisTan da fasisTan, anu sadRac Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare qalaqebTan. Sesabamisad, unda vigulisxmoT, rom cnobili qveynebi _ svania, skvimnia da afSileTi mdebareobdnen Woroxis CrdiloeTiT, anu Woroxis marjvena sanapiro mxares, Cans moicavdnen Tanamedrove qobuleTs, gurias da maT mTianeTs. marTlac, wm. mociqul andria pirvelwode-

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bulis cxovrebis mixedviT, rac mociqulebma gadalaxes Worox-fasisi, isini, wyaros cnobiT, Sevidnen svaneTSi. Zveli qarTveli avtorebi, maT Soris mTawmidelebi, fasisad yovelTvis md. Woroxs miiCnevdnen. sparsel-romaelTa omi imas gamouwvevia, rom sazRvari xofa-xufaTidan iustinianes ufro CrdiloeTiT gadautania (iqve, gv. 71). g. grigolia, rogorc aRiniSna, petrad miiCnevs Semdegdroindel xufaTs. aq gaedineba md. petroRali. petra 551 wels daurbeviaT, amitomac petronis cnobili episkoposi, romelmac Teodore fasisel episkoposTan erTad xeli moawera VII (692 wlis) krebas, Cans ijda ara simagre petraSi, aramed romeliRac sxva, maxlobel qalaqSi, romelsac aseve petroni, petra erqva. aseTi qalaqi araerTi iyo. p. ingoroyvas cnobiT, cnobili piTia rizesTan mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 89). g. grigolias daskvniT baTum-cixisZir-urekis regioni iyo mniSvnelovani ekonomikur-politikuri regioni, Sesabamisad misi momcveli iyo Woroxis xeobasTan erTad lazika (gv. 93). lazikaSi klarjeTic Sedioda. Cans klarjeTs miiCnevdnen mesxeTis erT-erT nawilad. Zveli avtorebis cnobiT mesxeTi sam nawilad iyo gayofili _ erTi nawili ekava iberias, meore armenias, mesame ki lazikas. Cans, igulisxmeba is, rom mesxeTis mxareebi samcxe-artaan-kola Sedioda iberiaSi, tao da basiani _ armeniaSi, xolo klarjeTi _ lazikaSi. g. grigolia ar eTanxmeba iqamde arsebul, ZiriTadad s. yauxCiSvilis mier Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss, rom magaliTad, zigane iyo gudayva, piTia _ biWvinTa, sebastopolisi ki _ dioskuria (cxomi), moxora _ muxurisi. mas miaCnia, rom IV saukunis bolosaTvis afxazeTis pitiunti _ biWvinTa aRar warmoadgenda samxedro-strategiul punqts (arqeologiuri masalebis mowmobiT), radganac, magaliTad, iq, sadac iyo garnizonis mTavari sadgomi, SemdegSi, kerZod IV saukuneSi, gaumarTavT keramikuli qura. amis gamo g. lorTqifaniZe saerTod gamoricxavs V saukuneSi biWvinTaSi bizantiuri garnizonis yofnas (iqve, gv. 121). g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT IV-V saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi saerTod ar idga bizantiuri garnizonebi (iqve, gv. 122), rom noticias Sedgenis dros afxazeTis pitiunti da sebastopolisi ar ekuTvnodaT romaelebs (iqve, gv. 122). grigolia eTanxmeba n. adoncs, rom noticias zigana mdebareobda trapezuntis regionSi ziganas uReltexilTan, maSasadame, iqve iyo ziganas saepiskoposo, iqve iyo moxora (gv. 122). saerTod ki, lazika da armenia erTmaneTs emezoblebodnen, saerTo sazRvari hqondaT. amitomac gadioda lazikaSi e.w. `armeniis gza~, romelic am or qveyanas aerTebda. cxadia, igulisxmeba artaan-arTvinis gza, romelic armeniaSi gadioda. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom g. grigolia, ase vTqvaT, zogjer gaorebulia. magaliTad, is miiCnevs, rom sparseT-romaelTa omebis pirvel etapze md. fasisi aris Woroxi (petrasTvis omebisas), xolo meore etapze ki md. rioni (arqeopolisis omebisas). Sesabamisad fiqrobs, rom arqeopolisi, kuta-

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ia, skanda da sarapana mdebareobdnen iq, sadac amJamad maT mdebareobas miuTiTeben sxvebic. magram am SemTxvevaSi g. grigolia Cveni TvalsazrisiT cdeba, radganac am omebis dros, md. fasisad yovelTvis igulisxmeboda md. Woroxi, da mis marjvena sanapiroze unda veZioT dasaxelebuli punqtebi, kutaia _ ergeSi, skanda da sarapana ki klarjeT-artaanis sazRvarze, radganac klarjeTi im epoqaSi lazikas ekuTvnoda.

Woroxis xeoba o. didmaniZis mixedviT

borCxadan _ aWariswylis SesarTavamde qveyanas ergve _ `livana~ erqva, aWariswylis qvemoT ki _ erge. borCxaSi saqoneli Sedioda arTvinis bazrobidan. arTvinSi imarTeboda bazroba, vaWrebi yidulobdnen saqonels, romelic borCxaSi gadahqondaT, borCxadan ki ukve maradideli menaveebi agrZelebdnen tvirTzidvas maxos xidamde. moxuci maradideli, navis ukanmTrevelis sityviT, navs ukan miaTrevda 3-4 muSa `joxebiT~, safiqrebelia, rom mas surda eTqva, rom es 3-4 kaci mdinaris dinebis miyolisas iyo navze. o. didmaniZe miiCnevs, rom strabonis fasisis zRvasTan SesarTavis aRwera Seesabameba Woroxis zRvasTan SerTvis adgils _ strabonis cnoba _ `miwa zRvis sanapiroze Slamiania da mdinareTa SeerTebis adgilebSi Waobiani~ (straboni, geografia, leningradi, 1964, gv. 472) Seesabameba Woroxis SesarTavs, radganac mkvlevaris sityviT _ `marTlac, Cvens mxareSi (gulisxmobs aWaras) miwa zRvis sanapiroze Slamiani da Waobiani iyo koleqtivizaciis periodamde (o. didmaniZe, sofeli maradidi, baTumi, 2006, gv. 21). `qveyana ganTqmuli nayofiT garda Taflisa, romlis didi nawili mwarea~ _ strabonis es cnobac, o. didmaniZis azriT, Seesabameba Woroxis deltis qveyanas. marTlac Woroxis zRvasTan SerTvis qveyana (e.i. qvemo aWara) didad nayofieri qveyanaa, rasac ver vityviT md. rionis SesarTavis qveynis mimarT. samtrediidan _ foTamde ara Tu warsulSi, axlac ki daWaobebis gamo mosavali modis mxolod xelovnurad daSrobil miwebze. strabonis cnobiT, fasisis qveyana aseve ganTqmuli iyo gemTmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro yvela masaliT. aq awarmoeben bevr xe-tyes da acureben mdinareebiT~ (straboni, dasaxel. naSromi, gv. 472). am cnobasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari wers: `es mxare (e.i. Woroxis xeoba) ganTqmuli iyo navTmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro yvela masaliT, amitomac aqve amzadebdnen navebs, TiTqmis yvela mogzaurmkvlevari amas sagangebod aRniSnavda, rasac eTnografiuli sinamdvilec adasturebs. maradidi xom mTel saqarTveloSi ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi navTmSeneblobiT, isini dacuravdnen afxazeTsa da ruseTis mijnamde, xe-tyes rom acurebdnen mdinareebiT, gansakuTrebiT aWariswyalsa da Woroxze amas araerTi avtori aRniSnavs~ (o. didmaniZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 21).

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savaraudod, rionze xe-tyes ar acurebdnen misi neli dinebis gamo, agreTve kalapotis xSiri cvlis gamo. Semdeg straboni ganagrZobs fasisis xeobis daxasiaTebas, is damatebiT ambobs Semdegs: mosaxleoba amzadebs bevr selis tilos, sabawre masalas. amuSaveben Taflis sanTels da fiss. adgilobrivi warmoebis selis qsovili sargeblobs, agreTve, farTo moTxovnilebiT. namdvilad maT gahqondaT selis qsovilebi sxva qveynebSi~ (straboni, geografia, l. 1964, gv. 472). me ar vicnob selis qsovilebis raionis dablobSi damamzadebelTa pirad saubrebs TavianTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. aseTni ki Woroxis xeobaSi sul axlaxans saqmianobdnen arc Tu Soreul warsulSi. am kuTxis mkvidri wers _ `maradidi da saerTod livanis xeoba ganTqmuli iyo selis moyvaniT, romelsac adre iyenebdnen qsovilebis dasamzadeblad. amzadebdnen sabawre masalas, rac navisaTvis aucilebeli iyo. navTmSeneblobisaTvis gamoiyeneboda agreTve fisi. ase, rom straboni roca mogviTxrobda yovelive zemoTqmuls, rogorc Cans mxedvelobaSi hqonda maradidi da misi Semogareni~ _ weren adgilobrivi mkvlevarebi, romelnic TavianTi TvaliT xedavdnen zust identurobas TavianTi soflis eTnografiul yofasa, maTTan Camaval mdinaresa da strabonis mier aRweril fasisTan dakavSirebiT (ix. o. didmaniZe, s. gogitiZe, sofeli maradidi, 2006, gv. 21). maT cnobebs ufro adre adastureben ucxoeli mkvlevarebi. magaliTad, `ingliseli j. palgrevis monacemiT, Salisa da selis qsovilebi didi raodenobiT mzaddeboda borCxaSi, maradidsa da wiTureTSi. qsovilis naWeri 50 piastri Rirda~ (iqve, gv. 36). d. baqraZis daxasiaTebiT, livanis xeobaSi mohyavdaT saukeTeso jiSis seli: `aqauri seli fuTi maneTad gadis~ (iqve, gv. 36) ase, rom selis qsovilis warmoeba Woroxis xeobaSi realuri, Tvalxiluli faqtia. rionis xeobaSi misi warmoebis Sesaxeb mxolod mosazrebebi arsebobs. strabonis cnoba fasisis xeobaSi selis warmoebis Sesaxeb ufro Woroxis auzs Seesabameba. sxvaTa Soris livanSi modioda zeTisxili, igi navebiT gadahqondaT baTumSi, xolo moxirisis uxvmosavlianobis Sesaxeb cnoba ufro livan-erges regions Seesabameba. rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, o. didmaniZis cnobiT _ `livanis soflebSi, dablob adgilebSi mohyavdaT brinji, simindi, yurZeni, TuTa, Tafli, Romi, Wvavi, lobio~ (iqve, gv. 36). kaklis xeebic _ avejis masala _ aseve navebiT gadahqondaT, Tumca ki livanSi `xeobis siviwrovisa da cicabo mTebis simravlis gamo, baTumis olqSi sxva xeobebTan SedarebiT saxnav-saTesi miwa _ cotaa~ (iqve, gv. 36). es aRwera mTlianad identuria prokofiseul lazikis aRwerasTan. z. WiWinaZis cnobiT, baTumis olqis maradidis mazraSi Sedioda gonio, erge, kaxaberi, maxo, jojo da sxva (iqve, gv. 35). maradidSi amzadebdnen saxelganTqmul Woroxis brtyelZira navebs. iyo 10-mde saxelosno, aqve

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imarTeboda didi bazrobebi (iqve, gv. 38). ase, rom maradidis mazra didi raioni iyo, masSi 1914 wlisaTvis sarfic Sedioda (iqve, gv. 40). e. veidenbaumma baTumidan arTvinamde fexiT imogzaura, xolo ukan naviT dabrunda. n. Savrovis cnobiT, sofeli qveda maradidi iTvleboda baTumis olqis mniSvnelovan soflad. igi mdebareobda Woroxis marcxena mxareze, farTo sanapiro dablobze. aWariswylidan 5 versze (iqve, gv. 45). Cemi azriT, mas prokofi `quTaTiss~ uwodebs, radganac, misi ubania `quTureTi~, romelic etimologiurad `quTaTisis~ identuria, radgan orive sityvis Ziria _ `quT~, miT umetes, rom iqve vakeze yofila cixe `uqimerioni~. am sityvaSic fuZe _ `mere~ adgilobrivia da niSnavs `mdinarispira vake adgils~. aseTi iyo swored qveda maradidi da misi vakis cixesac Cans es saxeli `vakis~ (ukis) cixe e.i. ukimere _ uqimerioni erqva. `Woroxis navebi Zlier gansxvavdeba rionSi mocurave navebisagan~ (iqve, gv. 45). g. yazbegis cnobiT, baTumidan maradidamde ormocamde versis gzaa, xolo maradididan arTvinamde 30 versi. mis dros `gonios mudiris rezidencia maradidSi iyo gadatanili. maradidis dablobSi miedineba mdinareebi breveTi da RremSiRele~ (iqve, gv. 55). mdinare `RremSiRele~, marTalia, mxolod asociaciurad, magram mainc gvagonebs mdinare `reonis~ saxels, romelic quTaTisTan gaedineboda prokofi kesarielis cnobiT. Cveni TvalsazrisiT, prokofis quTaTisi Woroxis xeobaSi mdebareobda, rasac, TiTqosda, adasturebs maradidis erT-erTi ubnis saxeli `quTureTi~. quTaisTan gaedineboda md. reoni. saxeli `RremSiRele~ SeiZleba iyos `Rremis Rele~ anu misi Ziria `Rremi~, `mi~ aris sufiqsi iseve, rogorc `oni~. odesRac SeiZleba mdinare `Rrems~ erqva `Rreoni~ anu amRvreuli anda myvirala wyali (Rreva an Rriali). Tu es ase iyo da misi saxeli iyo `Rreoni~, fuZeSi marTlac gvaqvs `Rre~ an `re~, iseve, rogorc prokofis `reonSi~. saerTod ki maradidis `soflis dablobi mdinareebis breveTis da RremSiReles WoroxTan SeerTebisas warmoqmnil deltebs ekava~ (iqve, gv. 55). aq, am dablobSi, Woroxis piras unda yofiliyo prokofis `uqimerionis~ cixe, radganac, saerTod, adgilobriv dialeqtSi `mere~ mdinarispira vakes ewodeba, rogorc iwodeba, amJamad, soflis dablobi. adgilobrivi mkvlevari wers: `warsulSi yvela ojaxi misdevda selisa da kanafis moSenebas, romelic iZleoda ZiriTad nedleuls (boWkos) adgilobrivi tansacmlis warmoebisaTvis~ (o. didmaniZe, s. gogitiZe, sofeli maradidi, 2006, gv. 59). ase, rom ojaxebi sadac seli mohyavdaT, amJamadac cocxalia, rac adasturebs strabonis cnobas fasisis xeobaSi selis moyvanis Sesaxeb. seli ki Woroxis soflebSi mohyavdaT, rionis soflebSi amJamad misi xsenebac ki araa. maradidelebs aseve cocxali ekonomikuri kavSiri hqondaT zRvispireTTan, magaliTad `kirnaT-maradidis mosaxleoba

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Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavis marcxena sanapiros dablobSi, gonioSi, sasiminde yanebs ijariT iRebdnen~ (iqve, gv. 62), Cveni TvalsazrisiT, amJamindeli gonio aris prokofisa da sxva avtorebis qalaqi fasisi, Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze, anu fasisis marcxniv. o. didmaniZis mier Sekrebili eTnografiuli monacemebiT navTmSenebloba Woroxis xeobaSi ZvelTaganve iyo dawinaurebuli. navebs agebdnen specializebul centrebSi _ arTvinSi, borCxas da qveda maradidSi. maradiduli navebi sididiT da tvirTamweobiT aRemateboda borCxuls. imis gamo, rom Woroxi ar aris Rrma mdinare da Tanac misi siRrme mdinaris sxvadasxva adgilas cvalebadia, amitom agebdnen sagangebod am mdinareze gamosadeg brtyelZira navebs. es iyo rTuli da usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT saimedo, erTgvari unikaluri mcuravi saSualeba (iqve, gv. 74). navebis sigrZe damokidebuli iyo weliwadis droze, kerZod, mdinaris adidebis dros gamoiyeneboda 18-20 metriani sigrZis navebi, xolo mdinaris minimaluri donis dros 13-15 metri sigrZisa. mdinarem adideba icis 3-4 metriT. gadmocemiT dReSi mdinareze 25-30 navi dacuravda intensiuri naosnobis dros XVIII-XIX ss-Si. mdinaris sapirispiro mimarTulebiT navebs miacurebdnen WapaniT. g. yazbegis cnobiT, navis saSualo sigrZe iyo 25 nabiji, sigane 3 nabiji. kavkasiis kalendris cnobiT, navis sigrZe iyo 50 futi (1 futi aris 30,5 sm), sigane 45 futi, aseTi naviT 6-8 tona tvirTi gadahqondaT. arTvinidan baTumamde navis Cayvanas sWirdeboda 8-10 saaTi, ukan navis WapaniT ayvanas _ 4 dRe (iqve, gv. 76). navs aseve kaiuki ewodeboda. misi zoma odnav gansxvavdeboda _ sigrZe 15 metramde iyo, sigane ki 150-180 sm-mde, gverdis simaRle 1,4 m. navis mesaWes reizi erqva, menaves _ taifi. es ukanasknelni ukana gzaze navs napiridan, mxriT miaTrevdnen. navis marTvas didi ostatoba esaWiroeboda, ubeduri SemTxvevebi, TiTqmis, ar xdeboda (iqve, gv. 84). sofel maradidSi iyo ramdenime navTsaSeni, maTi ricxvi 20-mde aRwevda. TurqeT-ssrk-s sazRvris Caketvam Cakla naosnoba. sofel mirveTSi Woroxze xidis agebam es procesi daasrula XX s. 50-70-ian wlebSi. saerTod, Woroxze naosnoba iwyeboda arTvinidan da grZeldeboda baTumamde, sadac XIX s. dasasrulamde, arsebobda Woroxis navebis navTsayudeli. ugzoobis gamo mdinare iyo Woroxis xeobis mTavari arteria, pirvel rigSi savaWro, es iyo erTaderTi samimosvlo gza. 1903 wels dasrulda Woroxispira kldeebSi gzatkecilis gayvana, iqamde mis funqcias mdinare asrulebda. Jan muries cnobiT arTvinidan Woroxis SesarTavamde daaxloebiT 75 versia (1 versi aris 1 km da 67 metri anu 500 saJeni anu 1500 arSini), sxva monacemebiT ki arTvinidan Woroxis SesarTavamde 60 versia (iqve, gv. 91). damkvirvebeli werda, rom menaveebi icnobdnen Woroxis yvela wyalqveSa qvas, yvela morevs, amitom navebi ostaturad dahyavdaT da

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maTTvis naosnoba araviTar saSiSroebas ar warmoadgenda. arian daxelovnebulni. navi itevda 300 fuTs (1 fuTi aris 16,4 kg). roca Woroxi adidebuli iyo, arTvinidan kapandibamde 3-4 saaTSi Cadiodnen (esaa daaxloebiT 50 km). navebis ukan svla kapandibadan iwyeboda da umetesad RamiT xorcieldeboda. am dros navSi mxolod reizi rCeboda, taifebi ki napiridan navs sabliT eweodnen. d. baqraZis cnobiT, Woroxze 200-mde navi dacuravda. navebiT baTumSi mihqondaT SavSeTidan puri, liganis xileuli. veidenbaumis cnobiT ki arTvinidan baTumSi navebiT gadahqondaT yarsisa da javaxeTis xorbali. ukan mihqondaT umetesad marili da navTi. Jan muries cnobiT Woroxze 300mde navi dacuravda (iqve, gv. 98). dinebis mimarTulebiT navs 5-7 tona tvirTi gadahqonda. kapandibidan baTumamde mgzavrebi navs tovebdnen. veidenbaumis cnobiT, es manZili iyo 10 versi. tvirTebi arTvinSi Sedioda ZiriTadad artanujidan. Tavis mxriv ki artanujSi tvirTebi sxvadasxva gzebidan Semodioda. arTvinis tvirTi ZiriTadad baTumSi an gonioSi Sedioda. saerTod gonio-maradidis gzatkecili arsebobda, rasac adasturebs sof. maxos teritoriaze Semonaxuli qvis xidi (TaRovani). xidi iyo, aseve, mdinare `didReleze~ sof. mirveTisaken. S. varSaniZis azriT, aseTi xidebi VI-VII saukuneebSia agebuli (iqve, gv. 103). am xmeleTis gzebze mgzavrebisaTvis arsebobda `sasveniebi~. es termini `sasvenia~ Zalze mniSvnelovania, adgilobrivi saxelwodebaa da Seesabameba prokofis cnobas lazikis gzebze mgzavrTa SesaCerebel-Sesasvenebeli adgilebis Sesaxeb. prokofi axsenebs aseT dasasveneblebs da maT `anapavlas~ uwodebs. Woroxze am gzisaTvis arsebobda saborne gadasasvlelebic. maT Soris maradidTan da mirveTTan. qveda maradidi, romelic Cven migvaCnia prokofiseul quTaTisad, Tavisi uqimerionis (e.i. mdinarispira vake adgilis) cixiT _ `warmoadgenda TavSeyris, gacvla-gamocvlis xalxmraval adgils Woroxis xeobaSi~ (iqve, gv. 104). aq amodioda gza goniodan da aWariswylidan. XIX s-Si am gziT `briCkiT~, e.i. oTxcxenSebmuli furgoniT, ergeSi ezidebodnen spilenZis madans. kerZod, spilenZis madani moipoveboda soflebSi kvarcxanaSi, merisSi, uCambaSi, ZansuliSi da xodaSi. aqedan madans adre ezidebodnen navebiT, Semdeg ufro briCkiT erges spilenZsadnob qarxanaSi. mas qarxnis saxe miuRia 1890 wels (iqve, gv. 105). aqedanac, e.i. spilenZis madnebis simravlidanac Cans, rom fasisi Woroxia (da ara rioni, romlis dablobSi quTaTisidan zRvamde spilenZis madnebi, Sesabamisad, oqroc ar moipoveba). adgilobrivi mkvlevarebis dakvirvebiT maradidSi zRvidan Sedioda ori gza _ erTi iyo uZvelesi Tavis TaRovani xidebiT, meore gza baTumidan (kerZod Zveli baTumis Tamaris cixis midamoebidan) Sedioda ergeSi. Semdeg aWariswylis gamovliT Sedioda Woroxis xeobaSi. Tavdapirvelad miuyveboda Woroxis marcxena sanapiros zeda maradidamde, Semdeg isev marjvena napirze gadioda arTvinamde. maradidSi iyo sastumroebi anu sastumro odebi. erTi aseTi `meidan

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oda~ yofila quTureTis ubanSi. am toponimis Ziri `quT~ Zalze mniSvnelovania imiT, rom prokofis `quTaTisis~ fuZec aris igive `quT~. d. baqraZis cnobiT, mis dros gza gadioda aWariswylidan maradidamde Woroxis marjvena sanapirozec. saerTod ki, Tanamedrove satransporto saxmeleTo gzebi Woroxis xeobaSi gakeTda mxolod XIX saukuneSi. iqamde ki, kldianobis gamo, Woroxispira gzebi ufro bilikebs miagavda, Tumca ki xeobaSi iyo aseulobiT xidi. g. yazbegis dakvirvebiT kldianobis gamo baTumidan artanujamde 300 qvis xidis aSeneba iyo saWiro da mis dros Sendeboda kidec isini. Tumca ki STambeWdavi iyo Zveli, istoriuli xidebis raodenobac, magram isini Cans ukve viwro iyo axali transportisaTvis. isini Seadgendnen, albaT, strabonis cnobil 120 xids. am Zvel xidebze ufro sapalniani saqoneliT gadahqondaT tvirTi, anda fexiT mosiaruleTaTvis gamoiyeneboda. axla ki ukve furgonebis gamoyeneba daiwyes. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom tvirTis gadazidvis istoriuli saSualeba _ navebi _ ufro iafi ujdeboda momxmarebels, amitomac mTel XIX saukuneSi ufro navebi gamoiyeneboda tvirTzidvisaTvis arTvinidan baTumamde da ukan. puri anu xorbali esaWiroeboda baTumSi dabanakebul rogorc rusis jars, ise ufro adre osmalos jars, aseve ukve qalaqebad qceuli adgilebis mosaxleobas Svi zRvis pirze. puris namdvili beRlebi ki imdroisaTvis iyo yarsi, axalcixe da axalqalaqi. am regionSi mohyavdaT Zalze iafi puri. am mazriT isargebles rusma, ingliselma da frangma sovdagrebma. isini purs ezidebodnen yars-axalcixe-axalqalaqidan artaanSi, iqedan saxmeleTo gziT arTvinSi, aqedan ki, ZiriTadad Woroxis samdinaro gziT, baTumisaken. maTTvis es vaWroba Zalze sarfiani da momgebiani iyo. aRmoCnda, rom samdinaro gziT mTeli am simdidris gamotana Zneldeboda. amitomac jer osmaleTis imperiam daiwyo XIX s-is Sua wlebSi Woroxis pirze saxmeleTo gzis mSenebloba, rac Semdeg gaagrZela ruseTis imperiam, romlis sazRvrebSic aRmoCnda Woroxis xeoba. g. yazbegi werda am gzis saWiroebis Sesaxeb _ `livanis, SavSeTisa da arTvinis simdidre, baTumis gzis gareSe, vaWrobisaTvis mkvdar kapitalad iqca. yarsi, axalcixe da axalqalaqi puriT muqTad amaragebda rus, inglisel da frang sovdagrebs. es gza (e.i. baTumarTvin-artaan-yarsi) sparseTsa da evropas Soris SesaZloa satranzito magistralad gadaiqces. am gzaze baTumidan artanujamde saWiroa 300 qvis xidisa da gvirabis aSeneba~ (iqve, gv. 107). g. yazbegis mier Woroxis gzis saWiroebisaTvis dasaxelebuli 300 xidi, Cven gvagonebs strabonis mier naxseneb mdinare fasisis 120 xids. ram gamoiwvia xidebis aseTi kolosaluri raodenobis dasaxeleba? saqme isaa, rom realurad arsebuli kldianoba moiTxovda xidebs Woroxis xeobaSi, xolo rionze, ara Tu I saukuneSi, dResac ki, xidebis raodenoba umniSvneloa. vfiqrobT, foTidan quTaisamde rionze 10 xidic araa gadebuli. g. yazbegis

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mier naxsenebi `sparseTis gza~ Cven aseve gvagonebs imperator basili bulgarTmmusvrelis sityvebs, mimarTuls saqarTvelos mefis giorgi I-isadmi: `nu meRobebi sparseTis gzaze~. qarTuli provincia tao flobda miwebs, romelzec realurad gadioda bizantia-sparseTis damakavSirebeli gzebi. erTi umTavresi gza trapezuntidan _ Teodosiopolis (arzrumis) gavliT miemarTeboda vanis tbisaken (e.i. sparseTisaken), meore aranaklebi mniSvnelobis gza swored Woroxis xeobaze gadioda da arTvin-artanuj-artaanis gziT ukavSirdeboda dvin-sparseTs. am gzebis gakontroleba surda bizantias, Semdeg osmaleTs, bolos ki, g. yazbegis dros, ruseTs. g. yazbegis dros baTum-arTvin-artanuj-artaan-yarsis gzis mSeneblobisaTvis gaRebuli kolosaluri Tanxebi emsaxureboda ideas, rom am gziT SavizRvispireTi sparseTs daukavSirdeboda. am gzis kontroli iyo mizezi VI saukuneSi bizantia-sparseTis omisa, romlis saboloo mizani petras cixis daufleba anu gzis bolo wertilis kontroli iyo. 1896 wels daiwyo baTum-arTvinardagan-yarsis mimarTulebiT gzis mSenebloba (1903 wels gaiyvanes baTumarTvins Soris, iqve, gv. 108). xmeleTis gziT gayvanamde, rogorc iTqva, es gza mainc funqcionirebda ZiriTadad samdinaro saxiT, da aseve saWapano cxovelebis da fexiTmavlebisaTvis kldeebSi gamoWrili saxmeleTo gzebis saxiT. o. didmaniZe da s. gogitiZe sxvadasxva wyaros da eTnografiul masalis urTierTSejerebiT mividnen daskvnamde, rom `uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli mdinare Woroxze gaivlida abreSumis saqaravno gza. indoeTidan momavali vaWrebi gamoivlidnen Woroxis auzis uZveles qalaqebs: banas, olTiss, artanujs, Semdeg arTvinisa da maradidis gamovliT baTumsa da gonioSo gamodiodnen, aqedan ki trapizonis gavliT evropis qveynebs ukavSirdebodnen. zogjer amave gziT gaivlidnen Sav zRvaSi evropidan Semosuli vaWrebi~ (iqve, gv. 110). Woroxis xeobiT vaWrobas Turme xels uwyobda masSi didi qalaqebisa da mZlavri metalurgiuli kerebis arseboba (iqve, gv. 110). qalaqebSi igulisxmeba gonio, baTumi (baTusi), arTvini, artanuji, Warnalis metalurgiuli centri. Zveli kolxuri brinjaos nivTebi aRmoCnda ergeSi, maxoSi, kirnaTSi da sxvagan. vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis umTavresi iyo samdinaro-sanaosno arteriis arseboba md. Woroxze. imperiidan movlenili moxele ariane aRniSnavda, rom md. akamfsisi iyo sanaosno. aseve akamfsiss sanaosnos uwodebs prokofi kesarieli (iqve, gv. 110). akamfsisi igive fasisia, oRond am mdinares adgilobrivi mosaxleoba akamfsisad icnobda, berZnebi ki _ fasisad. sityva akamfsisi isevea nawarmoebi, rogorc sufsa. `fs~ _ gamdinare wyals erqva. uZveles qarTlSi moxerxebuli navmisadgomebi iyo mowyobili arTvinSi, naRvrevSi, borCxaSi, xebaSi, maradidSi, mirveTSi, kapandibSi. isini aseve aReb-micemobis, e.i. savaWro centrebs warmoadgendnen.

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Jan muries cnobiT, baTumidan livanaSi Sedioda sxvadasxva saqoneli, inglisidan da Sveicariidan SemohqondaT bambis, xolo damaskodan _ abreSumis qsovili, ruseTidan _ rkineuli, Salis qsovilebi, danarCeni saqarTvelodan (iqve, gv. 111). gasayidad baTumSi CahqondaT wablis yavari (saxuravi), Tixis milebi, kecebi da sxva, umetesad borCxadan. ukan gahqondaT tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, navTi, marili da sxva. herodotes (V s.) cnobiT, kolxuri seli saukeTeso iyo, qsenofontes gadmocemiT `Woroxis xeobis samxreTiT mosaxle qarTvelur toms muclamde selis abjari hqondaT~ (iqve, gv. 122). is aseve aRniSnavs, rom `sanadiro badeebi keTdeba fasisuri (kolxuri) an karTagenuli wminda selisagan~. strabonis cnobiT, kolxeTSi blomad amuSavebdnen sels da saeqsporto saqonels. mosaxleoba amzadebs bevr selis tilos, sabawre masalas. am cnobebs adgilze, Woroxis xeobis eTnografiaze dakvirvebiT, adasturebs ingliseli mkvlevari j. palgrevi. misi cnobiT livanis xeobis soflebSi amzadebdnen didi raodenobiT selis qsovilebs saukeTeso xarisxisas. am cnobas adasturebs d. baqraZe. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sel-kanafis narTisagan (kedi) qsovdnen tilos, romlisaganac ikereboda mamakacis da qalis Casacmelebi _ perangi, sacvlebi, Cubuni (mamakacis zeda Casacmeli), Sarvali, forka (kaba) da sxva (iqve, gv. 123). sofel maradids saxeli miuRia sityva `meresagan~ rac mdinarispira vakes niSnavs, (sadac mdebareobs qveda maradidi). rogorc aRiniSna, iqvea `quTureTi~ _ ubani, `quT~ Ziris mqone termini. `quTureTSi~ `quT~ Ziria `ur~ da `eT~ ki sufiqsebi. `quT~ Ziriani toponimebi saqarTveloSi sxvaganac gvxvdeba, magaliTad Woroxis xeobaSi _ kvitaura, kvitauri, kvitamere, kvitieTi da sxva (iqve, gv. 132). md. Woroxis sigrZe 400 kilometrze metia, misi xeoba moicavs spers, taos, klarjeTs, livanasa da aWaras, moedineba 439 km-is manZilze da adliasa da gonios Soris zRvas uerTdeba (iqve, gv. 134). Woroxi berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi moixsenieba sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT _ fasisi, harpasosi, afsarosi, akamfsisi, fsare da sxva. qarTul wyaroebSi mas speriswyali da Woroxi ewodeba. vaxuStis azriT, sityvebs Woroxsa da Woroms erTi fuZe aqvT _ rac erTad Sekrebil anda mravalqvianobas an riyianobas unda aRniSnavdes. T. saxokia, j. palgrevi, fransua gamba, tomaSevski da sxvani am saxels ukavSireben _ `Woroxis swraf dinebas~. Turqebs misTvis `deli~ e.i. giJi (Zalze Cqari) mdinare uwodebiaT (iqve, gv. 135). n. maris varaudiT, kolxebi Woroxis xeobaSi cxovrobdnen da TavianTi saxeli uwodes mdinares, radganac kolxebs adgilobrivad `koroxebi~ erqvaT (iqve, gv. 135). e. gabelianisa da T. mibCuanis TvalsazrisiT _ `termini Woroxi svanuri warmoSobisaa, igi erT-erTi xeobis saxelad svaneTSic gvxvdeba~ (iqve, gv. 136). o. didmaniZis azriT, saerTod, Woroxis xeobaSi svanuri tomi cxovrobda. erT-erT

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toponims ase ganmartavs _ `lespara _ rogorc Cans igi Woroxis xeobis dasaxlebuli punqtis `speri~ da am midamoebSi mosaxle uZvelesi qarTulsvanuri tomis sasperis prototipia. masSi gamoiyofa TavsarTi `le~ da fuZe `sper~-i. amgvari toponimia (lespara) svaneTSic dasturdeba~ (iqve, gv. 142). aRsaniSnavia, rom toponimi onagira gvxvdeba aWaris xeobaSi, kerZod s. maradidSi. aseve, onagira _ unagira _ aris qedis saxeli noqalaqevTan. aman ubiZga s. yauxCiSvils efiqra, rom prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi `onagur~ _ onagurebis Turqulma tomma, romelic lazikaSi moqmedebda, saxeli misca unagiras mTas. magram es toponimi aRmoCnda maradidSic. am toponimis mixedviT, s. yauxCiSvils, noqalaqevi arqeopolisad miaCnda. am svla-geziT Cvenc, albaT, SegviZlia arqeopolisi veZioT md. Woroxis zRvispireTSi SesarTavTan, radgan, es saxeli am xeobaSic dadasturda. prokofiseul md. reons, rogorc aRiniSna Cven vakuTvnebT md. `RremSiReles~, `Rremis Rele~. misi Ziria `Rremi~_ Cans aqedan `Rreoni~ (sufiqsebi omi-umi-emi da oni _ identuria). RremSiReles erTvis md. CildiriRele quTureTis ubanSi (iqve, gv. 156).

Woroxis xeoba r. malaymaZis mixedviT

(fasisis oqro, iberiis gza, xidebi, naosnoba, seli da kanafi) strabonis, prokofi kesarielis, sxva Zvel avtorTa mosazrebani fasisis xeobasTan dakavSirebiT gacilebiT ufro eTanadeba Woroxis xeobas, vidre rionisas. magaliTad, rionis xeobaSi, zRvis sanapirodan vidre, TiTqmis, raWamde, CvenTvis ucnobia oqros raime sabado, maSin, roca fasisze, Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, oqros moipovebdnen, aseve oqros qviSrobebi sxvadasxva adgilze arsebobs md. Woroxis xeobaSi, oqrosa da spilenZis mdidari sabadoebi SesarTavidan arc Tu Sors, ramdenime aTeul kilometrze mdebareobs. r. malaymaZe wers _ `xeoba mdidaria wiaRiseuliT, aq gvxvdeba sxvadasxva saxis madneuli, vercxli, TuTia, oqros qviSrobebi (sofel cxiasTan da aseve berTas wylis sanapiroze). regioni gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva spilenZis madnebis siuxviT, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara Woroxis auzSi spilenZbrinjaosa da rkinis metalurgiuli warmoebis Casaxva-ganviTarebas~ (r. malaymaZe, liganis xeoba, 2008, gv. 29). liganis xeoba (e.i. teritoria ergedan _ arTvinamde), amJamadac, samTomadno warmoebis Zlieri keraa (iqve, gv. 159). murRulis xeobaSi (TurqeTi), sofel ZansulSi, ganlagebulia spilenZis sadnobi qarxana, (aRsaniSnavia, rom aq sakmaod xSiria `agr~, `ereg~ Ziris

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saxelebi, magaliTad Zansulis erT-erTi ubania `agari~, murRulis xeobis erT-erTi sofelia _ `ereguna~ (iqve, gv. 130). murRulis xeobaSi arsebobs mTa saxelwodebiT `egrisu~ (iqve, gv. 101), amasTanave isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom aqve maxloblad, amJamadac, arsebobs sofeli saxelwodebiT `qarTla~ (iqve, gv. 107). murRulis xeobis (Zansulis) spilenZis mdidari sabado `mTel kavkasiaSi ipyrobda yuradRebas~, amasTanave spilenZis sabadoebi arsebobda liganis xeobaSi, maT Soris arTvinis zemoT xodis, agreTve sofel kvarcxanas sabadoebi. XIX s-is bolos mopovebuli madani Woroxis navebiT (samdinaro gziT) CahqondaT ergeSi mdebare spilenZis sadnob qarxanaSi. maleve agebuli iqna aseve Woroxis sanapiroebze saxmeleTo gzebi. Semdeg qarxnebi mopovebis adgilebzec aigo. 1910 wlisaTvis ZansulSi adnobdnen 1200 fuT spilenZis zods. sabolood isini ruseTis putilovis qarxanaSi CahqondaT (iqve, gv. 44), kvartaanSi 1000 muSa Sromobda. I msoflio omis dros ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris brZolis obieqtad iqca arTvinis spilenZiT mdidari raionebi (iqve, gv. 48), 1914 wels spilenZis sadnob qarxanas (WinkaTxev-ZansulSi) 500 Turqi mebrZoli miadga. erTxans Turqebma xelSi Caigdes spilenZis warmoeba da baTum-arTvin-artaan-yarsis damakavSirebeli saerTaSoriso gza (iqve, gv. 48). sabolood 1915 wels rusebma q. arTvini ukan daibrunes. SemdegSi es qarxnebi TurqeTis xelSi aRmoCnda. 1972 wlisaTvis Zansulis spilenZis qarxana TveSi amuSavebda 280 tona madans (iqve, gv. 54). arTvini zRvidan sul ramdenime aTeul kilometrSia, misi spilenZiT mdidari sabadoebi miuTiTebs, Tu istoriuli fasisi ratom izidavda ucxoel dampyroblebs, romelnic madnisa da saerTaSoriso gzebis xelSi Casagdebad ibrZodnen. iazonis epoqaSi spilenZisCliqebiani xaris ambavs mogvagonebs liganis xeobaSi dResac arsebuli gadmocema `wylis xarebis~ Sesaxeb. `gadmocemis mixedviT, xari xSirad wylidan amodioda, Sinaur buRebs eWidaveboda, Zroxebs anayofierebda da isev tbaSi brundeboda~ (iqve, gv. 138). spilenZis madnidan, rogorc cnobilia, oqros mcire raodenobasac moipovebdnen. amitomac SesaZlebelia, rom Woroxis anu fasisis xeobaSi spilenZTan erTad oqroc moipoveboda, razedac miuTiTebs straboni. arqeologiuri masaliT Woroxis auzSi Caeyara safuZveli spilenZ-brinjaosa da rkinis metalurgias (iqve, gv. 106). ruseTsa da osmaleT-TurqeTs Soris gansakuTrebiT sadavo yofila saerTaSoriso gza, romelic, rogorc iTqva baTums akavSirebda yarsTan da Sesabamisad aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, esaa arTvin-artaanis gza. am gzis uZvelesobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs Zveli qvisTaRiani xidebis saocari simravle _ `isini ZiriTadad ganlagebulia xatilas, murRulis, Cxalas, beRlevanis, devsqelis, qlasquris, Woroxis mdinareebze da maTze gamaval samimosv-

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lo-saqaravno gzebze. amgvari xidebiTaa mofenili aWariswylisa da maWaxelas xeobebi. liganis xeobaSi 18 Zveli qvisTaRiani xidia dafiqsirebuli. maTi nawili dangreulia, nawilic kargadaa Semonaxuli. amaTgan aRsaniSnavia banaknas, sanaTisis, taiaxros, meres (mdinare oTongos wyali), xatilas, gevlis, murRulis, duzqois, qlaskuris, qvemo qlaskuris, beRlevanis, mirveTis. arTvinis xidi 1893 wels aufeTqebiaT rusebs... qvisTaRiani xidebis mSeneblobis teqnika erTnairia, agebulia Tlili da riyis qvebiT, isini ZiriTadad gankuTvnili iyo qveiTi da cxenosani mgzavrebisaTvis. qvisTaRiani xidebis aseTi simravle ganapiroba xeobis savaWro-ekonomikurma da strategiulma mniSvnelobam. xidebi erTmaneTTan akavSirebda rogorc Sida, ise gare samyarosTan damakavSirebel gzebs. sofel mirveTTan dRemde SemorCenilia Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze gamavali savaWro-saqaravno gzis naSTebi~ (iqve, gv. 125). sofel mirveTTan dRemde SemorCenili Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze gamavali saqaravno gzis naSTebis arseboba Cven gvaxsenebs prokofi kesarielis cnobas, rom VI saukuneSi sparsi sardali swored fasisis marcxena sanapiros gziT mivida petraSi, es gza dRemdea SemorCenili! artefaqtebi aSkarad miuTiTebs Woroxis xeobaSi saerTaSoriso gzis arsebobis Sesaxeb, rasac wyaroebic adastureben. sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli gza Woroxis xeobaSi gadioda da ara suramis uReltexilze. r. malaymaZis kvleviT, liganis xeoba, savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos erT-erT dawinaurebul regions warmoadgenda (iqve, gv. 125). strabonis mier naxsenebi fasisis 120 xidis naSTebi dResac arsebobs, isini Woroxis xeobaSia. Woroxis xeobis Zvel mkvlevarTa mier dasturdeba strabonis cnoba, rom es mdinare (Woroxi anu fasisi) namdvilad iyo sanaosno ramdenime aTeuli kilometris manZilze. axali mkvlevarnic imaves adastureben _ `liganis xeoba warmoadgenda erT-erT ZiriTad samdinaro centrs saqarTveloSi, naosnoba xorcieldeboda mdinare Woroxis meSveobiT, Woroxi iyo istoriuli tao-klarjeTis SavizRvispireTTan damakavSirebeli umoklesi samdinaro gza. md. Woroxi naosnobisaTvis, TiTqmis, weliwadis yvela dros gamoiyeneboda, garda gazafxulisa, roca dinebis siCqare da wylis done matulobda. am dros Woroxis siRrme 15-20 futs aRemateboda, sigane 10-12 saJens. naosnoba da navTmSenebloba liganis xeobis soflebis mosaxleobis Semosavlis mTavar wyaros Seadgenda. navTmSeneblobis centrebi iyvnen borCxa, maradidi da xeba. amaTgan, mainc, qveda maradidi gamoirCeoda. cnobebis mixedviT XIX s-is bolosaTvis maradidSi 14 navsaSeni saxelosno yofila. navebi grZeli da brtyelZiriani keTdeboda. samgzavro navebis sigrZe 2-5 saJens aRwevda, Tumca

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arsebobda ufro didebic. naosnoba arTvinis xididan baTumamde Seuferxeblad grZeldeboda. Relvis dros navebi sofel kapandibTan Cerdebodnen. wyaluxvobis dros arTvinidan baTumamde navi manZils faravda 5-6 saaTSi, wyalmcirobis dros 8-15 saaTSi. mdinaris sapirispiro mimarTulebiT navi manZils baTumidan arTvinamde 2-3 dReSi faravda. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki 4-5 dRe sWirdeboda, zamTris periodsa da uamindobaSi ki 6-7, xSirad 8 dRe~ (r. malaymaZe, liganis xeoba, 2008, gv. 116). Jan muries, n. wereTlis, g. yazbegis, d. baqraZisa da sxvaTa monacemebiT XIX s. Sua periodSi Woroxze 80 navi dacuravda. sxva monacemiT _ 200, romelTac 300-mde menave emsaxureboda da maTi ricxvi XIX s. bolosaTvis kidev ufro izrdeboda. arsebobda menaveTa amxanagobebi, romelnic konkurencias uwevdnen erTmaneTs. tvirTis gadazidva am periodisaTvis gaZvirda _ menave 1 baTman tvirTze 5 kapiks iRebda, magram mdinaris sapirispirod ki 5-6 Saurs axdevinebdnen (iqve, gv. 117). Woroxze naosnoba Sewyda 1921 wlis Semdeg ssrk-TurqeTis sazRvris gadaketvis gamo. menaveobis intensivobaze imoqmeda aseve, 1899 wels, baTum-arTvin-artaan-yarsis mimarTulebiT gzis amoqmedebam. vfiqrobT sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli, anu sparseli Sahebisa da sardlebis jarebis da maTi proviantis gadaadgilebis gzis ZiebisaTvis sainteresoa r. malaymaZis daskvna Woroxis xeobis saerTaSoriso gzis Sesaxeb: `mdinare Woroxze naosnobam udidesi roli Seasrula istoriuli taoklarjeTisa da SavizRvispireTis provinciebis dakavSirebis, vaWrobisa da aReb-micemobis ganviTarebaSi. es iyo erT-erTi mTavari sanaosno gza, romlis saSualebiTac yarsis, artaanis, SavSeT-imerxevis da arTvinis soflebidan CamohqondaT gasayidad adgilobrivi warmoebis samrewvelo da soflis meurneobis nawarmi, rac didi mowonebiT sargeblobda ucxour bazarze~ (iqve, gv. 118). miT umetes, rom am mSvenier samdinaro-savaWro gzas gverdiT miuyveboda saxmeleTo gza, romelic erge-ligan-arTvins akavSirebda artaan-yarsTan. ratom dagvWirda Cven mravali narkvevi migveZRvna mtkicebisaTvis imisa, rom Woroxze namdvilad arsebobda sanaosno gza? saqme isaa, rom XX s. qarTveli istorikosebis umetesoba saerTod ignorirebas ukeTebs mis arsebobas. vTqvaT iseTi udidesi mkvlevari qarTuli arqeologiisa da kolxeTmcodneobisa, rogoricaa oTar lorTqifaniZe, pirdapir dabejiTebiT werda: Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno mdinare, radgan `Woroxi miuwvdomeli iyo zRvidan navis Sesacureblad~ (o. lorTqifaniZe, argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi, 1986, gv. 46), amitomac is ar SeiZlebao iyos fasisi. prokofi kesarieli mravalgzis aRniSnavs, rom lazika aris kldovani, naklebmosavliani qveyana, miwamcire, mxolod erTi misi regioni moxirisia nayofieri. aseve, TiTqmis, amave sityvebiT afaseben vaxuSti da ivane jav-

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axiSvili tao-klarjeT-erges. SavSeT-klarjeTTan, da saerTod aRniSnul regionTan dakavSirebiT iv. javaxiSvili werda _ `aseT rTul geografiul pirobebSi adamians xeli unda aeRo iseT sameurneo dargebze, rogoricaa memtileoba anda raime eRona, rom bunebrivi pirobebis wyalobiT Seqmnili dabrkoleba gadaelaxa da daeZlia, rasac qarTvelma kacma miaRwia daqanebul ferdobebze xelovnuri niadagis SeqmniT, qva-yorisagan patar-patara manZilis amoSenebiT. baR-venaxebisaTvis amnairad xarisxebr movakebuli adgili keTdeboda~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. V, 1986, gv. 147). prokofis lazikis kldeTa da iv. javaxiSvilis klarjeTis `daqanebul ferdobTa~ aRwera msgavsia. aseT kldovan niadags esaWiroeboda sagangebod damzadebuli iaraRebi, aseTebi yofilan _ `wvera Toxi, Cafa anu viwro Toxi, safxeki (saCerknavi) Toxi, specialuri cul-najaxebi da sxva (r. malaymaZe, iqve, gv. 77). vaxuStis daxasiaTebiT liganis xeobaSi miwis simcire sagrZnobi yofila, rac iwvevda meurneobis ama Tu im dargis Seviwroebas (iqve, gv. 83). miuxedavad amisa liganis xeobaSi mohyavdaT SesaniSnavi xili, maT Soris zeTisxilic. magram erge _ Tavisi nayofierebiT namdvilad waagavs prokofis mier daxasiaTebul moxiriss. aq aris SesaniSnavi miwac da klimatic. erge-liganis aRweriloba dResac ki msgavsia strabonis mier aRwerili kolxeTisa. kerZod, strabonis cnobiT kolxeTSi mohyavdaT kargi seli qsovilebisaTvis. `d. baqraZis daxasiaTebiT livanaSi mohyavdaT saukeTeso seli, romelic livanuri selis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili~ (iqve, gv. 110). j. palgrevis cnobiTac, selis qsovilebi didi raodenobiT mzaddeboda q. livanaSi (arTvini). selisa da kanafis narTisagan, romelsac kedi (aqedan oqromkedi) ewodeboda, qsovdnen mamakacisa da qalis Cacmulobas, tilos, jvalos tomrebs, Tokebsa da sxva nawarms (iqve, gv. 111). strabonis aRwerilobas sxva mxrivac eTanadeba livan-klarjeTis mxare. kerZod, strabonis aRweriT istoriuli mesxeTi sam nawilad iyo gayofili iberielebs, lazebsa da armenielebs Soris. amJamindeli enobrivi viTareba Woroxis xeobaSi gvafiqrebinebs, rom mesxeTis is nawili, romelic iyo lazebis xelqveiT, iyo Woroxis marjvena sanapiro, Tavisi qalaq artanujiT, vidre arsianis qedamde, anu is teritoria, romelsac axla klarjeTs vuwodebT. kerZod, enobrivi TvalsazrisiT, amJamindel liganSi Woroxis marcxena sanapiro dasaxlebulia lazurenovani xalxiT, xolo marjvena sanapiro mesxur (qarTul) enovniT. mkvlevari wers: `qarTuli enis gavrcelebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba liganis sazRvargareTul nawilSi, kerZod, borCxis, murRulisa da arTvinis raionebSi, Semdeg suraTs gvaZlevs: mdinare Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze mdebare Cxalisa da beRlevanis xeobebis adgilobriv mcxovrebTa ricxvs ZiriTadad lazur enaze molaparakeni Seadgenen (Tumca, maTma garkveulma nawilma icis qarTuli enac), xolo md. Woroxis marjvena sana-

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piroze (q. borCxa, devsqeli, qlasquri, zemo maradidi) mcxovrebTa Soris yvelaze kargadaa daculi qarTuli ena. isini ojaxebSi umTavresad qarTul enaze laparakoben~ (iqve, gv. 52). strabonis dros mesxeTi (Cveni azriT, samcxe, SavSeTi, artaani, kola, tao da klarjeTi) sam nawilad iyo gayofili. rogorc aRvniSneT, iberiaSi Sedioda samcxe, SavSeTi, artaan-kola, armeniaSi tao-basiani, xolo lazikaSi ki klarjeTi an SeiZleba SavSeTic. am SemTxvevaSi klarjeTia _ mesxeTis is mesamedi, romelic kolxeTis xelSi iyo, anu es iyo Woroxis marjvena sanapiros qveyana Tavisi mTavari centriT artanujiT vidre arsianis qedamde: is yofila mesxebis (anu mesxuri tomiT dasaxlebuli) mxare strabonis dros, xolo lazuri tomiT dasaxlebuli iqneboda vrceli teritoria zRvispireTidan vidre Woroxis marcxena sanapiromde. e.i. Woroxis marcxena sanapirodan _ zRvispireTis CaTvliT iTvleboda lazebis qveyanad, romelTa xelSic imJamad yofila, aseve, klarjeTic. oriveni ki bizantiis mier iyvnen mitacebulni. ase, rom ara imereTi iyo mesxebiT dasaxlebuli, rogorc warmoudgenia Tanamedrove sabWour istoriografias, aramed liganis xeobis axlos mdebare klarjeTi. aq gamavali saerTaSoriso gzis Sesaxeb wers r. malaymaZe _ `liganis xeoba mdebareobs md. Woroxis qvemo dinebaSi. aq gadioda saxmeleTo da samdinaro gzebi, romliTac antikur xanaSi da ufro adre istoriul, SavSeT-tao-klarjeTis mxareebi SavizRvispira raionebs ukavSirdeboda~ (iqve, gv. 20), am gziT uvlia andria mociquls _ `aWarisa da nigalis gavliT klarjeTsa da artaan-kolaSi gadavida. `andria Sevida qveyanasa qarTlisasa, niglas, klarjeTsa da artaan-kolas, sada dayo Jami mravali~ (q.c. I, 1955, gv. 38).

eqspedicia Woroxze, 2009 wlis 27 ivliss

Cveni mizani iyo Woroxisa da aWariswylis SesarTavis naxva. Woroxs, Cveni azriT, prokofis epoqaSi erqva fasisi, xolo aWariswyals _ dokonisi. am mdinareebis SesarTavSi yofila samkuTxedis msgavsi kunZuli Zvel punqt nesosTan. am kunZulze romaelTa (bizantielTa) da sparselTa jarebi ibrZodnen, romelsac aRweren prokofis epoqis mwerlebi. Cveni mizani iyo gvexila es kunZuli Tu naxevarkunZuli da daaxloebiT gagvezoma is, raTa Segvedarebina Zvel cnobebTan. am adgils moxvedra SeiZleba, xelvaCauris raionis gavliT. raioni aris vake, uxvmosavliani, kargad gaSenebuli, es unda iyos cnobili moxirisi Tu moxurisi da ara quTaisis sanaxebi. marTlac fuZe sityvisa SenarCunebulia sityvaSi _ `xelvaCauri~ _ misi fuZea `xelvaCi~an `xelva-xelo-xulo~ Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `el~ xSirad gadadis `ur~-Si, maSin `xulo~-dan SeiZleba miviRoT `xuru~. _ winsarTis `ma~ da

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`bolosarTis `si~-s darTviT albaT miviRebT mu-xur-iss. amJamadac am regionSi fiqsirdeba toponimrbi _ `maxo~, `maxos xidi~, `maxvilauri~, `maxinjauri~ da sxva. maTi fuZea _ `maxo-maxvi~, aqedan etimologiurad sityva `moxirisis~ fuZesTan `mox~-Tan dakavSireba (mox-ir-isi). aRsaniSnavia, rom kuTxe `erge~ axlac arsebobs xelvaCauris raionSi, is aq hqvia amJamindel sofels, romelic yvelaze axlosaa Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavTan. am mdinareTa SesarTavSi namdvilad arsebobs qviSisagan da riyisagan Seqmnili samkuTxedis formis naxevarkunZuli. misi saerTo farTobi sakmarisi iqneboda patara razmebis ganlagebisaTvis, magram ufro mTavaria is, rom kunZulidan SesaZlebeli iyo ori strategiuli gzis gakontoleba _ erTi amJamadac miuyveba md. aWariswyals, meore ki Woroxs. kunZulidan SeiZleba mTeli mTiani aWarisa da ligan-klarjeTis xeobaTa sruli kontroli, gzaTa Caketva an gaxsna. aRsaniSnavia, rom am adgilas XIX s-Sic idga rusis jari. kunZulze jaris ganlageba midamos kldianobiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli. am SesarTavis irgvliv mTebis ferdebze Cans patara dasaxlebebi da TiTo-orola saxlebi. mivemarTebiT am soflebisaken, raTa maTi saxelebi gavigoT. gvainteresebs darCa Tu ara am adgilebSi sadme toponimi `nesosi~, romelsac axsenebs prokofi. aseTi ar ician, aris soflebi CxuteneTi da sxva. nesoss yvelaze ufro uaxlovdeba toponimi `nestori~, romelic aq erT-erT adgils hqvia. mivemarTebiT amave gziT sofel maradidisaken, raTa CaviweroT Woroxis menaveTa Sesaxeb SemorCenili cnobebi. marTlac, maradidTan axlo sofelSi CaviwereT Temur xasanis Ze jixaZis (jixoRlis) naambobi, rom mamamisi, romelic 1970 wels gardaicvala, axalgazrdobis wlebSi TviTon marTavda Woroxze satvirTo navs, igi yofila `reizi~ anu kapitani satvirTo navisa. is ase saqmianobda _ mas daiqiravebda xolme romelime vaWari, romelsac undoda tvirTis gadatana borCxadan baTumSi, es `reizi~ anu kapitani gaamzadebda Tavis navs, TviTon Tavis mxriv daiqiravebda 2-3 TanaSemwe-menaves. borCxaSi navze dadebdnen tvirTs (ZiriTadad es iyo zeTisxili, Ciri, kramiti) da mdinariT gauyvebodnen gzas baTumisaken. baTumTan axlos ZiriTadad kapandibSi an sxva adgilas, tvirTs gadmoclidnen. am gzis gavlas borCxadan baTumisken naviT sWirdeboda TiTqmis 12 saaTi. ukan aseve naviT brundebodnen, axla ukve navi ukan TokebiT unda waeTriaT wyalze srialiT, amitomac WirdebodaT meti xalxi, am xasanis sityviT navis ukan Trevas Wirdeboda 10-15 kaci. am Temur xasanis Ze jixaZis (jixoRlis) gamokiTxvis Semdeg, Cven gviTxres rom aqve, amave sofel maradidSi jer kidev cocxalia navis mTreveli kaci (e.i. visac navi ukan miyavda), marTlac gavemarTeT mis sanaxavad. soflis viwro gzebiT, Woroxis napirTan erT-erT saxlTan gviTxres, rom saxlis patronma WoroxSi ipovna didi zomis Ruza, daaxloebiT 1 metri simaRlis, xeliT gakeTebuli

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(gamoWedili rkina), woniT daaxloebiT 70-80 kg. am axalgazrda kacma gviTxra, rom Ruza erTi Tvis win miuyidnia baTumis erT-erTi muzeumisaTvis. Ruzis zomebiT navic didi zomisa unda yofiliyo. amis Semdeg Cven migviyvanes `navis mTrevelis~ ezoSi. gamogviyvanes moxuci brge kaci, romelic mogviyva igives, oRond ar daadastura bolo cnoba, rom navis ukan borCxaSi wasaTrevad 10-15 kaci iyo saWiro. misma colma ganacxada _ moxucda da bevri raime aRar axsovso. iqve Tqves, rom navis ukan mTrevels erqva aseTi saxeli _ `muSa~ anda `mZRoli~. ufro adre xasanma gviTxra, rom navis ukan Treva mZime saqme iyo, amitomac arsebobda navis muSebis dasasvenebeli sagangebo punqtebi md. Woroxze, kerZod navis mTrevelebi kapandibian borCxas gzaze isvenebdnen: 1) Tanamedrove sofel aWariswyalTan (sadac aWariswyali uerTdeba Woroxs); 2) sofel minveTTan; 3) maradidTan; 4) xebasTan; 5) iyo ukve borCxa. albaT dasvenebis qveS igulisxmeba Ramis gaTeveba. ukana gzaze navi gansakuTrebiT msubuqad itvirTeboda, ZiriTadad navTiT da mariliT, aseve qsovilebiT. TviTon maradidSi iyo saqsovebi da aqve ikereboda damzadebuli tansacmeli. borCxa-kapandibis gzas maradidelebi emsaxurebodnen ZiriTadad. kapandibSi navebi dgeboda iq, sadac aris e.w. `maxos xidi~. aqedan borCxamde navis ukan Trevas 2-3 dRe undoda. navis reizi anu kapitani `idga kiCoze~. aqve maradidSi amzadebdnen navebs, erT-erTis saxli gvaCvenes, is yofila vinme CerqeziSvili. maxos xidi aris `erges qvemoT~. erT dReSi, am mTqmelis TqmiT Woroxze sul 4 navi moZraobda (magram albaT adre meti iyo). Woroxis satvirTo sanaosno gza daiketa 1926 wels mTavrobis gankargulebiT. amis Semdeg menaveebs da tvirTis gadamtanebs uwodebdnen `kontrapandistebs~ da isjebodnen. amitom es saqme da xeloba gaqra. borCxadan _ aWariswylis SesarTavamde qveyanas erqva _ livana, aWariswylis qvemoT _ erge. borCxaSi saqoneli Sedioda arTvinis bazrobidan. arTvinSi imarTeboda bazroba, sadac, rogorc iTqva, vaWrebi yidulobdnen saqonels, romelic borCxaSi gadahqondaT, borCxadan ki ukve maradideli menaveebi agrZelebdnen tvirTzidvas maxos xidamde. moxuci maradidelis sityviT, navs ukan miaTrevda ara 10-15 kaci, aramed 3-4 muSa `joxebiT~. safiqrebelia, mas surda eTqva, rom es 3-4 kaci mdinaris dinebis miyolisas iyo navze. rogorc aRiniSna, `maxo~ unda iyos is mxare, romelsac wyaroebSi moxirisi erqva (xelvaCaur-xulos regioni).

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mdinare rionis xeoba zRvispira dablobze mdinare rioni da misi Waobebi

(Savi zRvis geologia) konstantinopolis sapatriarqos fasisis berZnuli samitropolito kaTedrebis adgilmdebareoba-lokalizacia md. rionis dablobze Cven Zalze saeWvod mogvaCnia. mizezi amisa unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobSi arsebuli klimaturi viTareba, kerZod rionis dablobi I-VII saukuneebSi wyliT iyo dafaruli Savi zRvis donis 1-3 metriT maRla awevis gamo. Tu ratom ar SeiZleboda rionis dablobze samitropolito centris arseboba, es kargad Cans geologi mecnieris doqtor maisuraZis gamokvleviT, romelic ucvlelad mogvyavs: `dedamiwis klimatur periodTa Soris bolo aris meoTxeuli sistema, is moicavs drois monakveTs pliocenis bolodan vidre dRemde. mecnierTa azriT daaxloebiT is ramdenime aseuli aTasi wlidan 1 milion wlamde grZeldeboda. meoTxeuli sistema anu periodi ZiriTadad or nawilad iyofa: gamyinvarebis xana da Tanamedrove xana. gamyinvarebis xanas uwodeben pleistocens (diluviums), xolo Tanamedrove (gamyinvarebis Semdgom xanas) uwodeben holocens (aluviums). meoTxeul periodSi cxovrobdnen, magaliTad, mamontebi, aseve, amJamad, cnobili cxovelebi. meoTxeulis istoriisaTvis aRsaniSnavi movlena iyo gamyinvareba, romelic did acivebasTan erTad didi sinestiTac xasiaTdeboda. dedamiwisaTvis zogadad es iyo wvimiani xana, xolo Crdilo da samxreT naxevarsferoebis didi nawilisaTvis gamyinvareba. misi mizezi mecnierebisaTvis dResac ucnobia, Tumca mravali hipoTeza arsebobs. aRsaniSnavia, rom yofila ara erTi, aramed ramdenime gamyinvareba, anu dedamiwaze acivebisa da daTbobis epoqebi monacvleobdnen. meoTxeuli periodis kontinentebi da zRvebi, TiTqmis, iseTive iyo, rogorc dRes aris, mxolod zogma zRvam win waiwia wylis donis amaRlebis gamo, anda ukan daixia donis dawevis gamo, ris gamoc xmeleTze datova terasebi da zRviuri leqi. kaspiis zRvis samxreTuli nawili meoTxeulis dasawyisSi xmeleTs warmoadgenda da misi CaZirva Semdgom moxda. Crdilo nawilSi ki xdeboda zRvis mravaljeradi transgresia da regresia (awev-daweva). magaliTad, zRvis terasuli leqis mixedviT iTvlian, rom kaspiis zRvis wylis done TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 200 metriT maRla iyo aweuli erT periodSi (al. janeliZe, istoriuli geologiis mokle kursi, 1963, gv. 385). rac SesaZloa gamowveuli iyo gamyinvarebis periodSi daTbobiT, ramac yinulis dadnoba

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gamoiwvia. aseve xdeboda piriqiT, acivebis dros didZali wylis dabandeba xdeboda yinulis saxiT, rac zRvaSi wylis raodenobis Semcirebas iwvevda. msgavsia Savi zRvis istoria meoTxeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. periodis dasawyisSi, Savi zRva, tbas warmoadgenda. is mowyvetili iyo xmelTaSua zRvas xmeleTis didi nawilebiT. kerZod, egeosis zRvis adgilze arsebobda xmeleTi, romelic balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls uSualod akavSirebda mcire aziasTan, xolo marmarilos zRva iyo tba. am tbidan gamodioda mdinare, romelic erTvoda xmelTaSua zRvas. am mdinaris xeobis adgilze axla aris dardanelis srute. zeda meoTxeulSi moxda egeosis xmeleTis daZirva da warmoiSva egeosis zRva, amave dros daiZira Savi zRvis samxreTSi mdebare xmeleTic, ris gamoc Savi zRva da xmelTaSua zRva erTmaneTs SeuerTdnen. SemdgomSi kidev ramdenjerme Sewyda da ganaxlda es kavSiri. xmelTaSua zRvisagan mowyvetam gamoiwvia Savi zRvis ramdenjerme gamarilianeba. meoTxeuli epoqebis dasaTariReblad iyeneben zRviuri leqebis naSTebs, kerZod, radganac, sakmaod xSirad xdeboda zRvis donis cvlileba, am dros warmoiSoboda Sesabamisi sanapiro terasa (veli, baqani), maTi naSTebis Seswavla iZleva meTods daTariRebisaTvis. kerZod, zRvis donis dawevis dros warmoiSveboda axali sanapiro zoli anu terasa, Semdeg kidev daweva zRvis donisa ufro dabal terasas gvaZlevda. maSasadame Zveli terasa ufro maRlaa, vidre misi Semdgomi axali terasebi. xmelTaSua zRvis napirebze aCveneben oTx terasas, TiToeul maTgans aqvs Tavisi simaRle, yvelaze maRali 90-110 metria, yvelaze dabali 18-20 metri. maSasadame, iyo dro, roca xmelTaSua zRvis done 110 metriT maRla iyo aweuli. msgavsadve Sav zRvaze. meoTxeuli periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena adamianis gaCenaa. zemoT aRniSnul gamyinvarebis xanas, anu pleistocens arqeologebis qronologiuri sqemiT Seesabameba _ paleoliTi, anu Zveli qvis xana. Tanamedrove xanas, anu holocens (aluviums) Seesabameba arqeologebis _ neoliTi (axali qvis xana), brinjaos xana da rkinis xana. paleoliTis bolo etapze adamianma iswavla iaraRis gaumjobeseba da Zvlis iaraRebis damzadeba, xolo holocenis dasawyisSi (e.w. azilur dros) mas ukve Seuswavlia Tixis keramikuli damuSaveba, magram saqoTne dazga jer kidev ar hqonda (al. janeliZe, istoriuli geologiis mokle kursi, 1963, gv. 370-397). mecnier-geografebis monacemebiT Sav zRvaze e.w. fanagoriul regresiis damTavrebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze daiwyo zRvis transgresia (janeliZe W, fazisis lokalizaciis geografiuli aspeqtebi, fazisisadmi miZRvnili sesiis Tezisebi, 1973, gv. 5-16, ( ; . 1980, .148-159).

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maSasadame, daaxloebiT I s-Si (Cveni welTaRricxviT, qristeSobis Semdeg) daiwyo transgresia anu Savi zRvis donis aweva. TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT Savi zRvis done amaRlda 3 metriT, ris gamoc Zveli namosaxlarebi moeqcnen zRvis qveS, kerZod amgvari procesi ganviTarda CrdiloeT da samxreT SavizRvispireTSi (sinopi), sadac antikuri naqalaqarebi wylis qveS moeqcnen (g. gamyreliZe, q. fazisis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxisaTvis, arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, 2003, #1. `iberia _ kolxeTi~ (antikuri periodi), gv. 180). msgavsadve, I saukunedan, zRvis donis 3 metriT amaRlebis gamo wyliTa da WaobiT unda dafaruliyo rionis vrceli dablobi ramdenime saukunis manZilze, radganac zRvis donis dadableba, mxolod VIII-IX saukuneebidan dauwyia droebiT, Semdeg saukuneebSi is kvlav amaRlebula vidre, TiTqmis, XVI-XVII saukuneebamde. aseTi viTarebis gamo I aTaswleulis IV-VII saukuneebSi wyliT datboril rionis dablobze konstantinopolis sapatriarqo Tavis samitropolito centrs ver daarsebda. sityva mitropoliti niSnavs _ dedaqalaqis (materpolis) mRvdelmTavars. SeuZlebelia aseT viTarebaSi _ zRvis 3 metriT amaRlebis dros dedaqalaqi rionis zRvasTan SerTvis adgilas yofiliyo.

saqarTvelos pleistocenuri naleqebi

d. wereTeli Tavis wignSi, saqarTvelos pleistocenuri naleqebi (1966), wers: holocenis epoqaSi adgili hqonda dedamiwis qerqis mniSvnelovan moZraobas, kerZod, maRla aiwia kavkasiis olqma da piriqiT, dabla daiwia kaspiisa da Savi zRvis olqebma. aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiis qedis olqSi awevis amplituda aRwevda ramdenime aTeul metrs, xolo Savi zRvis donis qveS Casul velTa Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom maTi vertikaluri moZraobebis amplituda ar aRemateboda 50-80 metrs. SeiZleba teqtonikuri Zabvebi iwvevdnen garRvevas da lavebis dinebas kavkasiaSi. dedamiwis amJamadac arsebuli, arCamqrali pulsaciis maCvenebelia xSiri da Zlieri miwisZvrebi, romlis epicentrebi fiqsirdeba kavkasiis farglebSi. yinulovani epoqis Semdgom daiwyo kavkasiaSi yinulebis degradacia. zemoneoliTur epoqaSi daiwyo adamianTa gansaxleba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. arqeologiuri monacemebi miuTiTebs, rom holocenis epoqaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi cvalebadi iyo fizikur-geografiuli pirobebi, ramac gamoiwvia sanapiro xazis cvlilebebi. yinulovani epoqis Semdeg geologiuri da stratigrafiuli masalebis mixedviT Seiqmna Zveli Savi zRvis auzi.

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Savi zRvis donis awevas ukavSireben yinulovani safarvelis gaZlierebul dnobas da teqtonikur moZraobebs. dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi burRviTi samuSaoebis Sedegad, aRmoCnda sami torfuli horizonti Zveli da gviani Savi zRvis droisa. sxvadasxva siRmeebze torfuli horizontebis arseboba miuTiTebs zRvis samjerad ukan daxevaze. arqeologiuri Zeglebi saSualebas gvaZlevs zogadi warmodgena viqonioT paleografiul pirobebze holocenis epoqaSi. rogorc iTqva, Savi zRvis done meryeobda. qvemo torfuli horizontebi mdebareobdnen amJamindeli zRvis donis qvemoT 40-39 da 18 metr siRrmeze (Zveli da gviani holocenis dros), rac emTxveva arqtikul, subarqtikul da borealuri drois klimatur meryeobas. 18 metr siRrmeze torfis horizontis warmoSobis Semdgom daiwyo Savi zRvis transgresia (zRvis donis aweva), rasac miuTiTebs eneoliTisa da axalbrinjaos saukuneTa materialuri kulturis naSTebis 8-10 metr siRrmis qveS arseboba yulevTan, oCamCiresTan da soxumTan. xolo Semdgom, atlantikur saukuneSi torfuli horizontis 10 metris siRrmeze arseboba miuTiTebs, rom Savi zRvis auzSi aRiniSneba zRvis donis daweva. arqeologma n. xoStariam 1946 wels aRmoaCina, zRvis donis qvemoT 6 metrze, arqeologiuri Zeglebi IV-III aTaswleulisa. msgavsadve, oCamCiresTan kuftinma da soloviovma Tanamedrove zRvis doneze dabla 6 metriT aRmoaCines spilenZisa da adre brinjaos (vidre antikur epoqamde) xanis kulturis naSTebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom eneoliTuri da adre brinjaos fenaTa Sua aris Sre, romelic ar Seicavs kulturul naSTebs (Cans eneoliTis Semdeg zRvis donem aiwia da spilenZisa da adre brinjaos epoqaSi kvlav daiwia, da Semdgom ki zRvis done isev amaRlda). zRvis donis aRniSnul cvlilebas miuTiTebs soxumis yureSi 9 metr siRrmeze (Tanamedrove zRvis donis qvemoT) aRmoCenili brinjaos saukunis keramikuli kramitis naSTebi. b. kuftini varaudobs, rom Tanamedrove zRvis doneze 9 metriT dabla aRmoCenili naSTebi Seicavs agreTve eneoliTuri kulturis niSnebs. arqeologiuri monapovrebi SavizRvispireTisa miuTiTebs, rom atlantikuri saukunis bolosa da suborealuri saukunis dasawyisSi Savma zRvam ukan daixia, anu misi done dadablda, ramac TandaTan gamoaSro Waobiani adgilebi. torfuli horizontis 11 metr siRrmeze analizma aCvena, rom misi asaki aris 6000 weli (saqarTvelos pleistocenuri naleqebi, 1966. rus. enaze. gv. 520-525).

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kolxeTis geologiuri istoria holocenur periodSi

holoceni es dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriis bolo etapia, romelic moicavs drois monakveTs 10 000 wlidan dRemde. rogorc yvela bunebriv movlenas, am epoqasac axasiaTebda pulsaciuri ganviTareba, rac gamoixateboda dedamiwaze klimatis cvalebadobiT (aTboba-aciveba) da, Sesatyvisad, okeaneebis monacvleobiT (transgresiebi da regresiebi). am movlenebma mniSvnelovani daRi daasves rogorc bunebriv garemoebas, aseve adamianTa modgmis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas. holoceni stratigrafiuli terminia da Tavsdeba garkveul qronologiur farglebSi. misi stratigrafiuli sveti moicavs qveda (10 000dan 7 000-mde), Sua (7 000-dan 3 000-mde) da zeda (3 000-dan dRemde) epoqebs. holocenuri periodi daiwyo materikuli gamyinvarebis degradaciis fonze, rodesac myinvarebma iwyes ukan daxeva (farTobebis Semcireba). am droisaTvis msoflio okeanis done imyofeboda TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 100-120 metriT dabla, xolo Savi zRvis done, bosfor-dardanelis zRurblis gamo, -50, -60 metrze. Savi zRvis akvatoriis Selfuri zolis didi nawili gaSiSvlebuli iyo, xolo maTze gamavali (an Semavali) mdinareebi _ enguri, fsou, cxeniswyali, rioni, Woroxi da sxvani gamoimuSavebdnen Rrma eroziul (gadaRrmavebul) kanionismagvar xeobebs. Zv.w. X-VIII aTaswleulidan (10 000-8 000 wlis win) myinvarTa dnobis gamo iwyeba Savi zRvis donis aweva, anu transgresia. igi moicavda periods Zv.w. VIII aTaswleulidan Zv.w. V aTaswleulamde. am dros zRvis donem miaRwia minus -40 -50 metris niSnulebs. meore etapze, mciredi Seferxebis Semdeg gagrZelda amjerad axali SavzRviuri transgresia (Zv.w. V aTaswleulidan Zv.w. III aTaswleulamde), romlis drosac zRvis donem miaRwia -10 metris niSnuls. transgresiis finalur stadiaze Savi zRvis done ascda 0-ovan niSnuls da avida +2, +4 metris simaRleze (razedac metyveleben axalSavzRvuri terasebi). am dros kolxeTis centraluri nawili foTidan, TiTqmis, 12-15 km-is radiusiT zRviT iyo dafaruli da zRvis ubes warmoadgenda. sanapiro zolSi arsebul 2-4 metris simaRlis zRviur terasebze aWaraSi, guriaSi, afxazeTSi SemorCenilia neoliTuri, eneoliTuri da brinjaos xanis artefaqtebi. aRniSnul zRviur terasebs rionis depresiaSi asakobrivad Seesityvebian zRviuri naleqebis (qviSanarevi) da torfis Sreebis morigeoba, romlebic daZirulni arian sxvadasxva siRrmeze, magaliTad, imnaTis Waobidan 6 metris siRrmeze arsebuli torfis asaki 2100150 welia (gviani holoceni): 8, 5 metris siRrmeze arsebuli torfis 4150195 weli (Sua holoceni =axalSavzRviuri transgresia), xolo 11 metris siRrmidan 5825215 weli (W. janeliZe, 1971), torfis Sreebis arseboba miuTiTebs transgresiebisa da regresiebis monacvleobas Sua holocenSi.

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axalSavzRviur transgresiul fazas momdevno etapze enacvleba fanagoriuli (egrisuli _ d. wereTlis mixedviT) regresia, romlis drosac Savi zRvis donem daiwia 8-10 metriT TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT. es faza daiwyo Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan (e.i. 3000 wlis win) da grZeldeboda Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisamde. paleobotanikuri masalis safuZvelze, drois am monakveTSi adgili hqonda mniSvnelovan aciebas, ramac gamoxatuleba hpova Savi zRvis ukuqcevaSi (regresia). zRvis sarke moSorebuli iyo Tanamedrove sanapiro xazs ramdenime aseuli metridan 1,5-2 km-mde. zRvisgan gaTavisuflebul xmeleTze berZnebis, romaelebis da bizantielebis mier gaSenebul iqna antikuri qalaqebi _ dioskuria, anakofia, xersonesi, nimfea, fazisi da sxva mniSvnelovani savaWro da kulturuli centrebi. mogvianebiT, axali welTaRricxvis I-III saukuneebidan VIII-X ss-mde da Semdeg XVI saukunis CaTvliT, Sav zRvaze daiwyo nimfeuri (lazuri _ d. wereTeli) transgresia, romlis maqsimalur fazaSi zRvis done TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 1 metramde aiwia. transgresiuli da regresiuli bunebrivi procesebi Sav zRvaze narnarad mimdinareobda, droSi gawelviT, amitom adamianebs, bunebrivia, SeeZloT reagireba moexdinaT am cvlilebebze da migrireba ganexorcielebinaT xmeleTis siRrmeSi, hifsometriulad SedarebiT maRal adgilebSi. XVI s-dan XIX s-is Sua wlebamde adgili hqonda aciebas, e.w. `mcire myinvarul epoqas~ da zRvis umniSvnelo regresias, rac gamoixata kavkasionis myinvarebis winsvliT. XX s-dan mimdinareobs transgresiuli movlenebis gaaqtiureba. rac Seexeba q. fazisisa da md. rionis istorias, jer kidev 5000 wlis win, axalSavzRviuri transgresiis dros, rodesac zRvis done ascda Tanamedroves 4-5 metriT, foTis aRmosavleTiT, daaxloebiT 12-15 km-is radiusiT, teritoria zRvis ubes warmoadgenda, md. rioni zRvas uerTdeboda sadRac sof. sabaJos meridianze. ramdenadac eroziis bazisi (mdinaris zRvasTan SeerTebis wertili) imyofeboda TanamedrovesTan maRla 4-5 metriT, amitom mdinaris eroziuli moqmedebis Zala Senelebuli iyo da mdored moedineboda. uTuod mdinare Sua welSi aCenda meandrebs da aWaobebda aremares. daaxloebiT 3000 wlis wina periodidan Savi zRvis istoriaSi iwyeba fanagoriuli regresiis faza, romlis pikis dros zRvis done daeca 10 metramde TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT. bunebrivia, rionis zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilic (eroziis bazisi) TandaTanobiT dabla iwevda, kalapotis daxriloba matulobda da dinebac aCqarebas iZenda. gamococxlebuli mdinare rioni aZlierebda eroziul moqmedebas (xazovan CaWras), garSemo tovebda narionalebs da gamoimuSavebda araRrma xeobas. II-III saukuneebidan dawyebuli nimfeuri transgresiisas zRvis donis awevas Tan sdevda md. rionis da misi mravali Senakadebis mier gamotanili

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naSali masalis akumulacia (dagroveba) kolxeTis mTel akvatoriaSi. elinuri qalaqebi eqceodnen wylis qveS da TandaTanobiT imarxebodnen Semotanili masalebis qveS. bunebrivia, adamianebi eZiebdnen axal xelsayrel adgilebs sacxovreblad da gansaxldebodnen xmeleTis siRrmeSi. amgvarad, nimfeuri transgresiis dros mdinareebis mier Semotanili myari masalis (qviSebi, gravelitebi, Tixebi) qveS ganimarxnen ara marto Zveli istoriuli zRvispira qalaqebi, aramed md. rionis Zveli narionalebi da xmeleTis siRrmeSi arsebuli uZvelesi kulturis Zeglebi. literatura: 1. . ., 1966, , . . 2. .., 1978., -, . . . 3. .., 1969, , , . . . 4. .., .., 1980, , . . . 5. .., 2004, , . . . . . 119. 6. .., 1971, _ , . . 7. Maisuradze G., 1987. Evolution of the late Pleistocene Environment in the Caucasus. Budapest. g. maisuraZis SeniSvna: Savi zRvis transgresia-regresiis (donis aweva-dawevis) gamo wylis donem maRla aiwia da +1 metr niSnulTan mivida V-VI ss-Si, Semdeg donem kvlav dabla daiwia da 0-vanTan mivida IX-X ss-Si, Semdeg kvlav aiwia donem da +0.5-Tan mivida XV-XVI ss-Si, amis Semdeg donem daiwia da 0-Tan mivida XIXXX ss-Si.

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momyavs doqtor g. maisuraZis kidev erTi naSromi:

paliastomis tbis warmoSoba IX-X saukuneebSi

(geologiur mecnierebaTa doqtor givi mixeilis Ze maisuraZis kvleva) `kolxeTis vake~ moicavs uSualod `kolxeTis dablobs~, mis yvelaze dabal nawils. cnobilia, rom kolxeTis vake Savi zRvis yofili ubea, romelic mdinareuli da zRviuri naleqebiTaa amovsebuli. arqeologiuri gamokvlevebi gviCveneben, rom gauvali Waobebi kolxeTis dablobis gulSi gaCdnen uaxloes istoriul warsulSi, rodesac daiwyo zRvis transgresia. am mizezis gamo gaCndnen namosaxlarebi, romlebic xelovnur miwayrilebze arian gaSenebuli (igulisxmeba borcvebi), romlebic dResdReobiT damarxulni arian uaxlesi 4-7 metris sisqis qviSian-Tixian da torfian naleqTa qveS. l. maruaSvilis (1964) mixedviT, aseTi yorRanismagvari xelovnuri borcvebis raodenoba kolxeTSi 600-mde aRwevs. ganvixiloT paleografiuli situacia kolxeTis dablobisa (rionis SesarTavis raioni) qristeSobidan dRemde. zRvis donis amaRlebamde zRvaSi Semdinare mdinareTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo Cqari dineba da aqtiuri eroziuli moqmedeba, Tumca wyalSemkrebi auzis sididis gamo [mag: md. fiCiris auzis (farTi 406 kvm)], mdinareebs SemohqondaT kolxeTis centralur nawilSi didZali naSali masala, riTac aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze wyaldidobebis dros qmnidnen akumulaciur (fxvieri masalis daleqva) wyalgamyof serebs, borcvebs simaRliT 5-8 m. ukanaskneli xels uwyobda, agreTve, mdinareTa kalapotebis xSir monacvleobas da meandrirebas. axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan Savi zRvis istoriaSi aRsaniSnavia transgresiuli faza. zRvis sarke, VI-VII saukuneebSi, roca 1-2 metriT ascda nulovani donis niSnuls, foTis Semogareni zRvis ubed iqca. Seferxda mdinariseuli da miwisqveSa wylebis gantvirTva zRvaSi. amas Tu davumatebT Warb atmosferul naleqebs (1500-2000 mm. weliwadSi), maSin gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu ra rTuli ekologiuri pirobebi Seiqmneboda kolxeTis zRvispira regionSi. Waobebis didi farTobebi, mdinareTa mier Semotanili fxvieri masalis danagrovi, romelic mdinareTa totebsa da meandreebs Soris aCenda `kunZulebs~ da `naxevarkunZulebs~, gauvali endemuri tyeebi da Waobis balaxovani velebi urTules pirobebs uqmnida imdroindel mosaxleobas (aseTi viTarebis dros Zneli warmosadgenia foTTan samitropolito qalaqis arseboba).

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zRvidan monaberi musonuri qarebiT gamowveuli zvirTcema (talRebis zemoqmedeba napirze) amuSavebda mdinareTa mier Semotanil naSal masalas da qmnida napiris gaswvriv qviSis zvinulebs simaRliT 2-5 metri, romlebic gamoyofdnen xmeleTze arsebul bunebriv wyalsacavebs zRvisagan. ase magaliTad, daaxloebiT IX-X saukuneebSi nulovan niSnulze daweul zRvas gamoeyo paliastomis tba. axla mokled am tbis Sesaxeb. roca zRvis done 5-7 metriT dabla mdebareobda, paliastomis tbis fskeri Cveulebriv xmeleTs warmoadgenda. am teritoriaze SesaZlebelia TviT md. rioni, an misi erT-erTi toti gaedineboda. aq, rogorc gadmocemidan Cans, sofelic yofila. rogorc zemoT iTqva, VI-VII saukuneebSi zRva nimfeuri transgresiis gamo SemoiWra xmeleTze, Seiqmna zRvis ube, romelic IX-X saukuneebSi 2-3 aTeuli kilometris sigrZis sanapiros gaswvriv zvinuliT gamoeyo zRvas. zvinulis sigane 1-2 km. igi Tavisi arsebobis manZilze sxvadasxva adgilze garRveul iqna mdinareebis mier, riTac darRveul iqna misi mTlianoba. magaliTad, 1933 wlis dekemberSi paliastomis wylebma Relvisas or adgilas gaarRvia bunebrivi jebiri da uSualod mokle gziT SeuerTda zRvas. 1. paliastomis tba axalgazrda tbaa, romelic gaCnda IX-X saukuneebis mijnaze nimfeuri transgresiis dros. mis SuagulSi araviTari kunZuli ar arsebobda. misi fskeri brtyelZiraa da zRviur-mdinareuli masaliTaa amovsebuli. 2. legendebSi moxseniebuli kunZulebi es zvirTcemiT da adidebuli mdinareebis mier warmoqmnili zvinulebi da kunZulebia.

I-VI ss-Si zRvis sanapiro Seicvala

qarTvel paleologTa Sromebis Tanaxmad axali welTaRricxvis I-VI da Semdgom saukuneebSi Savi zRvis done TandaTanobiT maRldeboda da zogierTi gamokvleviT TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT maRla aiwia 3-5 metriT. es imas niSnavs, rom rionis vaked wodebuli vrceli miwa-wyali (e.i. md. rionis delta da mimdebare sanapiroebi), romelic amJamad, TiTqmis, zRvis nulovan donezea, daifara zRvis Txeli wyliT, ramac, albaT, xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod paliastomis tbis msgavsi wylis gubeebis warmoqmnas, aramed did daWaobebas rionis deltis napirebisa. ufro metic, saerTod zRvis wyliT daifara sanapiros mTeli zoli da warmoiqmna axali, amJamad arsebuli sanapiro. paleograf f. janeliZisa da d. xaxutaiSvilis SromebSi gadmocemulia mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisi, rom, iqamde, anu axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisamde _ II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan vidre Zv.w. II-I saukuneebamde _ msoflio okeanis done Tanamedrove niSnulTan SedarebiT 3-5

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metriT ufro dabla mdebareobda. Savi zRvis auzTan dakavSirebiT mas uwodeben `fanagoriuli regresiis xanas~ ( . . , . 1980. . 21; . . , . . - - , . 1984, 146-152). aRniSnul avtorebs imowmeben arqeologebi da aRniSnaven _ `imis gamo, rom am periodSi (e.i. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan vidre Zv. w. II-I ss-mde) msoflio okeanis done Tanamedrove niSnulidan SedarebiT 3-5 metriT ufro dabla iyo ganlagebuli, zRvis sanapiro zolis akumulaciur dablobebze sameurneo saqmianobis radikalurad gansxvavebuli pirobebi arsebobda. swored aseT ubans warmoadgenda is zRvispira dablobi, romelzec Zveli da axali baTumia ganlagebuli~ (a. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisTvis, wignSi `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi~, XVIII, 1989, gv 18). zRvis donis amaRlebis gamo, aRniSnul avtorTa azriT, baTumis Zv.w. III aTaswleulebSi arsebuli zRvispira fena dRes 4-5 metris sisqis qva-RorRis SriTaa dafaruli (iqve, gv. 18), e.i. aiwia zRvis donem da mis wyals Tan wamohyva qva-RorRi, romelmac Zveli zRvispira zoli 4-5 metris sisqis feniT gadafara. baTumis sanapiro SedarebiT kldovania, romelic akavebs zRvis dinebas, magram rionis dablobze, sadac zRvis wylis Semakavebeli bunebrivi kldeebi ar arsebobs da rionis vake, TiTqmis, zRvis donezea gadaSlili _ Savi zRvis donis momatebas katastrofuli Sedegebi unda gamoewvia. zRvis wylis 3-5 metriT aweva axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan ramdenime saukune grZeldeboda da is aWaobebda (sacxovreblad uvargisad xdida) dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobs. safiqrebelia, rom rionispira mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, VI-VII saukuneebidan, iZulebuli gaxda sxvagan gadasaxlebuliyo _ ufro mTian, dacul regionSi. albaT amas xels uwyobda bizantielTa daundobeli omebi lazebis, afsilebis, abazgebis da svanebis winaaRmdeg. am procesebma, SesaZloa xeli Seuwyo did migracias _ samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken da dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. etimologiurad sityva `paliastomis~ fuZe `lia~ unda iyos. `lia~ niSnavs talaxs, wyalgareul miwas. albaT igive fuZisaa `palakacios tba~ javaxeTSi.

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zRvis donis aweva I-II saukuneebSi da misi Sedegebi

arqeologTa da geologTa wreebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, arsebobs Teoria, rom Savi zRvis simaRlem, I-II saukuneebis Semdgom, aiwia ramdenime metriT (zogierTi varaudiT, aranakleb 5-6 metriT). rionispira vake, amJamad, TiTqmis, zRvis donezea, amitomac zRvis donis mateba I aTaswleulis pirvel saukuneebSi, am vrcel vakes dafaravda wylis Txeli feniT, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri qarebis dros, romelnic rionis auzSi qrian dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken imdenad Zlierad, rom mdinaris dena ferxdeba da wylebis nawili ukan brundeba. rogorc aRiniSna, arqeologebi miiCneven, rom ara Tu rionis dablobSi, aramed misgan sakmaod daSorebuli urekis mimdebare zRvispira zolic mosaxleobas unda mietovebina I-II saukuneebis Semdgom zRvis donis mniSvnelovani awevis gamo. isini weren _ `savaraudoa, rom rogorc rionis qvemowelis marcxena sanapiros gaswvriv, aqac, Zv.w. III-II ss. mijnisaTvis an II s-is dasawyisSi politikur kataklizmebTan erTad cxovreba zRvis donis awevis gamo gausaZlisi gaxda ( ., , 1975, ., ., , 1985) bunebrivia, mosaxleoba miatovebda samemkvidros da dacul mTiswina zolSi daidebda binas~ (v. sadraZe, S. amiranaSvili, urekis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, 2005, gv. 71). sabednierod zRvis donis matebas ramdenime saukunis Semdeg mohyva zRvis donis kleba, rionis dablobs kvlav daubrunda mosaxleoba. am sakiTxs qvemoT vexebiT. Zv.w. III-II saukuneebSi daiwyo zRvis donis mniSvnelovani aweva, rogorc aRiniSna, procesi ax.w. II saukunis dasawyisSic grZeldeboda, man didi gavlena iqonia mosaxleobis bedze, kerZod, uvrcelesi regionis mosaxleoba md. rionidan urekamde da iqiT, iZulebuli gamxdara mietovebina sacxovrisi da axali cxovreba daewyo `SedarebiT dacul teritoriebze~, kerZod ki, mTiswina zolSi. zRvis donis awevas ukavSireben arqeologebi im faqts, rom marTalia, namosaxlarebi aRniSnul teritoriaze (urekTan) Zv.w. V-III ss-Si arsebobdnen (mcire raodenobiT), magram isini Zv.w. II da ax.w. I saukuneebSi ukve aRar arseboben (iqve, gv. 71). Zveli namosaxlarebi zRvis donis awevis gamo dafarulia wyliT, SlamiT da WaobiT, rogorc arqeologebi uwodeben _ `mZlavri steriluri feniT~ (m. fxakaZe, saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi, I). `es kanonzomiereba kolxeTis dablobis mTels teritoriaze SeiniSneba~ (v. sadraZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 70). Cvens welTaRricxvamde arsebuli nasaxlarebi `e.w. torfqveSa namosaxlarebis kulturaSia saZiebeli~ (iqve, gv. 69).

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md. rionis auzsa da zRvispireTSi ori aTasze meti wlis win arsebobda dasaxlebebi, romelnic Semdgom wyliT da SlamiT daifara, sabolood ki aRmoCnda torfqveS. torfis qveSa arqeologiuri kultura naklebSeswavlilia (iqve, gv. 69). maSasadame, strabonis epoqaSi Zv.w. II saukunidan ax.w. II s. CaTvliT da mis Semdgom, imdenad amaRlda zRvis done, rom wyliTa da lamiT, Semdeg ki WaobiT gadaifara Zveli namosaxlarebi, xolo mkvidrma mosaxleobam miatova rionis auzis sacxovrisi da mTiswina zolSi gadasaxlda (aseTive mdgomareoba SenarCunda prokofi kesarielis epoqaSic). am Zalze mniSvnelovan momentTan dakavSirebiT, albaT, Znelia daveTanxmoT mtkicebas, rom aq, md. rionis vakeze (quTaisidan axlandel foTamde), mdebareobda `lazikes samefos~ centraluri nawili, rom md. rionze, romelic, TiTqosda, fazisad iwodeboda, 120 xidi iyo gadebuli. nuTu SesaZlebeli iyo strabonis daWaobebis epoqaSi datboril vakeze mdinaris sanapiroze 120 xidis gamarTva? rogorc cnobilia, WaobebSi xidebis agebas eridebian amJamadac.

Waobi, malaria-xorSaki _ qarTuli wyaroebiT rionis bari (teritoria foTidan samtrediamde da quTaisamde) sacxovreblad uvargisi iyo
I aTaswleulis did periodSi dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi mZvinvarebda cieb-cxeleba, malaria. iv. javaxiSvili wers: `amgvari cnobebi qarTvel istorikosebs bevri moepovebaT. zafxulSi didi sicxe da am qveynis notio niadagi metad mavnebeli iyo mcxovrebTaTvis. afxazeTisa `miwasa zeda... sulisagan xorSakisa makvdinebelisa~ (grigol xanZTelis cxovreba). adamiani Sewuxebuli iyo. erTi beri ase axasiaTebs afxazeT-samegrelos _ `qveyana ese xorSakeuli ars da umetesad igi adgili sada me vimyofebodi~ da vSiSob, `nu ukue sneulebisagan daveceo~ (giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba, gv. 323). daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosic Civis, rom `TviTosaxeTa senTa mier gancdilTa da xilvad saZnaurTa... zrdis umetes sxvaTa qveyanaTa qveyana quTaTisisa~, yvelaze metad yovelgvari sneuleba quTaisis sanaxebSia gavrcelebulio. xalxs adgilobrivi havis mavneblobis gamaqarwyleblad da janmrTelobis dasacavad erTaderT uebar wamlad da saSualebad Turme Rvino da Rvinis sma miaCnda da `qveyanasa amas Sina xorSaksa yovelTa RvinosmulTa~ (giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba, 328). imedi hqondaT, rom Rvinis smiT havis gavleniT gamowveuli avadmyofobisagan uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, II, 1983, gv. 53).

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WaobSi brZolasa da ubralod gzad gavlas romaelebi eridebodnen, amitom savaWro gzebi gadioda ara Waobebze, aramed mis gareT (ix. qvemoT), aseve yofila saqarTveloSic. Zveli egrisis yvela mniSvnelovani sofeli da sasuliero centri mdebareobda ara rionis dablobis WaobebSi, aramed mis gareT mTiswineTSi _ bedia, walenjixa, Wyondidi, Cxorowyu mdebareobdnen mTiswineTSi _ zRvis sanapirosagan sakmaod daSorebiT, is vrceli vake, romelic rionis zRvasTan SesarTavTan mdebareobs _ metwilad dausaxlebeli iyo da iq gzebi ar gadioda. guriaSic ki gzebi Sedioda ara zRvispireTidan, aramed zRvis moSorebiT mdebare mTebidan. magaliTad, d. baqraZes guriaSi SesaRwevad am mTebis gzebis gavla mouxda. samagierod, mravali didi gza gadioda aWariswylis mTian xeobaSi da aseve mis mimdebare Woroxis Senakadebis kldovan xeobebSi, Sesabamisad, aq mdinareebze gadebuli iyo mravali TaRiani xidi. arcerTi aseTi xidi rionis dablobSi, romelic, TiTqosda, istoriuli lazika iyo _ ar arsebobs. lazikis qveyanaSi ki, wyaroTa cnobiT, mravali gza gadioda, romelTac xidebi esaWiroebodaT. rionis Waobebi, es ki dasavleT saqarTvelos baris umetesi nawilia, iyo `xorSakiani~, anu, rac igivea, malaria _ cieb-cxelebiT dasnebovnebuli adgili, sadac cxovrebas yvela erideboda. malarias axasiaTebs perioduli Setevebi, Seciveba, temperatura, ofldena. gavrcelebulia Waobian adgilebSi. aris 3-dRiani, 4-dRiani, tropikuli, xasiaTdeba letalobiT subtropikuli qveynebisTvis. saxsrebis mtvreva, kunTebisa da Tavis Zlieri tkivili, maRali temperatura (39-40 da meti), pirRebineba, bavSvebSi epilefsiuri gulyrebi (5 dRemde), yoveldRe, 6-10 saaTis Semdeg Zlieri oflis dena, romelic tropikuli malariis dros meordeba. 10-22 saaTSi elenTa da RviZli diddeba, viTardeba anemia, axasiaTebs sigamxdre, avitaminozi, sisxldena cxviridan. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde saqarTveloSi malariiT daavadebuli iyo yoveli mesame adamiani, dablob adgilebSi ki mosaxleobis 80% _ umetesoba tropikuli formiT. letaloba _ 10%. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba malariis gamavrcelebeli 5 sxvadasxva saxeobis koRo. `kolxeTis didi nawilis amoSrobisa da aTvisebis Semdeg~ koRos gavrcelebis areali Semcirda (qse, 6, gv. 384). maSasadame rionis dablobis mosaxleobis 80 % malariiT iyo daavadebuli.

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narionalebi
Sua holocenSi (holocenuri era grZeldeba Zv.w. 10 000 wlidan dRemde) daaxloebiT Zv.w. 6000-5000 wels daiwyo e.w. regresuli faza _ zRvis ukandaxeva _ e.i. Savi zRvis sanapiroze xmeleTi gaSiSvlda, e.i. zRvam daiwia dabla, e.i. amJamindel doneze dabla. ramdenime aTasi wlis Semdeg daiwyo ukuprocesi. zRvis ukandaxevas daaxloebiT I saukunisaTvis mohyva zRvis winwamoweva _ nimfea _ transgresia. zRva amaRlda amJamindel doneze gacilebiT, ramdenine metriT maRla. yoveli transgresiis dros zRvis donis amaRlebis gamo xdeboda mdinareTa Segubeba, anu qristeSobidan I-III ss-Si da mis Semdegac mdinareebi gubdeboda, amis mizezi iyo is, rom maRla iwevda zRvis done (TiTqmis 2-4 metriT) da amis gamo es aweuli done aiZulebda mdinaris wyals dagubebuliyo iseT gaSlil vakeze, rogoric rionis dablobia, miTumetes foTis Semogareni. mdinareTa Segubebis gamo Cndeboda Waobebi da farTovdeboda wylis sarke (amis gamo amJamadac aris rionis barSi Waobebi, torfnari. foTTan aris didi Segubeba). es daiwyo ZiriTadad I saukunidan. `mdinaris kvdoma~ aris geologiuri termini da aRniSnavs eroziis bazisis stabilur mdgomareobas. mdinare rionic am kategoriisaa, anu mdore mdinarea. amitomac aqvs `narionalebi~. es niSnavs, rom md. rioni xSirad icvlida kalapots, iwyebda `xetials~ zedapirze. narionalebi, anu meandrebi rionisa Cans kosmiur suraTebzec. aris uamravi narionalis anabeWdi samtrediidan foTamde. imis gamo rom rioni xSirad icvlida kalapots masze SeuZlebeli iyo xidebis ageba, miT umetes 120 xidisa. narionalebis periodSi mdinare ganicdis gantotvas, rioni foTidan 510 km manZilze (samtrediisaken) qmnida deltas. Tanamedrove foTis pirobebSi Selfuri zona, anu wyalqveS moqceuli teritoria 2 km-ze metic SegviZlia fexiT gadavseroT, anu rionis mier Setanili myari masala ileqeboda foTis akvatoriaSi. WaburRilebi, romlebic ganlagebulia foTis sanapiroze, aCvenebs, rom 4-metris siRrmidan qvemoT, 15-25 metris intervalSi (TiTqmis 200 metr siRrmemde), zRviur naleqebTan erTad morigeoben torfis Sreebi, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom mTeli meoTxeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi holocenis CaTvliT, es teritoriebi ganicdis stabilurad daZirvas, amJamadac weliwadSi 6-9 milimetriT. rioni miedineba mTaTa Sua qvabulis zolze. mTeli Camorecxili masala grovdeba am qvabulSi da es masala zRvisaken gamoaqvs rions, amis gamo teritoria aris labiluri, anu moZravi, anu iZireba TandaTanobiT (10 weliwadSi 6 sm-iT, 100 weliwadSi _ 60 santimetriT, 1000 weliwadSi 6 metriT, anu I saukunidan dRemde, anu 2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi daiZira 10-12 metriT). amitom gvaqvs torfis Sre siRrmeebSi.

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borani (`poromi~) md. rionze

rionis barSi Zvel dros mdinareze gadebuli iyo ara xidebi, aramed erTi napiridan meore napirze xalxi gadadioda bornebis saSualebiT. borani iyo xidis magieri damakavSirebeli saSualeba or sanapiros Soris. magaliTad, sof. baSsa da vans erTmaneTTan akavSirebda borani. gTavazobT TviTmxilvelis monaTxrobs boranis muSaobis Sesaxeb: `omis Semdeg XX s-is 50-60-ian wlebSi babuaCemi datvirTavda urems da kviraobiT (kvira dRes) savaWrod gahqonda produqti vanis bazarze baSidan boranis (iq `poroms~ eZaxdnen) saSualebiT. borani didi tivia, baSis borani iqneboda daaxloebiT sigrZiT 5-7 metri, siganiT odnav naklebi. masze eteoda ramdenime uremi Tavisi xarebiT da aseve cxenebi da 10-mde adamiani. borani gadaadgildeba napirebze gabmuli magari TokiT, bagiriT. am bagirs ikaveben Zelebi. meborne didi niCbis saSualebiT borans xels uwyobda rom gadaadgilebuliyo erTi napiridan meoreze. borani iyo oTxkuTxedi, bagirs borani exeboda grZeli boZis saSualebiT. baSsa da vans Sua daaxloebiT 4 kilometria mdinare rionis kalapotis sigane. am oTx kilometrian manZilze moedineba sami nakadi (ganStoeba) mdinare rionisa. am sami ganStoebidan sof. baSTan axlos moedineboda `patara rioni~, patara rionis Semdeg iyo `Wala~, Walis Semdeg moedineboda rionis I Senakadi _ `Sua anu didi rioni~ _ aq iyo borani. boranis centrSi damagrebuli iyo sqeli boZi daaxloebiT or metriani, romelic misrialebda bagirze sasurveli mimarTulebiT. bagiri (Toki) am Zelze TamaSobda _ Zelze adioda da Cadioda. rogorc iTqva boranze misasvlelad jer xar-uremi gadalaxavda patara rions (anu erT-erT Senakads sof. baSTan axlos). baSidan wamsvleli jer patara rionis gaivlida, Sevidoda e.w. `WalaSi~, Wala iqneboda daaxloebiT 300-500 metri, mas gaivlida da datvirTuli uremi miadgeboda xis ficarnags didi rionis sanapiroze. am ficarnags moadgeboda borani, amis Semdeg ficarnagis saSualebiT xalxi da xar-uremi Sedioda boranze. borani gaivlida e.w. `did rions~, misi sigane iqneboda 40-60 metri. misi gadacurvis Semdeg borani miadgeboda meore sanapiros. iqidan iwyeboda mdinaris riye. am riyes iqiT iyo kidev erTi `rioni~ da amis sanapiroze iyo vani da sxva soflebi. iqve iyo rionis meore mxares sofeli WyviSi, qalaqi vani da sxva soflebi. xalxi boranis saSualebiT baSidan vanSi sakmaod Cqara moZraobda. magaliTad, erT dReSi baSel adamians advilad SeeZlo baSidan vanSi misvla, saqmis moTaveba da ukan dabruneba. amas dasWirdeboda albaT naxevari dRe. daaxloebiT erTi napiridan meore napirze gadasvlas 1,5-2 saaTi dasWirdeboda.

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soflebi baSi, ianeTi, farcxanayanebi, sayulia da sxva soflebi samtrediis aqeT am borniT ukavSirdeboda vanis soflebs. mTavari bazari iyo vanSi da amitom am bazrobaze kviradRes borniT mimodioda xalxi.~ baSsa da vans Sua rioni sam totad iyo gayofili. erTi toti sofel baSTan ufro patara iyo, meore _ Sua mdinaris mTavari ZarRvi iyo, mesame ki _ vanTan `iqeTa rioni~ iyo baSelebisTvis. Sua totze gadebuli iyo borani. vani da baSi erTmaneTs am gziT ukavSirdeboda. mTxrobeli Tamaz nacvliSvili 28.07.2008 q. wyaltubo

paliastomis tbis `legenda~

afxazeTis kaTalikoss zaqaria qvarians daudasturebia ruseTis elCebisaTvis 1651 wels, rom Zvel wignebSi moTxrobili yofila Tu rogor CaiZira cixe-qalaqi paliastomis tbis adgilze da rogori saswaulTqmedebiT ineba paliastomis yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xatma gadasveneba axal adgilas. am ambavs hyveboda xatis mcveli pativcemuli mRvdel-monazoni, romlis sagvareulo movaleoba saukuneTa manZilze yofila am wmida xatis Tanxleba da msaxureba. isini paliastomidan gadmohyolian quTaisSi xats. 1651 wels ruseTis elCebma ievlievma da toloCanovma moiloces bagratis taZari. ievlievi wers aq dacul paliatomis RvTismSoblis xatis Sesaxeb. `am xatis Sesaxeb sakrebulo saydris xucesma, mRdel-monazonma gabrielma da misma Svilebma sexniam da simonma gviambes: winaT es xati guriaSi imyofeboda da cixe-qalaq paliastomis sakrebulo taZarSi idga. saydris mTavar xucesma silibistrom im xatis STagonebiT Cveneba ixila (silibistro gabriel xuces-monazonis Soreuli winapari iyo), TiTqos, sizmarSi mas RvTismSobelma uTxra, Sesuliyo sakrebulo taZarSi, misi yovladwmida xati aeRo da cixe qalaq paliastomidan gamoetana, radgan cixe-qalaqs wyalSi CaZirva moeliso. mTavar-xucesma sizmars ar daujera amis Semdeg RvTismSobeli mTavar-xucess orjer gamoecxada da igive auwya, rom cixe-qalaqi CaiZireba da xati gamoitaneo. mTavar-xucesma arc amjerad daijera da arc sxvas gaagebina amis Sesaxeb rameo. es mTavar-xucesi cixe qalaqis gareT cxovrobda sxva saydris maxloblad. RvTis neba aRsrulda am cixe-qalaqze da igi xalxiTurT CaiZira, xolo yovlad wmida RvTismSoblis xati RvTis brZanebiT am warRvnisgan dacul iqna _ TavisTavad, uxilavad, RvTis gangebiT cixe-qalaqidan haerze modioda _ da roca maTma am winaparma mTavar-xucesma aseTi

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saocari da eniT gamouTqmeli saswauli ixila, daeca saswaulebrivi xatis winaSe da cremliT iwyo vedreba mowyalebis misaRebad da codvebis misateveblad da roca miuaxlovda, yovlad wmida RvTismSoblis xati haeridan daiZra da mis xelebSi miesvena. kvlav gamoecxada RvTismSobeli mTavarxucess da misi gamosaxulebis quTaisis cixe-qalaqSi gadasveneba ubrZana. marTlac, am mTavar-xucesma xati quTaisSi miasvena da sakrebulo taZarSi moaTavsa. im droidan moyolebuli aqamde, im yovladwmida RvTisSmoblis maxloblad, mudam cxovrobs silibistros modgma. yovlad wmida RvTismSoblis es xati quTaisis cixe-qalaqSi giorgi mefis dros ariso mitanili. daviT mefis SviliSvilis droso~, Cans, igulisxmeba mefe giorgi brwyinvale (a. ievlievis 1650-1652 wlebis imereTis samefoSi elCobis saangariSo aRweriloba. gamocemuli i. cincaZis mier, 1968 w., gv. 139). rogorc am ambidan Cans, paliastomis cixe-qalaqSi yofila mravali eklesia. erT-erTi, SedarebiT patara eklesiis win cxovrobda Turme mTavari anu sakrebulos xucesi silibistro. rogorc Cans sxva eklesiebidanac gautaniaT wmida xatebi. magaliTad, xalxuri gadmocemebiT erT-erTma diakvanma paliastomis eklesiidan mTavarangelozis xati gadaasvena jumaTis mTaze. es ambavi Cauweria 1891 wels egnate ninoSvils: `axla rom paliastomis tbaa, im adgilas, Turme, xmeleTi yofila, zed xalxi idga da am xalxs pavlias toms eZaxdnen. erT dRes xmeleTma Zirs daiwia, erT adgilas miwa gairRva, ucbad wyali amovarda dedamiwidan da mTeli sofeli daifara. iqauri xalxic da yovelive suldgmuli daixrCo, xolo erTma diakvanma moaswro, gaitaca mTavarangelozis xati, aitana jumaTis mTaze da iq am xats eklesia auSenes. es diakvanic, gvarad darCia, dekanozad daayeneso. jumaTis mTaze eklesia-monasteri dResac arsebobs. xalxi gvarad darCia dResac cxovrobs sofel jumaTSi da bevri maTgani sasuliero wodebisaa~. paliastomis tbis ambavs gadmogvcems vaxuSti batoniSvili. igi wers... `amas ityvian naqalaqevsa da Semdgomad moculsa wylisagan~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 790). paliastomis tbis gaCenis ambavi aRuweriaT me-17 saukuneSi 1651 wels, me-18 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi da me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi. paliastomis es ambavi Cawerili yofila kidev ufro Zvel wignebSi. magaliTad, 1651 wels afxazeTis patriarqma zaqaria qvarianma ganacxada, rom es ambavi Zvel wignebSi WeSmaritad ase aris moTxrobili. (m. nikoleiSvili, quTaisis da paliastomis RvTismSoblis xati, quTaisis muzeumis Sromebi, krebuli me-15. 2006 weli). maSasadame, Zveli qarTuli istoriografis am cnobebiT paliastomis tba warmoiSva Sua saukuneebSi da is ar aris strabonis mier aRwerili tba qalaq fasisis gverdiT. me-19 saukunis rusi da evropeli mogzaurebis cnobiT, sakmao sididis tbebi iyo da axlac aris mdinare Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze mis zRvasTan SesarTavis axlos, amitomac sabWoTa epoqis

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mecnierTa mtkiceba, rom TiTqosda straboni aRwers paliastomis tbis arsebobas foTis gverdiT usafuZvloa. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom paliastomis fskeris wyalqveSa arqeologiuri Seswavla adasturebs xalxis mier Semonaxuli ambis simarTles. paliastomis tbis gaCenis Sesaxeb monaTxrobebi dasturdeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. (iqve gv. 29). arqeologebis mier paliastomis tbaSi aRmoCnda Sua saukunis soflis naSTebi da eklesiis kedlebic ki. amitomac gvakvirvebs Cveni Tanamedrove mecnieris msjeloba, rom TiTqosda, gulubryviloba aris zemoT xsenebul xatebTan paliastomis tbis warmoSobis dakavSireba, rom TiTqosda, am xatis Semqmnelebs surdaT xatisaTvis raRac gansakuTrebuli Zala mieniWebinaT misi dakavSirebiT ucnaur ambebTan da legendebTan. kerZod, mkvlevaris fiqriT _ `xats TavisTavad araviTari Zala ar aqvs, magram Tu raime ambavs SeuTxzaven, is avtoritetuli gaxdeboda~. TiTqosda, ase moipova avtoriteti paliastomis saxelis miniWebiT quTaisis bagratis RvTismSoblis xatma. vfiqrobT, piriqiT, sabWouri epoqis mecnierTa aRniSnuli mosazreba aris srulyofili kvlevisaTvis Tavis arideba, raTa naklebi SromiT akviatebuli azrebi ganamtkicon da ueWvelad miiCnion Tvalsazrisi, rom foTSi uTuod mxolod da mxolod berZnuli fasisis samitropolito iyo, yovlad dauSveblad miaCniaT Zveli eklesiis ierarqebisa da xalxis mier dabejiTebiT gadmocemuli Tvalsazrisi, rom foTTan qarTuli cixe-qalaqi arsebobda, romelic gaqristianebis Semdeg daitbora da wyalSi CaiZira. xolo morwmune mrevli ar miatova paliastomis wmida xatebma _ yovladwmida RvTismSoblisam da mTavarangelozisam. es Zveli ambebi, rogorc iTqva, Zvel wignebSi yofila Cawerili, magram ramdenma qmnilebam ar moaRwia Cvenamde? paliastomis xatis Tavdapirvel moWedilobaSi iqneboda miniSneba mis wmida ambavze, magram meored moWedvis dros albaT adgilis simciris gamo oqromqandakebelma aRniSnuli ambavi ver amotvifra viwro arSiaze. am xats amJamad muzeumis muSakebi uwodeben ara `paliastomis xats~, aramed `quTaisis xats~, aTariReben XVI saukuniT. marTlac, xatzea warwera _ `Sen caTa mobaZavs deda qalaqisa quTaisisa RvTismSobelo adide orTave Sina cxovrebasa... pirvelmoWedili daZvelebuliyo da Cven meore ganvaaxleT~ (quTaisis muzeumis Sromebi, krebuli XIII, 2001, gv. 34). maSasadame, paliastomis xatis adrindeli moWediloba daZvelda, axliT moWedes XVI s-Si. es xati Tavis saswaulTmoqmedebebis gamo quTaisis mfarveli siamaye iyo, rac aisaxa axal moWedilobaSi. Cveni drois mkvlevarebis TvalsazrisiT, paliastomis xatis saswaulqmedebiTi ambavi aris SeTxzuli legenda. kerZod, TiTqosda, xats aseTi saxelwodeba sagangebod daarqves, raTa xalxs daejerebina misi Zliereba.

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mkvlevari wers: `aseTi saxelwodebis Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT xatisTvis gansakuTrebuli siZliere, saswaulTmoqmedebis Zala mieniWebinaT, rom mas meti darwmunebis Zala hqonoda. cxadia, im droisaTvis savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo xalxs aseTi Zala daenaxa xatSi. paliastomis daqcevisa da xatis saswaulebrivi gadarCenis ambavi, romlis namdvili mizezi maSin aravin icoda, cxadia, yvelaze gamosadegi iyo RvTismSoblis xsenebuli xatis saeklesio cxovrebaSi Casayeneblad... paliastomis tbasTan dakavSirebuli Tavgadasavali STamagonebel Zalas aniWebda morwmuneTa azriT maT salocav xats~ (m. nikoleiSvili, `quTaisisa da paliastomis RvTismSoblis xati~, quTaisis muzeumis Sromebi, krebuli XV, 2006, gv. 24). roca aseTi winaswarganzraxuli mosazrebiT ixilavs mkvlevari xatis istoriasa da mis warwerebs, vfiqrobT, Sesabamisad araswor daskvnebsac akeTebs. xatebis saswaulTqmedebaTa Sesaxeb, albaT, ufro meti pativiscemis gamoxatvaa saWiro. iveriis (portaitisas) RvTismSoblis xatis saswaulTqmedeba safuZvlad daedo iveriis monasters da saswaulTmoqmedi xatebi mravlad iyo da aris eklesiaSi.

tba fasisis SesarTavTan

paliastomis tba miiCneva erT-erT dadasturebad imisa, rom fasisi iyo rioni, radganac Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, iq, sadac fazisi erTvis zRvas, iyo tba. aRmoCnda, rom tba Woroxis SesarTavTanac arsebobs da geologiuri SefasebiT Zvel drosac arsebobda. amis Sesaxeb wers cnobili mkvlevari da mecnieri e. veidenbaumi. `baTumi mdebareobs umniSvnelo, magram SesaniSnavi ubis dasavleT mxares. ubesTan simaRleebi ukan ixevs napiridan, qmnis brtyel sanapiro zols, romlis nawilic baTums ukavia... baTumis ube warmoqmnilia, albaT Woroxisa da dasavleTis qarebis Tanamoqmedebis Sedegad. meCeCi, romelic ubes zRudavs dasavleTis mxridan da mTel sivrcesac Woroxsa da ubes Soris, Sedgeba nayarisagan e.i. Slamis, qviSisa da mdinaris kenWebisagan... aRmosavleTis qarebis dros Woroxis dineba zRvaSi miemarTeba aRmosavleTisaken da ejaxeba im meCeCs, romelzedac vsaubrobdiT. aq tovebs mis mier Camoziduli masalis nawils, romelic iwvevs meCeCis dagrZelebas... Camdinare wylebs ara aqvT zRvaSi Tavisufali Casadeni da grovdebian ZirTan, sadac qmnian did Waobs. Tavisufali Cadineba SeuZlebelia zRvidan zvirTcemis gamo, rac napirTan warmoqmnis erTgvar miwayrils. qalaqis dasavleTiT mdinare Woroxis delta dafarulia WaobiT da Waobiani tbebiT, romlis garSemoc aris buCqnari. amgvarad, qalaqi sami mxridan garSemortymulia WaobebiT (mxedvelobaSi ara gvaqvs xelovnuri Waobebi brinjis velis mosarwyavad).

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amJamad, Waobis daSrobis mizniT, mimdinareobs qalaqis Semogarenis nivelireba~ (e. veidenbaumi, arTvinidan baTumamde, 2005, gv. 41). aRwerilidan Cans, rom tba bunebrivad idga Woroxis SesarTavTan da iq ara erTi, aramed tbebi da Waobebic bunebrivi iyo.

paliastomis tba
xalxuri gadmocemiT, romelic Zalze mtkiced iyo daculi da gavrcelebuli dasavleT saqarTveloSi XIX da XX saukuneebSic, paliastomis tba gaCnda saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, roca xalxma gaiTavisa qristianuli adaT-wesebi da saeklesio moTxovnebi. `am gadmocemis mixedviT, paliastomis tba gaCnda xarebis dResaswaulis dReebSi, anu gazafxulze. kerZod, am tbis adgilas yofila sofeli Tavisi eklesiiT. erT-erT patarZals xareba dRes auRia xelsaqme da akvnis win muSaobda. am dros misTvis SeuxsenebiaT, rom uqme dRes muSaoba ar SeiZleba. miT umetes, xareba dReso. mas uTqvams: `xareba da xarxareba, Cems qmar-Svilsa gaxareba~. amis Semdeg sofeli daZirula wyalSi ise, rom Cans akvani da eklesiao. `foTSi miwa Cavarda~. es iyo SiSis momgvreli ambavi, romelsac XX saukunis Sua wlebSic ki bebiebi gviyvebodnen SviliSvilebs. `aqac miwa ar CairRveso~ _ SeSinebulebi ityodnen xolme. ase rom, paliastomis tbis ambavi jer kidev Cems bavSvobaSi axsovdaT winaprebs. maSasadame, es tba gaCnda ara uxsovar dros, aramed mas Semdeg, rac xalxSi qristianuli wesebi Rrmad dainerga da eklesiebi aSenda.

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damateba

`talaxiani laSqroba~
aRniSnul epoqaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos nestian klimats aRweren ucxoeli avtorebic. arabi istorikosi tabari mogviTxrobs, rom xazareTSi murvan ibn muhamadis 732-733 wlis laSqrobam `talaxianis~ saxelwodeba miiiRo, radgan ganuwyveteli wvimebisa da talaxiani gzebis gamo cxenebis kudebs imdeni talaxi aekro, rom murvanma gasca brZaneba isini moeWraT~ (ix. . , . 1962, . 218, d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, gv. 397). dasavleT saqarTveloSi laSqrobisas _ `dasWres kudebi cxenTa maTTa, rameTu Tixisgan ver iTrevdes~, wers qarTuli wyaro murvan yrus afxazeTSi laSqrobis aRwerisas, romlis mixedviTac yrum ilaSqra ara xazareTSi, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos talaxian adgilebSi. maSasadame, arabi istorikosis mier dasavleT saqarTvelo (kerZod, klisuras iqiT afxazeTi) xazareTad ganixileba. marTlac, VIII s-is Semdeg klisuras iqiT didi iyo xazarTa gavlena, rasac qarTuli wyaroc miuTiTebs. murvan yru uSualod xazareTSi ar Sesula. is mxolod xazareTis sazRvrebs miadga da mivida darialamde da anakofiamde. misi laSqrobis amsaxveli rukis mixedviT, aq iyo xazareTis gavlenis sferoebi. afxazTa mTavari xazareTis politikuri nebiT `gandga berZenTagan~, romlis qveyanac mdebareobda md. klisuras iqiT, gaZlierda da Zvel qarTvel mefeTa legitimur memkvidred gamoacxada Tavisi Tavi da qarTuli wyaros cnobiT gadaeca `egrisi, argveTi, Takveri da guria~, viTarca Tavisi meuRlis _ qarTvelTa mefis asul guranduxtis saufliswulo miwa-wyali. imJamad, afxazTa samefo _ xazarTa politikur Zalas eyrdnoboda, amitomac, Cans, afxazeTSi laSqroba arabTaTvis xazareTSi laSqrobad iTvleboda. sinamdvileSi ki, es iyo laSqroba dasavleT saqarTvelos wvimebsa da talaxebSi. maSasadame, arabi istorikosis tabaris cnobiTac, dasavleT saqarTveloSi rionispira vake (kerZod abaSis SesarTavTan) imJamad uvargisi iyo sacxovreblad.

mezRvauri tomi _ lazebi

pirvel aTaswleulSi imis gamo, rom zRvispira vake dafaruli iyo WaobebiT _ gurulebi, megrelebi da imerlebi ver iyeneben Sav zRvas, amis Sedegad maT ver SeimuSaves zRvispira xalxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mezRvauruli Tvisebebi, amJamadac ki, erTi-ori gamonaklisis garda, maT ar ician

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mezRvauroba, ara aqvT gemebi da navebi, TiTqmis, verc Tevzaoben zRvaSi, maSin, roca zRvispira tomebs (xalxebs) es Tavisuflad SeuZliaT da maT aqvT zRvis flobis unari. aseTi gamonaklisi qarTul tomTa Soris _ lazebia _ amJamadac SesaniSnavi mezRvaurebi, yvelas aqvs navebi, Tevzaoben da SeiZleba iTqvas, maTi saarsebo saSualeba zRvaa. lazebi imdenad arian SeCveulebi zRvas, rom zogjer saqorwino wesebsac ki zRvaSi (navebze) aRasruleben, lazebisaTvis zRva bunebrivad mSobliuria. ratom? saqme isaa, maTi sacxovrisi mdebareobda da mdebareobs zRvispireTis mTagorian regionSi, romelic ar Waobdeba da uSualod ekvris zRvas, amitomac zRva maTi uSualo sacxovrebeli sivrcis nawilia, sadac mudam, istoriulad cxovrobdnen lazebi, xolo gurulebi da megrelebi (miT umetes imerlebi) cxovrobdnen ara zRvispiras, aramed mTa-gorebSi, maT zRvas aSorebda Waobebi, dasavleT saqarTvelos baris uvrcelesi Waobebi, gadaWimuli baTum-qobuleTidan vidre oCamCiremde. es regioni iyo cieb-cxelebis bude, unayofo gaudaburebuli (tye-bardiT dafaruli) sacxovreblad gamouyenebeli teritoria _ mxolod XIX-XX ss-Si gaxda SesaZlebeli am Waobebis daSroba da miwis aTviseba, amis gamo iqauri mosaxleoba mxolod, amJamad, iTvisebs da imuSavebs Sesabamis mezRvaurul tradiciebs.

legenda dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

miqael TamaraSvili Tavis 1910 wels gamocemul wignSi `qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde~ wers: `Zveli droidan dasavleT saqarTvelo, anu kolxeTi jer romaelebma, xolo Semdeg konstantinopolis imperatorebma daipyres. im xanebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos `lazika~ ewodeboda... magram lazikis mtrebma _ sparseTis monarqebma _ kargad uwyodnen, rom misi dapyrobiT erTi nabijiRa rCebodaT Savi zRviT konstantinopolis imperatorTa sasaxlemde misaRwevad... moawyes aq xangrZlivi brZolebi, gansakuTrebiT iustinianes zeobis dros, magram ver moaxerxes gamxdariyvnen lazikis mudmivi mbrZaneblebi da igi sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze konstantinopolis xelT imyofeboda. mxolod X s-Si SeuerTda lazika saqarTvelos da Tavisi saxelis kidev erTxel Secvlis Semdeg `afxazeTi~ ewoda~ (m. TamaraSvili, `qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde~, 1995, gv. 115). ase rom, TamaraSvili, sxva mraval XVII-XVIII ss. avtorTa msgavsad, fiqrobda, rom lazika iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, maSin, roca qarTuli wyaroebi sapirispiros amtkicebs, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo mudam qarTlis samefos, e.i. qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda farnavazis epoqidan _ qristeSobamde III saukunidan.

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misionerebisa da aRniSnul avtorTa dros Woroxis xeoba gamusulmanebuli iyo, amitomac miuwvdomeli qristian da evropel mkvlevarTaTvis da Sesabamisad daviwyebuli. am viTarebis gamo dasavleT saqarTveloSi moRvawe misionerTa epoqis mkvlevarebma XVII-XVIII ss-Si berZen-romael avtorTa cnobebi lazikis Sesaxeb dasavleT saqarTvelos Seufardes. maTi azriT, fazisi iyo md. rioni, misi napirebi ki _ lazika. qarTuli wyaroebi maTTvis ucnobi iyo, am gaugebrobam dabada cru codna, romelic dRemde batonobs, rom lazika iyo Semdegdroindeli `afxazeTis~ samefo, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo. internet rukebzec es mosazrebaa asaxuli, amitomac Cven dagvWirda axali rukebis damzadeba. I aTaswleulSi, qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, dasavleT saqarTvelo ara bizantiis xelqveS myofi qveyana iyo, aramed iyo nawili qarTlis samefosi, amitomac arqeologebma aq (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) unda eZion ara bizantiuri artefaqtebi, aramed qarTuli. aq, XX saukuneSi, marTlac, didi mcdelobis miuxedavad bizantiurs faqtiurad verafers miakvlies, xolo I aTaswleulis qarTul artefaqtebs yuradReba ar miaqcies, radganac isini ar Seesabamebodnen qarTizaciis Teorias, rom mxolod IX-X saukunidan iyo SesaZlebel am regionSi qarTuli masalebis mopoveba.

damaluli qarTuli warwerebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi

1) foTi-yulevis gaTxrebisas aRmoCnda V-VI saukuneebis qarTuli asoebis satvifravi, romliTac gamosawvav agursa da sxva masalaze TavianT niSnebs adebdnen mSeneblebi. amasTanve, aRmoCnda am satvifraviT daniSnuli samSeneblo masalebi (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. II, gv. 209). am Zalze mniSvnelovan arqeologiur masalas saTanado yuradReba ar mieqca, radgan qarTuli samecniero sazogadoeba darwmunebulia, rom foTi iyo qalaqi fasisi (berZnuli samitropolito centriT), magram faqti imisa, rom foTSi /yulevSi/ aRmoCnda ara berZnuli, aramed V-VI ss. uZvelesi qarTuli satvifravi da warwerebi, saTanadod arc gacnobierda da arc mniSvneloba mieniWa. 2) nojixevSi, martvilTan, istoriul WyondidTan axlos, aRmoCnda qarTuli arqiteqturisTvis iSviaTi nageboba _ rvaafsidiani eklesiis nangrevebi, sinamdvileSi esaa tetrakonqis erT-erTi saxeoba. nojixevis am rvaafsidiani eklesiis gumbaTs miuyveboda vrceli qarTuli warwera, asoebis simaRle 10-20 santimetria. am warweras aTariReben X saukuniT, im cnobili Teoriis gavleniT, rom `egrisis qarTizacia X saukuneSi daiwyo~ _ am Teoriis gareSe,

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es warwera, albaT, VI-VII saukuneebiT daTariRdeboda, radgan tetrakonqebsa da mis sxvadasxva variaciebs saqarTveloSi agebdnen swored VI-VII saukuneebSi, Semdeg maT Caenacvla eklesiaTa sxva tipi. savaraudoa, rom nojixevis, iseve, rogorc foTis qarTuli warwerebi e.w. `qarTizaciamdel~ periods ekuTvnis da, Cveni azriT, adasturebs mematianeTa azrs, rom imTaviTve egrisi mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli (e.i. IV s-dan). amas adasturebs martvilis `jvris tipis~ eklesiis arqiteqturac. rionis dablobze berZnuli umniSvnelo warwera, mxolod sof. nosirSi aRmoCnda. safiqrebelia, rom aRniSnulTa garda arsebobs sxva qarTuli warwerebic dasavleT saqarTvelodan, romelTac yuradReba ar eqceva, radganac ar eTanadebian gabatonebul `qarTizaciis~ Teorias. magaliTad, erTi aseTia: 3) `sahak-duxtis qarTuli warwera~ V-VI saukuneebisa, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi aRmoCnda, is faqtiurad damalulia sazogadoebisTvis, radganac ar eTanadeba `qarTizaciis~ Teorias, romelic Tvlis, rom mxolod X saukunisTvis gavrcelda qarTuli ena da kultura dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

md. Termodonti da Temiskira arianes mixedviT

md. Termodonts xSirad axsenebs II saukunis cnobili avtori flavius ariane Tavis TxzulebaSi `periplusi, anu mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~ (Tb, 1961). es naSromi Targmna naTela keWaymaZem da gamosca 1961 wels s. yauxCiSvilis redaqtorobiT. is aRniSnavs am mdinaris Sesaxeb _ `Termodonti _ mdinarea Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze, axlandeli Termesu, TermodontTan amaZonebi cxovrobdnen~ (ariane, periplusi, 1961, gv. 108). arianes cnobiT, II s-Si Termodontis xeobaSi xalibebi binadrobdnen (iqve, gv. 80). herodotes cnobiT, TermodontTan cxovrobdnen kolxebi (herodote, istoria, II, gv. 104). amis Sesaxeb wers n. keWaymaZec (dasax. naS. gv. 10). maSasadame, kolxebis gansaxlebis qveda sazRvari trapizonis qvemo mxare yofila TermodontTan. Termodonti mdebareobda trapizonidan daaxloebiT 350 km-ze Tanamedrove samsunTan. qsenofontes dros kolxebis samkvidrebeli aRar yofila trapizonis qvemoT. strabonis azriT, kolxebi trapizonis aRmosavleTiT iyvnen (XII, 31,17), strabonis droindel kolxeTis mefeebs Zala aRar aqvT. maT qveyana skeptuqiebad dayves (XI, 2,18) _ wers n. keWaymaZe (dasax. naSr. gv. 10). maSasadame, kolxebis sacxovrisi iyo ara dasavleTi saqarTvelo, aramed trapezuntis mimdebare mxareebi.

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ariane wers: `kolxebi trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT arian, rogorc qsenofontec ambobs~ (n. keWaymaZis Targmani, ariane, `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~ 1961, gv. 10). aRsaniSnavia, rom n. keWaymaZe sxva adgilas odnavi gansxvavebiT Targmnis arianes am winadadebas, romlis mixedviTac mainc kolxebi trapezuntTan cxovrobdnen. ariane wers: `Semdegi tomebi, trapezuntebis mosazRvreni, rogorc qsenofontec ambobs, arian kolxebi~ (iqve, gv. 42). arianes gamoTvliT, md. Termodonti mdebareobda trapezuntis samxreTiT, daaxloebiT 350 km manZilze. is iyo iqamde kolxebis qveyana. arianes mixedviT mis dros kolxebi trapezuntis mezoblad (marjvniv) cxovrobdnen. herodotes cnobiT, mis wina xanebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, kolxebi samxreTiT md. Termodontamde iyvnen gavrcelebulni. svida ambobs: `Termodonti mdinarea kolxeTSi~. qsenofontes mixedviT ki, (IV, 8,22-24) kolxebi trapizonTan cxovrobdnen, xolo TermodontTan xalibebi (ariane, mogzauroba, 1961, gv. 72). `ptolemesTan kolxeTis mosaxleobaSi Semaval tomebSi kolxebi ar moixseniebian~ (iqve, gv.72 ). `rionis auzis areSi kolxebis saxelis xsenebac ki aRaraa arianes da ptolemes dros~ _ wers iv. javaxiSvili (qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, I, Tb., 1950, gv. 13). `kolxebi mosxebi arian Hecat, fr, 185, 188, kolxi mesxia, koraqsia, kolaa~ (iqve, gv. 73). Temiskira iyo qalaqi da qveyana Termodontis (Terme-su) pirdapir, qalaq amisosis maxloblad, aq kolxebisagan gaduRiaT winadacveTis Cveuleba maT mezobel asurebs (sirielebs) (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, komentari, gv. 80). ivane javaxiSvili wers: `winaT kolxebs Termodontisa da md. parTenionis sanaxebis maxloblad unda ecxovraT~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarT. eris ist. Sesavali, I, 1950, gv. 10). Termodontis midamoebSi berZeni da romaeli avtorebis cnobiT, kolxebis garda xalibebic cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 80). trapezunti, viTarca sinopelTa axalSeni, daarsebuli iqna `kolxeTis qveyanaSi~ (ariane, dasax. naSr. gv. 63). herodotes aRniSvniT, md. Termodontze berZnebma daamarcxes amorZalebi. stefane bizantielis leqsikonSi naTqvamia, rom md. Termodontze amorZalebi cxovrobdnen. strabonis cnobiT, iqve cxovrobda xalxi _ gargareebi, gargarelebi. sityva gargari etimologiurad axloa `gugarelTan~. Teodore sicilielis TxrobiT, amorZalebis mefes md. TermodontTan auSenebia didi qalaqi Temiskuri. amorZalebi daumarcxebia herakles, maTi naSTebi ki SemdgomSi troas mxareze ibrZodnen (s. WanturiSvili, eTnologia, gv. 220-224).

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maSasadame, Termodonti da Temiskira mdebareobdnen kolxebis istoriul qveyanaSi q. trapizonidan dasavleTiT 350 km. manZilze, zRvispiras, Tanamedrove samsunTan, Zvel amisosTan axlos. iustinianes epoqaSi Sedioda helenopontos provinciaSi, romelic Semdeg I armeniis diocezSi gaaerTianes. amitomac, Termodonti da Temiskira erTdroulad iyvnen kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi. rogorc Temistiosi ambobs, aq mdebareobda fasisis ritorikuli skola, e.w. `fasisis akademia~ da ara foTSi.

fasisi, Temiskira da Termodonti strabonis mixedviT

erTi cnobiT fasisis ritorikuli skola mdebareobda kolxeTSi md. TemiskirasTan da TermodontTan axlos. maTi mdebareoba cnobilia strabonis da sxva avtorebis cnobebiT. strabonis cnobiT, Temiskiras anu amazonebis dablobi moicavda pontospireTis olqs, romelsac rwyavda mdinareebi Termodonti da irisi (strab. I, III, 6). am dablobis erTi nawili Savi zRvis piras iyo, xolo meore nawili emijneboda pontos mTebs (XII, III, 15). es iyo trapezuntis samxreTiT.

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Tavi III mTavari savaWro arteriebi, gzebi da xidebi kolxeT-lazikaSi

`gza klarjeTisa~
wm. andria pirvelwodebuli arTvin-artaanis gzaze (I s.) I s-Si `andriam moaqcivna megrelni da warvida gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 38). es gza aerTianebda Woroxs artaanTan. `qarTlis cxovreba~ wers: andria pirvelwodebuli `Sevida qveyanasa qarTlisasa, nigalas, klarjeTsa da artaan-kolas, sada igi dayo Jami friad mravalni~. sad iyo nigala? _ nigalas xeoba mdebareobs istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi (amJamad TurqeTSia). moicavs md. Woroxis Sua da qveda wels. vaxuStis cnobiT _ `Woroxis mdinaris aRmosavleTis kidezec aris arTvini, qalaqi mcire, mosaxleni arian vaWarni, da am arTvinis sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges sazRvramde, Woroxis xeobis imieri da amieri iwodebis liganis xeobad~, saxeli nigalis xevi osmalebma Secvales livanad (e. beriZe, qristianuli salocavebi nigalis xeobaSi, tbeloba, 2008, gv. 322). nigalis areali CrdiloeTidan isazRvreba karCxalis mTaTa sistemiT, romelTa iqeTac aWara da maWaxelaa, aRmosavleTiT _ klarjeTi da artanujia, samxreTiT tao, xolo dasavleTidan isazRvreba lazeTis qediT. nigalis qveyana, amJamadac, qarTulenovania im TvalsazrisiT, rom misma mkvidrebma TurqulTan erTad met-naklebad ician es ena. es regioni `qarTlis qveynad~ iwodeba qarTlis cxovrebaSi klarjeTTan da artaan-kolasTan erTad. maSasadame, nigalis anu livanis mTavari qalaqi arTvinia. aqedan wmida mociquli andria Sesula klarjeTSi, romlis mTavari qalaqi amJamadac aris artanuji, iqedan ki gadasula artaan-kolaSi. yvela am regionSi dayo, rogorc iTqva `Jami friad mravalni~.

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maSasadame, wmida mociquls uvlia im gziT, romelic aTasi wlis Semdegac konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSic mniSvnelovani iyo da romelmac artanuji did savaWro centrad gadaaqcia. es gza, rogorc iTqva, iwyeboda arTvinSi, Sedioda artanujSi da gadadioda artaanSi. arTvin-artanujartaanis gza, maSasadame, I saukuneSic Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo wmida andrias cxovrebis mTargmnelTa cnobiT. am gziT, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, V s-Si usargeblia vaxtang gorgasals da Cveni azriT, am gziT Sevida sparseTis mefe xosro lazikis cixe petraSi. maSasadame, man gadalaxa ara suramis qedi da dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed isargebla iqamde arsebuli sparseT-dvin-yars-artaan-artanuj-arTvinis gziT. am punqtebs, cxadia VI saukuneSi sxva saxelebi SeiZleboda hqonodaT. sxva cnobiT, petraSi mimaval Sahs gauvlia TeodosiopolSi, iqedan is pirdapiri gziT Sevidoda artaanSi, aqedan ki artanujis gavliT arTvinsa da petraSi. esaa kolxeTisa da iberiis makavSirebeli strabonis `4 dRiani~ gza anu gza klarjeTisa. qristes samsWvalTa da ferxTa ficris gza (IV s.) `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ mixedviT, wmida ninos nebiT, mefe mirianma qarTvelTa gaqristianeba axara imperator konstantines. man Tavis mxriv saqarTveloSi gamogzavna samRvdeloeba xalxis mosanaTlad, romelTac gamoatana agreTve didi Tanxa eklesiaTa asaSeneblad. mas Semdeg rac dedofalma elenem 326 wels ierusalimSi aRmoaCina cxovelmyofeli jvari, imperatorma konstantinem meorejerac gamoagzavna saqarTveloSi sasulieroTa jgufi, romelTac iberiis qveyanaSi unda CaetanaT wmida nawilebi cxovelmyofeli jvrisa, kerZod ki ferxTa ficari da is lursmnebi, romlebiTac miamsWvales jvarze ufali. aRniSnuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, cnobilia is gza, romliTac bizantiidan _ saqarTveloSi Semoasvenes siwmideebi. kerZod maT gamoiares eruSeTsa, wundasa da manglisSi (sadac daasvenes es siwmideebi) da mividnen iberiis mefesTan mcxeTaSi. xufaTi-Worox-eruSeTi-wunda-manglisi-mcxeTis saerTaSoriso gza aerTianebda bizantiasa da saqarTvelos _ am gzis udidesi mniSvnelobis, kerZod am gzis kvanZis _ artanujis (arze-klarjeTis) Sesaxeb werda X s. imperatori konstantine porfirogeneti. qarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT, es gza arsebobda IV saukuneSic da is akavSirebda erTmaneTTan bizantia saqarTvelos. es, anu eruSeT-manglis-mcxeTis gza, arsebobda X-XI saukuneebSic, mas Zalze didi Semosavali mohqonda. am gzas icavda kldekaris cixe. TrialeTis erisTavebis baRvaSebis finansuri siZliere am gzasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. safiqrebelia, swored finansuri sargeblis, gzis baJis misaRebad gadmosaxldnen argveTidan kldekarSi baRvaSebi (argveTSi rom yofiliyo aseTi mniSvnelobis saerTaSoriso gza, baRvaSebi SesaZloa iqve darCeniliyvnen).

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vaxtang gorgaslis `gza klarjeTisa~ (V s.) Cveni mematianeni sakmaod xSirad xmaroben sityvas _ `gza klarjeTisa~. magaliTad, I s-Si `andriam moaqcivna megrelni da warvida gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 38). V s-Si _ `warmovida vaxtang gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 177). vaxtang gorgasali Tavisi jariT SeiWra saberZneTis (bizantiis) miwawyalze, `moadga laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q.c., I, gv. 160). zRvispira did qalaqad Cans igulisxmeba trapizoni. keisarTan sazavo molaparakebis Semdeg, vaxtangi ukan dabrunda: `warmovida vaxtang gzasa klarjeTisasa da spani misi ganutevna gzasa somxiTisasa da viTar moiwia Tuxarisad mixedna da Seuyvarda cixe... ixila klde Sua klarjeTisasa, romelsa erqva artanuji da mouwoda artavazs ZuZumtesa missa da daadgina igi erisTavad da ubrZana, raTa aagos cixe artanujisa da ubrZana raTa gamonaxos xevsa mas Sina adgili samonastre da aRaSenos eklesia da qmnes monastrad, viTar exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani da rqua artavazs: `ukeTu ganZlierdnen sparsni Cven zeda, sayudeli Cueni aqa yofad ars~, xolo artavaz aRaSena cixe artanujisa da monasteri, romel ars opiza da samni eklesiani: daba merisa, Sindobisa da axizisa da ganaaxla cixe axizisa da qmna igi quabad da viTar warmovida vaxtang da movida qalaqad Tvisad mcxeTad, iyo sixaruli didi da madlisa micema RmrTisa, rameTiu movida igi mSvidobiT~ (q.c. I, gv. 177-178). am aRweridan Cans gza, romliTac vaxtang gorgasali saberZneTidan dabrunda mcxeTaSi. kerZod, es gza gaivlida klarjeTs, artanujs, artaans, javaxeTs da Sedioda mcxeTaSi, mas mematiane uwodebs `gza klarjeTisa~. am gzas artaanSi uerTdeboda `gza somxeTisa~ (esaa artaani-kola-tao-dvinis SemaerTebeli gza. am `somxeTis gzis~ meore toti taodan Sedioda saberZneTSi _ am gziT dabrunda ukan vaxtangis spa). nana xazaraZis kvlevis Tanaxmad `klarjeTis gziT~ vaxtang gorgaslamde usargeblia pompeusisagan devnil miTridate pontoels. istorikosis cnobiT, pontos mTebis gadalaxvis Semdeg miTridate Cavida kolxeTSi afsarosTan (goniosTan). kerZod, mas jer usargeblia `somxeTis gziT~, Semdeg ki `klarjeTis gziT~ Casula Woroxis xeobaSi da misula afsarosTan. qalaqi artanisa da farnavazis klarjuli gza (Zv. w. III s.) ptolemaiosis sityviT, iberiaSi mdebareobda qalaqi `artanisa~. Cveni mecnierebis kvleviT, misi adgilmdebareoba araa dadgenili. aq sainteresoa, rom Cveni mematianeebi swored ase moixseniebdnen artaanis qalaqs, mas ewodeba saxeli `qalaqi artanisa~, an `naqalaqevi artanisa~. maSasadame, artanisa TviT qalaqis saxelia, Tumca, cxadia, imavdroulad `artaanis qalaqsac~ niSnavs.

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`javaxos aRaSena orni cixe-qalaqni: wunda da qalaqi artanisa, romelsac maSin erqva qajTa qalaqi, xolo aw hqvia huri~ (q.c. I, gv. 10). farnavaz mefem, roca egrisSi Sekriba `mxedarni qarTlisani~, gaemarTa azonTan sabrZolvelad _ `miegeba naqalaqevsa Tana artanisasa, romelsa erqva maSin qajTa qalaqi, romel ars huri~ (q.c. I, gv. 23). azonis damarcxebis Semdeg farnavazi Sevida saberZneTSi, iqidan `movida klarjeTs da daipyro klarjeTi da warmovida mcxeTad sixaruliTa didiTa~ (iqve, gv. 23). saqme isaa, rom azoni iqamde klarjeTSi iyo gamagrebuli da mas berZenTa jari exmareboda. azonis sabolood dasamarcxeblad farnavazma klarjeTic SemoierTa da mcxeTaSi dabrunda, TiTqosda, cxadi unda iyos _ im erTaderTi gziT, romelic klarjeTs artaanTan aerTebda da javaxeTis gavliT mcxeTaSi Sedioda. esaa is gza, romelic Semdgom gamoiyena vaxtang gorgasalma, romelzec aago artanujis cixe-simagre. klarjeTSi murvan yrus laSqrobis gza (VIII s.) d. musxeliSvilis 2003 wels gamocemuli `saqarTvelos istoriis atlasis~ mixedviT, murvan yrum urbnisis dalaSqvris Semdeg SorapanSi misasvlelad airCia samxreTis gza. is Sevida samcxeSi da samcxidan SorapanSi. urbnisidan gahyva mtkvris xeobas da oZrxe-dimnas gziT Sevida argveTSi, dimnas Semdeg is wavida aRmosavleTiT Sorapan-svirisken. rom arsebuliyo suram-Sorapanis pirdapiri gza, is aseT urTules manevrs ar gaakeTebda. Cans, es gza arc ki arsebobda. yovel SemTxvvevaSi wyaroebSi suram-Sorapnis gza naklebad Cans. CvenTvis mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom murvan yrum artaan-Woroxis xeobis makavSirebeli gza gaiara, e.i. es gza VIII saukuneSic arsebobda. bagrat IV-is gza xufaT-klarjeTisa (XI s.) bagrat IV afxazeTSi ibrZoda anakofiis cixis asaRebad. am dros masTan mividnen `tfilelni berni~ da amcnes, rom gardaicvala tfilisis amira, amitomac saswrafod unda Casuliyo TbilisSi da is SeerTebina saqarTvelosTvis _ `uqades qalaqi da uxmes saswrafod~. marTlac, mefe saswrafod gaemarTa Tbilisisaken, man gadaiara ara lixi-suramis mTa (Cans ar iyo Sesabamisi gza laSqrisTvis), aramed quTaisidan Cavida xufaTSi, Sevida Woroxis xeobaSi da klarjeTis tradiciuli gziT Cavida TbilisSi. mefis gza aseTia: anakofiidan `amoiara da movida quTaTiss da moiyena quTaTisisa samoqalaqos laSqari... moiyvana xufaTsa... amoiara mefeman da movida qarTls... waremarTa tfilisad~ (q.c. I, 299). e.i. quTaisi-xufaTi-artanuji-javaxeTi-Tbilisis gziT gadaiyvana laSqari dasavleT saqarTvelodan mtkvris pirze da daamarcxa mteri (q.c. I, 338). e.i. masac `klarjeTis gza~ gauvlia.

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artanujis saerTaSoriso gza (X s.) konstantine porfirogenetis (X s. bizantiis imperatoris) cnobiT `artanujis cixe Zalian mtkicea da aqvs didi rabatic da daba-qalaqic, da iq modis saqoneli trapezuntisa, iberiisa, afxazeTisa, armeniisa da siriis yvela qveynidan da am saqonlidan mas uamravi baJi Semodis. artanujis miwawyali _ ese igi arzeni, didia da nayofieri da warmoadgens iberiis, afxazeTisa da mesxTa qveynis gasaRebs~ (georgika 2, nakveTi II, gv. 278-279). maSasadame, IX-X ss-Si artanuji iRebda saqonels SavizRvispireTidan (ZiriTadad trapezunti) da es saqoneli gadahqonda armenia, iberiasa da siriaSi, da piriqiT armenia, iberia, siriis saqoneli gahqonda SavizRvispireTis qveynebSi _ trapezuntsa da afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi). cxadia, ara qalaqi artanuji, aramed is saerTaSoriso gza, romelzec es cixe-qalaqi mdebareobda, aerTebda Woroxis auzis meSveobiT zRvispira qveynebs, iberiis qalaq artahanTan. artaan-arTvinis gza ZvelTaganve aerTebda somxeTsa da iberias SavizRvispireTTan md. Woroxis meSveobiT. magaliTad somxeTidan (dvinidan) Semosuli saqoneli, romelic zRvis portTan unda misuliyo, arTvin-ardagnis gziT gadaivlida kandridis uReltexils arsianis qedze da gadavidoda Woroxis xeobaSi, Sevidoda q. artanujSi, aqedan amave gziT Sevidoda q. arTvinSi, arTvinidan saxmeleTo an samdinaro gziT Sevidoda q. petraSi anda SavizRvispireTis navsadgurSi. artahanarTvinis gziT gahqondaT Tbilisuri saqoneli zRvaze, anda piriqiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos saqonels Woroxisa da arTvin-artanis gziT miitandnen TbilisSi, dvinSi Tu sxva aRmosavleTis mxareSi. es gza iyo ZvelTaganve arsebuli. es iqidan Cans, rom, marTalia, VIII s-Si artanuji da misi mxareebi arabebma aaoxres, magram ukve X s-Si am gzas mainc saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba hqonda, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT. is rom ar yofiliyo ZvelTaganve arsebuli saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis mosaxerxebeli gza _ X s-Si ar aRdgeboda. `artanuji tao-klarjeTis samTavros politikuri centri gaxda. es qalaqi VIII-IX ss-Ta mijnaze unda warmoSobiliyo (saq. ist. narkv. II, 1973. gv. 347). artanujSi jer kidev vaxtang gorgasals augia cixe, misi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo. `artanujis dawinaurebis mTavari momenti misi strategiuli mdebareoba unda yofiliyo (iqve, gv. 347), artanuji mdebareobda mniSvnelovan savaWro gzaTa Sesayarze. masze gadioda trasa, romelic Tbiliss bizantiis qalaqebTan akavSirebda: samSvilde-faravani-axalqalaqi-artaani-artanuji (iqve, gv. 80). `artanujis meSveobiT ukavSirdebodnen somxeTis qalaqebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos~ (. , , c. 233-234).

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e.i somxeTi SavizRvispireTis savaWro punqtebs ukavSirdeboda artanujarTvin-Savi zRvis meSveobiT. arTvinidan SeiZleboda saxmeleTo aseve samdinaro gziT (Woroxis meSveobiT) Savi zRvis sanapiroebamde tvirTis mitana, rogorc trapizonis, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT. artanujis ayvavebas X s-is Sua wlebisaTvis am gzam Seuwyo xeli. is iqca saqarTvelos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes qalaqad. amitom, roca es qalaqi misma erT-erTma bagrationma mepatronem bizantielebs gadasca da artanujis cixeze bizantielTa droSa aRimarTa, bagrationebis yvela ganStoebis meTaurebma bizantielebs ganucxades, rom Tu ar daTmobdnen da ar daclidnen artanujs, yvelani gadavidodnen arabebis mxares da erTiani ZaliT ibrZolebdnen artanujis gasaTavisufleblad. konstantine porfirogenetis TqmiT, artanujSi Sedioda trapezuntis, iberiis, afxazeTis, armeniisa da siriis saqoneli. artanujis qveyanas, misive TqmiT, `arzeni~ erqva, etimologiurad arzeni igive alz-ena anu `alz~is qveyanaa. `alz~ igive `laz~-ia, lazivi _ lazikaa. baRvaSebi mcxeTa-klarjeTis gzis (XII s.) TrialeTis monakveTze klarjeTis gza (artanujis gza) imiT iyo mniSvnelovani, rom igi aerTebda SavizRvispireTisa da bizantiis savaWro centrebs. konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT, iberiasTan, armeniasTan da siriasTan. petradan, xufaTidan an Semdegdroindel goniodan, es gza gauyveboda Woroxs, Sevidoda artanujSi, iqidan arsianis qedis gavliT artaanSi. artaani iyo gzajvaredini, CrdiloeTiT gza miemarTeboda iberiisken, samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT ki _ somxeTisaken, siriisken da mcire aziis punqtebisaken. CvenTvis saintereso CrdiloeTis gza artaanidan Sedioda javaxeTSi da TrialeTSi. aqac, daaxloebiT kldekaris cixe-simagresTan, gza kvlav orad iyofoda, erTi atenis xeobis CavliT Cadioda Sida qarTlSi, meore ki manglisis xeobis gavliT uerTdeboda Tbilis-qvemo qarTl-somxeT-ransa da movakans. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samxreT kavkasiis da Crdilo sparseTis savaWro-saerTaSoriso gza gadioda kldekarze da iqidan ki klarjeTis gziT uerTdeboda SavizRvispira portebs. gzis aseTi didi mniSvnelobis gamo kldekaris cixe-simagre daiWira baRvaSebis cnobilma sagvareulom X saukunis bolos, konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi. man, rogorc iTqva, aRwera am gzaze mdebare artanujis cixe-simagris savaWro mniSvneloba. mematiane wers: `iyo mas Jamsa erisTavad kldekarTa rati da hqonda cixe atenisa _ TrialeTi, manglis xevi da skvireTi~ (q.c. I, gv. 276). TrialeTidan Sida qarTlSi Camaval gzaze mdinareebis gadakveTisas agebuli iqna mravali TaRovani xidi, ase rom, artanujis TaRovani xidi da

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atenTan mdebare mdinareebis TaRovani xidebi erTi gzis Semadgeneli teqnikuri saSualebebia. klarjeT-TrialeTisa da samcxis laSqari (kaxeT-hereT-Tbilisis SemoerTebamde) _ qveynis saxelis mixedviT iwodeboda `zemo laSqrad~ (anu zemo qveynis laSqrad). sxva iyo qvemo qveynis anu dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis) laSqari. kaxeTis qorepiskopos daviTTan brZolisas taoSi myofma bagrat III afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefem da kurapalatma `awvia spaTa afxazeTisa da qarTlisaTa, TviT waremarTa zemoT laSqriTa, gaiara TrialeTi, gavlo xidi mcxeTisa da mierTnes Tana afxazni da qarTvelni, dadga TianeTs~ (q.c. I, gv. 279). aqedan Cans, rom am laSqarma gaiara artaan-javaxeT-TrialeTis aRwerili gziT da kldekaridan (walkidan) atenis xeobis gziT mcxeTaSi Sevida. xosro klarjeTis gzaze (VI s.) Cven davadgineT, rom sparsuli jari jer Sah xosros, xolo Semdgom misi mxedarTmTavrebis meTaurobiT lazikasa da q. petraSi Cadiodnen Tanamedrove artaanidan arsianis qedis gadamkveTi gziT. amJamadac, yarsidan wamosuli gza, romelic artaanSi Sedis, uerTdeba arTvins da Woroxis sanapiroze gamaval im gzas, romelic mgzavrs miiyvanda q. petrasTan. Zvel dros q. artaansa da q. dvins aerTebda mniSvnelovani gza, ase rom, dvini q. petras aRniSnuli gziT uerTdeboda. dvini _ persarmeniis is qalaqi iyo, romlis sanaxebSic isvenebda lazikis omebis Semdeg daqanculi sparsuli jari. q. dvinidan anu persarmeniidan petrasken mimavali jari jer, rogorc iTqva, gaivlida artaans (es iyo iberiis miwa-wyali), aqedan ki arsianis qedis gavliT Sedioda klarjeTSi, romelsac berZnuli wyaroebi lazikas uwodebdnen. am qveynis (anu lazika-klarjeTis) mTavari mdinaris fasisis anu Woroxis sanapiroze gadioda saerTaSoriso gza, romelic Savi zRvis sanapiromde midioda (q. petrasTan, mis gverdiT mdebare q. fasisTan, Semdeg q. arqeopolisTan da a.S.). artaansa da arTvins, amJamad, aerTianebs ori gza. erTi gza SavSeTis gavliT uerTdeba arTvins, meore artaanidan gamosuli gza ki artanujis gavliT uerTdeba arTvins. romeli gziT imgzavra xosrom? man gaiara, albaT, prokofis mier dasaxelebuli iberiis cixeebi skanda da sarapana. skandis cixe _ arsianis qedze mdebare qinZotamalis cixe unda iyos (iqvea sofeli kandridi da qinZis cixe), xolo sarapana unda iyos SavSeTTan mdebare `arpalis~ cixe, romelsac aseve hqvia `qvaTeTrisi~. am or cixes savele gza amJamadac aerTianebT (ix. saqarTvelos `zogadgeografiuli~ ruka, 1998). sparseTis Sahma xosrom Tavisi laSqriT gaiara lazika persarmeniidan petramde da piriqiT. am laSqrobebs aRwers prokofi. es gza, Cveni azriT,

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gasaRebs warmoadgens lazikisa da md. fasisis mdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis. persarmeniaSi q. dvinis sanaxebi warmoadgenda sparsuli laSqris dasavanebel da Zalebis mosakreb adgils lazikisaken laSqrobisas. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, persarmeniidan dasvenebuli sparsuli laSqari Sedioda lazikaSi, iRebda monawileobas petrasa da misi mimdebare adgilebis laSqrobaSi, amis Semdeg ki es laSqari ukanve brundeboda dasasveneblad da Zalebis mosakrebad q. dvinis sanaxebSi. amaze prokofi wers: `mermeroem lazikaSi 5.000 kaci datova, xolo danarCeni 25.000 kaciT somxeTSi gadavida da dvinis axlos daibanaka~. mermeroe petradan `danarCeni jariT mivida persarmeniaSi da daisvena dvinis maxlobel soflebSi~ (georgika, II, gv. 115). XX s-is istorikosTa amJamad sayovelTaod miRebuli azriT, petrasaken mimavali laSqari gaivlida q. Tbiliss, Semdeg suramis qedis gadalaxviT Sedioda yvirilas xeobaSi, gadavidoda md. rionis vakeze, Semdeg ki gaivlida Tanamedrove guriasa da aWaras da Sevidoda petras simagreSi. aseTi gza ar eTanxmeba prokofis aRweras, radganac prokofis cnobiT, petras brZolebSi daRlili laSqari Zalebis mosakrebad midioda q. dvinSi anu persarmeniaSi, Tu ki petradan ukan mimavali laSqari gaivlida aseT ugrZeles gzas: mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, Semdeg ki, TiTqmis, mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, Semdeg somxeTs da mividoda dvinSi, es laSqari sruliad Zala gamoclili iqneboda. samxedro TvalsazrisiT, aseTi gzis gavla dasasveneblad araefeqturia da SeuZlebelic aris. maSasadame, xosros da misi sardlis mermeroes mier gavlili gza dvinidan petramde ufro mokle unda yofiliyo. amasTanave, Cven viciT, rom es gza gaivlida iberiis erT nawils, gadalaxavda Zalze maRali qedis uReltexils da Cavidoda fasisis xeobaSi. iq, sadac fasisi wyalmcirea. aq jari fexiT gadavidoda mdinareze da gauyveboda petrasaken mimaval gzas, ise, rom md. fasisi marjvena mxares hqonodaT. amasTanave, am gzaze isini ar gaivlidnen arc erT lazur sofels. marTlac, arsebobda iseTi gza, romelic dvinidan Sedioda petraSi iberiis gavliT. es iyo _ dvini-artaani-artanuji-arTvini-petras gza, romelic gadadis arsianis qedis erT maRal uReltexilze. es aris uZvelesi gza, amasaTanave umoklesi da advilad savali petradan _ dvinamde. arTvin_artaanis (ardaganis) SemaerTebeli es gza arsebobs amJamad da arsebobda wina istoriul xanaSic. dvinidan (persarmeniidan) gamavali gza Tavdapirvelad Sedioda iberiaSi (anu artaanSi), aqedan ki gadioda lazikaSi anu klarjeTSi liganasa da ergeSi, e.i. fasisis anu Woroxis xeobaSi, kerZod ki klarjeTis qalaq arTvinSi. arTvinis maxlobeli fonis gadalaxvis Semdeg, laSqari gadioda md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze (maSasadame, maT marjvniv miedineboda mdinare

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fasisi anu Woroxi _ prokofis TqmiT) da umoklesi gziT mdinaris gayolebiT pirdapir Sediodnen petraSi. erTaderTi maTi dabrkoleba am gzaze iyo arsianis qedis uReltexili. esaa TiTqmis 3.000 metri simaRlis uReltexili. am uReltexilis geografia Cven gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT Tu sad iyo skandas cixe simagre. petraSi salaSqrod wamosulma sparsulma jarebma sagangebo samuSao Seasrules, raTa gaesworebinaT iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza. sparseTis mefem aRniSna am gzis uvargisobis Sesaxeb, magram is daarwmunes, rom xeebs moWridnen da napralebs amoavsebdnen. marTlac, am gziT gamoiara sparseTis cxenosanma jarma da mebrZolma spiloebma. prokofi wers: `iberiidan kolxeTSi mimavali gza yvelgan daqanebuli napralebiT da Znel savali gzebiTaa daserili, dafarulia uRrani tyeebiT, ise, rom msubuqad datvirTul kacsac gauWirdeboda siaruli, axla ise gaesworebinaT, rom ara Tu maTma cxenosanma jarma gaiara iq daubrkoleblad, aramed spiloebic gaatares, ramdenic surdaT da ise ilaSqres~ (iqve, georgika, II, gv. 182). am gzis qveS, rogorc iTqva, unda igulisxmebodes artaanidan anu iberiidan lazikaSi anu Woroxis xeobaSi Semavali arc Tu grZeli gza, romelic iqamdec arsebobda, da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi gasworebac iyo SesaZlebeli. marTlac, prokofis aRweridan Cans, rom xosros jari ise Sevida lazikaSi, rom maT fasisi marjvena mxares darCaT. am adgilas prokofi md. fasisSi mdinare Woroxs gulisxmobs da iqve asaxelebs meore mdinares _ reons. prokofi wers: `mdinare fasisis iqeTa mxares lazebs petras garda sxva dasaxlebuli adgili ar moepovebodaT. is gavida da daiWira iberiidan kolxeTSi gadasasvleli adgilebi, sadac fasisze gadasvla foniT SeiZleboda. es mdinare, aseve meore mdinarec fexiT gadalaxa, saxelad reoni (arc es aris sanaosno) da fasisis marjvena mxareze rom aRmoCnda, waiyvana jari erTi qalaqis _ arqeopolisis winaaRmdeg, romelic aris mTavari qalaqi lazikis qveyanaSi~ (gv. 182). Cans, reoni VI s-Si erqva aseve Woroxis SesarTav mdinaresac. lazikaSi mimavali sparselTa gzis marSruti g. grigolias mixedviT berZen-romaeli avtorebis cnobebis gaanalizebis Semdeg, CvenTvis cxadi gaxda, rom VI saukuneSi sparselebma petrasaken ilaSqres artaan-artanuj-arTvinis gziT. es CvenTvis iyo axali azri da ar eTanadeboda oficialur istoriografiaSi damkvidrebul Tvalsazriss, magram aRmoCnda, rom igive Tvalsazrisisaa batoni guram grigolia, romlis naSromsac gavecaniT 2009 wels.

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oficialuri istoriografiis TvalsazrisiT petrasaken laSqrobis marSruti Semdegi iyo _ aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, lixis qedi, dasavleTi saqarTvelo, petra. g. grigolias azriT ki sparsTa jari Woroxis xeobis gavliT Sevida petraSi. is wers _ `raTa ufro ioli gaxdes am gzis mimarTulebis garkveva, prokofi kesarieli detalurad aRwers gzaze damxvedr mdinareebs, mogviTxrobs maT fizikur Tvisebebze, mimarTulebaze, saidan iReben isini saTaves, sad aris maTi SesarTavi, romel qveynebsa Tu tomebis dasaxlebaTa maxloblad miedinebian da sxva. yovelive es fasdaudebel informacias iZleva lazikis samefosa da qalaq petras lokalizaciisaTvis~ (g. grigolia, egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi, 1994, gv. 29). Semdeg mkvlevari ganagrZobs _ `xofa umoklesi gziT ukavSirdeba Woroxis xeobas borCxasTan. Woroxis zemo welisaken mimavali gza arTvinTan iyofa orad, erTi Woroxis gayolebiT miemarTeba yarsi, ardagani da somxeTisaken, xolo meore imerxeviT, SavSeTis yvirilas xeobiT da arsianis uReltexiliT gadadis focxovis xeobaSi, saidanac axalcixe-axalqalaqi, walka-manglisis gziT Cadis TbilisSi. safiqrebelia, rom swored am gziT waiyvanes lazebma mefe xosro anuSirvani petras winaaRmdeg, kerZod, rogorc prokofis cnobidan vgebulobT, sparselebma gadalaxes boasi (Cveni gagebiT Woroxis zemo weli _ wers g. grigolia) da `ise mividnen petraSi rom fasisi marjvniv hqondaT~ (iqve, gv. 64). g. grigolia Tvlis, rom is mdinare fasisi, romelic sparselebma am dros gadalaxes aris md. Woroxi, xolo petra ki erqva xofas (Zvel xufaTs). g. grigolias azriT, xofadan Woroxisaken da aqedan iberiisaken, armeniisa da persarmeniisaken mimavali gza ZvelTaganve arsebobda (iqve, gv. 65). am gzaze zamTriTac ki moZraoba ar wydeboda _ `gza xufaTidan da iberiidan Woroxisaken imdenad yofila gakvaluli, rom zamTris periodSic ki ar ferxdeboda masze xalxTa didi masebis moZraoba~ (iqve, gv. 65). g. grigolias mosazrebas isic adasturebs, rom sparsTa laSqris mosasvenebeli mTavari banaki mdebareobda persarmeniaSi _ dvinSi. aqedan miemarTebodnen isini petrasa da lazikaSi, iqedan ki ukan brundebodnen mosasveneblad _ prokofi kesarielis cnobiT. dvinidan ki pirdapiri gza arsebobda Woroxamde da Sesabamisad petramde. amasTanave, prokofis cnobiT erT-erTi laSqrobisas _ `sparselebi maT winamZRol lazebTan erTad swrafad gaCndnen petraSi~ (georgika II, gv. 100-102). Tu ki laSqari gaivlida Tbiliss, lixis qeds, mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos da Semdeg movidoda petraSi (sadRac baTumTan) cxadia is `swrafad ver gaCndeboda petraSi~ _ didi gzis gamo. maSin laSqars mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo unda gaevlo, rasac mosaxleoba da mowinaaRmdege advilad Seityobda da `swraf marSs~ Tavisi mniSvneloba daekargeboda. aseTi siswrafe ki artaan-arTvinis SemaerTebel, Tanac gakvalul gzaze SesaZlebeli iyo.

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amitomac g. grigolias mosazreba misaRebia. is wers: `boas-fasisi rom namdvilad md. Woroxia da ara yvirila-rioni, rogorc es adre iyo gagebuli, amas kidev erTxel mowmobs prokofi kesarielis Sromis araerTi adgili. es exeba lazebisa da misi mezobeli tomebis gansaxlebas, lazebis qalaqebisa da cixeebis daxasiaTebas Tu sparseTis jaris salaSqro marSrutebis aRwerilobas petrasTan dakavSirebiT~ (iqve, gv. 42). Semdeg g. grigolias mohyavs prokofis cnobebi lazikis gansaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT: `prokofi kesarieli Sromis im nawilSi, sadac saubaria xosros mier q. petrasa da Semdeg romaelTa (dagisTes xelmZRvanelobiT) da sparsTa (mermeroes sardlobiT) jarebis axali koncentraciis Sesaxeb, iZleva cnobebs mdinare boasis, lazTa dasaxlebuli adgilebis (maTi qalaqebisa da cixe-qalaqebis) Sesaxeb: `...boasi, amieridan fasisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi vidre evqsinad wodebul zRvamde, sadac misi SesarTavia, da mis orive mxriT lazike aris. magram marjvniv mTeli is qveyana did manZilze, vidre iberiis sazRvrebamde, dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT, lazTa soflebi xom aq yvela mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras da qalaqebic maT ZvelTaganve aq auSenebiaT, maT Soris aris arqeopolisi Zalian gamagrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec, xolo skanda da sarapani _ iberiis sazRvrebisaken, yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi. mdinaris marcxniv, iseT manZilze, romelsac erT dReSi gaivlis msubuqad datvirTuli kaci, lazikis sazRvrebia, xolo es mxare mosaxleobas moklebuli Cans, am mxaris mezoblad romaelebi cxovroben, romelTac pontoelebi ewodebaT, lazikis miwawyalze, im adgilas, sadac adamianebs arasodes ar ucxovriaT, iustiniane mefem Cems dros qalaqi petra gaaSena~ _ wers prokofi kesarierli. g. grigolia ganagrZobs _ md. fasisis napirebze lazebis disproporciuli gansaxlebis aseTive suraTs iZleva prokofis Sromis sxva adgilic, sadac saubaria evqsinis pontospira xalxebsa da maT mezoblebze: `...zogierTebi amboben (gulisxmoben esqiles, herodotes), rom aq fasisi orad hyofs xmeleTs. Camomdinare wylis marcxniv aris azia, xolo marjvniv evropad iwodeba. evropis nawilSia lazTa yvela sabinadro adgili, xolo meore nawilSi moxseniebis Rirsi arc raime qalaqi aqvT lazebs, arc simagre da arc daba, garda imisa, rom romaelebma iq petra aaSenes winaT~, rogorc vxedavT, prokofis Sromis aq moyvanili orive adgili Sinaarsobrivad erTgvarovania da Zalze saintereso, mravalferovan informacias iZleva lazikis istoriisa da gansakuTrebiT, istoriuli geografiisaTvis. aq saubaria lazikis samxreT sazRvarze, cixe-qalaqTa gvarobaze, maT ganlagebaze, mosaxleobis gansaxlebaze da sxv. magram, samwuxarod, rogorc fiqroben, swored Sromis es nawilia e.w. `SecdomebiTa~ da urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebiT savse, rac prokofisadmi da saerTod, berZen mweralTa cnobebisadmi

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skeptikurad ganawyobs mkvlevarTa did nawils. akad. s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, `es cnobebi bevrgan areulia, erTimeores ar eTanxmeba, an Cvens Tanamedrove saistorio mwerlobaSi Semowmebuli araa~. akad. n. berZeniSvili misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli siRrme-siganiT ixilavs adrebizantiuri xanis lazikis istoriis sakiTxebs da saerTod, ndobas ucxadebs prokofis cnobebs saqarTvelos rom exeba, magram sakamaTo adgilebis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs, rom, rogorc `Cans (prokofi) StabSi warmodgenil moxsenebis safuZvelze adgens Tavis moTxrobas da erTimeoreSi urevs cnobebs~... da iqve migviTiTebs, rom meti sifrTxiliT movekidoT berZen mweralTa cnobebs. CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs d. musxeliSvilis, rogorc istoriuli geografiis wamyani specialistis, Sexedulebas prokofi kesarielis cnobebis raoba-Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro, rom igi sagangebod Cerdeba moyvanili cnobebis saCoTiro adgilebze da mas Semdeg, rac ndobas ucxadebs prokofi kesariels, rogorc kompetentur istorikoss, iqve dasZens, rom `rionis marcxena napiris sruli dausaxleblobis Sesaxeb misi azri Secdoma unda iyos~-o, rasac faqtiuri masaliT adasturebs. Tumca iqve dasZens, rom `prokofi kesarielis zemoxsenebul Cvenebebze damyarebuli warmodgena marcxena rionispireTis dausaxleblobis Sesaxeb adrebizantiur xanaSi, faqtiurad, SesaZlebelia am CvenebaTa araswori interpretaciis Sedegi iyos~-o, raSic SeuZlebelia ar daveTanxmoT pativcemul avtors _ wers g. grigolia da ganagrZobs: rogorc ukve iTqva, Cveni azriT, mTavari Secdoma is aris, rom prokofiseuli boas-fasisi arasworadaa gaigivebuli rionyvirilasTan. prokofis cnobiT, fasisis marjvena napirze `mTeli is qveyana did manZilze vidre iberiis sazRvrebamde dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT~, Tuki fasisi rionia, rogorc es amJamad aris miRebuli, sruliad gaugebaria, ra unda rionis marjvniv iberiis sazRvrebs; rogorc antikuri, ise bizantiuri da momdevno xalxebisaTvis aseTi sazRvrebis Zieba rionis marjvena napirze uazrobaa. ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda wavideT, ramdenic ar unda viaroT, rionis marjvena sanapiroze, verc erT wertilSi iberiis sazRvrebs ver mivadgebiT, miT ufro, viciT, rom prokofisave araerTgzisi CvenebiT aseTi sasazRvro xazi, xsenebuli droisaTvis, skanda-SorapanTan gadis. es pirdapir aris miTiTebuli prokofis cnobis im nawilSi, sadac saubaria fasisis marjvena napiras gaSenebul qalaqebze da cixeebze: `maT Soris aris arqeopolisi, Zalian gamagrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec, xolo skanda da sarapani _ iberiis sazRvrebisaken, yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aq rodopolisi da moxirisia~. rogorc cnobilia, rodopolisi Tanamedrove varcixea rionisa da yvirila-xaniswylis SesarTavTan, moxiriss ki dablagomTan varaudoben. e.i. orive es qalaqi rionis marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobs, rom araferi vTqvaT skandasa da Sorapanze. prokofis cnobis mixedviT ki, isini md. fasisis

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marjvena sanapirozea miTiTebuli. aqac aSkara Seusabamobaa fasis-rionis mimarT. jer kidev iustinianes novelebis avtormac icis, rom arqeopolisi da rodopolisi, udidesi da Zveli simagreebia~, xolo Semdeg prokofi kesarieli pirdapir miuTiTebs da xazs usvams, rom `yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi~. yovelive es icis prokofim, ufro sworad, misma informatorma, magram, Tu es fasisi rionia, maSin Secdomas uSvebs, roca maT mdinaris marjvena napiris qalaqebad miiCnevs, rac naklebad sarwmunoa. aqac iseTive daskvna unda gakeTdes, rogoric lazika-iberiis sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT miviReT: kerZod, am etapze prokofis fasisi rioni ar aris _ wers g. grigolia. is agrZelebs _ sakiTxiT dainteresebul mkvlevarebs gansakuTrebiT aRelvebT prokofis cnobis is adgili, sadac saubaria md. fasisis marcxena sanapiroze, romelic `mosaxleobas moklebuli Cans da am nawilSi arc raime qalaqi aqvT lazebs, arc simagre da arc daba moxseniebis Rirsi~. Tu prokofiseuli fasisi Tanamedrove rionia, saqme exeba imereTis did nawils, mTel guriasa da aWaras, e.i. istoriuli kolxeTis saukeTeso nawils, sadac, rogorc ukanaskneli drois arqeologiuri Ziebis Sedegebi mowmoben, aRmocendnen adreantikuri da elinisturi xanis qalaquri centrebi: vani, dabla gomi, fasisi, fiWvnari da afsarosi~ (g. grigogolia, `egris-lazikis samefos saistorio problemebi~, 1994, gv. 32). g. grigolias am vrceli amonarididan Cans, rom is am SemTxvevaSi ar eTanxmeba gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss, rom varcixe aris rodopolisi, radganac, prokofis cnobiT, rodopolisi mdebareobda fasisis marjvena sanapiroze (iseve, rogorc skanda da sarapani, xolo varcixe rionis marjvena sanapiroze ar mdebareobs, maSasadame, rodopolisic sxvaganaa saZebni, albaT Woroxis xeobaSi). Sorapanzec igive iTqmis. prokofis sarapana fasisis marjvniv mdebareobda, rac Seexeba zestafonis Sorapans, is rionis Senakad yvirilas marjvnivac ki ar mdebareobs, aramed Zirulas marjvniv. g. grigolia daaskvnis _ `erTi sityviT prokofis yvela cnoba, rac gaugebari da urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa rion-fasisTan kavSirSi, savsebiT naTeli da logikuria fasis-WoroxTan mimarTebaSi~ (iqve, gv. 53). xolo sparseT-petras gzasTan dakavSirebiT wers _ `prokofi kesarieli petras yovelTvis md. fasisTan kavSirSi ixseniebs da misi niSandoblivi lokalizacia mxolod da mxolod fasisTan mimarTebaSi aris SesaZlebeli...~ (iqve, gv. 55). md. fasisi ki Woroxia, sparselTa omebi mis xeobaSi imarTeboda. aq gadioda is mniSvnelovani gza, romelic petras dvinTan akavSirebda.

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sparseTis Sahi klarjeTis gzaze mefe xosro ramdenjerme gaemarTa lazikaSi petras cixe-simagris asaRebad, aseve sparseTidan petrasaken ramdenjerme gaemgzavra sparsTa jarebi sxva mTavarsardlebis meTaurobiT. prokofi kesarieli aRwers maT gzas, rogorc erTi, ise meore mimarTulebiT, magaliTad sparsTa jarebma petrasTan cxare SebrZolebis Semdeg ukan daixies da dabrundnen TavianT dasasvenebel qveyanaSi (banakebSi), sadac saerTod isini izamTrebdnen, aRidgendnen Zalebs da ukanve, petrasTan brundebodnen. aseTi adgili yofila persarmeniaSi q. dvini da maT garSemo soflebi, romelTac CamoTvlis kidec prokofi. saerTod is wers sparsTa gzis Sesaxeb, kerZod isini sparseTidan jer Sediodnen persarmeniaSi, Semdeg ki iberiis raRac nakveTis gavlis Semdeg _ lazikaSi. SebrZolebebi petrasTan iyo pirvelxarisxovani saqme sparsTa mefisaTvis, amitomac is brZolisunarianobis SenarCunebis mizniT, sparseTidan petrasaken yvelaze mokle da amave dros uxifaTo gziT waiyvanda Tavis jarebs, es bunebrivia, jari dasvenebuli unda yofiliyo. da amave dros axlos momaragebis wyarosTan, e.i. persarmeniasTan da aseve iberiasTan, romelic sparsTa mier iyo dapyrobili. maSasadame, xosrom Tavisi jarebi dvinidan petrasken waiyvana yvelaze mokle gziT. romelia es gza? Tu Zvel rukebs davxedavT, SevamCnevT, rom dvini-petras SemaerTebel yvelaze mokle gzebs unda gaevloT qarTlis provinciebi kola-artaani, klarjeTi, Woroxis xeoba, Semdegdroindeli arTvini da Woroxis gayolebiT uSualod miadgebodnen petras. es gzebi, amJamadac ki, erTaderTni arian am mxareSi. saqme isaa, rom dvin-kola-artaansa da klarjeTs Soris zRvis donidan 2500-3000 metrze aRmarTulia qedi arsiani. amJamadac, arsianis qedze gadis ori mTavari gza _ romelic q. artaans aerTebs q. artanujTan (klarjeTSi) da q. arTvinTan (Woroxze), erTi ufro CrdiloeTiTaa, meore samxreTiT. vfiqrobT, rom xosrom isargebla artaan-artanujis damakavSirebeli gziT, radganac es ufro moklea pirvelTan SedarebiT, Tanac ufro naklebi dabrkolebebia masze. q. artaani da artaanis provincia uSualod emezobleba eruSeTs da samcxis provinciebs (e.i. iyo istoriuli iberia) da is, marTlac, Zevs persarmeniasa (anis-dvinis qveyanasa) da klarjeT-lazikas Soris. artaan-artanuj-arTvinis SemaerTebeli gza, rogorc vTqviT, gaivlida arsianis qeds, romlis uReltexili mdebareobs zRvis donidan 2687 m. simaRleze. mis axlos axlac mdebareobs sofeli `kandridi~. es sityva `kandr~ Zalze gvagonebs prokofi kesarielis mier aRweril cnobas, rom iberiasa da lazikas Soris mdebareobda `skandas~ cixe (kand _ skand). aRsaniSnavia, rom arsianis am uReltexilTan axlo Zveli cixe-simagrea, romelsac, amJamad, `qinZis cixe~ ewodeba. Cveni azriT fuZe `qinZ~ da `skand~, aseve, eti-

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mologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan (kind(Z) _ skand). prokofis aRweridan viciT, rom skandas cixis axlomaxlo ar modioda mosavali, iyo Zalze mTiani imdenad, rom aq venaxi ar xarobda da Rvinoc ar hqondaT. cnobilia, rom sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebi prokofis mier aRweril skandas cixed miiCnevdnen Terjolis raionSi amJamadac arsebul `skandes~. sakuTari TvaliT gvinaxavs, rom Terjolis skande mdebareobs samiwaTmoqmedo ubanSi, radgan modis yovelgvari saxis mosavali da cxadia xarobs venaxic, xolo arsianis qedze 2600 metrze mdebare qinZotamalis anu `qinZis cixe~ namdvilad identuria prokofis mier aRwerili umosavlo da pirquS regionTan. rogorc Cans aqve iyo meore cixec _ sarapana. T. xuciSvilis mier gamocemuli `tao-klarjeTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis~ rukis mixedviT, aRniSnul artaan-artanujis SemaerTebel gzaze mdebareobda arpali, romelic Cveni azriT, etimologiurad waagavs sarapan-Sorapans. saerTod, qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul qveynebSi toponimebi xSirad meordeboda. magaliTad, aRniSnul rukaze, TurqeTSi parxalTan axlosaa qalaqi `wiTeli wyaro~ (Sdr. saqarTvelos `wiTelwyaro~) cixe `muxurguli~ (spersa da kavkasiZeebis cixis Sua, Woroxze). `muxurguli~ etimologiurad Zalze axloa prokofis mier mravalgzis aRniSnul `muxurisTan~. aqvea `orjoxis mTa~, romelic gvagonebs `orjoni~-s. aqedan `orjoniki~ (orjoneli) _ orjonikiZeTa sagvareulos adgili. aqvea `vanis xevi~ (Sdr. vani), `dazugeTi~ (Sdr. `zugdidi~) da sxva uamravi. imis gamo, rom prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi `skanda~ da Tanamedrove Terjolis raionSi mdebare `skande~ etimologiurad identuria, ar iZleva maTi igiveobis safuZvels. `skanda~ uamravi SeiZleboda yofiliyo saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi. (Srd. strabonis `skandisis mTebi~). aseve unda yofiliyo mravali `sarapana~ (Sorapani). me vfiqrob Tanamedrove `sarfi~ da `sarapana~ etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove ozurgeTsac XV s-Si (da ufro adre) Sorapani erqva. amitomac, imis gamo, rom zestafonTan gvaqvs punqti `Sorapani~ ar aris safuZveli misi `sarapanad~ gamocxadebisa. aseTi sarapana _ rogorc vTqviT _ mravali unda yofiliyo. maSasadame Cveni azriT, sparsuli jari petraSi Cavida ara Tbilisis, lixis qedisa da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT (am gziT jari Zalze daiqanceboda da brZolisunarianobas dakargavda), aramed sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli umoklesi gziT, romelic rogorc prokofi xSirad aRniSnavs: gaivlida persarmenias (dvinis qveyanas), Semdeg iberias (Cveni azriT es iyo kola-artaani) da md. Woroxis gayolebiT swrafad Sevidnen petras regionSi. Tvalxiluli faqtia, rom SeuZlebelia prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili lazika iyos dasavleT saqarTvelo mTlianad, radganac prokofi mudam xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom `lazika~ aris kldovani regioni, sadac

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aris maRali mTebi, moedineba Cqari mdinareebi. magaliTad, imdenad Cqari fasisi, rom zRvis wyalsac ki ar ereva SesarTavSi. imdenad kldovania lazika, rom zRva mis kldeebs exeTqeba da es kldeebi uSualod zRvas gadahyurebs. mravaljer aRwers amas prokofi da imeorebs yvela TxzulebaSi. magaliTad, is wers, rom skandasa da sarapanis cixeebTan ar modis mosavali, aris maRali mTebi, ar xarobs venaxi. Terjolis skanda zRvis donidan sul raRac 100-200 metrze mdebareobs da rogorc iTqva am regionSi uxvi da yoveli saxis mosavali modis. sarapanac msgavsadve umosavlo kldeebSi mdebareobs, zestafonis Sorapani ki zRvis donidan 170 metrzea da uxvmosavliania. saerTod, rogor SeiZleba iTqvas dasavleT saqarTveloze, rom is saSineli camde awvdili kldeebis qveyanaa maSin, roca dasavleT saqarTvelos vrclad gaSlili vake zRvis donidan sul ramdenime metria da vrclad gaSlili uzarmazari dablobia! es araa prokofis `lazika~! magram, sakmarisia fasisad miviCnioT md. Woroxi, umalve mivxvdebiT Tu romel qveyanas uwodebs prokofi lazikas. cxadia, esaa trapizonis sanaxebi da amis Semdeg qveyana, romelsac qarTuli wyaroebi uwodeben `zRvispiri bolo klarjeTisa~ da saerTod klarjeTi Tanamedrove aWara-guriasTan erTad. klarjeT-lazikis mTebia arsianis, TiTqmis, 3000 metri simaRlis qedi, karCxalis 3000 metrze ufro maRali masiuri mTebi, pontos aseve 3000 metrze maRali qedi, misi Sto orjoxi, aseTive simaRlis mTebis masivi, saerTod esaa Woroxis xeoba, Tavisi kldeebiT da maRali mTebiT, esaa uvrcelesi regioni, romlis farTobi metia md. rionis auzze. ai, aq ki unda veZioT Cveni skanda, sarapanisi, arqeopolisi, muxurisi, rodopolisi, fasisi da sxva qalaqebi. aq arqeologebs didi aRmoCenebi eliT. prokofis `lazika~ iyo ZiriTadad `klarjeTis qveyana~. SesaZloa, lazTa mefeebis Semdegdroindeli memkvidreebi iyvnen `klarjTa xelmwifeebi~ legitimuri TvalsazrisiT, aqedan iyo VI s-Si guaram kurapalati, Semdeg qarTlis xelmwife bagrationebi TavianT warmoSobasac aRniSnul (lazikis) regions, kerZod, spers ukavSireben, TavianT sagvareuloSi gamoyofdnen `klarj~, `artanujel~ da sxva mefe-xelmwifeebs. SesaZloa `klarji xelmwifeebis~ Sto Tavis legitimur uflebamosilebas ukavSirebda lazTa mefeebs (mag. VI s-Si aseTebi iyvnen waTe, gubazi, da sxvebi). Tumca maT ZiriTadi legitimurobis sayrdenad miaCndaT farnavazian-xosroanTa memkvidreoba (vaxtang gorgasalis qaliSvili SeirTo guaram bagrationma). SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom waTe, gubazi da sxva lazi mefeebi gvariT bagrationebi anda maTi monaTesaveni iyvnen.

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klarjeTis gza skandadan sarapanamde qinZis cixe, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, mdebareobs arsianis qedze, artaan-artanujis SemaerTebeli gzis marjvena mxares (gzidan 3-4 km-iTaa daSorebuli), sofel qinZotamalTan axlos (qinZotamals Turqulad `bagdeCen~ hqvia). iqve (qinZotamalidan samxreTiT 4-5 km-Si) mdebareobs msgavsi saxelis mqone sofeli _ kandridi (Turquladac es saxeli _ `kandriti~ hqvia, iqvea eklesiis nangrevi). Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rogorc aRiniSna, erTi da igive etimologiis sami punqtis erTmaneTTan, TiTqmis, mijriT arseboba (qinZis cixe, qinZotamali, kandridi) miuTiTebs, rom arsianis qedis am monakveTze `kand~, `qind~ (qinZ) fuZis mqone, raRac mniSvnelovani punqti arsebobda. esaa, Cveni azriT `skanda~ _ saxelganTqmuli lazuri cixe iberiis sazRvarTan. misi naSTia saxelebi _ kandriti, qinZotamali da qinZi (ix. dimitri dunduas 2007 w. ruka `SavSeTi~ da T. xuciSvilis 2004 w. ruka taoklarjeTi). rogorc viciT, skandas cixesTan axlos mdebareobda meore lazuri cixe, aseve iberiis sazRvarTan _ sarapana. Cveni azriT, am saxelis Tanamedrove saxecvlilebaa `arfali~, romelic mdebareobs SavSeTSi axlos artaanTan, anu Zvel istoriul iberiis mxaresTan axlos. arfalis meore saxelia zendaba, qalaq SavSeTidan ramdenime kilometriTaa daSorebuli. amJamindeli qinZis cixe da arfali erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gziT, rogorc aRiniSna. arfalidan gza jer midis sofel xanTuSeTSi (esaa Turquli hanli), xanTuSeTidan ki ori aseve adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gza miemarTeba arsianis qedisaken. erT-erTi, samxreTiT arsebuli, gaivlis mdinareTa (nakadulTa) saTaveebs da adis arsianis qedze qinZis cixesTan axlos. Cveni azriT, SesaZloa am gziT, anu skanda (qinZis cixe) sarapana (arfalis) gziT gaiara petraSi mimavalma sparseTis Sahma xosrom. marTlac, es gza Sedis SavSeTSi, saidanac arTvin-borCxas gziT, anu Woroxis xeobis gziT Sediodnen petraSi, Tumca, SesaZloa xosro artanujis gziTac Sevida petraSi. rogorc iTqva, Cveni gamokvleviT skanda aris Tanamedrove arsianis qedze (istoriuli artaanis provinciaSi) klarjeTisken (artanujisken) mimaval gzaze sofel `kandridTan~ mdebare erT-erTi Zveli cixesimagre. sof. `kandridis~ saxelwodeba aRniSnulia `tao-klarjeTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis~ rukaze, romelic 2004 wels daibeWda T. xuciSvilis, k. Sengelias, S. maWavarianisa da v. silogavas mier. sof. kandridTan arsianis qedzeve aris sof. qinZotamali da cixe-simagre `qinZis cixe~. etimologiurad `kandridi~, `qinZotamali da `qinZis cixe~ Zalze axloa `skandasTan~ (kandrid _ skanda). sof. qinZotamalsa da qinZis cixes Soris gadis gza, romelic aerTebs artaans artanujTan. es gza longoTxevis axlos artanujiswylis xeobaSi gadis.

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arsebobs meore gzac, romelic sxva xeobaSi gadis da aseve aerTebs artaans arTvinTan. es gza gaivlis SavSeTs, aq qalaq SavSeTis axlos aris sofeli `arfali~, SeuZlebelia ar aRiniSnos, rom arfali etimologiurad Zalze axloa `sarapanasTan~ (sarapan-arfal). Cven viciT, rom gza, romelic aerTebda iberias lazikasTan, gadioda cixe-simagreebze skandasa da sarapanze (sofel arfalTan mdebareobs Zveli cixe-simagre `qvaTeTrisi~). sofeli kandridi da sofeli arfali erTmaneTs uerTdebodnen Zveladac. amas mianiSnebs is, rom 1998 w. dabeWdili saqarTvelos `zogadgeografiuli rukis~ mixedviT (redaqtori m. razmaZe) es soflebi erTmaneTs amJamadac uerTdeba e.w. `savele gziT~ anu Zalze ubralo, uxarisxo gziT, kerZod, artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebel gzaze, iq, sadac aris 2657 m. simaRlis uReltexili. erT-erTi gverdiTi gza miemarTeba CrdiloeTisken, romelsac daaxloebiT 6-7 km-Si dasavleTidan uerTdeba aRniSnuli savele gza, romelic 25-28 km-is Semdeg Sedis arfalSi. Cans, am gziT Sediodnen iberiidan lazikaSi sparselebi. skanda-kandridi klarjeTis gzaze (mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, namonastrali `kandridi~, cixe `qinZi~ _ erTad Tavmoyrilni _ istoriul `skandas~ regionSi). Tanamedrove artanuji artaans uerTdeba saavtomobilo gziT, romlis Sua monakveTs, arsianis qedis gadakveTis adgils, warmoadgens uReltexili ialnizCam zRvis donidan 2657 metr simaRleze. TviTon gza artanujidan uReltexilamde faqtiurad gadis uzarmazari qedis ZirSi, romlis mwvervalis simaRle aris 3068 metri zRvis donidan. amave uReltexils artanujidan uerTdeba aseve yamiri sasoflo gza, romelzec amJamadac mdebareobs sofeli `longoTxevi~. aRniSnul uReltexils sxvadasxva rukebze ewodeba `kandridi~, `qinZotamali~, iqve axlosaa mwvervali `kandilis~ saxelwodebiT. kandridi, qinZ (kand) iZleva safuZvels vifiqroT, rom berZeni mwerlebis mier naxsenebi cixe-simagre `skanda~, romelic ise maRla da miudgomel adgilas mdebareobda unayofo regionSi, rom masze mxolod zurgiT ahqondaT sursaTi, aris ara imereTis `skande~, aramed arsianis qedis aRniSnuli uReltexilis gzaze mdebare `kandridi~. artanuj-ardaganis saavtomobilo gzaze mdebare arsianis qedis uReltexil `ialnizCam~_is maxloblad, rogorc aRiniSna, arsianisave qedze mdebareobs erT-erTi 2412 m. simaRlis mTa (mwvervali) saxelwodebiT `kandili~ (gzidan 20-30 km. daSorebiT), xolo TviT gzaze mdebareobs sofeli `karadjasu~. etimologiurad imiTaa saintereso es saxelebi, rom isini axloa prokofis mier naxseneb `skandasTan~ _ `skanda~, `kandili~ (fuZea skand-kand), amave fuZeTa wres

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uaxlovdeba `karad~ (karadJasu), amitom safiqrebelia, rom `skandas~ cnobili cixe-simagre swored Tanamedrove artanuj-ardaganis gzaze mdebareobda. miT umetes, rom es gza konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, X sSic saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisa iyo da is Sav zRvasTan akavSirebda ara mxolod iberias, aramed armeniasac. artanujSi, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, am gziT siriis saqonelic ki Sedioda. artanujidan Woroxis gziT am saqonels advilad Caitandnen Savi zRviT bizantiaSi. am azrs amtkicebs isic, rom am uReltexilis siaxloves aseve mdebareobs cixe `qinZi~ da sofeli `qinZotamali~, aqvea namonastrali `kandridi~; e.i. gvaqvs mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, cixe `qinZi~ yvela sityva _ `kand-qind~ fuZiT, etimologiurad axlo sityva `skandas~ fuZesTan. pirveli saepiskoposoebi klarjeT-mcxeTis gzis pirze bizantia-iberiis damakavSirebel gonio-arTvin-artanuj-mcxeTis saerTaSoriso gzis piras SedarebiT ganviTarebuli iyo adgilobrivi ekonomika, warmoqmnila qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi. amiT unda iyos gamowveuli is, rom IV-IX saukuneTa qarTuli saepiskoposoebis erTi nawili am gzis piras iyo ganlagebuli. saeklesio wesebis Tanaxmad episkoposi qalaqSi ijda, mas kaTedra qalaqSi unda hqonoda. Cans, aRniSnuli gzispiris qalaquri tipis dasaxleba iZleoda saSualebas saepiskoposo kaTedrebis daarsebisa, kerZod, am gzis pirzea Semdegi saepiskoposoebi: 1. axizisa; 2. anCisa; 3. eruSeTisa; 4. wyarosTavisa; 5. kumurdosi; 6. wundis; 7. manglisisa; 8. walkisa; saerTod, safiqrebelia, rom ZvelqarTuli saepiskoposoebi ganlagebulni iyvnen ara marto administraciul (saerisTavo) centrebSi, aramed mniSvnelovani gzebis pirasac. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc erTi saepiskoposo ar iyo quTaisidan urbnisamde. aq saerTaSoriso gzis arseboba ki am vakuums Seavsebda.

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lazika-iberia-persarmeniis makavSirebeli mokle gza (e. veidenbaumisa da g. yazbegis aRwera saerTaSoriso gzisa) VI saukuneSi bizantiisa da sparseTis imperiebi erTmaneTs daundoblad ebrZodnen kavkasiaSi kuTxisaTvis, romelsac lazika ewodeboda. prokofi kesarielisa da sxvaTa aRweriT is iyo zRvispiras mdebare kldovani qveyana, ZiriTadad nakleb mosavliani, magram lazika yuradRebas iqcevda Tavisi samxedro-stategiuli mdebareobiT, masze gadioda sparseT-evropis damakavSirebeli gza. misi xelSi CagdebiT ki orive mxare iyo dainteresebuli. TiTqmis 1500 wlis Semdgom ruseTis imperiac dainteresda am gziT me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. imJamad osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval lazika-aWara-SavSeTSi ruseTis imperiam samxedro dazvervis mizniT Seagzavna oficeri giorgi yazbegi, romelmac aRwera kidec e.w. `TurqeTis saqarTvelo~ da wignis saxiT gamosca 1875 wels. g. yazbegma Tavisi ZiriTadi yuradReba miapyro ZvelTaganve arsebul baTum-arTvin-ardaganis gzas, romelsac imJamad osmaleTis imperia awesrigebda. aRniSnuli gza baTumidan arTvinamde miuyveboda mdinare Woroxs, arTvinidan ardagans uerTdeboda arsianis qedze gadamavali uReltexiliT. ardaganidan anu artaanidan es gza uerTdeboda yarss, arzrumsa da axalcixes. rogorc giorgi yazbegi, aseve mis Semdgom lazikaSi ruseTidan gagzavnili mecnieri e. veidenbaumi TavianT mTavrobas arwmunebdnen, rom aRniSnul baTum-ardaganis gzas gaaCnda udidesi saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba, radganac is sparseTs evropasTan aerTebda umoklesi gziT. g. yazbegi pirdapir werda, rom gafarToebis Semdgom SesaZloa `es gza sparseTsa da evropas Soris satranzito magistraladac gadaiqces~ (g. yazbegi, 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, 1995 w. gv. 108). is am gzasTan dakavSirebiT wers, rom baTum-artaan-yarsis gzatkecilis samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad jer kidev osmaleTis imperiam Seqmna komisia, romelmac praqtikulad ucvlelad datova saukuneebis winaT arsebuli marSruti. es iyo `erTaderTi xazi mdinare Woroxze artanujisaken, Semdeg yarsisaken an artaanis gavliT, artanujCais gayolebiT, an kidev Tavskerisa da giolis gavliT... samuSao daiwyo erTdroulad baTumsa da artanujSi... vxedavdiT axalma gzam rogor gamoacocxla es mxare. cxenebi uwyvetad miemarTebodnen arTvinisaken, maT yarsis puri gadahqondaT. puri aq cxenebiT gadmoaqvT arTvinis navmisadgomTan, aqedan ki WoroxiT baTumSi CaaqvT (iqve, gv. 104-106). rogorc g. yazbegi, ise e. veidenbaumi TavianT naSromebSi gamoxatavdnen im interess, romelic ruseTis imperias gaaCnda aWara-lazistanSi. kerZod, yazbegi pirdapir werda: `am interess aZlierebs Woroxis auzis istoriuli mniSvneloba warsulSi da rac mTavaria is roli, romelic mas SeuZlia Seasrulos momavalSi~ (g. yazbegi. 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, gv. 29).

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Tu ra istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda Woroxis auzs warsulSi, amis Sesaxeb, g. yazbegis azriT, evropelebma icodnen strabonisa da arianes monaTxrobis mixedviT, xolo samomavlod gzis SesaZleblobaTa Sesaxeb TviTve werda (iqve, gv. 29). esaa, cxadia, Woroxze gamavali saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza, romlis xelSi CagdebiTac ruseTis imperia gaakontrolebda erzrumis, yarsisa da mimdebare regionebis ekonomikas. marTalia, yazbegis dros es regioni osmaleTis xelSi iyo da aRniSnul gzasac osmaleTi aRadgenda, magram g. yazbegi Zalze iyo dainteresebuli am gzis mdgomareobiT da Tavis naSromSi aRwers kidec am gzis sxvadasxva monakveTebs. mag. erT adgilas wers: `saWiroa baTumidan artanujamde aSendes samasi qvis xidi da gvirabi~ (iqve, gv. 108). rogorc yazbegi, aseve veidenbaumi gaocebiT aRweren Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze gadebul uamrav Zvel xidsa da maT nangrevebs. Zveli qvis TaRovani xidebis da maTi naSTebis raodenoba marTlac STambeWdavi iyo. veidenbaumi aRniSnavda kidec, rom xidebis es raodenoba, aseve kldeebze gayvanili Zveli gzatkecilebis naSTebi miuTiTeben Woroxis auzSi gamavali gzis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da wers kidevac, rom ara mxolod Woroxis marjvena sanapiroze gadioda didi mniSvnelobis gza, aramed marcxenazec da wers: `murRulis wylisa da xatila-sus xidebis narCenebiT Tu vimsjelebT, unda vivaraudoT, rom Zvelad Woroxis marcxena napirze arsebobda gza da masze sakmaod gacxovelebuli vaWroba unda yofiliyo, Tuki saWiro gamxdara ori xidis aSeneba marcxena napirze, arTvinisa da murRulis-wyals Soris. erT adgilas, SeimCneoda kedlis narCenebi, romlebsac eyrdnobda gza kldis cicabo ferdobze. xidebisa da kedlis aSenebis TariRi, samwuxarod, ucnobia, magram Tu imis mixedviT vimsjelebT, rom yvela xidi konstruqciiT arTvinis xidis msgavsia (es ukanaskneli aSenebulia didi xnis winaT), unda vivaraudoT, rom es sagzao nagebobebi Zalian Zvelia da im dros unda miekuTvnebodes, rodesac Woroxis auzSi wesrigi da simSvide iyo, aqedan gamomdinare _ TurqeTis batonobamde~ (evgeni veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde 2005, gv. 76). xidebis kolosaluri raodenoba mdinare Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze cxadia mogvagonebs strabonis cnobas, rom mdinare fasisze iberiisaken mimaval gzaze 120 xidi iyo gadebuli. Cven SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom am qvis TaRovani xidebis naSTebis didi nawili jer kidev SemorCenili iyo me-19 saukuneSi yazbegisa da veidenbaumis dros da maTi garkveuli raodenoba dRemde arsebobs. marTlac, es gza adioda albaT Zveli petradan anu istoriuli baTumis regionidan Woroxis gavliT artaanSi. artaani, Semdegdroindeli ardagani, mudamJam aramxolod qarTuli, aramed somxuri wyaroebis mixedviTac ki iberiaSi Sedioda, anu iberiis erT-erT ZiriTad nawils warmoadgenda. Tuki Woroxis xeoba miiCneoda lazikad, maSin cxadia lazikidan

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iberiaSi (artaanSi) Semavali istoriuli gza swored isaa, romelsac yazbegi da veidenbaumi aRwerdnen da, romelsac osmaleTis mTavroba didi danaxarjebiT afarToebda, raTa xeli Seewyo evropa-sparseTis damakavSirebeli aRniSnuli gzis mimdebare regionebis ekonomikis gamococxlebisaTvis. marTlac, yazbegis aRweriT am gziT ukve sargeblobdnen `rusi, ingliseli da frangi sovdagrebi~ (g. yazbegi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 108). g. yazbegi wers: `arTvinis vaWrobis gamococxlebis erTaderTi saSualeba Woroxis samdinaro gzaa. mimdinare wels am gzam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. meore welia, rac ingliseli vaWrebis kompaniam daiwyo yarsisa da SavSeTis puris Sesyidva da baTumSi tvirTis Woroxis gziT gagzavna. arTvinamde puris didi nawili qurTebs gadmoaqvT jorebiTa da cxenebiT da Semdeg ki navebiT miacureben. mimdinare 1874 wels erTi kampaniis agentma arTvinidan 44 aTasi fuTi xorbali gagzavna. yarsidan baTumamde erTi fuTi xorblis Catana mis fasTan erTad erTi maneTi jdeba~ (iqve, gv. 115). veidenbaumic aRniSnavs baTum-ardaganis gziT ucxoelebis mier gaCaRebuli vaWrobis Sesaxeb. am gzasTan dakavSirebiT is wers: `baTumi mTebze gadamavali sapalne gziT dakavSirebulia qalaq ardahanTan. gzis sigrZe 191 verss Seadgens. igi Tavdapirvelad Woroxis marjvena napirs miuyveba mdinare imerxevis SesarTavamde, Semdeg mdinare artanuj-Cais xeobiT adis ialnizCamis uReltexilze (8442 futi zRvis donidan) _ esaa qedi, romelic erTmaneTisagan hyofs mtkvrisa da Woroxis auzebs. ialanusCamis uReltexilidan gza ardahanisaken miemarTeba. am gzaze yuradRebis Rirsia Semdegi dasaxlebuli punqtebi: arTvini, TurqTa batonobis periodSi mas liganes uwodebdnen. esaa mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirze gaSenebuli patara qalaqi, baTumidan 80 versSi. aq aris arTvinis okrugis ufrosis rezidencia... baTumsa da arTvins Soris kavSiri upiratesad mdinare Woroxze mocurave kaiukebis (brtyelZira navebis) meSveobiT myardeba. artanuji mdebareobs artanuj-Cais (Woroxis Senakadi) marcxena napirze. amJamad umniSvnelo sofelia... ardahani sapalne gzebiT dakavSirebulia baTumsa da yarsTan. ardahanis samxreT-dasavleTiT 99 versSi, mdebareobs olTisi. am dasaxlebul punqtebs erTmaneTTan safosto gza akavSirebs, romelic gaivlis zRvis donidan 7728 fut simaRleze mdebare panJureTis uReltexils (es ukanaskneli erTmaneTisagan yofs Woroxisa da mtkvris auzebs) da kanli-sus xeobiT eSveba olTu-Cais velze. ardahan-olTisis gzaze araerTi Zveli cixesimagrisa da eklesiis naSTia SemorCenili~ (e. veidenbaumi. baTumidan arTvinamde 2005. gv. 79-86). baTum-ardaganis gza strabonisa da prokofis mier aRwerili fasis-iberiis SemaerTebeli gza rom unda yofiliyo iqidanac Cans, rom am gzis monakveTebze dasturdeba im Zveli saxelebis arseboba, romlebTac aRwerdnen es avtorebi, mag. `maT Soris SeuZlebelia yuradReba ar mivaqcioT, rom Worox-

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is erT-erTi maRali Senakadis saxeli iyo yvirila~. g. yazbegi wers: `mdinare yvirilam saxelwodeba miiRo qarTuli sityvisagan yvirili da Seesityveba mdinaris xasiaTs, zemo welSi ki xmauriT mieqaneba qvian fskerze, Tanac recxavs Tixovani qanebis fenebs~ (g. yazbegi, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 75). Cvens mecnierTa azriT, mdinaris berZnuli saxelwodeba boasi yvirilas Targmani unda yofiliyo. es yvirila SavSeTSi imerxevis Senakadia. SesaZloa, erT dros, imerxevsac yvirila erqva. es mdinare, Tavis mxriv, imerxevis wyali berTawylis Senakadia, romelic Woroxs uerTdeba arTvinTan, arTvinis maRla, liganis provinciasTan. SesaZloa berTawyali igive liganis xevia, moxsenebuli qarTul wyaroebSi. CvenTvis es imiTaa saintereso, rom ligani da glavki etimologiurad erTmaneTis msgavsia. fasisze mdebareobda sanaosno qalaqi sarapana 37500 nabijze zRvidan, Cveni azriT, es iyo qalaqi arTvini. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, veidenbaumis cnobiT, ardahanbaTumis SemaerTebel gzaze uReltexilTan gza kanlisus xeobiT eSveba velze. Tanamedrove rukebis mixedviT, artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebel gzaze, arsianis uReltexilTan amJamadac arseboben punqtebi, kandridi, aseve sofeli qinZotamali da iqve qinZis cixe. SeuZlebelia kandridis, qinZotamalis, qinZiscixis da veidenbaumis mier naxsenebi kanli-sus fuZeebma etimologiurad ar mogvagonos Zveli avtorebis mier naxsenebi skanda (skanda _ qinZotamali _ kandridi _ qinZis cixe _ kanli-su). yvela aRniSnuli sityvebis saerTo Ziria kand _ qinZ _ kan. orive sityvaSi saerTo Ziri, rogorc aRiniSna, aris kanda. ase, rom Cven, skanda, sarapana da yvirila SeiZleba movZebnoT saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic. Cven SemTxvevaSi Woroxis xeobaSi. Tumca, igive msgavsi saxelebi Cven guriaSic gvxvdeba. mag. mdinare yvirila surebis xeobaSi, iqvea askana, xolo Sorapani ozurgeTs erqva me15-16 saukuneebSi. prokofis mier aRwerili lazika Cven mxolod yazbegis, veidenbaumisa da sxva mkvlevarTa mier aRweril lazistan-ligan-artanujs mogvagonebs, Tavisi kldianobiT da masze gamavali saerTaSoriso-savaWro gzis uamravi xidebiT. e. veidenbaumi, iseve, rogorc g. yazbegi, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs baTumarTvin-artaan-yarsis gzis did saerTaSoriso savaWro mniSvnelobas. mag. aRniSnavs, rom arTvinis mosaxleoba misdevda sagareo vaWrobas. ucxoeTidan SemohqondaT saqoneli baTumis navsadgurSi, iqidan ki navebiT Woroxis gziT SehqondaT arTvinSi. Semdeg ki ardagansa da yarsSi es saqoneli gadahqondaT satvirTo cxenebiTa da jorebiT: `arTvineli somxebi ZiriTadad sagareo vaWrobas misdeven, maT mohqondaT sazRvargareTidan da konstantinopolidan sxvadasxva saxis ucxouri saqoneli, baTumidan navebiT gadahqondaT arTvinSi da Semdeg sapalniT _ ardaganSi, yarsSi da sxva adgilebSi~ (e. veidenbaumi 2005. gv. 68). kerZod, veidenbaumis cnobiT, arTvinel vaWrebs erTi mxriv SehqondaT artaansa da yarsSi ucxouri saqoneli, ma-

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gram samagierod iqedan `gamohqondaT puri da mdinare WoroxiT acurebdnen baTumSi~ (gv. 69). am faqtis gamo saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gaumjobesebis mizniT, veidenbaumi urCevda mTavrobas gaekeTebina gza TurqeTis gzatkecilidan arTvinis xidamde, sadac iyo mdinare Woroxis navmisadgomi: `eWvic ki ar mepareba _ werda is, rom yarsidan baTumamde gzatkecilis saboloo gayvanis Semdegac saqonlis gadazidva navebiT Woroxze araTu Sewydeba, piriqiT, gaizrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare gzatkecilidan mdinarisaken daRmarTis gayvana metad mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia savaWro mimosvlis gazrdisaTvis. ra kargic ar unda iyos gzatkecili, iseTi saqonlis miwodeba, rogoricaa xorbali, qeri da a.S. mosaxerxebeli iqneba navebiT, vidre oTxTvalaTi. amboben, rom yarsis olqs sakmaod mniSvnelovani raodenobis puris mocema SeuZlia. Tu undaT am produqtis gatana, gza arTvinis navsadguramde aucilebelia, radganac WoroxiT gadazidva gacilebiT momgebiania droisa da miwodebis Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT~ (iqve, gv. 69). xorblis garda arTvinidan baTumSi Woroxis samdinaro gziT navebiT gadahqondaT 30 tonamde zeTisxili (iqve, gv. 70). Woroxis saerTaSoriso gza arTvins artaanTan aerTebda X saukuneSic, ramac aayvava artanuji. es gza VI s-Si lazikas, anu Woroxis xeobis zRvispireTs, iberiis (artaanis) gavliT sparseTTan aerTebda.

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`gza qarTlisa~
basianis omis Semdeg ukandaxeul qarTul jars imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvreli gahyva olTisis gziT, romelic artaanis gavlis Semdeg Sevida javaxeTSi. es marSruti saukuneTa manZilze ucvleli iyo. am gzas erqva kidec Tavisi saxeli _ `qarTlis gza~, gurji-boRazis (anu qarTlis yelis uReltexilis gavlis Semdeg gza Sedioda basianSi, aqedan taoSi) da artaanis gavliT saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi. imave gzas aRweren osmaleTis saxelmwifo moxeleebi: 1520 wlis osmalur `dokumentSi fiqsirebulia ZiriTadi samarSruto gza karaamididan axalcixemde... bingoli (1000 tba) _ basiani _ abniqis cixis marcxniv _ Comanis xidi... tao _ Seqerli _ mamirvani _ olTisi, bana (fanaki) _ yalnus mTa _ artaani _ mgelcixe _ Tmogvi _ awyuri _ axalcixe~ (Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisTvis, 1983, gv. 30). mokled, es gza, anu `ZiriTadi samarSruto gza~ aseTia: basiani _ tao _ olTisi _ bana _ artaani, mas dokumentis mTargmneli c. abulaZe uwodebs arzrum-taos gzas, anu esaa, misi azriT, `juanSerTan moxseniebuli `gza qarTlisa~. vaxuStis `saqarTvelos yeli~ aris igive gurji-boRazi; meore gza gadis artaanidan marcxniv artanujis gavliT mdinare Woroxis gayolebiT aWarisa da murRulis tertoriamde (iqve, gv. 32). aRniSnuli meore arzrum-artaan-artanujis gziT unda Sesuliyo xosro petraSi, anu Teodosiopoli-artaani-petras gziT, radgan n. adoncis cnobiT, xosrom petrasken laSqrobisas Teodopolisi gaiara. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, lazikaSi uxvad balaxic ki ar modioda da ubalaxobis gamo cxenebi daixoca, magram iqve, arsianis qedis gadaRma, `artaanis dablobi~ umSvenieresi adgilia saqarTveloSi. Tmogvis cixemde aris 300 sofeli, mindvrebi balaxiani, wyliani, saTibi vake adgilebia~ (Turquli wyaroebi, 1983, gv. 55). imperator basili bulgarTmmusvrelis gza saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-is mefobis meSvide wels `gamovida basili, mefe berZenTa... giorgi mefe ganvida spiTa didiTa winaaRdgomad missa da daibanakes orTave qveyanasa basianisasa... moirida giorgi mefeman, movida da dawva qalaqi olTisi da muniT movida kolas... iqmna brZola didi sofelsa, romelsa hqvian Sirimni... mouwia laSqarman artans... warvida giorgi mefe TrialeTs, warmoudga ukana, aswyvida qveyana javaxeTisa da gardavida TrialeTs... Seiqca basili mefe TrialeTiT, ukumoiara javaxeTi da artani... warvida da daizamTra qveyanasa xaldiisasa, maxlobelad qalaqsa trapizonTasa~ (q.c., I, gv. 285).

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maSasadame, keisris gza aseTia: basiani-olTisi-kola-artani-javaxeTi-TrialeTi, ukan mas gamouvlia javaxeTi-artani-xaldia-trapizoni. keisarma gaiara cnobili ZiriTadi samarSruto gziT, romelsac juanSeri `qarTlis gzas~ uwodebs _ basiani-tao-artani-javaxeTi, ukana gza ki odnav gansxvavdeba, is ukan dabrunebisas amave gziT Sesula artaanSi, iqidan ki SavSeTis gziT Sevidoda `xaldeaSi~ _ WaneTSi. herakles `qarTlis gza~ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT herakles marSruti sparseTSi laSqrobisas aseTi iyo: trapezunti-eruSeTi-manglisi-Tbilisi da piriqiT, Tbilisi-manglisieruSeTi-trapezunti. sparseTidan konstantinopolSi am gziT gadaasvenes jvari da aseve misi nawilebi _ manglissa da eruSeTSi daculi.

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iberia _ sparseT-bizantiis gzaze

taos, arzrums, basiansa da qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul qveynebs bizantielTa jarebi piradad imperator basil bulgarTmmusvrelis meTaurobiT ebrZodnen. SemdgomSi aq imperatorebi konstantine, romanosi da sxvebi SemoiWrnen. bizantielebi ebrZodnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifo meTaurebs, maT Soris erT-erTi pirveli iyo giorgi I _ gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefe. basils, mematianeTa cnobiT, marTalia Zalze didi jari hyavda wamoyvanili, magram erCia molaparakebis gziT sakiTxis gadaWra, kerZod, ra surda imperators? misi survili kargad aqvs gadmocemuli mematianes _ basili ase mimarTavs giorgi I-s: `nu gadameRobebi sparseTisaken mimaval gzaze~. aristakes lastiverteci ase wers amis Sesaxeb _ `basilma elCebi gaagzavna giorgisTan da tkbili sityvebiT miwera, rom `is, rac ar aris Seni samamulo memkvidreoba, daTme da mSvidobiT icxovre Sen wilSi da nu gadameRobebi gzaze, romelic sparseTisaken midiso~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 51). `qarTvelTa samefoSi~ aRmoCnda is saerTaSoriso pirvelxarisxovani gza, romelic trapezunts aerTebda sparseTTan arzrumisa da vanis tbis sanaxebis gavliT. am gzaze, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalaqi valaSkerti iyo, Tavisi qarTuli mosaxleobiT. mimoweridan, Cans, rom bizantia apirebda sparseTisaken mimavali trapezunt-valaSkertis gzis gakontrolebas Tavisi strategiuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, magram gzis didi nawili giorgi I-is xelSi iyo, amiT is `gzaze eRobeboda~ sparseTisaken molaSqre imperators. saepiskoposoebi trapezunt-Teodosiopolisis anu trapizon-erzrumis gzaze bizantiis imperiis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvarTan axlos mdebareobda mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri regioni, romlis ganviTarebasac imperatorebi aqcevdnen sagangebo yuradRebas. magaliTad, imperatori iustiniane, romelmac aq, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, mniSvnelovani mSeneblobebi awarmoa. es regioni mdebareobda trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da masze gadioda imperiisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani trapezunt-Teodosiopolisis anu trapizon-erzrumis SemaerTebeli gza. es gza amJamadac erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi. masze mdebareobs qalaqi gumuSxane. Zvelad am gzispira ekonomikur regionSi arsebobda mravali qalaqi da, Sesabamisad, mravali saepiskoposo _ konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS. somxuri dasaxelebebis mixedviT, maT erqvaT _ lerioni, Sariani, gaili, kerCanisi, xaxi, bizana, xorZene da sxva. am gzasTan axlos iyo paipertis (baiberdis) da sxva saepiskoposoebi. erT dros isini qmnidnen

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`fasianis samitropolitos~ (radganac fasiani erqva vrcel qveyanas _ baiberdidan da Teodosiopolisidan vidre, TiTqmis, manaskertamde da xlaTamde (anu mdinare Woroxis, evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebis momcvel mxares _ isini erT regionSi mdebare mTaTa sistemidan gamoedinebian). am gzaze _ Tanamedrove giumiSxanesTan axlos Zvelad, adoncis cnobiT, mdebareobda ziganas cnobili saepiskoposo. imave cnobiT, aqve yofila rodopolisis, saisinisa da petras saepiskoposoebi. rac Seexeba fasianis samitropolitos CamoTvlil saepiskoposoebs, maTi adgilmdebareoba dadgenili da mocemulia rukaze `somex qalkedonitTa kaTedrebi~, romelic Tan erTvis statias `somexi qalkedonitebi~ wignSi `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia, t. III, gv. 328). noticiebis anu konstantinopolis sapatriarqos kaTedrebis nusxebis mixedviT, es saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen `lazikis qveyanaSi~. herakle keisris gza (i. manandianis marSruti) herakle keisris marSruti sparseTSi laSqrobisas i. manandianis azriT, aseTia: `somxur geografiaSi~ Waniki (e.i. Wanebis, anu, rac igivea, lazebis qveyana trapezuntis olqSi mdebare), iyo egeria-kolxidis Semadgeneli nawili, amitomac is `egeria-lazika~, saidanac herakle Sevida TbilisSi, iyo ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed `lazebis miwa trapezuntis olqSi~ (d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv. 338). i. manandianis azriT, herakles marSruti aseTi iyo: trapezunti _ erzingiani _ bizana (evfratze) _ karini _ vanandi _ Siraki _ Tbilisi. herakle keisris gza (v. goilaZis marSruti) v. goilaZis azriT, herakle keisari trapezuntidan TbilisSi Sevida e.w. `ranis gziT~, romelic qarTls akavSirebda bizantiasTan. `627 w. zafxulSi herakle trapezuntidan ziganis uReltexiliT jer satalaSi, Semdeg TeodosiopolSi (karnu-qalaqi) movidoda, iqidan ki Zveli `didi samefo gzis~ Semadgeneli `ranis gziT~ qarTlSi Semovidoda~ (v. goilaZe, abreSumis didi savaWro gza, gv. 61). maSasadame, misi azriTac egeria aris trapezuntis mxare.

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aRmosavleT-dasavleTis damakavSirebeli savaWro gza sarapanas, skandas, fasisis da saerTod lazikis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania Zieba im savaWro saerTaSoriso gzisa, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebda aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs, Cvens SemTxvevaSi bizantiasa da sparseTs. dadgenilia, rom bizantia-sparseTis damakavSirebeli erT-erTi umTavresi gza trapezuntidan Teodosiopolisis da dvinis gavliT uerTdeboda jer vanis tbis mimdebare qalaqebs, Semdeg ki sparseTs da mimdebare qveynebs. am gzaTa Soris arasodes moiazreba wyaroebSi Tanamedrove foTi _ surami _ Tbilisis gza. Sav zRvas Tbilisi ZiriTadad ori _ TrialeT-klarjeTisa da somxeT-trapezuntis gziT ukavSirdeboda. rogorc wesi aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gza trapezuntis regionSi iwyeboda. misi erT-erTi Sualeduri savaWro qalaqebi iyo dvini, urha, naxWevani, Tavrizi. savaWro garemos erTerTi mniSvnelovani punqti iyo edesa-urha. saxeldobr igi warmoadgenda qalaq dvinis xuT mTavar gzaTagan ori gzis punqts. erTi gza samxreTdasavleTiT dvinidan urhaSi, damaskoSi da ierusalimSi miemarTeboda, meore gza dvinidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT naxiWevanSi da TavrizSi, _ wers a. cagareiSvili (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria 1974, gv. 167). dvini erTmaneTTan akavSirebda ara mxolod aRmosavleT-dasavleTs, aramed saqarTvelosa da albaneTsac rTavda saerTaSoriso aReb-micemobis qselSi. dvinidan erTi gza artaan-artanujis gavliT Woroxis xeobiT zRvas ukavSirdeboda. V-XI saukuneebSi dvini jer somxeTis dedaqalaqi iyo, Semdeg ki umsxvilesi centri. Zlierebis xanaSi masSi asi aTasamde mosaxle cxovrobda. aRmosavleTis dasavleTTan damakavSirebeli savaWro gzis aranaklebi mniSvnelobis centri iyo qalaqi Teodosiopoli maRalmTiani somxeTis karinis gavarSi. 387 wlidan somxeTis romaul nawilSi moeqca, ganaaxla imperatorma Teodosi mcirem (408-450), iustiniane keisarma qalaqSi aago TavdacviTi nagebobebi. XI saukunidan ewoda erzrumi. Teodosiopoli sparseT-bizantiis Semdeg arabTa saxalifosa da bizantiis sazRvarze iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom karinis anu Teodosiopolis miwa-wyali Tavdapirvelad istoriul iberiaSi Sedioda. cnobili mitacebis Semdeg, rac iberias somxeTma uvrcelesi teritoriebi CamoaWra (xorzene, gogarena da pariadris kalTebi) _ karinic somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom karinis olqis (gavaris) mkvidri mosaxleoba e.i. qarTvelebi swrafad asimilirdnen somxebad. IX-X saukuneebis aRwerebidan Cans, rom Teodosiopolis da misi garSemo soflebis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen. rogorc iTqva `karinis gavari Tavisi momijnave teritoriiT did somxeTs pirvelad SeuerTa artaSes I-ma (189-160)~ (iqve, gv. 164). karinSi (Teo-

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dosiopolSi) gamaval saerTaSoriso gzaze mdebareobda lazikis saepiskoposoebi _ ziganasi, saisinisa da paipertisa (baberdisa). baberdSi (baiburdi) Semavali gza trapizonidan sparseTisken miemarTeboda.

vani-quTaisis SemovliTi gza

dasavleT saqarTvelos iseTi ori umTavresi regioni, rogoricaa samegrelo da guria amJamadac ki, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTs uSualod ver emezoblebian. aq igulisxmeba is, rom pirdapiri gza, vTqvaT senakidan ozurgeTamde warsulSi arasodes arsebula, radganac samegrelosa da gurias erTmaneTisagan hyofs uzarmazari Waobi gawolili rionis xeobaSi. Zvelad, vTqvaT, Wyondididan SemoqmedSi mimaval adamians jer unda gaevlo qvemo imereTi, anu samtredia-quTais-vanis regioni da Sori, SemovliTi gziT unda misuliyo guriis centrSi. rionis uzarmazari Waobi dasavleT saqarTvelos bunebrivad hyofda or regionad _ erTi iyo afxazeTisaken mimarTuli egris-imereTis mTiswineTi, meore ki iyo aWarisken mimarTuli imereT-guriis mTiswineTi. unda iTqvas, rom samegrelosa da gurias Soris ganfenilma uzarmazarma Waobma bolo ori saukunis manZilze saxe Seicvala, aq gaiyvanes arxebi, nawilobriv daaSres, gaiyvanes gza foTamde da bolo wlebSi foTi-grigoleTis gzac, magram, amis miuxedavad, mgzavri mainc iZulebulia, senakidan _ ozurgeTSi anu samegrelodan _ guriaSi imereTis gavliT imogzauros. esaa geografiuli garemos realoba, romelsac, vfiqrobT, Tbiliseli istorikosebi did mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben da prokofiseul lazikas erTian mWidro ekonomikur regionad warmoadgenen, romelic, TiTqosda, moicavda dasavleT saqarTvelos. unda iTqvas, rom qarTul wyaroebs es geografiuli realoba ufro aqvT gaTvaliswinebuli, amitomac Cveni wyaroebis mixedviT, Tanamedrove imereTi _ yovelTvis qarTlis samefos nawiladaa warmodgenili. aseve misi bunebrivi geografiuli gagrZeleba, afxazeT-samegrelos mTiswineTi, qarTlis samefos nawiladaa warmodgenili, vidre mdinare egriswylamde anda mdinare klisuramde. qarTul wyaroebSi rionis uzarmazar Waobebs angariSs uwevdnen, amitomac imereT-guriis mTiswineTi _ aWarisaken mimarTuli qarTlis samefos sxva geoekonomikur erTeulad moiazreba Tavisi saerisTavoebiT. rogorc vTqviT, dasavleT saqarTvelos guli rionis dablobis daWaobebis gamo ar SeiZleba warmovadginoT ekonomikur centrad. dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobi, romelsac amJamad `kolxeTis dablobs~ uwodeben arasodes iZleoda winapirobas imisaTvis, rom iq qalaqebi anda saqalaqo cxovreba warmoqmniliyo. am mizezis gamo, aq, ar unda veZioT qalaqebi fasisi da rodopolisi da aseve sxva saqalaqo cxovrebis centrebi.

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Cveni mecnierebis nawili ki ise warmoadgens saqmes, TiTqosda, rionis daWaobebuli dablobi iyo Zveli kolxeTis centri, misi ekonomikuri guli, romelic periferiebsac asazrdoebda. sinamdvileSi dasavleT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo guli arasodes yofila teritoria samtrediidan _ foTamde da ufro aqeT. `antikuri xanis kolxeTis qalaqebis~ mimoxilvis dros mkvlevari ise warmoadgens, TiTqosda, dasavleT saqarTvelos es nawili brinjaos kulturis ayvavebis centri iyo, sinamdvileSi ki, arqeologTa mier faqtobrivad araferi ar iqna mopovebuli rionis dablobSi, maSin, roca cnobili e.w. kolxuri metalurgiis mZlavri kerebi ganlagebulni iyvnen Woroxis xeobaSi (g. gobejiSvili, o. jafariZe, gvianbrinjaos Zeglebi, saqarTvelos arqeologia, 1969, gv. 129). brinjaos metalurgiuli kerebis arseboba dasturdeba mTis raWaSi da leCxumSi (iqve, gv. 41) da ara rionis dablobSi. aseTi kerebis arseboba ivaraudeba afxazeTSic (iqve, gv. 142-146). es kerebi, erTmaneTisagan Zalze daSorebulni erT ekonomikur regions _ qveyanas ar qmnidnen. isini ufro iberiis nawilebi iyvnen, vani da quTaisi realurad idgnen savaWro gzaze rionis SesarTavis daWaobebis gamo.

xidebi
`XI-XII saukuneebis qarTuli xidebi (dondalo, rkoni, besleTi, artanuji da a.S.) satransporto sistemis sakvanZo elementebs warmoadgendnen, xidebis savali nawilis sigane 2-5 metrSi meryeobda (v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974, gv. 246). qarTuli xidebidan yvelaze ganieri besleTis xidia, romlis savali nawilis sigane 4,7 metrs Seadgens, yvelaze viwro ki md. TeZamze rkonis xidi, savali nawilis sigane 2,2 metria. `daviT aRmaSenebelma xidni aRaSena mdinareTa sastikTa zeda~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, 353). Woroxis xeobaSi SesaniSnavi da mtkice xidi iyo agebuli (idga XIX s-Sic) md. artanujze. es Zveli TaRovani qarTuli xidi asec iwodeboda _ `artanujis xidi~. misi Canaxati gaakeTa grafinia uvarovam. xids XI-XII ss-iT aTariReben. SesaniSnavi xidi amJamad dgas md. dondaloze. `dondalos xidic~ XI-XII ssiT TariRdeba. artanujis xidi, rogorc misi Canaxatidan Cans, dondalos xidze ufro grZelia. Canaxatis mixedviT misi sigrZe unda iyos 20-30 metri an cota meti. (s. margiSvili, miTebi da realoba aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 83).

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qarTuli enciklopedia wers: `ssrk-s teritoriaze pirveli qvis xidebi aSenda saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da Sua aziaSi Zv.w. sxvadasxva periodSi. strabonis cnobiT, (I s.), md. rionze 120 xidi yofila. Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod XI-XII ss qvis xidebma (mag. xidi md. besleTze soxumTan, md. TeZamze rkonTan, 2 xidi md. aWariswyalze). am xidebis RirSesaniSnaobaa damreci TaRebiT SedarebiT didi malebis (13-20 m) gadaxurva (qse, 11, gv. 479). miuxedavad imisa, rom md. rionze ara gvaqvs qvis xidebis arcerTi Zveli naSTi, mainc miiCneva, rom Zvelad rionze 120 xidi iyo gadebuli, rac arqeologiurad dausabuTebeli mtkicebaa. lazikis qvis xidebi veidenbaumis mixedviT prokofi kesarieli strabonis msgavsad miuTiTebs fasisis auzSi xidebis simravlis Sesaxeb. rogor gaxda xidebis ageba fasisze SesaZlebeli? rogorc cnobilia Znelia rionis vakeze xidebis ageba. mizezi isaa, rom jer erTi rioni Zalze xSirad icvlida kalapots, amasTanave Waobianobis gamo gruntis nacvlad xreSis da torfis aTeulmetriani fenebia dalagebuli niadagis qveS. ra Tqma unda sagangebo teqnikis gareSe rionze xidebis ageba SeuZlebeli iyo. Zveli xidebis arc erTi naSTi araa napovni rionis vakeze, radganac isini ubralod ar arsebobdnen. rac Seexeba Woroxis xeobas, aq mdinareebs, TiTqmis zRvamde, aqvT maRali kalapotebi, kldeTa Sua miedinebian, kldeebze ki advilia xidis burjebis ageba. veidenbaumi wers _ `Woroxi miedineba iseT viwroebSi, rom Tavis garSemo ar tovebs sakmao adgils dasaxlebisaTvis. misi napirebi cicaboa, flateebiani da araxelsayrelia kulturebis mosayvanad~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, gv. 63). yovel SemTxvevaSi, xidebis ageba Woroxze gacilebiT ufro SesaZlebelia, vidre rionis vakeze. marTlac, veidenbaumma uamravi Zveli xidis naSTi naxa da aRwera _ magaliTad, Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavTan (iqve, gv. 48). maWaxliswyalze (iqve, gv. 49), maradidTan da xebasTan (gv. 50) deviswylis Senakadze, arTvinis maxloblad, romelzec wers _ `gavediT erTTaRian qvis xidze, romelic riyis qviT iyo mokirwyluli, xidi viwroa, albaT, gaangariSebulia mxolod fexiT mosiaruleTa da cxenosnebisaTvis~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, gv. 60). aseve erTTaRiani qvis xidi naxa, rogorc aRvniSneT, sof. xebasTan. xidis naSTi agreTve naxa murRulis wylis Woroxis SesarTavTan _ `marcxena napirisaken gadarCenilia erTi TaRi da qvis ori burji~ (iqve, gv. 62). axali xidebic naxa man _ sof. irsasTan _ `aSenebuli qvis xidebi, cicabo adgilze, sadac gza gars uvlis kldeebs~ (iqve, gv. 64). arTvinis siaxloves `unda CavsuliyaviT 2000 futi simaRlidan Woroxze gadebul xidamde da iqidan isev unda avsuliyaviT 1500 fut simaRleze~

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(iqve, gv. 65, futi udrida 0,3048 metrs). TviTon arTvinSi iyo `lamazi erTTaRiani xidi~ (iqve, gv. 66). SesaZloa sxva iyo `arTvinis xidi~ _ `igi gadaWimulia Woroxze erTi TaRiT kldidan kldeze. agebulia uxeSad naTali qvebisgan da mokirwylulia filaqnebiT. misi sigane gaangariSebulia mxolod fexiT mosiaruleTa da cxenosnebisaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 71). es xidi, misi azriT, mravalsakunovania. veidenbaumma naxa Woroxis Senakadebze erTmaneTTan axlo mdebare qvis xidebi, anu erTmaneTTan Zalze axlos mdgomi qvis xidebi, ramac afiqrebina, rom ara mxolod Woroxis marjvena, aramed marcxena sanapirozec arsebobda gzebi da maTze `gacxovelebuli vaWroba unda yofiliyo, Tuki saWiro gamxdara ori xidis aSeneba~ (iqve, gv. 75). erTi sityviT strabonis mier aRwerili, fasisze agebuli 120 xidis naSTi jer kidev arsebobda veidenbaumis dros Woroxze. xolo rionze _ mis vakeze, SeuZlebeli iyo da verc aagebdnen araTu qvis xidebs, aramed xis ubralo nagebobebsac ki, erTi napiridan meoreze gadasasvlelad. Woroxis kldiani napirebi ki amis saSualebas iZleoda.

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Tavi IV xalibebi, lazebi, qaldebi da sxva qarTuli tomebi berZnul da laTinur wyaroebSi
(xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-qarTlis safuZveli)

`qsenofonis `kirosis anabasisi~

(qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, 2010) qsenofontem, igive qsenofonma (daaxl. Zv.w. 430-355) Tavisi berZenTa 10.000 kaciani laSqriT 401 wels gaiara qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze, misi mizani iyo Savi zRvis navsadgurebiT jari samSobloSi daebrunebina. mas ar surda omi am tomebTan, aramed mxolod maTi teritoriis gavliT zRvasTan misvla, magram 10.000 kacs kveba esaWiroeboda. qsenofonte mzad iyo produqtebi SeeZina da am tomebis winamZRolebs Txovda misTvis bazari gaexsnaT, magram Tu ki bazars ar uxsnidnen, iZulebuli iyo ebrZola da sursaTi ise moepovebina. saerTod, mTeli es miwa-wyali sparseTis imperias ekuTvnoda, sparseTis Sahebi ki mxars uWerdnen iq mcxovreb armenielebs, radganac armenielebi saxelmwifos mSvidobiani mcxovrebni iyvnen, xolo qarTuli tomebi (karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, taoxebi, makronebi, kolxebi, drilebi, mosinikebi, tabarenebi da sxvebi) sparselebs ebrZodnen TavianTi miwa-wylis TavisuflebisaTvis. sparselebma moaxerxes am teritoriis saukeTeso saxnavi miwebidan maTi gandevna (kerZod ki xalibebisa) da maT adgilebze armeniel miwaT-moqmedTa Casaxleba, rac, Cans qsenofonis meore wignidan, romelic kirosis sadideblad dawera (kiropedia). armenielebsa da qarTvel tomebs Soris daZabuloba iyo saxnav-saTesi miwebis gamo, magram radganac sparseTi mpyrobeli qveyana iyo, is Tanxebs ar iSurebda raTa armenielTa jari gaeZlierebina, romlis meSveobiTac wesrigs amyarebda aRniSnul teritoriaze. am jarSi, qarTveli tomebis

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warmomadgenlebsac qiraobdnen. magaliTad, taoxebi da xalibebi dasavleT armeniis mmarTvelis, mefis megobar tiribazis jarSi msaxurobdnen moqiravneebad (qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, 2010, gv. 137). qsenofonte TviTve wers, rom armenielebisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli tomebi _ karduxebi, taoxebi da qaldebi ar emorCilebodnen sparselebs. is wers: `Tu bazars ar gvixsnidnen, Cven TviTon movipovebdiT sursaTs, magram ara Tavxedobis, aramed aucileblobis gamo. karduxebs, taoxebs da qaldebs, Tumca isini mefes ar emorCilebian da Zalian saSiSnic arian, Cven mtrad movekideT, radgan bazars ar gvixsnidnen da sursaTis warTmeva aucilebeli gaxda~ (iqve, gv. 137). aRniSnuli tomebidan mxolod fasianebi da hesperitebi daimorCiles sparselebma da maT mmarTvelad zemoT aRniSnuli tiribazi dauniSnes (maTi miwebi saukeTeso iyo saxnav-saTesad). `xolo karduxebi, xalibebi, qaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, koitebi da tibarenebi ki damoukidebelni iyvnen~ (qsenofonte, kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, eniklopedia I, gv. 137). berZenTa jari gaemarTa CrdiloeTisaken da vanis tbis siaxloves mis samxreT-dasavleTiT jer SexvdaT qarTvelTa tomi, romlis saxeli iyo _ `karduxebi~. (es saxeli sityva `kardu~-saganaa miRebuli, xolo `xi~ _ mravlobiTobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsia. `kardu~ _ iyo saxeli xalxisa, romlisaganac nawarmoebia aseve saxeli `qarTu~ da sityva `qarTueli~, e.i. `qarTus~ qveyneli. kardu da qarTu erTi fuZea, amitomac miiCneva, rom karduxebi _ qarTuli tomi iyo, romelic ebrZoda maT qveyanaSi SeWril armenielebs da maT mfarvel sparselebs. karduxebma ifiqres, rom sparselTa mefis megobari qsenofonte da sparselTa mefis samsaxurSi myofi misi 10.000 kaciani jari, sparselTa laSqari iyo. amitomac maT medgrad ibrZoles berZenTa, am jaris winaaRmdeg, ufro metic, bevrs ecadnen qsenofonte da laSqris meTaurebi, magram karduxebma piradi, sasaubro kontaqtic ki ar daamyares maTTan. sabolood, unda vifiqroT, rom armenizacia-gasomxebisagan karduxebma mainc ver SeZles Tavis dacva, Tumca, armeniaSi SemdgomSic, Semdeg saukuneebSi, iTvleboda, rom xalxi somxeTis provinciebisa saxelwodebiT `korduk~ (kordvacis qedis samxreTiT, vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT), `kordik verin~, `kordik mijin~ da `kordik nerkin~ _ ar iyvnen armenielebi, anda tomobrivi sxvaoba hqondaT armenielebisagan. n. adonci pirdapir wers kidec, rom karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, fasianebi da sxva tomebi iyvnen armeniis Tavdapirveli mosaxleni, Semdgom maT miwa-wyalze daaxloebiT VI saukuneSi SeiWrnen armenielebi da or nawilad gayves es qarTuli mosaxleoba, kerZod, armenielebi dasaxldnen maTi

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qveynis centrSi, amis gamo rogorc samxreT ise Crdilo armeniaSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, kerZod samxreT armeniaSi _ kordus xalxi, Crdilo armeniaSi _ iverebi, dasavleT armeniaSi _ qald-xalibebi. qarTuli miwebis es mtacebloba, strabonis cnobiT, Semdegac gagrZelebula, kerZod armeniam qristeSobamde II saukuneSi miitaca iberebisagan pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena _ vrceli miwa-wyali dasavleT da Crdilo armeniisaken. karduxebi da xalibebi (xaldebi) qarTvelTa tomebi, rom iyo, amis Sesaxeb sxva uZvelesi wyaroebic werdnen. kerZod megasTene werda, rom nabuqodonosorma iberTa xalxis erTi nawili gadaasaxla libiidan pontos zRvis sanapiroze, iqamde iberebi libielTa mezobelni yofilan. Cveni azriT, aq, `libiis~ qveS igulisxmeba ara afrikis libia, aramed vanis tbasTan mdebare lursmuli damwerlobis epoqis qveyana `luvia~. is vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda, iq sadac Semdgom karduxebi cxovrobdnen. luvielTa mezobeli iberebis anu qarduxebis winaprebis nawili nabuqodonosors pontos zRvispireTSi gadausaxlebia. albaT, am mosazrebiT xsnidnen Zveli avtorebi faqts imisas, rom karduxebsa da qaldebs (xaldebs), xalibebs da qaldevelebs (pontospireTSi mcxovrebT) erTidaigive satomo saxelebi, erTi zne-Cveulebebi da Cans erTi enac hqondaT. qarTvelTa winapari qaldevelebi (xalibebi, igive alazonebi) karduxebis Tanametomeebad miiCneoda, miuxedavad teritoriulad maTi urTierTdaSorebisa. strabonis cnobiT, qaldebs aseve erqvaT saxeli _ `alizonebi~, `alazonebi~, qaldebs namdvilad rom erqvaT es saxeli Cans uamravi toponimidan, romelic aRniSnuli sityvis fuZidan gamomdinareobs `alaz~(laz), `araz~, `arze~ _ es saxelebi `araz~ da `alz~ mdinareebs, soflebs, qalaqebsa da provinciebsac ki erqvaT pontospireTidan vidre vanis tbamde. magaliTad, erT-erTi aseTia provinciis saxelwodeba `alznik~ (somxurad _ `aRZnik~), romelic swored karduxTa qveynis mezoblad mdebareobda da vrclad iyo gadaWimuli covkis tbidan kordvacis mTebamde (provincia kordukamde), e.i. karduxebis qveynamde vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT, amJamadac ki covkis tbasTan axlos Zvel qalaq melitenes (galatias) _ alazigi hqvia, romlis fuZeSic `laz~-i zis. am `laz~ _ `raz~ fuZidanaa gamomdinare ufro wvrili provinciis saxeli `arzni~, romelic uSualod emijneboda karduxebis qveyanas, kerZod ki `korduks~. am `laz-raz~ fuZidanaa gamomavali mdinareTa saxelebi `arawani~, `razdani~, `alazani~. arawani _ vanis tbis sanapirodan iwyeba da muratis saxelwodebiT q. elazigTan evfrats uerTdeba. mis samxreT sanapiroze iwyeba tigrosis saTaveebi.

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qsenofontes uTxres, rom karduxebis qveyana aRwevda md. kentritamde da tigrosis saTaveebamde. Semdeg ki armenia iwyeboda. Cven zemoT aRniSnuli toponimikidan gamomdinare unda vifiqroT, rom armenielebis SemoWramde xalibebis anu qaldebis qveyana iwyeboda karduxebis mezoblad (amis naSTia toponimi alznik (Zveli alzis qveynis saxelidan) da aRwevda kaxeTis mdinare alaznamde, anu vanis tbidan kavkasiis mTebamde kardus anu qarTvelTa Zveli qveyana iyo ganfenili. adoncis sityviT, rogorc iTqva, qarTvelTa am Zveli qveynis SuagulSi SeiWra armeniuli tomebi daaxloebiT qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi da orad gayo qarTvelTa qveyana da amitomac, rogorc armenielTa samxreTiT, ise CrdiloeTiT iyo qarTuli provinciebi da qveynebi (karduxebi da alznikis xalxi samxreTiT, qarTli da lazebi (artanujis arzenas da qaldeas xalxi) CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-dasavleTiT). adoncis mosazreba amJamad ignorirebulia somxur istoriografiaSi, magram is xsnis arsebul Zvel faqtebs. qarTuli qveynis centrSi armenielTa damkvidrebis gamo qsenofontem bunebrivia jer qarTuli tomebis (karduxebis) qveyana gaiara, Semdeg armenia, Semdeg ki CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo dasavleTiT mas isev qarTuli tomebi Sexvda. qsenofontes acnobes _ `mTebze mimavali gza CrdiloeTiT romaa mimarTuli, karduxebTan migiyvanT, isini cxovroben mTebSi, meomari xalxia da sparsTa mefes ar emorCilebian. maT Tavs daesxa am mefis asoc aTasiani (120.000) jari da maTgan ukan aravin dabrunebula (karxudebis mTebi miuvalia)~ (qsenofoni, kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, 2010, gv. 118). aseve qsenofontes uTxres _ `elinma jariskacebma gaiges, rom Tu isini SeZleben karduxebis mTebis gadalaxvas da mdinare tigrosis saTaveebze misTvlas, mivlen armeniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 119). qsenofonte wers, rom karduxebis qveyanasa da armenias erTmaneTisagan sazRvravda mdinare kentriti (iqve, gv. 120). berZenma jariskacebma brZoliT gaiares karduxebis qveyana, qsenofonte wers, rom karduxebs hqondaT _ `mravalricxovani da mSvenieri saxlebi, savse sursaTiT. iq Rvino ise bevri iyo, rom siliT amolesil ormoebSi hqondaT Senaxuli~ (iqve, gv. 120). karduxebi laSqrobisas da marSirebisas mRerodnen _ `Cqara wavidnen raRac simRerebis mReriT~ (gv. 121). elinebma gadalaxes md. kentriti, meore napirze ukve armenia iwyeboda. armeniis sparselTa samxedro xelisufals Tavis armeniul jarSi daqiravebuli hyavda qarTuli tomebi xaldebisa da mardebis jariskacebi _ `isini iyvnen orontisa da artuxis moqiravneebi~ (iqve, gv. 121). magram maT (armeniul jars), saboloo jamSi berZnebTan ar uomiaT, ubralod, akvirdebodnen maT moZraobas.

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karduxebi ebrZodnen armenielebs, amitomac md. kentritis gadalaxvis Semdeg rac berZnebma 5 farsangi (25 km) `iares armeniaSi vake adgilze, aq karduxebTan omis gamo mdinaris axlos ar iyo soflebi~ (iqve, gv. 122). Semdeg miadgnen did sofels, sadac satraps sasaxle hqonda, aqedan 10 farsangis (50 km) Semdeg iyo mdinare tigrosis saTave, aqedan 15 farsangSi (75 km) miadgnen md. teleboass, romlis napirebzec mravali sofeli iyo, xolo qveyanas erqva dasavleT armenia, misi mmarveli iyo mefis megobari tiribazosi (iqve, gv. 122). aqedan berZnebma dablobze iares 15 farsangi (75 km) da miadgnen soflebiT savse teritorias, isini elodnen rom Tavs daesxmodaT tiribazi, romelsac Tavis jarSi hyavda moqiravneebi `xalibebi da taoxebi~ (iqve, gv. 123). aqedan iares kvlav 75 kilometri da miadgnen md. evfrats, romelic gadalaxes am mdinaris (e.i. evfratis) saTavis axlos. aqedan Sevidnen dablobSi, radganac zamTari idga, iares TovlSi 50 km da miadgnen erT-erT sofels, aqedan 20 stadionSi (daaxl. 2 km-Si) mdebare soflebSi ganawildnen mosasveneblad. maT uxvad miiRes sasmel-saWmeli da sufrasTanac `maT barbarosul samosiani armenieli biWunebi emsaxurebodnen~ (iqve, gv. 125). Semdeg `SeekiTxnen soflis Tavkacs, ra qveyana iyo es? man ki miugo, rom es iyo armenia~ (iqve, gv. 125). ikiTxes romeli iyo mezobeli qveyana, upasuxes _ `mezobeli qveyana _ Tqvan man _ xalibebis iyo da iqauri gzac miaswavla~ (iqve, gv. 126). aqedan Cans, rom qarTul tomebs _ karduxebsa da xalibebs Soris armenielTa SeWris gamo qveyanas ukve `armenia~ erqva, Tumca unda vifiqroT, rom iqauri mkvidri ZiriTadi mosaxleoba armenizebuli qarTvelebi iyvnen. aRniSnuli gziT Sevidnen `mezobel~ anu xalibebis qveyanaSi. amis Semideg miadgnen md. araqss, romelsac qsenofonte `fasiss~ uwodebs (aRsaniSnavia, rom aTasxuTasi wlis Semdegac, X saukuneSi, konstantine porfirogeneti araqss kvlav `fasiss~ uwodebda, romelic imJamad sazRvari iyo armenielebsa da iberebs Soris). `amis Semdeg md. fasisis gaswvriv elinebma iares Svidi gadasavali dReSi xuT-xuTi farsangi~ (iqve, gv. 126). e.i. sul gauvliaT 35 farsangi, rac 175 km-ia. amis Semdeg kidev 10 farsangi (50 km) uvliaT da mividnen adgilas `romelic vakeze eSveboda, sadac maT daxvdnen xalibebi, taoxebi da fasianebi (fasiselebi)~ (iqve, gv. 126). e.i. im gziT, romelic miaswaves xalibebis qveyanaSi, Semdeg ki fasianebis qveyanaSi. e. i. fasisis gaswvriv maT uvliaT sul 45 farsangi anu 225 km. SeebrZolnen qarTvel tomTa laSqars, gaimarjves da Sevidnen taoxebis qveyanaSi. maSasadame, aRniSnuli 225 km xalibebis qveyana yofila (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, armeniis qveynidan berZnebi xalibTa qveyanaSi Sevidnen, gaiares 225 km da miadgnen taoxebis qveyanas. taoxebis qveyanaSi berZnebma gaiares 30 farsangi (150 km).

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taoxebis erT-erTi cixe-simagris aRebis dros `elinebi sazareli sanaxaobis mowmeni gaxdnen _ qalebi isrodnen bavSvebs ufskrulSi da TviTonac Tan mihyvebodnen, amgvaradve iqceodnen mamakacebic~ (iqve, gv. 128). qarTvelebis es Tavganwirva samSoblosa da piradi Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad miagavs ebraelTa Tavganwirvas masadas cixe-simagris dacvis dros, am ambidan TiTqmis 500 wlis Semdeg, ax.w. 70 wels. aqedan berZnebma iares 50 farsangi (250 km) kvlav xalibebis miwa-wyalze. aqedan Cans, rom im tomTa Soris, romelzec maT iares, yvelaze mravalricxovani da didi miwa-wylis mqone xalibebi iyvnen. qsenofonte wers _ `Semdeg iares Svidi gadasavaliT ormocdaaTi farsangi xalibebis miwa-wyalze. isini umamacesni iyvnen im tomebs Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec gaiares. xalibebi xelCarTul brZolaSi ebmebodnen elinebs~ (iqve, gv. 128). `amasTanave mRerodnen da rokavdnen maSin, roca mteri maT uyurebda~ (qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklobedia I, 2010, gv. 128). xalibebisagan amis gamo `elinebma veraferi waiRes da ikvebebodnen isev im pirutyviT, romelic taoxebs waarTves~ (iqve, gv. 128). amis Semdeg berZnebi mividnen mdinare harpasosTan da Sevidnen skviTinebis qveyanaSi, vakeze 20 farasangi (100 km) da Sevidnen maT soflebSi. amis Semdeg gaiares kvlav 20 farasangi da mividnen `did, mdidar da mWidrod dasaxlebul qalaqSi~, romelsac erqva gimniasi. aqedan iares 5 dRe-Rame da mividnen mTamde (misi saxeli iyo Teqesi), saidanac Canda Savi zRva. aqedan gziT Sevidnen makronebis qveyanaSi, sadac gaiares 50 km da miadgnen mdinares, romelic makronebis qveyanas skiTinebis (skviTinebis) qveynisagan yofda. meore mxares meomari makronebi idgnen. berZenTa Soris aRmoCnda tomiT makroni mona, romelmac SeZlo Suamavloba da berZnebi makronebs daumegobra. makronebis qveyanaSi iares sami dRis ganmavlobaSi kolxebis qveyanamde. kolxTa laSqari daamarcxes da Sevidnen soflebSi, sadac Taflis fiWebi Wames, romelTac maT didad avno, meore dRemde mTvralebs hgvandnen da fexze dgoma ar SeeZloT. aqedan berZnebma gaiares kolxebis soflebSi 35 km da mividnen zRvasTan mdebare `trapezusSi _ mWidrod dasaxlebul elinur qalaqSi, romelic sinopelTa dasaxleba iyo kolxebis qveyanaSi, pontos evqsiniosis sanapiroze. aq, kolxebis soflebSi elinebma daaxloebiT 30 dRe dahyves~ (iqve, gv. 131) `da anadgurebdnen kolxiss (e.i. kolxeTs)~ (iqve, gv. 131). qsenofonte ganarCevs `baris kolxebs~ da mTis kolxebs. pirvelebi berZnebs ar ebrZodnen. aqedan Seesivnen drilebis qveyanas. drilebi iyvnen `pontospireTis yvelaze meomari xalxi~ (iqve, gv. 132). (drilebi, Cans SemdgomSi TrialeTSi gadasaxldnen).

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trapezusidan berZnebi elinur qalaq kerasuss miadgnen `sinonelTa dasaxleba kolxebis qveyanaSi zRvis sanapiroze~ (iqve, gv. 133). e.i. trapezuntica da kerasusic kolxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen. berZenTa jari kerasusTan orad gaiyo _ erTi jgufi gemebiT zRviT gaemgzavra (Cans trapezuntidanac gemebiTve micuravdnen), meorem ki xmeleTiT ganagrZo gza da miuaxlovdnen `mosinikebis sazRvars~ (iqve, gv. 133). mosinikebis tomi or mtrul jgufad iyo gayofili _ piriqiTel mosinikebs mtrobdnen piraqeTa mosinikebi. piriqiTelebma samxedro kavSiri Sekres berZnebTan piraqiTelebis dasamarcxeblad. meore dRes isini movidnen erTi mTliani xisagan gamoTlili samasi naviT. TiToeul navSi sam-sami kaci ijda~ (iqve, gv. 134) isini `dairazmnen da erTma maTganma simRera wamoiwyo, danarCenebma ritms fexi auwyes da win gaswies~ (iqve, gv. 134). isini berZnebTan erTad ekveTnen TavianT mter Tanatomelebs, romelTac mTavari qalaqis dasaufleblad eomebodnen. maTi mefe am qalaqSi erT maRal adgils mdgar xis koSkSi (mosinosSi) ijda. is xanZris dros ar gamovida koSkidan da daiwva meore mefesTan erTad, romelic sxva koSkSi ijda. mosinikebs aRmoaCndaT puris didi maragi, amforebSi ki damarilebuli delfinis xorci. hqondaT uamravi maragi: kakali, qoni, Rvino. gamarjvebulma berZnebma es aRebuli qalaqi TavianT megobar mosinikebs gadasces. aq ramdenime qalaqi iyo erTmaneTisagan 80 stadioniT daSorebuli (daaxl. 16 km). mdidar mosinikebs hyavdaT moxarSuli wablis Wamisagan dasuqebuli bavSvebi `ganazebulebi da metismetad TeTrebi~ (iqve, gv. 136). qarTuli tomebi TeTrkanianebi iyvnen. amis aRniSvna saWirod migvaCnia, radganac Zv. w. VI-V ss. cnobebiT kolxebi `Savkanianebad~ an `muqkanianebad~ aRiwerebian, magram ukve V s. bolodan kolxTa aRmweri mwerlebi romelTac piradad naxes isini, aRar weren kolxTa muqkanianobis Sesaxeb. mosinikebic TeTrebi iyvnen. qsenofonte wers _ `isini cdilobdnen yvelas Tvalwin SekavSirebodnen heterebs, romlebic elinebs Tan mihyavdaT, radgan aseTi iyo maTi adaTi. yvelani _ mamakacebica da qalebic _ TeTrkanianebi iyvnen... sajarod akeTebdnen imas, rasac sxvebi ganmartoebiT sCadian... sakuTar Tavs elaparakebodnen, TavisTvis icinodnen da moyvebodnen xolme rokvas, sadac ar unda yofiliyvnen~ (iqve, gv. 136). berZnebma mosinikebis qveyanaSi `rva staTmosi iares da mividnen xalibebTan, isini cotani iyvnen, emorCilebodnen mosinikebs da upiratesad rkinis damuSavebiT irCendnen Tavs, aqedan elinebi mividnen tibarenebTan. tibarenebis qveyana ufro vake iyo. maT zRvis sanapiroze gamagrebuli dasaxlebebi hqondaT~ (iqve, gv. 137). `elinebma or dReSi mSvidobianad gadalaxes es qveyana da mividnen kotioraSi, elinur qalaqSi, sinopelTa mier tibarenebis qveyanaSi daarsebul axalSenSi~ (iqve, gv. 137).

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xalibebi, rogorc qsenofontes aRweridan Cans berZnebs Sexvdnen 3 adgilas, karduxebis Semdeg, armenielTa qveynis gadalaxvis Semdeg da mosinikebis mezoblad zRvis sanapiroze. (es ukanasknelni sustebi iyvnen, danarCen or adgils mcxovrebni ki kargi meomrebi). amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom is qveyana, romelnic armenielebs eWiraT md. kentritidan araqsamde _ Tavdapirvelad xalibebis anu qaldebisa iyo, da isini gagrZelebiT cxovrobdnen kotioradan araqsamde da kentritamde. isini, Cans, armenielebs daumarcxebiaT da amitom xaldebsa da armenielebs Soris didi omi iyo gaCaRebuli, rogorc es qsenofontes meore naSromidan _ kiropediadan Cans, sabolood, xalibebi mxolod zRvis piras darCnen, danarCeni maTi sacxovrisi araqsidan kentritamde armenielebma daiWires. rogorc iTqva, md. kentritidan berZnebma gaiares 25 km _ dausaxlebel armeniaSi, 50 km-is Semdeg iyo tigrosis saTave. 75 km-is Semdeg miadgnen md. teleboass _ es iyo dasavleT armeniaSi. aqedan iares dablobze 75 km, Semdeg kvlav gaiares 75 km da miadgnen md. evfrats, misi saTavis axlos. Semdeg dablobze iares 50 km. aq kvlav armeniis qveyana iyo. aqedan iwyeboda xalibebis qveyana, miadgnen md. araqss (faziss), aq fasisis gaswvriv iares 225 km xalibebis qveyanaSi da miadgnen taoxebis qveyanas. taoxebis qveyanaSi iares 150 km. aqedan berZnebma kvlav 250 km iares kvlav xalibebis miwaze da miadgnen md. harpasoss da Sevidnen skviTinebis qveyanaSi, aqve vakeze iares 100 km amis Semdeg kvlav iares 100 km da miadgnen qalaq gimniass. aqedan iares 5 dRe-Rame da miadgnen mTis mwverval Teqiss, saidanac Canda zRva. aqedan iares 50 km da miadgnen makronebis qveyanas, am qveyanaSi iares sami dRe-Rame da miadgnen kolxebis qveyanas. iares 35 km da Sevidnen qalaq trapezusSi, da Semdeg kerasusSi. es qalaqebi kolxeTis qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen. kerasusidan Sevidnen mosinikebis qveyanaSi. iares `rva staTmosi~ da mividnen `sust xalibebTan~, aqedan Sevidnen tibarenebis qveyanaSi, gadalaxes or dReSi da mividnen qalaq kotioraSi _ `tibarenebis qveyanaSi daarsebul axalSenSi~. aqedan berZnebi gaemarTnen md. fasisisaken _ qsenofontes strategosebma uTxres _ `umjobesia fasisisaken gacurva, raki xomaldebi arian, fasianTa qveynis dapryoba. iq maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda~ (iqve, gv. 137). es bolo winadadeba Zalze abnevs mkvlevarebs, radganac qsenofonte md. fasiss axsenebs or adgilas. erTi fasisi iyo araqsi, saidanac gaWirvebiT CaaRwies berZnebma zRvamde, amitomac isini, cxadia, ukan aRar dabrundebodnen. amitomac, Tavisi naSromis bolos naxseneb md. fasisis qveS qsenofonte sxva romeliRac mdinares axsenebs. qarTveli mkvlevarebi fiqroben rom es meore fazisi iyo md. rioni, rasac Cven ar viziarebT, Cveni azriT qsenofonte am meore mdinare fazisSi gulisxmobs md. kelkitis zRvasTan SesarTavs. aq zRvis napiras koncxebs erqvaT heraklesa da iazonis koncxe-

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bi. mis axlos amJamadac arian punqtebi `fasinlerisa~ da `pazaris~ saxelwodebiT. md. kelkitis SesarTavi, marTlac axloa q. kotiorasTan da aqeTken iyo samSoblosken mimavali berZnebis gza. davajamoT qsenofontes jaris mier ganvlili gzis sigrZe _ md. kentritidan armeniis qveyanaSi berZnebma iares 25 km + 50 km + 75 km + 75 km (evfrati) + 50 km (araqsi) da miadgnen xalibebis qveyanas araqsTan. e. i. armeniaSi sul iares 275 km. Semdeg xalibebis qveyanaSi md. araqsis piras iares 225 km. Semdeg taoxebis qveyanaSi 150 km da kvlav xalibebis qveyanaSi Sevidnen, sadac 250 km iares da miadgnen md. harpasos da Sevidnen skviTinebis qveyanaSi, sadac iares 200 km qalaq gimniasamde. aqedan iares 5 dRe mwverval Teqisamde. aqedan 50 km_Si mdebareobda makronebis qveyana, aq iares 3 dRe da miadgnen kolxebis qveyanas, iares 35 km da miadgnen q. trapezuss, e.i. md. kentritidan trapezusamde berZnebma gaiares 275 km + 225 km + 150 km + 250 km + 200 km + 5 dRe + 50 km + 3 dRe + 35 km = 1185 km + 8 dRe. Tu erT dRis gavlas berZnebi moundnen 20-30 km maSin 8 dReSi isini daaxloebiT 200 km-s gaivlidnen, rac jamSi Seadgens sul 1385 km, anu daaxloebiT 1400 km. maSasadame, qsenofontes jarma iara ase: is Sevida karduxebis qveyanaSi Tanamedrove qalaq mardinTan axlos (TurqeTSi), iara Tanamedrove qalaq elazigis mimarTulebiT (amJamadac ki gza am mimarTulebiT midis), aq jarma gadalaxa tigrosis erT-erTi Senakadi, romelsac erqva kentriti, da miadga dasavleT armeniis qveyanas. am mdinaris gadalaxvis Semdeg SemoxvdaT meore mdinare teleboasi (es unda iyos Tanamedrove md. murati. iares armeniaSi da miadgnen md. evfratis saTaves (es unda iyos evfratis Senakadi, romelsac amJamindel Turqul enaze ewodeba md. peri (Peri) da Tanamedrove qalaq tekmanTan axlos miadga md. araqsis anu fasisis saTaves da iara mis gaswvriv, aq hqonda SebrZoleba xalibTa, taoxTa da fasinTa gaerTianebul laSqarTan da Sevida taoxebis qveyanaSi, taoxebis qveynidan gadavida Zliermeomari xalibebis (qaldebis) qveyanaSi da miadga md. harpasoss, es unda iyos md. Woroxi. aq iyo skviTinebis qveyana da maTi qalaqi gimniasi (sadRac baiberdsa da giumiSxanes Soris), aqedan Sevida makronebis qveyanaSi, saidanac dainaxes zRva, zRvis pirze ki kolxebi cxovrobdnen, maT qveyanaSi iyo qalaqi trapezusi, aqedan laSqravdnen axlos mcxovreb drilebs. trapezusidan jaris erTi nawili gemebiT, sxvebi ki fexiT gaemarTnen kerasusisaken (giresuni), gaiares mosinikebis da susti xalibebis qveyanaSi, q. kotiorasTan miadgnen tibarenebis toms da gadawyvites gemebiT da fexiT kelkitis SesarTavTan misvla, sadac fasianebi cxovrobdnen da aietis STamomavali mefobda.

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qsenofontes gza
1. jer aris karduxebis mTebi, Semdeg ki tigrosis saTave (qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, 2010, gv.119); 2. jer md. kentritia, mere aris md. tigresis saTave (iqve, gv. 122); 3. mdinare kentriti `sazRvravs armenias karduxebis qveynisagan~ aq aris veli (iqve, gv. 120); `xaldebi Tavisufalni da mamacni arian~ (iqve, gv. 121); md. kentriti unda iyos md. tigrosis erT-erTi Senakadi oRond q. elazigisaken. es armeniaa. 4. mdinaris meore napiric vakea. mdinaridan 50 km-Si aris tigrosis saTave. 5. tigrosis saTavidan 15 farasangSi (1 farasangi 5 km) _ 15 X 5 km = 75 km) aris meore mdinare _ teleboasi. mis gayolebas hqvia dasavleT armenia teleboasi unda iyos md. murati _ arawani. 6. aqedan 15 farasangi X 5 km = 75 km-Si iyo md. evfrati 7. md. fazisi (araqsi) iares md. fazisis gaswvriv 7 X 5 farasangi. 7 X 25 km = 175 + 10 X 5 km + 50 km = 225 km. daeSvnen vakeze. 8. taoxebis qveyana 30 farasangi X 5 = 150 km. 9. xalibebis qveyana. 10. md. harpasosi (Woroxi). 11. skviTinebi 20 X 5 km = 100 km. 12. skviTinebi qalaqi gimniasi. 13. 5 dRe zRvis gamoCenamde. 14. makronebi 50 km. 15. mdinare sazRvravda makronebsa da skviTinebs. 16. 3 dRis gza. 17. kolxebi. 18. 2 farasangi X 5 = 10 km _ trapezunti.

qsenofonte qaldebis Sesaxeb, arian-qarTli

istorikosma g. WeiSvilma ganixila qsenofontes Sroma `kiropedia~, rogorc wyaro saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. Tavis am SromaSi (`kiropedia~), qsenofonte iseve, rogorc Tavissave `anabasisSi~ aRwers berZenTa 10.000 kaciani razmis laSqrobas qarTuli tomebiT dasaxlebul mxareebSi Zv. w. 401 wels. kerZod, maT gaiares fasianebis, taoxebis, xalibebis da skviTinebis qveynebi (g. WeiSvilis dakvirvebiT _ `eTnonimi `xaldi~ Zveli berZnebisaTvis `xalibis~ sinonims warmoadgenda~ (`analebi~, 2001, gv. 9).

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yvela am tomTa qveynebs armenielebi esazRvrebodnen, romelnic TandaTanobiT miiwevdnen samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken farTo frontiT da aviwroebdnen qarTul tomebs, erekebodnen maT ufro CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, kerZod saxnav-saTesi miwebi xalibebs aRar darCaT, radganac ukve mTebSi cxovrobdnen armenielTa am miwolis Sedegad. Tavis mxriv, yvela es tomi da gansakuTrebiT xaldebi (igive xalibebi) Tavdauzogavad ebrZodnen armenielebs saarsebo sivrcis dasabruneblad, armenia, Tavis mxriv, ukve dapyrobili iyo sparsTa mier, amis gamo sparseTis Sahi kiros didi xalibebis armenielebze (armenielTa soflebze) Tavdasxmas ganixilavda, rogorc sakuTari imperiis sazRvrebSi SeWras. amitomac `kirkopediis~ Tanaxmad kiros didma (558-529) armeniis damorCilebis Semdeg xaldebze galaSqreba gadawyvita, raTa mSvidoba Camoegdo somxebsa da maT mezobel xaldebs Soris~ (iqve, gv. 9) qsenofontes Tanaxmad, kiros didma Seariga armenielebi da xaldebi urTierTdaTmobaTa gziT. g. WeiSvili wers _ `kiropediisa~ da `anabasisis~ cnobaTa urTierTSejerebiT irkveva, rom xalibebs//xaldebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro meomar da mamac xalxad iTvleboda ara mxolod im mxareSi, aramed im tomTa Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec elinebma gaiares, Tavisi hegemonia da satomo saxeli samxreTiT sakmaod Sors gaevrcelebinaT~ (iqve, gv. 10). xaldebi igive qaldebia, etimologiurad Cans karduxebis da qaldebis saxelebi msgavsia. `kardu~ anu `qardu~ igive `qald~ unda iyos. es fuZeve aqvs qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebasac `qarT~. qaldebis anu xaldebis sacxovrisi arealisa da gavlenis didi ganvrcobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs qsenofonte kiropediaSi _ misi sityviT fasianebi qaldebis gavlenas ganicdidnen, Tu gavixsenebT, rom fasianebis sacxovriss SemdgomSi basiani ewoda, is didi teritoria iyo, moicavda Semdgomi arzrumisa da yarsis provinciebs da kidev ufro gaSlili iyo aRmosavleTiT _ valaSkertamde. aseTi didi arealis kontroli mxolod Zlier da meomar toms SeeZlo. g. WeiSvili wers _ `fasianebis qveyana, romelic formalurad dasavleT armeniis satraps _ tiribazs ekuTvnoda, faqtiurad xalibebis gavlenis qveS moeqca, ufro samxreTiT xalibebi somxuri miwebis moTareSeobiT kmayofildebodnen~ (analebi, N1, 2001, gv. 10). Tu rukas davxedavT, vnaxavT, rom xalibebi cdilobdnen ekontrolebinaT is miwebi Zv. w. V saukuneSi, romelic TiTqmis 1500 wlis Semdeg Tavis samefos SemouerTa qarTvelTa mefe daviT kurapalatma X saukuneSi. es is iberiis miwebia Tavisi xorZeneTa da pariadres kalTebiT, romelic Zv. w. II s-Si iberias waarTva armeniam.

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unda vifiqroT, rom Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebSi iberiulma tomebma qaldebis meTaurobiT SeZles konsolidacia da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, romelsac `arian-qarTli~ erqva, romlis mosaxleobamac SeiZina eris niSnebi, sakuTari eniTa da tradiciebiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi arsen beri werda, rom qarTuli ena _ is enaa, romelic arian-qarTlis samefoSi iyo ganvrcobili `Cven Svilni varT maT arianqarTliT gamosulTani da enai maTi vuwyiT~. anu qarTuli ena arian-qarTvelTa ena yofila swored im teritoriaze, romelsac xalibebi akontrolebdnen qsenefontes sityviT _ esaa fasianis vrceli qveyana, xorZene, pariadres kalTebi. qaldebis sacxovrisi TviTon pariadres da mosxebis mTianeTi unda yofiliyo. rogorc vTqviT straboni qaldebs aseve uwodebs `alazonebs~, aqedan unda iyos warmoSobili satomo saxeli lazi. maTi es TviTsaxelwodeba areklili unda iyos im vrcel regionSi, romelsac qaldebi akontrolebdnen. rogorc iTqva, aq Cven gvxvdeba qalaqebi erTi da imave fuZedasaxelebis mqoneni _ arzrumi (erzrumi), arzinjani (erzinjani), arze (awre) da sxva, aseve konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT artanujis qveyanas arzeni erqva. Cemi azriT, fuZe `arz~ miRebuli unda iyos qaldebis saxelwodebidan `alazoni~, `alaz~ anu `araz~ _ es fuZe am regionSi mraval saxelSi gvxvdeba da yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli. TviT mdinare araqssac, romelic fasianis mdinare iyo _ aseve `arazi~ erqva. `araz~-idan unda iyos arze, arzrumi, arzinjani, arze (arwe) da sxva. amave regionis samxreTiT qalaq elazigis saxelic mas unda ukavSirdebodes. elazig _ elaz _ laz _ a-lazoni. aRsaniSnavia, rom Semdgomi elazigis mxareebSi, romelsac anZianZora erqva, ilaSqra mefe farnavazma, roca is ibrZoda arian-qarTvelTa mefis memkvidreobisaTvis. amave mxareebSi ilaSqra aseve vaxtang gorgasalma. me vfiqrob, da Cans kidec, rom farnavazi ibrZoda qarTlis saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gansamtkiceblad, romelic qarTlis cxovrebis avtors aq eguleboda azonis mamiseuli memkvidreobis aRweris dros. qaldebma am regionSi, romelic SemosazRvruli iyo Tanamedrove qalaqiT elazigiTi, da Zveli valaSkertiT, romelSic mdebareobdnen pariadres kalTebi _ olqma, romelSic Sediodnen md. kelkitis saTaveebi, md. xartiSi, nawilobriv yizil-irmaki, SemdgomSi arzrumi, artaan-artanuji Seqmnes qveyana `qaldu~, igive `qarTu~, igive arian-qarTli, romlis gagrZelebac iyo ufro CrdiloeTiT qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba da STamomavloba ki qarTveli xalxi _ yvela Tavisi regionebiTa da kuTxeebiT. ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia kidec, rom svanebis, megrebisa da danarCen qarTvelTa winare samSoblo `qaldu~ _ qarTu iyo, Cans Camoyalibebuli mebrZol tom qaldevelTa mier, romelTac Semdgom lazebi ewodaT.

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sabolood, Cven SeiZleba aseTi saxiT warmovidginoT qarTveli eris Camoyalibeba _ wyaroTa Tanaxmad `nabuqodonosorma liviis gverdiT mdebare iberiidan gadaasaxla nawili iberielebisa da daasaxla pontos zRvispireTSi~, aRmoCnda, rom aq naxsenebi `livia~ aris ara afrikis libia, aramed vanis tbis piras mdebare Zveli qveyana `luvia~, xolo iberielebi ki igive karduxebia (frigielebia), romelnic liviis gverdiT cxovrobdnen. am kardux-iberielebis nawili gadasaxlda SavizRvispireTSi da iwodnen qaldebad (xaldebad) _ xalibebad. amave dros SavizRvispireTis amave regionSi uwyveti nakadis saxiT Semodiodnen sxva qarTveli tomebi pontospireTidan. am qarTuli tomebis (fasianebis, hesperitebis, taoxebis, mosinikebisa da sxv.) konsolidacia SeZlo karduxebis meomarma da Zlierma tomma ramac safuZveli Cauyara arian-qarTlis saxelmwifos, romlis memkvidreoba farnavazis dros miiRo `qarTlis samefom~.

lazi alazoni, strabonis cnobebi

lazika _ lazebis qveynis somxuri saxelwodebaa (rogorc korCaika), berZnebi mas lazons uwodebdnen. am qveynis da misi xalxis saxelebis (lazoni, lazi) etimologiuri ZiebisaTvis, vfiqrob mniSvnelovani informaciaa strabonis geografiaSi. is qaldebis toms uwodebs alazonebs da aseve alizonebs. amasTanave Tavisi geografiis XII wignis mesame TavSi vrclad msjelobs Tavisi am cnobis dasamtkiceblad, am sakiTxze polemikas umarTavs mraval Zvel cnobil avtors da sabolood askvnis, rom mis dros mcxovrebi qaldebis Zveli saxelia xalibebi, igive alibebi da, rom, saerTod homerosis dros alibe erqva qveyanas TemiskirasTan. alibes xalxs ki erqva _ alizonebi an alazonebi. am saxelisagan warmodgeba sityva amazonebi. sabolood, straboni iRebs qaldebis saxels _ alazonebs da wers _ `zogni weren alazonebs, zogni amazonebs, adgil `alibedan~ (str. XII, 3, 21) an `Soridan xalibedan~ (XII, 3, 23). straboni wers _ `exlandeli qaldebi, Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen, amaT Soris mdebareobs farnakia. misi Semosavalia Tevz pelamidebis Wera da aseve miwidan liTonebis (axla rkinis, Zvelad vercxlis) amoReba. saerTod am adgilebSi sanapiro metismetad viwroa, radgan iqve, zemoT aRmarTulia liTonebiT savse, tyiani mTebi~ (XII, 3, 19) `am adamianebs uwin erqvaT alibebi xalibebis nacvlad... homerosi alizonebs uwodebs xalibebs (straboni, XII, 3, 20). `zogni weren alazonebs, zogni ki amazonebs~ (XII, 3, 21) _ ambobs straboni.

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straboni miiCnevs, rom cnobili amazoni qalebi qaldebis toms ekuTvnoda, is etimologiurad sityvebs qaldebs, xalibebs, alibes, alazonebs da amazonebs erTmaneTs ukavSirebs, roca aRwers qaldebis tomis sacxovriss trapezuntTan.

alazonebi da georgebi
strabonis cnobiT, alazonebis tomi cxovrobda Savi zRvis rogorc samxreT, ise Crdilo sanapiroze. alazonebis tomis erT-erTi sacxovrisi mdebareobda Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze _ sinopsa da trapezunts Soris. straboni alazonebs xalibebis (xaldebis) tomis winaprebad miiCnevda. xaldebi anu qaldevelebi, Semdgom Wanebad iwodnen, xolo qaldea _ qarTvelTa yvela tomis saerTo samSoblod iqna miCneuli. qarTvelebs ucxoelebi georgebs an gurjebsac uwodebdnen. georgebis tomi Zveli wyaroebis cnobebiT, cxovrobda aseve Crdilo kavkasiaSi. CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom strabonis cnobiT saxeli `georgi~ da aseve `alazonebis~ saxeli erqva yirimidan Savi zRvis Crdilo sanapiroze mcxovreb tomebsac. maSasadame, Savi zRvis orive sanapiroze, erTmaneTis pirispir teritoriebze, rogorc yirimis mxareSi, aseve mis mopirdapire sinop-trapezuntis mxareSi cxovrobdnen `alazonebi~ da aseve `georgebi~. isini orive am teritoriaze, erTimeoris gverdigverd cxovrobdnen. yirimis mimdebare mxareSi mcxovrebi xalxis `georgebis~ Sesaxeb straboni wers: , , , , (, , VII, 4,6, . , . 1964, . 284). e.i. `xersonelTa xalxi iwodeboda georgebad, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, radganac skviTuri tomi, maT maRla mcxovrebi, iyo momTabare~ (str. VII, 4,6). sityva georgi _ miwis muSas niSnavs. e.i. xersonebis georgebis tomi miwaTmoqmedi iyo da amitom ewoda es saxeli, rasac ar veTanxmebiT, radganac momTabareTa gverdiT vrcel teritoriebze, mravali miwaTmoqmedi xalxi cxovrobda da maT `georgebi~ ar erqvaT, miT umetes, rom sxva antikuri avtorebi georgebis toms Crdilo kavkasiaSic aTavsebdnen, Tu aras vityviT qarTvelebze, aseve georgebad wodebulebze. saxeli `georgi~ eTnikuri TviTsaxelwodeba iyo. yirimSi georgebis gverdiT cxovrobda aseve alazonebis tomi _ straboni wers: ... , - (, , XI, 3, 21) , , , , 1964, . 516).

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georgebi da alazonebi Savi zRvis orive sanapiroze cxovrobdnen _ erTmaneTis pirispir. maSasadame `georgebis~ tomebi cxovrobdnen 1) yirimTan, 2) Crdilo kavkasiaSi da 3) samxreT kavkasiaSi. `alazonebi~ cxovrobdnen 1) ponto-trapezuntis mxareSi da 2) aseve Crdilo kavkasiaSi. rogorc georgebi, ise alazonebi qarTvelebis winaprebi arian, kerZod, alazonebi erqvaT strabonis cnobiT xalibebs anu xaldebs, es ukanaskneli (xaldebi) igive qaldebi arian, qaldea (qaldu) _ qarTvelTa saerTo pirvel samSoblod, miiCneva, saidanac qarTvelTa yvela jgufi warmoiSva. saxeli georgebi ki saerTod qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitomac SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom, radganac zRvis orive erTmaneTis mopirispire sanapiroze cxovrobdnen es tomebi, isini iyvnen erTi xalxi da am xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli kavkasiis orive mxare, misi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi nawilebi _ es xalxi iyo qarTvelebi.

xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-qarTlis safuZveli

yvelaze uZvelesi qarTuli wyaros `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ mixedviT Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azonma safuZveli Cauyara `qarTlis samefos~. es momxdara qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebSi. gvaqvs Tu ara romelime ucxouri wyaro, romelic gvaZlevs cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT qristeSobamde V-IV ss-Si namdvilad arsebobda qarTuli saxelmwifo, SeeZlo Tu ara iq mcxovreb mravalricxovan qarTul tomTagan romelimes sxvaTa konsolidacia da erT saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba? iyo Tu ara romelime tomi aRniSnul epoqaSi gamokveTilad Zlieri? Cven gvaqvs swored aRniSnuli epoqis saistorio wyaroebi, esaa qsenofontesa, strabonisa da sxvaTa cnobebi, romelTa dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebelia msjeloba aRniSnul sakiTxze. esenia: 1. qsenofontes naSromi kiropedia _ romlis mixedviTac xaldebi (xalibebi) iyo didi xalxi, fasainebi maTi gavlenis sferoSi Sediodnen da xalibebi fasianTa qveynis samxreTiTac ki ibrZodnen. 2. strabonis cnobiT, xalibebi didi xalxi iyo, radganac maTi winaprebi troaSic ibrZodnen _ imJamindel xalibebs erqvaT aseve aliZonebi (alazonebi). xaldebis anu xalibebis _ Tanametomeni iyvnen karduxebi. isini vanistbispireTidan vidre SavizRvispireTamde cxovrobdnen. kardux-xaldebis qveyana iyo erTi xalxis qveyana, romelic n. adoncis sityviT somxebma or nawilad gakveTes.

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3. megasTenes cnobiT, iberebi nabuqodonosorma gadaasaxla libiidan SavizRvispireTSi. aq `libiis~ qveS unda igulisxmebodes ara afrikis libia, aramed qveyana `luvia~, romelic vanistbispireTSi mdebareobda. iberebi igive karduxebi unda iyvnen, romelTa erTi nawili nabuqodonosorma vanistbispirTidan gadaasaxla Savi zRvispireTSi. am gadasaxlebiTa da Tanametome xalibebisa da karduxebis urTierTSereviT safuZveli unda Cayroda `arian-qarTlis~ samefos. `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~ wers _ `da Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa movida aleqsandre mefe yovlisa qveyanisa... da Tana-hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoi, Ze arian qarTlisa mefisa, da miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~ (`Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi~, I, 1964, gv. 81). qarTli, rogorc am wyarodan Cans, jer kidev ar ewodeboda im qveyanas, romelzec Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifo da romlis mefedac dasva aleqsandre makedonelma azo. yovel SemTxvevaSi masze mematiane wers, rom azo iyo `pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina~ (iqve, gv. 82). SemdgomSi azos qarTlis mefe ewoda, magram Tavdapirvelad is iyo `mefe mcxeTas Sina~, mcxeTa iyo dedaqalaqi, rogorc iTqva axali saxelmwifosi da am axali saxelmwifos sazRvrebi aseTi iyo _ egriswyali, hereTi, somxiTi da mTa crolisa. amJamad, md. egriswyali gaedineba Tanamedrove afxazeTSi da is Cans iyo md. RaliZga, bediasTan. `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ hereTi azosa da farnavazis Jams ar ewodeboda Tanamedrove samxreT kaxeTs, rogorc miiCnevs sabWouri saistorio skola, aramed mdebareobda mis gareT. marTlac, qarTlis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, rodesac farnavazma qarTlis samefo dayo administraciul erTeulebad, Tanamedrove samxreT kaxeTSi mdebare `kxoeTi~, romlis mTavari qalaqi iyo bodisi (kxoeTi anu kuxeTi) kaxeTis saerisTavoSi Sedioda (iqve, gv. 89). maSasadame, bodbe iyo ara hereTSi, aramed kuxeTSi. wyaros `somxiTi~, gulisxmobs armeniis qveyanas, esaa qarTlis samefos samxreTi sazRvari, Crdilo sazRvarze ki Cans `mTa crolisa~ mdebareobda. rogorc iTqva, am saxelmwifos Tavdapirvelad `qarTli~ ar erqva, aramed mas qarTli mas Semdeg ewoda, rac azom `arian-qarTlis~ samefodan Camoiyvana mosaxleoba saxelwodebiT `arian-qarTvelni~, da isini ganasaxla mTel Tavis saxelmwifoSi egriswylidan hereTamde, somxiTidan _ crolis mTamde. maSasadame, azos `arian-qarTvelni~ dausaxlebia rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. am xalxis saxelma `qarTvelni~ misca saxelwodeba axali saxelmwifos xalxs _ `qarTvelni~, xolo TviT saxelmwifos `qarTlis samefo~ daerqva, radganac misi damaarsebeli `arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azo~ iyo. am saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdeg ukve arsebobda ori `qarTlis samefo~, erTi iyo samxreTiT da mas `arian-qarTli~ erqva, meore ki iyo CrdiloeTiT da misi dedaqalaqi mcxeTa iyo.

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mcxeTaSi gamefebis Semdeg `ese azoY warvida arian-qarTlad, mamisa Tvisisa, da warmoiyvana rva saxli da aTni saxlni mama-mZuZeTani da dajda Zvel mcxeTas. da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da gaim, da ese iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina azoY, Ze arian qarTvelTa mefisa da mokvda. da Semdgomad misa dadga farnavaz~ (iqve, gv. 82). Camoyalibda axali qarTlis samefo, Zveli qarTlis samefo (`arian-qarTli~) gaurkvevel viTarebaSi aRigava pirisagan miwisa. vin iyo misi mosaxleoba, sad mdebareobda is an ra bedia ewia mis xalxs? am kiTxvebs pasuxi gasca XII saukuneSi arsen berma, romelic daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvari yofila. is werda, rom Zveli arian-qarTlis mosaxleoba iyo eTnikuri qarTvelebi da maT `arian-qarTvelni~ erqvaT. daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqis saqarTvelos ersa da Zvel `arian qarTlis~ ers Soris pirdapiri genetikuri memkvidreobiTi kavSiri yofila. arsen beri wers _ `Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da enaY maTi vuwyiT~. maSasadame, qarTuli enac ki arian-qarTvelTa ena yofila, maTi STamomavlebi _ qarTveloba iyo. Cveni TvalsazrisiT arian-qarTlis samefo realurad arsebobda da is warmoadgenda xalibebis (igive xaldebis) saxelmwifos, romelmac SeZlo daaxloebiT Zv.w. 401-330 wlebSi taoxebis, makronebis, fasianebisa da sxva qarTuli tomebis Tavis irgvliv konsolidacia da amis safuZvelze saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba. 401 wels xalibebis (xaldebis) tomi Tavisi TvaliT ixila qsenofontem, romelic saTaveSi edga berZenTa aTi aTas kacian razms, romelic babilonidan saberZneTisaken mieSureboda. es laSqroba Tavis or naSromSi anabazissa da kiropediaSi asaxa qsenofontem. man gaiara fasianebis, xalibebisa da sxva qarTuli tomebis qveynebi. misi cnobiT xalibebi _ yvelaze meomari da saxelovani xalxi iyo sxva tomTa Soris. `kiropediisa~ da `anabasisis~ cnobaTa urTierTSejerebiT irkveva, rom xalibebs//xaldebs, romelic yvelaze ufro meomar da mamac xalxad iTvleboda ara mxolod im mxareSi, aramed im tomTa Soris, romelTa miwawyalzec elinebma gaiares (Gyr., III, 2,7; Anab., IV. 7.15), Tavisi hegemonia da satomo saxeli samxreTiT sakmaod Sors gaevrcelebinaT~ (g. WeiSvili, Zveli berZnebis TvaliT danaxuli istoriul-geografiuli procesebi (qsenofonte da misi `kiropedia~), analebi, 2001, N1, gv. 10). qsenofontes mtkicebiT xaldebi omis JiniT iyvnen Sepyrobilni (Gyr., III, 2,7), isini ibrZodnen da xSirad imarjvebdnen kidec. fasianebis qveyana _ maTi gavlenis qveS iyo moqceuli, isini akontrolebdnen Woroxis xeobasa da zRvispireTs. ucxo TvalisaTvis isini Candnen dampyroblebad, romelnic

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arbevdnen somxur soflebs, magram, rogorc Cans, xalibebi (igive xaldebi) Tvlidnen, rom somxebi SeiWrnen maT miwa-wyalze, ukanonod waarTves saxnav-saTesi miwebi da gadaaqcies mTagoriani qveynis mcxovreblebad, sadac saxnav-saTesi farTobebis arqonis gamo siRaribeSi cxovrobdnen. amitomac, iZulebulni iyvnen Tavs dasxmodnen im somxur soflebs, romelnic maT yofil miwa-wyalze amoizardnen. somxebi sparselTa mxardaWeris gareSe aseT warmatebas ver miaRwevdnen. sparselebma daimorCiles somxebi, xalibebi ki maTTan SedarebiT Tavisufalni iyvnen. sparseTis imperiaSi somxebi imperiis erTgul xalxad iqcnen, mSvidobian mcxovreblebad, miwis muSebad, romelTac imperiisaTvis Semosavali mohqondaT. es somxebi fasianebis qarTuli tomis samxreTiT cxovrobdnen. fasianebi ki, rogorc iTqva xaldebis gavlenis sferoSi moeqcnen, xaldebi fasianTa qveynis samxreTiT somxur soflebs arbevdnen. amis gamo sparseTis Sahi SeSfoTebuli iyo. `kiropediis~ Tanaxmad, kiros didma (558-529) armeniis damorCilebis Semdeg xaldebze galaSqreba gadawyvita (iqve, gv. 9). xaldebis danaSaulad iTvleboda SeWra sparseTis imperiis sazRvrebis SigniT, radganac armenielebi ukve imperiis mcxovreblebad iTvlebodnen. am armenielebis dacva ki, SahisaTvis mniSvnelovani saqme iyo, ara erTi da ori Taobis manZilze. SemdgomSi sparselebs gadauwyvetiaT armenielebsa da xaldebs Soris mSvidobianoba CamoegdoT, orive mxaris ekonomikuri interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod SeuTavazebiaT xaldebisaTvis daemuSavebinaT armenielTa mier xeldebuli saxnav-saTesi savargulebi, ris sanacvlodac armenielebs SeeZlebodaT uSiSrad eZovebinaT TavianTi saqoneli xaldebis mTebis saZovrebze. orive mxare daTanxmebula, magram realurad xaldebs ar SeuwyvetiaT ganmaTavisuflebeli omebi armenielTa winaaRmdeg da qsenofontes Tavisi TvaliT uxilavs fasianis samxreTiT gaveranebuli somxuri soflebi. fasianebi, Cans, aSkarad Tu farulad mxars uWerdnen xaldebs armenielebTan omisas, radganac fasianebi sparselebma armenielebs dauqvemdebares. fasianebi da xaldebi am saqmeSi konsolidirebulni Canan. `fasianebis qveyana, romelic formalurad dasavleT armeniis satraps tiribazs ekuTvnoda (Anab., VII, 8, 25) faqtiurad xalibebis gavlenis qveS moeqca ufro samxreTiT xalibebi somxuri miwebis moTareSebiT kmayofildebodnen~ (iqve, gv. 10). fasianebis samxreTiT aTobiT kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli gaveranebuli somxuri soflebi. es miwa-wyali sparselebis TvalTaxedviT somxebs ekuTvnodaT, magram xalibebs Tavisad miaCndaT, somxebi ki SemoWril mtrad esaxebodaT, amiT iyo gamowveuli xalibebis Tavganwiruli omebi armenielebis winaaRmdeg. fasianebi arzrumis arealSi cxovrobdnen araqsis anu fazisis xeobaSi, sadac Semdeg qarTuli provincia basiani iyo ganfenili (arzrumidan qalaq

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agramde), mis samxreTiT vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde SemdgomSi ganivrco qarTuli saxelmwifo (daviT III kurapalatis dros X saukuneSi), rac efuZneboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis qarTul erovnul-eTnikur TviTSemecnebas, mis Zvel safuZvels. erTi sityviT im mxareebis mosaxleobas, X saukunisaTvisac, jer kidev SemorCenili hqonda qarTuli Zirebi. qsenofontes dros taoxebis da fasianebis konsolidacia Tavis irgvliv namdvilad SeeZlo xalibebis mebrZol da gamarjvebul toms. g. WeiSvilis TvalsazrisiT `xalibebi Woroxis xeobaSi cxovrobdnen~ (anabazisi, IV, 7.15-17, iqve, gv. 9), miiCneva, rom isini TorTomis xeobaSic cxovrobdnen, radganac aqaa xoronimi `xaldoZori~ (iqve, gv. 9). g. WeiSvilis azriT `xaldoZori~ moicavda baiburTis mxares `anu im qveyanas, sadac qsenofontes mixedviT skviTinebi cxovrobdnen~ (iqve, gv. 9). erTi sityviT xaldebis sacxovrisi im teritorias moicavda, sadac arianqarTlis samefos arseboba moiazreba. es SeiZleba iTqvas, Semdgomi mesxeTia Tavisi tao-basianiT Tu Woroxis xeobiT. `eTnonimi `xaldi~ ZvelberZnebisaTvis `xalibis~ sinonims warmoadgenda~ (iqve, gv. 9). xaldebi rom saxelganTqmuli meomari xalxi iyo, amas strabonic adasturebs _ misi cnobiT xaldebi trapezuntis mimdebare zRvispireTis ZiriTadi xalxi iyo. strabonis cnobiT, amisodan trapezuntamde zRviT iyo 2200 stadioni, xolo trapezuntidan fazisamde 1400 stadioni. amisodan trapezuntamde zRviT jer arian herakleasa da iazonis koncxebi, Semdeg kotiora (farnakia) da kerasunti, romelsac mosdevs trapezunti da trapezuntis Tanave kolxida _ `trapezunti, mere kolxida, sadRac aqvea zigopolisad wodebuli punqti~ (XII, III, 17). ai, am sanapiros `zemoT~ (e.i. samxreT mTianeTSi) cxovrobdnen qarTuli tomebi, da maT Soris strabonis mier gamorCeuli qaldebi. straboni wers, rom cnobili dasaxlebuli punqti zigopolisi kolxidaSi Sedioda. strabonis rukaze zigopolisi ewodeba Semdgom ziganas, romelic trapezunt-Teodosipolisis SemaerTebel gzaze mdebareobda. bizantiur periodSi zigana qaldeas TemSi Sedioda. es iyo strabonis kolxida (e.i. trapezuntis samxreTi da samxreT aRmosavleTi mxare _ trapezunt-rize-xofas regioni da ara dasavleT saqarTvelo). straboni wers _ `trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxovroben tibaranebi, qaldebi da sanebi, romelTac uwin uwodebdnen makronebs, aqvea mcire armenia, am adgilebis axlos cxovroben apaitebi, uwindeli kerkitebi. am adgilebze gadaWimulia skidise, kldovani mTa, romelic uerTdeba mosxur mTebs, romlebic kolxidis zemoT mdebareoben. mwvervalebi uWiravT heptakometebs. pariadre sidenesa da TemiskirasTan mdebare adgilebidan mcire armeniamde vrceldeba da hqmnis pontos aRmosavleT napirs~ (straboni, XII, III, 18).

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strabonisve cnobiT, vrceli anu didi iberia, odesRac moicavda pariadres kalTebs, xorZenesa da gogarens, romelnic misgan miitaca armeniam. maSasadame, pariadre odesRac iberebis qveynis nawili iyo, pariadre ki Temiskiradan iwyeboda (amJamindeli Terme). strabonis dros es mxareebi kvlav qarTuli tomebiT iyvnen dasaxlebuli, zemoTCamoTvlili tibaranebiT, qaldebiT, sanebiT (makronebiT), apaltebiT (kerkitebiT), heptakometebs (mosinikebs) da sxvebs. imis gamo, rom es tomebi (e.i. pariadres kalTebze mcxovrebni) armeniam Zv.w. II s-Si CamoaSora iberias, isini aRmoCndnen iberiis samefos gareT erovnulad daucvelni, Tumca maT imJamad SeeZloT TavianTi Tavis garkveulwilad dacva. am tomTa Soris straboni, rogorc iTqva, gamoyofs qaldebs da maT miuZRvna Tavis Sromis arc Tu mcire nawili. kerZod, strabonis azriT, qaldebis winaprebi imdenad cnobili xalxi iyo, rom monawileobdnen troas omSi da swored maT axsenebs homerosi. is wers _ `exlandeli qaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen, ufro amaT Soris mdebareobs farnakia, romelsac zRvidan aqvs Semosavali, pelamidebis Werisagan, xolo miwidan iRebs liTonebs, exla rkinas, uwin vercxlsac, saerTod, am adgilebSi sanapiro metismetad viwroa, radgan iqve, zemoT aRmarTuli liTonebiT savse da tyiani mTebi, muSavdeba ki cota. momTamadneebi Tavs irCenen liTonis mopovebiT, xolo mezRvaurni _ mebadurobiT... vfiqrob, amaT (xalibebs) axsenebs poeti (homerosi) _ aliZonebad `katalogSi~ paflagonielebis Semdeg: `xolo odiosi da epistrofosi mouZRodnen aliZonebs, Soreuli alibedan, sadac aris vercxlis sabado~ (str. XII, III, 20). strabonis azriT, qveyana xalibe anu alibe iyo qaldebis (xalibebis) sacxovrisi `skepsiselic fiqrobs, rom saxeli Seicvala da alibebidan miviReT xalibebi~ (iqve, XII, III, 20) da homerosi `alizonebs (aliZonebs) uwodebs xalibebs... zogni weren alazonebs, zogni ki amazonebs. ... es aixsneba weriTi cvlilebiT, radgan [efore] wers ase: `xolo amazonebs mouZRodnen odiosi da epitroposi~... (str. XII, III, 21-22). straboni ekamaTeba maT, vinc fiqrobda, rom troelTa dasaxmareblad ar mosulan mdinare halisis gadaRmidan mcxovrebni, amitomac erTi cnobili mkvlevari fiqrobda, rom haliZonebis sacxovrisi ar unda moeTavsebinaT md. halisis gadaRma. straboni mis Sesaxeb wers `ra mizezis gamo ar cnobs, rom md. halisis gadaRmidan mosuliyo romelime mokavSire... ra daabrkolebda mosuliyo gaRma qveynidan, romelic aris levkosirebis iqiT... me vfiqrob, rom araferi daabrkolebda, radgan arc egre Sors iyvnen, rom Zneli yofiliyo iqedan mosvla~. qaldebis Zvel qveyanas (xalibe, alibes) miucia saxeli qaldebisaTvis _ alazonebs ki aseve cnobili qaldebis tomisaTvis _ amazonebi. rogorc qaldebis, ise amazonebis sacxovrisi isazRvrebda md. TemiskirasTan, sidenesTan, farnakiasTan axlos. orive tomi (qaldebi anu ala-

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zonebi da amazonebi) saxelganTqmuli meomari iyo. strabonis rukaze, romelic Tan erTvis 1964 wels gamocemul mis rusul Targmans, alizonebi (anu alazonebis) sacxovrisi kerasus-farnas qvemoT mTianeTSia gansazRvruli pariadres qedis kalTaze. straboni wers _ `farnakiisa da trapezuntis maxloblad mdebare adgilebs zemoT arian tibarenebi da qaldeebi, vidre mcire armeniamde. es ki sakmaod mdidari qveyanaa, mas iseve, rogorc sofenes, mudam ganagebdnen Tavisi dinastebi, maTi qveSevrdomebi iyvnen qaldeebi da tibarenebi, ise, rom trapezuntamde da farnakiamde vrceldeba maTi xelisufleba, xolo rodesac gaZlierda miTridate evpatori, is gaxda kolxidisa da yvela amaTi batoni~ (str. XII, III, 28). rogorc vTqviT Zv.w. II s-Si armeniam iberiisagan miitaca pariadre, amitomacaa, rom pariadresTan mcxovrebi tibarenebi da qaldeebi mcire armeniis dinasts eqvemdebarebodnen trapezuntidan _ farnakiamde. miTridate evpatorma es mmarTveloba Tavis xelSi aiRo da is kolxidis mmarTvelic gaxda. es kolxida iwyeboda trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT, anu trapezunti erTmaneTisgan hyofda mcire armeniis dinastebis miwas da kolxidas. trapezuntidan _ farnakiamde (daaxloebiT Tanamedrove trabzonidan _ ordumde) mcxovrebi tibarenebi da qaldebi mcire armeniis gamgebel arqelaes epyra. strabonis dros is Secvala misma qvrivma piTodorosma. kolxida rom trapezunts esazRvreboda misi sagamgeblo teritoriis sazRvrebidan Cans _ `tibarenebi da qaldebi kolxidamde, farnakiamde da trapezuntamde upyria piTodoross, romelic Wkviani qalia~ (str. XII, III, 29). strabonis dros erTdros saxelovani qaldebi dasustebulebi iyvnen, qsenofontes cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, isini Zalze Zlierni iyvnen da TavianT gamgeblobas taoxebsa da fasianebzec avrcelebdnen. lazTa saxelovani tomis saxelic qaldebs ukavSirdeba. lazebi, XX s. istorikosTa TvalsazrisiT, Tavdapirvelad TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen, saidanac isini amave saeWvo mosazrebiT VII-VIII ss-Si trapezuntis regionSi gadasaxldnen, araviTari wyaro ar arsebobs am mosazrebaTa dasamtkiceblad. es mxolod varaudebia, maSin, rodesac straboni qaldebs akavSirebs alazonebTan. saxeli alazoni igive lazoni unda iyos safuZveli satomo saxelisa lazi. konkretulad es saxeli bolo droisaTvis arc erT toms ar erqva, magaliTad arzrumelebi lazebs uwodebdnen trapezuntis regionSi mcxovrebT, da piriqiT, trapezuntelebi arzrumelebs. aqedan Cans, rom lazonia, lazTa qveyana zogadad erqva vrcel regions, sadac odesRac qaldebis xelisufleba vrceldeboda. am saxelisagan _ lazi _ unda iyos warmoSobili sxva msgavsi saxeebi arze, arazani, arzena, arzes qveyana. es saxeli karduxebis mezobel odesRac qarTuli tomebis qveyana _ alzTanac unda iyos dakavSirebuli. saerTod karduxebisa da qaldebis sax-

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elebis identurobac maniSnebelia maTi eTnikuri naTesaobisa. karduxebi _ qsenofontes epoqaSi qaldebis msgavsad Zlier meomrebad iTvlebodnen.

xalibebi (qaldebi) anu lazebi

(lazebi g. gozaliSvilis mixedviT) Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebisaTvis q. sinopes regioni dasaxlebuli yofila xalibebiT, romelnic aq ZiriTadad metalurgebi iyvnen. `stefane bizantielis mier CamoTvlil oTx saukeTeso jiSis folads Soris ori aRiniSneba saxelwodebiT _ xalduri da sinopuri~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 22). zRvispirze xalibebis qalaqebi yofila stamena (hekate miletelis cnobiT) da geneti (skilaqs kariandeli), mosinikebis qalaqi yofila navsadguri zefiriusi. Tumca ki yvela zRvispira qalaqi berZnulad (elinurad) iTvleboda, maT Soris q. fazisi da q. trapizoni (zogierTi mkvlevaris azri gansxvavebulia). I s. mwerali ponponius mela wers _ `paflagonielebis mezobel xalibebs aqvT qalaqebi amisosi da sinope, agreTve xalibebisaa md. halisi da Termodoni~ (iqve, gv. 27). xalibebi paflagoniis tomadac ki iTvleboda. Zveli welTaRricxvis III saukunis avtoris likofonis sqoliasti wers _ `aris paflagoniaSi tomi xalibebi, romelTaganac, rogorc Cans, pirvelad iqna mopovebuli rkina~ (iqve, gv. 33). qsenofonte sinopesac paflagoniaSi aTavsebda _ `sinopelebi paflagoniaSi cxovroben~ _ werda is (iqve, gv. 34). homerosic xalibebs paflagonielebis maxloblad ixseniebs _ iq vkiTxulobT _ `uZRodnen haliZonT kvalad odiosi da epistrofe Soreuli alibebis mxridan, sadac vercxlis samSobloa~ (iqve, gv. 38). Zvelad qarTvelebic, albaT, gamoTqvamdnen ara sityva `haliZons~, aramed `halizons~. am sityvidan yofila warmoSobili sityva `amazonic~ _ strabonis cnobiT. s. yauxCiSvilis daskvniT _ `haliZonebSi igulisxmebian is xalibebi, romelnic ZvelTaganve liTonTa damuSavebiT iyvnen cnobilni~ (iqve, gv. 39). xalibebi mdinare halisTan anu galisTan (RalisTan) cxovrobdnen, mis marjvena sanapirodan iwyeboda maTi sacxovrisi. g. gozaliSvilis TvalsazrisiT ki, xalibebi md. halisis orive mxareze cxovrobdnen, rom es mdinare maT qveyanaSi gaedineboda (iqve, gv. 42). strabonis cnobiT ki, mravalricxovani xalibebi cxovrobdnen rogorc zRvis pirze, ise `Sua xmeleTze~, e.i. mcire aziis SigniT (iqve, gv. 44). e.i. rogorc sinopesTan, ise `xmeleTis SigniT~. isini aseve TermodontTanac cxovrobdnen _ oRond sxvisi qveSevrdomobis qveS.

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`xmeleTis SigniT~ mosaxle xalibebi Zlier xalxad iTvleboda, rogorc iTqva, es xalibebi homerosTan `haliZonebad~ ixsenebian, zogjer straboni maT alazonebs uwodebs. sityva alazonidan unda iyos warmoSobili sityva lazi, romelic am mxareTa mosaxleobas erqva uZvelesi xnidanve (alazoni=lazi). homerosis cnobiT, alibebis qveyanaSi vercxlis sabado moipoveboda, marTlac, qaldeas TemSi, romelic ZiriTadad zemoTaRniSnul teritorias moicavda, mopoveboda vercxli da mis dedaqalaqsac ki `argiokastroni~ erqva (anu vercxlis qalaqi). troas omSi monawile xalibebis anu alibebis (alizonebis) winamZRoli yofila _ odiosi, odi ki qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis erT-erTi RvTaebis saxeli yofila (iqve, gv. 47). mravali mkvlevari daaskvnis, rom homerosis `alibe~ da Semdgomi `xalibe~ _ erTi da igivea (iqve, gv. 63) alibebs ki aseve alazonebi erqva, saidanac, rogorc vTqviT, warmoSobili unda iyos SemdgomSi aq gavrcelebuli satomo saxeli `lazi~, maSasadame lazebi _ xalibebis STamomavlebi yofilan, da lazebis Tavdapirveli saxeli _ xalibebi yofila. antikuri cnobebis safuZvelze irkveva, rom xalibebis erTi nawili zRvis sanapirosTan cxovrobda, meore ki samxreTiT, mTian raionebSi Woroxis saTaveebTan (iqve, gv. 64). zRvispira xalibebi erT dros, qsenofontes cnobiT, mosinikebs emorCilebodnen, da rkinas (an vercxls) amuSavebdnen mZime SromiT, magram Sua xmeleTis xalibebi kargi meomrebi iyvnen, magaliTad sparselTa sardal tiribazs isini Tavis jarSi hyavdaT daqiravebuli, `xalibebi da taoxebi~ qsenofontes berZenTa jars SeebrZolnen. ZvelTaganve taoxebi yvelaze ufro msxvil politikur gaerTianebas qmnida samxreT kavkasiaSi diauxis epoqaSi, xalibebi maTi Tanafardi didi tomi yofila (iqve, gv. 66). isini iyvnen mravalricxovanni da ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofilni qsenofontes cnobiT. sparselTa qveSevrdomoba Tavidan aucilebia zogierT qarTul toms, qsenofonte wers _ `karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, ketebi da tibarenebi damoukidebelni arian~ (iqve, gv. 70). im azrs, rom xalibebi mravalricxovani, meomari tomi iyo iziarebs straboni, amitomac, rogorc iTqva, ueWvel faqtad Tvlida, rom homerosi ixseniebs xalibebs Tavis katalogSi _ `aliZonebis~ saxeliT paflagonielebis Semdeg (iqve, gv. 72). apolonios rodoseli xalibTa miwas `usazRvros~ uwodebs (iqve, gv. 72). xalibTa vrceli samTavro orad gayo armenielTa SemoWram maT miwa-wyalze. `xalibTa samyaro SeizRuda da gaiTiSa~ (iqve, gv. 74).

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xalibebs aseve xaldebi _ qaldebi erqvaT. qristeSobamde VII s-Si SavizRvispireTSi muSkebis teritoriis CrdiloeTiT xaldebis (qaldebis) msxvili gaerTianeba Camoyalibebula (iqve, gv. 74). is ixsenieba asurul wyaroebSi. xaldebis CrdiloeTiT Savi zRva iyo gadaWimuli, samxreTiT ki isini arzumamde aRwevdnen, Tumca sxva wyaroebiT pariadres mTis kalTebzec cxovrobdnen. maT gaerTianebas `xalitu~ erqva. g. meliqiSvili SeniSnavs _ `xaldi~ SeiZleba iyos `qarTu~-s dialeqturi varianti da momdinareobdes uZvelesi, jer daunawevrebeli erTiani qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis droidan~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 78). qaldebi da xaldebi erTidaigive xalxi iyo strabonis cnobiTac (iqve, gv. 78). CemTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania i. diakonovis Tvalsazrisi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom xalibebi igive lazi xalxi, lazebis winaprebi unda yofiliyvnen, radganac mec aseve miviCnev da Zvel avtorTa cnobebi momyavs amis samtkiceblad _ `i. diakonovi xalibebze wers: `piotrovskim daamtkica, rom xalibebi arian an iberiuli xalxi sanebi (Wanebi) anda lazebi~ (iqve, gv. 79). piotkovskis es mosazreba gamouTqvams wignSi `pontospira xaldebi da urartu~ (1940, aseve wignSi `istoria da kultura urartusi~ (gv. 326-331), (iqve, gv. 79). maSasadame, i. diakonovisa da piotkovskis azriT, xalibebi igive lazebi arian. xalibebs straboni uwodebs `alazonebs~. i. diakonovis TvalsazrisiT, xalibebi, lazebis winaprebi arian. TviTon sityva `alazoni~ iZleva saSualebas misgan miRebuli iqnas sityva _ lazi Semdegi gziT _ `alaz-oni~ (oni sufiqsia) _ alaz=laz. meore mxriv, sityva `alazidan~ SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnas sityva `gurz, Semdegi gziT _ `al-az~ sityvaSi Tu fuZis nawils `al~-s CavanacvlebT `ur~-iT (qarTulSi `al~-s `ar~ an `ur~ enacvleba), maSin miviRebT `alaz~`uraz~-urz (urZ). (alzis qveynis mcxovrebi Cans `urz~-ebadac iwodebodnen). mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom xalibebis sacxovrisis mTavar mdinares galiss (alisi, halisi) SesaZloa mieca saxeli xalibebisaTvis. maSasadame, eTnonimi xalibi da alazoni `galisTan~ yofila dakavSirebuli. Tu es asea, SesaZloa alazonebis Tavdapirveli saxeli galazoni yofiliyo, sityva galazonidan ki zemoT aRniSnuli gziT SesaZlebelia `gurz~-is miReba. gurz, qurZ, gurjebi qarTvelTa saxelwodebebi iyo uZvelesi droidanve. amasTanave, sityva `xaldidanac~ SesaZlebelia sxva eTnosaxelebis miReba. xaldi = qardi _ qarTi maSasadame, Tu es asea sityvebi gurZi, qarTi da lazi erTi fuZidanaa nawarmoebi, romelTac Zveli avtorebi xalibebs aRniSnavdnen. mdinare galiss qarTveli istorikosebi `haliss~ uwodeben. vfiqrob swori formaa `galisi~, es saxeli sxva mdinaresac hqvia saqarTveloSi _

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`galiswyali~, `gali~ (galis raionSi). rogorc aRiniSna sityva eTnonimi `galazoni~ (galaZoni) da `alazoni~ SesaZloa am mdinaris saxelsac ukavSirdebodes, anda, piriqiT, satomo saxeli `galazoni~ iqca mdinaris saxeladac (galisi). safiqrebelia isic, rom alazonebis tomi (igive xalibebi) kidev ufro samxreTiT cxovrobda, rac Semdgom toponimebzec asaxula. erTi aseTi qveyana unda yofiliyo mcire aziis samxreT dasavleTi nawili, sadac aleqsandre makedonelis dros jer kidev arsebobda punqtebi am saxelwodebiT _ `halikarnasi~ da gordioni. isini alizonebis anu alazonebis tomTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. es punqtebi erTmaneTis gverdiT, erT regionSi mdebareobdnen. cnobilia, rom `gordioni~ frigiul toms ukavSirdeba. Cans frigielebi da alazonebi erTi xalxi iyo _ qarTuli warmoSobisa, radganac frigieli toponimebi da saxelebi qarTulSi mravladaa amJamadac, upiratesad esaa saxeli `gord~, `gard~, aqedan `qarT~. `gard~ saxelisagan SeiZleba `qaldebis~ anu xalibebis saxelic momdinareobdes. aseve maTgan (alazonebisa da frigielebisagan) unda momdinareobdes saxeli `galato~, `galebi~, marTalia galebis kelturi tomis saxelmwifo mcire aziaSi III s-Si daarsda, magram safiqrebelia, rom maTi nakadebi ufro adrec Semovidnen mcire aziaSi da eTno erTobas qmnidnen qarTul tomebTan. frigielebic, SesaZloa, keltebis winaprebi iyvnen. frigielebi indoevropuli enis matareblebi yofilan, qarTul enasac indoevropul enaTa Soris aTavsebda zogierTi cnobili mkvlevari. rogorc aRvniSneT i. diakonovisa da piotrovskis azriT, xalibebi da lazebi erTi xalxi iyo (. . , . . 111; VI, 52. VI, 52. , , . . . . , V, 1940, misive, , c. 326-331). maT mosazrebas g. gozaliSvili eTanxmeba, amitomac maTi Tvalsazrisi moiyvana Tavis wignSi (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 79). Tvalsazrisi, rom xaldebi da lazebi erTi xalxia, Cemi naSromisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan is miuTiTebs, rom lazebi ZvelTaganve cxovrobdnen sinop-trapezuntis (trapezusis) regionSi, mis samxreTis mTianeTSi. es mosazreba kardinalurad gansxvavdeba sabWoTa epoqis qarTveli istorikosebis mtkicebisagan, rom lazebi Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen da Semdeg, kerZod VIII saukunisaTvis (arabobis epoqaSi), gadasaxldnen trapezuntis mTianeTSi. me ki vamtkiceb da am mtkicebas mivuZRveni aseulobiT gverdi, rom lazebi Tavdapirveladve cxovrobdnen trapezuntis regionSi, iqve mdebareobda lazTa saepiskoposo kaTedrebi VI saukunidanve, ziganasi, saisianisa, rodopolisisa da petrasi (da ara dasav-

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leT saqarTveloSi), sabWoTa epoqis qarTveli istorikosebis Tvalsazrisi, rom lazebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, aRiarebuli iqna saistorio mecnierebis mier da TviT amJamindeli ucxoeli mkvlevarebic ki Tvlian, TiTqosda, lazebi arabobis epoqaSi gadasaxldnen rionis auzidan samxreTiT da damkvidrdnen trapezuntis mTianeTSi (magaliTad karpovi da sxvebi), magaliTad konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eparqiebis erT-erTi Tanamedrove istorikosi miiCnevs, rom rionis xeobidan lazebis samxreTiT gadasaxlebis gamo rodopolisis kaTedra Tanamedrove varcixidan gadatanili iqna trapezuntis mTianeTSi, me ki miviCnev, rom lazebi Tavdapirveladve cxovrobdnen am mTianeTSi da Sesabamisad lazikis eparqiis rodopolisisa da sxva kaTedrebi Tavdapirveladve mdebareobdnen trapezuntis mTianeTSi da maT funqcionireba Sewyvites Teodosiopolisitrapezuntis mxareebSi arabobis Setevis Semdeg. g. gozaliSvili, rogorc aRvniSneT eTanxmeba am Tvalsazriss da wers _ `homerosis haliZonebi unda niSnavdes zanebs _ Wanebs, strabonis mowmobiT, rom homerosi `alizonebs uwodebs xalibebs~ (straboni, XII, III, 20), rom xalibebi da xalibTa mosaxleoba Savi zRvis sanapiroze da mcire aziis garkveul raionebSi Zveladve arsebobda, amis damadasturebelia TviT md. halisis saxelwodeba da is faqti, rom aqaur xalxTa Soris ixsenieba amave saxelis mqone xalxi (iqve, gv. 79). maSasadame, xalibebi da lazebi erTi xalxi iyo. zRvis sanapiros xalibebi Zvel wyaroebSi xan xaldebad da xan xalibebad arian moxseniebuli~ (iqve, gv. 78). xalibi, rogorc iTqva g. meliqiSvilis azriT `qarTus~ dialeqturi varianti yofila da momdinareobda uZvelesi, jer kidev daunawevrebeli erTiani qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis droidan (. , - , c. 411). maSasadame, xalibisagan miRebulia saxelebi lazi da qarTu. aqedan gamomdinare lazi da qarTu Tavdapirveladve, erTi xalxi iyo da is xalibebisagan momdinareobda. xalibebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT erTiani eTnosis saxiT, romelTa tomebi iyvnen karduxebi, lazebi da Semdgomi qarTlis samefos mosaxleoba (am ukanasknelis saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia farnavazis epoqaSi momxdara). a. svaniZis azriT, mcire aziis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba iyo eTnikurad erTgvarovani da qarTul tomebTan eTnikur erTgvarovnebas qmnida (. , , 1937, c. 30). Semdeg saukuneebSic zRvis sanapiros mTianeTi kvlav qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. anonimuri periplusiT `pontos samefo dasaxlebulia tibarenebiT, sanikebiTa (WanikebiT) da kolxebiT. misi mezobeli mxareebi ki agreTve barbarosebs ekuTvniT (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 82). am

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cnobidan Cans, rom Wanebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomebi yofilan trapezuntis regionSi (pontoSi). n. maris varaudiTac q. sinope ZvelqarTul samyaros ekuTvnoda da Savi zRvis mTel samxreT sanapiros sinopidan anapamde Wan-megrelebiT dasaxlebulad miiCnevda~ (iqve, gv. 84). maqsimovas daskvniT, orduSi (yof. kotiora, romelic amisodan Sors ar iyo) da anatoliis sxva raionebSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri naSTebi analogiuria kolxur-yobanur kulturis naSTebisa (iqve, gv. 85). es unda iyos xalibebis metalurgiuli kulturis naSTebi, Sesabamisad unda vivaraudoT, rom xalibebi cxovrobdnen aseve samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic, samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalibebis anu qarTvelebis saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia, rogorc iTqva farnavazis epoqaSi momxdara qarTlis samefos miwa-wyalze _ egriswyal-klisuridan albaneTamde. bizantielebma im teritorias, romlis centralur nawils q. amisosis olqi warmoadgenda _ `qaldiis Tema~ uwodes _ is SemdgomSi `trapizonis imperiad~ iwoda. ufro adre iqauri qarTuli tomebi aseve kolxebadac iwodebodnen, qristeSobamde VI s-Sic `mesxebi _ kolxur tomad~ iwodeboda hekatos miletelis mier. meSexebi warmoadgendnen `gabatonebul xalxs~ Crdilo siriaSi, tavrsa da kapadokiaSi _ xaxanovis azriT (. , , 1903, , c. 2). el. maieris azriT, `berZnuli wyaroebiT tibarenebs SemdgomSi ewodaT kapadokielebi da kataonebi~ (g. gozaliSvili, gv. 93). mesxebi da tibarenebi am raionis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba yofila misive azriT, xolo ravlinsonis azriT `mosoxebi warmoadgendnen mosaxleobis substrats klasikur epoqaSi~, igulisxmeba kapadokia (iqve, gv. 93). `md. halispira mosaxleobas haliZonebad _ halisis Wanebad icnobdnen~ _ wers g. gozaliSvili (iqve, gv. 94). mcire aziis teritoriaze dRemde Semonaxuli toponomikuri masala mxolod qarTulis saSualebiT ixseneba (iqve, gv. 98). `trapzonis regioni lazebis uZvelesi samSoblo iyo. am qalaqs lazebi tramtras (tamtras) uwodebdnen~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 99). al. svaniZis azriTac, haliZonebi da zanebi erTi xalxi iyo, romlebic md. galisTan (halisTan) cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 101). sparseTis XIX olqSi mcxovrebi mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi da marebi erTnairad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli _ erTobas qmnidnen (iqve, gv. 115). alazonebis saxels straboni amazonebs ukavSirebda. SesaZloa, es meomari qalebis tomi _ xaliburi warmoSobisa iyo, Cans am tomis saxeli `qald~ etimologiurad sityva `qals~ daukavSires ucxoelebma _ `qald-qal~, `qal~ ki qarTulad dedakacs aRniSnavs. amazonebi mosinikebisa da xalibebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 119).

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amazonebi md. TermodontTan cxovrobdnen, Temiskira _ amisosis raionSi (iqve, gv. 127). sicilisa da garTobis moyvaruli tibaranebic xalibebis mezoblebi iyvnen (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 119). g. gozaliSvils mohyavs ioane ceces (XII s.) cnoba, rom am mxareebSi mcxovrebi `kolxebi _ lazebad iwodebian~ (iqve, gv. 120). maSasadame, kolxebic xaliburi-qalduri tomi iyo. mesxebi, rogorc iTqva, Tavis mxriv `kolxuri tomi~ iyo megasTenes cnobiT. iq mcxovrebi tomebi erTi eTnowarmoSobisa iyo, magram maT trapezuntis regionSi ver SeZles erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia. g. gozaliSvili daaskvnis _ `erT enaze metyveli es masa (e.i. qarTuli tomebi) romelTa samxreTi frTa eWiraT mosxebs, did sivrces moicavda, `pariadres frTa eWiraT maT moZmeebs _ xalibebs, romelnic SemdgomSi Wanebisa da lazebis saxeliT iyo cnobili~ (iqve, gv. 3). g. gozaliSvili kidev erTxel imeorebs, rom lazebi Tavdapirveladve sinop-trabzonis regionSi cxovrobdnen da isini xalibebi iyvnen da isini herodotes dros saspeirebad da kolxebad iyofodnen. saspeirebis saxels `sper~-Tan akavSireben. speridan _ kapadokiis CaTvliT qarTuli tomebis uZvelesi sacxovrisi yofila. antioqiis arqiepiskoposi evstrate, romelic 390 wels gardaicvala wers _ daasaxles `obelma _ Tobelebi, axlandeli iberebi. osoxma _ mesxenebi, axlandeli kapadokielebi~ (iqve, gv. 161). wm. eqvTime mTawmideli (963-1028), wm. maqsime aRmsareblis (VII s.) naSromze dayrdnobiT axsenebs qarTul tomebs _ `herni, megrelni (lazoi), tibarelni, kolxelni~ (iqve, gv. 164). konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, kapadokielTa pirveli winapari `mosxi~ (mesxi) yofila (iqve, gv. 165). md. galisi (halisi) muSkebis sacxovrisi iyo uZveles dros, amave mdinareze, rogorc iTqva Semdeg xalibebi cxovrobdnen. g. gozaliSvili wers _ `f. bilabelis gamokvleviT, xeTebis saxelmwifos daRupvis Semdeg, mis aRmosavleT nawilSi _ SemdgomSi rom kapadokia ewoda _ Seiqmna muSkebis saxelmwifo halisisa da zemo tigras Soris. k. betci ambobs, rom `Zveli aRTqmis meSexi da Tubali muSkebi (mosxebi) da tabalebi arian, romlebic kimerielTa Semosevam Savi zRvis samxreT sanapirosaken gandevnao~ (iqve, gv. 166). r. reonhardis varaudiT, `dRevandeli qarTvelebis winaprebi Zveli mosxebi da asurul wyaroebSi cnobili muskebi erTi da igiveni arian~ (iqve, gv. 166). g. Rafancianis azriT, Zv. w. XII saukunis Semdeg mcire aziaSi balkaneTidan SeiWrnen frigielebi, lidielebi, likielebi da sxva tomebi, maT miaTvlian aseve muSkebsac (iqve, gv. 166).

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muSkebi _ indoevropeli tomi yofila, xolo qarTuli mesxebi _ kavkasiuri. Tu muSkebi da mesxebi erTidaigive iyo, maSin qarTvelebi (mesxebi) indoevropelebi yofilan. gr. Rafancianis azriT, ezekielis (592-570) naxsenebi mosoxebi da tabalebi qarTuli warmoSobisani iyvnen (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 166). muSkebisa da mesxebis igiveobis azrs eTanxmeba i. diakonovi (iqve, gv. 167). Tumca arc amJamadaa damtkicebuli es azri. mxolod zogierTebi miiCneven, rom muSkebi ara frigielebi, aramed mcire aziuri tomi iyo (iqve, gv. 168). muSkebi, i. diakonovis azriT, asirelebisa da urartuelebis mezoblebi iyvnen, berZnebi maT frigielebs uwodebdnen (iqve, gv. 169). mosxebis qarTvelobas kargad adasturebs qristeSobamde VI s. avtoris hekatos miletelis cnoba (r. 188) _ `mesxebi _ kolxuri tomia, matienebis mezoblad cxovroben~ (iqve, gv. 169), TviT matienebi q. gordiis mezoblad cxovrobdnen. `rogorc cnobilia q. gordi frigiis dedaqalaqi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 169) mesxebis tomi kapadokiis uZvelesi mosaxleoba yofila, da iq Zvelad frigiis samefo mdebareobda. muSkebisa da mesxebis igiveobas ar eTanxmeba s. kakabaZe _ `asureli muSkaiebi _ ganvaSoroT qarTvel mesxebs~ (`mnaTobi~, 1963, #1, gv. 187). qarTuli mesxebi ki kolxuri tomi yofila, rogorc iTqva, hekatos miletelis cnobiT. md. halisze _ muSkebis Zvel sacxovrisSi, Semdgom Wanebi (xalibebi), cxovrobdnen, amitomac g. gozaliSvili maT aigivebs. straboni kapadokiis nawils _ mosxikes uwodebs. aseve ioseb flaviusi, romelic wers _ `mesxebi axla kapadokielebad iwodebian~ (iqve, gv. 175). kapadokiaSi xeTebis Semdeg xedven tibarenebs da mosxebs, aqve iyvnen es tomebi IX-VII ss-Si. muSkebi meletinamde da tigrosamde cxovrobdnen. aseve md. evfratis saTaveebamde tabalebis mezoblad. tibarenebi strabonis dros md. halisamde cxovrobdnen. kapadokieli iyo wm. nino da aseve wm. giorgi.

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iberebi mosxebis, xalibebisa da iberebis gansaxlebis areali erTmaneTs faravda. pontospireTisa trabzon-vanistbis pireTis areali Tu erTi avtoris mier xalibebiTaa dasaxlebuli, meore avtori aq mosxebs xedavs, mesame avtori _ iberebs. magaliTad, plutarqe Tavis `pompeusis~ biografiaSi werda _ `kavkasionis qedis garSemo mcxovreb tomTa Soris yvelaze ufro udidesni albanelebi da iberebi arian. iberTa tomi mosxur mTebamde da pontomde aRwevs. am tomebis gavliT gaemarTa pompeusi somxeTidan miTridates winaaRmdeg~ (plutarqe, pompeusi, gv. 34). Tu iberTa tomi pontomde aRwevda, maSin mosxuri mTebic iberebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, radganac jer mosxuri mTebia, Semdeg ki pontospireTi. gelasi kesarieli miuTiTebs, rom pontospireTi _ iberebiT da lazebiT iyo dasaxlebuli _ is wers tyve qalis (wm. ninos) `xanaSi RmerTis mcneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma~ (s. yauxCiSvili, mimomxilveli, 1926, #1, gv. 55). romaeli mwerali rufinusi kidev ufro azustebs da iZleva cnobas, rom iberebi pontos gasvwriv mcxovrebi tomi iyo, is wers _ `iberTa naTesavi, romelic pontos areSi binadrobs~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarT. eris istoria, I, 1951, gv. 205). g. gozaliSvili miiCnevs, rom radgan iberebi igive tabalebi arian, maTi cxovreba da ganvrcoba pontos zRvamde bunebrivi iyo. amas miuTiTebdnen kidev sxvadasxva wyaroebi _ saeklesio mwerali sokratec imaves wers _ `es iberni pontos zRvasTan binadroben~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 182). g. gozaliSvili wers, rom berZnul-romaul mwerlobaSi arsebobda termini _ `pontos iberia~ (iqve, gv. 182, k. grigolia _ iberiis samefoni, `moambe~, 1961, #3, gv. 330). `pontos iberiis~ qveS unda igulisxmebodes qarTuli wyaroebis `arianqarTli~. rogorc aRiniSna, plutarqes cnobiT iberTa tomi zRvis sanapiromde vrceldeboda, xolo gelasis cnobiT pontoSi iberebi da lazebi cxovrobdnen. es bunebrivia, radganac maT erTi saerTo winapari _ xalibebi (qaldebi) hyavdaT, xolo mesxebi, kolxur tomad miiCneoda, amitom isic imave warmoSobisa iyo. amitomac werda rufinusi rom iberebi `pontos areSi~ binadroben, xolo sokrate _ `iberebi pontos zRvasTan binadroben~ (iqve, gv. 183). evagre pontoelic (341-399) amitom iyo eTnikurad iberi _ TviT berZnuli wyaroebis cnobiT. xalibebi da muSkebi (lazebisa da iberebis winaprebi) urartuli wyaroebiTac erTad cxovrobdnen. Zv. w. VII s. urartus mefis rusa II-is warweraSi naTqvamia, rom muSkebis CrdiloeTiT xalitus (xalibebis) qveyana mdebare-

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obda (iqve, gv. 190), xolo meSexi da Tubali wm. bibliaSic erTad ixseniebian (Tubalebi igive iberebi arian ioseb flaviusis cnobiT). es tomebi yvela wyaros cnobiT samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken miiwevdnen, amitomac erTmaneTs faravdnen, sabolood ki `qarTlis samefo~ daaarses farnavazis epoqaSi. wyaroTa mixedviT, is tomebi, romelnic uwindel wyaroebSi samxreTis raionebis mosaxleobad iTvlebodnen, axla CrdiloeTiT moCanan. lazebi n. mari TurqeTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg wers _ `Wanebi TavianT Tavs uwodeben lazebs~ (g. gozaliSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 194). lazebi, TviT saqmeSi Caxeduli lazebis sityviT, cxovrobdnen sinopidan da samsunidan trapezuntis regionis CaTvliT. n. marisaTvis mis Tanmxleb lazs favzi-beis uTqvams, rom `konstantinopolSi lazebs uwodeben SavizvispireTis mcxovrebT, samsunelebsac da sinopelebsac. sinopelebi lazebad moixsenieben samsunelebs, samsunelebi ki trapezuntelebs~ (iqve, gv. 194). maSasadame, md. galisis (halisis) sanapiroebidan trapezuntis regionis CaTvliT mosaxleoba lazebad iwodeboda. es faqti kidev erTxel gvaCvenebs, rom xalibebi SemdgomSi marTlac lazebad iwodnen, radganac swored md. galisidan iwyeboda xalibebis sacxovrisi, amasTanave, xalibebis anu qaldebis saxeli ewoda kidec lazebiT dasaxlebul olqs bizantielTa mier, es iyo `qaldeas Tema~, rogorc cnobilia am miwa-wyalze xalibebis garda cxovrobdnen sanebi da sxva qarTuli tomebi, Cans erT periodSi moxda kidec xalibebisa da sanebis (Wanebis) konsolidacia (anda isini Tavidanve erTi xalxi iyo) da amis Sedegad am xalxs daerqva ori saxeli, is erTdroulad iyo lazic da Wanic. saxeli lazi miRebulia xalibebis saxelisagan `alazoni~ (alizoni), xolo Wani `sanebis~ tomis saxelisagan. lazebis anu Wanebis sacxovrisi md. galisidan (halisidan) vrceldeboda trapezuntisaken. fiqroben, rom alazonebis (alizonebis) saxeli md. galiss ukavSirdeba Tu asea Tavdapirveli saxeli iqneboda galazonebi an halazonebi. n. mari werda am lazebis anu igive Wanebis sacxovrisis Sesaxeb _ `adre Wanuri tomis mosaxleobas ufro farTo teritoria eWira _ md. yizil irmakamde. am mdinaris Tavdapirveli saxeli `halisi~ ixseneba Wanuridan da niSnavs mdinares~ (iqve, gv. 194). maSasadame, n. mari fiqrobda, rom md. halisi (galisi) iyo qarTuli sityva `Relesagan~ miRebuli saxeli _ `Relisi~ _ Ralisi. g. gozaliSvili marTebulad SeniSnavs _ `dasturdeba homerosisa da strabonis cnobebi halizonebisa da xalibebis Sesaxeb, rom halizonebi zanebi-Wanebi iyvnen~ (iqve, gv. 194).

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am daskvnidan SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom sityva `zani~ erTi nawilia erTiani sityvisa `alizoni~ da is (`zani~) miRebulia saxelisagan `alizoni~ (alazoni). bizantiur samyaroSi trapezuntis regionis erT nawils _ `lazoni~erqva. sxvadasxva wyaroSi lazebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomad moixsenieba, magram, Cans, is erTi xalxi iyo. saerTod `kolxi~ _ sazogado saxeli unda yofiliyo zRvispireTis qarTuli tomebisa, maT Soris mesxebisac, radganac hekatos mileteli mesxebs _ kolxur tomad miiCnevda _ `Wanebis _ lazebis (kolxebis) mosaxleoba iyo trapezuntis olqis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba, romelic trapezuntidan dasavleTiT Sors vrceldeboda~ (iqve, gv. 194). TviT bizantiis imperiis Zlierebis xanaSi, VI s-Si, Wanebi SeWrilan kapadokiaSi, kilikiaSi da siriaSi (ioane galalas (491-578) cnobiT). xaldebisa da Wanebis igiveobas mose xorenelis cnobac adasturebs, sadac Wanebis qveyana moxseniebulia, rogorc Waniuki, xalti (iqve, gv. 195). Wanebisa da xaldebis igiveobaze wers g. meliqiSvilic _ `samxreTis mimarTulebiT antikur dros cxovrobda qarTuli tomi xaldi-xalibebi, rogorc cnobilia saxeli `xaldi~ (qaldi) organuladaa dakavSirebuli dasavlur qarTul, kerZod Wanebis mosaxleobasTan. Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba saxelwodebebi `xaldi~ da `Wani~ (iqve, gv. 196). rogorc iTqva, Wanebi TavianT Tavs lazebs uwodebdnen. meomari Wanebis qveynis damorCileba mxolod iustinianes dros SeZlo bizantiis imperiam VI s-Si. iqamde es tomi _ sruliad damoukidebeli iyo. 535 wels gamocemul Tavis novelaSi iustiniane siamayiT acxadebda, rom Wanebis damorCileba RmerTma romaelebs mxolod mis mefobaSi mianiWa (iqve, gv. 195). Wanebi g. gozaliSvilis cnobiT, cxovrobdnen trapizonis dasavleTiT da ara aRmosavleTiT, is wers _ `Wanuri mosaxleoba trapizonis dasavleTiT Sors iyo mofenili~ (iqve, gv. 195), Tumca iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT, trapizoni Tavisi olqiT `lazebis anu Wanebis~ mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 125). mniSvnelovania g. meliqiSvilis mtkiceba, rom xaldebis saxeli Wanur mosaxleobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba dasaxelebebi _ `xaldi~ da `Wani~. Wanebi, igive lazebi, igive xaldebi anu xalibebi yofilan TavianTi warmomavlobiT, cnobilia, rom wyaroTa miTiTebebiT xalibebis ZiriTadi gansaxlebis areali samxreTiT _ trapizonis regionSi mdebareobda, amitomac, aqedan gamomdinare, umarTebulod Cans sabWour istoriografiaSi miRebuli daskvna, rom lazebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, saidanac isini trapizonisaken gadasaxldnen arabobis epoqaSi VII-VIII saukuneebSi. maTi istoriac sacxovrebel adgilze bizantielebma Seqmnes Tema qaldia (xaldia) VIII s. damlevs (iqve, gv. 196).

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maSasadame, Tema xaldea Seqmnes ara dasavleT saqarTvelodan arabTa epoqaSi gadmosaxlebulma lazebma, aramed, iq istoriulad mkvidri xalibebis STamomavlebma, romelnic lazebad anda Wanebad iwodebodnen. VIII s-Si Seqmnili Tema xaldias qalaqebi yofila trapizoni, xeriani, erzinjani, baiburTi, argiokastroni (Turqebma giumiSxane uwodes) (`vercxlis qalaqi~, aq iyo vercxlis maRaroebi), qaldis qalaqs baiburTs nusxebSi paiperi ewodeba (iqve, gv. 197). qarTulad am Temas erqva qveyana xaldiisa (qaldiisa). n. adonci mtkiced dgas im poziciaze, rom Wanebi Zvel dros iwodebodnen xaldebis (qaldebis) saxeliT, is wers _ `Wanebi Zvel dros xaldebad iwodebodnen. maT garda iq mravali tomi cxovrobda. Wanebis VI s-Si gaZlierebis gamo am qveyanas Wanika uwodes~ (iqve, gv. 198). iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT `yvela qarTveli tomebis samSoblo... qaldia iyo~ (qarT. eris ist. 1951, t. I, gv. 424). iv. javaxiSvilis es Tvalsazrisi Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tu qaldea anu xalibebis qveyana iyo yvela qarTuli tomis samSoblo (e.i. svanebis, megrelWanebis, qarTl-kaxel-imerel-mesxebisa da sxva), maSin yvela qarTuli tomi xaliburi warmoSobisa yofila. anu xalibebi dvrita da safuZvelia saidanac yvela qarTuli tomi warmoSobila. g. gozaliSvili exeba qaldeas TemSi mcxovreb adgilobrivi warmoSobis didebulebs, romelnic aq saukuneTa manZilze liderobdnen da umaRles samoxeleo Tanamdebobebs flobdnen, samwuxarod, maT Soris daundobeli brZola iyo gaCaRebuli da erTmaneTs anadgurebdnen. eseni yofilan Semdegi sagvareuloebi _ sqolaria, mizimati, kavasiti, Wanixiti, komaxiti (g. gozaliSvilis azriT am gvarebSi SeiZleba amovicnoT cnobili qarTuli sagvareuloebi _ sxularia (sqolaria), kavsaZe (kavasiti), WaniSvili (Wanixiti), komaxiZe (komaxiti) da sxv. `TviTeul am sagvareulos Zvel xaldiaSi TvalsaCino adgili da roli ganekuTvneboda _ magaliTad, kavasitebis sagvareulos ekuTvnoda Semdgomi giumiSxane da xaldiis sxva mniSvnelovani punqtebi, kavasitebis xelSi yofila trapizonidan arzrumis mimarTulebiT mdebare miwa-wylis olqi, romelzec saerTaSoriso gza gadioda. amitomac kavsas naxevrad damoukidebeli sagvareulo xaldiis istoriaSi TvalsaCino rols TamaSobda. misi warmomadgenlebi yofilan xaldiis dukad, hqoniaT didi domestikisa da didi logoTetis wodebebi, saerTod, uspenskis sityviT, xaldiis didi duka warmoadgenda samxedro da samoqalaqo gubernators, magram realurad qaldiis pirobebidan gamomdinare (geografiuli garemo, mudmivi omianoba) mas gacilebiT meti gavlena hqonda saimperatoro karze (iqve, gv. 200). aseve didi gavlena hqonda Wanixitebis sagvareulos, maT ekuTvnodaT qaldiis cixe-simagre Wanixi (Wanka) da macuka (maWuka). hqondaT imperiis didi mejinibeTuxucesis wodeba.

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aseTive mniSvnelobis iyo gabraTa (gabaraSvilTa) sagvareulo. xaldiis cnobili cixe-simagre kamaxa (komaxa) iyo komaxitebis sagvareulos xelSi. komaxas cixes zogjer kemaxasac uwodebdnen. gamahmadianebis Semdegac qaldiaSi Wanur sagvareuloebs didi Zalaufleba darCaT ( g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965,gv. 200). g. gozaliSvili miiCnevs, rom qaldiis TemSi Sediodnen paiperti (baiberTi), gaZiura, kolonia, azrumi da mosaxleobis or mesamedze meti lazebi anu Wanebi iyvnen (iqve, gv. 201). romelnic mudam ibrZodnen TavisuflebisaTvis. g. gozaliSvili, ar eTanxmeba Teorias lazebis rionis xeobidan qaldeaSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, amitomac wers _ `lazur-Wanuri aq imTaviTve sufevda, rom xalibebi, tibarenni, mosvinikebi, drilebi da svanebi swored lazur-Wanurs laparakobdnen, rom yvelani isini qarTul erovnebas ekuTvnodnen~ (iqve, gv. 203). am kuTxiT Zalze mniSvnelovania g. gozaliSvilis daskvna (riTac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom lazebi qaldeaSi ar gadmosaxlebulan rionis xeobidan VIII-IX saukuneebSi, is wers `VIII-XI saukuneebSi ara Cans, rom am mxriv raime mniSvnelovani cvlileba momxdariyos, piriqiT, am qveynis mier saxelwodeba xaldiis SenarCuneba miuTiTebs iqauri eTnikuri elementis statikurobaze~ (iqve, gv. 203). am mosazrebas kidev ufro amtkicebs Semdegi fraza _ `im teritoriaze, sadac pontos samefo ivaraudeba, Wanur-lazuri mosaxleoba uwyvetad arsebobs~ (iqve, gv. 203). g. gozaliSvili Tavisi vrceli kvlevis Sedegad sabolood askvnis _ `pontos samefos mosaxleobis ZiriTad elements mesxur-Wanur-lazuri da sxva qarTveli tomebi Seadgendnen, rom pontos samefo iyo qarTvel tomTa saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba~ (iqve, gv. 203). maSasadame, misi mtkice TvalsazrisiT, lazebi trapezuntis olqSi gadmosaxldnen ara VIII-IX saukuneebSi, rionis xeobidan, rogorc miiCnevs sabWoTa epoqis istoriografia, aramed iqaurni mkvidrni iyvnen uxsovari droidanve _ isini lazebad iwodebodnen da ZiriTadad gamahmadiandnen, xolo lazi qristianebi berZnul Tems Seekedlnen _ berZnebad iqcnen. es lazebi igive xaldebi iyvnen. amitomac, gozaliSvilis azriT, magaliTad 1370-90 wlebSi daweril wm. evgeniosis cxovrebaSi, romelic 1200 wlis ambebs exeba trapizonis dukas `ioane xaldi~ ewodeba (iqve, gv. 206) im xalxis saxelis mixedviT, romelic iq cxovrobda, radganac trapizonis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleoba lazebi iyvnen mis imperatorebs `kolxTa mefeebs~ uwodebdnen (iqve, gv. 207). aRsaniSnavia, rom `adgilobrivi mosaxleoba `saqarTvelos~ uwodebda md. xartuSis sanapiros teritorias~.

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ericovis cnobiT _ `md. kisgimis marcxena sanapiro cnobilia giurjistanis saxeliT, aqaa xamSini~ (iqve, gv. 208). xolo adoncis TqmiT _ `Wanebi cxovrobdnen md. xartuSis aRmosavleTiT _ ardasisa da giumiSxanes sazRvrebidan dawyebuli TviT xemSinamde, ekavaT ra amgvarad mTeli parxaris zegani~ (iqve, gv. 208). saerTod ki Wanur-lazuri mosaxleoba `trapizonisa da misi olqis ZiriTad masas Seadgenda imTaviTve da TviT XX saukunemde~ (iqve, gv. 202). isini ZiriTadad asimilirdnen berZnebsa da TurqebSi (iqve, gv. 202). iv. javaxiSvilic ar eTanxmeboda rionis xeobidan lazebis trabzonisaken gadasaxlebis Teorias, is amasTan dakavSirebiT wers _ `qarTvelebs ar SeeZloT trabzon-samsunis mxareebSi `TavianTi ena-kavebi raime gziT gaevrcelebinaT~, radganac qarTvelebs (qarTul saxelmwifos) `aq arasodes ubatonia, Tamar mefis laSqrobis garda~, is daaskvnis _ `aq lazur-Wanuri laparaki exlac ismis, es mxolod imis damamtkicebeli da momaswavebeli sabuTia, rom lazur-Wanuri iq imTaviTve sufevda, rom xalibebi, tibarenebi, mosvinikebi, drilebi da svanebi swored lazur-Wanurs laparakobdnen, rom yvelani isini qarTul erovnebas ekuTvnodnen~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, I, gv. 415, 1951, iqve, gv. 203). Zalze mniSvnelovania iv. javaxiSvilis daskvna, romlidanac Cans, rom lazebi arabobis Semdeg ar gadasaxlebulan trabzonis regionebisaken. saqme isaa, rom ucxour gamocemebSic am bolo dros gamoCnda Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda, lazebi trapizonisken gadasaxldnen arabobis epoqaSi rionis xeobidan da iqve iyo e.w. `lazikis saepiskoposoebic~. amitomac, magaliTad, rodopolisad miiCneven varcixes da sxva. es mosazreba maT sabWoTa istoriografiis msgavsi daskvnebis Sedegad gauCndaT. g. gozaliSvili wers _ `uZvelesi droidan mokidebuli pirvelwyaroebi erTxmad adastureben pontos samefos arealSi Wanur-lazuri da saerTod, qarTul tomTa uwyvet arsebobas~ (iqve, gv. 203). TurqeTSi inglisis konsuli palheri Tavis mTavrobas atyobinebda, rom trapizonis vilaieTSi yizil-irmakidan (Zveli md. halisidan) punqt `SekveTilamde~ or milionamde adamiani cxovrobda. TviTon trapizonis vilaieTi iyofoda oTx sanjayad (olqad) _ 1. lazistani; 2. trapzonis olqi; 3. Waniki; 4. giumiSxane. aRsaniSnavia, rom VII saukunis somxur geografiul samxreT egriss (egrs), aseve oTx olqad yofda, TiTqmis, imave saxelwodebiT (lazivi, Wanika, egeri, manrali). samxreT egrisis sazRvrebi, TiTqmis, eTanadeboda XIX s-is trabzonis vilaieTis sazRvrebs (iqve, gv. 204). Zveli xalibebis es vrceli qveyana ZiriTadad lazebiT (WanebiT) iyo dasaxlebuli, magram maT ar gaaCndaT TavianTi nacionaluri identificirebis unari, ar hqondaT erovnuli TviTSemecneba (Tumca tomobriv doneze nawilobriv gaaCndaT), amitomac isini religiuri niSnis mixedviT akuTvnebd-

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nen TavianT Tavs sxvadasxva erovnebas, kerZod mahmadiani lazebi _ Turqebad iwodebodnen, qristiani lazebi ki berZnebad, iyvnen aseve armenizirebuli lazebic (giumiSxanelebi) somxuri eklesiis mrevli Tavdapirvelad, Semdeg ki gamahmadianebulebi. ucxoeli mecnieris e. maieris daskvniT, lazebi iyvnen STamomavalni xalibebisa _ `xalibebis STamomavalni romaul xanaSi Wanebad da lazebad iwodebian~ (Ed. Meyer, Gesch. D. Altertums. Zweiter Band. Stuttgart. 1893, gv. 293, ix. iqve, gv. 226). imave Tvalsazriss, rogorc iTqva, iziarebda i. diakonovi (iqve, gv. 226). is emxroboda Tvalsazriss, rom xalibebi lazebis winaprebi iyvnen da aseve aviTarebda azrs, rom amierkavkasiis xalxebs axlo aRmosavleTis xalxebTan genetikuri kavSiri gaaCniaT (iqve, gv. 226). maSasadame, gamoCenili ucxoeli mecnierebi e. maieri, i. diakonovi da piotrovski miiCnevdnen, rom lazebi xalibebis pirdapiri memkvidreebi iyvnen. amasTanave iv. javaxiSvili, gozaliSvili da sxvani ar miiCnevdnen, rom lazebi trapezunt-pontos regionSi gadmosaxldnen rionis xeobidan (dasavleT saqarTvelodan) arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg _ VII-VIII saukuneebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, radganac lazebi iyvnen xalibebis pirdapiri memkvidreebi, maT (lazebs) eWiraT kidevac is teritoriebi, romelnic iqamde xalibebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, esaa teritoria md. halisidan (yizil-irmakidan) Woroxis xeobis CaTvliT vidre arzrumamde. amitomac kerasuntebi trapezuntelebs uwodebdnen lazebs, trapezuntelebi arzrumelebs da saerTod ki stambolelebi lazebs mTel mosaxleobas uwodebdnen yizilirmakidan baTumamde. sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi, rom straboni xaldebs aseve uwodebs `alazonebs~. qsenofontes cnobiT, qaldebi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli meomari xalxi iyo mraval tomTa Soris, aseTive yofilan qaldebis qalebic, `amazonebi~, maTi meomruli Tvisebebi cnobili iyo Zvel samyaroSi. qaldebis am Zveli binadrobis aRmniSvneli unda iyos amJamadac ki, iq SemorCenili saxeli qalaqisa _ alazigi. qaldebis saxelwodeba `alazonidan~ unda iyos warmomdgari satomo saxeli _`lazoni~, `lazi~. miiCneva, rom qaldebi Woroxis xeobaSic cxovrobdnen qsenofontes dros. straboni maT sacxovris trapezuntis mTianeTSi asaxelebs, amitomac safiqrebelia, rom lazebi, ara VII saukuneSi gadasaxldnen dasavleT saqarTvelodan trapezuntisaken, aramed isini iqauri mkvidri qaldebia, romelnic strabonis dros ukve cxovrobdnen trapezuntis samxreT mTianeTSi _ argiopolis-ziganas regionSi. arianes (II s.) mier moxmobili eTno-toponimi `Zveli lazike~ miiCneva, rom aris `gviandeli nikofsi~, romelic lokalizdeba sofel novomixailovskai-

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asTan, tuafses Crdilo dasavleTiT. d. musxeliSvili wers _ eWvi ar aris `Zveli lazike~ _ lazebis pirvelsacxovrisi, kolxebis samefos eTnikur sazRvarze miuTiTebs Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. es eTno-toponimi Zv.w. I saukuneze Zveli unda iyos~ (`analebi~, 2001, N1, gv. 18). rogorc cnobilia arianes Txzuleba nayalbevad miiCneva, Semdeg epoqebSi SeTxzulad, miuxedavad amisa arianes mier moxmobili `Zveli lazika~ unda gulisxmobdes kolxebis sacxovrisis sazRvars ara tuafses, aramed kolxebis sacxovrisis Semdgomi Teodosiopolisis mimarTulebiT, amitomac `Zveli lazike~ unda iyos Semdgomi zegana-giumuSxanes regioni, anu xaldebis (qaldebis) istoriuli sacxovrisi. aqedan Woroxis xeobis CaTvliT _ xaldebis aqtiuroba ufro TvalsaCino yofila Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi, rac iq (Woroxis xeobaSi) Camoyalibda kolxas samefos centri.

lazebis tomi
lazebi, trapezuntis regionSi qaldeas Temis mcxovrebT erqvaT. fiqroben, rom Tavdapirvelad lazebi erqvaT dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi mcxovreb tomebs, romelnic arabTa Semosevebis gamo, TiTqosda, gadasaxldnen dasavleT saqarTvelodan trapezuntis olqSi, dasaxldnen iq da amitom aRmoCnda qaldeas Temi lazebiT dasaxlebuli. vfiqrob, rom es ukve moZvvelebuli Tvalsazrisia. Cemi kvleviT, lazebi imTaviTve erqvaT qaldebs, radganac straboni maT alazonebs uwodebs. strabonis geografiaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli kvleva exeba qaldebis Zveli saxelwodebis Ziebas _ is wers, rom qaldebis anu xaldebis winaprebi md. halisis (yizil-irmakis) sanapiroebidan laSqriT mividnen troelebis dasaxmareblad. am xalxso, wers straboni, zogi alazonebs uwodebs, zogi ki alizonebs, radganac maT Zvel qveyanas `alibe~ erqvao. am sakiTxs straboni Zalze vrcel msjelobas uZRvnis, maSasadame, qaldebis (xalibebis) Zveli saxeli iyo agreTve `alazonebi~ (alaZonebi), sityva `alazoni~ nawarmoebia `alaz~ anu `laz~ saxelisagan. am saxels ukvalod ar Cauvlia da misganaa nawarmoebi uTvalavi toponimi mcire aziaSi, sadac ki qaldebs odesme ucxovriaT. qaldebi Zlieri da meomari xalxi iyo, maT, qsenofontes cnobiT, gavlena hqondaT fasianebze (Tumca ki maTi gamgebloba dasavleT armeniis sardals tiribazs evaleboda. fasianebi vrcel miwa-wyalze cxovrobnen araqsis xeobaSi _ Semdgomi arzrumidan _ valaSkertamde da ufro vrclad). qsenofontes cnobiT, fasianebis samxreT miwa-wyalze anu armenielTa da fasianTa sasazRvro zolSi mdebare somxur soflebs qaldebi anu xaldebi

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daundoblad arbevdnen. amis mizezad qsenofontes miaCnia, is rom qaldebi Raribi mTieli xalxi iyo, radganac saxnav-saTesi miwebi ar hqondaT, ufro ki, Cans, xaldebs TavianT Tvistomad miaCndaT fasianebi da cdilobdnen maT dacvas armenielebisagan. sabolood, fasianebisa da qaldebis zeda fena iZulebuli gaxda ufro CrdiloeTiT gadaesaxlebina TavianTi xalxis erTi nawili armenielebis Semosevebis gamo. xalib-xaldebma maT am miwa-wyalze datoves TavianTi toponimebi. aseTebia _ arze, alazigi, arzinjani, arzrumi, arzes mTebi da sxva mravali, romelnic am naSromSi bevrganaa moyvanili. Cven migvaCnia, rom `laz~ da `arz~ _ erTi etimologiisaa. vfiqrob, rom `alz~-is cnobili qveyana alzebiT (Sdr. strabonis alibe) igive lazebiT anu xalib-qaldevelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. is qarduxebis qveynis gverdiT mdebareobda. karduxebi da qaldebi ki rogorc etimologiac uCvenebs _ oriveni is qarTuli tomebia, romelTac Semdeg `arianqarTlis~ samefos daudes safuZveli. alz _ laz _ alaz _ alazoni alz _ arz _ arze

lazebi da svanokolxebi ptolemaiosTan

klavdios ptolemaiosi (90-168) Tavis geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi moixseniebs kolxeT-iberiis qalaqebs, mTebsa da mdinareebs. 1. ptolemaiosi axsenebs mdinare koraqss, mis saTaves, mTa koraqss da koraqsis mTebs. mdinare koraqsi _ axloa kolxidasTan da iberiasTan, iqidan gadis albaniasTan saerTo sasazRvro xazi. [aziis sarmatiis sazRvari] `samxreTiT _ evqsinis pontos nawili mdinaremde koraqsi, da aqedan kolxeTis, iberiis da albaniis [sasazRvro] xazi gadis kaspiis zRvamde~ (ptolemaiosi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 356,a). sad, romel regionSi uaxlovdebodnen erTmaneTs kolxida, iberia da albania? kolxida ewodeboda ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed md. Woroxis dasavleT sanapiros qveyanas trapezuntamde. Woroxis mTianeTis regionis iqiT iberia mdebareobda da aqedan sxvadasxva mxares gadaWimuli qedebi albaneTamdec aRwevda. vfiqrob, rom ptolemaiosi gulisxmobs karCxalarsianis regions, es sxva monacemebidanac Cans. is wers _ `mTa koraqsi, romliTac mTavrdeba kolxeTisa da iberiis gavliT wamosuli mTebi, kavkasionad wodebuli da aseve hirkaniis zRvisken mimavali kavkasiis mTis ganStoeba, masac kavkasosi ewodeba~ (iqve, gv. 356,b),

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vfiqrob, koraqsisa da kavkasosis mTebis moZebnisaTvis, Cven unda veZioT Tu sad uerTdeba erTmaneTs kolxeTidan da iberiidan wamosuli mTebi kaspiis zRvisaken mimaval mTebs. erTaderTi aseTi adgilia kvlav karCxalarsianis mTianeTi, Cans masze wers kidec avtori `masac kavkasosi ewodeba~. anu mcire kavkasionSia mTa koraqsisa, karCxal-arsianis mTianeTSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi `koraqsebis mTebi~ marTlac axloa `miTridates qveyanasa~ da `amazonebis~ tbasTan, rogorc wers avtori (ptolemaiosi, geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo, wigni V, Tavi VIII, 17-25, iqve, gv. 456,g). Sesabamisad, mdinare koraqsi unda iyos karCxal-arsianis mTianeTidan gamomavali romelime mdinare, magaliTad, aseTebia: aWariswyali, maWaxela, imerxevi, ligniswyali da sxva. is wers _ `mdinare koraqsis saTave: aqedan gadis kolxeTze mimdebare sazRvari~ (iqve, gv. 356,g). maSasadame, Cveni azriT koraqsis mTebi aris karCxal-arsianis mTianeTi, sadac gadioda kolxeTis sazRvari, xolo md. koraqsi am mTebSi iRebda saTaves. VII s-is somxur geografiaSi `sarmatia~ ewodeba, aseve, dasavleT saqarTvelos, klavdios ptolemaiosTanac dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi sarmatiis nawilad moiazreba _ `sazRvari samxreTiT. evqsinis pontos nawili mdinaremde koraqsi da aqedan kolxeTis, iberiis da albaniis sasazRvro xazi gadis hirkaniis anu kaspiis zRvamde~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 356,a). Cveni kvleviT, kolxeTisa da iberiis saerTo sazRvari gadioda arsianis qedze. kolxeTis Crdilo sazRvari gadioda md. Woroxis SesarTavis regionSi. Woroxis aRmosavleTi sanapiro ukve sarmatiad miiCneoda. Cans, amitomac, wers ptolemaiosi _ `kolxida SemoisazRvreba CrdiloeTiT sarmatiis zemoaRniSnuli nawiliT, dasavleTiT ki _ mdinare koraqsidan moyolebuli fasisis ukiduresi mxaris nawiliT _ evqsanis pontos Semdegi aRwerilobis Sesabamisad: dioskuriasi, md. hiposis SesarTavi, md. kianeosis SesarTavi, siganeosi, neapolisi, aia polisi, md. qariustoris SesarTavi, md. fazisis SesarTavi qalaqi fazisi~ (iqve, gv. 356,d). Cans, q. dioskuria mdebareobda dRevandel qalaq surmenesTan axlos (trapezuntsa da rizes Sua), e.i. mis CrdiloeTiT zRvispirze iyvnen md. hiposi, md. kianeosi, siganeosi, aiapolisi, md. fazisis SesarTavi da qalaqi fazisi. md. fazisi ki md. Woroxia. aq gadmocemulia imJamindeli saxelwodebebi mdinareebisa da punqtebisa Tanamedrove surmenedan _ md. Woroxis SesarTavamde. qalaqebi dioskuria, siganeosi, neapolisi, aia polisi da fazisi ptolemaiosis dros Tanamedrove surmenedan vidre Woroxamde mdebareobdnen. 2. ptolemaiosis mixedviT, q. fasisi (fazisi) Zalze axlos mdebareobda armeniasTan `q. fasisi, xolo samxreTiT _ aqedan miniSnebuli xazis gayolebaze da momdevno didi armeniis nawili~... (iqve gv. 356,d).

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kolxeTi `aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba iberias, kavkasiis mTebis gaswvrivi zRvrebis SemaerTebeli xaziT~ (iqve). rogorc iTqva, Cven kolxidad miviCnevT miwa-wyals md. Woroxidan TiTqmis trapezuntamde, kolxidis nawili iyo aseve Woroxis xeoba arsianis qedamde. amitomac, kolxidas aRmosavleTidan esazRvreboda iberia, romelic marTlac, aqve, arsianis qedis iqiT iwyeboda (artaanis olqi). aqve, iberiaSi, mdebareobda qalaqi artanisa (qarTul wyaroebSic mas hqvia `qalaqi artanisa~ _ anu artaanis qalaqi: ptolemaiosic iberiis qalaqTa Soris mas (artanisas) asaxelebs. am teritoriaze (e.i. trapezuntidan Woroxamde) cxovrobdnen ptolemaiosis lazebi, maT siaxloves ki manralebi da ekrektikes qveynis mosaxleni. ptolemaiosi wers _ `kolxeTis zRvis mimdebare midamoebSi mkvidroben lazebi, zemoT ki _ manralebi da ekrektikes qveynis mosaxleni~ (ptolemaiosi, `antikuri kavkasia~, 2010, gv. 356,d). Cveni kvleviT, straboni, TiTqmis ptolemaiosis epoqaSi, miiCnevda, rom `kolxidis sanapiro~ erqva zRvispirs Tanamedrove surmenedan trabzonamde (e. i. dioskuriidan trapezuntamde). amitomac, Cans, ptolemaiosic `kolxidis zRvas~ uwodebda amave sanapiros momcvel zRvispirs. e.i. ptolemaiosis mier naxsenebi `kolxidis zRvis mimdebare midamoebis~ qveS igulisxmeba trapezuntis samxreTi mTianeTi, romelic am `zRvis~ pirispir mdebareobs. vin arian ptolemaiosis mier naxsenebi `lazebi~, romelnic cxovrobdnen trapezuntidan _ surmenemde da rizemde, kolxidis zRvis midamoebSi? pasuxisaTvis sainteresoa strabonis cnoba, aRniSnul miwa-wyalze, trapezuntis mTianeTSi cxovrobdnen qaldebi, maT straboni uwodebs `xalibebs~ da aseve `alazonebs~. etimologiurad sityvebi `alazonebi~ da `lazebi~ erTi warmoSobisa unda iyos. lazikas berZnulad `lazonic~ erqva. amitomac ptolemaiosis da strabonis `alazonebi~ da `lazebi~ erTsa da imave toms _ qaldebs unda miuTiTebdes. straboni vrclad msjelobs, imis Sesaxeb, rom troelTa dasaxmareblad berZnebTan omis dros xalibebis winapari alizonebi (igive alazonebi) mividnen troaSi _ `Soridan xalibedan~ (strab. XII, 3,20-22). is vrclad msjelobs, da am Tavis Tvalsazriss mravali magaliTiT amtkicebs. homerosi wers _ `xolo odiosi da epistrofosi mouZRodnen alizonebs, Soreuli alibedan, sadac aris vercxlis sabado ...unda Seicvalos dawerili Soreuli xalibedan... es aixsneba weriTi cvlilebebiT~ (straboni, XII, 3,20_22). strabonis qarTveli mTargmnelebi `alizonebis da alazonebis~, nacvlad weren `aliZonebi~, `alaZonebi~, aseve `amaZonebi~, maSin roca rusul TargmanebSi weria amazonebi, alazonebi, alizonebi. mTeli msoflio wers amazonebi da ara amaZonebi. Tu berZnul `Zetas~ wavikiTxavT, rogorc `Z~ maSin ptolemaiosTanac sityva `lazi~ unda wavikiTxoT _ `laZi~, magram

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misi qarTveli mTargmneli wers _ `lazi~ _ ptolemaiosi wers _ `kolxidis zRvis mimdebare midamoebSi mkvidroben lazebi, zemoT ki manralebi da ekrektikes qveynis mosaxleni~ (`antikuri kavkasia~, 2010, gv. 356,d). rogorc aRvniSneT, ptolemaiosis lazebi cxovrobdnen `kolxidis zRvasTan~, anu `kolxidis sanapirosTan~ Tanamedrove surmene-trapezuntis mTianeTSi, istoriulad aq yovelTvis cxovrobdnen qaldebi, aq iyo `qaldeas Temic~, aq iyo cnobili qalaqebi zigana da argiropolisi (vercxlis qalaqi), aq unda yofiliyo vercxlis is sabadoebi, romelic strabons xalibebis qveyanaSi eguleboda. misi azriT, rogorc vTqviT, xalibebi da qaldebi erTi xalxi iyo da maT agreTve `alazonebic~ erqvaT. ptolemaiosis lazebi _ swored es xalxi unda iyos. qaldeas provinciis maRla, qveynis siRrmeSi, n. adoncis sityviT mdebareobda samxreT egrisis provincia `manralia~, Teodosiopolisis samxreT-dasavleTiT 40-iode kilometrSi. ptolemaiosis `ekrektikes qveyanac~ aqve, samxreT egrisis romelime nawili unda yofiliyo, maSasadame, ptolemaiosi gvaZlevs cnobebs I saukuneSi Teodosiopolis-arzrumidan vidre trapezuntamde mdebare qveynis mosaxleTa Sesaxeb _ kerZod ki ekrektikes, manraliisa da lazTa qveynebis mosaxleTa Sesaxeb. rogorc vTqviT _ esenia trapezuntis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebi, wyaroSi surmenes anu dioskuriis marjvniv zRvispirze mdebare punqtebi da mdinareebi aRwerilia md. Woroxamde, romelsac is faziss uwodebs, Sesabamisad, qarTuli Targmanis teqstSi CarTul ganmartebas, TiTqosda, md. hiposi aris cxeniswyali, Cven ar veTanxmebiT, _ md. hiposi ptolemaiosis aRweriT, an uSualod Caedineboda zRvaSi trapezuntsa da Woroxs Sua, anda is iyo Woroxis Senakadi. aseve, misi qalaqi siganeosi an trapezuntsa da Woroxs Sua mdebareobda zRvispirze, anda iyo cnobili qalaqi zigana imave regionSi. 3. iberiis sazRvrebi ptolemaiosTan aseTia _ CrdiloeTiT sarmatia, dasavleTiT `kolxidis aRniSnuli xazi~ anu karCxal-arsianis regioni, samxreTiT didi armenia _ kolxididan~ (kolxida da didi armenia misTvis erTmaneTis gverdiT mdgomi qveynebia) iberiis qalaqTagan mis mier naxsenebi artanisa, unda iyos artaanis qalaqi _ romelsac qarTuladac artanisa erqva, q. Zalisa _ aRmoCnda arqeologiuri kvlevaTa Sedegad sofel ZalisasTan. armaktika ki armazad miiCneva. 4. `mosxuri mTebi~ anu `mosxebis mTebi~ mravaljer ixsenieba ptolemaiosTan didi armeniis aRwerisas. `didi armenia SemoisazRvreba: CrdiloeTiT kolxidis nawiliT da iberiiTa da albaniiT mdinare kirosis gaswvrivi zemoTxsenebuli xazis mixedviT. dasavleTidan ...kapadokiis pontos gaswvriv kolxidamde mosxuri mTebis xaziT... armeniis mTaTagan ganTqmulia e.w. mosxuri mTebi, romlebic gadaWimulia kapadokiis zemoT mdebare nawilis gaswvriv da pariadres mTa... armeniis mxareebia: mosxur mTebTan _ kotarZene, mas

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zemoT boqasad wodebuli mxare, md. kirosis gaswvriv _ torasene da totene. md. araqsis gaswvriv kolTene da mis qvemoT sodukene, pariadres mTasTan sirakene da sakapene...~ (antikuri kavkasia, 2010, gv. 356). ptolemaiosis aRweridan Cans, rom mas dafiqsirebuli aqvs is mdgomareoba, rac Seiqmna mis Semdeg, rac armeniam iberias CamoaWra vrceli teritoriebi pariadres kalTebi, gogarena da xorZena. amitomac, man, armeniaSi Seiyvana mosxuri mTebi _ ese igi mTaTa sistema karCal-arsianidan vidre Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebamde. sabolod, ptolemaiosi sarmatias uwodebs dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispirs, kolxidas _ teritorias Woroxidan trapezuntamde (surmenemde), sadac cxovroben lazebi da manralebi, kolxidis nawilad Tvlis Woroxis xeobas arsianis qedamde, sadac, karCxal-arsianis mTianeTSi eguleba koraqsis mTa da md. koraqsi, aqve iwyeba mosxuri (mosxebi) qedi. da aqvea q. artanisa _ iberiaSi. es adgili misTvis mniSvnelovani geografiuli wertilia, saidan avlebs Sesabamis xazebs qveyanaTa adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis. 5. `svanokolxebis~ toms ptolemaiosi asaxelebs `pontos gaswvriv~ sxva tomTa CamonaTvalis bolos _ `...pontos gaswvriv _ aqavelebi, kerketebi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi~... (antikuri kavkasia, gv. 356,g). maSasadame, svanokolxebi cxovrobdnen henioxebis qvemoT. strabonis mixedviT, henioxebi cxovrobdnen pitiuntamde (pitiamde), romelic Cveni kvleviT, daaxloebiT Seesabameba Tanamedrove punqt pazars (ardaSen-aTinasTan). aq, Turme, ptolemaiosis cnobiT, mTianeTSi, cxovrobdnen svanokolxebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvlevar labaZis (da ara marto misi) cnobiT, aTinasTan mcxovrebi lazebi dResac Tavis Tavs `svanebs~ uwodeben da TavianT lazur kilos `svanurad~ miiCneven. dasavleT saqarTvelos sanapiros ara mxolod ptolemaiosi da somxuri geografia uwodebdnen sarmatias, aramed mravali sxva avtoric. iq mcxovreb da zemoT CamoTvlil qarTvel tomebsac `skviTebs~ uwodebdnen. amis ZiriTadi mizezi unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos mxaris naklebi Seswavla imJamindel mecnierTa mier. TviT ptolemaiosic ki mas uwodebs `ucnob qveyanas~, anda `ucnob miwas~. is wers _ `iqauri meridianis gaswvriv, vidre ucnob miwamde~ (iqve, gv. 356,b). anda `sarmatias ikaveben _ ucnobi miwis mimdebare hiperboreeli sarmatebi...~ (iqve, gv. 356,g) da a. S. dasavleT saqarTvelo I aTaswleulSi Savi zRvis donis mkveTri amaRlebis gamo geografiulad rTuli regioni iyo, amitomac Sesaswavlad Zneli.

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svanokolxebi
Souannokolchoi
1) klavdi ptolome pontos CrdiloeT tomTa Soris, henioxebis mezoblad, asaxelebs svankolxebs (geografia, V, VIII, 25). 2) straboni im xalxTa Soris, romelnic pontoSi mkvidrobdnen dasaxelebuli hyavs svanebi, strabonis sityviT pontos mTiel tomTa Soris svanebi pirvelni arian ZaliTa da ZlierebiT, mbrZanebloben yvela garSemo tomze, da uWiravT kavkasionis mTiani mxare, romelic aRmosavleTi dioskuriis zemoTaa (str. geogr. XI, 2, 19). 3) svan-kolxebi moxseniebuli hyavs somex istorikoss favstos bizantiels, saxelwodebiT eger-svani, e.i. megrel-svani (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 145).

Zvel berZen _ marTlmadidebel episkoposTa ganmartebani qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb

Tesalonikeli arqiepiskoposi evstate (evstaTiosi) ganmartavs homerosis (Zv. w. VIII s.) `iliadas~ adgilebs qarTvelebTan dakavSirebiT, homerosi Tavis iliadaSi wers _ troas omSi `halizonebs mouZRodnen odiosi da epistrofosi, Soreuli alibedan, saidanacaa vercxlis sawyisi~ (II, 856-857). arqiepiskoposi evstate ase ganmartavs am adgils homerosidan _ `halizonebi xalibebs uwoda (homerosma), xalibebs hqondaT ganTqmuli vercxlis sabadoebi, axla ki aqvT rkinisa. geografosi ambobs, rom zogierTni nacvlad `alizonebisa~ weren `alazonebi~ anda `olizonebi~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 49). rogorc `geografosis~ (Cans igulisxmeba straboni), ise arqiepiskopos evstates TvalsazrisiT, xalibebi monawileobdnen troas omSi da maT aseve ewodebodaT `alazonebi~. alazonebi aris sawyisi sityvebisa `lazonia~ (ase erqva olqs trapezuntis maxloblad) da `lazi~ (ase erqva toms aseve trapezuntis axlos mcxovrebT), xolo xalibebi igive qaldebi, qaldeas qveynis mcxovrebni arian. ase, rom qaldebi (saidanac warmomavlobs sityva `qarTuli~) aseve iwodebodnen lazebadac. qaldebi da lazebi erTi xalxi iyo. qaldebi (qarTvelebi) da lazebi mudam erTad ixseniebodnen mweralTa mier. igive arqiepiskoposi evstate aseve wers qarTuli tomis gargarelebis Sesaxeb. am tomis saxeli (gargari) imiTaa saintereso, rom misgan unda iyos warmomavali qarTuli provinciis gugaris saxeli (gugarqi), sityvis fuZe eTanadeba qarTvelTa eTno fuZes _ `ggr~ (egrisi, argveTi, guria...). gargar _ gugar _ ggr (Cven ar veTanxmebiT Tvalsazriss, TiTqosda, gugarqis saxeli modis skviTuri tomis `gogis~ saxelisagan).

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homerosis sxva adgilis komentarSi evstate wers _ `monaTxrobi irwmuneba imasac, rom gargarelebi _ im xalxis saxelia, romelic amazonebTan iyo kavSirSi~ (iqve, gv. 50). amazonebi _ misive sityviT, ara marto meomari qalebis, aramed qaldebis tomis meomari mamakacebis saxelic iyo, romelnic Cacmulobisa da grZeli Tmebis gamo zogierTs Turme qalebad warmoedginaT. saerTod, iv. javaxiSvilis kvlevebiT, qaldu anu qaldi iyo im qveynis saxeli, saidanac, rogorc is werda warmodgebian `qarTvelebi, lazebi da svanebi~, anu qaldu _ qarTvelTa uZvelesi saerTo qveynis saxeli iyo. qaldus qveynis mcxovrebT, imJamad, qaldebi anu xaldebi erqvaT, maT aseve xalibebs uwodebdnen. xalibebis meomari tomis siZlieris Sesaxeb werdnen qsenofonte da sxva avtorebi. Tesalonikeli arqiepiskoposis evstates ganmartebiT ki qaldebi igive alazonebi anu lazebi arian. anu qarTvelTa saerTo samSoblos saxeli `alazoniac~ yofila. (rogorc iTqva aqedan unda iyos saxelebi arze, arzena (alzena-lazena-lazivi-lazika), arzena-arsiani, arazani da sxva). klimens aleqsandrieli (II-III ss) miiCnevs, rom pontoszRvispireTSi iberiis mezobeli da maxlobeli amazonebi iyo ara maincdamainc qalebis tomi, aramed qaldebisa, is wers _ `iberiis maxloblad qalebi mamakacur saqmes ewevian saxlSi da mSobiarobis drosac ar toveben saqmes. mSobiare qali yvelaze mZime samuSaos drosac ki aiyvans xelSi Cvils da saxlSi Seyavs. qalebi aq arafriT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs, saxls darajoben, nadiroben, saqonelsac darajoben~ (iqve, gv. 369). anda wers _ `amazonebi _ skviTuri tomi, vaJkacuri, mamakacuri tomi kolxebis mezoblad~ (iqve, gv. 369). xalibebis anu qaldebis Tanametomeni iyvnen maTgan moSorebiT mcxovrebi karduxebi, igive kordielebi. kardu, kord anu qarTu da kord maTi qveynis, aseve satomo saxeli iyo. karduxebis didi da meomari tomis Sesaxeb wers qsenofonte. berZnul 10.000 kacian jars karduxebi vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT uxilavs. esaa araratis maxlobeli areali, iq, sadac gaCerda noes kidobani, amitomac evsevi kesarielic (IV s), saeklesio istoriis mamac exeba am sakiTxs _ evsevi kesarieli wers _ `armenielTa qveyanaSi, kordielTa mTebze axlac aris SemorCenili mcireodeni naSTi im xomaldisa~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, gv. 383). karduxebis anu kordielTa qveyana daaxloebiT Zv. w. VI s-Si armenielebma daipyres, amitomac isini `armeniaSi~ mcxovrebni aRmoCndnen. ufro adre ki daaxloebiT Zv. w. IX-VIII s-dan karduxebis (iberielTa winaprebis), mezoblebi yofilan luvielebi, vanis tbis piras mcxovrebi cnobili xalxi, romelsac lursmuli damwerloba gaaCnda. amitomac, vanis tbis piras Zv. w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi erTmaneTis mezobeli qveynebi iyvnen luvia (igive livia) da iberia (iberieli xalxis Zveli samSoblo). aqedan iberielebi (igive iverielebi) nabuqodonosors ufro CrdiloeTiT pontos zRvispireTSi gadausaxlebia.

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am sakiTxs exeba evsevi kesarieli, is wers _ `abidenes TxzulebaSi asirielTa Sesaxeb aseTi ram sweria nabuqodonosorze: _ `megasTenesi ambobs, rom nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze met Zalas flobda, libiisa da iberiis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da daipyro ra es qveynebi, nawili mosaxleobisa pontos marjvena mxares daasaxla~ (evsevi kesarieli, evangeluri Semzadeba, IX, 41,1, iqve, gv. 383). evsevi kesarieli imeorebs Zvel cnobebs, rom iberiuli xalxis erTi nawili Zv. w. VI s-Si samxreTis samSoblodan ufro CrdiloeTiT _ SavizRvispireTSi dasaxlda. Cans, Tavissave TanametomeebTan Zvel kolxeTSi. megasTenes cnobiT, Tavis mxriv kolxebi da mosxebic erTi xalxi yofila. igive evsevi kesarieli sxva naSromSi miiCnevs, rom mosoxisagan warmoiSvnen mosinikebi (mosoxebi da mosinikebi erTidaigive tomia), xolo sanebi igive sanigebi arian, isini erTi xalxia. is wers _ `mosoxi, saidanacaa mosinikebi... sanebi, romelTac sanikebsac uwodeben, pontomde arian dasaxlebulni. aq afsarosi da sebastopolisi, kavsolimani da fasisi uerTdebian erTmaneTs. es tomebi trapezusamde arian gansaxlebuli~ (iqve, gv. 384-385). md. faziss _ qarTveli xalxis gansaxlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi regionis mTavar mdinares, axsenebs basili didic (IV s). is Tavis `eqvsTa dReTaSi~ wers `fasisi, romelic kavkasiis mTebidan moedineba da mravali sxva mdinare CrdiloeTidan evqsinis pontisaken miedineba~ (basili didi, cxra homilia eqvsdRiurze, III, 6, iqve, gv. 381). berZnebi da, Cans, qarTvelebic, mraval mdinares uwodebdnen fasiss. berZnuli Sexedulebis Sesabamisad wmida, sufTa da sasmelad saukeTeso mdinaris wyali SeiZleboda wodebuliyo fasisad. aseve, zogierTi kvleviT, fasisi ewodeboda wmida, saukeTeso, gansakuTrebuli xarisxis zeTsac. md. fasisis sanapiroebic, Sesabamisad lamazi unda yofiliyo, xolo hava am mdinaris napiris saukeTeso. maSasadame, Waobis mkvdari anda Slamiani wyali ar SeiZleboda fasisad wodebuliyo. amitomac, aseTi SesaniSnavi mTis wylebis simravlis gamo, fasisic mravali iyo. erT-erTi, magaliTad, eWvmiutanelad iyo araqsi saTaveebSi, fasisad wodebuli. aseve md. Woroxi, Cqari da sasmelad vargisi mTis mdinare, aseve fazisad unda yofiliyo wodebuli mdinare likosic anu kelkiti, romelsac TermeCaic ewodeba (Zveli Termodonti) da aqve iyo qalaqi Temiskira, es mdinare kolxebis Zveli mosaxleobis qveyanaSi gadaedineboda, aq ixila qsenofontem tibaranebi da xalibebi. es mxareebi imJamindel armeniasTan axlos mdebareobda. Cans, mis Sesaxeb wers Temistiosi (IV s), is wers _ `me, keTilo Wabuko, mWermetyveluri sityvebi movimke... pontos sanapiroze, fasisis maxloblad axlacaa Termodoni, amazonTa sagmiro saqmeebi da Temiskirioni... kolxTa da armenielTa Soris...~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, gv. 393). aqve wers, rom iq `sadac Tesaliidan mosuli argo poetebma ganadides~, unda iTqvas, rom

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amJamadac q. TermesTan (e.i. Zvel TermodontTan) axlos aris heraklesa da iazonis koncxebi, Zvelad, Cans fiqrobdnen rom argom aq daisadgura. stefane bizantioneli (VI s) Tavis eTnikaSi wers qarTul tomTa Sesaxebac _ `amazonebi _ TermodontTan mkvidri qalTa tomi~ (iqve, gv. 409). `...amarantebi _ kolxuri tomi, romelTa qveynidan moedineba fasisi... araqsi _ armeniis mdinare... afsilebi _ skviTebis tomi, lazebis mezobeli arianes mixedviT... beqeiri _ skviTuri tomi... biZerebi _ tomi pontosze, aris biZerTa navsadguric... gargarebi, tomi, romelic xorciel kavSirSia amazonebTan... gargarene... gogarene _ adgili kolxTa da iberTa Soris... dardaiebi _ kavkasiasTan mkvidri tomi... dia _ VII qalaqi skuiTiaSi, fasisTan, dioskuriasi _ qalaqi pontosis midamoebSi, romelsac sebastopolissac uwodeben, adre mas ewodeboda aia... drile _ dasaxleba trapezusTan... heptakometebi _ skidises mTaze mosaxleni, biZerebsac uwodeben... zigebi _ bosporosTan, Cans maTia zigopolisic trapezusTan ...Temiskira _ qalaqi TermadonTan... koraqsebi. kolxebi tomi kolebis maxloblad (koraqsTa kedeli, koraqsTa qveyana)... kvita _ kolxuri qalaqi, aris sxvac skviTiaSi, aris ori kolxuri da evropuli, aris qalaqi kvitaioni kretaze... kolebi = kavkasiasTan mkvidri tomi, qveyana _ kolike... lazebi _ skviTuri tomi, aris sofelic arian-osis mixedviT _ Zveli lazike... makronebi _ dRevandeli sanebi... mosxebi _ kolxuri tomi. matienebis mezobeli... sanigebi _ abazgebis mezoblad mkvidri skviTuri tomi... tibarenia _ qalaqi pontosTan, xalibebisa da mosinikebis mimdebare... gulmodgined misdeven TamaSsa da sicils da amas udides bednierebad miiCneven, maTi mezoblebi arian xalibebi da levkosirielebi... taoxebi _ pontosis Sidamxris mkvidri tomi, zogierTebi maT taoebs uwodeben... fasisi _ aias qalaqi, kolxidis mdinare fasisTan. daarsebulia miletelebis mier, aris sxva mdinare fasisic _ taprobaneSi... qaldeebi, tomi kolxidis maxloblad... xalibebi _ pontosis midamoebSi, mdinare TermodontTan mcxovrebi tomi, maTze evdoqsosi wers _ `xalibebis qveynidan gaaqvT rkina, romelsac aqeben wrTobisaTvis gamosadegobis gamo~. homerosi maT halizonebad ixseniebs katalogSi paflagonielebis Semdeg _ `halizonebs ki odiosi da epistroposi uZRodaT, Soridan mosulni _ alibedan, sadac aris vercxlis sabado~, anu Secvlilia damwerloba _ `Soridan xalibedan~, xalibebs samxreTiT armeniebi esazRvrebian~... (stefane bizantieli, antik. kavkasia, enciklopedia, gv. 418). taos, basiansa da mimdebare mxareebs rogorc berZnebi, ise somxebi `iberias~, `iverias~ uwodebdnen da maT mcxovreblebs ki qarTvelebs, iverielebs uwodebdnen. patkanov-maris TeoriiT, TiTqosda, es mxareebi Tavdapirvelad somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic SemdgomSi qarTvelebad gadaiqcnen e.w. `qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad, romelic iqaur somexTa mier qalkedonituri sarwmunoebis miRebam gamoiwvia. am Tvalsazriss ewi-

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naaRmdegeba Zvel avtorTa cnobebi, romelnic zemoT iyo moxmobili da gulisxmobs qarTuli tomebis Tavdapirveladve cxovrebas ara mxolod taosa da basianSi, aramed ufro samxreTiTac vanis tbidan vidre trapezuntamde, Tumca arsebobs pirdapiri cnobebic. erT-erTia, magaliTad, VI s-is avtoris stefane bizantielis naSromi eTnosTa Sesaxeb, kerZod, masSi naTqvamia, rom `obarene~ erqva evfratsa da mtkvars Soris moqceul teritorias anu taosa da basianis mxareebs. `obarene~ etimologiurad igive `iberiaa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom am da mis momijnave mxareebis `iber~ fuZiT mravali saxelwodeba arsebobda, romelTac sxvaganac vexebiT. stefane bizantieli wers _ `obarene _ armeniis nawili, romelic emijneba mdinare evfrats paralelurad mimdinare mdinare kiross (mtkvars). maT ixseniebs kvadratosic `parTikis~ meeqvse wignSi: `mdinare kirosis gaswvriv mkvidroben obarenebi da otenebi _ armeniis didi nawilis mosaxleni~ (iqve, gv. 418). aq, cxadia, laparakia taos, basianisa da mimdebare mxareebis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. saerTod, aRniSnul da sxva Zvel marTlmadidebel avtorTa cnobebi aqarwylebs e.w. `qarTizaciis Teoriis~ ideas, TiTqosda, Crdilo armeniis mosaxleobis nawili `qarTizaciis~ Sedegad gaqarTvelda, piriqiT es teritoriebi imTaviTve qarTuli iyo.

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Tavi V mmarTvelobis sistema

iustinianes reformebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi _ istoriul lazikaSi

bizantiis imperiis mmarTvelebi did yuradRebas aqcevdnen aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis teritoriuli mowyobis saqmes. mizezi amisa, is iyo, rom imperias gaCaRebuli hqonda saukunovani omebi sparseTTan, aRniSnuli miwawylis momijnave saxelmwifosTan, amasTanave, sparseTsa da Sav zRvas Sua aRniSnul miwaze cxovrobda mravali xalxi, erovneba da eTnikuri jgufi, rac apirobebda imperiis am nawilis politikur da aseve samxedro arastabilurobas. imisTvis, raTa es vrceli teritoria ufro intensiurad CarTuliyo saimperio yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (yofiliyo stabiluri dasayrdeni imperiis Zlierebisa, saxelmwifos sxva provinciebis msgavsad), imperatorebma gadawyvites SemoeRoT am miwa-wyalzec provinciuri mmarTveloba. es unda momxdariyo TandaTanobiT, radganac aRniSnuli tomebi, xalxebi da eTnikuri jgufebi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurebze imyofebodnen (aRmosavleTis sxva provinciebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba samoqalaqo ganviTarebis SedarebiT ufro maRal safexurze imyofeboda, amitomac, maTTvis adreve Seiqmna administraciuli erTeulebi, ZiriTadad, provinciebis saxiT). bizantiis mmarTvelebma gadawyvites CvenTvis saintereso miwa-wyalze (mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT urmiisa da vanis tbebidan trapezuntordumde) dayrdnobodnen erT romelime ers da misi daxmarebiT ganexorcielebinaT reformebi, aseTad maT somexi xalxi miiCnies da garkveulwilad hegemoni eris statusi mianiWes. n. adoncis azriT, iq mcxovrebi sxvadasxva tomebi marTalia mravalni iyvnen, magram mcirericxovarni da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis wes-Cveulebebis uqonelni, maTTan SedarebiT somxebi iyvnen mravalricxovanni, poli-

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tikurad erTi miznisken orientirebulni da aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mqoneni. amasTanave, mtkice qristianebi, samxedro saqmeSi ki gamocdilni sparseTTan omis gamo. imperatorebis TvalsazrisiT, Tuki somxeTi moewyoboda bizantiis sxva nawilebis msgavsad provinciuri sistemiT, SesaZlebeli iqneboda mas aqtiuri winaaRmdegoba gaewia sparselebisaTvis da sparsTa Zalebi ar SeeSvaT bizantiis siRrmeebSi. aseTi administraciuli Camoyalibebis procesi dawyebuli iyo jer kidev iustinianemde. xolo iustinianem Tavisi yuradReba mravaljer miapyro am mxareTa teritoriuli mowyobis saqmes. sabolood, iustinianes reformis Semdgom, am miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda oTxi administraciuli erTeuli. oTxives ewodebda armenia, kerZod, eseni iyvnen I armenia, II armenia, III armenia da IV armenia. rogorc aRiniSna, am armeniebSi somxebis garda cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva tomebi da eTnikuri jgufebi, maT Soris umetesoba iyo qarTveluri warmoSobisa, gansakuTrebiT SavizRvispireTSi. n. adoncis TqmiT, imperias surda somxebis gaerTguleba, radganac sparsul-bizantiuri omebi ZiriTadad somxeTSi mimdinareobda da sasazRvro xaziT istoriuli somxeTi orad iyo gayofili. bizantias ar surda somxebis gaRizianeba aRniSnuli patara tomebis gamo da cnobda maT istoriuli somxeTis mcxovreblebad. Tavis mxriv, aRniSnuli tomebis miwa-wyalzec somxebi TavianT Tavs Tvlidnen uflebamosil mepatroneebad. marTlac, iustinianemde arc Tu didi xniT adre, sul ramdenime saukunis win, strabonis cnobiT, somxur saxelmwifos miutacia aRniSnuli miwa-wylis erTi nawili iberebisagan, kerZod, xorZene, pariadris vrceli qveyana da gogarena. am miwa-wyalze qarTvelTa armenizacia iustinianemdec iyo dawyebuli, Tumca es procesi dasrulebuli ar iyo. qarTvelebis did nawils erovnuli TviTSemecneba SenarCunebuli hqonda, rogorc es Semdgom arabobis epoqaSi tao-klarjeT-basianSi qarTuli TviTidentobis aRorZinebam aCvena, magram bizantiam VI s-Si, rogorc aRvniSneT, sparseTTan metoqeobis gamo yuradReba sruliad ar miapyro qarTvelTa erovnul sakiTxs da es mxareebi Seiyvana romaul armeniebSi. kerZod, CvenTvis saintereso miwa-wylis umetesi nawili, anu trapezuntis mTagoriani mxareebi iustinianem Seiyvana I armeniaSi. trapezuntis am mxares lazika erqva. is iqamde (sanam I armenia daerqmeoda) Sedioda polemonis pontos da elenopontos provinciebSi (XXVIII noveliT iustinianem es provinciebi erT provinciad gaaerTiana elenopontos saxelwodebiT. mizezi amisa mdgomareobda imperiis mizandasaxulobaSi, romelic iTvaliswinebda regionaluri miwebis koncentracia-Tavmoyras erTi Zalauflebis qveS. kerZod, aseve, TiTqmis 150 wliT adre, diokletianem

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miznad daisaxa ukeT marTvis mizniT imperiis mcire erTeulebad danawileba da samoqalaqo Zalauflebis gamoyofa samxedrosagan, iustinianem ki wamoiwyo ukuprocesi, romelic iTvaliswinebda miwebisa da ZalauflebaTa gaerianebas (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 162). am mizezis gamo, daaxloebiT 535-536 wlebSi, iustinianem gaaerTiana paflagonia-kabadokiis miwebi da aRniSnuli elinoponto, mxolod Semdeg gamosca novela 31-e, romlis saxelwodebac iyo `armeniaSi oTxi mmarTvelis dawesebis Sesaxeb~. mis SesavalSi iustiniane wers: `yvelaferi upatronod mitovebuli da uwesrigo, Tuki Sesabamisi wesiT dalagdeba da kargad moewyoba, miiRebs savsebiT sxva saxes adrindelisagan gansxvavebuls... uvargisobisagan is gaxdeba mSvenieri, ulamazosagan lamazi, mouwesrigebeli da areulisagan _ mogvarebuli da mowesrigebuli. roca vnaxeT aseTi ukmarisoba da aseTi mougvarebloba armeniis mxareebisa, saWirod CavTvaleT misi mowesrigeba erTi saxis Sesabamisad, keTilmowyobiT mivceT maT Sesabamisi Zala da Sesabamisi mowyoba~. am novelis I TavSi naTqvamia, rom imperatorma gadawyvita Camoayalibos oTxi armenia, kerZod: I armeniaSi Seiyvana trapezunti da kerasunti, yofili polemonis pontodan, aqve Seiyvana man adre leontopolisad saxelwodebuli qalaqi bizana, romelsac uwoda Tavisi saxeli iustinianepolisi, amave armeniaSi Seiyvana man aseve cnobili qalaqi Teodosiopolisi (arzrumi) da aqve Seiyvana qalaqebi satala, nikopoli da kolonia. II armeniaSi sxva qalaqebTan erTad Sevida sevastia da sebastopolisi, aseve qalaqebi komana, zeaa. komana man yofili polemonis pontodan aiRo. III armenias iustiniane aqcevda gansakuTrebul yuradRebas da mis mTavar qalaqad gamoacxada melitena. aqve Sedioda qalaqi komanac (eseni iyvnen erTi da igive saxelis mqone qalaqebi sxvadasxva provinciebSi). IV armeniaSi Sevida miwa-wyali, romelsac adre ewodeboda cofanena, anzitena, sofena, astianena, balavitena. am novelis VII muxli CvenTvis aris gansakuTrebiT saintereso. masSi iustiniane Seexeba sasuliero wodebas aRniSnul mxareSi. `Cveni neba aseTia, _ wers iustiniane, _ rom sasuliero wodeba darCes Zveli saxiT, arc mitropolitis uflebebTan dakavSirebiT, arc xeldasxmis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, araferi Seicvleba da axali ar SemoiReba. mitropolitebi darCebian Tavissave Zveli mdgomareobiT, erTi sityviT sasuliero wodebis mimarT axali nebadarTuli ar aris~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 170). iustinianes XXXI novelis VII Tavi gvixsnis: Tu konstantinopolis sapatriarqos kaTedraTa nusxebSi `Zveleburi wesebis Sesabamisad~ ratom ixsenieboda lazika da fasiani (fazisi).

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wesiT, radganac am reformis Semdgom trapezunti Sevida I armeniaSi, amitom, konstantinopolis kaTedraTa nusxebSi trapezuntis mimdebare eparqiebi saxeldebuli unda yofiliyvnen rogorc `saepiskoposoebi I armeniis provinciaSi~, magram amis nacvlad, saeklesio sferoSi Zveli wesis ucvlelobis gamo, trapezuntis mimdebare kaTedrebis saxelwodebebi ar Seicvala da isini Zveleburadve moixseniebodnen rogorc saepiskoposoebi `lazikeSi~. es iyo aRniSnuli novelis gamoZaxili, romelic krZalavda raime siaxlis SemoRebas samitropolitoTa mimarT. marTlac, iustinianemde trapezuntis samxreT mTianeTs lazika erqva da is e.w. `lazTa episkoposebis~ iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, prokofi kesarieli axsenebs trapezuntis maxloblad rizesTan mcxovreb `erT xalxs~, romelic `lazTa episkoposebis~ iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda. n. adoncis mixedviT, lazTa eparqiis ziganas saepieskoposo mdebareobda ara gudayvaSi, aramed trapezuntis axlos, Semdegdroindel giumiSxanesTan, xolo petra, erqva aseve trapezuntTan an TeodosiopolisTan axlos mdebare punqts, saisini yofila sazRvarTan mxarisa, romelsac Semdgomad karini ewoda, xolo q. rodopolisi unda yofiliyo erT-erTi qalaqi, rodopolisis olqSi, fasisis yvela es saepiskoposo _ petra, rodopolisi, saisini da zigana mdebareobdnen erT regionSi arzrumsa da trapezunts Soris, romelsac iustiniamdel epoqaSic lazika da fasisi erqva. konstantine porfirogeneti, Teodosiopolisis mimdebare mxareebs fasians uwodebs (qarTuli basiani), is fasiss uwodebda md. araqsac. gansakuTrebiT aris aRsaniSnavi is, rom swored aRniSnul regionSi, sadac es fasisis saepiskoposoebi iyvnen ganlagebulni, saTaves iRebda ramdenime mdinare, maT Soris Woroxi da evfrati. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive am mdinares _ Woroxsa da evfrats saTaveSi fasisi ewodeboda. amitomac safiqrebelia, rom im qveyanasac, saidanac es mdinareebi gaedinebodnen da mis momcvel miwa-wyalsac, sadac es saepiskoposoebi iyvnen moqceuli, fasisi ewodeboda da qveynis saxelis Sesabamisad, samitropolitosac, fazisis samitropolito erqva.

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lazikisa da misi mimdebare mxareebis administraciuli mdgomareoba iustinianemde

diokletianes mieri saxelmwifos administraciuli dayofis procesi daasrula misma memkvidrem Teodosi I-ma. saukunovani muSaobis Sedegebi asaxulia cnobil ZeglSi Notitia dignitatum, romelSic V saukunis dasawyisSia Sedgenili. masSi CamoTvlilia Tanamdebobebi da pativi imperiis samoqalaqo da samxedro uwyebebisa. isini ierarqiulad iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni. mTeli imperia, gaqristianebis Semdeg, samoqalaqo damokidebulebiT iyofoda 4 mxared, romelTa meTaurebad idgnen pretoriis prefeqtebi. es mxareebi, anu prefeqturebi iyofodnen diocezebad, romlebsac prefeqtebis moadgileebi _ vikarebi marTavdnen. sabolood, diocezebi provinciebad iyofodnen, romlebsac arxontebi marTavdnen (praeses). romis imperiis aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibebuli iyo ori prefeqtura _ e.w. `aRmosavleTis prefeqtura~ da `iliriis prefeqtura~. Tavis mxriv `aRmosavleTis prefeqturaSi~ Sediodnen Semdegi diocezebi _ `diocezi aRmosavleTi~, `diocezi egvipte~, `diocezi asiana~, diocezebi `pontika~ da `Trakia~. pontos diocezSi 11 provincia Sedioda, maT Soris polemonis ponto, pirveli da meore armenia, aseve biTinia, galatia, paflagonia, honoria, galatia, pirveli da meore kapadokiebi da helenoponto. samxedro dayofa imperiisa yvelgan ar eTanadeboda samoqalaqos, umaRlesi Zalaufleba gayofili iyo ramdenime samxedro xelmZRvanels Soris _ maT samxedro magistrebi erqvaT. aRmosavleTSi aseTi iyo xuTi. magistris qvemdebare piris samxedro wodeba iyo duka, komiti. pontos diocezs, romelic 11 provinciisagan Sedgeboda _ mxolod erTi _ `armeniis duka~ marTavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom romis imperiis pontos diocezSi mxolod erTi duka iyo `armeniis dukis~ saxelwodebiT, misi ZiriTadi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda sam sasazRvro provinciaze. eseni iyvnen polemonis ponto, I da II armenia. armeniis dukas Tavisi razmebi da samxedro danayofebi dayenebuli hyavda trapezuntSi, rizeSi, sisilaSi, pitiaSi (da ara pitiuntSi afxazeTisa), usuportoSi, kaene-paramboleSi, sebastopolSi (es qalaqi mdebareobda trapezuntis olqSi da ara afxazeTSi), ziganaSi (ziganac trapezuntTan mdebareobda) da moxoraSi (. , , 1908, c. 96-97). aRniSnulTa garda jarebis ganlageba mocemulia provinciebis sxva qalaqebSi, romlebic dawvrilebiTaa CamoTvlili n. adoncis mier moyvanil laTinur wyaroSi, amasTanave, aqvea CamoTvlili jariskacebis raodenoba TiToeul adgilSi. esaa srulad pirvelxarisxovani kvleva, romlisTvisac cnobilia yvela adgili armeniis dukis jaris ganlagebisa, yoveli wvril-

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manebiT, amitomac Zalze ucnauria am nakvlevis faqtiuri ignorireba, ziganas, sebastopolisis, an Tundac pitia-pitiuntis gadatana sadRac afxazeTSi, sadac n. adoncis sityviT, armeniis dukas araferi esaqmeboda arc aRniSnul da arc Semdgom saukuneebSi.

saqarTvelos momijnave bizantiuri mxareebis samxedro-administraciuli dayofa (n. adonci)

kidev erTxel ganvixiloT saqarTvelos momijnave bizantiuri mxareebis samxedro-administraciuli dayofa n. adoncis mixedviT. 297 wlisTvis diokletianes provinciuri reformis epoqaSi imperia 12 diocezad iyofoda, maTgan ori aziis ukidures mxareebSi iyo. kerZod, diocezi `oriensi~ (anu `aRmosavleTi~), da pontika. yvela 12 diocezSi erTad iyo 95 provincia. amaT garda, diokletianes taxtze asvlis periodSi imperias kidev Seemata 15 provincia (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 86). pontos diocezi III saukuneSi Sedgeboda 7 provinciisagan. maT ricxvSi iyo biTinia, kapadokia, galatia, paflagonia, diospontusi, polemonis ponto da mcire armenia. IV saukunis cnobiT, pontoSi iyo 8 provincia _ 1. polemonis ponto; 2. amasiis ponto; 3. honoriada; 4. biTinia; 5. paflagonia; 6. mcire armenia; 7. didi armenia; 8. kapadokia. konstantine didis dros amasiis pontos saxeli gadaerqva da ewoda helenoponto dedofal elenes pativsacemad. n. adoncis mixedviT, siaSi naxsenebi mcire da didi armeniebi sinamdvileSi arian I da II armeniebi, amasTanave am sias aklia provincia galatia, romelic yovelTvis pontos diocezSi Sedioda. nikeis I msoflio krebaze (325) TavisTavadi administraciuli erTeulis saxiT iyo warmodgenili kapadokia, didi armenia da mezobeli olqebi. 371 w. administraciulad orad gaiyo kapadokia da mcire armenia. basili didi ewinaaRmdegeboda kapadokiis dayofas. mcire armenia gaiyo da ewoda I da II armeniebi. pirveli Sedgeboda sevastiis olqisgan, aq iyo qalaqebi kolonia, satala, sebastopoli da verissa. meoreSi Sedioda melitini, arka, arabisi, kukusoni, komana da ariarata. polemonis pontosa da pirveli armeniis urTierTSexeba xdeboda pontos komanas, polemonis, kerasusis da trapezuntis raionebSi. es ukanasknelebi qmnidnen polemonis pontos eparqias konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi. saeklesio geografiam Semogvinaxa cnobebi Zveli provinciebis teritoriebis Sesaxeb _ wers n. adonci (n. adonci, armenia... gv. 89). saeklesio dayofa ufro myari da ucvleli iyo, vidre samoqalaqo-administraciuli da asaxavda suraTs imperiis Zveli administraciuli dayofisa.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom qalaqi sebastopolisi, am dayofis Tanaxmad, mdebareobda I armeniis eparqiaSi (aq Sediodnen qalaqebi sebastia, nikopolisi, kolona, satala, sebastopolisi, barisara). xolo cnobili komana Sedioda meore armeniis eparqiaSi (aq Sediodnen melitena, arka, abasisi, komana, kukusi, ariarate). lazika _ gansaxilvel periodSi romis (bizantiis) imperiaSi Sedioda da iustinianes dayofiT is polemonis pontos administraciuli nawili iyo.

eklesiuri lazika da politikuri lazika _ sxvadasxva teritoriebze mdebareni

iustinianem polemonis ponto da elenoponto gaaerTiana erT provinciad da uwoda mas elenoponto. masSi Sedioda 8 qalaqi _ amasia, ivora, evxaita, zela, antrapa, sinopi, amisusi da leontopoli. polemonis pontoSi iyo 5 qalaqi _ neokesaria, komana, trapezunti, kerasusi da polemoni. Semdgom am provinciis mmarTvels ufleba CamoarTva 4 qalaqze da es qalaqebi _ zela, komana, trapezunti da kerasusi gadasca armenias _ samoqalaqo reorganizaciis Sesabamisad (n. adonci, gv. 172). pirvelma da Sida armeniam Seadgina ori axali provincia _ I armenia da II armenia (aq Sevidnen trapezunti da kerasusi). II armeniaSi Sediodnen sxvebTan erTad qalaqebi _ sevastia, sevastopoli da zemoaRniSnuli qalaqebi zela da komana. yofil II armenias ewoda III armenia da masSi Sevida qalaqebi meletina, arka, arabisi, ariarati, sxva komana, zoloti da kukusini. IV armeniaSi Sevida xuTi somxuri samTavros miwebi: sofenena, anzitena, sofena, aStianena (da balovitena), martiropoli. Teodosiopolis-giumiSxane-trapezuntis SemaerTebel gzaze mravali qalaqi mdebareobda _ rac Seadgenda lazikis qveyanas _ eklesiurad swored ase erqva am mxares _ es iyo is lazika, romelic noticiebSia asaxuli. bizantiis samoqalaqo-administraciulma dayofam es ver asaxa. es qalaqebi gaiyo elenopontos, I da II armenias Soris, magram, radganac saeklesio geografia, TviT n. adoncis sityviT, asaxavda im Zvel viTarebas, romelic diokletianes da misi memkvidre Teodosis droindel samoqalaqo dayofas aRniSnavda, eklesiurma geografiam sityva `lazika~ SeinarCuna, amitom SemdgomSic trapezuntis eparqias erqva `trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~. magram samoqalaqo-administraciulad axla (iustinianes epoqaSi) lazika daerqva axal qveyanas _ lazikis samefos, romelic aRniSnuli eklesiuri lazikis uSualo mezoblad mdebareobda, mis odnav CrdiloeTiT, Woroxis

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xeobaSi _ arTvinidan goniomde. e.i. politikuri lazika da eklesiuri lazika ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs. eklesiuri _ geografiulad ufro samxreTiT mdebareobda, politikuri lazika _ CrdiloeTiT. eklesiuri lazika trapezuntis regioni iyo, samoqalaqo-administraciuli ki misi mezobeli regioni Woroxis xeobis qveda nawilis momcveli.

saisini da fasiani adoncis mixedviT

miwa-wyali md. irisidan herakles koncxamde iwodeboda galateas pontod, aqedan kerasuntamde _ mdebareobda polemonis ponto, xolo kerasuntidan kolxidamde _ kapadokiis ponto (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes...1908, gv. 69). galateas pontoSi iyo amasia, pida (fidi), pontos komana (amJamad giumenek) tokatasTan da sevastopolTan axlos. polemonis pontoSi, ptolemeusis azriT, mdebareobda neokesaria da sevastia koloneas olqSi, aq iyo sevastopolisi. samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken iyo 5 mTiani mxare _ meletina (evfratTan), amJamindeli galatia, kataonia. aqaa qalaqi komana md. saraze (giok-su), Semdeg kilikia qalaq mazakiT, anu kesariiT, argis mTis ZirSi (axla arjiSi). kilikiis iqiT iyo TianeTia (TianiTia) da garsavriTia tatas tbasTan (iqve, gv. 71). qarTvelTa odesRac cxovrebas am regionebSi miuTiTeben aRniSnuli toponimebi: argis mTa, TianeTi, garsavreTi da sxva. am mxareTagan pirveli ori zogjer `mcire armeniad~ iwodeboda. n. adoncis mixedviT, is kapadokiis provinciaSi Sedioda. aseTi dayofa romis imperiis gafarToebamde arsebobda, xolo Semdeg es mxareebi I da II armeniaSi moxvdnen. n. adoncis mixedviT, maTi meti wili, kapadokia, mcire armenia _ somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. misi azriT, ptolemeosi mcire armeniaSi aTavsebda maT, romelTagan yvelaze CrdiloeTiT iyo orbalisena, mis qvemoT aitulana, Semdeg airetika, orsena da bolos orbisena. aq iyo mravali qalaqi _ maT Soris, satala, nikopoli, orsa da sxva. tabula pevtingera mdidar masalas iZleva mcire armeniisa da mcire aziis Sesaxeb. sevastias, nikopols, satalasa da melitenas Soris (gv. 75), evfratis sanapirosTan, kamaxsa da divrigs Soris aris zimara _ yvela am qalaqs gzebi aerTianebda. bunebrivi sazRvari polemonis pontosa da mcire armeniisa iyo qedi kiose da abeSi, romlis erT boloSia tagani da meoreSi nikopoli. aq, am midamoebSi abeSis mTasTan iyo sisilisis kaTedra. aq yofila punqti argaun mdinare gordukze, rac, safiqrebelia, qarTvelTa iq yofnis damadasturebeli toponimia _ fuZeebiT `arg~ da `gord~ (iqve, gv. 81). meletinidan sevastiamde gamaval gzaze mdebareobda sadguri _ pisonisi (axlandeli asan-badrik), misi saxeli mogvagonebs X noticiis saepiskoposo

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kaTedris fasianes saxels (pisonisi _ fasiani) (iqve, gv. 81), amave gzaze mdebareobdnen punqtebi _ aranisi, euspoena, blandosi (taxtuki), gza gadis mdinare kuru-Caize (mogvagonebs `mtkvars~) da Sedis sivasSi. n. adoncis sityviT, sevastia-nikopoli Sedioda mcire armeniaSi, xolo nikopol-satalis xazze sadguri aza, ptolemeosis mixedviT, Sedioda kapadokiis pontoSi. orsenas saxeli ukavSirdeba bizantiuri Temis xarsianonis saxels, xarsianis cixe-simagris mixedviT. simeasTan axlos iyo punqti xarsiani (mogvagonebs X noticiis _ xerians). aqedanac Cans, rom fasianisa da saisinis (sisilisis) kaTedrebi n. adoncs ar eguleboda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. is nikopolTan axlos, abeSis mTasTan yofila.

qvrivis mmarTveloba
Cvens mier gamokvleuli iqna, rom andria pirvelwodebuli, Cveni macxovris, ieso qristes wmida mociquli, saqarTveloSi qadagebda 30-35 wlebSi (a. jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. I). wmida andrias cxovrebaSi gvxvdeba qveynis mmarTveli brZeni qvrivis saxeli, romlis moqcevis Semdeg qristianoba gavrcelebula mesxeTis vrcel qveyanaSi. meore variantiT ki _ svaneTSi, unda iTqvas, rom wm. andrias mesxeTSi warmatebuli moRvaweoba qvrivis saxels ukavSirdeba. aRniSnul dros, 30-35 wlebSi, strabonis cnobiT, mesxeTis momijnave mxareebs marTlac marTavda cnobili qvrivi dedofali, romelic iseve xasiaTdeba, rogorc andrias cxovrebaSi mesxeTis mmarTveli `qali gonieri da sagamgeo saqmis SemZle~. is kolxeTs marTavda sikvdilamde, I saukunis 38 wlamde (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisaTvis, 1969, gv. 77). am qvrivi dedoflis saxeli yofila piTodorida. m. berZniSvili wers _ `Zveli welTaRricxvis I saukunis ukanasknel wlebSi, strabonis mowmobiT, kolxeTs flobda polemoni, romelic aseve ganagebda mis mierve saxelSerqmeul polemoniumis pontos, aseve mcire armeniasac da bosforsac. axali welTaRricxvis 1-2 wels is mokles brZolaSi da kolxeTis samefo taxtze avida misi meuRle piTodorida, pompeusis megobris piTodore tralelis asuli. strabonis daxasiaTebiT `qali gonieri da sagamgeo saqmis SemZle, romelic kolxeTs marTavda sikvdilamde (38 w). imave strabonis sityviT, misi samflobelos farglebSi Sediodnen tibarenebi, vidre kolxeTamde, farnakiasa da trapizonamde, strabonis sityviT _ `amJamad qvrivi flobs, rogorc dasaxelebul qveynebs, ise sxvebs~. xolo meore adgilas ambobs _ `flobs meuRle piTodorida, dedofali kolxebis, trapizonis da farnakiasi~. rezidenciad mas hqonda kabei-

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ra, romelsac avgusta daarqva. igi mdebareobda strabonis mSobliur qalaq amisiis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 27-28 km siSoreze~ (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 77). aqedan Cans, rom kolxeTi trapizonis siaxloves mdebareobda. qvrivi dedoflis mflobelobaSi iyo Tu ara samcxe, ucnobia, radganac qarTuli wyaros cnobiT, samcxe-aWara, iseve, rogorc mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo, qarTlis mefe aderkis gamgeblobaSi Sedioda, xolo dedofali piTodorida romis imperiis saxeliT marTavda istoriul qarTul miwebs, qarTuli tomebiTve dasaxlebulT, magram ara qarTlis samefoSi mdebareT, aramed mis gareT, mis uSualo mezoblad _ romis saxelmwifoSi. safiqrebelia, rom es cnoba asaxavs istoriul realobas, kerZod, wm. andria Tavdapirvelad trapezuntSi da mis qveyanaSi qadagebda, am qveyanas ki `sofeli megrelTa~ erqva da, mis qveS igulisxmeba istoriuli kolxeTi _ trapezuntis momijnave mxare, romelsac andrias dros marTavda piTodorida. aRniSnuli tomebi, qaldebi da tibarenebi, qarTvelni iyvnen TviT saxelidan gamomdinare _ `tiber-iber~, `qald-qaldueli-qarTveli~. aqve cxovrobdnen sanebi. straboni dioskuriasTan axsenebs svanebs. Tuki pitia-pitiunti rizes maxloblad iyo, imave regionSi yofils dioskuriac, sadac maxlobeli mTebidan savaWrod Cadiodnen svanebi (e.i. strabonis dros svanebi aqac cxovrobdnen), svanTa Soris andrias qadagebasac miuTiTeben wyaroebi. aqedan gamomdinare unda vifiqroT, rom adrias cxovrebis mwerals gamouyenebia Zveli wyaroebi da albaT strabonic.

eklesiis organizeba
n. adonci wers _ `saeklesio ierarqiis evolucia samoqalaqos Sesabamisad viTardeboda. eklesia, TavisdaSeumCnevlad, imperiis administraciuli wyobis Sesabamisad moewyo. eklesiam swrafad SeZlo reagireba diokletianes mier ganxorcielebuli administraciuli dayofis Sesabamisad, amitom 325 wlisTvis moaswro Seecvala Tavisi ierarqia axali wyobis Sesabamisad. diokletianem, erTi mxriv, arsebuli provinciebi dayo ufro wvril administraciul erTeulebad, xolo meore mxriv, ramdenime provincia gaaerTiana ufro msxvil administraciul erTeulad _ diocezebad. rogorc aRiniSna, imperiis aziis samflobelos Seadgenda sami diocezi _ azia (asia), ponto da `aRmosavleTi~. am ukanasknelSi (diocez `aRmosavleTSi~) Sedioda egviptec. diocezebs, meTaurobda `vikarebi~, e.i. aRmosavleTis prefeqtis moadgileebi, xolo provinciebis meTaurebi, anu prezidebi _ eqvemdebarebodnen Sesabamis vikarebs.

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amave CarCoSi ganivrco saeklesio Zalaufleba. provinciebi gadaiqcnen saeklesio erTeulebad _ eparqiebad, yovel maTganSi isxdnen episkoposi _ mitropolitebi, TavianTi mdgomareobiT prezidebis mdgomareobis eqvivalenturni. amave saxiT diocezebmac moipoves saeklesio erTeulis mniSvneloba, romelTa vikarebi Seesabamebodnen episkopos-patriarqebs. TiToeul provinciaSi iqaur episkoposTagan gamoiyofoda erTi, provinciis dedaqalaqis episkoposi _ mitropolitis xarisxiT, xolo TiToeul diocezSi mitropolitTa Soris erTs eWira pirveli mdgomareoba patriarqisa an mTavari mitropolitisa. `asiis diocezSi~ aseTad aRiarebuli iyo efesos mitropoliti, `diocez aRmosavleTSi~ antioqiis mitropoliti, xolo pontos diocezSi _ kesariis mitropoliti (. , , 1908, c. 356). aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis iqna SemoRebuli samitropolito organizacia. zogierTis azriT, nikeis krebaze, xolo sapatriarqo organizacia _ konstantinopolis krebaze (iqve, gv. 356). n. adoncis cnobiT, `aRmosavleTis~ prefeqti umeteswilad cxovrobda q. antioqiaSi.

armenieli satrapebi da lazikis mefeebi bizantiur samoxeleo sistemaSi

Sida da dasavleT armeniis garda, bizantia marTavda aseve 5 armeniul samTavros. am samTavroTa meTaurebs `satrapebs~ uwodebdnen. maTi politikuri mdgomareoba imiT gansxvavdeboda sxva armeniis mmarTveli moxeleebisagan, rom es armenieli satrapebi Zalauflebas iRebdnen memkvidreobiT da mas inarCunebdnen sikvdilamde, mxolod isini iRebdnen romaelTa imperatorisagan Zalauflebis insigniebs, maT sagangebo e.w. `samefo Sesamosels~, anu qlamidas da sxva atributebs aRwers prokofi kesarieli. am samefo Sesamosels imperatori iZleoda imis niSnad, rom isini ganixilebodnen viTarca `mokavSireebi imperatorisa~. n. adoncis ganmartebiT _ `satrapiebi iyvnen miniaturuli saxelmwifoebi, romelTac TavianTi didebulebi marTavdnen, romelnic mdgomareobiT mefeebis Tanasworad iTvlebodnen~ (. , , 1908, c. 109). msgavs `samefo Sesamoselebs~, viTarca gansxvavebulobis niSans, armeniis satrapebis garda imperatorisagan iRebdnen aseve lazeTis mefeebi _ TeTr qlamids, TeTr tunikas da wiTel fexsacmels, aseve romauli saxis gvirgvins da sartyels, Semkuls margalitebiT. aseT sartyels somexi didebulebic iRebdnen (iqve, gv. 109).

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ase rom, XX s-is qarTul istoriografiaSi gavrcelebuli da gamyarebuli Tvalsazrisi `lazTa samefo~ TiTqosda iyo `Zlieri saxelmwifo~, araa realoba. sinamdvileSi, armeniuli samTavroebis msgavsad, is iyo romauli saxelmwifos mier xeldebuli qveyana, sadac droebiT bizantia adgilobrivi didebulebis mmarTvelobas iTmenda. romauli Zalauflebis gamyarebisTanave, iq damyardeboda Cveulebrivi saimpero wesrigi, anu samoxeleo rangi, magaliTad, bizantiuri Tanamdeboba _ `armeniis komiti~ SemoRebuli iqna samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis samarTavad. komiti ar flobda samxedro Zalauflebas, is marzpanis msgavsi Tanamdeboba iyo (. , , 1908, c. 117). lazeTis samefo iyo miniaturuli saxelmwifo bizantiuri imperiis periferiaze, romelic sadavo iyo sparseTTan, amitomac am qveynis didebulebs orive mxare _ sparseTi da bizantia garegnul privilegiebs aniWebda, rac iluzias uqmnida adgilobriv mosaxleobas, TiTqosda, maTi qveyana `saxelmwifo~ iyo, es ase rom ar iyo da, piriqiT, Tu ra doniT iyo es qveyana dapyrobili, kargad Cans prokofi kesarielis Txzulebidan.

romauli samxedro nagebobebis naSTebi ziganasa, rodopolissa, pitia-pitiuntsa da sebastopolisSi

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom konstantinopolis lazikis eparqiis zogierT saepiskoposo centrSi (mag. ziganaSi) idga romauli legionis razmebi. es imiTaa saintereso, rom warmoadgens saSualebas arqeologiurad dasabuTdes maTi adgilmdebareoba. romauli samxedro legionebisa da maTi razmebis ganlagebis adgilebze, rogorc wesi, iwyeboda Zalze mniSvnelovani mSeneblobani. prokofi kesarieli aRwers, kerZod ra Senobebi igeboda jaris saWiroebisaTvis. is aRwers erTi aseTi adgilis mSeneblobas: `md. evfratidan cota moSorebiT, iyo erTi kuTxe, sadac idga romael jariskacTa razmi. am adgils uwodebdnen meletins. iq, uwindel dros, romaelebs auSenebiaT oTxkuTxa formis simagre, romelic jariskacebisTvis TavSesafars warmoadgenda. aq isini inaxavdnen TavianT sabrZolo droSebsac. am simagrem safuZveli daudo samoqalaqo dasaxlebas. qalaqis mSenebloba simagris maxloblad gagrZelda. aaSenes taZrebi, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, savaWro moednebi, sxvadasxva sasaqonlo duqnebi, yovel mxares gaiyvanes quCebi, aaSenes galereebi, abanoebi, Teatrebi~ (prokofi kesarieli, `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~, 2006, gv. 103). aqe dan Cans, rom romauli jaris gan lagebis adgilze iwyeboda mSeneblobebi gzebisa, samxedro da samoqalaqo Senobebisa, savaWro moednebisa, duqnebisa, taZrebisa, galereebisa, abanoebisa da Teatrebisa.

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saqarTvelos masStabiT aseTi mSeneblobebi SeiZleba grandiozulad CaiTvalos. simagreebis, abanoebis, gzebis, savaWro moednebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani nagebobebis naSTebis aRmoCena arqeologebisaTvis siZneles ar warmoadgens. Tu zigana aris e.w. gudayva, maSin gudayvaSi unda aRmoCeniliyo kidec romauli jaris sadgomis raime zemoT xsenebuli naSTi, msgavsi ki gudavagudayvaSi araferi aRmoCenila, piriqiT, iq ara raime laTinuri anda berZnuli warwera, aramed mxolod da mxolod Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebi aRmoCnda qarTulsave saeklesio naSTebze. arqeologiam ver daadastura gudayvasa da ziganas igiveoba. igive iTqmis varcixis (TiTqosda rodopolisis) Sesaxebac, sadac, Tu is iyo rodopolisi, aseve unda aRmoCeniliyo romauli jaris sadgomi nagebobebis naSTebi, magram varcixeSi raime romaul-bizantiuri nagebobisa da saeklesio-samoqalaqo cxovrebis damadasturebeli naSTebi ar aRmoCenila. rogorc iTqva, ziganaSi idga kohorta, e.i. legionis erT-erTi danayofi. `legionebi Seadgendnen regularul armias, legioni Sedgeboda 6100 fexosnisagan da 726 kavaleristisagan. ala _ razmia 600 mxedrisagan. `aRmosavleTis~ mTavarsardals emorCileboda 100.000 jariskaci. pontos diocezs Tavisi 11 provinciiT hyavda mxolod erTi samxedro mTavarsardali `armeniis dukis~ saxelwodebiT, misi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda I da II armeniasa da agreTve polemonis pontoSi (. , , 1908, c. 95). armeniis duka ganagebda Semdeg Zalebs _ hyavda legioni satalaSi, meletinaSi, pontoSi (kerZod, legioni trapezuntSi, ala rizeSi da pitiaSi, kohorta usuporteSi, keana-paramboleSi, sebastopolisSi, ziganaSi, moxoraSi (. , , 1908, c. 97). armeniis dukas emorCileboda 2 msroleli kavaleriis polki, sami legioni, e.i. 18.000 kaci. 11 razmi cxenosnebisa (TiToSi 600 kaci), 10 kohorta fexosnebisa (TiToSi 600 kaci). maT Soris, armeniaSi idga 2 legioni, 6 razmi, anu ala da 4 kohota, xolo 6 kohorta _ polemonis pontoSi. pontoSi armeniis dukis Zalebis mTavari ganlagebis adgilebi iyo trapezunti, avaqsi da silvana (. , , 1908, c. 99). n. adoncis azriT, `feliqs Teodosinas~ saxelobis ala, anu samxedro razmi idga pitiaSi, romelic rizesTan mdebareobda (iqve, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 99, SeniSvna 2). pitia da sebastopolisi zogierTs miaCnia pitiuntad (afxazeTSi) da sebastopolisad, magram afxazeTis qalaqebi am wyaros Sedgenis dros ar

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Sediodnen bizantiaSi, da dukas Zalaufleba ase Sors ver gavrceldeboda, wers n. adonci (. , , 1908, c. 202). afxazeTi arasdros Sedioda armeniis dukas gamgeblobaSi da, Sesabamisad, Tavisi jari (razmi) ver eyoleboda biWvinTaSi (romelsac pitiuntad miiCneven), sebastopolisSi (cxumad miiCneven) da gudayva-gudavaSi, romelsac zigana-ziganevad miiCneven Cveni mecnierebi, arc varcixis miwa-wyali Sedioda odesme armeniaSi, amitomac verc iq ganalagebda armeniis duka Tavis samxedro razms, amitomac rodopolisi unda veZioT ara varcixeSi, aramed trapezuntis regionSi, sadac marTlac md. kalapotamisze mdebareobda kidec qalaqi varda, romelic unda yofiliyo Zveli rodopolisi.

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Tavi VI konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eparqiebi lazikaSi

Sesavali
bizantielebisaTvis, eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, lazika erqva ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed im vrcel qarTul mxares vanis tbidan trapezuntamde, romelic, TiTqosda, amovardnilia qarTvelTa istoriuli maxsovrobis sferodan, miTumetes Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiidan. azri, rom lazika ar erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos farTo eklesiuri mniSvnelobiT, ewinaaRmdegeba XX s-is mravali istorikosis Tvalsazriss, isini berZnuli wyaroebis yvela cnobas lazikasTan dakavSirebiT dasavleT saqarTvelos usadageben. faqtiurad XX s-Si Seiqmna dasavleT saqarTvelos iqamde sruliad ucnobi istoria, rom magaliTad, eklesiurad, TiTqosda, mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyo da mxolod IX-X ss-dan TandaTan Sevida erTian qarTul-erovnulSi. Znelia, aseT Camoyalibebul sistemas, sayovelTao samecniero mimarTulebas daupirispiro axali azri, magram Cemi mosazrebis mxaresaa erovnuli istoriografia _ `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, `qarTlis cxovreba~, yvela saeklesio da saero saistorio wyaro, Seqmnilni XIX s-mde, da aseve ucxouri wyaroebic. macxovari brZanebs _ `Tu samefo Tavisive Tavis winaaRmdeg daiyofa, is samefo veRar gaZlebs~ (mark. 3,24). es Seexeba Cvens saeklesio mTlianobasac. amJamad, saeklesio separatizmi afxazeTSi, da ara marto iq, gamalebiT eZebs Teoriebs saerTaSoriso asparezze gasatanad, raTa gaamarTlos Tavisi arakanonikuri qmedebebi, amave dros Cveni mecnierebi Cveni eklesiis mTlianobisaTvis saSiS Sexedulebebs saerTaSoriso organoebiT avrceleben viTarca erTaderT da WeSmarit Teorias. es xels ar uwyobs saeklesio mTlianobas, ver gaZlebs is samefo, romelic daiyofa Tavisi Tavis winaaRmdeg. rogorc iTqva, aq gamosavali aris yurisgdeba Rrma samecniero Tvalsazrisisa, rom `Zveli saeklesio mamebis Semecneba migviTiTebs wmida ninos epoqidanve dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio mTlianobis Sesaxeb~ _ werda iv. javaxiSvili.

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saeklesio geografia
n. adoncis sityviT, saeklesio geografia gvaZlevs saSualebas dadgindes lazTa saepiskoposo kaTedrebis adgilmdebareoba. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, VI saukuneSi, `lazTa episkoposebis~ iurisdiqciaSi moqceuli iyo rizes regionSi mcxovrebi `erTi tomi~ (georgika, II, gv. 125), magram, am lazTa episkoposebis ZiriTadi eparqia sad mdebareobda? lazikis eparqia, n. adoncis kvlevis Tanxmad, moicavda istoriul qarTul miwa-wyals, romelsac Semdgom qaldiis Temi ewoda, esaa Tanamedrove ardasa-torul-giumiuSxanes regioni, Zveli Wanika. n. adoncis kvleviT, iustinianemde, aq mdebareobdnen lazikis eparqiis ziganas, rodopolisis, saisinisa da petras saepiskoposoebi (e.i. trapezuntsa da Teodosopoliss Soris). SemdgomSi istoriuli lazikis es miwa-wyali iustinianem Seiyvana I armeniis provinciaSi, magram mas eklesiurad kvlav Zveli saxeli darCa (saeklesio wreebSi uwodes ara I armeniis eparqia, aramed SeinarCuna Zveli saxeli _ `saepiskoposoebi `lazikaSi~). n. adoncis sityviT, amis mizezi iyo is, rom saeklesio dayofa gamoirCeoda didi mdgradobiT da man ar asaxa samoqalaqo administraciuli sazRvrebis Semdgomi cvlilebebi. Zveli administraciuli dayofis suraTi eklesiaSi ucvlelad darCa, amitomac saeklesio nusxebSi ar aisaxa iustinianes provinciuli sazRvrebis cvlilebebi (. , , 1908, c. 90). ase SeinarCuna miwa-wylis Zveli saxeli lazikis eparqiam. Zveli lazikis erTi nawili iyo `Wanika~, romelsac adre `qaldea~ erqva. iustinianes Semdgom es saxeli kvlav daubrunda am provincias _ `qaldeas Temi~. rogorc iTqva, aq yofila lazikis eparqiis saepiskoposoebi ziganadan karnu-qalaqamde (karinamde), e.i. saisinis, rodopolisis da petras saepiskoposoebi. am miwa-wylis saxeli iyo aseve fasiani, SesaZloa im mizezis gamo, rom karin-basianis (fasiani) provinciis gverdiT mdebareobda. arabebisgan karin-basianis vrceli qveynis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg bizantiam basianis qalkedonituri saepiskopoebic lazikis (fasianis) eparqiaSi Seiyvana da mis centrad aqcia trapezunti, XI s. dasawyisSi trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Sedioda miwa-wyali trapezunt-vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, romelic Seicavda istoriul Wanikas, spersa da basians, ufro adre, VII msoflio krebis trapezunteli mitropolitis xelmoweridan Cans 787 wlisaTvis mas hqonda tituli `mitropoliti fasidisa~ e.i. fasisisa. maSasadame, saeklesio geografiam (n. adoncis sityvebia) TviT iustinianes brZanebiT Semoinaxa da SeinarCuna Tavdapirveli saxelmwifo administraciuli saxeli, `eparqia lazikeSi~.

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lazikis samitropolitos geografiuli areali

sad mdebareobda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis samitropolito? XX s-is qarTuli istoriografiis mixedviT, es sakiTxi, TiTqosda, garkveuli iyo, rac asaxulia mraval gamokvlevaSi. aRiarebuli azriT, is dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdebareobda, magram upirvelesi wyaros, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoTa nusxebis monacemebi ar eTanxmeba am Tvalsazriss. kerZod, umravles nusxaSi CamoTvlilia lazikaSi mdebare trapezuntis samitropolitos Semdegi kaTedrebi: 1. xeriani; 2. xamaZuri (xamuzuri, xamazri, xamatozuri); 3. xaxei (xali, xaioni, xalxevi); 4. paiperti (paiperi); 5. keramevi; 6. lerioni; 7. bizana (bizanti); 8. xaviZiti; 9. xanZiorZi; 10. olnuti; 11. fasiani; 12. (to)sermanZi; 13. andaki; 14. zarinaki (georgika, IV, nawili II, 1952, gv. 185). es saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen miwa-wyalze trapezuntidan vanis tbamde. es sia asaxavs ZiriTadad IX-X saukuneTa viTarebas. maSasadame, miwa-wyalze, romelsac konstantinopoli uwodebda lazikas, ganlagebuli iyo trapezuntis samitropolito Tavisi 14 kaTedriT da Cveni ganxilvis sagania moviZioT am kaTedrebis geografiuli ganlageba. rogorc cnobilia, bizantiur samyaroSi saepiskoposo centrebi xalxmraval qalaqebSi arsdeboda, Sesabamisad, lazikis CamoTvlili kaTedrebi albaT mniSvnelovan qalaqebSi mdebareobdnen. aRniSnul cxrilebSi (noticiebSi) ucvlelad meordeba iseTi kaTedrebis saxelwodebebi, rogoricaa lerioni, olnuti, andaki da sxva. am saxelis mqone qalaqebis adgilmdebareoba cnobilia. kerZod, lerioni iyo trapezuntis mTianeTSi, misgan daaxloebiT 70 km-iT daSorebuli. andaki Teodosiopolissa da kars (yarss) Sua iyo, xolo olnuti araqsisa da evfratis saTaveebTan axlos. yvelani isini ganlagebulni iyvnen im qveyanaSi, romelsac romaelebi ufro metad armenias uwodebdnen, magram iqve, araqsis iqiT miuTiTebdnen iberiis sazRvars. erTi sityviT, isini mdebareobdnen vanis tbasa da trapezunts Soris. xom ar iyvnen am regionSi sxva saepiskoposoebic lazikis eparqiisa? cxadia, aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi qalkedonurni iyvnen, amave dros, armeniad saxelwodebul qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen. amis gamo Cvenma Ziebam moiTxova gavcnobodiT istoriul somxeTSi qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebis ganlagebas. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli ZiriTadi gamokvlevebi ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia moskovSi dastambul `pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ III tomSi. am tomis statiaSi `somexi qalkedonitebi~ CamoTvlilia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali eparqiebi, maT Soris aRniSnuli lerionisa da sxva kaTedrebi da aRniSnulia, rom isini mdebareobdnen `somxur miwebze~.

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`pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ am Tvalsazrisisagan mTlianad gansxvavdeba berZnul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli faqtebi, magaliTad, konstantinopolis noticiebSi anu wyaroebSi, maT uwodebdnen `saepiskoposoebs lazikaSi~ da ara `armeniaSi~, aRniSnul statias Tan axlavs ruka, romelzec TiTqmis yvela im saepiskoposos mdebareobaa aRniSnuli, romlebic noticiebiT `lazikis samitropolitos~ ganekuTnebodnen (ix. statia (. ., . III, ., 2001). rukaze, rogorc iTqva, aRniSnulia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos trapezuntis, aseve ekelesenis, xorZenesa da taronis samitropolitoebis, aseve antioqiis sapatriarqos Teodosiopolisis (karinis) eparqiis marTlmadidebluri (qalkedonuri) kaTedrebi. CvenTvis saintereso rukaze mravali saepiskoposos adgilmdebareobaa aRniSnuli, romelic trapezuntis e.w. lazikis samitropolitoSi imyofeboda. aRniSnulia noticiebSi CamoTvlili lerionis, Sarianis (xerianis), bizanas, baiberdis (paipertis), olnutis, andakis, xaxis (xaxeis), xanZiorZis (xorZena?) da sxva saepiskoposoebi, da isini ganlagebulni arian trapezuntidan TiTqmis vanis tbamde. aqedan Cans, rom X-XI s-is dasawyisidan eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT konstantinopoli lazikas uwodebda vrcel mxares vanis tbidan trapezuntamde, sadac aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi iyvnen ganlagebulni. ismis kiTxva _ ratom unda ewodebina konstantinopols am vrceli teritoriisTvis (vanis tbis momijnave qveynebidan trapezuntis CaTvliT) lazika? marTlac, aRniSnul miwa-wyalze mravali marTlmadidebluri saepiskoposo iyo, maT Soris iseTebic, romelnic mcxeTis sapatriarqos eqvemdebarebodnen. magaliTad, arc Tu Sors vanis tbidan, iyo valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposo, konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semaval andakis kaTedridan arc Tu moSorebiT iyvnen anisisa da karis qarTuli saepiskoposoebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, konstantinopoli `lazikas~ uwodebda vrcel teritorias, romelnic qarTul wyaroebSi moixsenebian viTarca `zemoni qveyanani~, taosa da vanis tbas Soris moqceuli teritoria. qarTuli `zemo qveynebisa~ da mimdebare miwa-wyals rom moicavda konstantinopolis samitropolito lazikaSi, iqidanac Cans, rom aqaa ganlagebuli misi saepiskoposoebis mniSvnelovani nawili, magaliTad andakis kaTedra _ mdinare araqsze (mis zemo welSi), manaskertTan axlos, evfratis saTaveSi mdebare olnutis kaTedra. TiTqmis `zemo qveynebis~ miwa-wyalze mdebareobdnen bizanasa da xorZenes saepiskoposoebi, xolo baiberdis, xaxis, kerCanisisa, xerianisa da lerionis saepiskoposoebi istoriul spersa, WaneTsa da mimdebare miwebze mdebareobdnen. mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnuli `zemo qveynebi~, anu taosa da vanis tbas Soris moqceuli miwa-wyali bizantiam CamoarTva saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-is dros, iq Camoyalibebul marTl-

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madideblur samitropolitosTvis `lazikis eparqia~ uwodebiaT. unda aRiniSnos, rom TiTqmis mis momcvel teritoriaze, aseve Camoayalibes bizantiuri samoqalaqo administraciuli erTeuli `iberiis Temi~, anu is miwebi, romlebic arabobamde `armeniad~ iwodeboda, X saukunis Semdeg eklesiurad lazikad, administraciulad iberiad da qaldead iwoda _ vanis tbidan trapezuntamde. maSasadame, zemoT aRniSnuli monacemebidan gamomdinare, unda davaskvnaT: konstantinopolis sapatriarqo IX-X saukuneebSi lazikas uwodebda vrcel mxares trapezuntidan vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, sadac trapezuntis samitropolitos kaTedrebi iyvnen ganlagebulni. am vrceli miwa-wylis SuagulSi saTaves iRebs iseTi cnobili mdinareebi, rogorica araqsi da evfrati. es miwa-wyali istoriulad qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, swored amis anarekli, anda realuri viTarebis gadmocemis Sedegia is, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqom `lazika~ uwoda aRniSnul miwa-wyals, amiT xazi gaesva mis mcxovrebTa eTnikur vinaobas. saxelwodebebi `lazikis eparqia~ da `iberiis Temi~ aRniSnul dros warmoaCens realur suraTs, rom bizantiam cno vanis tbidan anisamde da trapezuntamde mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikuri vinaoba _ maTi qarTveloba, radganac iqamde, kerZod ki arabobamde, am miwa-wyals bizantia oficialurad `armenias~ uwodebda. arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, rac somxur eklesias ukve unari aRar Seswevda Tavisi zewola ganexorcielebina mkvidr qarTvelebze, IX-X ss-Si, gamococxlda iqamde Sesustebuli eTnikuri TviTSemecneba iqauri mkvidri qarTvelebisa, amitomac arabebisagan gaTavisuflebul miwa-wyalze bizantielebs daxvda sxva suraTi _ mkvidri mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili, mcxovrebni evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebSi, vidre vanis tbamde da anisamde, mkveTrad acxadebda, rom eTnikurad iyvnen ara somxebi, aramed qarTvelebi. iyo Tu ara amisaTvis safuZveli? saqme isaa, rom aRniSnuli miwa-wyali imTaviTve qarTuli iyo. misi istoriuli warsulis Sesaxeb wers pavle ingoroyva _ `antikuri xanis saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT irkveva, rom antikur xanaSi, vidre II-I ss-mde Zveli welTaRricxvisa, qarTuli tomebiT dasaxlebuli iyo ara mxolod mtkvrisa da Woroxis xeobebi, aramed qarTvel tomebs eWiraT agreTve, araqsisa da evfratis xeobaTa zemoweli, saxeldobr, xorZene, pariadris mTianeTi (mardaliis zona), basianis mxareni, araqsis saspereTi... karini, derWani, akileseni, muZuri (antitavrosis mxare, ix. straboni, wigni XI, Tavi XVI, 5, qsenofonte, anabasisi, wigni IV, Tavi VI, 5, VII, 8, 25). strabonis cnobiT, umravlesoba am provinciebisa saqarTvelom dakarga politikurad II-I ss-Si Zv. welTaRricxvisa, rodesac somxeTma gaavrcela Tavisi gavlena evfratisa da araqsis xeobaTa am seqtorebze. I s-Si axali welTaRricxvisa, rodesac iberiam did politikur Zlierebas miaRwia, man SeZlo isev daebrunebina es qveynebi. plinius sekundis cnobebidan irkveva,

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rom I saukunis 60-ian wlebSi iberiis farglebSi Sedioda rogorc mesxeTis qveyana (romelic am dros moicavda zemo mtkvrisa da Woroxis xeobebs da araqsis auzis sanapiro zonas), ise amis mezobeli pontos qarTuli tomebis (xalibebis jgufis) teritoria evfratis xeobaSi. es teritoriebi moqceulia iberiis farglebSi, rogorc I saukuneSi, ise II s-is pirvel naxevarSi, rodesac iberia Zlierebis zenits aRwevs. momdevno xanaSi iberia isev hkargavs am qveynebs. mas Semdeg iwyeba am mxareTa TandaTanobiT eTnikuri gadagvareba, Tumca saSualo saukuneTa dasawyisSi (yovel SemTxvevaSi VII saukunemde, rogorc es irkveva wyaroebidan), am qveynebs jer kidev hqoniaT SerCenili qarTuli saxe. saqarTvelo ar Serigebia am mxareTa dakargvas da saSualo saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelo cdilobda SemoeerTebina araqsis da evfratis xeobebSi mdebare es adrindeli qarTuli mxareebi. es aris swored is `zemoni qveyanani~, romlis Semomtkicebasac cdilobda qarTvelTa samefo X-XI saukuneebSi da romlis gamoc qarTvelTa samefos konfliqti hqonda bizantiis imperiasTan~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 517). maSasadame, II-I saukuneebSi aRniSnuli miwa-wyali, romelzec Semdgom X saukunisaTvis ganlagebuli iyo trapezuntis samitropolitos kaTedrebi _ dasaxlebuli iyo qarTuli tomebiT, marTalia, isini moeqcnen armeniaSi da iqauri mkvidri qarTveloba (igulisxmeba vanis tbidan trapezuntamde mcxovrebi mosaxleoba), ganicdida erovnul da enobriv Seviwroebas, magram p. ingoroyvas kvleviT, maT mainc VII s-mde SeunarCunebiaT qarTulenovneba. Cven SegviZlia davamatoT, rom qarTuli mosaxleobis arcTu umniSvnelo nawilma kidev ufro didxans SeinarCuna sakuTari erovneba. amas miuTiTebs 1. konstantine porfirogenetis xazgasmiTi miTiTebani, rom Teodosiopolisis (karinis _ karnu-qalaqis da misi Semogarenis) mosaxleoba, TiTqmis naxevari saukune uwevda did winaaRmdegobas bizantiur jarebs, qarTvelebi ki maT icavden, ar anebebdnen blokadas, roca bizantielebi moiTxovdnen maT faqtiurad SimSiliT amoxocvas. 2. aRniSnul miwa-wyalze qarTuli saepiskoposoebis daarseba; 3. am adgilebidan gamosuli qarTveli berebis mudmivi miTiTebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom isini eTnikurad arian qarTvelebi, rom isini ar arian somxebi (magaliTad, roca giorgi mTawmidelis epoqaSi antioqiis patriarqs moaxsenes iqauri iberTa monastris berebis Sesaxeb _ `ara vuwyiT qarTvelni arian Tu somexni~, wmida mamis mier maTi qarTvelobis mtkiceba); 5. qarTuli toponimebisa da hidronimebis bolo dromde arseboba; 6. aRniSnuli mxareebidan gamosuli qarTvelebis didi Zalisxmeva, rom qarTuli wmida wignebidan aRmoefxvraT somxuridan redaqtirebis yovelgvari nakvalevi 7. Zlieri qarTulenovani samrevloebis arseboba. magaliTad, Cven viciT, Tu ra didi gavlena da wona hqonda valaSkertel episkopos zaqarias, rom is bizantiis samefo karze icavda qarTvelTa ufle-

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bebs imiT, rom cdilobda bizantia-saqarTvelos morigebas. vfiqrob, rom valaSkertis qarTveli mrevli rom ar yofiliyo mravalricxovani da Zlieri, misi mRvdelmTavaric ar iqneboda iseTi gavlenis mqone, rogoric iyo zaqaria, anda anisis qarTuli mrevlis mravalricxovneba da siZliere. anisSi qarTuli mrevli mravalricxovani rom iyo da moicavda mosaxleobis dabal fenebsac, Cans am qalaqis eklesiis kedlis warweridan. qarTlis kaTalikosi ar CaTvlida saWirod anisSi sagangebod Casvlas da misi umniSvnelo mrevlisa da misi samRvdeloebis morigebas. amasTan, man am regionSi mravali sxva qarTuli eklesiebic akurTxa. marTalia, anisi daSorebulia valaSkerts, magram aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT berZen-romael avtorTa cnobebi, rom iberielebsa da armenielebs erT dros araqsi hyofdaT, maSasadame, araqsis marcxena sanapiroze, maT Soris anisSi, qarTuli mosaxleoba mkvidri eTnosi iyo, maTi iq cxovreba bunebrivad unda CaiTvalos. Seiyvana kidec bizantiam anisi iberiis TemSi, xolo mis samxreTiT mdebare teritoria _ lazikis saeklesio TemSi. sabWoTa periodSi sxva Tvalsazrisi Camoyalibda. TiTqosda, IX-X s-Si moxda qarTizacia _ gaqarTveleba mTeli am mxareebis, `klarjeTisa da taosi~ (maTi azriT, valaSkertis, yarsisa da anisis mosaxleobisac), aseve mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosi (imJamindeli afxazeTisa) da hereT-qvemo qarTlisa. ra Zala unda hqonoda arabebis saamiros gavlenis sferoSi moqceul Sida qarTls, rom aseTi qarTizaciis procesi ganexorcielebina masze 10-jer da 20-jer ufro did mxareebSi klarjeTidan _ valaSkert-vanis tbamde, lixidan _ nikofsiamde da bodbedan _ Samaxamde maSin, roca arabTa mier dapyrobili Sida qarTli arc ki iyo politikuri erTeuli, xolo aRniSnuli mxareebi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen. sinamdvileSi, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg am mxareebSi aRorZinda, iqamde, iq minavlebuli erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecneba.

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miwa-wyali lazikis eparqiisa

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos trapezuntis samitropolito lazikeSi, rogorc iTqva, mdebareobda miwa-wyalze trapezuntidan TiTqmis vanis tbamde, radganac aq mdebareobdnen misi kaTedrebi andakisa, olnutisa, xorZenasi, bizanasi, paipertisa (baiberdisa), lerionisa da sxva. rogorc TviT samitropolitos saxeli `lazika~ uCvenebs, konstantinopols miaCnda, rom aRniSnuli miwa-wyali eTnikuri qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom trapezuntidan vidre vanis tbamde areali qarTvelTa sacxovrisi yofiliyo? p. ingoroyvas miaCnda, rom `saqarTvelos interesebi am mxareTa mimarT imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom `aRmosavleTis~ es teritoriebi (`zemoni qveyanani~), mdebare evfratisa da araqsis xeobaTa zemo nawilebSi (karini-Teodosiopolisis mxare, basiani da mimdgomi Temebi), antikur xanaSi saqarTvelosTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni, qarTuli tomebiT iyvnen dasaxlebulni, qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvaweebi miznad isaxavdnen saqarTvelos Zveli istoriuli teritoriebis gaerTianebas qarTvelTa samefos farglebSi~ (p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, 1954, gv. 65). `aRmosavleTis qveynebze~, anu teritoriebze (Teodosiopolisidan (arzrumidan) vanis tbamde) bizantia rom aRiarebda qarTvelTa uflebebs, miuTiTebs is xelSekrulebebi, romelic ideboda bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, romlis mixedviTac iberielebs SeeZloT arabebis mier daWerili Teodosiopolisis da `aRmosavleTis~ yvela im qalaqebis daWera, romelTac gaaTavisuflebdnen (iqve, gv. 65). male qarTulma laSqarma did warmatebas miaRwia. aRniSnuli miwa-wylis qalaqebisa da soflebis mosaxleobas qarTuli laSqari yovelmxriv exmareboda, Tavis mxriv madlieri mosaxleoba emxroboda qarTul jars da did winaaRmdegobas uwevda bizantiurs TviT konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT. sabolood, bizantiam daadgina sazRvari saqarTvelosTan konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi (X s-is Sua wlebSi). iberia-bizantiis sazRvari gadioda md. araqsze. imperatori TviTonve wers _ `sazRvrad basianis (fasianis) mxareSi dadgenilia mdinare araqsi anu fasisi; iberielebis samflobelod rCeba marcxena (CrdiloeTi) nawili, romelic akravs iberias, xolo marjvena nawili (samxreTi), romelic akravs Teodosiopoliss, Tavisi cixeebiTa da soflebiT uerTdeba Cvens sabrZanebels (bizantias). ase rom, mdinare dadgenilia sazRvrad am or samflobelos Soris~ (iqve, gv. 66). magram qarTuli mxare amiT ar dakmayofilda da eZebda saSualebas, raTa vanis tbis mimdebare qveynebic gaeTavisuflebina. es mimarTuleba saocnebo da saintereso iyo qarTvelebisaTvis, radganac araqs-evfrat-vanistbispira mkvidr mosaxleobas gaumZafrda erovnuli TviTSemecneba, maT ukve eZleodaT saSualeba daufaravad ganecxadebinaT, rom eTnikurad da erovnulad qarTvelebi iyvnen. amitomac qarTul laSqarsa da qarTul saxelmwifos

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aq yvela gza exsneboda mkvidri mosaxleobis mxardaWeris gamo. bizantiamac gadawyvita barda skliarosis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg es mxareebi gadaeca saqarTvelosaTvis, kerZod, ki gadasca daviT did kurapalats _ qarTvelTa mefes. `saxeldobr, saqarTvelos X saukunis bolos SemouerTda Semdegi provinciebi: 1. TviT Teodosiopoli anu karini (Tanamedrove arzrumi), Tavisi TemiT, romelic dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi mdebareobs; 2. cixe xaltoiariWi da masTan mdebare klisura amave dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi; 3. Cormairis Temi _ mdinare Woroxis saTaveebTan; 4. samxreT basianis Temi mdinare araqsis xeobaSi; 5. cixe sevuki Tavisi TemiT (mardaliis kantoni) mdinare araqsis saTaveebTan; 6. harqisa da 7. apahunis provnciebi aRmosavleT evfratis (arawanis) xeobaSi (ix. asoRiki, 1883, gv. 192)~ (iqve, gv. 67). 978-990 wlebSi, qarTulma jarma SemoierTa aRmosavleT evfratis xeobis miwebi, Cans, imis gamo, rom valaSkertisa da bagrevandis vinaoba gamoRviZebulma qarTvelobam is miipatiJa (iqve, gv. 67). 990 wels amave xeobaSi qarTvelebma aiRes qalaqi manaskerti da aqedan musulmanebi gandevnes, qalaqi ara marto somxebiT, aramed adgilobrivi qarTvelebiTac dausaxlebiaT. taodan klarjeTidan da, miTumetes, Sida qarTlidan iseT daSorebul, vanis tbasTan mdebare qalaqSi qarTvelebs ver Camoasaxlebdenen, amitomac asoRikis cnoba, rom qarTvelTa samefom qalaqi manaskerti qarTvelebiT daasaxla, unda miuTiTebdes, am qalaqis mimdebare soflebSi qarTvelebic cxovrobdnen, iqve, valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposos arseboba am faqts adasturebs. valaSkertis saepiskoposo mravali saukune arsebobda, rac miuTiTebs, rom misi mrevli maxlobel qalaqebsa da soflebSic cxovrobda. `X saukunis 90-ian wlebSi qarTvelTa samefos sazRvrebma vanis tbamde miaRwia. 997 wels qarTvelebma alya Semoartyes vanis tbis napiras mdebare mniSvnelovan qalaq xlaTs, 998 wels qarTvelebma ukuaqcies musulmanTa didi koalicia da qarTvelTa samefos sazRvari miitanes qalaq arWeSis sanaxebamde (vanis tbis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiromde) (iqve, gv. 68). qarTulma jarma X saukuneSi gmirulad gaaTavisufla dampyroblebisagan erovnuli teritoriebi vanis tbamde, magram es mouTmeneli aRmoCnda bizantiisaTvis. male, mefe giorgi I-is dros, bizantiam qarTuli jaris mier gaTavisuflebuli aRniSnuli miwa-wyali saqarTvelos CamoarTva da Tavis imperiaSi Seiyvana, ramac asaxva hpova saeklesio sferozec, _ am miwa-wyalze arsebuli saepiskoposoebi moeqca konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi, kerZod ki lazikis samitropolitoSi.

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lazikis samitropolitos teritoriebis zrda

arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, e.w. `dasavleT armeniis~ didi nawili bizantiam dakarga. mis xelSi iyo mxolod sanapiro miwa-wyali. VIII-IX saukuneebidan, arabTa gandevnis kvaldakval gaTavisuflebul qalaqebSi Camoyalibda mravali saepiskoposo. konstantinopolma gadawyvita Camoeyalibebina axali eparqia trapezuntiT saTaveSi. amisTvis man daaarsa `trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~. am axali samitropolitos teritoria gadaWimuli iyo trapezuntis momijnave mTianeTSi, yofil Wanika-speris mxares. is TandaTanobiT farTovdeboda gaTavisuflebuli qalaqebis SemoerTebis kvaldakval. mas, rogorc aRiniSna, ewoda `samitropolito lazikaSi~. masSi Sevida basianis mxare, vanis tbis momijnave teritoriebi, erTi sityviT, masSi moeqca yofili e.w. `fasisis~, anu fasianis eparqia, romelic iqamde zigana-Teodosiopolisis ares moicavda (masSi Sevida yofili petriosis (TeodosiopolisTan axlos?), rodopolisis, saisinis (abaSis mTasTan mdebare qalaqis) da ziganas saepiskoposoebi). axla ukve am Zveli qalaqebis adgilas axali qalaqebi iyvnen aRmocenebulni, axali saxelebiT, maT garda lazikis eparqiaSi mravali qalaqis saepiskoposo moeqca TviT vanis tbamde. eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, Tavdapirvelad, `lazika~ erqva trapezuntis momijnave mTianeTis qveyanas, mas erqva eparqia lazikaSi, is moicavda am mcire qveyanas, magram mas Semdeg, rac samitropolitos sazRvrebSi TviT vanis tbac ki moeqca, mTel vrcel eparqias mieca saxeli lazikisa da `samitropolito lazikaSi~ ewoda da daeqvemdebara trapezuntis mitropolits. SemdgomSi, 1204 w., bizantiis teritoriaze Camoyalibda `trapizonis samefo, romelic ZiriTadad qarTveluri tomebiT _ lazebiT iyo dasaxlebuli~ (saq. istoriis narkvevebi, III, gv. 602).

trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposo kaTedrebi georgikis mixedviT

(georgika, nakveTi II, 1952, gv. 185) 1. xeriani; 2. xamaZuri (xamatoZuri); 3. paiperti (paiperti); 4. keramevi; 5. lerioni; 6. bizana (bizanti); 7. zarnaki; 8. xaxei (xali, xaioni, xalxevi); 9. xaviZiti;

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10. (to) sermanZi; 11. olnuti; 12. andaki; 13. fasiani; 14. sakabis; 15. xanZiorzi.

trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi -s mixedviT

(`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ t. III, 2001, gv. 328) 1. Sariani 2. kelkiti 3. sarCamaZori 4. baiberdi 5. kerCanisi 6. lerioni 7. mananaRi 8. bizana 9. Zernaki 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. mcurni xaxi xavCiCi sermanci elancberdi andaki baseni sukaveti xantierci

trapezuntis mitropolia lazikeSi da e.w. somexqalkedonitTa kaTedrebi

`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ (2001, t. III, statia `somexi-qalkedonitebi~) somxur qalkedonur eparqiebad miiCnevs im saepiskoposoebs, romelnic gaerTianebulni iyvnen trapezuntis samitropolitoSi, maSin, roca konstantinopolis sapatriarqos noticiaTa dedanSi maTi saxeli oficialurad aseTia: `trapezuntis mitropolia lazikeSi~ (ix. georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 185). e.i dedani am saepiskoposoTa kaTedrebs aTavsebs lazikaSi da arafers mianiSnebs maTi somxurobis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, `pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ statiaSi isini mainc somxur saepiskoposoebad miiCneva: `ukve VI-VII saukuneebSi arsebobdnen somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebi mcire armeniaSi, isini Sediodnen bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoebis X s-is dasawyisis nusxaSi moyvanilia saxelwodebebi marTlmadidebluri kaTedrebisa somxur miwa-wyalze. trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Sedioda saepiskoposoebi Sariani da kelkiti md. gailgetze (Tanamedrove kelkiti), sarCamaZori karinis axlos, baiberdi, kerCanisi, leri-

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oni, mananali, bizana, Zenaki, mcurni, xaxi, xavCiCi, sermanci, elancberdi, andaki, basen, suskavet, xantierci. ekelesenis, xorZenasa da taronis samitropolitoebSi Sedioda 21 saepiskoposo kaTedra, maT Soris xorZena. taroni, muSi, xaciuni, mancikerti (manaskerti), arWeSi, arcke, amiuki, berkri, vostani~ (`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, t. III, 2001, gv. 300). sxva suraTs gvaZlevs dedani, georgikaSi dabeWdili noticiebis mixedviT VII s. epifane kviprelis Sedgenili nusxa aseTia: 17. polemonis pontoSi (neokesariis mitropolia) episkoposebi 1. trapezuntisa 2. kerasuntisa 3. polemonionisa 4. komanisa mitropoliti 27. lazikeSi fasidis=fasisis mitropoliti episkoposebi: 1. rodopolisisa 2. saesinis (abisenisa) 3. petrisa 4. ziganasi yvela noticiis SejerebiT miRebulia: `mitropoliti 33. trapezuntis mitropolia lazikeSi, lazikisa (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 184). episkoposebi 1. xerianis 2. xamaZuris (xamatoZuris) 3. xaxeis (xalis, xaonis, xalxevis) 4. paiperis (paipertis) 5. keramevis 6. lerionis 7. bizanis (bizantis) 8. sakabis 9. xaviZitis 10. xanZiorzis 11. olnutis 12. fasianis 13. (to)serman Zis 14. andakis 15. zarinakis~

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rogorc vxedavT, lazikis saepiskoposoebis momcvel miwa-wyals somexi mecnierebi uwodeben `armenias~, maSin roca bizantiuri saeklesio geografia mas uwodebs `lazikas~ da ara armenias, amitomac unda gairkves lazikisa da armeniis geografiuli urTierTmimarTeba. am sakiTxis rkvevas eZRvneba qvemoT sxvadasxva Tavebi.

I-V ss-Si lazika erqva trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleT mTianeTs

`trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~, berZnul kaTedraTa nusxebis Tanaxmad, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, moicavda Semdeg saepiskoposoebs _ xeriani, xamuzuri, xalxevi, paiperi, keramevi, lerioni, bizanti, sakabi, xaviZiti, xanZiorzi, olnuti, fasiani, tosermanZi, andaki da zarnaki (georgika, IV, nakv. II, 1952, gv. 185, noticia III). imave X saukunis Xa noticiis mixedviT, esenia: xeriani, xamazri, xaioni, paiperti, keramevi, lerioni da bizani _ saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi. `pravoslavnaia encikolopediaSi~ dabeWdili e.w. `somxur-qalkedonuri~ eparqiebis rukis mixedviT, es saepiskoposoebi ase iwodebian: lerioni, Sariani, gaili, kerCanisi, xaxi, baiberdi, bizana, xorZeni, olnuti, mrcuni, xaciuni da sxva. (ix. `pravosl. encik.~, III, 2001, gv. 328). aqedan absoluturad emTxveva saxelebi 1) lerioni; 2) bizana; 3) olnuti da sxva. ganvixiloT am Tanxvedril saepiskoposoTa adgilmdebareoba. isini ganlagebulni iyvnen trapezunt-nikopolis-sevastia-martiropolisis SemaerTebeli gzis (trapezunt-vanis tbis gzis) ekonomikur regionSi, romelSic CarTuli iyo Teodosiopolisic. gza trapezuntidan gaivlida WaneTis raionSi, gadakveTda md. kelkits, Sevidoda evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebis momcvel basianis (fasianis) regionSi da miuaxlovdeba vanis tbas _ gzasTan iyvnen ganlagebulni aRniSnuli `lazikis~ saepiskoposoebi, lazika noticiebis mixedviT aris regioni _ trapezunt-Wanika-basiani, somxuri X saukunis dasaxelebiT esenia karinis (karnu-qalaqis _ arzrumis) da kaisikis, anu basianis regionebi. maSasadame, trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi mdebareobdnen trapezunt-vanis tbis vrcel regionSi. am regionSi Sedis Wanikac. Cven gamovikvlieT ratom erqva am regions `lazika~ da berZnuli saeklesio geografia ratom arqmevda mas lazikis qveyanas. rogorc aRiniSna, saeklesio geografia asaxavda IV-V ss-is viTarebas, im epoqas, sanam iustiniane daipyrobda trapezuntis Crdilo zRvispira _ mxareebs da daaarsebda qalaq petras. `lazebi~ wyaroebSi pirvelad ixseniebian Zv. w. I saukuneSi memnonis `herakles istoriaSi~; mis cnobebs lazebis Sesaxeb imeorebdnen pliniusi,

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ptolemaiosi, ariane. lazebi maT mixedviT dasaxlebulni Canan trapezuntis midamoebSi, iq, sadac straboni asaxelebs sanebs. g. meliqiSvilis mosazrebiT, lazebi samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mTianeTidan Semdeg gadasaxldnen kolxeTis sanapiro zolSi. isini erevian baris Zvel, eniT axlos mdgom `mosaxleobas~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, q. SoSiaSvilis komentari, gv. 38). maSasadame, I-V ss-Si lazika erqva trapizonis samxreT-aRmosavleT mTianeTs, iustinianes dapyrobaTa kvaldakval lazika daerqva mis mezobel sanapiro mxaresac, e.i. saeklesio geografia asaxavda Zvel I-V ss-Ta viTarebas.

ratom ewoda trapezuntis eparqias `samitropolito lazikaSi~

noticiebis mixedviT, `trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~ moicavda trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT vanis tbis mimarTulebiT gadaSlil vrcel mxares. ratom ewoda mas (am mxares) eklesiurad lazika? Zveli berZnuli da laTinuri wyaroebiT, trapezunti kolxebis qveyanaSi agebuli qalaqi iyo. is kolxebis miwaze dauarsebiaT sinopel moaxalSeneebs. kolxebi, herodotes epoqaSi, kidev ufro samxreTiT md. TermodontTan cxovrobdnen. qsenofontes dros ki trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. es is mimarTulebaa, sadac SemdgomSi lazikis samitropolitos iurisdiqcia ganivrco. qsenofonte fasianebs uwodebda md. araqsis, evfratis da Woroxis saTaveebSi mdebare qveynis mosaxleobas. marTlac, trapezuntidan arc Tu moSorebiT iRebda saTaves mdinareebi _ Woroxi, evfrati da araqsi. samive am mdinares, rogorc aRiniSna, saTaveebSi fasisi erqva, xolo iqaur mosaxleobas `fasianebi~. es saTaveebic, anu fasianTa qveyana (SemdgomSi mis erT nawils basiani, berZnulad ki fasiani ewoda) lazikis eparqiaSi iyo moqceuli. rogorc cnobilia, am mxareebSi iwyeboda mesxebis igive kolxebis sacxovrisi. mesxebisa da kolxebis eTnikuri erTgvarovnebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda qristeSobamde hekatos mileteli. hekatos miletelis Tanaxmad, `kolxebi mosxebi arian~ (Hecat. fr. 185,188), n. keWaymaZis sityviT, `kolxi mesxia, koraqsia, kolaa. mosxebi kolxTa tomia, andria mociqulis aRweraSi `kolxni~ ar ixmareba. epifane konstantinopolelis TxzulebaSi (VIII s.) _ `andria mivida trapezuntSi, lazikis qalaqSi~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 225). kolxTa tomis Zlierebis dacemis Semdeg qveyanaSi gabatondnen lazebi. prokofi kesarieli wers _ `zogierTi ambobs, rom trapezuntelTa mosazRvreni arian sanebi (Wanebi)

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an kolxebi, sxvanairad lazebs rom eZaxian... kolxebi ki SeuZlebelia ar iyvnen igive lazebi, vinaidan fasisis mdinareze mosaxleoben, xolo saxeli `kolxebi~ amJamad `lazTa~ saxelad Seicvala, werda prokofi, wignSi _ omi goTebTan, VIII, 1. (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, n. keWaymaZis komentari, gv. 73). prokofi kesarielis am cnobiT lazebi iyvnen `trapezuntelTa mosazRvreni~, e.i. lazebi prokofis dros trapezuntis regionSi cxovrobdnen. maSasadame, yvela berZnuli wyaros cnobiT, kolxebi mosaxleobdnen trapezuntTan, kolxebs Semdeg lazebi ewodaT. lazikis eparqiis daarsebis dros lazebi (igive kolxebi, igive mosxebi) mosaxleobdnen trapezuntis samxreTiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, amitomac aq daarsebuli mravali saepiskoposo SemdegSi gaerTianda kidec lazikis samitropolitoSi, romlis centri trapezunti iyo.

trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi da antioqiis iurisdiqcia istoriul iberiaSi

cnobilia, rom lerionisa da bizanas saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen istoriul WaneTsa da mis mimdebare regionSi md. Woroxis da kelkitis (gailgetis) saTaveebSi, vidre arzrumamde (Teodosiopolisamde) _ am regionSi mdebareobda Semdgomi giumiSxanec _ trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mTian regionSi _ es iyo `lazika~ saeklesio geografiis mixedviT. aqve, amave zolSia paipertis (baiberdis) saepiskoposo. `lazika~ (anu trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi) moicavda istoriul WaneTs da mis momijnave qarTul regionebs. VII msoflio krebis xelismomweri trapezunteli mitropoliti ramdenjerme aRniSnavs krebis oqmSi, rom trapezunti da fazisi aris erTi da igive qalaqi. is wers: `mitropoliti fasidisa anu trapezuntisa~. fasidifadisa-fasisi iyo mravali, erT-erTi yofila TviT trapezunti an qalaqi trapezuntTan axlos. arabTa mier bizantiuri miwebis dapyrobis dros fasisis samitropolitos zogierTi saepiskoposo qalaqi, moeqca arabTa mflobelobaSi. X saukunis bolos bizantiis imperiam daibruna teritoriebi aRmosavleTiT, magaliTad XI saukunis dasawyisSi baiberdis saepiksoposo, aseve lerionis saepiskoposo, magram bizanis da xorZenis saepiskoposoebi arabTa xelqveS iyo. am process asaxavda iurisdiqciac _ Sesabamisad imisa, Tu rogor farTovdeboda bizantiis imperia _ trapezuntis samitropolitoc zrdida Tavisi qalaqebis ricxvs (ibrunebda am qalaqebs). aRsaniSnavia, rom arabul miwebze mdebare saepiskoposoebi _ antioqiis patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi eqceoda. magaliTad, taoSi kalmaxis da fanaskertis saepiskoposoebi antioqiis xelqveS yofila. tao ki `qarTvelTa samefos~ anu samxreT iberi-

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is centraluri olqi iyo, iq Tu antioqias Tavisi saepiskoposoebi hqonda, cxadia idavebda saqarTvelos eklesiasTan, raTa SeenarCunebina Tavis iurisdiqciaSi es eparqiebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gaerTianebis procesis kvaldakval. am davis asaxvas unda warmoadgendes `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobili CanarTebi VIII-XI ss-Si antioqiis mier iveriis eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobis Sesaxeb. Cans antioqiam e.w. `iveriis~ am qarTul miwa-wyalze Tavisi saepiskoposoebi daarsa arabobis epoqaSi. iqamdec es miwa-wyali bizantiis mier iyo xeldebuli. safiqrebelia, rom arabebma taoSi konstantinopolis saqmianoba Seaferxes, magram antioqia naklebad SezRudes, amitomac taoSi antioqiis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca kalmaxisa da fanaskertis saepiskoposoebi. somxuri eklesia 726 wlis manaskertis krebis Semdeg mtkiced miemxro monofizitur orientacias ramac gaaRiziana taos am saepiskopoTa marTlmadideblebi. isini gamovidnen somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciidan da eZebdnen maxlobel marTlmadideblur centrs, raTa mis iurisdiqciaSi Sesuliyvnen. aseTi ki aRmoCnda teritoriulad maTTvis uaxloesi arzrumis antioqiuri saeklesio centri, romlis mecadineobiT kalmaxisa da fanaskertis marlmadidebluri eparqiebi aRmoCndnen antioqiis xelqveS. xolo mas Semdeg rac vinaoba gaRviZebuli taos sxva samrevloebma gadawyvites saqarTvelos eklesiasTan gaerTianeba kalmax-fanaskertis samrevloebmac igive gadawyvites, anu gamosvla antioqiis iurisdiqciidan da Sesvla mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi; ramac daZabulobaTa mTeli procesebi warmoSva wm. giorgi mTawmidelis dros antioqiisa da saqarTvelos sapatriarqoebs Soris. iSxnis taZris kedlis erT-erTi warwera, rom erT-erTi iSxneli episkoposis kurTxevaSi konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval trapezuntel mitropolits miuRia monawileoba _ miuTiTebs, rom taos marTlmadidebeli mrevli aqtiurad eZebda saSualebebs, raTa kanonikuri samarTlis Sesabamisi saxe hqonoda somxuri saeklesio uRlisagan gaTavisuflebas da surda rac SeiZleba meti urTierToba hqonoda msoflio marTlmadidebel centrebTan, Tumca ki cxadia maTTvis erovnul qarTul eklesiaSi ukve didi xnis gaerTianebuli iyo.

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lazikis saepiskoposoebi
konstantinopolis lazikis saepiskoposoTa ganxilvis dros qarTveli istorikosebi axseneben mxolod oTx saepiskoposos fasisis samitropolitoSi (rodopolisisa, saisinisa (abisenisa), petrisa da Ziganevisa), magram Tvals xuWaven da TiTqmis arasodes axseneben nusxebSi CamoTvlil lazikis trapezuntis samitropolitos sxva eparqiebs. esenia: xeriani, xamaZuri, xaxei (xalxevi), paiperti, keramevi, lerionis, bizanis, sikamis, xaviZitis, xanZiorzis, olnutis, fasianis, tosermanZis, andakis da zarinakis. trapezunti, iqamde, sanam mas fasisis eparqia SeuerTdeboda, Sedioda polemonis pontos anu neokesariis mitropoliaSi kerasuntTan erTad. n. adoncis azriT, ziganas, rodopolisisa, saisinisa da petras saepiskoposoebi trapezuntsa da Teodosopoliss Sua mdebareobdnen. e.i. fasisis eparqia iwyeboda uSualod q. trapizonidan da moicavda mimdebare mTian regions, romelic romael-bizantielTa mier miekuTvneboda lazika _ Wanikas. igi moicavda fasis-araqsisa da fasis-Woroxis saTaveebs. Semdeg es eparqia daeqvemdebara trapezunts, anu Tu iqamde trapezunti sxva eparqiaSi Sedioda, axla TviT iqca lazikis eparqiis centrad, lazikis qveyanaSi samitropolito qalaqad da mas daeqvemdebara iqamde fasisis anu Wanikis eparqia, lazikas iqamde Tu mxolod oTxi saepiskoposo gaaCnda, droTa viTarebaSi arabebisagan miwebis gaTavisuflebasTan erTad, misi saepiskoposoebis ricxvi gaizarda da miwa-wyali gafarTovda. misma iurisdiqciam kvlav miaRwia md. fasisamde anu araqsamde da Semdeg, TiTqmis, vanis tbamde.

eklesiuri lazika vanis tbamde

Cveni TvalsazrisiT sparseTis mefe xosro petras miadga ara lixis qedis mxridan, aramed artaani-artanujis gziT, Teodosiopolis-dvinis mxridan. xosro miadga arsianis qeds, romelic gadalaxa artanujis gziT da Semdgom Woroxis gayolebiT miadga petras. es gza umoklesia im mimarTulebiT, sadac idga am omis wis sparseTis laSqari. jarisTvis ara mxolod usargeblo iqneboda Sori lixis qedis da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT Sesuliyo petraSi, aramed araracionaluric. amas verc aitanda sparsuli laSqari, Tundac dasavleT saqarTvelos Waobebis cieb-cxelebis gamo. cnobilia, rom qveyana petrasTan, romelic sparsulma laSqarma gaiara, lazikad iwodeboda. prokofi kesarielis dabejiTebuli cnobebiT, es iyo kldovani mxare, rogoricaa, marTlac, artaan-artanuj-Woroxis is mxareebi, sadac gaiara, Cveni azriT, xosrom da swored es mxare iwodeboda

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lazikad (zRvispira xufaT-rizesTan erTad). n. adoncis da ingoroyvas kvleviTac, aRniSnuli mxare (e.i. klarjeTi da e.w. `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~) lazikas ekuTvnoda. sazRvari bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, Cans, xufaTze ido (xofTan), radganac `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~ saqarTveloSi Semodioda. saqarTvelos meore CrdiloeTis sazRvari ki ido mdinare klisuraze (cxumTan). VI saukuneSi, roca sparseTma iberia daipyro, mTeli iberia mis xelSi aRmoCnda aRniSnul sazRvrebamde. n. adoncis cnobiT ki bizantiis sazRvari iustinianes mefobis dasawyisSi gadioda rizesTan axlos. iustinianes dasWirda omi da Zalisxmeva, raTa bizantiis sazRvari gadaetana Woroxis SesarTavamde, sadac man petras cixe aago. yovelive aRniSnuli gvesaWiroeba lazikis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis. iqamde, anu iustinianes mefobis dasawyisSi, roca imperiis sazRvari rizesTan iyo, lazika erqva teritorias trapezuntis maRla _ ziganadan rizemde. es iyo Zveli lazika, magram administraciulad is Seiyvanes sxva, kerZod, pirveli armeniis provinciaSi amis gamo, Zveli lazikis saxeli daiCrdila. Sesabamisad, iustinianes dros gaCnda axali lazika. es iyo rizedan Woroxamde moqceuli axladdapyrobili teritoria klarjeTis CaTvliT. erTi sityviT, lazika daerqva axal miwebsac, romelic kontroldeboda petras cixiT. es Cans iustinianes novelidanac, lazikisa da WaneTis Sesaxeb. swori iyo n. adonci, roca werda, rom `lazikeSi~ fazisis mitropolitis saepiskoposoebi _ rodopolisisa, saisinisa, petrasi da ziganasi mdebareobdnen mTianeTSi, cnobil qalaq ziganas regionSi. am qveyanas erqva kidec imJamad eklesiurad lazika. xolo mas Semdeg, rac iustinianem rizes CrdiloeTiT vidre Woroxamde teritoriebi miuerTa Tavis imperias _ am axal miwebsac `lazikis~ saxeli miekuTvna. es mitaceba miwisa sparseTma Tavis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saqmed miiCnia, radganac iberiis politikuri memkvidreoba dasakuTrebuli hqonda. iberiis sazRvari ki bizantiasTan, rogorc aRiniSna, xufaTTan (xofTan) gadioda. misi gadalaxva sparseTis sawinaaRmdego qmedeba iyo. arabebisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, vrceli miwa-wyali trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT `lazikad~ iwoda, radganac misi ZiriTadi nawili gaxda e.w. `Zveli lazika~ _ trapezuntis mTianeTi. rogorc aRiniSna, SemdgomSi mitropoliti `trapezuntisa lazikaSi~ Tavisi kaTedrebiT am vrcel teritoriaze iyo ganfenili (trapezuntidan TiTqmis vanis tbamde). maSasadame, eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, konstantinopoli lazikas uwodebda vrcel teritorias Woroxis SesarTavidan trapezuntamde da trapezuntidan vanis tbamde. am erTgvari rkalis SigniT moqceuli iyo saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saepiskoposoebi. maSasadame, aRniSnul teritoriaze, Woroxis SesarTavidan trapezuntamde da trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, xorcieldeboda ori marTlmadidebluri

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iurisdiqcia _ konstantinopolisa da mcxeTisa, antioqiasac, rogorc miiCneva, aq ramdenime eklesia ekuTvnoda.

`didi lazia~
bizantiis rRvevis Sedegad Seqmnili trapezuntis imperia dayofili iyo administraciul erTeulebad. s. karpovis Tanaxmad trapezuntis imperia warmoadgenda ase vTqvaT `genetikur~ memkvidres Zveli imperiis administraciul erTeul `qaldiis Temisa~, es axali saxelmwifo mas, TiTqosda, Caenacvla. dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT trapezuntis imperia Semdeg administraciul erTeulebad iyo dayofili _`filaboniti (md. xartiSdere), trikomia, trapezundi, maCka, paleomaCka, gemera, sirmena, rize, xolo samxreTidan am imperias icavda gamagrebuli raioni, romelsac ewodeboda `didi laziis~ Temi / fema~ (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007, gv. 159 rus. enaze). s. karpovis azriT, trapezuntis samxreTiT mdebare mTian raions, romelSic Sedioda ziganac, ewoda `didi lazia~, imis gamo, rom es iyo am qveynis Zveli saxeli (iqve, gv. 160). `didi lazia~ (erT-erTi administraciuli erTeuli trapezuntis imperiisa) gamoirCeoda kargi mebrZoli jariT. xvarazmis SahTan qarTvelTa omisas es jari saqarTvelos mxares idga (iqve, gv. 364). maSasadame, saxeli `didi lazia~ _ Zveli saxelwodebaa trapezuntis samxreTiT mdebare mTiani regionisa da bolomde SeinarCuna es saxeli. Tavdapirvelad es saxeli gamoCnda eklesiurad, radganac aq iyvnen ganlagebuli lazi episkoposebis kaTedrebi _ zigana, rodopolisi, saisini da petra. arabTa Semdeg da gansakuTrebiT trapezuntis imperiis arsebobisas saxeli lazia oficialur saxelad iqca (`didi lazia~). osmalTa epoqaSi es saxeli ufro ganivrco lazistanis formiT.

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afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Seqmnis gamocana

sazogadod miiCneva, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikosos gaaCnda didi saeklesio warsuli _ mociqulebidan vidre IV saukunis biWvinTel episkoposamde, romelic TiTqosda monawileobda I msoflio krebaSi. magram, rogorc aRmoCnda cnobili pitia anu pitiusi, pitiunti, romlis episkoposi monawileobda msoflio krebaSi mdebareobda ara afxazeTSi, aramed qarTvelTa Zvel samSobloSi trapezuntis regionSi, sadac IV smdec mdebareobda qalaqi pitia (igive pitiunti), aqve, amave olqSi da ara afxazeTSi, mdebareobda cnobili cixe-simagre sebastopolisi, romelsac iustiniane axsenebs Tavis novelebSi. Tu es asea, maSin afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoSoba ar ukavSirdeba berZnul sapatriarqoebs. piriqiT, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos imTaviTve qarTulenovneba, sakaTalikosos mrevlis qarTuli TviTSemecneba, mRvdelmTavarTa qarTul-patriotuli suliskveTeba, is wvlili, romelic afxazeTis sakaTalikosos moRvawe mamebma Seitanes qarTuli saeklesio kulturis Camoyalibeba-gavrcelebis saqmeSi (maTgan erT-erTi samagaliToa ioane minCxi), anda is wvlili, romelic afxazeTis mRvdelmTavrebs Sehqonda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi (magaliTad, Wyondidelebs), gvafiqrebinebs, rom afxazeTis saeklesio warsuli mcxeTasTan (anu erTian qarTul eklesiasTan) iyo dakavSirebuli IV saukunidanve, VIII saukunidan ki misi administraciuli TavisTavadoba politikuri garemos cvlilebis anarekli unda iyos. amasve uCvenebs Zveli qarTuli wyaroebi, romelTa monacemebi hiperkritikuli midgomis gamo uaryofili iqna XIXXX ss-Si qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad aRiarebisas (mefe mirianis dros) qarTlis samefos sazRvari dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadioda mdinare egriswyalze, Semdeg vaxtang gorgaslis dros es sazRvari ufro CrdiloeTiT md. klisuraze gavida. am cnobis mixedviT, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobam (aRniSnul sazRvramde) mirianis dros miiRo qristes naTeli. ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera dabejiTebiT miuTiTebs amis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom gelasi kesarielic miuTiTebs, rom wmida ninom gaaqristiana `iberebi da lazebi~. sakvlevia, misi aRniSnuli `lazebi~ dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tu trapezuntis regionSi cxovrobdnen, magram mainc es cnoba sainteresoa imiT, rom misi azriT wmida ninos moRvaweobis areali ar Semoifargleboda mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mxareebiT da is pontos zRvispireTis mosaxleobasac naTlavda. vaxtang gorgaslis dros qarTlisa da misi eklesiis gavlena kidev ufro ganmtkicda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. viTareba Seicvala VI saukuneSi _ bizantiam da sparseTma erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles yofili qarTlis samefos miwebi. dasavleT saqarTveloze maTi

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dava, TiTqmis saukune gagrZelda. dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sastikad isjeboda bizantielTa mier sparsuli orientaciisaTvis (albaT aseve iyo sparselTa mxrivac). prokofi kesarielisa da sxva wyaroTa cnobebiT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi tardeboda usastikesi samxedro eqspediciebi. bizantieli jariskacebi xocavdnen da spobdnen mTel tomebs, ar indobdnen qalebsa da bavSvebsac. am dros rogorc Cans, moxda mosaxleobis garkveuli gadaadgileba, wanacvleba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. savaraudoa, rom rionis baris mosaxleobam garkveulwilad wainacvla afxazeTisaken, kerZod biWvinTis regionisken. es nawacvleba, savaraudod, ufro VII saukuneSi unda momxdariyo. SeiZleba amas herakle keisris laSqrobebmac Seuwyo xeli. m. qurdianis kvleviT, abazgebis TviTsaxelwodeba ukavSirdeba abaSas. abaS-gi = abas-gi igive abasxi = abazxi (igive, rac abaSki). Cemi kvleviT, fuZe `baS~ aRniSnavs vake, gaSlil adgils, aseTia rionis xeoba abaSa-gaSlili teritoria samtrediidan quTaisamde. am vake adgilas macxovrebeli qarTvelebis saxeli unda yofiliyo abaSxi (abazgi), abazxi (albaT aqedan abxazi). abazgTa qarTulenovani tomi, Cans VII saukuneSi gadasaxlda alanebisagan gaTavisuflebul afxazeTSi. safiqrebelia, rom momTabare alanebi, romelTac mxars bizantia uWerda, VIII saukunisaTvis ukve gandevnilni iyvnen Semdegdroindeli afxazeTidan xazarebis mier. cxadia, es alani meomrebi bizantielebTan erTad iyvnen dampyrobelTa fena, adgilobrivi qarTulenovani mosaxleoba kidev ufro gaZlierda rionis dablobidan TvistomTa damatebiT da SeZles erTiani qarTulenovani saxelmwifosa da eklesiis Camoyalibeba. qveynis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg gaZlierda afxazTa qarTuli tomi afxazeTSi, maT advilad SeZles gavlenis garvceleba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac cxadia maTi Tanametome qarTveloba cxovrobda da gaagrZeles qarTul eklesiasTan IV s-danve arsebuli ierarqiuli urTierToba, amasTanave VIII s-dan daarses qarTulenovani saxelmwifo, radganac maTi deda ena iyo qarTuli ena. maT ukve VIII s-danve advilad moipoves hegemonoba qarTul samyaroSi. SesaZloa es abazgebi rionis xeobaSi fazisis (araqsis) xeobidan, basianidan Casaxldnen. basianelebi ki tomobrivad mesxebi iyvnen. Zveli afxazebis mesxoba pavle ingoroyvam damajereblad gamoikvlia. biWvinTa afxazeTis saeklesio centri unda gamxdariyo X saukunis Semdeg, am droisaTvis gaqristiandnen alanebi. wina saukuneebSi alanTa momTabare erT-erTi tomi bizantielTa xelSewyobiT gabatonebuli iyo qarTul teritoriaze klisuridan md. yubanamde. VIII s-Si aqedan isini xazarebma gaaZeves da qarTvelebi (afxazebi) aq kvlav iqcnen hegemonebad, magram X ssaTvis xazarTa dasustebam da alanTa gaqristianebam imedi Causaxa bizantias, eklesiurad mainc dabrunebuliyo afxazeTSi da iq ganelagebina alanTa saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.

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konstantinopolis patriarqi Tavis werilebSi evedreboda afxazTa mefeebs yuradReba mieqciaT alanTa episkoposebisaTvis. am ganzraxvis sapasuxod afxazTa mefeebma e.w `afxazeTis alaniaSi~, iq sadac Cans igegmeboda alanTa saepiskoposo kaTedris dafuZneba, daarses ara berZnulenovani aramed qarTulenovani kaTedra. afxazTa mefeebma daarses qarTuli eklesiis erT-erTi udidesi centri _ biWvinTis sakaTalikoso kaTedra da aseve ramdenime qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedra dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

`arian-qarTli~ _ lazikis samitropolitos istoriuli safuZveli

(vaxuStis mixedviT istoriuli klarjeTi igive lazikaa) `xolo baiburdsa da forCxas samxriT, WaneTis mTas iqiT, ars WaneTi, da aw uwodeben lazsave _ goniodan trapizonis samzRvramde~ (q.c., IV, 68). zogierTi wyaros miniSneba iZleva safuZvels vifiqroT, rom regionSi romelic Semdgom lazikis eparqiis erTma nawilma moicva, mdebareobda arian-qarTli. qristeSobamde III s-Si, aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi, `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnobiT, arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni Tavis Tanmxleb didebulebTan erTad gadavida ufro CrdiloeTiT da iq axali samefo Camoayaliba. am wyaros cnobiT arsebobda ori qarTli. erTi iyo mcxeTis qarTli _ Tavisi sazRvrebiTa da dinastiiT, meore ki arian-qarTli _ azonis mamis samefo. orive es saxelmwifo _ qarTulenovani mosaxleobiT yofila dasaxlebuli, amis Sesaxeb wers arsen beri _ `Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da enaY maTi vuwyiT~ (arsen beri, wmida ninos cxovreba). vaxuStis cnobiT, samcxe-saaTabago ganiyofeboda sam nawilad, maT Soris ori iyo qarTlos-farnavazis wili qveynebi (e.i. mcxeTis gamgeblobaSi Sedioda), xolo mesame ki, klarjeTi, ar iyo qarTlos-farnavazis wili, aramed iyo azonis mamuli qveyana (anu arian-qarTlSi Sedioda). klarjeTi `azonis wili qveyana~ iyo, maSasadame `arian-qarTlis~ samefos nawili, Sesabamisad misi mosaxleoba eTnikurad iyo `arian-qarTvelni~. vaxuSti, rogorc iTqva, wers samcxe-saaTabagos Sesaxeb _ `xolo gamefda ra farnaoz da daipyra yoveli saqarTvelo, aman farnaoz dasxna erisTavni Tvisni: erTi oZraxoss (da misca wili oZraxosi), meore wunas (da misca wili javaxosi), mesame klarjeTs (da misca sruliad romeli TviT daipyra)~ (q.c. IV, 1973, gv. 691). maSasadame, klarjeTi ar iyo mcxeTis samamasaxlisos anu qarTlosis samemkvidreo mamuli, aramed iyo azonis mamiseuli qveyana da mas farnavazi azonis damarcxebis Semdeg daeufla. amis Sesaxeb wers kidec vaxuSti qvemoT.

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azonis mamul qveyanas `arian-qarTli~ erqva qristeSobamde IV-III ss-Si, is Semdgom Zv.w. II s-Si armeniam daipyro, strabonis sityviT iberias armeniam waarTva vrceli qveynebi _ gogareni, pariadres kalTebi da xorZene. klarjeTi, azonis mamuli qveyana, qristeSobamde romelime am nawilSi mdebareobda. p. ingoroyvas sityviT, saqarTvelos Zlieri mefeebi ar urigdebodnen am danakargs, erTi aseTi yofila farnavazis Semdgom vaxtang gorgasali, romelmac iberiis am yofil areebSi ilaSqra da misi nawili daubruna deda samSoblos. qarTlosis Zeebs mamis memkvidreobidan miecaT qveynebi _ `oZraxos misca taSiskars zeiTi da mtkvris dasavleTi, vidre zRvamde sazRvramde qarTlosisa, romel arian aw samcxe, guria, ligani, SavSeTi, artanuji, fanaskerti, olTisi da tao~ (q.c. IV, gv. 657). javaxoss mieca _ javaxeTi, artani, eruSeTi, kola da mtkvris aRmosavleTi (iqve, gv. 657). rogorc iTqva, farnavazma javaxosis wil da oZraxosis wil qveynebSi Tavisi erisTavebi dasva. es qveynebi, rogorc iTqva _ mcxeTis istoriuli samamasaxliso teritoria iyo. `xolo klarjeTi ara ars wili amaTi, aramed farnaoz daipyra Semdgomad azonis sikvdilisa da ars sazRvari amisi _ aRmosavliT mTa, romeli ganvlis klarjeTs da taos Sua zRvamde, mTa igi, romels sdis mdinareni da erTvis Woroxs, dasavliT mTa azrum-basians Soris ganvlili zRvamde, CrdiloT Savi zRva da arian amaT Sina TorTomi, xaxuli, ispiri, forCxa, baiburdi da WaneTi. da esreT ganiyo saxli zemo qarTlisa samad... xolo sigrZe qveyanisa amis ars qarTlis sazRvridan qarTlis yelamde da baiburdisa da WaneTis sazRvramde da gani devaboinis da irijlus da yalnus mTebidan Radoasa da guriis mTamde da zRvamde da mzRvris qveyanasa amas aRmosavliT sazRvari qarTlisa, romelic aRvwereT da mTa yarsisa, artan-kolasa da yarss Sorisi~ (q.c. IV. gv. 659). e.i. arian-qarTlis yofili nawili _ klarjeTi moicavda _ TorToms, xaxuls, ispirs, forCxas, baiburdsa da WaneTs, anu SeiZleba iTqvas rom vaxuStis klarjeTi igivea, rac somxuri geografiis lazivi, lazika. prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili kldovan-xrioki lazika emsgavseba vaxuStis mier aRweril klarjeTs _ `ucnobel ars, riT ewoda saxeli ese, garna sagonebel ars _ RularWnilTa da kldovan Rrato-RriRovanebisa mier da maRalTa mTaTa, rameTu mTa-bari axlorebs~ (q. c. IV, gv. 657). prokofi Tavisi lazikis aRweris dros arsad ar axsenebs ukidegano daWaobebul bars, rogoric aris da iyo dasavleTi saqarTvelo, miT ufro holocenis epoqaSi, aramed is lazikas aRwers viTarca maRali mTebisa da kldeebis qveyanas, iseve, rogorc klarjeTs aRwers vaxuSti _ daRvarWnili kldeebi, Rrato-daRrantuli adgilebi, maRali mTebi, alag-alag ki bari, mTebis siaxloves `naxevarJamisa savalTa ars Tovli da barTa narinji, Tur-

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inji, zeTisxili da yovelni nayofni~ (iqve, gv. 657), msgavsad nayofieri moxirisisa. aqedan Cans, rom vaxuSti `zemo qarTlSi~ Semaval qveynebad miiCnevs _ WaneTs, ispirs, TorTums, baiburds, forCxas, aseve kolas, artaans, eruSeTs, javaxeTs, mtkvris aRmosavleTs da amasTanave taos, olTiss, artanujs, SavSeTs, ligans, samcxesa da gurias. vfiqrob, sainteresoa, rom WaneTi _ qarTlis erT-erT qveynad provinciad moiazreboda. mniSvnelovani faqtia da unda aRiniSnos, rom vaxuStis am Zveli wyaros Tanaxmad klarjeTi ewodeboda ara im qveyanas, romelsac amJamad, tradiciulad vuwodebT `klarjeTs~ aramed gacilebiT vrcels `imier tao, baiburd-ispir-WaneTis~ CaTvliT. Cven, rogorc wesi, klarjeTs vuwodebT ligan-artanujis mxares, magram es mxare vaxuStis Zveli wyaros cnobiT Sedioda ara klarjeTSi, aramed oZraxosis nawilSi, amave nawilSi Sedioda artanuji, olTisi da amier tao. maSasadame, yuradRebis misaqcevia rom amier tao _ oZraxosis wils ekuTvnoda, xolo klarjeTs, rogorc aRiniSna ekuTvnoda teritoria WaneTidan vidre TorTomis CaTvliT, anu klarjeTSi Sedioda imier taos didi nawili, ispiri anu speri, baiburdi da WaneTi forCxamde, anu is miwa-wyali, romelic rogorc iTqva, berZenTa da somexTa mier lazikad iyo wodebuli. maSasadame, vaxuStis Zveli wyaros cnobiT, klarjeTi iyo `zemo qarTlis~ ukiduresi samxreTi nawili, anu, kidev erTxel rom vTqvaT, imier tao, baiburdi, speri da WaneTi, esaa X saukuneSi arsebuli `qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~ erTi nawili. aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukuneSi roca taos mefem daviT kurapalatma `zemo qarTls~ Seumata vrceli miwebi _ `zemoni qveyanani~ vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde, `qarTvelTa samefo~ swored am, aRniSnul miwa-wyals erqva, xolo CrdiloeTiT mdebare samefoebs erqvaT `afxazeTi~, `kaxeTi~, `taSir-Zoragerti~ da sxva, am bolo CamonaTvalTa Soris `qarTvelTa~ samefo arcerTs ar erqva. `qarTvelTa~ samefo erqva mxolod ukidures samxreTis qveynebs, romelnic, rogorc aRiniSna azonis mamul anu `arian-qarTlis~, da Sesabamisad, `arian-qarTvelTa~ qveynad miiCneoda. aqedanaa, rogorc Cans, saxeli `qarTvelTa sakurapalato~ da `qarTvelTa samefo~, rac Cans asaxavs `arian-qarTvelTa~ qveynis Zvel saxels. saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze arabTa epoqaSi `Sida qarTli~ ar iyo saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli, rogorc iTqva afxazTa da kaxTa samefoebi erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen Sida qarTls, xolo qvemo qarTls Tbilisis saamiro da taSir-Zorakertis samefoebi inawilebdnen. saxeli `qarTvelTa~, `qarTvelTa samefosa~ da `qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~ saxiT tao-klarjeTSi iyo daculi da Cans asaxavda arian-qarTlis anu arian-qarTvelTa saxelmwifos Zvel memkvidreobas.

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rogorc iTqva, vaxuStiseuli klarjeTis anu azonis mamiseuli qveynis (e.i. arian-qarTlis) nawilad miiCneoda WaneTi forCxas (borCxas) CaTvliT (borCxa _ Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare dabaa), iqve iwyeboda istoriuli egris qveyana, romelsac vaxuSti xSirad axsenebs. anu klarjeT-zemo qarTlSi Sedioda WaneTi egriTurT. WaneTi da egri ixseneba VII saukunis somxur geografiaSi, romlis mixedviT egri iyo trapezuntis mimdebare qveyana romelic moicavda manralias, qaldia, Wanivsa da egrivs. mardalias dasavleTiT mdebareobda provincia manralia, romlis adgili n. adoncs gansazRvruli aqvs _ manralia arzrumis samxreT dasavleTiT karagiolis qedis dasavleTiT, xorZena-bazans CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda. maSasadame, istoriuli egri gadaWimuli iyo arzrumis samxreTi mxareebidan vidre trapezuntamde (Wanivi) da borCxa-Woroxis SesarTavamde (egrivi), misi ori nawili WaneTi da egri _ klarjeTSi (zemo qarTlSi) aqvs moxseniebuli vaxuStis. unda vifiqroT, rom arian-qarTlSi Sedioda egrisis ara mxolod es ori nawili (WaneTi da egri) aramed manraliac, anu arian-qarTli mTel samxreTis egriss moicavda, amis Sesaxeb unda miuTiTebdes farnavazisa da vaxtang gorgaslis laSqrobebi am mxareebSi.

samxreTis iberia da samxreTis lazika

iberiis TemSi araqs-evfratis saTaveebis auzis garda Sedioda imier tao, Crdilo basiani, olTisi, SavSeTi, TorTomi, kola, artaani. Semdeg iberiis Tems konstantine X monomaqosis dros (1042-55) Seemata _ Siraqis samefo, Tavisi mTavari qalaqiT anisiT. q. anisi iberiis Temis dedaqalaqad iqca. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, iberiis Temis da lazikis eparqiis teritoriebi, TiTqmis emTxveoda erTmaneTs, Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebis momcveli qveynebi, vidre vanis tbamde, TiTqmis erTsa da imave dros eklesiurad Sedioda lazikis eparqiaSi, xolo saxelwifo-administraciulad iberiis TemSi. ratom uwodes mas lazika da iberia erTdroulad? rogorc vTqviT, es gamowvevuli unda yofiliyo qarTvelTa eTnikuri TviTSemecnebis gamococxlebiT anisidan da valaSkertidan vidre karinamde (arzrumamde), Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebamde. mkvidri mosaxleobis erovnul-qarTuli gamococxlebis Sedegi iyo, rogorc iTqva, mcxeTis sapatriarqos qarTuli saepiskoposoebis arseboba anissa da karSi (yarsSi), valaSkertsa da baiberdSi (paipertSi). iqamde yofil persarmeniasa da romaul armeniaSi saukuneTa manZilze devnili qarTuli ena arabTa batonobis miwuruls ukve aRar idevneboda sayofacxovrebo doneze, anu qarTulenovan glexebsa da aznaurebs mezoblebi veRar ukrZala-

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vdnen mSobliuri enis moxmarebas, rogorc es iyo ufro adre _ `armeniad~ saxelwodebul maT qveyanaSi, ufro metic, gaTavisuflebul miwa-wyalze, gansakuTrebiT taoSi, mkvidrma mosaxleobam moiSora somxuri saeklesio uReli, gamovida misi daqvemdebarebidan da qarTuli ena gadaiqca am saepiskopososebis mrevlis saeklesio enad, konstantinopolisadmi daqvemdebarebuli kaTedrebi ki berZnulenovanni iyvnen. akad. gr. giorgaZe miuTiTebs qarTveluri tomebis uZvelesi kerebis arsebobis Sesaxeb md. Woroxisa da zemo evfratis saTaveebSi jer kidev qristeSobamde XII saukuneSi, radganac misi azriT, asuruli wyaroebis muSqaias da daiaenis (diaoxis) qveynebi iq _ evfrat-Woroxis saTaveebTan arsebobdnen. iq mcxovrebT berZnebi `mosxois~ saxeliT icnobdnen (v. goilaZe, asurel mamaTa samSoblo da saqarTvelo, 2002, gv. 20) v. giolaZe wers _ Zv. w. XII s-Si muSqebis politikuri gavlena evfratis zemo dinebis aRmosavleTiT (Tanamedrove md. murad sus samxreTiT) gavrcelda. 50 wliT adre maT iq alzisa da furulumzis qveynebi daupyriaT. rogorc i. diakonovi wers, eseni iyvnen `aRmosavleTis muSqebi~. maTi gansaxlebis ZiriTadi centri zemo evfratTan md. aracanis (murad su) SesarTavTan mdebare alzis samefo iyo. asuruli wyaroebi, dasZens diakonovi _ alzis uwodebdnen agreTve `muSqTa qveyanas~. i. diakonovis Tanaxmad, Zv.w. X-IX saukuneebSi aRmosavleTis muSqebi ufro vrcel teritoriaze, md. tigrosis CrdiloeT Senakadebis saTaveSi mdebare mTebidan zemo evfratis velis dasavleTiT mdebare tavris mTebamde unda yofiliyvnen gansaxlebulni. gr. giorgaZis Tanaxmad, `muSqTa ZiriTadi teritoria istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelo iyo~ (v. goilaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 21). maSasadame, lazikis eparqia moicavda istoriuli alzis miwebs, xolo TviT am eparqiis arsebobis epoqaSi iq arsebobda `alznikis~, igive arzanenas olqi, romelic korduenas (korCaikis) olqs esazRvreboda. SeuZlebelia etimologiurad erTmaneTTan ar davakavSiroT `alz~ da `laz~. aseve `kordu~ da `qarTu~. n. adoncis mosazrebiT, armenielebis mosvlamde aRniSnuli miwa-wyali, korduenadan vidre kavkasiis mTebamde, qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, Semdeg mosul armenielebs es qarTuli mosaxleoba or nawilad gauyviaT _ samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis qarTvelebad, xolo maT Sua TviT armenielebi dasaxlebulan. marTlac, `korduena~ anu `kordus qveyana~ _ migvaniSnebs iv. javaxiSvilis Tavdapirvel `qarTu~ `kardu~ qveyanas, saidanac gamosulan yvela qarTuli tomebi, maT Soris megrul-Wanuric. n. adonci dabejiTebiT, ramdenjerme aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi `armenia iustinianes epoqaSi~, rom somexi xalxis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi qarTvelebs miuRiaT monawileoba imiT, rom momxdara qarTuli tomebis transformireba armenielebad. Tu etimologiurad `lazika~ `lazi~ dakavSirebulia alzTan, unda vifiqroT, rom gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom ewoda `alzis qveynis~ momcvel eparqias `lazikisa~.

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n. adonci korduenas qveyanas akavSirebda qarTvelebTan da akritikebda erT-erTi mecnieris Sexedulebas, romelic korduenas qurTebTan akavSirebda.

lazikis samitropolitos miwa-wyali somxuri geografiis mixedviT

qarTveli istorikosebi fiqroben, rom lazia, lazika Tavdapirvelad erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos, xolo Semdgom, kerZod ki VIII s-dan ewoda trapezuntsa da mis saeklesio olqs (ix. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule gv. 209). rizes lazikis saxeli miuRia VII s-Si (iqve, gv. 208). ratom unda wodeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos Tavdapirvelad lazika, istorikosTa mier axsnili ar aris, radganac qarTul wyaroebSi msgavsi miTiTeba ar gvxvdeba, Cveni mosazrebiT lazebis saxeli qristeSobamdel periods unda daukavSirdes, amis gamoTqmis uflebas gvaZlevs strabonis cnoba, rom xalibebis anu qaldebis saxeli iyo aseve alizonebi da alazonebi (aqedan amazonebi, am sakiTxs qvemoT vexebiT). saxel alazonebidan unda warmoSobiliyo saxeli lazi, qveynis saxeli lazonia, lazoni, lazika (a-laz-oni = lazoni = lazi). xalibebi, romelTac aseve alazonebi erqvaT, didi, mravalricxovani xalxi iyo, vrcel teritoriaze mcxovrebi. SesaZloa maT eTnikuri kavSiri hqondaT maTi gansaxlebis regionSi mcxovreb `alzis~ xalxTan. safiqrebelia isic, rom lazebi Tavidan erqvaT basianTan axlos mdebare istoriuli alzis samefos qarTuli warmoSobis xalxs (alz-laz). SesaZloa, mosaxleobis umniSvnelo migraciam alzis samefodan iqve mdebare karinTeodosiopolisaken da Semdeg trapezuntisaken, xeli Seuwyo lazikad cnobili qveynis saxelis gavrcelebasac aRniSnul regionSi anu xalibia-qaldeaSi. safiqrebelia rom, saxeli `lazika~ ganivrco ara dasavleT saqarTvelodan trapezuntisaken, aramed alzis samefodan _ karin-trapezuntisaken. am saxelis migracias alzidan karinisaken miuTiTebs sxva magaliTic _ alzis samefos qveyanas Semdgom ewoda alzanene anu arzanene, igive saxeli, kerZod ki arzena (igive alzena), erqva konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, artanujis qveyanasac. arzena igive alzenaa, alzena da lazika (laz-ena) sinonimur datvirTvas iRebda, radganac arzena, anu artanujis mxare (igive klarjeTi) _ lazikis erT-erT qveynad iTvleboda. igive saxeli ewodeboda karin-Teodosiopolsac, kerZod, arz-rum (arzrumi), rumis (romis, bizantiis) arzi, saerTod, arzrumelebs lazebi erqvaT TviT XVIII s-Sic ki (erT-erTi cnobiT, romelic zemoTaa moxseniebuli).

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saerTod, laz, lazika, lazistani _ bolomde erqva am mxareebs, arzrumidan vidre zRvispireTamde mosaxleobas yvelas zogadi saxeli `lazi~ miesadageboda, Tumca konkretulad im epoqaSi am saxelis matarebeli tomi gansazRvruli ar iyo (samsunelebi tapezuntelebs uwodebdnen lazebs, trapezuntelebi samsunelebsa da arzrumelebs da a.S.), magram `laz~ saxeli ar erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos arc erT toms. mxolod XIX s-is bolosa da ufro metad XX s-Si, istorikosebma wignieri gavleniT uwodes dasavleT saqarTvelos lazeTi da mis erT-erT toms _ lazebi. ase rom, am kuTxisaTvis `lazis~ wodeba xelovnurad moxda, maSin, roca trapezuntis olqis xalxs es saxeli namdvilad erqva. p. ingoroyva eTanxmeba azrs, rom trapizonis olqs lazika daerqva VIII s-dan, mas Semdeg, rac TiTqosda VIII sSi trapizoni SeuerTda dasavleT saqarTvelos. sinamdvileSi VIII s-Si afxazTa samefos sazRvari mxolod Woroxamde aRwevda, xolo trapizoni Sedioda bizantiis imperiis `armeniakonis TemSi~. armeniakonis Temi VIII s-Si rizemde aRwevda. moicavda I da II kapadokias da aseve III armenias (xaldiis Temi, romelic Semdgom Seiqmna, igive lazikaa). zogierTi wyaros mixedviT armeniakonis Temi VII-VIII ss-Si (xolo Semdeg xaldiis Temi) aRwevda md. fasisamde (`fasisi~, rogorc cnobilia, erqva md. araqss (konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT) da aseve md. Woroxs (berZnuli wyaroebiT) da ara rions). T. uspenskis cnobiT, komnenosTa samefos, `trapezuntis imperiis sazRvari aRwevda md. fasisamde anu Woroxamde da ara rionamde (. , , c. 32). trapezuntis imperatorebsac zogjer uwodebdnen `lazTa mTavrebs~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 268). saerTod, rogorc mravaljer aRniSnulia, qarTul wyaroebSi sityva `lazika~ ar ixmareboda. is miiCneoda berZnul formad da qarTulad am sityvas Targmnidnen ase _ sofeli megrelTa da mis qveS, rogorc wesi, trapezuntis olqi moiazreboda. magaliTad, epifane konstantinepolelis (VIII s.) `lazikis qalaqi trapezunti~ _ qarTuli wyarosaTvis `megrelTa soflis~ anu megrelTa qveynis qalaqia. Teofane aRmsarebeli (IX s) trapizonis mxares lazikas uwodebs (iqve, gv. 214). aseve sxva avtorebi. somxur wyaroebSi trapezuntis mxareebs lazivi da egeri ewodeba, ase uwodebs mas somxuri geografia. masSi naTqvamia _ `kolxeTi, e.i. egri aris qveyana pontos zRvidan sarmatiamde, da mdinare drakonidan kavkasiis mTamde da mis Stoebamde, romelic mas hyofs iveriidan da igi ganiyofa oTx mcire qveynad: manveli (manrali), egreviki, romelic aris sakuTriv egri (fasisis mdinaris mosazRvred amave saxelwodebis qalaqiTurT), lazivi (igulisxmeba rize-trapezuntis mxare) da Wanivi, romelic aris qaldea. aqvs xuTi qalaqi, iani, kota rodopolisi aTina, rizoni, sxva navsadgurebi, trapezunti~.

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somxuri wyaro, aq sarmatias uwodebs, md. Woroxis aqeT mdebare dasavleT saqarTvelos, xolo kavkasiis mTas uwodebs karCxalis qedsa da mis ganStoebebs (mdinare Woroxis SesarTavTan), romelic egrs hyofda iveriidan. egri anu erge _ Woroxispira qveyanas erqva SesarTavTan, xolo safiqrebelia isic, rom somxuri geografiis `egri~ SesaZloa aRwevda imave regionSi mdebare md. araqsis saTaveebamde arzrumTan, radganac n. adoncis sityviT, md. araqss da mis Senakads aseve egri erqva. aseve am mdinares erqva `arazi~ (alazi), romelic SeiZleba iyos is fuZe, saidanac qveynis saxeli `lazika~, `lazivi~ iqna miRebuli. es saxeli, rogorc aRiniSna, imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom amave regionSi mdebareobdnen provinciebi `manralia~ da `mardalia~. kerZod, manralias Temi ebjineboda xalxalis qeds, xorZianas mezoblad (adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 20). VII s-Si miwa-wyali Woroxamde (anu egeri) armeniakonis TemSi Seiyvana bizantiam, Tumca maleve bizantiam armeniakonis Tems Tavisi namdvili saxeli `qaldeas Temi~ uwoda. qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografiis tragediad unda miviCnioT, rom man arasworad gansazRvra manraliis, aseve, fasisis, rodopolisis, skandas Tu sarapanas mdebareoba. Sesabamisad, lazika uwoda dasavleT saqarTvelos. rogorc iTqva, n. adoncis gamowvlilviTi ganmartebiT, manralia mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed TeodosiopolisTan (arzrumidan) axlos xalxalis mTasTan, mardaliis gverdiT (n. adonci, gv. 20). d. musxeliSvilis, iseve, rogorc sxva qarTveli mecnierebis azriT ki, manrili, anu manralia, TiTqosda, erqva argveTs. egreviki, anu egri ki Tanamedrove samegrelos. esaa, Seusabamo mosazreba. manrili iyo ara imereTi, aramed mxare WaneTTan, arzrumTan. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom arsebobda ori egrisi, CrdiloeT egrisi da samxreT egrisi (teritoria Woroxidan trapezuntamde). TviTon Woroxispira erge da guria _ egrisis nawilebi iyvnen. somxur geografiaSi lazivi erqva _ rize-trapezuntis mimdebare qveyanas.

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lazi episkoposebi
prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, rizesa da afsarosis Soris mcxovrebT `lazTa episkoposebi~ uwesebdnen mRvdelmsaxurebs _ ase ganmartavs m. berZniSvili prokofis cnobil frazas _ `lazTa episkoposebi uweseben maT mRvdelmsaxurebs~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, gv. 54). bizantiis imperiis sazRvari aRwevda rizemde da Semdeg gadmoiwia xufaTamde. prokofis cnobiTac petras cixis samxreTiT erTi dRis gzaze iwyeboda pontos xalxis sacxovrisi anu bizantiuri erT-erTi provinciis mosaxleobisa. maT prokofi sxva adgilas `erT xalxs~ uwodebs. Cans isini rizes regionSi cxovrobdnen afsarosamde. maTTvis uaxloesi lazTa saepiskoposoebi trapezuntis regionSi mdebareobdnen. am regionSi daawesa konstantinopolma e.w. `eparqia lazikaSi~ _ rodopolisis, ziganas, saisinisa da petras kaTedrebi. rodopolisis kaTedra rizesTan axlos mdebareobda _ arabTa Semdgom epoqaSi zigana-rodopolisis adgilas aRmocenda sumelas cnobili samonastro centri. rodopolisis eparqia rizes regionis mTianeTamde aRwevda (iwyeboda ziganas uReltexilTan). unda SevniSnoT, rom petras kaTedra n. adoncis kvleviT, mdebareobda `sadRac paipertTan~ da ara gonio-xufaTTan. is aseve SeiZleba veZioT q. tripolisTan, trapezuntis qvemoT, iq sadac petrumis (bedrumis) cnobili cixea. saisinis kaTedras adonci aTavsebda ardasasTan axlos, ziganas uReltexilis siaxloves. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTel am regionSi sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli sityva `fazari~ amJamadac ki. es sityva etimologiurad mogvagonebs sityva faziss _ uZveles `lazikis eparqias~ aseve fazisisa erqva. am regionSi mdebareobda `Zveli qalaqi afsaru~. II saukuneSi, arianes dros, aqauri garnizoni Sedgeboda 5 kohortisagan, e.i. naxevarlegionisagan, kohortaSi 500 kaci iricxeboda. prokofi kesarielis dros es brwyinvale qalaqi TiTqmis dangreuli iyo. m. berZniSvilis azriT, es qalaqi kolxeTSi Sedioda, radganac arianes drosve kolxebis miwa-wylis sazRvari iyo md. ofisi es unda iyos md. ofi (xufaTi-xofa), is ki am mdinaris aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda. prokofis dros es qalaqi gaTavisuflebula romaelTagan, kerZod ki, mas Semdeg, rac mospobila am qalaqis garnizoni. `afsarielebic damoukidebelni gamxdaran, rogorc romaelebisagan, ise lazebisagan, magram saeklesio sferoSi, isini, rogorc qristianebi, lazeTis episkoposTa iurisdiqcias emorCilebodnen. prokofi pirdapir wers: `lazTa episkoposebi uweseben maT mRvdelmsaxurebso~ (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 54). lazeTi, Cemi azriT, erqva swored im kolxeTs, romelic trapezun-

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tis mTianeTidan afsarosamde of, xofamde vrceldeboda da mas moicavda lazTa episkoposebis samwyso. strabonis cnobiT, `mosxikes mTebi kolxeTis Tavze miimarTebian~ (straboni, XII, 2,18). am cnobas mniSvneloba aqvs kolxeTis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis. Cveni mecnierebis didi nawili fiqrobs, rom es `mosxikes mTebi~ suramis qedia dasavleT saqarTveloSi da amitom fiqroben, rom mis dasavleTiT mdebareobda kolxeTi. vaxuSti Zalze garkveviT wers, da Tanac ramdenimejer, rom Zveli geografebis mier naxsenebi `mosxis~ mTebi warmoadgendnen mTaTa sistemebs Woroxis saTavedan basianis CaTvliT, masSi Sedioda devaboinis, irijlus, yalnusa da TorTomis qedebi (q.c. IV, 1973, gv. 658 (sqolio)). mosxikes, anu mosxis mTaTagan erT-erTidan, kerZod, irijludan iRebs saTaves md. Woroxi. vaxuSti wers _ `mdinare Woroxi gamodis irijlus mTasa~ (iqve, gv. 675). vaxuStis cnobiT, mosxikes qedi _ trapezuntis kolxeTis Tavze iyo da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, erTis mxriv is iyo qedi, romelic zemodan dahyurebda xofa-rizes qveyanas, zRvispira qveyanas, istoriul lazeTs, meore mxriv ki zRvis donidan TiTqmis 2000 metr simaRleze mdebare kola-artaans (iberias). amitomac es qedi, anu Woroxis saTave erTdroulad iberiis maRlac iyo da kolxeTsac zemodan dahyurebda, anu kolxeTis Tavze miimarTeboda. maSasadame, kolxeTi am mTis dabla zRvispira qveyanas erqva, anu trapizon-rize-xofa-afsarosis regions, anu es iyo swored lazeTis qveyana Tavisi ziganas saepiskoposoTi, romelze gavliTac trapezuntis kolxeTi ukavSirdeboda am mTaTa sistemiT Seqmnil uzarmazar platos. strabons akritikebs m. berZniSvili `rom is iZleva erTi meoris sawinaaRmdego cnobebs~ (m. berZniSvili, gv. 102), radganac miiCnevs, rom mosxikes mTebi zestafonTan mdebareobda da amitom strabonis cnobebi misTvis erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeboda. trapezuntidan zigana-rizemde moqmed episkoposebs daerqvaT Semdgom lazTa episkoposebi, trapezuntis regionis saepiskoposoTa mrevls afsarosamde lazi episkoposebi emsaxurebodnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom TiTqmis aTasi wlis Semdegac ki, trapezuntis imperiis mmarTvelebs `lazTa mefeebs~ uwodebdnen. lazika _ trapezuntis regions, mis mTianeTs erqva. `bizantiis oficialuri istorikosebi~ nikita xoniatisi, giorgi akropolitisi, paximerosi, nikifore grigorasi da sxvani trapizonis mefeebs kolxTa an lazTa mTavrebs uwodebdnen~ (T. qarTveliSvili, kulturis istoriis sakiTxebi XIX., 2004, gv. 20).

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Tavi VII pontos eparqiebi

I. pontos yofiTi garemo da geografiuli pirobebi

(s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007, rus. enaze) xalibebi da armenoxalibebi `pontos samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan Zlierdeboda somexTa yofa. araa SemTxveviTi, rom pliniusi ukve werda xalibebisa da armenoxalibebis Sesaxeb~ (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007. rus. enaze. gv. 36). Temiskira da Termodonti Temiskiras velTan Zveli miTologia aTavsebda amazonebs md. Temodontze dedaqalaq TemiskiraSi, sadac micurda herakle, raTa moepovebina dedofal ipolitas sartyeli (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007, rus. enaze. gv. 36). trapezunti trapezunti iyo am olqis yvelaze didi qalaqi, md. maCkaderedan 3 kmSi, iq V da IV ss-is mijnaze iyo qsenofonte. tranezuntis gareSemo cxovrobdnen kolxebi, romlebic drilebTan erTad emterebodnen am qalaqs. pontos qalaqebi kerasunti da kotiora (ordu) _ sinopis koloniebad iTvlebodnen. kotioras emezoblebodnen tibarenebi da mosinikebi. kotioras teritoria maT waarTves sinopelebma. SemdegSi kerasuntma da trapezuntma am qarTul tomebTan megobruli SeTanxmebebi dades da maTgan pirutyvsa da produqtebs yidulobdnen. pontos mefe krezas surda pontos qalaqebis dapyroba, magram Zv. w. 547 wels is sparselebma daamarcxes. pontos istoria pontos qalaqebi kirosis Zalauflebis qveS moeqca (gv. 38). SemdgomSi anatoliaSi axal saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs safuZveli Cauyares dia-

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doxosebma (aleqsandres memkvidreebma) da aseve yofilma sparselma satrapebma, romelnic erTmaneTs eqiSpebodnen. kapadokia-ponto trapezuntamde darCa aleqsandres mxedarTmTavars _ evmens. mas evaleboda daecva es raioni da aseve ebrZola mefe ariaratTan. ariartis winaaRmdeg makedonelebi did laSqars amzadebdnen; ariarati tyved Caigdes. male satrapi evmoni mokvda diadoxos antigonesTan omSi qr.S-mde 316 wels. pontos qalaqebi SedarebiT ganTavisufldnen. mis mimarT (e.i. pontos mimarT) interesi aReZra egviptis mefe ptolome soters (305-283 Cvens eramde). es diadoxosi, tacitusis cnobiT, ramdenime wlis manZilze pontoSi agzavnida xomaldebs (surda iupeteris erT-erTi qandakebis xelSi Cagdeba). Cvens eramde 297-296 wlebSi Camoyalibda pontos samefo elinizirebuli sparseli dinastiis memkvidris miTridate ktistis mier kapadokiaSi, romelsac ar hqonda gasasvleli Sav zRvaze, male misi sazRvrebi gafarTovda da dedaqalaqi gadatanil iqna amasiaSi, romelic mdebareobda amiso-sparseTis gzaze. 281 wlisaTvis miTridate I-ma Tavi mefed gamoacxada da ebrZoda diadoxosebs mcire aziis qalaqebisaTvis. 278 da 271 wlebSi pontos mefeebma daamarcxes egviptis mefe ptolame filadelfosis sazRvao eqspedicia, amiT pontos qalaqebis damcvelebad _ gadaiqcnen miTridate ktisti (302-266) da misi vaJi ariobarzani (266-255) (gv. 42). 278 w. anatoliaSi SeiWrnen kelturi tomebi _ galtebi, maT ebrZodnen pontos mefeebi. q. amiso iyo miTridate II da misi SviliSvilis farnakis (Zv.w. 189-160) xelSi sanam romaelebma ar aiRes 71 wels. (gv. 42). q. sinopi farnak I-ma aiRo 183 wels. Semdeg mas SeuerTa kerasunti da kotiora. is iqca pontos samefos dedaqalaqad. misi sazRvari vrceldeboda xalibebamde, tiberenebamde da makronebamde Zv.w. 188 romTan pontom dado samegobro xelSekruleba. am dros pontos samefos sazRvari aRwevda trapezuntamde. kolxida da xaldebis (xalibebi) miwebi da tibarenebi pontos mefe miTridate VI evpatores (121-63 Cvens eramde) dauTmo mcire armeniis mefe antipatrem (strab. XII, 3,1, XII, 3,28). am dros Sevida trapezunti pontos samefoSi. m. maqsimovis mier gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom trapezunti pontoSi Seiyvana farnakma ufro adre, roca mcire armeniis mefem saxeliT aseve miTridatem farnaks dauTmo trapezuntis mimdebare olqebi. s. karpovis azriT saeWvoa, mosazreba rom iqamde trapezunti mcire armeniaSi Sedioda, amasTanave naTeli araa ekuTvnoda Tu ara es qalaqi kolxidis mefeebs (gv. 43). Zv.w. 110 wels pontos mefe miTridatem daimorCila mcire armenia da kolxida. aseve 107 wlisaTvis pontos samefoSi Sevida xersonesi da bos-

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foris samefo. Tumca ki skviTebi da sarmatebi mas Tavs esxmodnen. 104-103 wlebSi paflagoniis nawili SeierTa pontom xolo 101-100 wlebSi miitaca kapadokia da, mis taxtze miTridatem aiyvana Tavisi Svili ariarat IX. daiwyo omebi romTan _ 89-85 _ miTridates I omi. sabolood, damarcxebuli miTridate jer kolxeTSi gaiqca, Semdeg bosforSi 63 w. mokles farnak II-is razmelebma. pompeusma erT romaul provinciad gaaerTiana ponto sinopisa da amisos SemadgenlobiT, mas ewoda _ `bifiniis ponto~. kolxida gadaeca romis satelit aristars xolo trapezunti _ kapadukiis nawili da mcire armenia _ maltiis tetrarqs deiotars (63-40) _ romelmac mefis tituli miiRo. romis samoqalaqo omis dros is daipyro farnak II-m kolxeTTan erTad. is daamarcxa 47 wels cezarma da miwera senats _ `mivedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve~. pontos mefe gaxda farnakis Ze arSaki, romelic ar cno romma da saerTod Secvala miTridatianebis dinastia. iq gaamefes laolikieli polemoni zenonis Ze. pontos samefo iyo rogorc buferuli baza romisa parTiasTan saomari dapirispirebisas. 35 wels pontos mefe polemon I-ma saCuqris saxiT samarTavad miiRo mcire armenia. avgustis dros pontos gamoeyo mcire armenia, am ukanasknelis sazRvari vrceldeboda md. likosidan _ trapezuntamde. romma 3(2) wels Cvens eramde gaaerTiana ponto, kapadokia da mcire armenia erT saxelmwifod dinastiuri qorwinebiT, polemonis memkvidre qvrivi piTadorida SerTo kapadokiis mefe arxelaes. axali eris 63(64) wels neronma pontos samefo SeuerTa romis provincia kapadokia _ galatias. pontos qalaqebs III s-Si Seesivnen barbarosuli tomebi. dioklitianes (284305) reformebiT pontom da viTiniam Seadgines meore pontos diocezi, xolo konstantin I-ma Seqmna sagangebo provincia dedis saxelis mixedviT _ elenoponto. iustiniane I-ma misi sazRvrebi trapezuntamde gazarda (e.i. cnobili molaparakebebi lazikis mefeebisa konstantinopolis imperatorebTan, Cans am saqmes emsaxureboda V da VI saukuneebSi _ V saukuneSi sazRvrad daido xufaTi, xolo VI s-Si iustinianes imperiam miaRwia Woroxamde (aq aigo, bizantiuri simagre petra), riTac daarRvia sparseTTan saxelmwifo sazRvari (xufaTze mdebare). s. karpovi miiCnevs, rom pontoSi (trapezuntSi) 69 wels yofili monis aniketis (polemonis flotis meTauris) ajanyeba socialuri xasiaTisa iyo da mas mxars adgilobrivi Wanuri (lazuri) tomebis mTavrebi uWerdnen (isini trapezuntis mTianeTSi cxovrobdnen). ponto sinopi da kerasunti sasoflo-sameurneo mxare iyo, pliniusis cnobiT romaelebi pirvelad aq gaecnen maTTvis ucxo xils _ alubals. adgilobrivi (kerasentis) saxlis mixedviT laTinurad alubals es saxeli `kerases~ ewoda (iqve, gv. 53). aRsaniSnavia, rom pontoSive am xils, albaT, qarTuli saxeli `qviSna~ erqva,

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romelic amJamad aqvs Semonaxuli imerul dialeqts. am qarTuli saxelidan `qviSna~, albaT, mas ewoda slavuri saxeli _ `viSnia~. iqamde miTridatianebi agebdnen mTel qalaq-taZrebs, romelTac qurumebi marTavdnen, aseTi iyo komana, zela da ameria. pontoelma mefeebma TavianTi sparsi winaprebisgan miiRes Cveuleba msxverplSewirvisa mTis wverebze. maT Secvales zoroastrizmis umaRlesi RmerTis axuramazdas kulti axali zevs stratias kultiT. amasTanave aRmerTebdnen herakles, zevss, aleqsandre makedonels, romelTa STamomavlebic iyvnen dedis mxridan. s. karpovis azriT, berZunli qalaqebi zRvis piras iyvnen ganlagebulni isini romaelebisTvis iyvnen simagreebi da samxedro-sazRvao bazebi, magram romaelebi ar cdilobdnen SeeRwiaT kolxeTis siRrmeSi da am politikas misdevdnen bizantielebic (gv. 55). iuri voronovze dayrdnobiT, s. karpovi fiqrobs, rom berZnuli qalaqi fazisi iyo foTi, pitiunti iyo biWvinTa, sebastopolisi ki _ cxumi (i. voronovi, dioskuriada, sebastopolisi, cxumi, moskovi, 1980). iuri voronovi ki qarTizaciis Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze Tavgadakluli qomagi da misi damnergvi iyo samecniero sferoSi. arqeologiuri monacemebiT erT-erTi sazRvao gza xersoness aerTebda trapezuntTan, aqedan ki armeniis artakSats (gv. 56). 255 wels daiwyo goTebisa da sarmatebis (boranebis tomis) Tavdasxmebi SavizRvispireTis qalaqebze. uSedegod scades pitiuntis aReba, Semdeg 256 w. fazisis kibelas samlocvelos daexsnen Tavs da aiRes pitiuntis simagre. 257 wels (an 258 w.) aiRes trapezunti. 264 wels aiRes pontos heraklia. 275 w. goTebi Seesivnen faziss, magram ver aiRes, magram aqedan gaemarTnen mcire aziis siRrmeebisaken, isini daamarcxa imperatorma tacitusma (275-276 ww.). Semdeg probem (276-282). amis Semdeg goTebis Sesevebis mimarTuleba Seicvala _ maTma gezma balkaneTisaken gadaiwia. wm. grigol neokesarielis cnobiT, mkvidri mosaxleobis dabali fenebi goTebs exmarebodnen (iqve, gv. 56). dioklitianes epoqaSi polemonis ponto (trapezunti, kerasunti, neokesaria, zela, sevastia, polemonia) da aseve mcire armenia (qal: nikopoli, satala da kolonea) Sediodnen kapadokiis romis sakonsulo legatis mmarTvelobaSi (mcire armenias Semdeg pirveli armenia ewoda) (iqve, gv. 57). romis imperiis gayofis Semdeg ponto iqca nawilad (bizantiis) imperiisa. misi aRmosavleTi sazRvrebi aRwevda md. akamfsisamde kerZod, prokofi kesarieli werda, rom ponto aRwevda q. trapezuntis aRmosavleT sazRvrebamde _ susurmenemde da rizemde. `rizes aRmosavleTiT mdebareobdnen is raionebi, romelTac bizantielebi ukve ver akontrolebdnen, Tumca iq iyvnen q. aTina da afsari, romelnic cnobdnen imperiis Zalauflebas maTze

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(gv. 58, SeniSvna 204). pontos mosaxleobis umetesoba iyo elinizirebuli adgilobrivi-qarTveluri warmoSobis tomebi (gv. 58). Teodorite kvireli (393-457) sxvadasxva tomebad miiCnevda lazebs, Wanebs (sanebs) da abazgebs, romelnic romaelebs emorCilebodnen (iqve, gv. 58). prokofis dros Wanebi ukve aRar cxovrobdnen sanapiroze, aramed armenielebis mezoblad materikis siRrmeSi, xolo lazebi cxovrobdnen fazisis sanapiroze. Wanebis erTi nawili imperiaSi cxovrobda, meore mis gareT. IV-V ss. mijnaze lazTa eqspansia intensiuri gaxda CrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT. imperatorma iustine I-ma (518-527) konstantinopolSi samefo gvirgvini uboZa lazTa mefes, winaswar ki monaTla imis gamo, rom sparseTi lazikas miiCnevda Tavis teritoriad da lazTa mefisadmi konstantinopolis daaxloebas mtrul qmedebad ganixilavda. lazikaSi bizantiuri garnizonebis gasamagreblad iustiniane I (527-565) mimarTavda RonisZiebebs, iq datyvevebuli bulgarelebi gaugzavna. iustinianes dros (petras agebamde) q. rizes aRmosavleTiT mdebare raioni ukve veRar kontroldeboda bizantielTa mier, Tumca iq iyvnen qalaqebi aTina da afsari, romelnic cnobdnen maTze saimperio xelisuflebas. (gv. 58). Teodore didis (379-395) pontos diocezi moicavda Semdeg provinciebs (eparqiebs) _ vifinia, paflagonia, elenononto, polemoniakis ponto, galatia I da galatia II, kapadokia, armenia I da armenia II, trapezunti da kerasunti, aseve neokesaria komania, polemonia miekuTvneboda polemoniakis pontos, xolo amasia, amiso, sinopi, ivora, zila, xaltoni Sediodnen elenopontos SemadgenlobaSi. provincia armenia I-Si Sediodnen sevastia (sivasi), nikopoli, kolonia, satala da sevastopoli (ara cxumi) (iqve, gv. 58). V s. trapezuntSi idga pontos pirveli legioni, rac am qalaqs aniWebda gansakuTrebul rols, rogorc Tavdacvisas, ise imperiis aRmosavleTis sazRvrebis dacvisas. imperiis am sazRvrebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda armeniebisa da polemoniakis pontos provinciebs. imperatorma iustiniane I-ma iq daniSna erTiani samxedro meTauri Magister militum-is tituliT da gauZliera jari. amis Semdeg Seiqmna aq romaelTa mZlavri forposti. (iqve, gv. 59). 535 wels iustinianem gaaerTiana potos ori provincia _ polemoniaki da elenoponto, magram meore welsve 536 wels iustinianem moaxdina reorganizacia da maT adgilas Seqmna oTxi provincia _ armenia I, armenia II, armenia III da armenia IV. es mas esaWiroeboda bizantiis samxreT kavkasiaSi eqspansiisaTvis. pirveli armeniis (mas aseve Sida armenia erqva) SemadgenlobaSi, romlis dedaqalaqi iyo bizana (evfratis piras, mas erqva aseve iustinianepoli), Sevida Sida olqebis yvela qalaqi (Teodosiopuli, satala, nikopoli, kolonea).

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am provinciis meTauri iyo maRali rangis moxele _ prokonsulis wodebiT. provincia elenopontis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida sinopi, amiso, amasia da sxv. trapezuntis da karasuntis sanapiro Seiyvanes armenia pirvelis SemadgenlobaSi. isini iyvnen samxedro-sazRvao flotis bazebi. es qalaqebi Sesabamisad gamoiyvanes polemoniakis pontos Semadgenlobidan. s. karpovma i. voronovis naSromze dayrdnobiT, did samecniro brunvaSi Seitana cneba imisa, rom dioskuria anu sebastopolisi iyo q. soxumi. (iuri voronovi _ `dioskuriada _ sebastopolisi _ cxumi~, moskovi, 1980). Sesabamisad, fazisi misTvis mdebareobda foTTan axlos, is eyrdnoba aseve maqsimovis Sromebs (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007, rus. enaze). s. karpovis TvalsazrisiT, `lazika iyo buferuli saxelmwifo, is sursaTiT (mariliT, RviniT da marcvleuliT) maragdeboda trapezuntidan. iustinianem trapezuntidan ganaxorciela dasavleT kavkasiaSi sazRvao da saxmeleTo operaciebi, misi brZanebiT iq miwispirTan gaaswores (daangries) Zvelromauli simagreebi, radganac fiqrobda, rom maT sparselebi advilad Caigdebdnen xelSi. Tavdacvis mTavar kvanZebad iqcnen trapezunti da xelaxla aSenebuli da gamagrebuli sebastopolisi da pitiunti. s. karpovi eyrdnoba prokofi kesarielis `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~. (gv. 59). sad mdebareobda pitiunti da sebastopolisi? XXVIII (28-e) novelaSi CamoTvlili provincia elenopontos qalaqebi _ amasia, ebora, evxaita, zela, leontopoli, sinopi, amiso, xolo polemoniakis pontos qalaqebidan dasaxelebulia neokesaria, komana, trapezunti, kerasunti, polemonia da aseve cixe-simagreebi (da ara qalaqebi) _ pitiunti da sebastopoli `am sasazRvro simagreebis iqiT iyo lazika~ ( ) (gv. 59). afxazeTis sebastopolissa da biWvinTas sparseTi naklebad daipyrobda, magram Tu isini trapezuntis regionSi iyvnen, maTi gamagrebiT trapezuntTan erTad Seikvreboda erTiani TavdacviTi sistema, marTlac am sistemam kargad imuSava da sparseTi damarcxda. sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis iqiT iyo lazika _ `am simagreebis iqiT iyo lazika~ _ wers s. karpovi. maSasadame, jer iyo sebastopolis-pitiunti, Semdeg ki, maT iqiT lazika mdebareobda. sebastopolisi da pitiunti mdebareobdnen lazikis dasavleT sazRvarTan. es unda gavigoT ise, rom isini mdebareobdnen trapezuntis mxares _ rogorc prokofi wers fazisis dasavleT sanapiros mxares `1 dRis gzis~ iqiT, anu Woroxidan daSorebulni iyvnen dasavleTisken 30-iode km-iT. iustinianes mier pontos sazRvrebTan, kerZod WaneTSi, armeniasa da lazikaSi Sendeboda axali strategiuli gzebi, iwmideboda tyeebi, Sende-

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boda axali cixesimagreebi. aRsdga Zvelebi. ZnelSesaRwevi xevebis (klisurebis) Sesasvlebebi ki iketeboda. iustinianem aRadgina satala, didi cixe-simagre mis kedlebTan 530 wels sparselebi damarcxdnen. mTavari strategiuli trasa gadioda trapezuntidan paipertisaken (baiberdisaken) _ da Teodosiopolisaken. damarcxebis Semdeg, 557 wlisaTvis, Wanebma aRiares maTze saimperio Zalaufleba, iqamde isini Tavs esxmodnen am gzaze vaWrebs da Zarcvavdnen. Tavs esxmodnen armenias. md. akamfsisis CrdiloeTiT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi iustinianem aago petras cixe-simagre, romelic akontrolebda dasavleT lazikasa da mis vaWrobas. petras mieniWa is strategiuli mniSvneloba, romelic adre trapezunts gaaCnda. misi mdgomareoba gaZnelebuli iyo, lazuri mosaxleobis mtrobis gamo. sparseTis alyis Semdeg petra Cabarda 541 wels da dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, mTavari samxedro forpostad kvlav trapezunti iqca. sparselTa mcdeloba CaetanaT petraSi xomaldebis samSeneblo xe-tye da gadaeqciaT is Tavis samxedro postad SeuZlebeli gaxda xanZris gamo. bizantielebma xangrZlivi alyis Semdegac, 549 wels, ver SeZles petras xelSi Cagdeba, Tumca am droisaTvis gaizarda lazTa simpatiebi maT mimarT. bizantielTa jarSi am dros Wanebis razmic Sedioda. (gv. 60). mxolod 551 wels aiRo petra bizantielma besam, petra maTve daangries. 561 wels `mudmiv zavamde~ irani mudam cdilobda, raTa bizantielTa jari dabrunebuliyo trapezuntSi, romelic mas bizantiis bunebriv sazRvrad miaCnda (gv. 60). amis miuxedavad 50 wliani zavis dadebis dros lazika darCa bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi. VII s-is dasawyisidan, eTnonimi lazi da toponimi lazika, TiTqmis, aRar gamoiyeneboda dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT, magram lazikad da Semdeg lazistanad isxenieba aRmosavleT pontos raioni trapezuntidan Woroxamde. (gv. 60). imperator mavrikes (582-602) dros trapezunti gaxda provincia `didi armeniis~ dedaqalaqi, masSi Sevidnen aseve qalaqebi _ iustinianepoli, kamaxa, kolonia, nikopoli, satala da kerasunti. (gv. 61). imperatorma heraklem (610-641) 627/8 wlebSi SeZlo mcire aziidan sparselebis gandevna. orjer ewvia trapezunts 622/3 da 626-628 wlebSi. iranis damarcxebiT heraklem dasavleTisaken gza gauxsna imperiis saSiS mtrebs _ arabebs, maT 737 wels gadamwyveti brola mouges bizantielebs iarmukTan. 640 wels arabebma dvini daipyres, 653 an 654 wels arabebma mcire xniT daipyres trapezunti. 711 wels aiRes kamaxa, 712 wels _ amasia da gangra. aq didxans ebrZodnen erTmaneTs arabebi da bizantielebi.

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arabebi 784 wels gaiWrnen amisisaken, 860 wels sinopisken, zRvispireTis bizantia akontrolebda. arabebi 863 wels damarcxdnen md. galisis CrdiloeTiT adgilze, romelsac erqva _ fosoni (ponto-paflagoniis sazRvarze). es gamarjveba aRmoCnda gardamtexi bizantielTa sasargeblod. sityva `fosoni~ etimilogiurad axalia sityvebTan `fasisi~, `fas~, `foso~. (md. galisTan antikur xanaSi mdebareobda Temiskira da Termodonti, Semdeg iq iyo fasisis akademia, es miwa-wyali Zvelad kolxebis sacxovrisi _ kolxida iyo, armeniis gverdiT). VII s-is Sua wlebSi daarsda `armeniakis~ Temi anu Tema. es Tema Tavis mxriv sam `tumad~ (samxedro-administraciul erTeulad) iyofoda. xaldia armeniakis Temis erT-erT tumaSi Sedioda. samxreTiT armeniakis Temas md. galisi sazRvravda (n. adoncis SexedulebiT, CrdiloeTiT misi sazRvari fasisamde (e.i. Woroxamde) aRwevda 824-863 wlebSi armeniakis Tema daiSala da xaldia calke Temad gamoiyo. (gv. 64). armeniakis Temas sazRvrebi, TiTqmis, emTxveoda yofil polemonis pontos sazRvrebs, mas eklesiurad lazikis eparqia erqva da moicavda teritorias fatsa-polemonionidan rizemde. xaldias dedaqalaqi iyo trapezunti, aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda `mcire armenia~. qaldeas TemaSi Sedioda TavdacviTi raionebi _ klisurebi md. akamfsisis (Woroxis) velze da mis Senakad murRulze. ajanyebul Toma slavs (820-823) exmarebodnen sxvebTan erTad `ivirebi da avazgebi~ _ lit. . . IX-X . . 1960, c. 65). qaldias TemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli mcire Temebi derksini da iviria, maTi administraciis saTaveSi idga samoqalaqo mosamarTleebi, romelnic xSirad atarebdnen tituls _ patrikoosi, protospaTari, spaTarokandidati, zogierTis saxeli cnobilia maTi beWdebis mixedviT. (gv. 66). s. karpovis azriT, md. fazisi erqva md. rions, magram es ase rom ar iyo, Cans Semdegidan _ imperator roman I lakapinis (920-944) dros, daaxloebiT 922 wels, qaldeas Tema moicva separatizmma, mas adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uWerda mxars. `ajanyeba CaaxSo domestikosma ioane kurkuasam bizantiis gamoCenilma (warmoSobiT somexma) mxedarTmTavarma, romelmac iqamde aRadgina bizantiis sazRvrebi md. evfratze da tigrosze, xolo kavkasiaSi md. fazisze (rionze)~ _ wers s. karpovi. magram X s-Si bizantiis sazRvari rionze gadioda? dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas _ ara. X s-Si sazRvari Woroxze gadioda, mas erqva imJmad fazisi. bizantiis sazRvari aq X s-Si mxedarTmTavars ioane kurkuasas aRudgenia. 949 wels bizantielebs daemorCila Teodosiupoli. cnobili somxebi winamZRvrobdnen bizantiur jarebs omis dros armeniis mimarTulebiT, isini TandaTan asimilirdnen bizantiuri elitis SemadgenlobaSi, am faqtma warmoqmna bizantiis sazRvrebTan SesamCnevi fena, romelTac `somex-

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qalkedonitebs~ uwodeben. asoRiki _ somexi istorikosi _ aRwers iviriaSi basili II-is laSqrobas (1000-1001 wlebSi), xolo qaldeasa da iviriaSi XI s-is Sua wlebSi. qaldiis TemSi Sedioda paiperti, iqedan maragdeboda trapezunti produqtebiT (gv. 67). makedonelTa dinastiis (867-1056) dros gaizarda trapezuntis saeklesio mniSvneloba, basili I-is (867-886) dros trapezuntis saepiskoposo kaTedra amaRlda mitropolitis rangamde. iviriaSi laSqrobis dros 1000 wels basili II iyo trapezuntSi (gv. 70). . . IX-XI . . 1988. trapezuntis mfarveli iyo wmida evgeni. misi biografi iyo ioane qsifiloni, Semdeg patriarqi. misi sityviT wmida evgenis SemweobiT basili II-m daamarcxa saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I da misi mokavSire somexi bagratidebi da arwrunebi da imperiam SeZlo taos daWera (gv. 70). agiografi wmida evgenis Semweobas Tvlis mizezad imisa, rom barda fokas ajanyebis dros trapezuntis asaRebad mimarTuli qarTvelTa jarebi magistr Cordvanelisa da bagratis (parakratis) meTaurobiT Seferxdnen da ukuiqcnen 990 wels. daviTma cno imperatoris Zalaufleba, dauTmo mas miwebi da miiRo kurapalatis tituli. 1048-1054 wlebSi seljukebi SeiWrnen Teodiosiopulis raionSi. ioane qsifilonis sityviT kolxida trapezunts emorCileboda (gv. 112). e.i. misi `kolxida~ araa dasavleT saqarTvelo.

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siwmideebi wm. grigoli neokesarieli, saswaulTmoqmedi III saukunisa, iyo ponto polemoniakis mitropoliti, romlis saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda trapezuntis saepiskoposo. (is unda exila Tavis CvenebaSi wm. mefe vaxtang gorgasals am mxareebSi laSqrobisas. mitr. anania). am eparqias eklesiurad, Semoklebis mizniT _ `lazikis eparqiasac~ uwodebdnen SemdegSi. romaelma mefisnacvalma agrikolam sevastieli da nikopoleli (mcire aziis Sida olqebis) qristianebi daxoca. lisiam, moawyo tribunali satalaSi, qaldeas sazRvarTan. 40 sebastieli mowame, 45 nikopoleli mowame, wm. evstrati da misi 4 TanamoRvawe (wm. aqvsenti, evgeni, mardari da oresti), wm. orenti da misi 6 Zma, daxocilebi laziis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi da pitiuntSi (!) _ qristianTa masobrivi angariSsworebis msxverplni iyvnen (daiwera maTi cxovrebis sxvadasxva versiebi). (s. karpovi, gv. 214). qalaq komanaSi amasiis mefisnacvalma agripam dasaja qristiani mowame _ vasiliski. is dabadebulia sofel xumialaSi, xolo am wmindanma amasiidan komanamde gzaze mdebare sofel dakozaraSi moaxdina saswauli romlis mowme romaelma jariskacebma qriste aRiares. sofel komanas uban dioskoraSi mas Tavi mokveTes _ miTi cxovrebis mixedviT (gv. 215). liciniuss surda amasiis episkopos vasilis (daaxl. 309 w.) wameba. pirvelma CvenTvis cnobilma trapezuntelma episkoposma domnam monawileoba miiRo 325 wlis nikeis I ms. krebis muSaobaSi. (gv. 215). pontoeli mRvdelmTavrebi araerTxel aurCeviaT konstantinopolis patriarqad. Tavdapirvelad trapezunti iyo neokesariis samitropolitos erT-erTi saepriskoposo (ponto polemoniakis eparqia) (gv. 216). (Darrouzes J. Notatiae episcopatuum... P. 223, 237, 255). trapezuntis kaTedris samitropolito rangSi ayvana moxda, rogorc Cans or etapad _ (680/81 da 787 wlebSi) fazisis mitropolitis tituli gadaeca trapezuntis meufes da mRvdelmTavarma qristeforem xeli moawera VII ms. krebis (787) aqtebs, Tavdapirvelad rogorc fazisisa da trapezuntis episkoposma, xolo Semdeg ubralod rogorc trapezuntelma (gv. 216). sakuTriv trapezuntis kaTedris ayvana samitropolito rangSi, Cans moxda basili I (867-886) mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi. pirveli trapezunteli episkoposi aTanase mitropolitis xarisxis iyo (843-886). (gv. 216). trapezuntel mitropolits noticiebSi (X s. dasawyisSi) 33-e adgili ekava (XIV s-mde) da erqva `lazikis eparqiis~ mitropoliti. X . XIV . 33 (c. 216).

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kerasunti, romelic aseve neokesariis eparqiaSi Sedioda XI s. bolodan samitropolito gaxda. amasiis samitropolitosac (elenopontos eparqiaSi) sapatio adgili eWira konstantinepolis saepiskoposo cxrilSi (gv. 210). trapezuntis mitropolitma wm. vasilim 913-914 wlebSi aRadgina sakaTedro taZari, magram trapezuntis mitropolitis mier arqiepiskoposis titulis gamoyenebam gamoiwvia patriarq nikoloz I mistikosis (901-907, 912925) protesti. man moiTxova raTa qaldiis sapatriarqo egzarqoss gaegzavna konstantinopolSi prelati axsna-ganmartebis misacemad. qaldiis mitropoliti aseve ganisaja patriarqis mier monastridan erT-erTi beris, albaT misi yofili moZRvris gaZevebisaTvis. (e.i. trapezuntis mitropoliti igivea rac qaldiis mitropoliti, amave dros is aris `lazikis eparqiis~ mitropoliti, anu lazika da qaldea sinonimebia). - X . XIV . 33- (Darrouzes, Notatie episcopatuum... P. 272). lazikis eparqias kaTedraTa siebSi X-XIV ss-Si eWira 33-e adgili. trapezuntis avtokefalur mitropolias am siebSi ewodeba lazikis eparqia (anda eparqia lazikaSi) (gv. 216). 913-914 wlebSi trapezuntis mitropolitma wm. vasilim aRadgina RvTismSoblis sakaTedro eklesia trapezuntSi. man Tavis Tavs mianiWa ufleba etarebina tituli arqiepiskoposisa, ramac aRaSfoTa patriarqi nikoloz I mistikosi (901-907, 912-925). kerasuntis wm. epifanes monasteri droebiT gadaeca alaniis mitropolits saxarjod, rasac protesti mohyva monastris mxridan, male kerasuntis kaTedraze gadmoiyvanes Turqebis mier dapyrobili ankiris mitropoliti. bizantiur samyaroSi gansakuTrebiT iyvnen saxelganTqmulni trapezuntis sami monasteri _ vazeloni, sumela da wm. giorgis peristereota. vazelonis monasteri _ maWukaSi dauarsebiaT 270 wels. man Tavisi saxeli miiRo zabulonis mTisagan, romelzec is idga (zabuloni erqva wm. ninos mamas, mitr. anania). sumela _ daarsda XII s-Si, aToneli berebis mier, romelTac aq miutaniaT RvTismSoblis saswaulTmoqmedi xati, romelic gadmocemebiT luka maxarebels dauxatavs. sumelas monasters uxvad asaCuqrebdnen trapezuntis imperatorebi. (gv. 218). aseve cnobili iyo wm. evgenis monasteri, romelic ayvavda IX-XII ss-Si da gaaCnda didi miwis farTobebi trapezuntSi, qaldeasa da paipertSic. trapezunti Tavis saeklesio gavlenis gavrcelebas cdilobda alaniaSi, romlis mitropolitsac kaTedra trapezuntSi hqonda. Tavis gavlenas trapezunti yirimzec avrcelebda. rogorc Cans, mas surda Tavisi gavle-

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nis gavrceleba iberiaSi jer kidev X s-is dasawyisSi, magaliTad 923 wels, trapezuntSi miuRiaT gadawyvetileba raTa iSxnis episkoposisaTvis xeli trapezuntSi daesxaT (gv. 219). `alaniis mitropolits gaaCnda sakuTreba trapezuntSi, aTinasa da lazikaSi~ (gv. 220). alaniis kaTedris meSveobiT trapezuntis imperia Tavis gavlenas avrcelebda dasavleT kavkasiaSi, tanaSi, yirimis samxreT sanapiroze. azovispireTze da am teritoriebze saeklesio mmarTvelobaze, amitomac trapezunteli mefeebi cdilobnen ekontrolebinaT alaniis mitropolitTa arCeva. 1400 wels trapezuntis imperatorma miaRwia patriarqis Tanxmobas aerCiaT alaniis mRvdelmTavari ara konstantinopolSi, aramed mis droebiT rezidencia _ trapezuntSi. `aTonis wm. mTaze mimavali qarTvel mRvdelTa gza gadioda trapezuntze. aTonis mTaze mimavali qarTveli morCili saberoebi, XV s-is CaTvliT, iRzrdebodnen, swavlobdnen da emzadebodnen trapezuntSi. ideuri da geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, gza saqarTvelodan aTonisaken zogjer pontos sanapiroze ido~. (gv. 212). `trapezuntis imperias samxreTidan esazRvreboda Tema `didi lazia~ (gv. 159). TviTon trapezuntis imperiis miwa-wyali winaT ganlagebuli iyo qaldeas TemSi. trapezuntis imperia aris memkvidre qaldiis Temisa `is Seenacvla~ qaldeas Tems (gv. 159). `wyaroebi arc Tu iSviaTad ixsenieben qaldebs (xaldebs), XII s-mde ponto Sedioda bizantiur Tema qaldeaSi. qaldebis qveS, gulisxmobdnen am olqis elinizebul mosaxleobas. isini iTvlebodnen uxeS, saqmeSi uvargis, qalTa moyvarul, magram gulad meomrebad. (gv. 112). `qarTvelebi (romelTac xandaxan kolxebs uwodebdnen) cxovrobdnen ara mxolod pontos sazRvrebTan, aramed qalaqebSic, trapezuntis CaTvliT~. ( )... (gv. 112). s. karpovi ar eTanxmeba sxvadasxva avtors, romelnic weren rom `trapezunti kolxidaSi~ mdebareobda, mas miaCnia es mosaxreba arqaizmad. Tavis argumentad mohyavs berZnuli teqstebi, magaliTad ioane qsifiloni Tvlida, rom kolxida-trapezuntis miwas esazRvreboda. kolxida pontos mezoblad mdebareobda. lazebs (xalxi, romelTa ena qarTvelur jgufebs ganekuTvneboda), pontos mosaxleobaSi raodenobrivad meore adgili eWiraT. pontos aRmosavleTi da samxreTi mxareebi ufro mWidrod iyvnen dasaxlebuli lazebiT, kerZod surmena, rize, lazika, xeriana ( . . ...A. 53). (gv. 113). SuasaukuneebSi Wanebi da lazebi erTmaneTs Seerivnen (Wanebi qaldiis maWukaSi cxovrobdnen). (gv. 114).

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 . . XIII-XV . . 1. , II, . Bizantinoslavica, 1999, . LX/1. P. 71-86. lazaropulos cnobiT, barda fokas ajanyebis mxardasaWerad taos `mmarTvelma~ (mefe) daviTma Tavisi ori sardali bagrati da Cordvaneli gagzavna trapezuntis asaRebad. isini persarmeniidan paipertis gavliT gaemarTnen trapezuntisaken. Tavdapirvelad basili II-is sardali grigori taroniti damarcxda, magram, Semdeg roca qarTulma jarma gaigo fokas daRupvis cnoba, ukan Semobrunda. trapezuntis saswaulebrivi gadarCena agiografma axsna wm. evgenis (trapezuntis mflobelis) mfarvelobiT. Semdeg Cordvanelis jari damarcxda 990 wlis Teberval-martSi derjanSi. daviTma aRiara imperatoris Zalaufleba da uanderZa Tavisi miwebi (miiRo kurapalatis tituli) (gv. 71). basili I-is (867-886) dros trapezuntis saepiskoposo amaRlda samitropolito kaTedris pativamde. (gv. 70). 949 wels bizantielebma aiRes Teodosiopoli (- . . - , , 1980). - - (X-XI .) , . 1994. (gv. 67). trapezuntis imperatorebs TavianT titulaturaSi aseve `iveriis mefeebi~ ewodebodaT (1282 wlidan). es gulisxmobda imas, rom lazikisa da taos erTi nawili Sedioda trapezuntis imperiaSi, aseve mas erTgvari suvereniteti hqonda guriazec (gv. 407). (taosa da aseve lazikas _ iveria erqva. mitr. anania).
trapezuntis episkoposebi da mitropolitebi (IX-XI) (gv. 502) episkoposebi 325 w. _ domne 451 w. _ atarvi 518 w. _ antipatre 518-535 _ anTimozi 542 _ urani 681 _ Teodore mitropolitebi 787 _ qristefore, mitr. fasidisa da trapezuntisa . 787 - , . a. 787-815 ww. Sua _ nikifore 843-886 _ wm. aTanase

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IX s. dasawyisi _ ioane IX-X _ Teodore X s. dasawyisi _ wm. vasili X-XI _ Teodosi X-XI _ grigoli 1027-1028 _ konstantine XI Sua _ ioane 1054 _ levi bizantielTa denacionalizacia Turqebma 1453 wels aiRes konstantinopoli, 1461 wels trapezunti, es iTvleba erTgvar `mosamzadebel safexurad berZnuli sazogadoebis gaTurqebisa, Turquli ena, yofa-cxovrebis wesebi, Turquli samyaros mravalricxovani realiebi XV s. Sua wlebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili, bunebrivi da SeiZleba maxlobelic ki iyo bizantielTaTvis. Turquli realiebis aseT `mSvidobian SeWras~ berZnul-marTlmadideblur samyaroSi saxelmwifos politikur marcxSic Tavisi wvlili edo. (gv. 359). gaTurqeba zogjer win uswrebda politikur damarcxebas. erT-erTi mizezi, romelmac ganapiroba bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriobis damarcxeba iyo ara teritoriebze Turqebis politikuri batonoba, aramed iqamde mosaxleobis gaTurqeba. amrigad, latentur gaTurqebaSi igulisxmeba bizantiur garemoSi Turquli eTnikuri elementis SeWra, aseve masTan dakavSirebuli bizantiuri Semecnebis transformacia rac gamoixateboda imiT, rom bizantielebi TandaTan `iTvisebdnen~ Turquli samyaros realiebs. mravalricxviani leqsikuri nasesxoba, aseve masTan dakavSirebuli axali `barbarosuli~ realiebi (bizantiur cxovrebaSi) iyvnen masStaburi kulturuli transformaciis produqtebi, romelic pirdapir exmianeboda gvianbizantiuri Semecnebis TviTidentifikaciis bazur maxasiaTeblebs~ (gv. 459). karpovis wignis dasasruli.

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II. demetrius kiminasma 2009 wels gamosca wigni konstantinopolis sapatriarqos Sesaxeb, sadac Seexo ponto-kolxidis Zvel eparqiebs, Cven moviyvanT Targmans misi wignis erTi nawilisa.
The Ecumenical Patriarchate, be Demetrius Kiminas, 2009, gv. 105-110.
seqcia E samitropolitoebi centralur Sua aziaSi amasiis (Amasia) samitropolito amasiis mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da pontos yvela saegzarxosos egzarxosi qalaqi amasia (Amasia), romelic ganlagebulia q. ankaris CrdiloeTiT 334 km, daarsda qristes Sobamde 300 wels, pontos mefe miTridates mier, iq arsebuli dasaxlebis nacvlad. Cv. w. 183 wlamde is samefos dedaqalaqis funqcias asrulebda da qristes Sobamde 3 wels romis imperiis kontrolis qveS gadavida. daaxloebiT 1075 wels is Turq-selCukebma daipyres, Semdeg 1106 daibruna romis imperiam, daaxloebiT 1120 wels daipyro TurqeTma da 1392 wels osmanTa TurqeTma. amasiis (Amasia) samitropolito daarsda qristes Sobidan 325 wels, Tavdapirvelad kesariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitos sapatio primatobis qveS myofi, 451 wels is gaxda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos samitropolito. meSvide saukuneSi samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi 6 eparqia Sedioda, me-12 saukunisaTvis ki eparqiebis raodenoba Svidamde gaizarda. Tumca, am teritoriis selCukebis mier okupaciis Semdeg, eparqiebis raodenoba nel-nela Semcirda da meToTxmete saukuneSi saerTod gaqra. am periodis ganmavlobaSi samitropolito taxtma gadainacvla amisosis (Amisos) CrdiloeTiT 110 km-iT, sadac amJamadac rCeba. amisosi (Amisos), romelic Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebareobs, daarsda qristes Sobamde me-7 saukuneSi, mileteli (Miletus) berZnebis mier, qristes Sobamde 71 wels igi romaelebma daipyres da mas romis imperiis dros ewodeboda palaTioni (Palation), mdebareobda aneas (Anea) samitropolitoSi. Semdeg, rac Turq-selCukebma qalaqis okupacia moaxdines (daaxloebiT 1080 wels), romauli qalaqis kedlebis gverdiT daarsda Turquli kolonia samsuni. daaxloebiT 1107 wels bizantielebma qalaqi ukan daibrunes, Tumca selCukebma kvlav daipyres igi 1214 wels da Semdeg osmanebma 1392 wels. 1402 wels, monRolebis mxedarTmTavarma Temurlengma, rac mas Semdeg,

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qalaqi Semusra, igi gadasca aRdgenil yandaris (Candar) saemiros, xolo 1461 wels misi aneqsia osmanebma moaxdines. amasiis samitropolitos CrdiloeTiT Savi zRva esazRvreba; aRmosavleTiT neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito; samxreTiT neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito da kesariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito; xolo dasavleTidan ki mas keisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito da neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito (gangras (Gangra) mxare) SemosazRvravs. mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: sinofi (Sinop), Sav zRvaze, amisosis (Amisos) CrdilodasavleTiT 145 km-iT; aigialosi (Aigialos), Sav zRvaze, amisos (Amisos) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 185 km-iT; Temiskira (Themikyra), amisos (Amisos) aRmosavleTiT 40 km-iT; Termodoni (Thermodon), Sav zRvaze, amisos (Amisos) aRmosavleTiT 55 km-iT; pafra (Paphra)? amisos (Amisos) Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 48 km-iT; neoklavdiapolisi (Neoklavdioupolis), amisos (Amisos) samxreT-dasavleTiT 85 km-iT; vouvasioni (Vouvasion), amisos (Amisos) aRmosavleTiT 170 km-iT; laodikia (Laodikia), amisos (Amisos) samxreTiT 60 km-iT; fazimoni (Phazimon), amisos (Amisos) samxreT-dasavleTiT 90 km-iT; da iraklia (Iraklia), amisos (Amisos) aRmosavleTiT 70 km-iT. 1920 wlis ianvridan noembramde periodSi es teritoria pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawils warmoadgenda (ix. m. trapezousi (M. Trapezous). 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, metropoliis teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba. amasiis (Amasia) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg 59. paisiusi (Paisius) seqtemberi 1780 _ 1809 / d. 1809 60. neofitusi (Neophytus) (pirvelad) dekemberi 1809 _ ivlisi 1826 / d.? 61. dionisus (Dionysus) III ivlisi 1926 _ ianvari 1827 / d. 1877 (ex M. Silyvria) droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to m. Amasia). neofitusi (Neoplytus) (meored) ianvari 1827 _ agvisto 1828 / d.? 62. meletius (Meletius) IV agvisto 1828 _ noemberi 1830 1772-1845 Pengalos (to M. Thesaloniki). dionisus (Dionysius) III (meored) noemberi 1830 _ seqtemberi 1835 / d.1877 Kotakis (ex former M. Amasia), gadayenebuli (to former, to M. Nikomidia). 63. kalinikus (Callinicus) II (meored) seqtemberi 1830 _ marti 1847+ / d.1847 (ex M. Didymotichon). 64. kirili (Cyril) marti 1847 _ 21 seqtemberi 1855 1800-1872 (ex. M. Ainos) (to P. Constantinople). 65. sofronius (Sophronius) I 27 seqt. 1855 _ 20 seqt. 1863 1798-1899 Meidantzoglous (ex m. Chios) (to p. Constantinopole). 66. sofronius II 17 ianvari 1864 _ ianvari 1887 / d. 1887 (ex m. Arta)

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67. anTimus (Anthimus) II 22 ianvari 1887 _ 5 Teb. 1908 1824-1909 Alexoudis (ex m. Velegrades), droebiT gadamdgari 68. germanusi (Germanus) (pirvelad) 5 Teb. 1908 _ 27 oqt. 1922 1866-1935 Karangelis (ex m. Kastoria) (to m. Loannina) 69. spiridoni (Spyridon) 27 oqt. 1922 _ 15 apr. 1924 1873-1956 Vlachos (ex m. Loannina) (to m. Loannina) germanusi (Germanus) (meored) 12 agvisto 1924 _ 10 Teb. 1935 1866-1935 Karavangelis (ex m. Hungary) ix. SeniSvna 1 70. apostolusi (Apostolus) 25 oqt. 1951 _ 29 noemb. 1957 1878_1957 Tryphonos (ex yofili m. Rhodes) SeniSvna 1. 1921 wlis 7 ivniis mitropolit germanuss TurqeTis marTlmsajulebis mier dauswreblad miesaja sikvdiliT dasja da amitom, man SemdgomSi veRar SeZlo TurqeTSi dabruneba. 1924-35 wlebSi igi rCeboda venaSi, rogorc konstantinopolis ekumenuri sapatriarqos centraluri evropis egzarxosi. ankaris samitropolito ankaris mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da sruliad galatiis (Galatia) egzarxosi qalaqi ankara, romelic mdebareobs nikomidiis (Nikomidia) samxreTiT 330 km-Si, daarsda frigielebis mier, qristes Sobamde meaTe saukuneSi. qristes Sobamde 25 wels is gaxda romis imperiis nawili, xolo 1075 wels moxda misi okupacia Turq-selCukebis mier. 1101, 1106 da 1134 wlebSi romaelebma droebiT daibrunes qalaqi ankara, Tumca sabolood, is daipyro osmanTa imperiam 1356 wels. 1402 wels qalaqi monRolTa mxedarTmTavarma Temur lengma Semusra. ankaris samitropolito qristes Sobidan 325 wels daarsda, Tavdapirvelad keisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitos sapatio primatobis qveS myofi, 451 wels is gaxda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos samitropolito. meSvide saukuneSi samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi 8 eparqia Sedioda, me-11 saukunisaTvis ki am eparqiebis raodenoba eqvsamde Semcirda. Turq-selCukebis mier am teritoriis okupaciis Semdeg eparqiebis raodenoba kidev ufro Semcirda da me-13 saukunis bolos, saerTod gaqra. ankaris samitropolitos CrdiloeTidan prousis (Prousa) samitropolito, nikaias (Nikaia) samitropolito da neokaisariis (Neokaisaria, gangras (Gangra) mxare) samitropolito esazRvreba; aRmosavleTidan kaisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito; samxreTidan ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito da filadelfiis samitropolito; da dasavleTidan ki filadelfiis samitropolito, prousiis (Prousa) samitropolito da nikaias (Nikaia) samitropolito esazRvreba.

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sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: dorilaioni (Dorylaion), ankaris aRmosavleTiT 228 km-Si; kotiaioni (Kotyaion), dorilaionis (Dorylaion) samxreT-dasavleTiT 65 km-Si; anastasioupolisi (Anastasipupolis), ankaris Crdilo-dasavleTiT 85 km-Si; iouliopolisi (Iouliopolis), ankaris Crdilo-dasavleTiT 135 km-Si; ioustinianupolisi (Ioustinianoupolis), ankaris samxreT-dasavleTiT 135 km-Si; gordioni (Gordion), ankaris samxreT-dasavleTiT 70 km-Si; kaloumni (Kaloumni), ankaris CrdiloeTiT 40 km-Si; mizosi (Mizos), ankaris dasavleTiT 45 km-Si; da koptolofosi (Koptolofos), ankaris aRmosavleTiT 65 km-Si. 1921 wels moxda samitropolitos aRmosavleTi nawilis okupacia berZnuli samxedro Zalebis mier. kerZod, 1921 wlis 2 ivliss moxda kotiaionis (Kotyaion) okupacia, xolo 1921 wlis 6 ivliss ki dorilaionis (Dorylaion) okupacia. 1922 wlis agvistoSi, damarcxebis Semdeg, berZnuli samxedro Zalebi gandevnes am teritoriidan da moxda marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobis nawilis evakuacia saberZneTSi, nawili ki iqna ganadgurebuli gamarjvebuli Turqebis mier. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, marTlmadidebelma mosaxleobam samitropolitos danarCeni nawilic datova. dRes samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar gvxvdeba marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba. ankaris mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg 57. jonikius (Johnnicius) II ivlisi 1779 _ marti 1811 / d. 1823 (to m. Nikaia) 58. sofroniusi (Sophronius) I marti 1811 _ 1814+ / d. 1814 59. meTodiusi (Methodius) ivnisi 1814 _ 13 maisi 1823 1771-1850 (to p. Antioch) 60. agaTangelus (Agatangelus) maisi 1823 _ seqtemberi 1827 1780-1852 Myrianthousis (to m. Thiva) 61. Teodosiusi (Theodosius) II oqtomberi 1827 _ 1834+ / d. 1834 (ex t.b.Zichna Mar 1821) 62. gerasimus (Gerasimus) III 1834 _ seqtemberi 1836 / d. 1837 Domninos (ex. yofili m. Kaisaria) (to m. Ephesos) 63. kirili (Cyril) seqtemberi 1836 _ agvisto 1838 / d. ? (ex. yofili m. Arta) gadamdgari 64. nikeforusi (Nicephorus) agvisto 1838 _ ivnisi 1845 / d. 1847 (to m. Nyssa) 65. hieroTeusi (Hieroteus) ivnisi 1845 _ dekemberi 1852 / d. 1882 gadamdgari, 4 marti, 1882 66. meleTiusi (Meletius) II dek. 1922 _ 16 oqt. 1860 / d. 1883 (ex t.b. Amisos) (to m. Philadelphia) 67. jonikius (Johnnicius) III oqt. 1860 _ 25 maisi 1972 / d. 1879 Ikonomou (to m. Filippi)

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68. qrisanTusi (Chrysanthus) 25 maisi 1872 _ agvisto 1877+ / d. 1877 (ex yofili m. Kassandria) 69. gerasimus (Gerasimus) IV 3 seqt. 1877 _ ianvari 1899+ 1820-1899 (ex m. Halepion) 70. nikolas (Nicholas) II 1 maisi 1899 _ 19 oqt. 1902 1862-1927 Sakkopoulos (ex m. Vodena) (to m. Maronia) 71. sofronius (Sophronius) II 19 oqt. 1902 _ 27 marti 1910 / d. 1917 Nistopoulis (ex m. Stromnitsa) (to m. Kaisaia) 72. gervasi (Gervase) 1 aprili 1910 _ 17 noem. 1922 1867-1934 Sarasitis (ex m. Korytsa) (to m. Alexandroupolis) ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito ikonionis (Ikonion) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da sruliad likaoniis (Lycaonia) egzarxosi qalaqi ikonioni (Ikonion), romelic mdebareobs ankaris samxreTiT 250 km-Si, daarsda frigielebis mier. qristes Sobamde 25 wels is gaxda romis imperiis nawili, xolo daaxloebiT 1075 wels moxda misi okupacia TurqselCukebis mier. 1390 wels qalaqi daipyres Turqmenebma (Karaman Turkmans), 1390 wels osmanTa imperiam, xolo 1403 wels monRolebis mxedarTmTavarma Temur lengma igi gadasca aRdgenil karamanis (Karaman) saemiros. sabolood, qalaqi osmanTa imperiam daibruna 1468 wels. Tavdapirvelad pisidiis antioqiis (Pisidian Antioch) samitropolitos erTerTi eparqia, ikonioni (Ikonion) gaxda samitropolito qristes Sobidan 372 wels. meSvide saukuneSi mis iurisdiqciaSi TxuTmeti eparqia Sedioda, Tumca, selCukebis mier okupaciis Semdeg, am teritoriaze eparqiebis raodenoba nel-nela Semcirda da mecamete saukuneSi saerTod gaqra. 1655 wlis 15 seqtembers ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito gauqmda da misi teritoria miemata pisidiis (Pisidia) samitropolitos, Tumca maleve moxda misi aRdgena, savaraudod, 1661 wlis seqtemberSi. ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolitos CrdiloeTidan ankaris samitropolito esazRvreba; aRmosavleTidan kaisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito da anadis (Anada) (antioqiis sapatriarqo) samitropolito; samxreTidan anadis (Anada) (antioqiis sapatriarqo) samitropolito; da dasavleTidan ki mas pisidiis (Pisidai) samitropolito da filadelfiis samitropolito SemosazRvravs. sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: nigdi (Nigdi), ikonionis (Ikonion) aRmosavleTiT 230 km-Si; arqelaisi (Archelais), ikonionis (Ikonion) CrdiloaRmosavleTiT 150 km-Si; karvali (Karvali), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 130 km-Si; parnasosi (Parnassos), ikonionis (Ikonion) CrdiloeTiT 200 km-Si; tba tattas (Tatta) sanapiroze; tiana (Tyana), ikonionis (Ikonion) aRmosavleTiT 210 km-Si; iraklia (Iraklia), ikonionis (Ikonion) aRmosavleTiT

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170 km-Si; laranda (Laranda), ikonionis (Ikonion) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 110 km-Si; dalisandosi (Dalisandos), ikonionis (Ikonion) samxreT-dasavleTiT 85 km-Si; koralia (Korallia), ikonionis (Ikonion) dasavleTiT 80 km-Si, amave saxelis mqone tbis napirze; tiriaioni (Tyriaion), ikonionis (Ikonion) CrdilodasavleTiT 75 km-Si; da filomilioni (Philomilion), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 120 km-Si, amave saxelis mqone tbis napirze. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba. ikonionis (Ikonion) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg 50. rafaeli (Raphael) ivlisi 1780 _ seqtemberi 1803 / d.e~1806 (to m. Larissa) 51. kirili (Cyril) seqtemberi 1803 _ dekemberi 1810 1775-1821 Sermpetzoglous (to p. Adrianoupolis) 52. neofitus (Neophytus) I dekemberi 1810 _ 1825+ / d. 1834 53. anTimus (Anthimus) III oqtomberi 1825 _ seqtemberi 1835 1788-1878 Vamvakis (to m. Larissa) 54. samuel (Samuel) seqtemberi 1835 _ 8 ianvari 1840 / d. ? (ex yofili m. Pisidia) gadamdgari 55. ioakim (Ioachim) II ianvari 1840 _ ivnisi 1846 / d. ? (ex m. Vodela) gadamdgari 56. meletius (Meletius) II ivnisi 1846 _ 1849+ / d. 1849 (ex m. Dimistrias) 57. neofitus (Neophytus) II maisi 1849 _ ianvari 1865+ / d. 1864 (ex m. Elasson) 58. sofroniusi (Sophronius) 11 ianvari 1865 _ 1 maisi 1873 / d. 1890 Christidis (to m. Didymotichon) 59. agaTangelusi (Agathangelus) 1 maisi 1873 _ 17 ivlisi 1885 / d. 1885 (ex m. Mithymna) 60. doroTeusi (Johnnicius) 26 agv. 1885 _ 22 ivlisi 1887 / d. 1924 Chrisridis (ex m. Korytsa) (to m. Velegrades) 61. ambrose (Ambrose) 22 ivlisi 1887 _ 20 marti 1889+ 1832-1990 Christidis (ex m. Chis) 62. aTanasius (Athanasius) III 23 marti 1889 _ 10 ianvari 1911+ / d. 1911 llliadis 63. prokopiusi (Procopius) 16 ivnisi 1911 _ 12 marti 1923+ / d. 1923 Lazaridis (ex m. Philaselphia), 1922 w. daapatimra Turqulma marTlmsajulebam, gardaicvala cixeSi.

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64. iakobi (Jacob) 7 ivlisi 1950 _ 16 aprili 1965+ 1916-1965 Stepanidis 65. Teoleptusi (Theoleptus) 10 seqtemberi 2000 _ b. 1957 Fenerdis kesariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito keisariis (Kaisaria) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli yvelaze pativcemulebs Soris da sruliad aRmosavleTis egzarxosi qalaki kesaria [keisaria,kaisaria (Kaisaria)], romelic mdebareobs ankaris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 290 km-Si, ganlagebulia teritoriaze, sadac mosaxleoba qristes Sobamde 4 aTaswleulis win dasaxlda. misi Tavdapirveli saxeli iyo mazaka (Mazaca), qristes Sobamde daaxloebiT 150 wels ki mas kabadokiis mefis, ariarates V eusebes (Ariarathes V Eusebes) pativsacemad, eusebia (Eusebia) ewoda. qristes Sobidan 18 wels, romis imperiis mier misi aneqsiidan erTi wlis Semdeg, qalaqs daerqva keisaria (Kaisaria). daaxloebiT 1075 wels qalaqi daipyres Turq-selCukebma, 1092 wels Turqmenebma (Danishmend Turkomans), 1169 isev selCukebma da 1397 wels osmanTa imperiam. 1403 wels tamerlanma is aRdgenil yaramanis (Karaman) saemiros gadasca, xolo 1468 wels is isev osmanebma daibrunes. keisaria (Kaisaria) samitropolito qristes Sobidan 325 wels gaxda da axorcielebda sapatio primatobas pontos (Pontus) mxaris Semdeg mitropoliebze: nikomedia (Nikomidia), gangra (Gangra), ankira (Ankyra), amasia (Amasia), neokaisaria (Neokaisaria) da sevastia (Sevastia). mogvianebiT am mitropoliebs daemata klavdioupolis (Klavdioupolis, gangras (Gangra) mxare), pesinous (Pessinous, ankaris mxare), tianas (Tyana, kaisariis (Kaisaria) mxare) da melitinis (Melitini, kaisariis (Kaisaria) mxare) mitropoliebi. 451 wels, meoTxe ekumenuri (sayovelTao) krebis Semdeg, konstantinopolis sapatriarqom oficialurad daiqvemdebara Tavisi iurisdiqciaSi am teritoriaze arsebuli yvela samitropolito, maT Soris, keisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitoc. meSvide saukuneSi kaisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi xuTi eparqia Sedioda, romelTa raodenobac meaTe saukunisaTvis TxuTmetamde gaizarda. keisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitos samxreTidan neokeisariis (Neokaisaria, gangras (Gangra) mxare) samitropolito da amasiis (Amasia) samitropolito esazRvreba; aRmosavleTidan neokaisariis (Neokaisaria, gangras (Gangra) mxare) samitropolito; samxreTidan anadis (Anada) (antioqiis sapatriarqo) samitropolito; dasavleTidan ki mas ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito da ankaris samitropolito SemosazRvravs. sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: moutalaski (Moutalaski), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT

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10 km-Si; kamouliana (Kamouliana), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 40 km-Si; neapolisi (Neapolis), keisariis (Kaisaria) dasavleTiT 75 km-Si; prokopioni (Prokopion), keisariis (Kaisaria) dasavleTiT 55 km-Si; miTridationi (Mirhridation), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 155 km-Si; mokisosi (Mokissos), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreT-dasavleTiT 130 km-Si; kiskisosi (Kiskissos), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 205 km-Si; zila (Zila), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTaRmosavleTiT 250 km-Si; pterioni (terion), keisariis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 245 km-Si; efqaita (Efchaita), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 260 km-Si; da asklipiioni (Asklipiion), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 310 km-Si. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba. keisariis (Kaisaria) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg 91. leontius (Leintius) III ivlisi 1796 _ 1 oqt. 1801 / d. ? (to m. Melenikon) gadamdgari 92. filoTeusi (Philotheus) oqt. 1801 _ maisi 1816+ / d. 1816 (ex yofili m. Tornovon) 93. meletiusi (Meltius) II maisi 1816 _ 1817+ / d. 1817 (to m. Neokaisaria) 94. ioanikiusi (Johnnicius) ivnisi 1817_15 noemberi 1823+ / d. 1823 (to m. Nikia) ix. SeniSvna 1 95. qrisanTusi (Chrisanthus) noemberi 1823_dekemberi 1830 / d. 1836 (to m. Ephesos) 96. gerasimusi (Gerasimus) dekemberi 1830 _ mart 1832 / d. 1837 Domninos (ex m. Ouzitsa) gadamdgari (to m. Ankyra) 97. paisius (Paisius) II marti 1832 _ 30 ianv. 1871+ 1777-1871 Kepoglous 98. eustaqe (Eustace) 3 oqt. 1871 _ 26 ianv. 1876+ 1824-1876 Kleovoulos, ix. SeniSvna 2 99. meTodius (Methodius) II 28 ianvari 1876 _ maisi 1878 / d. 1897 Aronis (ex m. Mytilini) (to m. Didymotichon) 100. ioane (John) 21 maisi 1878_28 aprili 1902 1834-1902 Anastasiadis 101. gervasi (Gervase) 14 maisi 1902 _ 16 marti 1910 / d. 1916 Orologas (ex m. Korytsa) (to m. Ioannina) 102. sofroniusi (Sophronius) 27 marti 1910_25 aprili 1911 / d. 1917 Nistopoulo (ex m. Ankyra) droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to m. Kolonia) 103. ambrosi (Ambrose) 25 apr. 1911 _ 13 Teber. 1914 1854-1931 Stavrinos (ex m. Neokaisaria) droebiT gadamdgari (to Former, to m. Neokaisaria)

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104. nikolasi (Nicholas) II 13 Teb. 1914 _ 22 Teb. 1927 1862-1927 Sakkopoulos (ex m. Maronia) 105. kalinikusi (Callinicus) 26 ivlisi 1932 _ 11 ianv.1934+ 1855-1934 Delikanis (ex m. Kyzikos) SeniSvna 1. mitropoliti ioanikiusi (Johnnicius) daapatimra TurqeTis xelisuflebam da is gardaicvala cixeSi, 1821 wels; SeniSvna 2. 1871 wlis 18 aprils anqialosis (Anchialos) mitropoliti basili iyo arCeuli keisariis (Kaisaria) mitropolitad, magram is gardaicvala ise, rom ver Caibara samitropolito. neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da pontos polemoniakusis (Pontus Polemoniacus) egzarxosi qalaq neokeisarias (Neokaisaria), mdebare amasiis (Amasia) aRmosavleTiT 115 km-Si, Tavdapirvelad erqva kabira (Cabira) da iyo pontos samefos dedaqalaqi. qristes Sobamde 73 wels is daipyro romis imperiam da uwoda diospolisi (Diospolis). qalaqi pontos mefe polemon I-s daubrunda qristes Sobamde 37 wels da ewoda axali saxeli, sebasti (Sebasti). sabolood, is romaelTa mflobelobaSi gadavida qristes Sobidan 64 wels da ewoda neokeisaria (Neokaisaria). 1075 wels moxda qalaqis okupacia Turq-selCukebis mier, daibrunes romaelebma daaxloebiT 1086 wels, Semdeg daipyres Turqmenebma (Danishmend Turkomans) daaxloebiT 1090 wels, kvlav daipyres selCukebma daaxloebiT 1175 wels da sabolood daipyro osmanTa imperiam 1394 wels. neokeisaria (Neokaisaria) samitropolito gaxda qristes Sobidan 325 wels. meSvide saukuneSi mis iurisdiqciaSi oTxi eparqia Sedioda da meTormete saukunisaTvis maTi raodenoba aTamde gaizarda. selCukebis okupaciis Semdeg am teritoriaze eparqiebis raodenoba nel-nela Semcirda da meToTxmete saukuneSi saerTod gaqra. axali, nikopolisis (Nikopolis) eparqia neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitos SemadgenlobaSi 1889 wels Camoyalibda, magram 1889 wels igi gaxda koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito. osmanTa mier okupaciis periodSi samitropolito taxtma gadainacvla evdokiasis (Evdokias) samxreT-dasavleTiT 50 km-iT, saidanac, 1903 wlamde, gadainacvla qalaq ainois (Inoi) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 120 km-iT, romelic Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebareobs. neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito or nawiladaa gayofili. misi umetesi nawili samxreTidan SemosazRvrulia Savi zRviT; aRmosavleTidan SemosazRvrulia qaldiis (Chaldia), koloniis (Kolonia), Teodosioupolisis (Theodosioupolis) da amidas (Amida) samitropolitoebiT; samxreTidan adanas

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(Adana) samitropolitoTi da verias (Veria) samitropolitoTi; da dasavleTiT kaisariis (Kaisaria) da amasiis (Amasia) samitropolitoebiT. garganas (Gargana) seqcia, umeteswilad, yofili garganas (Gargana) samitropolitos moicavs, romelic neokeisarias (Neokaisaria) 1630 wlis 19 ianvars SeuerTda. igi CrdiloeTidan Savi zRviT aris Semofargluli, aRmosavleTidan amasiis (Amasia) samitropolitoTi; samxreTidan kaisariis (Kaisaria) da ankaris samitropolitoTi; da dasavleTidan ki qalkidonis samitropolitoTi. sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebi samitropolitos ZiriTad seqciaSi Semdegia: fadisa (Phadissa), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, ainois (Inoi) aRmosavleTiT 22 km-iT; polemonioni (Polemolion), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, ainois (Inoi) aRmosavleTiT 33 km-iT; kotiora (Kotyora), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, ainois (Inoi) aRmosavleTiT 55 km-iT; gazioura (Gazioura), evdokiasis (Evdokias) aRmosavleTiT 50 km-iT; sagilioni (Sagylion), evdokiasis (Evdikias) samxreTiT 55 kmiT; sevastia (Sevastia), evdokiasis (Evdikias) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 100 kmiT; garnaki (Garnaki), sevastias (Sevastia) samxreTiT 125 km-iT da tefriki (Tephriki), sevastias (Sevastia) aRmosavleTiT 130 km-iT. mniSvnelovani qalaqebi garganas (Gargana) nawilSi aris: kastamoni (Kastamon), ainois (Inoi) dasavleTiT 350 km-iT; ionopolisi (Ionopolis), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, kastamonis (Kastamon) CrdiloeTiT 65 km-iT; kitorosi (Kytoros), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, kastamonis (Kastamon) CrdiloeTiT 65 km-iT; kitorosi (Kytoros), Savi zRvis san apiroze, kastamonis (Kastamon) Crdilo- aRmosavle TiT 95 km- iT; pompeioupolisi (Pompeioupolis), kastamonis (Kastamon) aRmosavleTiT 45 kmiT; dokia (Dokia), kastamonis (Kastamon) samxreTiT 55 km-iT; gangra (Gangra), kastamonis (Kastamon) samxreTiT 90 km-iT; antonioupolisi (Kastamon), kastamonis (Kastamon) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 120 km-iT; Teodoroupolisi (Theodoroupolis), kastamonis (Kastamon) aRmosavleTiT 95 km-iT; mavrogonioni, kastamonis (Kastamon) aRmosavleTiT 95 km-iT; mavrogonioni, kastamonis (Kastamon) aRmosavleTiT 105 km-iT; parTenioni (Parthenion), kastamonis (Kastamon) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 160 km-iT; amastrisi (Amastris), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, kastamonis (Kastamon) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 170 km-iT; dadastana (Dadastana), kastamonis (Kastamon) dasavleTiT 170 km-iT da kratia (Kratia), kastamonis (Kastamon) samxreT-dasavleTiT 180 km-iT. daaxloebiT 1080 wels, gangra (Gangra) da kastamoni (Kastamon) daipyres Turqmenebma (Danishmend Turkomans), 1132 wels ki romis imperiam. Semdeg wels igi Turqmenebma ukan daibrunes. daaxloebiT 1174 wels qalaqebi daipyres Turq-selCukebma. 1391 wels es teritoria daipyro osmanTa imperiam, magram 1403 wels, Temur lengis mier, gadaeca aRdgenil yandaaris saemiros, saidanac is kvlav daibruna osmanTa imperiam 1417 wels. 1920 wlis ianvar-noembridan samitropolitos ZiriTadi nawili gaxda pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawili.

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1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, samitronolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba. neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg 43. isaia (Isaiah) maisi 1793 _ 1801+ d. 1801 (to m. Prespes)(to m. Kaisaria) 44. meletius (Meletius) I marti 1801 _ maisi 1816 d. 1817 (ex yofili m. Vodena) (to m. Kaisaria) 45. kiril (Cyril) III maisi 1816 _ 1850+ d. 1850 46. leontiusi (Leonitius) 4 maisi 1850 _ 7 noemberi 1864 d. 1868 (ex t. b. Nazianzos Sep. 1848) droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to m. Neokaisaria) 47. hieroTeusi (Hierotheus) 7 noemb. 1864 _ 29 agv. 1868 d. 1883 Finitas (ex Former m. Halepion) droebiT gadamdgari (to Former, to m. Neokaisaria) leontiusi (Leonitius) 29 agvist. 1868 _ 1 noemb. 1868+ d. 1868 (ex former, to m. Neokaisaria) 48. meletius (Meletius) II 18 noemb. 1868 _ 3 aprili 1872 d.>=1868 Kavasilas (ex b. Trikkis)(to m. Ainos) hieroTeusi (Hierotheus) 3 aprili 1872 _ 25 agvisto 1883+ d. 1883 Fintias (ex Former m. Neokaisaria) 49. konstantius (Contantius) 3 seqt. 1883 _ 15 ivlisi 1895 1835_1908 Isaakidis (ex Former m. kastoria) (tp m. Veria) 50. aleqsandre (Alexander) 15 ivlisi 1895 _ 18 oqtomb. 1903 1851-1928 Rigopoulos (ex former m. Pelaonia) (to m. Kaisaria) 51. ambrosi (Ambrose) 18 oqtomb. 1903 _ 13 oqtomb. 1922 1854-1931 Stavrios (ex m. Pelaonia) (to m. kaisaria) 52. polikarpe (Polycarp) 28 aprili 1911 _ 13 oqtomb. 1922 1864-1936 Psomiadis (ex m. Kolonia) (to m. Xanthi) 53. agaTangelusi (Agathangelus) 25 oqtomb. 1922 _ 20 marti 1924 1864-1935 Konstantinidis/Magnis (ex m. Philippoi) (to m. Pringiponnisa) ambrosi (Ambrose) 22 marti 1924 _ 24 oqtomb. 1929 1854-1931 Stavrinos (ex former m. Kaisaria) (to m. Derki) 105. qrisostomi (Chrysostom) 7 maisi 1944 _ 27 noemb. 1976+ 1894_1976 Koronaios, ix. SeniSvna 1 SeniSvna 1. 1950 wlis 22 ivliss, mitropoliti qrisostomi (Chrysostom) iyo arCeuli lerosis (Leros) mitropolitad, magram is ar daTanxmda am gadaadgilebas da arCevnebi anulirda.

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III. lazikis saepiskoposoTa katalogi

(vaSingtonSi daibeWda katalogi, romlis erTi nawilis Targmans vTavazobT mkiTxvels) episkoposTa beWdebi _ (Catalogue of Bizantine seals at dumbarton oaks and in the fogg Museum od art, volome 4, The East, edited by E. Geer, and N. Oikon-omides, Wachington, D.C.) bizantiel episkoposebs (da aseve sxva zogierT maRali rangis moxeles) hqondaT TavianTi sabeWdavebi (satvifravebi) anu beWdebi, romliTac isini beWdavdnen saqmian qaRaldebs. Cans, zogjer liTonzec gadahqondaT da garkveuli monetis saxes aZlevdnen. moRweulia aseTi beWdebis uamravi raodenoba. isini gamocemulia mravaljer. erT-erTi bolo gamocemaa _ Catalogue of Bizantine seals at dumbarton oaks and in the fogg Museum od art, volome 4, The East, edited by E. Geer, and N. Oikon-omides, Wachington, D.C. aRsaniSnavia, rom am beWed-monetTa Soris aRmoCnda rodopolisis episkoposis beWedi _ (monetis saxis mqone e.i. liTonze gamosaxuli beWedi) X-XII saukunisa. miiCneva, rom rodopolisi iyo varcixe. am beWdis mixedviT, rodopolisis episkoposs X-XI ss-Si gamouSvia Tavisi gamosaxulebis mqone moneta. saqarTvelos viTarebaSi, miT umetes X-XI ss-Si SeuZlebelia, rom varcixis umniSvnelo dasaxlebis episkoposs gamoeSva sakuTari moneta, radgan aseTi beWdiani monetebi afxazTa mefeebs da kaTalikosebsac ki ar hqondaT da rogor SeeZlo hqonoda is varcixis episkoposs, miT ufro XI s-Si, roca gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebi ebrZodnen amaRlebul didebulebs? miuxedavad aseTi faqtobrivi mdgomareobisa, ucxoel mecnierTa Soris sabWour istoriografTa kvlevebze dayrdobiT dainerga Tvalsazrisi, rom TiTqosda varcixe iyo q. rodopolisi, romelsac Tavisi episkoposi hyavda, iseTi gavlenis mqone, rom is X-XI saukuneebSi berZnulwarwerian beWedmonetebs uSvebda. es realobis sruli ignorirebaa, magram, rogorc iTqva, aseTi Tvalsazrisi dabejiTebul mtkicebad iTvleba. magaliTad, zemoaRniSnuli wignis _ Catalogue of Bizantine seals at dumbarton oaks and in the fogg Museum od art, volome 4, The East, edited by E. Geer, and N. Oikon-omides, Wachington, D.C. avtors miaCnia, rom rodopolisi _ varcixeSi mdebareobda da rodopolisis episkoposis saxeliT gamocemuli monetac Sesabamisad aqvs ganmartebuli, am Tvalsazriss mkiTxveli qvemoT gaecnoba. mas ganxiluli aqvs uamravi beWedi-moneta gamoSvebuli bizantieli episkoposebisa (da sxva moxeleebis) saxeliT. maTgan Cven gvainteresebda lazikis samitropolitos saepiskoposoTa beWed-monetebi. avtoriseul ganmartebebs am qalaqebisa vTavazobT mkiTxvels.

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bizantiel episkoposTa beWed-monetebi wignSi _ Catalogue of Bizantine seals at dumbarton oaks and in the fogg Museum od art, volome 4, The East, edited by E. Geer, and N. Oikon-omides, Wachington, D.C. 27. q. ibora (Tanamedrove Ioeronu) _ iyo eparqia amasiis saepiskoposoSi (amasia bunebrivi cixe-simagre da gamagrebuli banaki md. yizil-irmakze (Zvelad md. irisi) mTebSi. is akontrolebda mdinareze moZraobas). iboras eparqia IV s-dan arsebobda XIII s. bolomde. mas erqva aseve `iboroni~. 29. neokesariis (Tanamedrove niksari) eparqia daarsda II s-Si. hqonda da oTxi saepiskoposo kaTedra VII s-Si, xolo 10 hyavda XI s-Si. daipyres seljukebma XII s-Si. 30. polemonioni _ q. fadisan/facasTan. man misca dasaxeleba md. bolomans. kordusTan axloa, mis dasavleTiT iyo neokesariis eparqia VII s-dan XIII-mde. 32. qaldea _ Tavdapirvelad iyo armeniakonis turma [(bizantiis administraciuli mcire erTeulebi iyvnen _ turma, kleisura da Temi (fema)]. VIII s. bolosa da IX s. dasawyisSi moixseneba rogorc dukatoni, fiqroben rom armeniis dukas gamgeblobaSi Sedioda. bizantiis samxedro-administraciul erTeul `Temad~ (femad) iwoda IX s-Si, 824-840 wlebSi. qaldeas TemSi Sedioda trapezunti (is iyo qaldeas Temis administraciuli centri) da aseve SavizRvispireTis sanapiros vrceli regioni. X s-Si qaldeas strategs didi Semosavali hqonda, radganac trapezuntze gadioda mniSvnelovani savaWro marSrutebi. 33. baTia, marTalia ar ixsenieba Notatiae episcopatuum-Si, magram aseTive saxelwodeba aqvs Tanamedrove baTums, romelic Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi mdebareoba. 34. kerasusi (Tanamedrove giresuni, porti Sav zRvaze) _ iyo ekonomikuri centri. masze gadioda q. koloniasaken mimavali gza. V s-dan iyo neokesariis samitropolitos eparqia. X s-dan calke samitropolito gaxda. 35. lazika. aRmoCenilia bizantiuri moneta, romelzec berZnuli warweraa _ `...da ioane kandidatosi, mTavari Kommerkiarioi of the apoteke of Lazike (716 w.) (maSasadame, dokumenturad, monetis warweriTaa dadasturebuli, rom 716 wels lazika erqva trapezuntis mimdebare regions) monetaze gamosaxuli imperatori Cans lev III. monetas aTariReben 686 wliT, aseve 701 da 717 wlebiTac. 36. paiperti (Tanamedrove baiburTi md. Woroxze). X s. ixsenieba, rogorc eparqia trapezuntis mitropoliisa. bolos XIII s. moixsenieba. 37. rize Tavidan iyo neokesariis eparqia. VIII s. dasawyisSi is iqca saarqiepiskoposo Tavisufal eparqiad, Semdeg kvlav neokesariis eparqiad gadaiqca 980 wlamde. Semdeg man kvlav miiRo saarqiepiskoposo eparqiis rangi, Semdeg ki gaxda samitropolito.

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[(me vsvam kiTxvas, Tu ki VIII saukuneSi rize saarqiepiskoposo centri iyo, swored mas unda ganecxadebina foTis (TiTqosda fazisis) episkoposad Tavisi Tavi da ara trapezuntis episkoposs, trapezuntsa da foTs Sua xom rize iyo?)] 38. `rodopolisi (Tanamedrove varcixe, vardiscixe) iyo fazisis mitropoliis (lazikaSi) eparqia. is qreba konstantinopolis Notatiae episkopatuum VIII s-is Semdeg, daaxloebiT im droidan rac fazisis mitropolia (Darruzes, Notatiae, No, 4,1,435). monetis egzempliari, romelic qvemoTaa aRwerili, ar SeiZleba miekuTvnos rodopoliss, rogorc samarTlianad SeniSna Laurentma. am monetis arseboba SeiZleba adasturebdes am eparqiis xanmokle aRorZinebas~. 38.1. monetaze aris warwera _ `ioane, rodopolisis episkoposi~. misi diametria 12 mm, wona 3,85 gr. monetis wina mxares gamosaxulia RvTismSobeli yrmiT, ukana mxares _ aRniSnuli warwera 4 striqonze. esaa erTaderTi SemorCenili moneta rodopolisis episkoposebisa, gamoqveynebuli Fedalto-Si~. [(vfiqrob, rom es moneta saukeTeso dasturia imisa, rom rodopolisi ara varcixeSi, aramed misgan Sors _ qaldeas mTianeTSi zigana-argiopolisis regionSi mdebareobda. sabWoTa epoqis istoriografiis mtkiceba, rom rodopolisi varcixea _ ukritikod iqna gaziarebuli gamoCenil ucxoel mkvlevarTa mier. magaliTad, maT xelSi uWiravT trapezunt-qaldeas regionidan miRebuli moneta warweriT _ `ioane, rodopolisis episkoposi~, romelsac TviTonve XI saukuniT aTariReben, da mainc weren _ `es egzempliari ar SeiZleba miekuTvnos rodopoliss~, ratom, monetaze xom garkveviT aweria _ `rodopolisi~, am faqtis uaryofa SeuZlebelia, amitomac iqve weren _ `am monetis arseboba SeiZleba adasturebdes am eparqiis xanmokle aRorZinebas~, rogor, varcixe _ XI saukuneSi quTaisis _ saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis gverdiT XI saukuneSi berZnul warwerian monetas uSvebda? da Tanac visi, ara mefis saxeliT, aramed adgilobrivi episkopos ioanes saxeliT?! es saqarTvelosaTvis warmoudgenelia, magram bunebrivi iyo qaldea-trapezuntis regionSi. sadac mudam iyo kidec rodopolisis kaTedra, es moneta amis SesaniSnavi dadasturebaa. rac Seexeba varcixes, aq araviTari arqeologiuri msgavsi nivTi ar aRmoCenila, miuxedavad xangrZlivi dabejiTebuli Ziebisa da arc aRmoCndeba! radganac varcixe arasodes yofila berZnuli saepiskoposo centri)]. 39. trapezunti, (Tanamedrove trabzoni) mniSvnelovani qalaqi da bazaria, romelic im wertilSi mdebareobs, sadac mTavrdeboda gza centraluri aziidan, Tavidan is iyo neokesariis eparqia, magram mogvianebiT saarqiepiskoposo eparqia gaxda, Semdeg lazikis samitropolitod 7 eparqiiT. 40. xarsiana (xarsianoni) mdebareobda amave saxelis mqone cnobili cixesimagris gverdiT. Sedioda armeniaSi, Tavdapirvelad rogorc `turma~, Sem-

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deg aRamaRles `kleisuris~ rangamde (Kleisura) IX s-is dasawyisSi da Semdeg 863-873 wlebSi gaxda Temi (fema), mdebareobda kesaris CrdiloeTiT. 47. Tiana (Tanamedrove femerxisari), iyo IV s-dan kapadokiis samitropolito vidre XIV s-mde, mas aseve uwodebdnen `qristopoliss~ (Darruzes, Notatiae, N4, 1, 19; N15, 1, 14). Fedelto, HEOI, 30-31). 48. kolonea Tavidan kolonea iyo armenia II-Si nikopolisis eparqia, magram gaxda saarqiepiskoposo avtokefaluri eparqia IX s-Si. xolo 968 wlidan kolonea gaxda samitropolito saydris (kaTedris) adgilad. moRweulia misi fiskaluri moxeleebis (magaliTad protonotariusis) sabeWdavebi (dokumentebis gamamtkicebeli beWdebi). 49. sevastia (Tanamedrove sivari) iyo kleisura 908 wlamde da 911 wlisaTvis gaxda Temi (fema). 50. berisi (Tanamedrove bolu), mdebareobda tokatTan axlos (25 kmze), iyo armeniis provinciis eparqia, eklesiurad eqvemdebareboda sevastias. is ixsenieba Notatia episcoporatuum-Si mTeli XII s-Si, magram misi episkoposebi moixsenieba mxolod V-VII saukuneebSi. moRweuli egzempliari, romelsac aqvs aseTi warwera _ `eliasi _ episkoposi beriasisa~ (XI s.). misi diametria 23 mm, wona _ 9,92 grami, maSasadame isaa moneta (?) 51. sebastopolisi (Tanamedrove sumusarai), mdebareobs sivasis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, iTvleboda sevastiis eparqiad VII s-dan XII-s CaTvliT. moRweulia misi erT-erTi episkoposis manuilis beWedi-moneta warweriT _ `manuili _ episkoposi sebastopolisisa~ (XII s.). 57. arwe (arce) arwe mdebareobs Teodosiopolisis (Tanamedrove arzrumis) CrdilodasavleTiT 15 km-Si. arce iTvleboda stratigis rezidenciad (misi beWedi inaxeba amerikis numizmatikur sazogadoebaSi). es moxele (stratigi) XI s-is manZilze eqvemdebareboda iveriis katepans. arwe 979 wels gadasces iveriis mefe daviTs, da is (arwe) daibruna bizantiam 1000 wels da gadaiqca savaWro centrad. 1049 wels daangries Turqebma. moRweulia beWedi (moneta) warweriT _ konstantine xartulari (chartoularios) arwes saimperio kuratori (X-XI). 65. kamaxa (kamaxosi) Tanamedrove kemaxi. mdebareobs erzinkanis samxreTdasavleTiT, md. evfratis samxreT napirze, mesopotamiis Temis (femis) Camoyalibebis Semdeg kamaxa 911 wlidan gaxda samitropolito. 66. kelcene kelcene (Tanamedrove erzinkani) iyo turma mesopotamiis TemSi da eWira teritoria evfratis CrdiloeTiT derjanamde (aRmosavleTis mxridan). rogorc saeklesio provincia, kelcene Tavidan iTvleboda kamaxas eparqiad, magram Semdeg is figurirebs, rogorc mitropolia. mas hqonda 8

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eparqia, samitropolito rangi SeinarCuna X s. bolodan selCukebis Semosevamde. moRweuli beWedi (moneta) warweriT `basili _ kelcenes mitropoliti~ (XI s.). 67. manZikerti (Tanamedrove malazgirti), mdebareobs vanis tbis CrdiloeTiT, sxva adgilTa Soris is 1000 wels qarTvelTa mefis daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg gadaeca basili II-s. is iqca stratigis rezidenciad. moRweulia beWedi (moneta) warweriT _ `nikifore... protospaTari manZikertis stratigisa (XI s.). 72. Teodosiopolisi _ Tanamedrove erzrumi, X s-mde iTvleboda kesaria-kapadokiis eparqiad, magram Cans, amaRlda mitropoliis rangamde, roca qalaqi iqca stratigis rezidenciad XI s-Si. moRweulia moneta warweriT _ `Teodosi, proedrosi (=mitropoliti) Teodosiopolisisa (XI s.). 75. iberia 1000 wels, qarTvelTa mefe daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg, iveriis (taos) miwebi gadavida bizantiis xelSi, ris Semdegac iq damyarda saimperio mmarTveloba, magram iveriis Temis (femas) daarsebamde kidev ori aTeuli weli gavida. iveriis Tems marTavda katepani, romelic mudmivad cxovrobda TeodosiopolisSi (sxvadasxva avtorebi asaxeleben sxvadasxva TariRs _ iveriis Temi, v. aruTinova-fadanianis Tanaxmad, daarsda 1001 wels, xolo adoncis Tanaxmad 1023 wels). iveriis Tems dauniSnes samxedro da samoqalaqo moxeleebi, romelTac hyavdaT kuratorTa didi ricxvi, isini meTvalyureobdnen im miwebs, romelTac amuSavebdnen konkretulad samefo karis saWiroebisaTvis. 1045 wels somxeTis dedaqalaqi anisi daiWira bizantiam da administraciulad iveriis TemTan gaaerTiana. amis Semdeg konstantine IX monomaxma daiwyo iveriis armiis reorganizaciis procesi, romelsac uwodeben `armiis gaxrwnas~, kerZod amis Semdeg iverieli jariskacebi valdebulni iyvnen eyidaT TavianTi samxedro samsaxuris adgili (e.i. fuliT eyidaT jariskacobis ufleba (fiskaluri strategia). aman daasusta SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, magram, samagierod imperators misca Zalze didi mogeba. 1064 wlis Semdeg, rac imperias SeuerTda yarsi, yalibdeba axali gaerTianeba yarsisa da iberiis Temebisa (mas marTavda katepani vasilake flori, aseve yarsis katepani magistri Teodore. katepanebis ricxvs SeiZleba daematos iveriis duka Teodore (moRweulia misi beWedi) da bardasi patrikiosi (`patriarqi~) da katepani iveriisa, misi beWedi gamoqveynebulia.

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seqcia F mitropoliebi samxreT-aRmosavleT Sua aziaSi qaldiis (Chaldia), xerianis (Cheriana) da kerasusis (Kerasous) samitropolito qaldiis (Chaldia), xerianis (Cheriana) da kerasusis (Kerasous) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da helenopontos (Helenopontus) egzarxosi qalaqi argiropolisi (Argyropolis), ganlagebuli trapezousis (Trapezous) samxreTiT 80 km-iT daarsda rogorc tiras (Thyra) dasaxleba (kolonia) qristes Sobamde 700 wels, berZnebis mier, romlebmac pirvelebma aRmoaCines vercxli am regionSi. romis imperiis kontrolis qveS is qristes Sobamde 63 wels gadavida, qristes Sobamde 37 wels pontos mefe polemon I-s gadaeca da qristes Sobidan 64 wels is kvlav romaelebma daibrunes. mravali saukunis Semdeg, is SeuerTda axali romis (bizantiis) provincia qaldias, romelic daaxloebiT 840 wels Seiqmna. saxelwodeba argiropolisi (Argyroupolis) (vercxlis qalaqi) ganekuTvneba romaul periods, axlomaxlo arsebuli vercxlis sabados gamo. trabzonis (Trebzond) imperiis nawili 1204 wlidan, is iyo daculi Tavisi mTliani adgilmdebareobiT manam, sanam is daipyro osmanTa imperiam 1479 wels, trabzonis (Trebzond) imperiis damxobidan 18 wlis Semdeg. es teritoria iyo neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitos nawili daaxloebiT 840 wlamde, manam sanam Seiqmneboda trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolito da sxva eparqiebs Soris, daqvemdebareSi hyavda xerianiis (Creriana) eparqia. 1624-53 wlebSi xerianiis (Cheriana) eparqia gaxda arqieparqia da iqca samitropolitod 1767 wlis ivlisSi. qalaqi kerasusi (Kerasous), ganlagebuli Savi zRvis sanapiroze trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 120 km-iT, gaxda qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolitos nawili 1913 wlis 12 dekembers. kerasusi (Kerasous) gaxda neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitos nawili qristes Sobidan 431 wlamde da gaxda samitropolito 1085-1147 wlebis ganmavlobaSi. kvlav samitropolito 1621 wels, is iqca sapatriarqo egzarqatad 1644 wels, 1698 wels trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolitosTan mierTebamde. amis Semdeg is daubrunda egzarqatis statuss da 1774 wlis ivlisSi kvlav miuerTda trapezuss (Trapezous). amis Semdeg, is rCeboda samitropolitos SemadgenlobaSi 1913 wlamde. CrdiloeTidan qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolitos SemosazRvravs Savi zRva, trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolito da rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito; aRmosavleTidan trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolito, rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito da Teodosioupolisis (Theodo-

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siupolis) samitropolito; samxreTidan Teodoupolisis samitropolito da koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito; da koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito da neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito dasavleTidan. sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: xeriania (Cheriana), argiropolisis (Argyropolis) samxreT-dasavleTiT 60 km-iT; siissa (Syissa) [saisini!], argiropolisis (Argyropolis) samxreTiT 60 km-iT; mesoqaldioni (Mesochaldion), argiropolisis (Argyroupolis) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 20 km-iT; da Toania (Thoania), argiropolisis (Argyropolis) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 65 km-iT. 1916 wlis ivlisSi argiropolisi (Argyroupolis) daipyro rusulma armiam, magram, mefis damxobis Semdeg, 1918 wlis 15 Tebervals, rusebi gaaZeves. 1920 wlis ianvar-noemberSi samitropolitos teritoria iyo pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawili. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
qaldiis (Chaldia) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg 15. sofronousi (Sophronius) noemb. 1790 _ 13 noemb. 1818+ / d.1818 Lazaridis 16. silvester (Sylvester) II ianvari 1819 _ 6 agvisto 1830+ / d. 1830 Lazaridis 17 Teofilus (Theophilus) seqtemb. 1830 _ 17 Teb. 1864 / d. 1864 Adysaios 18. gervasi (Gervase) 14 ivlisi 1864 _ 1 maisi 1905 1820-1906 Soumelidis, gadamdgari, 8 marti, 1906+ 19. laurentiusi (Laurentiu) 1 maisi 1905 _ 25 oqtomberi 1922 / d. 1928 Papadopoulos (to m. filippi) 20. basili (Meletius) (pirvelad) 25 oqt. 1922 _ 10 maisi 1924 1887-1941 Komvopoulos (ex m. Mithymna) gadayenebuli (to former, to m. Chaldia) ix. SeniSvna 1 basili (Meletius) (meored) 19 ivnisi 1930 _ 2 oqt. 1930 1887-1941 Komvopoulos (ex former m. Chaldia) (to m. Drama) 21. kirili (Alexander) 10 oqt. 1943 _ 1 maisi 1991+ 1908-1991 Axiotis 21. spiridoni (Ambrose) 18 oqt. 1903 _ 25 aprili 1991 / b. 1940 Papageorgiou (ex a. America) droebiT gadayenebuli SeniSvna 1. 1924-30 wlebSi mitropoliti basili gaemgzavra amerikaSi da dairqva `amerikis mitropoliti~ amisaTvis, 1924 wlis 10 maiss ekumenurma sapatriarqom mas CamoarTva sasuliero wodeba. eqvsi wlis Semdeg man moinania Tavisi saqcieli da iyo aRdgenili.

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koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito koloniis (Kolonia) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da zeda pontos egzarxosi qalaqi nikopolisi (Nikopolis), ganlagebuli trapezusis (Trapezous) samxreTdasavleTiT 180 km-iT da qalaqi kolonia (Kolonia), ganlagebuli nikopolisis (Nikopolis) dasavleTiT 65 km-iT, daarsda qristes Sobamde 66 wels, romaeli generlis, pompeusis mier. swored pompeusma daumorCila es teritoria romis imperias. qristes Sobamde 37 wels orive qalaqi gadaeca pontos mefe polemon I-s da qristes Sobidan 64 wels isev romis imperias daubrunda. daaxloebiT 1075 wels es teritoria daipyres Turq-selCukebma, xolo daaxloebiT 1108 wels aRadgina bizantiis imperiam. 1204 wlis Semdeg igi morigeobiT iyo trabzonis (Trebzond) imperiisa da selCukebis, an TurqmenTa batonobis qveS. sabolood, 1473 wels qalaqebi osmanTa imperiis kontrolis qveS moeqca. meoTxe saukuneSi nikopolisi (Nikopolis) da kolonia (Kolonia) sevastiis (Sevastia) samitropolitos eparqiebs warmoadgenda. mecxre saukuneSi (879 wlamde) kolonia (Kolonia) gaxda arqieparqia da meTerTmete saukuneSi ki (1067 wlamde) _ samitropolito. 1391 wels, depopulaciis gamo, is SeuerTda trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolitos. nikopolisi (Nikopolis) samitropolitoc daaxloebiT amave dros gauqmda. es teritoria mogvianebiT neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitos SeuerTda da meTvramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitoSi Semavali nikopolisis (Nikopolis) eparqias warmoadgenda. 1889 wlis 10 ianvars eparqia gaxda samitropolito, Tumca ewoda koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito imis gamo, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT ekumenur sapatriarqoSi nikopolisis (Nikopolis) saxelis mqone ori samitropolitos arseboba (amave saxelis samitropolito iyo epirusSi (Epirus), saberZneTSi). miuxedavad amisa, koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito taxti rCeboda nikopolisSi (Nikopolis). koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito CrdiloeTidan SemosazRvravs neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito da qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolito; aRmosavleTidan qaldiis samitropolito, samxreTidan Teodosiopolisis (Theodesiupolis) samitropolito da neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito; da neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito dasavleTidan. sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: andira, nikopolisis (Nikopolis) samxreT-dasavleTiT 35 km-iT; da kapsosi (Kapsos), nikopolisis (Nikopolis) aRmosavleTiT 30 km-iT. 1920 wlis ianvar-noemberSi samitropolitos teritoria iyo pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawili.

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1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba. nikopolisis (Nikopolis) episkoposebi 1800-89 wlebSi 11. ioanikiusi (Johnnicius) _ 1832+ / d. 1832 12. qristoferi (Christopher) oqt. 1932 _ 1860 / d. 1863 Fotianos, gadamdgari 13. ieremia (Jeremias) 27 noemb. 1864 _ oqt. 1878+ / d. 1878 Georgiadis (ex t.b. Nyra 13 Teb. 1860) 14. geradiusi (Gennadius) agvisto 1879 _ 10 ianvari 1889 / d.? Vasiliadis (ex former a. Rhodopolis), gadayenebuli

koloniis (Kolonia) mitropolitebi 1889 wlis Semdeg 13. doroTeus (Doroteus) I 2 ianvari 1889 _ 1894+ / d. 1894 (ex m. Halepion) 14. leontiusi (Leontius) 15 Teb. 1894 _ 29 aprili 1899 1944-1926 Choetouriotis (ex t.b. Lefki marti 1886) (to m. Philadelphia) 15. polikarpi (Polycarp) 16 maisi 1899 _ 28 aprili 1911 1864-1935 Psomiadis (to fromer m. Neokaisaria) 16. sofroniusi (Sophronius) II 28 aprili 1911 _ 10 Teb. 1917+ / d. 1917 Nistopoulos (ex fromer m. Kaisaria) 17. doroTeus (Dorotheus) II 11 ivlisi 1917 _ 17 ianvari 1919 / d. 1924 Christidis (ex m. Sozoagthoupolis) gadamdgari, 24 oqtomberi, 1923+ 18. gabrieli (Gabriel) (pirvelad) 9 aprili 1967 _ 29 dek. 2003+ 1819-2003 Premetidis

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rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da lazikis (Lazica) egzarxosi qalaqi rodopolisi (Rhodopolis) (dRevandeli qvacixe, Kvatsikhe, saqarTvelo), ganlagebulia quTaisis aRmosavleTiT 35 km-iT, antikuri kolxeTis teritoriaze. mogvianebiT cnobili rogorc lazika, saxelmwifo am teritoriaze Camoyalibda qristes Sobidan meoTxe saukuneSi. 542 wels, romis imperiis gavlenis neitralizebis mizniT, igi daipyro sparseTma. Tavisi gavlenis dabruneba romis imperiam SeZlo 549-56 wlebSi sparseTis winaaRmdeg mimdinare lazikis omis Sedegad. amis Semdeg lazika rCeboda romis imperiis gavlenis qveS daaxloebiT qristes Sobidan 700 wlamde, manam, sanam ar moxda am teritoriis okupacia arabebis mier. amis Semdeg lazikis mosaxleobam gadainacvla samxreT-dasavleTiT trabzonamde da Sesabamisad, lazika daerqva ukve lazebiT dasaxlebul axal teritorias. rodopolisi (Rhodopolis) warmoadgenda fazisis samitropolitoSi Semaval eparqias. fazisis samitropolito gauqmda arabebis SemoWris Semdeg da mecxre saukuneSi misi teritoria SeuerTda trapezousis (Trapezous) axal samitropolitos. trabzonis samxreTiT, mTian teritoriaze, sami istoriuli monasteri mdebareobs. sumela (Soumela), dikaiosimonis (Dikaiosimon) samxreTiT 20 kmiT, gadmocemis mixedviT daarsda 386 wels. vazeloni (Vazelon), dikaiosimonis (Dikaiosimon) samxreT-dasavleTiT 10 km-iT, gadmocemis mixedviT daarsda 270 wels. monasteri peristereota (Peristereota) ki, gadmocemis mixedviT, 752 wels daarsda. trabzonis imperiis mmarTvelobis periodSi samive monasteri iyo eklesiurad avtonomiuri da maTi Zalaufleba garSemomyof dasaxlebazec vrceldeboda. es avtonomia 1461 wels am teritoriis osmanTa imperiis mier okupaciis Semdegac gagrZelda da TiToeul monasters hqonda sapatriarqo egzarqatis statusi. 1863 wlis maisSi samive egzarqati gauqmda da maT adgilas Camoyalibda rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) axali arqieparqia. unda aRiniSnos, rom am arqieparqias didxans ar uarsebia, 1867 wlis 7 seqtembers is gauqmda da isev aRdga sami egzarqati. 1920 wlis oqtomberSi egzarqatebi kvlav gauqmda da is rodopolisis axalma samitropolitom Caanacvla. rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolitos samxreTidan da aRmosavleTidan trapezousis (Trapezous) samitropolito SemosazRvravs, xolo samxreTidan da dasavleTidan ki qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolito. samitropolito taxti aris qalaq dikaiosimonSi ( Dikaiosimon), trapezousis ( Trapezous ) samxreTiT 25 km-iT. Turquli saxeli miRebulia am teritoriis saxelwodebidan romis imperiis batonobis periodSi _ maWuka ( Matsouka ).

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1916 wels, rusulma armiam moaxdina dikaiosimonisa (Dikaiosimon) da monasterbis okupacia, magram 1918 wels, mefis damxobis Semdeg, moxda maTi gandevna am teritoriidan. 1920 wlis ianvar-noemberSi samitropolitos teritoria iyo pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawili. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba. rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) ierarqebi (arqiepiskoposebi 1863-1867 wlebSi, SemdgomSi mitropolitebi) 1. genadiusi (Gennadius) 3 ianvari 1864 _ 7 seqt. 1867 / d. 1894 Vasiliadis, droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to b. Nikopolis) 2. gervasi (Gervase) 16 noemb. 1902 _ 10 oqt. 1906 1867-1934 Sarasitis (ex t.b. Nazianzos 28 ivlisi 1901) (to m. Korista) 3. leontiusi (Leontius) 10 oqt. 1906 _ 22 seqt. 1909 1844-1926 Chroutouriotis (ex m. Philadelphia) droebiT gadamdgari, 2 ivnisi, 1926+ 4. kirili (Cyril) 22 seqt. 1909 _ 11 ianv. 1944+ 1872-1944 Chatzipapadimitriou 5. ieronimusi (Hieronymus) 5 agv. 1954 _ 17 noemb. 2005+ 1912-2005 Konstantinidis (ex t.b. Trallis 28 ianvari, 1951) [SeniSvna: avtori samwuxarod moeqca sabWoTa epoqis saistorio gavlenis qveS, _ is imeorebs XX s-Si Seqmnil legendas, TiTqosda, daaxloebiT 700 wlisaTvis dasavleT saqarTvelodan lazebi gadasaxldnen trabzonis regionSi da amis gamo daerqva `lazika~ ukve lazebiT dasaxlebul axal teritorias. am usafuZlo legendas avtori ukritikod iziarebs, amis gamo miiCnevs, rom TiTqosda, rodopolisi erqva quTaisidan `aRmosavleTiT 35 km-Si mdebare qalaq qvacixes~. aseTi qalaqi bunebaSi arasdros arsebula. avtori gulisxmobs quTaisis dasavleTiT mdebare punqt varcixes. Cveni naSromis erTi nawili exeba kvlevas imisa, rom rodopolisi imTaviTve mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed trapezuntis lazikas olqSi, rom lazebi am regionSi yovelTvis cxovrobdnen, radganac lazebad mogvianebiT iwodnen strabonis mier naxsenebi `alazonebi~ anu qaldebi.]

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trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolito trapezusis (Trapezous) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da sruliad lazikis (Lazica) egzarxosi qalaqi trapezusi (Trapezous), ganlagebuli Savi zRvis sanapiroze, inois (Inoi) aRmosavleTiT 225 km-iT, daarsda qristes Sobamde 756 wels ionieli (Ionian) berZnebis mier sinopidan (Sinopi). romis imperiis kontrolis qveS es qalaqi qristes Sobamde 63 wels moeqca. qristes Sobamde 37 wels qalaqi gadaeca pontos mefe polemon I-s da qristes Sobidan 64 wels isev romis imperias daubrunda. daaxloebiT im periodisaTvis, rodesac konstantinopoli damarcxda evropel jvarosnebTan, trapezusma (Trapezous) gamoacxada Tavisi damoukidebloba rogorc trapezusis (Trapezous) romaulma imperiam da rCeboda damoukidebeli 1461 wlis 15 agvistomde, manam, sanam ar moxda misi okupacia osmanTa imperiis mier. Tavdapirvelad neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitoSi Semavali eparqia, trapezusi (Trapezous) gaxda arqiepaarqia merve saukuneSi da Semdeg gaxda samitropolito daaxloebiT 840 wels. meaTe saukunisaTvis trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi Svidi eparqia Sedioda. maTi raodenoba meTormete saukunisaTvis Tvrametamde gaizarda. amis Semdeg, eparqiebis raodenoba nel-nela Semcirda da meTxuTmete saukunisaTvis darCa mxolod ori _ qaldiis (Chaldia), anu kaninis (Kanin) eparqia, romelic meCvidmete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gaxda arqieparqia; da ofisis (Ophis) eparqia, romelic gauqmda amave periodisaTvis. meTvramete saukunisaTvis am teritoriaze eparqiebi saerTod aRar darCa. trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolito CrdiloeTidan Savi zRviTa da baTumis eparqiiT (saqarTvelos sapatriarqo) aris SemosazRvruli; aRmosavleTidan mas Teodosipolisis (Theodosiupolis) samitropolito (antioqiis sapatriarqo) SemosazRvravs; samxreTidan qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolito, rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito da Teodosiopolisis (Theodosioupolis) samitropolito; da dasavleTidan ki qaldiis (Chaldia) samintropolito da rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito. sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebi, romelTaganac yvela Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebareobs, aris: platana (Platana), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 15 km-iT; filokalia (Philokalia), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 45 km-iT; eleousi (Eleous), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 65 km-iT; tripolisi (Tripolis), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 85 km-iT; Tespais (Thespais), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 95 km-iT; kasiopia (Kassiopi), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 115 km-iT; gimora (Gimora), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 15 km-iT; iraklia (Iraklia), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 28 km-iT; surmenia (Sourmena) trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 35 km-iT;

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ofisi (Ophis), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 50 km-iT; rize (Rizous), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 75 km-iT; mapavri (Mapavri), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 95 km-iT; aTina (Athina), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 115 km-iT; armini (Armini), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 125 km-iT; arqavisi (Archavis), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 150 kmiT; da apsarosi (Apsaros), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 165 km-iT. 1916 wlis 18 aprils moxda trabzonis (Trabzond) okupacia ruseTis armiis mier. maTi gandevna moxda 1918 wlis 24 Tebervals. gaimarTa diskusia am teritoriaze pontos berZnul-somxuri respublikis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb, romlis dedaqalaqic iqneboda trabzoni (Trebzond). 1920 wlis ianvarSi moewera xeli SeTanxmebas am respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, adgilobrivi mitropolitis qristanTosisa (Chrysanthos) da sasomxeTis premier-ministris aleqsandre hatisianis mier. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda samxedro TanamSromlobas saberZneTsa da sasomxeTs Soris axali saxelmwifos dacvis mizniT, da marTlac, osmanTa imperiis rRvevis mizeziT regionSi xelisuflebis Sesustebis gamo, 1920 wlis ianvar-noemberSi pontoSi es `udReuri~ saxelmwifo funqcionirebda. Tumca, antanta (samTa kavSiri: inglisi, safrangeTi, ruseTi) ar daeTanxma lokaluri samxedro somxur-berZnuli armiis arsebobas da 1920 wlis noemberSi Turqebma, mustafa qemalis meTaurobiT, aRadgines xelisufleba regionSi. erzrumSi Turquli armiis mier somxebis damarcxebisa da 1920 wlis dekemberSi maTi kapitulaciis Semdeg, axali saxelmwifos Seqmnis gegma CaiSala, ramac friad samwuxaro Sedegebi moutana regionSi arsebul berZnul da somxur mosaxleobas. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba. trapezusis (Trapezous) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg 50. parTeniusi (Pathenius) marti 1798 _ 1830+ / d. 1830 51. konstantius (Constantius) I ivlisi 1830 _ aprili 1879+ / d. 1879 52. gregori (Gregory) II 12 maisi 1879 _ 22 dek. 1884 1844-1925 Kalliadis (ex t.b. Nazianzo 1875) (to m. Thessaloniki) 53. gregori (Gregory) III 29 dek. 1884 _ 17 marti 1888 / d. 1830 Giannaros (ex m. Philippoupolis) (to m. Rhodes) 54. filaretusi (Philaretus) 14 maisi 1888 _ 10 oqt. 1889 1848-1933 Vafidis (to m. Kastoria) 55. gabrieli (Gabriel) 10 oqt. 1889 _ 23 aprili 1893 / d. 1906 Latroudakis (ex m. Varna) droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to m. Maronia) 56. konstantius (Constantius) II 19 aprili 1893 _ 18 ivnisi 1906+ / d. 1906 Karatzopoulis

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57. konstantine (Constantine) II 29 ivnisi 1906 _ 2 aprili 1913 1859-1930 Arampoglous (ex m. Vellas)(to m. Kyzikos) 58. qristanTus (Crystanthus) (pirvelad) 26 maisi 1913 _ 10 Teb. 22 1881-1949 Filippidis (to m. Matonia) ix. SeniSvna 1 qristanTus (Crystantus) (meored) 27 oqt. 1922 _ 13 dek. 1938 1881-1949 Filippidis (to m. Maronia) (to a. Athina/Head of Greek Church) SeniSvna 1. 1921 wlis 7 seqtembers mitropolit qristanTuss (Chrystanthus) dauswreblad miesaja sikvdiliT dasja TurqeTis marTlmsajulebis mier. fadisa anu polomenioni Zalze mniSvnelovania axali qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis qalaq fadisas lokalizacia. fadisa erqva cnobil saeklesio da politikur centrs trapezuntTan axlos, mas aseve polemonioni erqva. qalaqi polemonioni imdenad cnobili iyo, rom misi saxelis mixedviT mis momcvel provincias polemonis ponto ewoda. polemoni samitropolito centric iyo. mosazreba, vfiqrob, faqtiurad daadastura 2001 wels vaSingtonSi dabeWdilma wignma Bizantine Seals aq 83-e gverdze ganxilulia q. polemonionis monetebi da moyvanilia cnoba _ 30. Polemonion. Polemonion,a twin town with fadisane/fatsa, gave its hame the river Boliman (Catalogue of Bizantine Seals at dumbarton oaks and in the Fogg Museum of art, volume 4, The East, 2001, p. 83). maSasadame, fadisa meore saxelad erqva q. polemonions, romelic trapezuntis dasavleTiT mdebareobda. erT dros TviTon trapezunti, viTarca rigiTi saepiskoposo Sedioda polemonionis eparqiaSi. #3 da #4 noticiebiT (806-815 wlebSi) da aseve #5 noticiiT (820-829 wlebi) p. ingoroyvas kvleviT, trapizonis kaTedras ewodeba _ `polemonis pontos kaTedra~ me-8 saukuneSi (p. ingoroyva, gv. 237, SeniSvna 1), polemons _ fadisa erqva, am kaTedras ki `fasidisa~ erqva. e.w. foT-fadisis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba Secdomaa, erTmaneTs trapezuntisa da polemonionis (fadisas) kaTedrebi ukavSirdebodnen.

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Tavi VIII lazika _ qaldea (samxreT egrisi)

samxreT egrisi da Crdilo egrisi

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT egrisi erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils, romelic Sedioda qarTlis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi mefe farnavazidan vidre vaxtang gorgaslis Svilebamde, aRmoCnda, rom arsebobda aseve meore egrisic, romelic CvenSi SedarebiT nakleb iyo cnobili, Tumca mis Sesaxebac moipoveboda cnobebi. magaliTad, trapezuntis sanaxebs Cvens Zvel wyaroebSi X s. bolosa da XI s. dasawyisSi erqva `sofeli megrelTa~, `samegrelo~, vaxuSti Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare mxares ramdenjerme `egrs~ uwodebs. VII s. `somxuri geografia~ `egrivs~ uwodebs trapezuntis sanaxebs Woroxis SesarTavamde da misTvis ucnobia rionispira egrisi. somxuri wyaros mixedviT egerTa qveyana oTx nawilad iyofoda. eseni iyvnen: manralia, egrivi, lazivi da Waniki (manrili, egreviki, lazivi, WaneTi) sad mdebareobdnen es qveynebi? swored maTi mdebareobis gansazRvriT miviRebT swor suraTs, unda aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa epoqis qarTuli istoriografia am somxuri wyaros egrivis Semadgenel olqebs ar sazRvravda sisworiT, amitomac uSvebda umZimes Secdomebs, romelmac araswori gziT warmarTa saqarTvelos istoriis kvleva. kerZod, miiCnevdnen rom manralia, TiTqos iyo argveTi. arasworad sazRvravdnen mis (manraliis) adgils da iRebdnen araswor suraTs. samxreTis egrisis e.i. egrivis didi nawili mdebareobda ara zRvis pirze, aramed Teodosiopolis anu arzrumis mimarTulebiT da moicavda vrcel regions, kerZod, n. adonci, romelic ukeT icnobda somxur wyaroebs da somxeTis mimdebare olqebs, werda, rom mardalia da manralia mdebareobdnen zigana-bizanis mxareebisaken, maSasadame arzrumis olqis siRrmeebSi.

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berZnebi, romlebic SavizRvispiris kolonizacias eweodnen samxreTidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, cxadia pirvel rigSi gaecnen ara CrdiloeT egriss (e.i. rionispireTs), aramed samxreT egriss (trapezunt-Woroxis regions), ufro metic, ikveTeba, rom berZnuli miTebi da ambebi kolxidis Sesaxeb exeba aseve samxreT egress. samxreT egrisi iyo is kolxida, romelsac icnobda da umReroda berZnuli poezia. `Cqari da mSfoTvare fasisi~ ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinares erqva! samxreT egrisis regionSi erTi didi mdinare gaedineboda aseve fasisis saxeliT cnobili, es iyo araqsi. aRsaniSnavia, rom araqss aseve erqva _ egri (e.i. araqss erqva fazisi da egri). saxelwodeba da toponimi egri araqsis xeobaSi gvianobamde darCa. araqsTan axlos mdebareobda manralia (da mardalia) _ egris anu samxreT egrisis olqi somxuri geografiis mixedviT. samxreTis egrisi mdebareobda im saerTaSoriso gzaze, romelic trapezunts sparseTTan aerTebda. am gzaze mdebareobda samxreTis egrisis regioni WaneTi (qaldea), aseve aRniSnuli manralia da mardalia. samxreTis es raionebi, istoriuli iberiis provinciebis xorZenas, pariadres an gugarqis nawili unda yofiliyo. isini, strabonis cnobiT, armeniam CamoaWra iberias. maT ukan dasabruneblad am mxareebisaken ilaSqra farnavazma, vaxtang gorgasalma, daviT kurapalatma, giorgi I-ma. am regionis erTi nawili Semdeg Sedioda samcxe-saaTabagoSi, nawili ki guriaSi. rogorc iTqva, samxreTis egrisi moicavda arzrumis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebs vidre trapezuntamde da Woroxis Sesaxvevamde. am miwa-wyals vaxuSti miiCnevda `zemo qarTlis~ nawilad da aTavsebda klarjeTSi. vaxuSti, rogorc aRiniSna, klarjeTs uwodebda ara miwa-wyals artanujliganisas, aramed ufro samxreTiT mdebare mxareebs TorTomidan _ gurji boRazamde, trapezuntamde da Woroxis SesarTavamde, ispirisa da WaneTis CaTvliT. ase, rom `zemo qarTlis~ nawili vaxuStiseuli klarjeTi igive samxreT egrisia, klarjeTi vaxuStis mierve miiCneoda azonis mamiseul qveynad anu arian-qarTlis nawilad. arian-qarTli _ igive meore qarTlia, ase, rom rogorc iyo ori geografiuli qarTli _ erTi mcxeTis qarTli, meore ki arian-qarTli, aseve iyo ori geografiuli egrisi _ rionis egrisi da meore _ samxreTis anu trapezuntis egrisi. `samxreTis egrisis~, saWiro axali cnebis Semotana _ siaxles Seitans saqarTvelos namdvili istoriis daweris saqmeSi. maSasadame, vaxuStis klarjeTi igive samxreT egrisia, sul sxva gziT igives ambobda n. mari. misi azriT, klarjeTis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba iyo megrelWanuri (Tubal-kainuri), romelic TiTqosda Semdgom gasomxda. somxuri geografiis egreviks (anu egrivs) aseve lazikas uwodebdnen, sadac ganlagebuli iyo ziganasa da lazTa sxva saepiskoposoebi Semdegdroindeli giumuSxanes mxares.

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`Zveli somxuri geografia~ `egris qveynis~ adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb

`egris qveynis~ adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs `Zveli somxuri geografiidan~ erTi adgilis sworad Targmnas. kerZod, somxuri geografiis Sesabamis adgils sxvadasxvagvarad Targmnian cnobili mecnierebi _ p. ingoroyva, s. janaSia, d. musxeliSvili da bolos n. adonci. VII saukuniT daTariRebuli somxuri geografiis ramdenime redaqcia arsebobs. 1. somxuri geografiis `mokle redaqciaSi~ d. musxeliSvilis sityviT Semdegs vkiTxulobT _ `kolxeTi aris igive egrisi... Seicavs egrisi oTx mcire qveyanas: manrili, egrevika, lazivi, WaneTi, romlebic arian xaldebi~. vrceli redaqcia amave wyarosi ufro dawvrilebiT cnobebs iZleva. isic CamoTvlis zemoxsenebul provinciebs: `manvili (varianti _ manrili), egreviki anu sakuTriv egrisi, romlis kideze aris md. fazisi, Tanamosaxele qalaqiTurT da Wanivi, igive xaldebi... aqvs xuTi qalaqi: iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina da rizoni da sxva bevri emporionebi, anu zRvispira daba-qalaqebi, romelTa Sorisaa trapizoni~ _ ase Targmnis d. musxeliSvili somxur geografias VII saukunisa, romelic Tavis mxriv rusulad uTargmnia da gamoucia q. patkanovs 1877 wels (d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv. 101). d. musxeliSvili miiCnevs, rom somxuri geografiis manrili `unda niSnavdes qarTul margvis _ argveTs, xolo egreviki sakuTriv egriss _ anu qarTuli wyaroebis `Sida egriss~ (iqve, gv. 102). aqedan Cans, rom d. musxeliSvili araa darwmunebuli, rom `manrili~ aris argveTi, da wers _ `unda niSnavdes~, miuxedavad amisa, SemdgomSi is dabejiTebiT aviTarebs azrs, rom TiTqosda somxuri geografiis egri _ dasavleT saqarTveloa. 2. p. ingoroyva darwmunebulia am sakiTxSi da is Sesabamisad Targmnis kidec aRniSnul adgils: `kolxeTi, e.i. egri aris qveyana aziisa da mdebareobs pontos zRvidan sarmatiamde da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis mTamde da mis Stoebamde, romelic hyofs mas iveriidan... da igi ganiyofa oTx mcire qveynad: a) mar[g]veli-vi, b) egreviki, romel ars sakuTriv egri, fasisis mdinaris mosazRvred, amave saxelwodebis (fasisis) qalaqiTurT, g) lazivi, d) Wanivi, romelic aris xalteTi (xaldia), aqvea xuTi qalaqi, iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina, rizoni da sxva mravalni navsadgurni, e.i. zRvis sanapiro daba-qalaqni, romelTa Soris aris trapezunti~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 212). p. ingoroyvam miuTiTa 1881 wels gamocemuli somxuri geografia. aqedan Cans, rom p. ingoroyvam Taviseburad gaigo wyaros `manrili~ da uwoda mas `margvelivi~, risTvisac mas dasWirda sityva `manrilSi~ erTi

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asos _ `g~ _ ganis Camateba da `n~-s amoSla, ris Sedegadac manrili iqca margvelivad anu margveTad. am meTodiT gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom uwoda manrils p. ingoroyvam margveTi, vfiqrob d. musxeliSvilma gaimeora p. ingoroyvas Tvalsazrisi, Tumca is ar xsnis, Tu ratomaa wyaros manrali argveTi. 3. sxvagvaria n. adoncis ganmarteba imisa, Tu sinamdvileSi sad mdebareobda `egris qveynis mxare manralia~. manralia n. adoncis sityviT, mdebareobda md. Woroxis samxreTiT da moicavda zRvispireTs da mTian nawilebs, md. Woroxis saTavis mxares (. , , 1908, c. 20). adoncis Tvalsazrisi sruliad gansxvavdeba qarTveli mecnierebis mosazrebisagan, amasTanave, unda iTqvas is, rom saqme exeba somxur wyaros, romelsac ukeT icnobda n. adonci, aRiarebuli mecnieri swored istoriuli geografiis sferoSi, miT umetes SavizRvispireTisa. 4. am zemoT moyvanil or TargmanTan SedarebiT, vfiqrob, ufro realisturia s. janaSias Targmani aRniSnuli adgilisa _ `kolxeTi, e.i. egeri, imyofeba pontos zRvis aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos, da iveriisa da didi somxeTis TanamosazRvrea. egeri oTx provinciad iyofa: manrili, egreviki, lazivi, WaneTi, e.i. xaldebi~ (s. janaSia, istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjeba, 1946, gv. 22). aqedan Cans, rom somxur geografiaSi aRniSnul mxares erqva manrili da ara margvelivi, aseve somxur geografiaSi ganxilul mxares erqva egri da ara egrisi, mis erT-erT kuTxes erqva egreviki da ara Sida egrisi. n. adonci dabejiTebiT wers, rom egri mdebareobda Woroxis SesarTavTan, da moicavda Woroxis marcxena sanapiros mxares. radganac, misi msjelobidan gamomdinare-somxuri geografiis `fazisi~ Woroxia. aseve, eqvTime mTawmideli da sxva Zveli mamebi `faziss~ Woroxs uwodebdnen. am wyaroSi (Zveli somxuri geografiia) `sarmatiis~ qveS igulisxmeba dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi, xolo misi `kavkasiis mTa~ _ karCxalis mTianeTia (istoriul olq _ `sakavkasiZeosTan~ axlos), romlisagan gamosuli arsianis qedi `egerias gamoyofda iberiisagan~. am wyaroSi iberia kolaartaanTan iwyeboda. es wyaro klarjeTs egeriaSi aTavsebda, xolo artaans iberiaSi, maT (e.i. egeriasa da iberias) erTmaneTisagan marTlac hyofs karCxalis mTianeTisagan gamosuli arsianis qedi. rogorc aRniSna, n. adoncis manralia mdebareobda WaneTis maxloblad, kerZod, karinidan, igive karnu-qalaqidan 40 km daSorebiT. misi azriT, somxuri geografiis qveyana egri moicavda vrcel mxares md. Woroxis SesarTavis samxreTiT mdebares, q. trapezuntis CaTvliT. am mxares ekuTvnoda WaneTi da Teodosiopolisis mxareebi, anu es iyo erTiani Sekruli mxare. sazogadod arsebobda ori istoriuli mxare _ erTs erqva egrisi,

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meores ki egri. egrisi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, xolo egri _ trapezuntTan mdebareobda. egrs xSirad egrissac uwodebdnen, isaa samxreTis egrisi. sad mdebareobda kolxeTi aziaSi Tu evropaSi? strabonis cnobiT, aziasa da evropas erTmaneTisagan hyofda md. fazisi _ mis marjvena sanapiro mxares erqva _ evropa, xolo marcxena sanapiro mxares _ azia. kiTxva ase dgas _ kolxeTi fazisis marjvena mxares mdebareobda Tu marcxena mxares? am kiTxvis pasuxs gvaZlevs aRniSnuli VII s-is somxuri geografia, sadac naTqvamia _ `kolxeTi e.i. egri aris qveyana aziisa md. fazisis napirze~. maSasadame, kolxeTi fazisis marcxena sanapiros, `aziis qveyana~ iyo, azia ki fasisis marcxena sanapirodan iwyeboda. Tu fazisi rioni iyo maSin zRvispira kolxeTi anu egri Tanamedrove guria yofila, xolo Tu Woroxi, maSin misi marcxena sanapiros qveyana trapezuntis mimarTulebiT. vaxuStis cnobiT, egri erqva mxares Woroxis SesarTavTan. maSasadame, kolxeTi erqva `samxreT egrisis~ qveyanas Woroxidan trabzonis mimarTulebiT. somxuri geografia, rogorc iTqva wers _ `kolxeTi, e.i. egri aris qveyana aziisa da mdebareobs pontos zRvidan sarmatiamde da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis mTamde da mis Stoebamde, romelic hyofs mas iveriidan~. aq gasagebadaa aRniSnuli, rom aziis qveyana kolxeTi (egri) samxreTidan SemosazRvrulia md. drakoniT, Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan kavkasiis mTiT, romlis ganStoebis iqiTac iberia mdebareobs, mis dasavleTiT pontos zRvaa, CrdiloeTiT sarmatia. internetiT gavrcelda b. aruTiunianis rusulenovani ruka _ `somxeTi `aSxaracoic~-isa da sxva wyaroTa mixedviT~ (kartografi v. mxitariani, internetversia _ r. maCkalianisa). esaa somxuri geografiis mixedviT Seqmnili ruka, magram, Tu ufro zusti viqnebiT, ufro qarTizaciis Teoriis gamoyenebiT. kerZod, avtoris mier sixaruliTaa gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisi, rom `marlinki~ (e.i manrili, marlini) aris argveTi _ imereTi, rom md. drakoni md. enguria, Sesabamisad Zalze CrdiloeTiT gadmowia rukis avtorma istoriuli somxeTis sazRvrebi. am rukaze somxeTi moicavs aWaras, SavSeTs, samcxes, javaxeTs, TrialeTs-manglisis xeobis CaTvliT, zed Tbilisamde. magram Tuki gaziarebuli iqneba Cemi Tvalsazrisi (sinamdvileSi ki is cnobebi, rac mocemulia somxur geografiaSi), maSin somxeTis sazRvrebi sakmaod mcirdeba, mis dasavleTiT ki aRmoCndeba samxreT egrisis vrceli qarTuli qveyana, romelic aRniSnuli rukis avtorma batonma mxitarianma somxeTs miakuTvna ise, rom sityva `egrisi~ arc ki uxsenebia.

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vfiqrob `qarTizaciis Teoria~ Zvirfasi safuZveli aRmoCnda somex mecnierTa xelSi istoriuli somxeTis sazRvrebSi saqarTvelos kuTxeTa mosaqcevad. magaliTad, `geografiis~ mixedviT, md. drakoni mdebareobda egris qveynis samxreTiT da ara CrdiloeTiT. marTlac, amave rukaze Cans qalaqi drakonisi, is mdebareobs samxreTiT, kerZod, trabzonis samxreT-dasavleTiT. qalaqi drakonisi mdebareobda ziganas uReltexilis axlos mdebare cixesimagre argiokastoris dasavleTiT. am qalaqTan gaedineboda erT-erTi Senakadi md. gailketisa. ai, es Senakadi unda iyos `geografiis~ md. drakoni. mis maxloblad (samxreTiT) mdebareobda qalaqi `egar~ fuZis mqone _ `egegariCi~ amave rukis mixedviT. am regionSi mravali toponimia `egr~ fuZis mqone. am samxreTis md. drakonidan Woroxamde da arsianamde iyo ganvrcobili samxreTis egrisi, xolo Crdilo egrisi yubanamde da ara enguramde. ratom uwodebs somxuri geografia Crdilo egriss _ sarmatias? saqme isaa, rom vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg azovispira Crdilouri tomebi bizantiam daZra lazikisaken, raTa maT ebrZolaT sparselebTan VI saukunesa da VII saukunis dasawyisSi. wyaroTa cnobiT, es tomebi iyvnen alanebi, sabirebi da aseve sarmatulad miCneuli sxva tomebi. bizantiis daxmarebiT maT xelSi Caigdes dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani simagreebi, ebrZodnen dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTul tomebs (misimielebsa da sxvebs). amitomac Cans VII saukunis somxuri wyaro am saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos sarmatias uwodebda. arabTa Semdeg bizantiis dasustebam Crdilo kavkasiaSi asparezi gauxsna xazarebs, romelnic alanebs mtrobdnen. maTi zewolis Sedegad momTabare alanebma miatoves dasavleT saqarTvelos simagreebi VII s. bolos. egrs hqonda xuTi qalaqi, iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina, rizoni, mravali navsadguri, e.i. zRvis sanapiro daba-qalaqi, romelTa Soris iyo trapezunti. egrs ekuTvnoda q. fazisi, mdebare md. fazisis (Woroxis) SesarTavTan mis marcxena sanapiroze. yvela es qalaqi Tu navsadguri fazisis anu Woroxis marcxena sanapiros mxares mdebareobda, radganac egri aziis qveyana iyo. amitom, manrili, egreviki, WaneTi da lazivi Woroxis marcxena sanapiros qveynebi iyvnen. sad mdebareobdnen isini? WaneTis adgilmdebareobas TviTon gvamcnobs wyaro _ Wanebi xaldebi (qaldebi) yofilan. qaldea ziganasa da sxva mezobel kuTxeebs moicavda rize-trabzonis samxreTis mTianeTis regionSi. egris (egeris) nawili iyo manrili. rogorc iTqva, is mdebareobda am mTianeTsa da Teodosiopoliss (arzrums) Soris. egri-egeris yvelaze Crdilo nawili iyo egreviki, uSualod Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze.

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sad mdebareobda lazivi-lazika? _ radganac trabzonic egris qalaqi iyo, Cans zRvispiri trabzonidan egrevikamde lazivad iwodeboda (safiqrebelia xufaTamde, radganac is iustinianes mefobis erT periodSi sasazRvro punqti iyo). yvela es patara mxare (manrili, lazivi, Wanika-WaneTi da egreviki) qmnida erT did qveyanas egrs anu eger-kolxeTs. es mxareebi erTmaneTis gverdigverd mdebareobdnen Woroxis marcxena sanapirodan trapezuntis CaTvliT da aRniSnuli qalaqebic _ iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina da rizonic iqve mdebareobdnen.

manraliis adgilmdebareoba n. adoncis mixedviT

`Tavis sacxovrebel garemoSi viTardeba yoveli erovneba, yalibdeba xalxis individualuri saxe da isazRvreba Tavisebureba mis mier ganvlili gzisa. amis gamo garemos analizi win unda uZRodes yvela saxis kvlevas istoriisa~ _ wers n. adonci (. , , 1908, c. 1). `sasazRvro xazi bizantiur (romaul) da sparsul armenias Soris gadioda Teodosiopolisis (arzrumis) CrdiloeTiT da nizibinis samxreTiT (Teodosopolisi romaul armeniaSi, xolo nizibini sparsulSi iyo moqceuli). nizibinis axlos, Crdilo mxares, bizantiur nawilSi moqceuli iyo qalaqi dara, imperator anastasis droidan gamagrebuli cixe-qalaqi (mas ewodeboda kidec anastasiopolisi, daba nizibinidan 98 stadioniT iyo daSorebuli), bizantia-sparseTis sazRvarze md. nimfaze mdebareobda martiropolisi _ is mdebareobda sofanenaSi (igive arqsina), amidis CrdiloeTiT `erTi dRis gzaze, rac udris 210 stadions~. daaxl. 36-37 km. `xosrom gaiara daradan armeniaSi da Sevida vaspurakanis qveyanaSi~ (gv. 8). prokofis aRweriT, martiropolisTan iyo adgili feisi sofanenaSi (armenia), naxevari dRis gzaze (e.i. 210/2) _ daaxloebiT 8 milze _ iq gauvali qedebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian da qmnian or uReltexils, romelnic erTmaneTTan axlos arian da iwodebian kleisurebad. Tu kaci miemarTeba persarmeniidan sofanenaSi, am gadasasvlelebiT unda isargeblos. erT-erTs uwodeben iliriss, meores safxazs~ (Aed, III, gv. 250). iustinianem gaamagra feisi da kleisurebi. evfratis vakeze Teodosiopolisis mxares sparsul-bizantiuri olqebi xorZianas emijneboda, md. gailTan (axlandeli kegi). xorZiana iyo meoTxe armeniis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxareSi. xorZianas dasavleTiT palnatuni mdebareobda. mis samxreTiT iyo balaxviti tigrosis saTaveebSi. xorZianis mezoblad mdebareobdnen kantonebi mardaliqi da manaliqi, romelTa saxelebi Tavisi SemadgenlobiT uaxlovdeba artaliq-artalisartalesons, (e.i. mardaliqidan-artalesoni, manaliqidan-manaril-manralia).

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mardalia _ ganfenili iyo karinamde. maxloblad iRebs saTaves araqsi, romelsac amJamad egri anu arazi hqvia da iqvea manralia (. , , 1908, c. 20). [maSasadame, araqss erqva fazisi, Semdeg egri, iq mis saTavesTan iyo manralia].

manraliis geografia
`mardalias xalxalis qedi hyofda persarmeniisgan. xalxalis qeds kuTxiT esazRvreboda dasavleTis mxridan _ manralia~ (. , , 1908, c. 20). xalxalis qeds esazRvreboda xorZiana, manralia da mardalia, romelic Zvelad artaliad (artalesonad) iwodeboda (. , , 1908, c. 20). manrali mdebareobda mxare xorZianasTan , (. , , 1908, c. 20). egeris erT-erTi mxare `manraliis~ Sesaxeb n. adonci wers: , , , i, (. , , 1908, c. 20). im olqs, romelsac n. adonci manralias uwodebs, zemoT aRniSnul b. aruTunianis armeniis VII s. rukaze ewodeba `mananaRi~. am olqs (mananaRs) uSualod esazRvreba olqi `mardaRi~ (mardalia). rukaze am olqs Sorisaa qedi `megedugxi~. adoncis cnobiT, manraliasa da mardalias Soris moTavsebul qeds, ebjineboda olqi xorZiana, marTlac, am rukaze qedi `megedugxi~ erTmaneTisagan yofs xorZianas, mananaRisa da mardaRis olqebs. maSasadame, mardalia aris am rukis olqi mardaRi (mardagi), xolo manralia am rukis mananaRi (mananagi), romlebic esazRvrebian xorZianas, samive es olqi, rogorc iTqva, ebjineba megedugxis anu xalxalis mTebs, romelsac Turqul rukaze `karagiolis mTebi~ ewodeba, erzrumis samxreTiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom b. aruTunianis rukaze `manrilki~ hqvia mxares qvemo imereTSi, SorapanTan, `arguelkis (marguelkis)~ qvemoT (igulisxmeba argveTi). rukaze isini datanilia qarTveli istorikosebis gavleniT, amiT rukis avtorebs somxeTis teritoriis gazrdis saSualeba miecaT. amave dros rukis legendaSi `arguelk~ (argveTi) gamocxadebulia, rogorc `satomo kavSiri~ (`plemennie soiuz~), maSin, roca sinamdvileSi argveTi qristeSobamde mesame saukunidan iberiis samefos nawils Seadgenda. `artalesoni (xorZianaSi) ixsenieba xosros 576 wlis laSqrobis gzaze, roca man armeniaSi basiani gaiara da romis sazRvrebSi SeiWra Teodosiopoli-

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sis mxridan (menandre). artalesionTan axlos mdebareobda kitarizomi~ (. , , 1908, c. 21). 542 wlis xosros laSqrobas n. adonci uwodebs _ dvinis laSqrobas (n. adonci, armenia gv. 21). am wels romuli jari idga kitarizSi, xorZianSi (artalesSi) da mesame _ fisSi. kitarizi unda yofiliyo siriasa da armenias Soris. CrdiloeTiT sasazRvro xazi bizantia-sparseTs Soris gadioda mardaliis iqiT Teodosiopolisis raionSi, mihyveboda qeds, gadaWimuls Teodosiopolisidan Woroxamde. es qedi jer erzrumis marjvnidan miemarTeba CrdiloeTiT davabiunskiadan, Semdeg kargabazris mTebSi, romelic dasavleTisaken gadaixreba da uerTdeba dumlis qeds. kargabazris qedis mwvervali kandili (10230 futi) _ yvelaze maRali wertilia mTaTa am jaWvisa (. , , 1908, c. 22). dumlis qedi erzrumis qvemoTaa gadaWimuli da miemarTeba Woroxis sanapirosken speris maRla. am sasazRvro xazze basiani da taiqi (Tavisi kantonebiT buxa da okaliT) sparsul nawilSi Sedioda, romaulSi ki karini da Salagomi iyo. zed sazRvarze, karinsa da basians Sua, iyo sofeli du (iqve, gv. 23). aseve aqve iyo sofeli vardiSeni _ basianTan da karinTan (gv. 23). sofeli du erzrumidan axlos axlacaa. es imiTaa saintereso, rom sofeli duvi daviT da tiriWanis cxovrebis adgilia. axla am sofels tuia ewodeba. kandilis mwvervalTan, zed sazRvarze iyo sofeli cagki, ufro maRla, md. TorTomis vakezea sofeli gegiki da vardiSeni, aq iyo romauli kantoni Salagomi _ karinsa da spers Sua. sapirispiro sparsul mxares basianSi, TeodopolisTan, iyo bolis cixe valaSkertis axlos (. , , 1908, c. 24).

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manralia _ lazika
somxuri geografia, rogorc iTqva, wers: `kolxeTi, e.i. egeri imyofeba pontos zRvis aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos da iveriisa da didi somxeTis TanamosazRvrea. egeri oTx provinciad iyofa: manrili, egreviki, lazivi da WaneTi, e.i. xaldebi~ (s. janaSia, ist. simarTlis damaxinjeba, 1946, gv. 222). n. adoncis mixedviT, manralia mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed xalxalis mTasTan, Zveli trapezuntisa da Teodosiopoliss (arzrums) Soris. mardaliis gverdiT. marTalia, manraliis adgilmebareobis gansazRvra Znelia, magram is mardaliasTan mdebareobda, mardaliis adgilmdebareoba ki cnobilia _ is TeodosiopolTan axlos iyo, xalxalis mTasTan. n. adonci wers: `arzrumidan 40 km-is daSorebiT aRmarTulia xalxalis mTa, romelic sazRvravs xorZianas CrdiloeTidan. xorZianadan gaedineba md. gaili. xorZiana, somxuri geografiis cnobiT, Sedioda e.w. IV armeniis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi. xalxalis mTa, amasTanave, warmoadgenda sazRvars sparsul armeniasa da mardalias Soris. amave xalxals ebjineboda dasavleTidan manralia. n. adoncis sityviT, xorZianas nawils, romelic manraliasTan mdebareobda, Zvelad artalia erqva, cixe-simagre artalesonis Tanamosaxele (. , , 1908, c. 20). (ix. prokofi, `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~, 2006, gv. 101). ase rom, `manralia~ da qarTuli egrisi sul sxvadasxva qveynebia. somxuri geografiis cnobiT, kolxeTi anu egeri (anu lazika) mdebareobda trapezuntsa da arzrums Soris (masSi Sedioda Tanamedrove giumiSxane, baiberdi, kelkiti, aSkale, maSasadame, qveyana moqceuli Tanamedrove trapizonsa, arzrumsa, ispirsa da erzinjans Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq iyvnen ganlagebulni noticiebis `lazikis~ qveynis eparqiebi, n. adoncis cnobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom ori gansxvavebuli wyaro _ `somxuri geografia~ da berZnuli `noticiebi~ Tanxvedrilia lazikis geografiis sakiTxSi. `pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ _ -s e.w. somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebis umetesobac am regionSia miTiTebuli. somxuri geografiis `sarmatia~ aris dasavleT saqarTvelo. is aris `lazikis~ erTi sazRvari, meorea _ iveria, mesame _ `didi somxeTi~. somxuri geografiiT `didi somxeTi~ ewodeboda e.w. sparsul armenias. is esazRvreboda e.w. dasavleT armenias, anu bizantiur armenias. maSasadame, lazeTi moiazreba armeniis qveynad, romelic aRniSnul sazRvrebSia.

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egri da manralia
md. araqss aseve erqva sxva saxelebic, fazisi, egri da arazi. cxadia, igulisxmeba araqsis zemoweli, am arealSi mdinaris saxelwodeba egri niSneulia imiT, rom iqvea olqebi manralia da mardalia. mardalias eWira olqi mdinareebs arazs, liCiksa da tuzlas Soris xalxalis qedTan, xolo `manralias~ olqi, aseve, emijneboda xalxalis qeds. iqve iyo xorZianis olqi, n. adoncis azriT, isini Zvelad artaliis, artalesonis saxeliT ixseniebodnen dasavleT anu bizantiur armeniaSi, persarmeniasTan axlos (. , , 1908, c. 20). rogorc iTqva, kandilis (Sdr. skanda) mTis CrdiloeTiT md. TorTumis xeobaSi iyvnen sofeli vardiSeni da gegiki _ karins da spers Sua. xolo Teodosiopolisi basianis olqSia. punqti farangia, sadac oqro moipoveboda, iyo Wanikis sazRvarTan, sadac iRebs saTaves md. boa (voa), esaa md. Woroxis zemo dineba (. , , 1908, c. 25). aRniSnuli farangioni _ sperSia (sispirisSi). Wanikas aseve qaldea (xaldea) erqva. is iyo xaldebis (Wanebis) qveyana (. , , 1908, c. 26). _ parxaris qedze, Woroxis xeobaSi. Wanika taos esazRvreboda farangion-ispiridan Tuxarisamde (amJamindeli xeresi) (. , , 1908, c. 26). gugarenas kantonamde (gv. 26) da klarjeTamde. Semdeg md. Woroxi Sedioda egr-egeriaSi, rogorc wers somxuri geografia (. , , 1908, c. 26). jer Woroxi gaivlida kantonebs nigals, mruls da mrits da Sedioda zRvaSi. n. adoncis azriT, saxelwodeba egeri, egeria amJamad Semonaxulia formiT aWara (aWaria) _ xorxismieri `g~-s palatur `W~-Si gadasvlis gamo (. , , 1908, c. 26). Woroxis aRmosavleTi sanapiro _ tao da klarjeTi sparselebs eWiraT. WaneTs egerTan erTad garkveuli Tavisufleba hqonda, Tumca `romaul miwad~ iwodeboda, magram mxolod iustinianes dros iqnen dapyrobilni da valdebulni gaxdnen ecnoT imperatoris xelisufleba, romelmac aago petras cixe lazikis boloSi, zRvispirze, Woroxis SesarTavTan (gv. 27). petra _ iyo lazikis bolo da aseve imperiis bolo, imperiis sazRvari iustinianes epoqaSi (gv. 27). e.i. nizibinidan Woroxamde, romaelTa TvalsazrisiT, somxuri miwebi orad _ dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad, romaul somxeTad da persarmeniad iyvnen gayofilni (gv. 27). xolo lazikis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi petras cixe imperiis bolo iyo.

430

eger-egrisi
zaqaria ritori Tavisi Sromis bolo TavSi, n. adoncis sityviT, wers im 5 morwmune xalxis qveynebis Sesaxeb, romlebic `CrdiloeTSi~ cxovrobdnen. maT Sorisaa `qveyana gurzani~. n. adonci ganmartavs _ `gurzani, e.i. iberia. arani, e.i. albania~ (. , , 1908, c. 219). n. adonci wers Woroxis SesarTavis mimdebare mxaris saxelis Sesaxeb _ `Semdeg mdinare Woroxi Sedis egerSi, egeriaSi, rogorc aRwers somxuri geografia, romelic iqamde gaivlis nigalis, mrulisa da mritis kantonebSi da Caedineba zRvaSi~ (iqve, gv. 26). aseve wers _ `nigalis saxeli Semoinaxa, rogorc gveCveneba, md. murRulis saxelma, romelic Woroxs marcxnidan uerTdeba arTvinis qvemoT. erT-erT Senakads md. aWarisa ewodeba marati, msgavsi mrutisa, xolo mruli SeiZleba SevadaroT imerxevs _ `meruli~ (iqve, gv. 26). maSasadame, `egeris~ olqi erqva Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare mxares. n. adoncis sityviT, rogorc iTqva, saxelwodeba `egeri, egeria~ Semonaxulia amJamad `aWaris~ formiT, radganac xorxismieri `g~ palatur `W~-Si gadaizarda. termini `egeria~ somxur geografiaSi ufro farTo azriT gamoiyeneba da aRniSnavs mTeli SavizRvispireTis aRmosavleT sanapiros afxazeTidan _ trapezuntamde, WaneTis CaTvliT. VI s-Si, Woroxis aRmosavleTi sanapiro, e.i. tao da klarjeTi, iyo sparselebis xelSi _ wers n. adonci (. , , 1908, c. 27) da Semdeg ganagrZobs _ `Wanika da mTeli egeria, aRniSnuli farTo azriT rom vTqvaT, SedarebiT TavisTavadi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 27); e.i. sparselTa da romaelTa mier qveynebis gadanawilebis dros SedarebiT TavisTavadobiT sargeblobdnen (Wanika da egeria). e.i. Woroxis SesarTavs, n. adonci egerias uwodebs, magram is Sedioda lazikaSi, kerZod, misi azriT, petra _ lazikis sanapiroze iyo aSenebuli (. , , 1908, c. 27). petra, n. adoncis azriT, lazikis CrdiloeTiT, Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebareobda (da ara lazikis samxreTiT _ rogorc amJamadaa miRebuli). amasTanave, petra imperiis sazRvars warmoadgenda (. , , 1908, c. 27), anu aq exeboda erTmaneTs bizantiis imperatorisa da sparseTis Sahebis gavlenis sferoTa xazebi, mTeli saukunis manZilze isini ebrZodnen erTmaneTs am mxaris dasaufleblad. rogorc aRvniSneT, trapezuntis mxares qarTvelebi `sofeli megrelTa~ saxels uwodebdnen, xolo qarTveli mematianeebisTvis egrisi erqva saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiros.

431

egeria n. adoncis mixedviT

`Wanika anu xaldia~ _ Wanebis anu xaldebis qveyanas eWira mTiani mxare, romelsac qmnis parxalis qedi md. Woroxsa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zols Soris trapezuntamde. Woroxis barSi Wanikas esazRvreboda tao _ farangionispiridan Tuxarisis cixe-simagremde, Semdeg Wanika esazRvreboda gugarenas kantons da klarjeTs md. artanujze. `Semdeg md. Woroxi Sedis egerSi _ egeriaSi, rogorc `somxuri geografia aRwers~, iqamde ki gaivlis nigalis da mrulis (mrilis) kantonebs da Caedineba zRvaSi~ (. , , 1908, c. 26). VI s-Si, rogorc iTqva, Woroxis aRmosavleTi mxare, _ klarjeTi da tao, ekuTvnoda sparselebs, xolo Wanika da, saerTod, egeria, Tumca romaul miwebze mdebareobdnen, sargeblobdnen TavisuflebiT. maT mxolod iustinianes epoqaSi aRiares saimperatoro xelisufleba. iustinianem lazikis boloSi aago petras cixe, zRvispiras, Woroxis Crdilo SesarTavTan. n. adonci wers, VI s-Si, petra SeiZleba CavTvaloT imperiis sazRvrad, romelic acalkevebda imperatorisa da spars mefeTa gavlenas. sinamdvileSi, maT Soris omi iyo gaCaRebuli am mxaris dauflebisTvis mTeli 100 wlis manZilze~. maSasadame, `somxuri geografiis~ mxareebi _ manrili, egreviki, lazivi da WaneTi mdebareobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed trapezuntis mxares Woroxamde (. , , 1908, c. 26-27).

erges qveyana _ vaxuStis mixedviT

erge, anu egri, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, erqva miwa-wyals Woroxis SesarTavTan. mas moixseniebs VII saukunis somxuri geografia, aseve batoniSvili vaxuSti. vaxuStis cnobidan SeiZleba gavigoT, rom erge mdebareobda Woroxis SesarTavTan im adgilTan axlos, sadac Woroxs uerTdeba aWariswyali. Woroxi `dis friad Cqarad, qviansa, kldiansa da xramovansa Sina, sasmisad Semrgo, gemoiani, sxvebr urgebi, vinaidgan ara rai keTdebis anu irwyvis Tvinier erges, gonias da baToms, aramed vinaiTgan aRvswereniT baTomi, gonia da erge guriasa zeda, aw erges zeidam viwyebT, aWariswylis SesarTavidam~ (vaxuSti, q.c. IV, gv. 676). arianes, strabonis, prokofisa da sxva avtorTa cnobiT, md. fazisi aseve iyo sasmelad vargisi da gemrieli, is miedineboda kldeTa Soris didi siCqariT xmovanebiT. imaves wers vaxuSti Woroxis Sesaxeb, rac Seexeba md. rions is quTaisidan zRvamde ara kldeTa

432

Soris, aramed vakeze miedineboda dausrulebel WaobebSi, amitomac, rogorc sxva yvela Waobis uvargisi iyo sasmelad. vaxuSti wers _ `lignis xeobisaTvis~: _ `arTvinis sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges sazRvramde Woroxis xeobis imieri da amieri iwodebis lignis xeobad da ars es lignis xeoba Tvinier siviwrovisa friad nayofieri narinjiT, TurinjiT, limoniT, zeTisxiliT, broweuliT, leRviT, venaxiT, xiliT Semkobili da qebulni buneburni yovelive. marcvalni yovelni nayofierebs~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 680). vaxuSti aseve wers: `guriisaTvis~... `zRvis SesarTavzed da Woroxis CrdiloeT kidurzed ars baTomi... amas zeiT, Woroxis Crdilosave kidessa zeda ars erge~ (iqve, gv. 792). `da baToms, gonias da erges narinji, Turinji, limoni, zeTisxili, broweuli mravali da zRvis kidesaca~ (iqve, 793). erge da ligania is yovelmxriv nayofieri moxirisi, romlis Sesaxebac werda prokofi. somxur geografiaSi (VII s.) Woroxis SesarTavs ewodeba `egri~, vaxuStisTan `erge~. `erge~ etimologiurad axloa sityvebTan `argveTi~, `margali~ da sxva. `egri~ ki sityvebTan `egrisi~, `guria~ da sxva. rogorc iTqva, vaxuStis `lignis xeoba~ Tavisi uxvnayofierebiT waagavs prokofi kesarielis mier aRweril qveyana `moxiriss~. vaxuStis Woroxi, siCqariT da gemoianobiT miagavs prokofi kesarielis mier aRweril md. fasiss. prokofis kldovani lazika unda iyos klarjeTi, xolo moxirisi _ erge-ligani.

egri _ Woroxis xeoba iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT

aWaraSi, baTumTan axlos, md. Woroxis marjvena sanapiroze amJamadac aris punqti `erge~ (iqvea soflebi _ maxo da aWariswyali). es ukanaskneli Woroxisa da md. aWariswylis SeerTebis adgilasaa, oRond marjvena sanapiroze, odesRac VI saukuneSi aWariswylisa (dokonisisa) da Woroxis (fasisi) SeerTebis adgilas yofila punqti `nesosi~. iv. javaxiSvili wers _ `raki qarTul wyaroebSi srulebiT garkveviT weria, rom klarjeTi zRvamdis aRwevda, amitom ise gamodis, rom `xevi nigalisa~ (sumbatis uwyeba), anu `nigali~ (matiane qarTlisa) klarjeTis erTi nawilTagania~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. II, gv. 63). maSasadame, istoriulad, ligani (livana) iyo nawili klarjeTisa. etimologiurad axloa artaanSi mdebare sofeli `mglovani~ da nigali. iyo aseve sofeli `mglinavi~, xolo SavSeTSi sofeli `norgiali~. amave fuZisaa strabonis md. glavkosi, fazisis Senakadi.

433

klarjeTis nawili yofila aseve nigalsa da zRvas Sua mdebare `egri~, anu `erge~. vaxuStis drosac aq iyo `erge~. iv. javaxiSvili wers _ `somxuri usaxelo geografiidan Cans, rom klarjeTis gverdiT `egri~ mdebareobda. egrze mimdinareobda Woroxi (iqve, gv. 63). Sua saukuneebSi baTumsa da nigals anu ligans aqeT mdebare sanapiro guriad iwodeboda (qvemo guria), etimologiurad `egri~ `erge~ da guria axloa erTmaneTTan da erTi fuZe `gr~ da `rg~ aqvT.

lazikis lokalizacia Zveli avtorebis mier

`somxuri geografiis~ Wanika da lazika trapezuntTan mdebare erTiani qveynis nawilebia, erTmaneTs zogjer faraven kidec. isini da iqve, trapezuntis olqSi mdebare egeria _ kolxidis nawilebia. qveyana egri ganiyofa lazikad da Wanikad da is trapezuntTan mdebareobs _ ase ikiTxeba `somxuri geografia~ VII-IX saukuneebisa, aseve igebs mas i. manandianic _ , . . , - , , - (. , , , . III, 1950, . 148). somxuri geografiiT Wanika, lazika da kolxida trapezuntis olqSi mdebareobdnen da maT yvelas erTad egeria ewodebodaT _ manandianis kvleviT. mTawmididan gamosuli wyaros cnobiT _ herakle `miiwia trapezunted, sanaxebTa maT samegrelosaTa~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 208, 422). maSasadame, trapezunti _ samegreloa, somxuri wyaros _ egeriaa. amasve wers eqvTime mTawmidelis epoqis wm. andrias cxovreba _ wm. mociquli mivida `trapezuntSi sofelsa Sina megrelTasa~. maSasadame, trapezunti _ megrelTa qveyanaa, samegreloa, anu egeriaa. rogorc ori iyo qarTli (arian-qarTli da mcxeTis qarTli), ise ori iyo egrisi (egeri) _ dasavleT qarTlis egrisi da bizantiis, anu trapezuntis egri, egeria.

434

mematianeebi `sofeli megrelTas~ Sesaxeb

Cveni mematianeebi trapizonis Semogarens ZiriTadad moixseniebdnen orgvarad _ `xaldia~ da `sofeli megrelTa~, kerZod, `matiane qarTlisa~ wers _ basili II-m `daizamTra queyanasa xaldisasa, maxloblad qalaqsa trapizonTasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 285). xolo leonti mroveli wers _ `movida andria qalaqad trapizonad, romel ars sofeli megrelTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 39). maSasadame, `qaldea~ da `sofeli megrelTa~ qarTuli azrovnebisTvis sinonimebia. marTlac, `qaldea~ eTanadeba Semdegdroindel WaneTs. aq aRsaniSnavia is, rom sityva `qald~ iv. javaxiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, is fuZea, romlisganac warmoiSva sityva `qarTli~ da `qarTuli~. maSasadame, sityva qald saerTo qarTuli erTobis (qarTvelur enaTa daSlamde, anu zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTobis) droindeli fuZea. herakle keisris iberia-sparseTSi laSqrobasTan dakavSirebiT, naTqvamia, rom is pirvelad mivida qveyanasa `qaldeisasa~ da Semdeg Sevida qarTlsa da TbilisSi. qaldea-trapizonidan mas `klarjeTis gziT~ SeeZlo TrialeTSi Sesvla.

kolxeTi da armenia
Zveli avtorebi, rogorc wesi, Zalze xSirad erTad axseneben kolxeTsa da armenias. qsenofontes cnobiT, tiribazi iyo dasavleT armeniis mmarTveli da amave dros laSqrobis dros fasianebisa da esperitebis ufrosi (IV,1,4), aqedanac Cans, rom fasianebi, kolxebis uSualo mezoblebi, armeniis gverdiT cxovrobdnen, anu erT regionSi. miTridate evpatorma mcire armeniaSi, kolxeTsa da sofenaSi aago 75 cixe-simagre, strabonis sityviT, radganac mcire armenia da sofena kolxeTTan erTad ixsenieba, aqedan Cans, rom kolxeTi maTi momijnave olqi iyo. egrisi, rogorc aRiniSna, erqva ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils, aramed trapezuntis mimdebare mxareebsac. samxreT egrisi aRwevda Woroxis SesarTavamde, xolo Crdilo egrisi aqedan (Woroxis SesarTavidan) iwyeboda. samxreT egriss, anu kolxeTs esazRvreboda armenia da is zogjer Sedioda kidec `romaul armeniaSi~, xolo Crdilo egrisi iberiaSi. m. berZniSvilis sityviT, roca 456 wels romaelebma `daiwyes omi lazebTan~, bizantiis imperatoris karze bWobdnen omSi gasamarjveblad armeniis gziT Seseodnen kolxeTs, Tu tradiciuli gziT eomaT (m. berZniS-

435

vili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, gv. 80-81). gubaz I-is kolxeTSi erT-erTi gza armeniidan Sedioda, radganac armeniis mezoblad mdebareobda. ponto-kolxeTis dedoflis piTadoridas vaJi, strabonis sityviT, didi armeniis mefed daadgines. misi meore vaJic gamefda armeniaSi artaqs III-is saxeliT, kolxeTis es qvrivi dedofali iyo meuRle pontos mefisa polemonis. misi vaJebi, rogorc aRiniSna, armeniis mefeebad daadgina romma ax.w. dasawyisSi. (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 134). aqedan Cans, kolxeT-ponto-armeniis urTierTmezobloba. Teofane JamTaaRmwerelis sityviT _ `armenielebi SeiWrnen lazikaSi~ arabobis dros (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr gv. 187), radganac e.w. dasavleT armenias kolxeTi, trapezuntis olqebi esazRvreboda. amitomac werda VII saukuneSi `pasqaluri qronikis~ avtori `armeniis qalaqi kolxisi~ (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr iqve, gv. 183). misi gamonaTqvami da aseve VII saukunis somxuri geografiis Tvalsazrisi `egris~ qveynis mdebareobis Sesaxeb erTmaneTis msgavsia.

skviTia da iberebi
kolxeTis bolo punqtad skileqs kariandelTan, skimnos qioselTan da dionisios periegetTan miCneulia afsarosi, romelic kolxeTis CrdiloeTi wertili iyo Sav zRvaze. mis Semdeg ukve modioda skviTia, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi (berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, 1967, gv. 43). dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTsa da kolxeTs Sorisaa maTi gamyofi punqti afsarosi. rogorc cnobilia, afsarosi xofasTan axlos, Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda. am avtorebis cnobiT, afsarosis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals kolxeTi erqva, CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritorias (e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTs) ki `skviTia~. Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi cxovrobdnen `skviTuri tomebi~ aqeelebi, kerketebi da gelonebi (berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, 1967, gv. 46). xersonesis aqeT, `Semdeg isev skviTebi arian, maT qveyanaSi Semdegi elinuri qalaqebia _ Teodosia, kutaia da numfara~ (iqve, gv. 44). es avtorebi mudam aRniSnaven, rom am skviTebis gverdiT uSualo mezoblad iberiaa (ix. berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, 1967, gv. 43). Cven viciT, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi aqeelebi, kerketebi da gelonebi iyvnen ara skviTuri aramed qarTuli tomebi.

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kerketebi sabWoTa istorikosebis mier usafuZvlod Cerqezebis winaprebad iqna miCneuli, Tumca etimologiurad kerketi _ gergetTan anu georgiasTan ufroa axlo (kerketi _ gergeti (gerg-georg). orive satomo saxelis (geloni, kerketi) fuZe-Zirebi TiTqmis identuria (gel-ger, kerk-gerg) _ ger-gerg, romelTaganac SesaZloa miviRoT saxelebi _ egrisi, guria, argveTi. ratom iyvnen es tomebi miCneulni skviTebad? berZnuli TeoriiT msoflios kideebi gansaxlebuli iyo oTxi xalxiT _ CrdiloeTis yvela xalxi skviTebad iwodeboda, amitomac maTTvis CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb qarTul tomebsac zogjer skviTebs uwodeben. aqeelebis, kerketebis da gelonebis Sesaxeb sxva monacemebi ar arsebobs, amitom etimologiuri dakvirvebiT unda davkmayofildeT. sityva gelonis fuZ-Ziri unda iyos `gel~, igive `ger~, romlidanac albaT SesaZlebelia sityva eger-egrisis miReba (gelonebi-gel-ger-eger), sityva `kerketis~ fuZe-Ziri unda iyos `kerk~, igive `gerg~, romlidanac albaT SesaZlebelia sityva _ georg-georgiis miReba (kerketebi-kerk-gerg-georg)

toponimebi
Teodosiopolidan (arzrumidan) aRmosavleTiT ganfenil vrcel miwawyalze, TiTqmis vidre vanis tbamde gvxvdeba mravali toponimi Tu hidronimi, romelnic meordebian dasavleT saqarTveloSi. kerZod, aq gaedineba mdinare fazisi (araqssa da evfrats zemo welSi aseve fazisi erqva), aris Sesabamisi saxelis mqone qalaqic, am regionSi, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT mdebareobdnen `klisurebi~ (an `klisura~), aseve adgili saxelwodebiT _ `safxazi~, amave regionSi gaedineboda mdinare egri, amJamadac ki erTerT qalaqs `agri~ hqvia. amave regionis momcvel qveyanas, bizantiis imperiam erT dros uwoda `iberiis Temi~. saqarTvelos kuTxeebsa da lazikeSi, rogorc iTqva, mravali erTnairi toponimi da hidronimi iyo. magaliTad, egriswyali afxazeTSi (bediasTan) da `egres-su anu egriswyali trapizonis mxares (iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, t. II, gv. 123), klisura (cxumTan) da `klasuri~ (trapizonisaken) (iqve, gv. 23). `pitia~ _ `trapizonTan~, `pitiunti~ cxumTan, sebastopolisi, trapizonis olqSi da abazgiaSi. `zegana~ (`zeganTa sofeli~) XI s-Si Sida qarTlSi (T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, gv. 33) da `zigna~ qaldiaSi (trapizonis mxare), aseve ziginevi (afxazeTSi), zegani sof. kldeeTTan, zestafonSi. q. fazari (igive fazisi), (Zveli aTina trapizonTan) (georgika II, 1965, gv. 102) da fazisi. `boasi~ erqva Woroxs an mis Senakads prokofi kesarielis mixedviT, aseve rogorc zogierTi fiqrobs md. yvirilasac. fazisi erqva Woroxsac da aseve rionsac. magaliTad, prokofi kesarieli lazikas ase aRwers _ `lazike

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yovelgan, mdinare fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares uzarmazari kldeebia romlebic iq viwrobebs qmnian, aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben~ (georgika II, 1965, gv 102). md. rionTan dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi kldeebi arsadaa, aramed aris Woroxis sanapiroebze, istoriul lazikeSi. prokofi garkveviT wers _ `md. boasi gamodis WaneTis sazRvris maxloblad armenielTa adgilebSi, romlebic farangionis garSemo cxovroben. TavSi is karga manZilze marjvniv mimdinareobs. Txelia ... vidre im adgilamde, sadac marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba, mis Semdeg rac es mdinare miaRwevs im adgils, sadac kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebia, aq, radgan mas bevri sxva wyalic emateba, is izrdeba Zalian da nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fazisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi, vidre evqsinad wodebul zRvamde, sadac misi SesarTavia da mis orive mxriT lazike aris ~ (georgika, II, gv. 100). WaneTis maxloblad Woroxi gamoedineba. mas erqva saTaveSi `boasi~ (n. adoncis kvleviTac). boasi anu Woroxi saTaveSi, marTlac Txelia anu wyalmcirea, vidre karCxalis mTebamde (aq prokofis azriT kavkasiis mTa Tavdeboda da aqve iyo kola-artaanis anu iberiis sazRvrebi), karCxalTan marTlac, Woroxs ramdenime mdinare emateba, maT Soris wyaluxvi imerxevi, aq boass saxelic ecvleboda, ukve `fazisad~ iwodeboda da misi sanapiros qveyanas `lazika~erqva. ase, rom lazika ramdenime mxares erqva trapezuntis regionSi, aseve fazisi anu egri erqva aranakleb wyaluxv da cnobil mdinares iqve maRla zeganze gamdinares _ araqss. araqsiss egri erqva imis gamo, rom misi saTave istoriuli egris qveyanaSi gaedineboda manralia-WaneT-qaldeasTan axlos.

ori egrisi
m. berZniSvilis kvleviT, `pirveli cnoba kolxebze Zveli welTaRricxvis VI-V saukuneebidan gvxvdeba. Semdeg cnobebi wydeba ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi. `Zv.w. IV saukune da misi momdevno xana odnavadac araa aRbeWdili istoriaSi~ (m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis, gv. 69). Zveli welTaRricxvis IV s-dan I saukunemde istoriaSi kolxebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar moipoveba (iqve, gv. 71). romTan meomari miTridates dros cnobebi kolxeTis Sesaxeb axldeba. miTridate VI evpatoris epoqaSi (120_63) kolxeTi samefo ar iyo. kolxeTi `skeptuxiebad~ iyo danawilebuli. skeptuxia daaxloebiT qarTuli saerisTavos msgavsi administraciul-politikuri erTeulia. kolxeTi pontos mefem daimorCila. cnobilia, rom qristeSobamde 89 wels

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miTridate ukve flobda kolxeTs (iqve, m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 71) da mas marTavda Tavisi moadgileebis meSveobiT. erTi, magaliTad, iyo miTridates megobari moafreni (strabonis dedis Zma), meore ki miTridates Svili, aseve miTridates saxelis mqone. mas pontos mefem `mefis pativi uwyaloba. cxadia, is araa namdvili mefe, aramed mxolod saxelis mqone. miTridates kolxeTi ainteresebda sazRvao saqmianobisTvis, aqedan, misdioda gemebis ekipaJi da gemTsaSeni masala~ (m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis, gv. 73). romTan 85 wels damarcxebul miTridates kolxebi ganudgnen. Tavisi Svili maSin daudgina `mefed~ kolxebs, romelsac Semdeg jer oqros borkilebi daado, Semdeg ki sikvdiliT dasaja. strabonis sityviT, mcire armeniasa, sofenenesa da kolxeTSi miTridatem 75 cixe-simagre aago da Tavisi qonebis didi nawili amaSi Cayara (m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 74). aRniSnuli olqebi, cxadia, erTmaneTs emezoblebodnen, saerTo sazRvrebi hqondaT. miTridates damarcxebis Semdeg pompeusi akontrolebda kolxeTs, mefe orozis da skeptuxos olTakes Semdeg iq daadgina aristraxosi. sakvlevia is `bosforelebis da kolxebis mefed~, Tu mxolod `kolxeTis mefed~ iwodeboda. cxadia, aristaxosi ar iyo suverenuli mmarTveli, aramed romaelTa mier dadgenili. 48 wlisaTvis bosforis mefe farnakma (miTridates vaJma) kolxeTi da mTeli armenia daimorCila (iqve, m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 77). magram 47 wels is avgustos keisarma daamarcxa. Zveli welTaRricxvis I saukunis bolo wlebSi kolxeTs flobda pontos mmarTveli polemoni. misi sikvdilis Semdeg (axali welTaRricxvis 14 wels) _ pontos `samefo~ taxtze avida misi qvrivi piTodorida, romelic kolxeTs 38 wlamde marTavda. misi Svilebi armeniis mefeebi gaxdnen. imperator traianes (92-117) dros kolxeTi romis qveSevrdomi iyo. SesaZloa, mis mmarTvels `mefis~ tituli hqonda. amis Semdeg wydeba kolxeTis Sesaxeb cnobebi kvlav ramdenime saukunis manZilze. IV s. meore naxevridan kvlav Cndeba bundovani cnobebi (iqve, gv. 79), maTgan zogierTSi kolxebi roms xarkis yovelwliurad gadaxdas pirdebian (iqve, gv. 80). episkopos Teodorites (390-457) sxva ambavTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTis saxiT mohyavs ambavi, rom `lazebi, sanebi da abazgebi da sxva barbarosebi, Tumca romaelTa batonobas emorCilebian, magram erTmaneTSi ar sdeben xelSekrulebas romauli kanonebis Tanaxmad~ (iqve, m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 80). vfiqrob, yovelive zemoT aRwerili ar ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli wyaroebis monacemebs, qristeSobamde VI-V saukuneebSi kolxeTs mefe ar hyolia da, Cans, teritoriulad is ar mdebareobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed _ trapezuntis mxares.

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e.w. `kolxeTis samefo~ mxolod erT nawils warmoadgenda pontos mefe miTridates vrceli samflobeloSi, da Cans, mas miTridatianebi marTavdnen kidec, aq unda gavixsenoT movses xorenaci, rom pontospira iberebs mihrdatianebi marTavdnen. miTridatianebi, anu mirhdatis STamomavlebi, xorenacis TqmiT, aleqsandre makedonelis epoqidan marTavdnen pontospira iberebs, anu im xalxs, romelic nabuqodonosorma pontos zRvis piras gadaasaxla. pontoszRvispireTidan Semdeg es xalxi gamravlebis gziT ganivrco Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi da maT Soris gugarqSic, aseTia xorenacis cnoba. berZnul-romauli wyaroebiTac, kolxeTSi miTridate Tavis Svils niSnavs `mefed~. es samefo Semdeg umetesad romis qveSevrdomia, anu is mxolod saxels atarebs samefosas da, Cans, is mdebareobda Woroxis auzSi. samxreT egrisad Cvens mier wodebul erge-ligan-WaneT-klarjeTs, vaxuStis sityviT, marTavdnen mirdatianebi. am qveyanas somxuri geografia VII s-isa `egers~ uwodebs, vaxuSti `erges~. amave vaxuStis mixedviT, Woroxis xeobis da misi saTaveebis zogadi saxelia `klarjeTi~. mdinare Woroxis aRwerisas Tavis Txrobas vaxuSti ase iwyebs _ `xolo aw viwyebT klarjeTs da am qveyanasa Sina udidesi mdinare ars Woroxi, romeli gamodis irijlus mTasa da dis samxridan CrdiloT... xvaramzes xidamde... mierTvis baToms qveviT Savs zRvasa... dis friad Cqarad qviansa, kldiansa da xramovansa Sina... sasmisad Semrgo... irwyvis erges, gonias da baToms~ (q.c. IV, gv. 676). sad iyo erge? Cans, guriasa da liganis xeobas Soris _ `arTvinis sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges sazRvramde Woroxis xeobis imeri da ameri iwodebis lignis xeobad da ars es lignis xeoba, Tvinier siviwrovisa friad nayofieri narinjiT, TurinjiT, limniT, zeTisxiliT, broweuliT, leRviT, venaxiT, xiliT Semkobili da qebulni bunebiT yovelive~ (iqve, gv. 680). aseve, nayofieria ergec, amitomac kldovan klarjeTSi erge da ligani mogvagonebs prokofi kesarielis mier aRweril msgavsad nayofier moxiriss kldovan lazikaSi. baTums zeviT, vaxuStis aRweriT, `Woroxis Crdilosve kidesa zeda ars erge~ (q.c. IV, gv. 792). klarjeTi moicavda erges garda mTel istoriul samxreT saqarTvelos oZraxosisa da javaxosis wilis garda (iqve, gv. 691) esaa qveyana ergedan da imier taodan sperisa da WaneTis CaTvliT. somxuri geografiiTac egris qveyana moicavda WaneTs, sakuTriv egrs, Wanikas, manraliasa da lazikas. ase rom, somxuri egri da vaxuStis mier aRwerili klarjeTi erTsa da imave regionebs moicavdnen. prokofis mier aRwerili lazika _ klarjeTis msgavsia Tavisi kldovanobiT, swrafi mdinariT, romelic gemrielia. somxuri wyaroebis egri, qarTuli klarjeTi (WaneTTan erTad) da berZnuli lazike erTi da igive unda iyos. esaa Cvens mier samxreT egrisad wodebu-

440

li qveyana, sxva iyo Crdilo egrisi _ dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawili. misi mTavari mdinare rioni gavakebis Semdeg ar aris ise Cqari, rogorc aRwers prokofi faziss, aramed neli da mdore, sasmelad uvargisi, Slamiani, ugemuri. xolo sasmelad vargisi fazisi ki Cqari mTis mdinarea da aCqarebuli erTvis zRvas, xolo rioni piriqiT, vrcel vakeze damdorebuli. arqanjelo lambertis sityviT, `rioni wynarad SeerTvis zRvas sebastopolis maxloblad, romelic Zvelad warCinebul qalaqs warmoadgenda, dRes ki wyalSia CanTqmuli~ (m. berZniSvili, fazisis istoriisaTvis, gv. 180). Sardenic eZebda foTTan `qalaq sebastiis niSan-kvals~, magram, rogorc TviTon ambobda, `veraferi ipova~ (iqve, gv. 180). maSasadame, faqtia, rom arsebobda CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis ori egrisi, erTi mdebareobda berZnul-romauli da somxuri gavlenis sferoSi, meorem ki, Crdilo egrisma, safuZveli daudo Zveli qarTuli kulturis Camoyalibebas, viTarca zogad qarTuli qveynis erT-erTma regionma.

vaxtang gorgasali istoriul samxreT iberiis miwa-wyalze (samxreT egrisSi)

vaxtang gorgasalma ilaSqra istoriuli samxreT iberiis miwa-wyalze (igulisxmeba samxreT egrisi), msgavsad farnavazisa. Cans, vaxtangis mizani iyo iberiisaTvis daebrunebina is miwa-wyali, romelic strabonis cnobiT Zv.w. II saukuneSi armeniam Camoacala iberias (gogarena, xorZene da pariadres kalTebi). qarTlis cxovrebis cnobiT, farnavazma, qristeSobamde III saukuneSi, ilaSqra `azonis mamul~ klarjeTSi. vaxuStis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, klarjeTi moicavda ara mxolod erT mxares, aramed uvrceles regions qaldea-trapezuntidan Woroxamde. mematiane saberZneTTan iberiis sazRvars aTavsebs anZianZorasTan (igive anZoreTTan) _ `warvida farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekleciT Semoiqca~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I. gv. 23). sad mdebareobda anZianZora? g. meliqiSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT wers _ `qarTlis samefos teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTiT ganvcobas eTanxmeba wyaros cnoba farnavazis mier mcireaziuli olqebis anZianZorisa da ekelecis (antik. wyaroebis akilesena, sofenas CrdiloeTiT evfratze mdebare olqi) dalaSqvraze (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, 1970, gv. 455). maSasadame, wyaros cnobiT farnavazis dros iberiis (qarTlis samefos) sazRvari gadioda anZianZorasTan, istoriul xorZenesTan, amiT Cveni wyaro (q.c.) amarTlebs strabonis cnobas, rom Zv.w. II saukunemde iberiaSi (e.i. farnavazis samefoSi) Sedioda xorZene, gogarena da pariadres kalTebi. farnavazis Semdgom maleve iberiis samefos daukargavs es teritoriebi, magram maT dasabruneblad brZola grZeldeboda. amas miuTiTebs vaxtang

441

gorgaslis laSqroba iq _ `waremarTa vaxtang Sesvlad saberZneTad da miiwivnes somxiTs da moerTnes... erisTavni somxiTisani... tarovneli amazasp grigolis Senebulisa qalaqisagan, Trdat naTesavisagan, didisa Trdatis. da moadges cixe-qalaqsa, romelsa erqva karaxpola, xolo aw ewodebis karnu-qalaqi... warvida vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi, ekleci da steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q. c. I. gv. 160). teqstidan Cans, rom vaxtangis dros aRniSnuli adgilebi ukve somxeTsa da pontoSia, maSin roca farnavazis dros qarTlis samefos `sazRvari~ `saberZneTTan~ anZianZorasTan gadioda. maSasadame, es teritoriebi iberias didi xnis dakarguli hqonda vaxtangis dros, magram iqaur (e.i. xorZenesa da pariadres kalTebis) mosaxleobas qarTuli eTnoidentoba da qarTuli enis codna jer kidev SenarCunebuli rom hqonda sxva gamokvlevebidan Cans. VII s. somxeTis rukaze olqi saxelwodebiT `xorZiana~ (es unda iyos `xorZene~) mdebareobda karinTan (karaxpol-karnuqalaq-arzrumTan), mis samxreT-dasavleTiT daaxloeboT 70 km. daSorebiT. xorZianasa da karins Sua mdebareobda mananaRis (manralis) olqi mardaRis (mardaliis) gverdiT. xorZianasTan axlos, mis samxreT dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 40 km-Si mdebareobda olqi saxelwodebiT _ anZiti (andzit). es unda iyos qarTuli anZoreTi-anZianZora (sadac ilaSqres farnavazma da vaxtangma). provincia anZitSi covkis tbasTan axlos iyo cixe-simagre egeRi (egeri). amave saxelis qalaqi egegi (egeri) karin-arzrumTanac iyo. am qalaqis saxeli (egegi) egrisis saxels unda ireklavdes. olq xorZianaSi gaedineboda amave `egr~ saxelis mqone mdinare `egegiki~ (mius gaili). xorZianaSi iyo cnobili punqti artalesi. aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamindel TurqeTSi Zveli olqis anZitis adgilas mdebareobs administraciuli olqi _ elazigi. es saxeli elazigi ar aris SemTxveviTi. sityvaSi `elazigi (elaziRi)~ vfiqrob SesaZlebelia gamoiyos fuZe-Ziri `lazi~. saxeli `lazi~, am mxareebisaTvis ucxo ar iyo. konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia XI s. dasawyisSi am mxareebsac moicavda. aq axlos iyo kerCanisis, xaxis, bizanasa da sxva saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. bizanasa da arzrums Soris mdebareobda olqi mananaRi anu manralia (manarali), aRniSnul somxeTis rukaze mardaRis (mardalis) olqisagan yofs `megeduxgis mTebi~, am mTebs n. adonci xalxalis mTebs uwodebs, romelic manraliasa da mardalias erTmaneTisagan hyofda. rogorc Cans am mxareebSi eguleboda vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis avtors `saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa~, aRniSnul rukaze bizanas

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olqs ewodeba _ `ekegiaci~, es unda iyos vaxtangis cxovrebis ekleci. am olqSi rukaze moniSnulia eklesia saxelwodebiT _ `surb grigor~, albaT aq eguleboda avtors saflavi wm. grigorisa. romeli iyo es wmidani grigol ganmanaTlebeli Tu grigol nazianzeli? xorZena, rogorc iTqva, strabons iberiis istoriul nawilad miaCnda, romelic armeniam miitaca. iqauri mkvidri iberebis armenizacias xeli gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo am mxareSi somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebam. sabednierod, vaxtangis dros, qarTuli TviTSemecneba jer kidev Zlieri yofila am mxaris sasuliero pirTa Sorisac ki, rac kargad Cans vaxtangis cxovrebaSi. sxvaTa Soris, xorenacis istoriaSic aris garkveuli miniSneba imisa, rom xorZenasa da taronis samRvdeloebam icoda qarTuli ena. magaliTad, movses xorenaci wers _ `rac Seexeba mesrops, igi wavida qarTvelTa qveyanaSi da madlis zegardamo miniWebiT maTac Seuqmna anbani vinme jalasTan erTad, romelic berZnuli da somxuri enebidan Targmnida. xels uwyobdnen imaTi mefe bakuri da mose episkoposi. man SearCia bavSvebi, gahyo isini or jgufad da moZRvrebad dautova Tavisi ori mowafeTagani _ ter xorZenaci da muSe taronaci~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 224). maSasadame, qarTveli bavSvebi dayves or jgufad, raTa maT SeeswavlaT qarTuli anbani qarTuli wmida werilis sakiTxavad. maT qarTuli enis mcodne maswavleblebi esaWiroebodaT, aseTni ki yofilan xorZeneli mRvdeli (ter xorZenaci) da taroneli muSe. xorZene-taronis axlo mxareebSi qarTuli enis codnas isic miuTiTebs, rom v. goilaZis kvleviT, iqve arc Tu daSorebiT, q. edesa-urhaSi yofila didi qarTuli kolonia Tavisi saganmanaTleblo kerebiT. aRniSnul rukaze qalaqi edesia _ urha mdebareobs olq andzitTan axlos, mis samxreTiT 7080 km. daSorebiT. sabolood, unda vTqvaT, rom armeniis mier mitacebul mxareebSi didxans darCa qarTuli enis codna da qarTuli toponimebi (egri _ egrisi, iberia da sxva).

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Tavi IX lazika _ klarjeTi

lazikis geografiuli aRwera

prokofis mixedviT lazika _ kldovani qveyanaa, uzarmazari mTebiT da kldeebiT dafaruli mxare, romlis umetes nawilze mTianobisa da kldianobis gamo ar modioda iseTi mosavali, rogoricaa xorbali da Rvino, mxolod erTi SedarebiT nayofieri mxare hqonda lazikas _ moxirisi, danarCeni ki mTian-kldovani iyo. kerZod, lazikis kldovani sanapiroebi aferxebdnen zRvis mdinarebas, lazikis kldeebi qmnidnen zRvisaTvis bunebriv dabrkolebas _ ase aRwers prokofi. am niSnis mixedviT lazika ar aris rionis dablobi, miTumetes vake teritoria foTidan quTaisamde. Tu fazisad miviCnevT Woroxs, maSin lazika aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed erge-liganklarjeTi. geografiuli aRweriT lazika gacilebiT ufroa ligan-klarjeTi vidre dasavleT saqarTvelo. klarjeTis aRwera, romelic ekuTvnis qarTvel wmida mamebs eTanadeba prokofiseul lazikis aRweras. kerZod, wmida mamebis cnobiT, klarjeTi imdenad mTian-kldovani qveyana iyo, rom aq TiTqmis ar modioda mosavali. mxolod mxaleuliT, mxolod sufTa wylebiT da haeriT iyo jansaRi es mxare. orive aRwera erTnairia. prokofi kesarieli wers _ `lazikeSi arsad ar aris marili, arc xorbleuli modis, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe, yvelaferi SemoaqvT maTTan navebiT romaelTa napirebidan~ (georgika, II, gv. 96). `lazikeSi Znelsavali gzebia, radganac lazike saerTod Znelsavalia da mTlianad kldiani... daqanebuli da kldiani adgilebiT~ (georgika, II, gv. 224-225). `lazike sakmaod Znelgasavlelia msubuqad Cacmuli kacisTvisac ki, radgan is zomaze metad daqanebulia da xSirad uzarmazari tyeebis Semcveli did manZilze~ (georgika, II, gv. 81).

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`lazikeSi miwa yovelgniT zRvidanaa wamoCrili da mis denas aferxebs... aq zRva Tavis napirebs exeTqeba, is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas axerxebs, aramed ukan ixevs da kvlav Tavis adgils ubrundeba. is icavs Tavis kuTvnil sazRvrebs~ (georgika, II, gv. 142). (sul sxva suraTia rionis dablobze, aq zRvis denas mTebi ver aferxebn, vake regionia, Tveebis manZilze zRvidan uberavs qari, romelsac ukan miaqvs mdinaris wyali, romelsac zRvis wyalic uerTdeba da itboreba uzarmazari dablobi _ e.w. `rionis dablobi~). qarTveli mecnierebis azriT, lazika erqva miwa-wyals Sorapanidan rionis SesarTavamde. es teritoria (Sorapnidan zRvamde) aris vrceli gaSlili vake zRvis donidan 100 m. simaRlemde. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ismis kiTxva _ rogor aris is (e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelo) aq `zomaze metad daqanebuli, anda `kldovani~, anda sadaa aq zRvasTan `kldovani~ sanapiro? rionis dablobis am monakveTze uxvad modis subtropikuli nayofi. magram sul sxvagvaria da gansxvavebulia prokofismieri aRwera lazikisa: `lazike yvelgan mdinare fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqiTa mxareze, gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares uzarmazari kldeebia, romlebic iq did manZilze `viwrobebs~ qmnian, aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodebdnen elinuri gamoTqmiT~ (georgika, II, gv. 102). e.i. fazisis orive mxares uzarmazari kldeebia. isini qmnian e.w. `klisurebs~. klisura erqva or qeds Sua xeobas. es klisurebi ki zRvasTan axlos iyo. md. rionis dablobSi _ quTaisidan foTamde araviTari kldeebi mdinaris sanapiroze, miT umetes, `did manZilze~ gadaWimuli _ ar arsebobs, amitom prokofis mier aRwerili lazike ar aris rionis xeoba. prokofis sityviT `viwrobi~ da `klisura~ iyo md. fasisis sanapiros _ `did manZilze~ (zRvasTan axlos). qalaq petras uSualo siaxloves sparsi mTavarsardali `movida viwrobebSi~, romelsac icavda asi romaeli jariskaci: `viwrobSi Sesvlis mcdelobas igeriebda... maT ukan daixies da Tavs uSveles iqauri mTebis mwvervalebze gaqceviT. rodesac es gaigo dagisTem (romaelTa sardalma), maSinve moxsna alya (petras alya moixsna) da ise gaswia mdinare fazisisken~ (georgika, II, gv. 110). e.i. dagisTem petras alya Semoartya, sparselTa jarma ki fazisis `viwroebebSi~, anu klisurebSi romaelebi daamarcxa. es rom gaigo dagisTem, moxsna qalaqis alya da gaswia md. fazisze Tavisi 100 kaciani razmis dasaxmareblad. aqedan Cans, rom md. fazisi imdenad axloa petrasTan, rom 100 kaciani razmis dasaxmareblad petradan fazisisken TviT sardali miemgzavreba. `klisurebi~ anu viwrobi md. fazisze axlo iyo zRvasTan da mTis mwvervalebTan da isini lazikis omis dros erTobliobaSi qmnidnen erTerT sabrZolo raions. aseTi viwrobebi ki mxolod md. Woroxzea da ara

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rionis qvemowelze. dagisTe imperatorma daapatimra, radganac fazisis `viwroebi~ anu kldovani klisurebi ver daicva. prokofis fazisi aris Woroxi da ara rioni, radganac rions araviTari kldovani sanapiro ara aqvs Tavis vrcel dablobSi. prokofis sityviT, fazisis viwrobebis axlos iyo qalaqi petra _ sparselebio, ambobs is, `Tu daZlevdnen romaelebs md. fasisTan da viwrobebis gavlas, SeZlebdnen petraSi misvlas~ (georgika, II, gv. 113). sparselTa jari petraSi midioda persarmenia-dvinidan. amis mizezi iyo is, rom persarmeniaSi, kerZod ki dvinis sanaxebSi isvenebda sparsuli jari lazikis omebis SesvenebaTa periodebSi. magaliTad, prokofis sityviT, mermeroe kolxeTidan gayvanili jariT `mivida persarmeniaSi da daisvena dvinis maxlobel sofelSi~ (georgika, II, gv. 115). am jaris raodenoba 5000 kaci yofila. dasvenebis Semdeg `es xuTi aTasi lazikis sazRvrebis maxloblad mivida da yvelani dabanakdnen md. fazisis gaswvriv~ (georgika, II, 115). Tuki es xuTi aTasi jari dvinidan gaemgzavreboda dasavleT saqarTvelosken Tbilis-suramis gavliT, isini Zalze daiRlebodnen, radganac dvinidan suramamde Zalze didi gzaa, magram dvinidan Woroxis xeobamde gacilebiT axloa. saqme isaa, rom klarjeTs dvinis sanaxebi TiTqmis uSualod esazRvreba, maT Soris ganfenili iyo iberiaSi mdebare kola-artaanis mcire provincia. iberiis am nawilSi, arsianis maRali qedis uReltexilze, 2600 metr simaRleze klarjeTis anu imJamad lazikis sazRvarze ganlagebuli iyvnen skandasa da sarapanas cixe-simagreebi. lazTa cixeebi skanda da sarapanisi mdebareobdnen mkacr da metad Znelgasaval adgilebSi da Znelad Tu miudgeba maT kaci, iq sazrdo sruliad araferi modioda da adamianebs zurgiT uxdebodaT iq sursaTis mitana. amJamad aseT mkacrsa da Znelsaval adgilebSi mdebareoben zRvis donidan 2000 m. simaRleze aziduli kandridis (anu skandis) da arfalis cixeebi artaan-SavSeTSi. aq gadioda da amJamadac gadis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza, romelic artaan-yarsis regions akavSirebs Woroxis xeobasTan da zRvispirTan, am gzazea is viwrobebi romelsac prokofi axsenebs, romelTa daZlevis Semdegac jari mividoda zRvispirze mdebare petrasTan.

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lazika _ Radoni
prokofi kesarielis mravalgzisi cnobiT, lazika iyo kldovan-Rrantoebiani qveyana, sadac mosavalic ki naklebmiwianobis gamo mcire iyo. qarTul qveyanaTa Soris aseTi iyo klarjeT-SavSeTi, mimdebare regionebTan erTad. ilia abulaZis marTebuli daskvniT msgavs mTian, qvian, napralebian da Rreebian geografiul garemos qarTulad uwodebdnen sityvas _ `Radoni~ (i. abulaZe, Sromebi, II, gv. 134). geografiuli identobis Sesabamisad, prokofi kesarielis lazikas Seesabameba teritoria `zRviTgan vidre arsianamde da xevni, romelni mosdgmanan RadoTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 242). mas erqva `klarjeTi da zRvis piri klarjeTisa~. anu miwa-wyali Tanamedrove Woroxis xeobisa (xofa-rizes CaTvliT) vidre arsianis qedamde. lazika anu qarTuli wyaroebis klarjeTi (zRvis piris CaTvliT) iyo mudam sadavo bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, is iseTi mxarea, sadac Zalze naklebadaa `saTesavi yana da saTibeli qveyana~, RadoTa ficxeli mwvervalebis RirRlovanebis gamo. ase aRwers g. merCule xanZTis bunebas _ `xolo saTesavi yana da saTibeli queyana raiTurT ara ars, arca iqmnebis RirRlovanTa maT ficxelTa mwvervalTa maT RadoTaisa~. iv. javaxiSvilis daskvniT `Radoni~ erqvaT mTebs samcxesa, SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi (iqve, gv. 136). sumbat daviTis Zis cnobiT _ `yruman baRdadelman Semusra cixeni yovelni, movlo SavSeTica da Radoni~. klarjeTSic iyo Radoni _ grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis mixedviT klarjeTis savaneebi Rados mTebSi iyvnen ganlagebulni~ es aris qveyana `ugzo da miuval raiTurT soflisa wesiTa mcxovrebelTagan, rameTu RadoTa mTaTa Sina ars mkvidroba maTi~. i. abulaZis daskvniT RadoTa mTebi anu Radoni erqvaT mTebs samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi, (iqve, gv. 137). RadoRadoni, i. abulaZis kvlevis Tanaxmad, rogorc aRiniSna, erqva mTian, qvian, napralebian da Rreebian adgils, romelsac imereTSi Rranteebic erqva (iqve, gv. 138). magram klarjeTSi namdvili kldovani, napralebiani, qvis namtvrevebiT dafaruli maRali mTebi iyo da axlacaa Savi zRvis piridan _ arsianis qedamde, ris gamoc iq mxolod adgil-adgil Tu gamoCndeba mcire saxnav-saTesi miwa. erTaderTi nayofieri adgili am qveyanaSi aris ergeliganis vake, Woroxis pirze.

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klarjeTisa da lazikis aRwera msgavsia

(klarjeTi lazikis msgavsad kldovani da umosavlo qveyanaa) klarjeTi kldovani xevebiT daserili mTiani kuTxea, rTuli reliefi da tyis masivebi xels uSlida sameurneo cxovrebis gaSlas _ wers mkvlevari klarjeTis Sesaxeb imaves, rasac prokofi kesarieli lazikis Sesaxeb werda. giorgi merCule ramdenjerme aRniSnavs klarjeTis kldeebis `sificxles~, magaliTad, xanZTis erT-erTi eklesiis mSenebloba gaWianurda adgilis mosworebisas warmoqmnili siZneleebis gamo: `friadiTa SromiTa da qviTkiriTa myariTa mravalTa JamTa daavakes~ _ sapalniani saqonlisaTvis monasteri miuvali iyo, saSeni masala muSebs `friad SoriT~ zurgiT (Sdr. prokofi) mohqondaT~. sityvasityviT, TiTqmis, imaves werda prokofi kesarieli saukuneebiT adre _ lazikis skandasa da sarapanas cixeebSi aseve zurgiT ezidebodnen produqts. klarjeTi kldovani qveyanaa qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, xolo lazika kldovani qveyanaa berZnuli wyaroebiT. `vervin Sevidoda mavne klarjeTs, rameTu Seuvali da magari iyo kldiTa da mkvidrni klarjeTisani iyvnes kacni mkvircxlni da mxedarnica~ (q.c., 1955, gv. 48). qarTuli wyaroebiT kldovani klarjeTi nawilia qarTlisa, qarTlosis SviliSvilis oZrxosis wilxvedria _ `tasiskaridan vidre zRvamde sperisa, qveyana kldovani~ (q.c., I, gv. 9). amitom klarjeTi qarTlosis SviliSvilma oZrxosma aaSena `aman oZrxos aRaSena orni cixe-qalaqni _ oZrxe da Tuxarisi~ (q.c., I, gv. 9), Woroxis xeobaSi mdebare klarjeTis erisTavTa rezidencia da eklesia. klarjeTi moicavs mdinare Woroxis qvemo dinebis auzs arsianis qedidan Sav zRvamde, mdinareebis imerxevisa da artanujiswylis xeobis CaTvliT. artanujiswyali _ liganisxevia. `ligani~ _ erqva vrcel qveyanas Woroxis qvemowelze vaxuStis cnobiT, klarjeTi ufro didi qveyana iyo, kerZod, moicavda spers, imier taosa da karnu-qalaqis qveyanas, moqceuli iyo evfratis, araqsisa da mtkvris saTaveebis Sua. lazikis qveynis nawilad xSirad berZen-laTini avtorebis mier moiazreba klarjeTi anu arzena (konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, artanujis qveyanas anu klarjeTs arzena erqva). SesaZloa etimologiurad sityvebi arzena da lazika erTmaneTTan iyos dakavSirebuli _ arzena-alzena-lazena-lazika. SesaZloa prokofi arzenas (alzenas) _ `lazikas~ uwodebs. sityvebSi arzena da lazika `ena~ da `ika~ sufiqsebia, fuZeebi arz_alz da laz aSkarad identurebia.

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farnavaz mefem klarjeTis erisTavs dauqvemdebara SavSeTi da amier tao. Zv.w. II s-Si somxeTis gaZlierebis gamo qarTlis samefos provinciebi somxeTis farglebSi Sevida. klavdios ptolemaiosis (ax.w. 100-178) `geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi~ (wigni 5, 12, $9) naTqvamia, rom armeniis is nawili, romelic mdinareebs evfrats, kirossa (mtkvarsa) da araqss Soris mdebareobs, sxva olqebTan erTad moicavs katarZenes, mosxur mTebTan e.w. boxebis zeviT. ptolemaiosis cnobiT, katarZene _ somxeTSi, xolo artanisa iberiaSia. Cans, aq, qalaqi artanisi aris ara artanuji, aramed artaanis (iberiaSi Semavali kuTxis) erTi qalaqi. arsianis qedi erTmaneTisagan hyofda romaul klarjeTs da iberiis artaans (artanisas). T. yauxCiSvilma yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom romaeli avtorebi koraqsebis mTebs samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTTan miuTiTeben da aRniSna, rom `romaeli avtorebis koraqsTa mTebi arsianis mTebia, sadac mdinare mtkvari iRebs saTaves~. T. yauxCiSvili aristoteleseul koraqsebis adgils samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi gulisxmobs~ (a. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, 1989, gv 40). `artanisa~ erqva arsinis qedis gadaRma artanis provinciis qalaqs iberiaSi. marTalia, lazeTi (klarjeTi) qarTvelTaTvis iberiis nawili iyo, magram Zv.w. II s-dan mowyvetili politikur iberias (qarTlis samefos) da somexTa da romaelTa mir xeldebuli mxare, katarZenes zogierTi mkvlevari ufro samxreTiT miuTiTebs. katarZene iyo mosxur mTebTan (ptolemaiosis cnobiT). strabonis cnobiT ki mosxuri qveyana samad iyo gayofili: `erTi misi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs~. aq, unda igulisxmebodes klarjeTi, artaani da tao. imJamad mesxeTis erTi nawili, e.i. tao somxeTis kontrolSi iyo moqceuli, mesxeTis meore nawili e.i. kola-artaani _ kvlav qarTlis samefoSi iyo darCenili, mesame ki e.i. klarjeTi, imJamad romaelebisa (kolxebis) xelSi moqceula. axali welTaRricxvis I saukuneSi iberiis samefo kvlav ibrunebs somxebisa da romaelebis mier okupirebul Semdegdroindel klarjeTis zRvispira nawilsac, radganac jer kidev farnavazis dros es miwebi qarTls ekuTvnoda. flavius arianes (daaxl. 95-175) `periplusis~ cnobiT, 131 wels SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebi Zidritebis tomi iberiis mefe farsman II-s emorCileboda~ (berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, V, 1983, gv. 158). Tumca qarTveli (sabWoTa) mecnierebis azriT, piriqiT, am dros `iberia ipyrobs kolxeTis nawils~ (cxadia, iberiis mier kolxeTis `dapyroba~ qarTizaciis Teoriis gavleniT iTqmis). qarTuli wyaroebiT I s-Si klarjeTi qarTlis samefos nawilia (aderki mefem Serisxa klarjeTis erisTavi andria pirvelwodebulis gamo). aseve III

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s-Sic klarjeTi qarTlSia (III s-Si klarjeTis erisTavi dasavleTis oTx sxva erisTavTan erTad aujanyda mefe amazasps (q.c. I, gv. 57). `dasavleTis erisTavebSi~ egriseli erisTavebic moiazreboda. `wmida ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan dawyebuli vidre alanTa da kaspiis karamde~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 172). klarjeTSi pirveli eklesiebi aago da `moZRvarni daadginna~ varazbaqaris mamam mefe mirdatma (q.c. I, gv. 131). mefe mirdatma eklesia `Tuxarisis cixesa Sina~ aago (q.c. I, gv. 131). vaxtang gorgaslis dros aq esvena wm. giorgis saswaulmoqmedi xati. VI sdan klarjeTis centrad Tuxarisis nacvlad iqca artanuji. klarjeTis istoria aCvenebs, rom is Zalze xSirad bizantiis imperiis mier iyo xeldebuli da mis nawils Seadgenda. magaliTad, 368 wels `gandges klarjni varaz-baqarisagan da mierTnes berZenTa da daipyres berZenTa Tuxarisi da yoveli klarjeTi zRviTgan arsianamde~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv, 136-137). amis gamo klarjeTi zRvidan arsianamde _ `berZnebis~ mier iyo xeldebuli, xolo arsianis iqiT artaani _ kvlav iberiis samefoSi Sedioda. imJamad sazRvari iberiasa da `berZnebs~ Soris iyo arsianis qedi. V s-Si, vaxtang gorgasalma qarTlis samefos daubruna klarjeTi. klarjeTis saeklesio centrad iqca axiza (saepiskoposo kaTedra) da opiza (pirveli monasteri). klarjeTSi vaxtang gorgasalma Seqmna saepiskoposo _ `dasva erTi episkoposad klarjeTsa, eklesiasa axizisasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 198). aqedan saepiskoposo kaTedra anCSi gadavida, Cans, IX s-dan. vaxtangma ubrZana artavazs `raTa gamonaxos xevsa mas Sina adgili samonastre da aRaSenos eklesia da qmnes monastrad, viTarca exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani... xolo artavaz aRaSena... monasteri, romel ars opiza~ (q.c. I, gv. 178). aseve _ `dabamerisa da Sindobisa~ _ vaxtang gorgaslis epoqis eklesia-monastrebi. VI s. dasawyisSi (523 w.), roca qarTlSi mefoba gauqmda da qveyana sparselebma daipyres, juanSeris cnobiT, mxolod ori mxare gadaurCa sparsTa mmarTvelobas _ 1) kaxeTis mTiuleTi, sadac Tavi Seafares bakur mefis Svilebma; da 2) bizantiis xeldebuli klarjeTi, sadac `kldeTa Sina klarjeTisaTa mTavrobda vaxtang gorgaslis STamomavali guarami, `dediT xosroiani, mamiT bagrationi~ (q.c. I, gv. 217-218). Cveni azriT, klarjeTi iyo bagrationebis samSoblo da bagrationebi iyvnen e.w. `lazTa mefeebis~ gubazisa da waTes memkvidreebi (legitimurad anda geneologiurad). am guarams ewodeboda `mama bagrationTa~. guarams exmarebodnen bizantielebi. iustine II-m (565-578) mas qarTlis mmarTveloba Caabara da kurapalatis tituli uboZa.

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klarjeTi _ bagrationebis mamuli rom iyo, iqidanac Cans, rom guaramis Ze stefanoz bagrationi sparseTis momxre, roca gadaayena herakle keisarma miuxedavad, amisa mainc ara sparseTs, aramed bizantiis xeldebul klarjeTs Seafara Tavi, iq misi mamuli iyo. 654 w. qarTlis erismTavari arabebs danebda. arabebs danebda qarTlis calkeuli mxareebi, maT Soris klarjeTic. `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebiT~ klarjeTi kldovani mxarea. wm. Sios mowafe miqaeli Cavida klarjeTSi da `aRaSena adgilsa kldovansa da uvalsa kacTagan~ Sesakrebeli ZmaTa, romelsa `parax uwodian~ (wm. serapionis cxovreba, gv. 322). ratom gvainteresebs Cven klarjeTis kldianoba? imitom, rom prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, lazikac aseTi e.i. kldovan-mTiani qveyana iyo da ara baris qveyana, rogoricaa dasavleT saqarTvelo. klarjeTi _ `adgili kldoani da uvali kacTagan~ _ jer kidev bagrationebis sayvareli TavSesafari iyo arabebis gamoCenamde. rogorc iTqva, aq gadavida sacxovreblad herakle keisris mier qarTlis taxtidan gadayenebuli stefanoz bagrationi, guaramis Ze, imitom, rom klarjeTi maTi sagvareulo mamuli iyo. Cans, bagrationebi lazTa mefeebis legitimuri memkvidreebi iyvnen, amitomac miecaT ufleba qarTlis samefo taxtze asvlisa (viTarca mefobis legitimuri uflebis matareblebs). aqve winaparTa mamulSi gadmovida arabobis dros qarTlis taxtis memkvidre aSot bagrationi. 735 w. ajanyebuli kavkasiis dasamorCileblad xalifam gamogzavna murvan-yru. sumbat daviTis Zis cnobiT, man `Semusra cixeni, movlo SavSeTic da Radoni~ (q.c. I, gv. 234). `Radoni~ _ klarjeTis nawilia, gviandeli `saqarTvelos sinas~ teritoria _ imerxevis marjvena sanapiro. artanujis cixe `aoxrebuli baRdadelisa miT yruobiTgan~, aSot bagrationma ganaaxla. aqedan (Cans, samcxis gavliT) murvan-yru dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida (oZrxis gziT) (saq. samoTxe, 1882, gv. 234). opizis monasteri daicala, aRsdga 750-760-ian wlebSi. 780-ian wlebSi klarjeTSi grigol xanZTeli Cavida. taoSi, iSxanSi saepiskoposo saydari aago qalkedonitma somexma kaTalikosma nersem radganac VII s-Si tao iyo qalkedonuri somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, rac xels uwyobda taos mkvidri qarTvelebis armenizacias. n. maris TvalsazrisiT, VI-VII ss-Si klarjeTis somxuri emigraciis didi talRa moawyda, ramac Sedegad mTeli mxaris armenizacia gamoiRo. opizis aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT VIII s-is SuaxanebSi n. mari werda: `pirveli qarTuli samonastro kolonia klarjeTSi dafuZnda erT-erTi somxuri savanis axalTaxal naferflarze~ (n. mari, `Jitie...~, gv.15). imaves werda k. kekeliZe _ `somxebs gauSenebiaT monastrebi, rogoricaa opiza, xanZTa, iSx-

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ani, miZnaZori, Satberdi da sxva, sadac kulturul-SemoqmedebiT da literaturuli moRvaweoba duRda da gadmoduRda~ (k. kekeliZe, Zv. qarTuli lit. istoria, 1941. t. I, gv. 84). sinamdvileSi, werilobiTi cnobebiT, ar dasturdeba somxebis mier klarjeTSi Tundac erTi monastris ageba. mosaxleoba klarjeTSi da taoSic iyo eTnikurad qarTuli, magram VII s. SuaxanebSi herakle keisris mier somxur qalkedonur eklesiasTan `uniis~ dadebis Semdeg, taoca da SesaZloa, nawilobriv klarjeTic moeqcnen somxuri qalkedonuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi. radgan somexi ierarqebi qalkedonitebi, e.i. marTlmadideblebi iyvnen, qarTveli mosaxleoba Seegua amgvar iurisdiqcias (ise, magaliTad, rogorc XIX s-Si saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Seegua rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis iurisdiqcias da es iurisdiqcia marTlmadidebluri erTobis gamo mosaTmeni iyo garkveul dromde). magram roca 726 wels manaskertis krebaze gaerTianda somxuri eklesia da qalkedoniti somxebi SeuerTdnen monofizitebs, amis Semdgom taosa da klarjeTis qarTvelebma gadaigdes somxuri eklesiis uReli, daubrundnen deda-eklesias.

guram grigolia egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnografiis institutis grifiT 1994 wels gamoica guram grigolias naSromi `egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi~. unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli naSromi Zireulad cvlis im Sexedulebebs, romelic damkvidrebuli iyo saistorio geografiis sakiTxTa mimarT me-20 saukuneSi. am mxriv g. grigolias naSromi axali TvaliT xedavs da Wris im problemebs, romelic idga CvenSi saistorio geografiis sferoSi, prokofi kesarielis, agaTia skolastikosisa da sxva pirvelxarisxovani wyaros mimarT CvenSi arsebul erTgvar nihilistur damokidebulebas es naSromi abaTilebs. g. grigolias namdvilad sagulisxmo mignebebidan TvalnaTeli xdeba, rom Zvel avtorTa mier moxseniebuli faqtebi da cnobebi iyvnen ara `urTierTsawinaaRmdegoni, aRreulni, SecTomaTaSemcvelni~, aramed sruliad sandoni. g. grigolia arkvevs, rom am wyaroebs unda gamoucxadoT meti ndoba _ `SeiZleba moxdes didi cvlilebebi xalxTa politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi moispos da gaCndes axali saxelmwifoebi, dadgindes axali sazRvrebi, `magram sruliad ucvleli rCeba geografiuli erTeulebi, mTebi, zRvebi, mdinareebi da sxva, romelTa lokalizacia utyuari amosavalia misamarTdakarguli punqtebis adgilmdebareobis das-

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adgenad~ (g. grigolia, egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi, 1994 w., gv. 31). g. grigoliam Zvel wyaroTa mimoxilviT daadgina, rom mdinare fazisi ZiriTadad aris ara mdinare rioni, aramed mdinare Woroxi. magaliTad, is ixilavs prokofis naSroms da mdinare fazisTan dakavSirebiT da wers, rom prokofi mdinare Woroxs uwodebs boass, romelic mis dros gamodioda WaneTis axlo mdebare `armenielTa adgilebidan~, iqve yofila punqti farangioni. es mdinare saTaveSi yofila Txeli wyali, fonebis mqone, vidre im adgilebamde, `sadac marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa mTavrdeba. g. grigolias azriT saTaveebidan Woroxis kalapoti farToa da dinebac SedarebiT mdorea did manZilze. arTvinTan ki igi eqceva viwroebSi, mTebTan _ ajiraxsa da mezlasTan icvlis mimarTulebas Crdilo aRmosavleTidan Crdilo dasavleTisaken da didi siswrafiT mieqaneba zRvisaken~ (iqve, gv. 33). g. grigolias azriT prokofis mier naxsenebi boas-fasisis marjvniv mdebare iberia aris klarjeT-kola-artaani da wers `rogorc Cans swored arTvinTan gulisxmobs prokofi iberiis sazRvrebs da swored aqedan moyolebuli Rebulobs fazisis saxels Woroxi anu boasi. igi wyaluxvia da arTvinidan qvemoT mdinareze mTeli wlis manZilze mimodian didi zomis navebi anu kiukebi, garda zafxulis damdegisa, rodesac iwyeba wyaldidoba~ (iqve, gv. 33). maSasadame, prokofis mier naxsenebi kavkasiis mTa aris karCxalis mTianeTi da aqve mdebareobda prokofis azriT kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebi. maSasadame, igulisxmeba arTvinis sanaxebi, `aq faziss sxva bevri wyalic emateba da nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fazisaTaa wodebuli~ _ wers is. maSasadame, arTvinamde Woroxs erqva boasi, xolo arTvinis qvemoT fazisi. `naosnobisaTvis gamosadegia vidre zRvamde da mis orive mxriT lazike aris, magram marjvniv is vidre iberiis sazRvrebamde dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobiT. lazTa soflebi xom aq mdebareobs mdinarisaqeTa napiras da qalaqebic maT ZvelTaganve aq auSenebiaT. maT Soris aris arqeopolisi, sebastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec, xolo skanda da sarapani iberiis sazRvrebisaken. yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki aq aris _ rodopolisi da moxirisi. mdinaris marcxniv erTi dRis savalze lazikis sazRvaria. es mxare nakleb dasaxlebulia da am mxaris mezoblad romaelebi cxovroben, romelTac pontoelebi ewodebaT~ (georgika II, gv. 100-102). g. grigolias kvleviT, mdinare akamfsisi ewodeboda zRvasTan Woroxis SesarTavTan aRmosavleT tots, dasavleT tots ki afsarosi. kerZod is ganixilavs prokofis meore cnobas am mdinaris Sesaxeb: `saxelwodebas is Tavis mimdevarTagan iZens, mas sxvaTa Soris adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi

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akamfsiss uwodeben imis gamo, rom misi damorCileba zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas SeuZlebeli xdeba, vinaidan iseTi siswrafiTa da simwvaviT uerTdeba da iseTi didi xmaurobiT miiwevs win, rom zRvis karga moSorebiT gamdinare SeuZlebels xdis zRvaSi Securvas. ase, rom pontos am adgilas mcuravni lazebi verc Sig axerxeben Senavebas da verc iqidan gamosvlas, da verc axlos gacurvas. vinaidan arsad ar SeuZliaT daimorCilon wylis mdinareba, aramed Sors unda gavidnen zRvaSi, sadme Sua pontoSi unda mividnen da ase aicdinon mdinaris SesarTavi. ai is rac mindoda meTqva mdinare boasis Sesaxeb~ (georgika II, gv. 122-123). g. grigolia wers, rom prokofismieri fasis-boas-akamfsisis aRweriloba savsebiT waagavs me-19 saukunis mogzaurebis osman beisa da d. baqraZis cnobebs Woroxis Sesaxeb (g. grigolia egris-lazikis samefo, gv. 32). aqve imowmebs baqraZis cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom Woroxsa da mis Senakadebs adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi ar moixseniebdnen erTi romelime gansazRvruli saxeliT, aramed mdinareebs saxelebs uwodebdnen sakuTari soflebisa da adgilebis Sesabamisad. g. grigolia miiCnevs, rom Woroxis marjvniv mdebare adgilebi anu prokofis sityviT fasisis aqeTa napiras mdebare adgilebi iberiamde moicavs dasavleT saqarTvelos siRrmeebs, magram TviTonve wers, rom prokofi am aRweris SemTxvevaSi iberias uwodebda Semdegdroindel arTvin-artanuj-artaanis mimdebare mxareebs. aqedan gamomdinare lazikis is cnobili soflebi da qalaqebi, romlebic mdinare fasisis marjvniv iberiamde iyvnen ganlagebulni mdebareobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTvelos siRrmeebSi, aramed aRniSnul kola-artaanisaken, Sesabamisad, prokofis mier aRwerili cnobili qalaqebi rodopolisi da moxirisi mdebareobdnen Woroxis xeobaSive erge-livan-klarjeTis teritoriaze, aseve, prokofis mier naxsenebi `iberiis sazRvrebisaken~ mdebare skanda da sarapani unda veZioT ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebel gzaze. es gza Woroxis anu fasisis SesarTavs akavSirebda iberiis (anu artaanis) gavliT somxeTsa da sparseTTan. swored am gzis dasacavaT iyo agebuli aRniSnuli cixeebi skanda da sarapana. g. grigolias kidev sxva mravali realurad arsebuli faqti umtkicebs Tvalsazriss imisas, rom prokofiseuli fazisi aris mdinare Woroxi, magaliTad, prokofis cnoba, rom `lazike yvelgan mdinare fasisis, rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze gauvalia, radgan qveynis orsave mxares uzarmazari kldeebia, romlebic iq did manZilze viwroebs qmnian~ afiqrebinebs, rom am cnobaSi namdvilad Woroxi igulisxmeba da ara rioni. radganac rionis sanapiroebze mdinaris mTel perimetrze vidre zRvamde kldeebi ar aris, xolo Woroxis napirebze did manZilze namdvilad warmomarTulia uzarmazari kldeebi, romlebic iq namdvilad qmnian viwroebs. prokofis cnobiT aseT gzas romaelebi klisurebs uwodeben.

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Tavisi naSromis meore nawilSi g. grigolia saubrobs qalaqebis pitiapitiuntis, arqeopolisis, sebastopolisisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. axsenebs prokofis cnobas, rom `afsaru~ mdebareobda aTinasTan, xolo afsarus (afsarosis?) gverdiT arqabi mdebareobda. arqabi dResac ewodeba punqts rizesTan. prokofi axsenebs kidec rizes, `trapezuntelTa sazRvrebi vrceldeba daba susarmenamde da rizemde, romelic ori dRis sazRvao gziTaa daSorebuli trapezunts... rizes mosdevs miwa-wyali erTi xalxisa, romlebic romaelebsa da lazebs Soris mosaxleoben. iq mdebareobs aTina, arqabe da afsaru (sami dRis gziTaa daSorebuli rizes), is Zvelad afsurtad iwodeboda~ (georgika, II, gv. 121-123, iqve, gv. 58). g. grigolia eTanxmeba p. ingoroyvas, rom piTia-pitiunti romelsac xSirad moixsenieben berZen-romaeli avtorebi, sinamdvileSi mdebareobda rizesTan (g. grigolia, egris-lazikis samefo. gv. 89). xolo petra erqva ara cixisZirs, aramed xofas (xufaTs). eTanxmeba ptolemaoss, rom sebastopolisi iyo afsarossa da faziss (Woroxs) Sua (iqve, gv. 96), amave azrisa iyo p. ingoroyvac (iqve, gv. 96). g. grigolia ar eTanxmeba dRemde arsebul, ZiriTadad s. yauxCiSvilis mier Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss, rom zigana (ziganeosi), pitia, sebastopolisi da sxva punqtebi mdebareobdnen cxumTan, moxora _ quTaisTan. g. grigolia eTanxmeba n. adoncs, rom noticiis zigana trapezuntidan ardasSi mimaval gzazea, ziganas uReltexilTan (6640 fut simaRleze), romelsac dResac ase ewodeba. xolo moxora _ ziganas aRmosavleTiT mdebare sofelia dResac (iqve, gv. 122, uTiTebs n. adonci, armenia, gv. 100). aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, berZnuli saepiskoposoebic ar unda veZioT dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesabamis punqtebSi. ziganas saepiskoposo, romelsac s. yauxCiSvili ziganevisas uwodebs, maSasadame, mdebareobda ara cxumTan (gudayvaSi), rogorc miCneulia s. yauxCiSvilis Semdeg, aramed trapezuntTan. lazikis samitropolitos sxva cnobili saepiskoposoebic iqvea saZebni, maT Soris piTia-pitiunta. petras saepiskoposo, g. grigolias kvlevis Tanaxmad, mdebareobda ara Tanamedrove, aramed istoriul saqarTveloSi, xofasTan. g. grigolia kvlav ubrundeba p. ingoroyvas Tvalsazriss, rom piTia rizesTan mdebareobda da eTanxmeba mas _ `damajereblad gamoiyureba p. ingoroyvas varaudi piTias Sesaxeb, rom ptolemaiosis mixedviT piTia mdebareobda trapezuntsa da rizes Sua da erqva pitiusi _ igi ofis navsadgurs unda emTxveodes~ (iqve, gv. 122). g. grigolia ixilavs cnobil Notitia Dignitatum-s romelsac qarTulad ewodeba _ `nusxa yvela Tanamdebobisa da mmarTvelobisa, rogorc samoqalaqo, ise samxedrosi, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis mxareebSi~ (iqve, gv. 120). es aris V saukunis Zegli, romlis mixedviTac `armeniis sardals eqvemdebareba pontos sasazRvro xazi _ trapezunti da piTia, isulmeni,

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kene parambole, sebastopoli, zigane, moxora~. g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT armeniis sardals eqvemdebareboda ara afxazeTis sebastopolisi, piTia da zigana, aramed trapezuntis olqisa. g. grigolia imowmebs n. adoncs, p. ingoroyvas, v. leqvinaZes, n. lomours da askvnis, rom noticiis 11 punqtidan aTi mdebareobda ara Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed trapezuntTan. kerZod, trapezuntsa da satalas Sua mdebareobdnen zigana, xaZana, siluana, moxora da aviZa, xolo trapezuntis CrdiloeTiT Woroxis SesarTavamde _ hisis navsadguri (surmene), piTia (pitiusi), kene parambole (axali banaki), valentia (afsarosi), xolo meTerTmete _ sebastopolisi ki, misi azriT, aris cixisZiri (iqve, gv. 123). maSasadame, g. grigolias daskvnebiT, Zireulad icvleba warmodgenebi dasavleT saqarTvelos saistorio geografiis Sesaxeb, es daskvnebi Zalze mniSvnelovania eklesiis istoriisaTvis, imiT, rom ewinaaRmdegeba XX s-Si CvenSi gabatonebul Tvalsazriss, rom konstantinopolis fasisis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi, TiTqosda, dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdebareobdnen. g. grigolias daskvniT aRniSnuli, amJamad gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisi eyrdnoba prokofi kesarielisa da sxva Zveli avtorebis cnobebisadmi nihilistur damokidebulebas da ar Seefardeboda sinamdviles. kerZod, Tu ki zigana romelzec weren Zveli avtorebi mdebareobda trapezuntTan, cxadia ziganas (`ziganevis~) saepiskoposoc iqve iyo da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aseve petras cixe-simagre ara Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed iqneboda iq, sadac g. grigolia am qalaqis mdebareobas miuTiTebs _ xufaTTan. n. adonci lazikis sxva saepiskoposoebis mdebareobas trapezuntisaken miuTiTebda. amiT g. grigolias Tvalsazrisi eTanadeba Zvel qarTul istoriografias, romelic saerTod ar icnobs dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arsebobas, ar gvawvdis araviTar cnobebs maT Sesaxeb. g. grigolia wers, rom `petras kaTedra pirvelad s. yauxCiSvilma daukavSira petras cixe-qalaqs~ (iqve, gv. 15). aseTi dakavSirebac safuZvliani ar iyo. saqme isaa, rom bizantiur samyaroSi, rogorc wesi saepiskoposo kaTedrebi arsdeboda mxolod xalxmraval, mniSvnelovan qalaqebSi (da ara cixesimagreebSi, miT umetes iseT qveyanaSi, sadac iyo mosaxleobis simcire). petras cixe, TviT prokofis cnobiT, iustinianamde ukacur, dausaxlebel qveyanaSi mdebareobda (fasisis marcxena dausaxlebel sanapiroze), aq cixeqalaqi daaarsa iustinianem 530-ian wlebSi, magram ramdenime weliwadSi TviTon berZnebma daangries, amitomac, bizantiuri wesebis Sesabamisad, is ar iyo saepiskoposo kaTedrisaTvis Sesaferisi adgili. petras cixe-simagre Cven ar unda miviCnioT petras saepiskoposo kaTedrad, aramed es kaTedra unda veZioT sul sxvagan, lazikis sxva, mWidrod dasaxlebul mxareSi. lazikad bizantiur samyaroSi vrceli mxare moiazreboda mimarTuli tra-

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pezuntidan Teodosiopolisaken da aseve ise trapezuntidan fasisisaken. petras kaTedris mdebareoba ar aris savaldebulo zRvis piras, radganac wyaroebi amis Sesaxeb ar miuTiTebs, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom bizantiasa da lazikaSic mravali petra, petroni Tu petroRali arsebobda. marTalia, boboyvaTSi, cixisZirTan axlos, aRmoCnda samnaviani bazilikis saZirkveli, magram es ar iZleva uflebas cixisZiri petras kaTedris adgilad miviCnioT, ara Tu saZirkveli, aramed mTeli, STambeWdavi kaTedralebi, saepiskoposo eklesiebi dResac dganan ziganas uReltexilis regionSi, maT amJamadac aseve awodeben kidec `samitropolito kaTedrebi~ (aseTi sul oria) da dResac iq turistuli marSrutebi gadis, ziganas uReltexili ki istoriul kolxidaSi, lazikaSi mdebareobda Tavis droze, trapezuntidan 70 km daSorebiT. safiqrebelia, rom iustinianes novelaSi 535 wels naxsenebi petra iyo mxolod cixe-simagre da ara saepiskoposo centri (maSasadame petras simagre sxvaa, xolo petras kaTedra sul sxvagan mdebareobda). rogorc vTqviT petras cixe-simagre mxolod oriode aTeuli weli arsebobda. iustiniane werda _ polemonos pontos qalaqebia _ neokesaria, komana, trapezunti, kerasunti, polemonioni, pitiunti da sebastopolisi _ `maT Semdeg mdebareobs Cveni lazike, sadac aris qalaqi petra, romelic Cven vaqcieT qalaqad da davarqviT Cveni saxeli _ iustiniane~ (georgika II, gv. 33_35). e.i. `Cveni lazike~ mdebareobda pitiunt-sebastopolisis Semdeg, jer aris sebastopolisi da Semdeg lazika, prokofis mixedviT ki sebastopolis-pitiunti lazikaSia (g. grigolia, dasax. naSr. gv. 30) _ fazisTan axlos. cixe-simagre petra _ bizantiis imperiis CrdiloeTis kari yofila (iqve, gv. 25), mdebareobda saSinel kldovan-qarafovan adgilas, romelsac kargad aRwers g. grigolia prokofi kesarielze dayrdnobiT. amitomac miiCnevs, rom petra ar aris cixisZiri, misi azriT, rogorc iTqva, petra xofaa _ Zveli xufaTia, romlis kldeebi erTgvari geografiuli sazRvaria trapezuntidan dasavleT saqarTvelosaken mimarTul dadablebuli aresaken. amitomac, am bunebriv Camket sazRvarTan ijda ioane-cibe _ savaWro monopolisti, romelmac petras meSveobiT xelSi Caigdo mTeli Woroxis xeobis (imJamindeli berZnuli lazikis) monopolia. rogorc viciT kolxidas Zveli avtorebi samxreTiT miuTiTebdnen, maTi Semdgomni ki ufro CrdiloeTiT. Cans, berZnuli kolonizaciis iZulebiT kolxuri centrebi inacvlebdnen ufro CrdiloeTiT. magaliTad, qsenofonte kolxeTs trapezuntTan miuTiTebda, straboni ki ufro CrdiloeTiT, prokofis dros, radganac kolxeTs lazika daerqva, kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT gadasula misi centrebi, cxadia bizantiuri iZulebiT. iustinianes naTqvami `Cveni lazika~ albaT ase unda gavigoT, rom arsebobda `Cveni~ e.i. bizantiuri lazika da `araCve-

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ni~ e.i. arabizantiuri lazika. trapezuntis mxareebi, iqamde kolxeTad miCneuli, axla ukve pontos provinciis nawilad iqca, magram mis CrdiloeTiT e.i. Woroxis xeobaSi mdebare kolxeTi anu lazika, romelic bizantielTa xeldebuli gaxda, jer kidev ar iyo pontos nawili, Tumca ukve bizantielTa xeldebuli iyo da amitomac miaCndaT Tavisad anu is iyo `Cveni~ lazika, romelsac petras cixe-simagris saSualebiT akontrolebdnen. petra _ gadaiqca ori imperiis sparseTisa da bizantiis sadavo qalaqad. mis mpyrobels ara mxolod lazikis marTva SeeZlo, aramed gzac exsneboda bizantiuri centrebisaken. Cans arsebobda `araCveni~ anu sparsuli lazikac, albaT dasavleT saqarTvelo Tu moiazreboda Tavisi svanebiT, afSilebiT da abazgebiT, magram sxva iyo istoriuli, Zveli lazika, somxuri geografiiTlazivi, is trapezuntsa da arzrums (Teodosuopols) Sua mdebareobda da is erT-erT bizantiur provinciaSi Sedioda, amitomac misi Zveli saxeli miviwyebuli iyo. garda strategiuli mdebareobisa, petra unda yofiliyo savaWro gzis Camketic, ara ubralo, aramed saerTaSoriso gzisa. is akontrolebda `Cven lazikas~, romlis aTvisebis Semdeg `araCveni lazikis~ dapyrobis droc unda damdgariyo, es Cans marTlac ase moxda bizantielebis svanebSi laSqrobaTa dros. g. grigolias daskvniT, petras omebi imarTeboda ara yvirila-rionis, aramed Woroxis xeobaSi, xufaTTan (g. grigolia, dasax. naSr. gv. 56). `Cven lazikaSi~ Sedioda mesxeTis erTi nawilic _ istoriuli klarjeTi. strabonis cnobiT, mesxebis miwa-wyali samad iyo gayofili. erTi nawili iberielebs ekuTvnodaT, meore lazebs, mesame ki somxebs. mesxeTis miwawylad unda vigulisxmoT istoriuli mesxeTi-samcxe, kola-artaani, klarjeT-SavSeTi da tao-basiani. marTlac, istoriulad samcxe-kola-artaani iberiis samefoSi, tao-basiani somxeTSi iyo moqceuli, unda vigulisxmoT, rom klarjeT-SavSeTi lazikaSi iyo moqceuli, Tu SavSeTi ara, klarjeTi mainc. am teritoriis gavliT SeWrilan kidec sparselebi Sah xosrosa da mermeroes xelmZRvanelobiT petraSi. maSasadame, rogorc Cans, arsebobda ori lazika, erTi iyo bizantiuri, amitomac mas isini `Cven lazikas~ uwodeben, xolo meore, rogorc iTqva, albaT iyo `sadavo lazika~, romelzec sparselebis gavlena ufro metxarisxovani iyo. bizantiur anu `Cven lazikaSi~ Sedioda mesxeTis nawili _ klarjeTi e.i. artanuj-arTvini. imis Sesaxeb, rom kolxeTSi mesxeTis erTi nawili Sedioda, rogorc iTqva, straboni miuTiTebda. `Cveni lazike~ Sesabamisad moicavda Woroxis SesarTavis orive sanapiros, erges, ligans Tanamedrove arTviniTurT, Tanamedrove artanuji da misi mimdebare mxareebi vidre arsianis qedamde. marTlac, am monakveTze gadioda saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza, romelic Woroxis xeobas da mis SesarTavs anu Sav zRvas _ aerTebda arTvin-

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artanujis gziT artaan-yars-dvinTan. es gza bizantiur samyaros aerTebda sparsulTan. gza Sedioda xofa-xufaTTSic, romelsac g. grigolia petrad miiCnevs. g. grigolia wers _ `am bunebrivi zRudis erT TavSi aTina da rize mdebareobs, meore nawilis Camketi ki Tanamedrove patara savaWro qalaqi da navsadguri xofaa, romelic erTpirovnulad batonobs CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken mimaval rogorc saxmeleTo, ise sazRvao gzaze. garda amisa, xofa umoklesi gziT ukavSirdeba Woroxis xeobas sof. forCxasTan. Woroxis zemo welidan mimavali gza arTvinTan iyofa orad, erTi Woroxis gayolebiT miemarTeba yarsi, ardagani da somxeTisaken, xolo meore imerxeviT, yvirilas xeobiT da arsianis uReltexiliT gadadis focxovis xeobaSi, saidanac axalcixe, axalqalaqi, walka-manglisis gziT Cadis TbilisSi. am gziT waiyvanes lazebma mefe xosro anuSirvani petras winaaRmdeg. rogorc prokofis cnobidan vgebulobT, sparselebma gadalaxes boasi (Cveni gagebiT, Woroxis zemo weli) `...da ise mividnen petraSi, rom fasisi marjvniv hqondaT. TiTqos imitom, rom maT (lazebma _ g. g.) winaswar ganWvrites, raTa mdinare fazisis gadasasvlelad arc dro da arc Sroma dasWirdebodaT meti, xolo namdvilad imitom, rom ar surdaT sparselebisaTvis eCvenebinaT TavianTi sabinadroebi~ _ wers g. grigolia da agrZelebs _ rogorc Cans, iberiidan lazikis am nawilSi sxva gzac Semodioda (albaT, qvablianis xeviT goderZis uReltexilze da aqedan aWariswylis xeobaSi), magram lazebs Segnebulad auvliaT misTvis gverdi da iranelebi mdinare fasisis zemo welisken anu boasisaken wauyvaniaT, rogorc ukve iTqva, Woroxs ase unda rqmeoda arTvinidan saTaveebamde. Cveni varaudiT, sparselebs Woroxi unda gadaelaxaT arTvinis zemoT, 10-15 km moSorebiT, iq sadac imerxevisa da Woroxis SesarTavia. Semdeg fasisis marcxena napiriT qvemoT eSvebian forCxamde da aqedan, umoklesi gziT (40-45 km), Cadis uReltexilis gadavliTa da m. xofas xeobiT, midian petraSi. Cans, rom igive gza gaiares lazikaSi meored Semosulma sparselebma, amJamad ukve mermeroes mTavarsardlobiT rom miemarTebodnen romaelebis mier alyaSemortymuli petras dasaxmareblad. prokofis cnobiT, `iman (mermeroem _ g. g.) ar moindoma lazikis soflebze gaeara sadme, raTa mas raime dabrkoleba ar Sexvedroda~, da ise iara petramde, rom `fasisi marjvniv hqonda~. amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Woroxis saxiT gagvaCnia is myari, saimedo niSansveti, romelic saZiebo qalaq petras arsebobas xofas sanaxebSi migviTiTebs. xofadan Woroxisaken da aqedan aRmosavleTiT iberiisaken, samxreTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT armeniisa da persarmeniisaken mimavali gza rom ar aris axali da ZvelTaganve arsebobda, amis Sesaxeb araerT cnobas vxvdebiT qarTlis cxovrebaSi, magram gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa erTi maT-

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gani, sadac moTxrobilia 1116 w. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier basianSi TurqTa didi jaris ganadgurebis Sesaxeb: `taos Camodges didni Turqni xargebiTa, rameTu zamTrisa sificxesa da mTaTa simagresa miendvnes. xolo mefeman moixelovna esreT, rameTu spaTa qarTlisaTa mzaoba ubrZana, da TuiT quTaTiss wamovida, romliTa ueWuel yuna igini, da Tuesa Tebervalsa acnoba qarTvelTa da mesxTa, raTa klarjeTs daxuden paemansa, da TuiT SuidiTa spiTa xufTiTa Woroxis piri wavlo. da Sekrbes erTad ugrZnaulad daesxa maT zeda, uSiSad gul-debiTa msxdomareTa basianamde da mTad karmiforisad~. udavod niSandoblivi miTiTebaa xufaTis gzaze, romliTac mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli gadavida Woroxis xeobaSi da klarjeTSi Sexvda qarTlidan da mesxeTidan mosul laSqars. rogorc Cans, gza xufaTidan da iberiidan Woroxisaken imdenad yofila gakvaluli, rom zamTris periodSic ki ar ferxdeboda masze xalxTa didi masebis moZraoba. aseTia igi ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi da aseTive unda yofiliyo ufro adrec, prokofis drosac. am gzis erT boloSi mdebareobs xofa, sadac Cven petras arsebobas vvaraudobT~ (g. grigolia, egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi, 1994, gv. 65).

g. grigolias Tvalsazrisi tabula pevtengerianas Sesaxeb

g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT, kastoriusis rukis anu tabula pevtengerianas mixedviT (segmenti XI-XII) mniSvnelovani gza somxeTis Zvel dedaqalaq artaSatidan miemarTeboda sebastopolisaken. i. manandianis mixedviT, es gza gaivlida faravnis tbasTan sofel fokas (pagas), aqedan abulis mTas (apulum), sof. xospios (Caspia) Semdeg ucnob punqt `ad mercurium~-s, Semdeg `ad fonten felicem~-s, da Sedioda sebastopolisSi. (g. grigolia, `egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi~, 1994, gv. 106). daSoreba aseTi iyo: ad fonten felicemidan sebastopolisamde iyo 90 km anu 60 romauli mili (iqve, gv. 106). Cveni qarTuli istorikosebis daJinebuli miTiTebiT ad fonten felicem _ aris varcixe (rodopolisi), magram varcixe sebastopolisad miCneul cxums ara 90 km-iT aramed samjer meti manZiliTaa 165 km daSorebuli! _ wers g. grigolia. e.i. varcixis gansazRvreba arasworia _ aqedan gamosavals i. manandiani xedavs imiT, rom emxroba prof. eremianis azrs (kipertze dayrdnobiT) _ `q. fasisi traianes droidan (98-117) sebastopolisad iwodeba~ _ gv. 107. fasisi _ sebastopolisia (eremiani) _ (iqve, gv. 107) tabula pevtengerianas rukis aRniSnuli magistrali g. grigolias sityviT _ ar Sedis noqalaqevSi, romelic `egrisis dedaqalaqi~ iyo rukis

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Sedgenis dros (III-IV s-Si), g. grigolias azriT `Zneli warmosadgenia, rom gzas gverdi aevlo dedaqalaqisaTvis da kastoriuss igi gamorCenoda~ _ (iqve, gv. 108). g. grigolias TqmiT rukaze foTSic ar Sedis gza da aseve gzaze ar Cans kutaia _ quTaisi _ (iqve, gv. 109). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare _ tabula pevtengerianas rukis gzebi asaxavs ara dasavleT saqarTvelos monakveTs, aramed gzas artaSatidan _ arTvinWoroxis SesarTavis qalaqebisaken. g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT sebastopolisi aris cixisZiri, aq Sedioda tabula pevtengerianas (misi avtoria kastoriusi) gza _ (`egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi~. iqve, gv. 113). V s. Zeglis noticia dignitatumis (`nusxa yvela Tanamdebobisa da mmarTvelobisa, rogorc samoqalaqo, ise samxedrosi, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis mxareebSi~) mixedviT _ `armeniis sardals eqvemdebareba pontos sasazRvro xazi _ trapezunti, piTia, isulmeni, kenie, parambole, sebastopolisi da sxva~ (iqve, gv.120). Tu piTia biWvinTaa, xolo sebastopolisi _ cxumi (rogorc amJamad miiCneva) _ maSin isini (biWvinTa da soxumi) armeniaSi yofilan moqceulni am wyaros mixedviT. g. grigolia ar eTanxmeba s. yauxCiSvilis mier Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss, rom magaliTad zigana iyo _ gudayva, piTia _ biWvinTa, sebastopolisi da dioskuria _ cxumi, moxora ki _ muxurisi. mas miaCnia, rom IV saukunis bolosaTvis afxazeTis pitiunti _ biWvinTa aRar warmoadgenda samxedro-strategiul punqts (arqeologiuri masalebis mowmobiT, iq, sadac iyo garnizonis mTavari sadgami, IV s-Si gaumarTavT keramikuli qura) amis gamo g. lorTqifaniZe saerTod gamoricxavs V saukuneSi biWvinTaSi bizantiuri garnizonis yofnas (gv. 121). g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT IV-V ss-Si dasavleT saqarTveloSi saerTod ar idga bizantiuri garnizonebi (gv. 122). g. grigolia imowmebs n. adoncs, rom noticias Sedgenisas afxazeTis pitiunti da sebastopolisi ar ekuTvnodaT romaelebs, saerTod sxvaa afxazeTis pitiunti da sebastopolisi da sxva, notatia-s piTia da sebastopolisi _ (iqve, gv. 122). g. grigolia eTanxmeba n. adoncs, rom noticiis zigana trapezuntidan ardasaSi mimaval gzazea _ esaa ziganas uReltexilis (6640 futi) samxreT gverdze mdebare zigana, romelsac dResac ase ewodeba. xolo moxora _ ziganas aRmosavleTiT mdebare sofelia dResac (iqve, gv. 122, n. adonci, `armenia...~ gv. 100). g. grigolias azriT, zigana da moxora istoriul WaneTSia (iqve, gv. 122) da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

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sad mdebareobda piTia? g. grigolia wers: `damajereblad gamoiyureba p. ingoroyvas varaudi piTias Sesaxeb, rom ptolemaiosis mixedviT piTia mdebareobda trapezuntsa da rizes Sua da erqva pitiusa (pitiusi) _ igi ofis navsadgurs unda emTxveodes _ (`egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi~. gv. 122. (p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 253). `am varaudis siswores mxars ubams IV s. avtoris amiane marcelines cnoba: trapezuntis gverdiT arsebobs saxelovani q. pitiunti~ _ (`egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi~. iqve, gv. 123). maSasadame, am pitiuntidan iyvnen miwveulni episkoposebi I msoflio krebaze da ara afxazeTidan, biWvinTis saeklesio sidiade mxolod qarTul eklesiasTanaa dakavSirebuli da ara berZnulTan. g. grigolias daskvna aseTia: _ `amrigad, armeniis samTavarsardloSi noticiis mixedviT dasaxelebuli 11 punqtidan xuTi _ zigana, xaZana, siluana, moxora da avaZa _ Tavsdebian trapizonis samxreTiT, trapizonsa da satalas Soris. danarCeni xuTi _ trapizoni, hisis navsadguri (surmene), piTia (pitiusi), kene parambole (axali banaki) da valentia (afsarosi) _ trapizonidan CrdiloeTiT _ samxreT SavizRvispirze (iqve gv. 123). g. grigolias mixedviT sebastopolisi aris cixisZiri, trapzonidan 150 km-iT daSorebuli _ (`egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi~, gv. 123). g. grigolia imowmebs n. adoncs, p. ingoroyvas, v. leqvinaZes, n. lomours da askvnis, rom noticiis 11 punqtidan aTi mdebareobda ara Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed samxreT SavizRvispirze. trapezuntsa da satalas Sua mdebareobdnen zigana, xaZana, siluana, moxora da avaZa, trapezuntis CrdiloeTiT Woroxis SesarTavamde Tavsdebian TviTon trapezunti, hisis navsadguri (surmene), piTia (pitiusi), kene parambole (axali banaki) da valentia (afsarosi), xolo meTerTmete _ sebastopolisi ki aris cixisZiri (iqve gv. 123). g. grigolia imowmebs ax.w. V s. avtors priske panionels da askvnis, rom somxeTsa da lazikas Soris arsebobda umoklesi gza (iqve, gv. 126). g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT somxeTsa da lazikas Sua arsebuli umoklesi gza somxeTidan Sedioda varcixeSi, Cveni azriT ki, es gza umoklesi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda Tu is erTmaneTs artaansa da arTvins daakavSirebda, marTlac, aseTi gza arsebobda da mas saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba hqonda, xolo lazika ki ewodeboda Woroxis auzis qveyanas _ erge-ligana, zRvispirs. priske panioneli Tavis istoriaSi 433-474 wlebis ambebis aRwerisas, wers, rom romaelebma ilaSqres lazikaSi, magram Sedegs ver miaRwies, ukandabrunebisas gadawyvites daegegmaT axali Tavdasxma _ `bWobaSi iyvnen, Tu ra gziT elaSqraT: imave gziT Tu sparseTis mezobeli qveynis, armeniis gziT

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daewyoT omi, zRviT ki SeuZlebeli iyo curva, radgan kolxida unavsadguro iyo da Znelsavali adgilebi hqonda misadgomad (iqve gv. 127). priske panionelis cnobidan Cans, rom 1) kolxeTi (lazika) `umoklesi gziT~ uerTdeba armenias. 2) lazika da armenia mezoblebi arian, saerTo sazRvari aqvT, 3) kolxeTis zRvispiri kldovan-qarafovania, amitomac radganac aseTi araa dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispiri, kolxeTis qveS priske panioneli ar gulisxmobs Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos. g. grigolia wers _ `romaelebi marSrutis SerCevisas uars amboben sazRvao gzis gamoyenebaze, im mizeziT, TiTqos, kolxeTis sanapiro unavsadguro iyos, rac ar Seefereba realur viTarebas. arianesagan viciT, rom kolxeTs navsadgurebi gaaCnia afsarosSi da fasisSi, romelsac armadiT Seafara Tavi arianem. aSkaraa, aq sxva unavsadguro kolxeTi, ufro sworad kolxeTis unavsadguro sanapiro igulisxmeba...~ _ iqve. gv. 51. vfiqrob, Zvel epoqaSi samxedro gemebs ar esaWiroebodaT gansakuTrebuli navsadguri, maTi mcire moculobis gamo, oRond im SemTxvevaSi Tu isini Sediodnen gaSlil, vake, zRvis donidan TiTqmis nulovani simaRlis sanapiroze, rogoricaa dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispiri, magram, Tu ki sanapiro iyo kldovan-qarafovani, romelsac versaiT miudgeboda gemi, maSin saWiro iyo gansakuTrebuli navsadguri. TavianTi eqspediciebis dros dasavleT saqarTveloSi bizantielebi da osmalebi sagangebo navsadgurebs arc ki iyenebdnen, aseve kazakebic. aRniSnulis gamo, priske panionelis cnoba ise unda gavigoT, rom mis epoqaSi, anu V saukuneSi, lazika mdebareobda kldovan-qarafovan sanapiroze trapezuntidan _ xofamde. safiqrebelia, rom am teritoriis dapyrobis Semdeg lazTa samefo ufro CrdiloeTiT gavrcelda da xofa mis samxreTad iqca. priske panionelis mier naxsenebi lazikis e.w. `armeniis gza~ unda iyos arTvin-artanuj-artaanis damakavSirebeli gza, romelic artaanidan uSualod Sedioda somxeTSi da miemarTeboda dvinisaken. mis erT monakveTs qarTul wyaroebSi `gza klarjeTisa~ erqva. esaa dvini _ arTvinis damakavSirebeli umoklesi magistrali (iqve gv. 127). klavdios ptolemaiosis wignSi _ `geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo~ wigni V, Tavi VI _ CamoTvlilia kabadokiis adgilebi, kerZod, md. afsarosisa da misi Senakadi likosis Semdeg dasaxelebulia sebastopolisi. is dasaxelebulia qalaqebis CamonaTvalTa boloSi _ is, Cans iTvleba kabadokiis ukidures sasazRvro punqtad _ (g. grigolia _ `egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi~. iqve, gv. 128). cxumis sebastopolisi SeuZlebelia yofiliyo kabadokiis sasazRvro punqti. ptolemaiosis mixedviT md. afsarosi araa md. fazisi, Tumca orives erTidaigive dasaxelebis Senakadi aqvs, is afsarossa da fasiss Soris aTavsebs q. sebastopoliss (iqve, gv. 141).

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ptolemaiosis mixedviT, kabadokiis pontos aRmosavleT sazRvari iyo `mosxuri mTebi~. mosxur mTebad miiCneva pontos mTagrexilis nawili Woroxis qvemo welidan trapezunt-baiburdis xazamde _ (gv. 128). n. xazaraZis mixedviT `mosxuri mTebis~ nawilia guria-aWaris mTagrexilic (iqve, gv. 128). ptolemaiosis mixedviT kolxeTi mdebareobda kabadokiis Semdeg, misgan CrdiloeTiT, misi aRwera iwyeba dioskuria-sebastopolisiT da mTavrdeba md. fasisiT. maSasadame, misi sebastopolisi ufro samxreTiT mdebareobda: kolxeTs `samxreTidan esazRvreba kabadokiis ponto da misi momdevno didi armeniis nawili~. g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT, II saukuneSi, romis imperiam lazikas CamoaWra teritoria samxreTidan da is Seiyvana kabadokiis pontos SemadgenlobaSi _ (iqve, gv. 130). kerZod, ki zosimes cnobiT (georgika I) imperiis sazRvari aRwevda md. fasisamde, aqve, mdebareobda g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT sebastopolisi. daniel mesvetis cxovrebis mixedviT, V saukuneSi, sazRvrad imperator leon I-is (457-474) dros bizantiasa da lazikas (`megrelTa afxazeTis samefos~) Soris cixe xufaTi iyo dadgenili _ (iqve, gv. 138). (mefe gubaz I-is dros). xufaTi dRevandeli xofaa, maSasadame aq gadioda sazRvari lazikasa da bizantias Soris. am dros lazikas gamoeyo svaneTi _ (iqve, gv.138). g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT, swored xufaTSi auSenebiaT bizantielebs (VI saukuneSi) q. petra.

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artaani iberiaSi
qveyana anu xevi artaanisa mdebareobda javaxeTis samxreTiT. mas erqva `artahanic~, amJamad TurqeTSia da dasavleTiT arsianis qedi sazRvravs. artaanis qveynis Sua nawilSi gaedineba md. mtkvari, romelzec mdebareobda qalaqi, aseve `artaanis~ saxelis mqone. qalaqi artaani, anu `artaanis qalaqi~, cnobili iyo ptolemaiosis mier, amitomac moixseniebs ase _ `iberiis qalaqi artanisa~. artaanSi iyo `sofeli mglivani~ (sumbat daviTis Zis cxovreba da uwyeba), artaanis qveyanas samxreTidan kola esazRvreboda, romelSic mtkvars aqvs saTave. artaani cnobili iyo imiT, rom masze gadioda `gza artanujisa~, sadac `gardavals gza artanujs~ (vaxuSti). artaanze gadioda aseve bizantiidan (da aseve persarmeniidan, anu sparsuli armeniidan) Sida qarTl-Tbilisbardavisaken mimavali saerTaSoriso gza, romelic artaanidan javaxeTSi Sedioda. ase rom, artaani akavSirebda Savi zRvis sanapiros portebs TbilisibardavTan artanujis gziT, xolo sparseT-bizantias koladan Semosuli gziT. artaani, TiTqmis yovelTvis, iberiis nawili iyo kolasTan erTad, tao ki I aTaswleulis umetes saukuneTa manZilze da VI-VII saukuneebSi persarmenias miakuTvnes. `qalaqi artanisa~ male naqalaqevad qceula da mas hurs uwodebdnen (igive qajTa qalaqi). `sofeli mglivani~ mogvagonebs `livans~, `ligans~.

klarjeTi _ `berZenTa qveyana~ _ `saberZneTi~

qarTlis ukanaskneli erismTavari, aSot bagrationi, arabebTan konfliqtis gamo samxreT saqarTveloSi gadavida _ `ivltoda maTgan waremarTa raTa warvides saberZneTad~ (sumbati, `cxovreba bagrationTa~ gv. 376). aSoti artanujSi dasaxlda. es mxare politikuri `saberZneTia~ misi cxovrebis wyaros cnobiT _ `ganmtkicda xelmwifoba misi nebiTa berZenTa mefisaTa~ (iqve), da aseve _ `berZenTa mefeman miuboZa kuropalatoba aSots~. am cnobebSi `SavSeT-klarjeTi `saberZneTia~, bizantiis savasalo qveyanaa. aSoti SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mkvidrdeba da rezidenciad artanujs irCevs: `pova klarjeTs tyeTa Sina klde erTi, romelic vaxtang gorgasals cixed aReSena, saxelad artanuji da aoxrebul iyo baRdadelisa mis yruobiTgan. igi ganaaxla aSot da aRaSena cixed, wina-kerZo misa qveSeT aRaSena qalaqi da aRaSena cixesa mas Sina eklesia wmidaTa mociqulTa petresi da pavlesi da Seqmna mas Sina saflavi Tvisi~ (sumbat daviTis Ze, gv. 376). aSotis dros mis samefoSi Sediodnen klarjeTi, nigali, aWara, tao, speri, samcxe, javaxeTi, artaani (saq. ist. narkv. II. gv. 449). es iyo `klarji

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da artanujeli xelmwifeebis~ miwa-wyali, maT imJamad `qarTvelTa mefeebi~ ar ewodebodaT. `qalaqi artanuji iyo `artanujeli _ klarji xelmwifeebis~ rezidencia, `qarTvelTa mefeebisa~ ki bana unda yofiliyo~ (saq. ist. narkv. II. gv. 445, p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 54). rogorc iTqva, `artanujeli da klarji xelmwifeebi~ SesaZloa iyvnen legitimuri memkvidreebi (e.i. TavianTi Tavi miaCndaT legitimur memkvidreebad) lazi mefeebisa, romelTac xelmwifobas aniWebda bizantiis imperatori VI s-mde. Semdeg es Sto Sewyda, magram maT mamulze mosul aSotis xelisuflebas Cans es memkvidreoba Tavis xelSi auRia an naTesauri qorwinebis gziT anda Zveli memamuleobis gamo (`lazTa mefoba~, igivea rac `klarjTa xelmwifeoba~?). magram, ras gamoxatavda `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli, is niSnavda memkvidreobas arian-qarTleli Tu mcxeTeli mefeebisa? iqneb am tituls legitimaciis sxva wyaro hqonda? marTlac, mcxeTa arabebs eWiraT, xolo samefo (saerismTavro) ojaxi samxreT saqarTveloSi iyo gadmosuli, isini iyvnen memkvidreebi iberieli (qarTveli, mcxeTeli) mefeebisa, amitomac TiTqosda, maT `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli unda hqonodaT, magram ara, maT `klarjTa xelmwifeebs~ uwodebdnen. `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli am ojaxSi mogvianebiT, taos gziT Sevida.

wm. ninosa da wm. grigolis samoRvaweo areebi lazika _ somxeTis mosazRvre qveyana
p. ingoroyvasa da m. CxartiSvils ganxiluli aqvT is areali, sadac iqadages wmida grigol ganmanaTlebelma da wmida ninom. kerZod, grigolis cxovrebaSi moxazulia areali, sadac iqadaga wmida grigolma: taodan _ kaspiis karamde, aseve, movses xorenacis mier moxazulia wmida ninos qadagebis areali _ klarjeTidan masquTebamde, anu kaspiis karamde (`kaspiis kari~ _ mdebareobda md. araqsis samxreTiT kaspiis zRvasTan). es ori areali erTmaneTs ar kveTs, Tumca erTmaneTs uSualod emijnebian, kerZod, gansazRvrulia wmida ninos samwyso. esaa klarjeTis CrdiloeTiT, ufro sworad, im xazis CrdiloeTiT moqceuli mxare, romelic iqmneba klarjeTisa da masquTeTis SeerTebiT, xolo mis samxreTiT mdebare areali, anu taodan igive masquTeTamde, anu kaspiis karamde _ grigolis arealia. ase rom, gansazRvrulia samwyso qarTuli eklesiisa.

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CvenTvis amJamad sainteresoa, klarjeTis CrdiloeTiT an Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare mxare, kerZod dasavleT saqarTvelo visi moqmedebis arealSia, wm. ninosi Tu wmida grigolisa. am sqemis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelo ar SeiZleba iyos wm. grigolis moqmedebis arealSi, radgan is mdebareobs klarjeTis CrdiloeTiT (Crdilo-dasavleTiT), e.i. is wmida ninos arealia. am SemTxvevaSi dgeba sakiTxi: wm. grigolis cxovrebis mixedviT, wmida grigolma lazeTSi gaagzavna Tavisi espikoposi, maSasadame, aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, es lazeTi ar aris dasavleT saqarTvelo. am sqemis mixedviT lazeTi klarjeTis samxreTiT anda samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare mxare, anu Wanika-trapezuntis regionia. Wanika-trapezuntis regioni somxuri tradiciis Sesabamisad Sedioda e.w. `did armeniaSi~, es iyo grigolis areali. aq unda yofiliyo is lazeTi, sadac grigolma gaagzavna Tavisi episkoposi. marTlac, somxuri wyaroebis egrisis qveyana mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed moicavda trapezuntis mxareebs. egri, Wanivi, manrili da lazivi _ Teodosiopolis-trapezunts Sua mdebareobda da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi. dasavleT saqarTvelos egrisi da armeniis, anu bizantiis egri ori sxvadasxva qveyana iyo. somxuri wyaroebis egri trapezunt-Wanikaa, qarTlis egrisi ki dasavleT saqarTveloa, pirveli wmida grigolis samoRvaweo arealis sazRvarTanaa, xolo qarTlis egrisi ki ara, radganac klarjeTi da misi CrdiloeTiT mdebare mxareebi, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad kaspiis karamde wm. ninos arealia TviT somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT. marTlac, toponimebi da hidronimebi `egri~ mravladaa md. araqsis zemowelSi.

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movses xorenaci lazikis Sesaxeb

(bagrationebi sperSi) xorenacis cnobiT, qristeSobamde II saukuneSi gaZlierebuli parTia Tavs iTavisuflebda makedonelTa mbrZaneblobisagan, parTiis mefe arSakma somxeTis `CrdiloeTisa da dasavleTis~ qveynebis mefoba gadasca Tavis Zmas valarSaks, man Seqmna somxuri sanaxararoebi. man `uwinares yovlisa Rvawli daufasa Zlevamosilsa da gamWriax kacs, warmomavlobiT ebrael Sambat bagrats. bagratis saxelis mixedviT misi STamomavlebi bagratunebad unda wodebuliyvnen... valarSakma erisTavad, aTaseulTa da bevreulTa mTavrad daniSna igi dasavleT nawilSi, romlis iqiT somxurad aRar laparakoben (m. xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 102). igulisxmeba speri. a. abdalaZis komentariT, xorenaci spers somxur provinciad miiCnevda. `saqme isaa, rom qarTuli modgmis tomiT dasaxlebuli es mxare saukuneebis manZilze politikurad dakavSirebuli iyo somxeTTan~ (iqve, gv. 261). amis Semdeg valarSaki Tavisi jariT gaemarTa xaltiqis, anu qaldeas, anu WaneTis sazRvrebisaken. amis mizezi iyo is, rom speris iqiT mdebare WaneTi da misi mezobeli mxareebi, `mtkiced icavdnen erTobis pirobas makedonelTa saxelmwifosTan~ (iqve, gv. 102). eseni iyvnen xorenacis dasaxelebis mixedviT _ `lazika, ponto, frigia da maJaqi~ (iqve, gv. 102), ori jari erTmaneTs Seejaxa, sadac somxebma gaimarjves. aRniSnuli mxareebi somexTa mefis mbrZaneblobis qveS moeqcnen. xorenaci wers _ `saqmis amgvarad daboloebis Semdeg somexTa mefem moawesriga maJaqis, pontoelTa da egerelTa mxareebi. mere mibrunda igi CrdiloeTSi, parxalis mTebis ferdobebisaken, taoSi (iqve, gv. 103). amis Semdeg gadavida `adgilebSi, romelTac Zvelebi anfaitsa da zemo basians eZaxdnen... iqaurobas vanandi ewoda~ (iqve, gv. 104). mematianem Semoxaza Tavis mier naxsenebi qveynebi. esenia speri, lazika, egeri da basiani. isini yvelani erT regionSi mdebareobdnen, yvelani moqceulni arian parxalis mTebis samxreTiT, anu maTi Crdilo sazRvari taos mimdebare mxarea. m. xorenaci Tavidan wers dasavleTis koaliciis Sesaxeb, rom isini Sedgebodnen `lazika-ponto-frigia da maJaqisagan~, gamarjvebis Semdeg azustebs, rom esenia igive `maJaqi, ponto da egeri~. frigia da maJaqi _ samxreTis mxareebia, ponto da lazika _ dasavleTis mxareebi, Semdeg lazikas is uwodebs `egers~. maSasadame, egeri Sedgeba lazikisagan da sul TavSi naxsenebi xaltiq-WaneTisagan. marTlac, xorenacis msgavsad, somxuri geografiac wers, rom egeri Sedgeboda imave WaneT-lazikisagan, anu egeris nawilia lazika da is mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed armeniis dasavleTiT da mas marTavda somexTa mefe valarSaki. eger-lazika-WaneTis CrdiloeTiT ki parxalis mTebi da tao mdebareobda. maSasadame, `lazika~ namd-

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vilad erqva speris mimdebare mxares _ pontos, anu trapezuntis mimarTulebiT. amave Tvalsazriss adasturebs konstantinopolis sapatriarqos noticiebi. lazikis eparqiaSi Sedioda lerionisa da paipertis (baiberdis) eparqiebi. unda davaskvnaT, rom m. xorenaci icnobda lazikas da mis mdebareobas gansazRvravda speris mimdebare trapezuntis momijnave mxares da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi. es cnoba imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom amJamad aRiarebuli saistorio TvalsazrisiT, VIII saukunemde, lazika ar erqva trapezuntis momijnave mxares, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos da TiTqosda, wyaroebi ar aCvenebs lazikis mdebareobas VIII s-mde trapezuntTan. maT am mxriv, vfiqrob, xorenaci ara aqvT Seswavlili. maSasadame, xorenacis mixedviT, lazika VIII s-mdec, V da wina saukuneebSi trapezuntis mxares mdebareobda.

lazikis baRebi anu moxirisis Zieba veidenbaumisa da yazbegis mixedviT

prokofisa da sxva Zvel avtorTa aRweriT lazika kldiani qveyana iyo, amitomac nakleb mosavliani da mkacri bunebisa, magram aq zogierT adgilas SesaniSnavi xilic da mosavalic modioda. erTi aseTi mxare lazikaSi yofila moxirisi, romelic kldeTa Soris gadaSlili baRnari iyo, aseTaT Cven migvaCnia Woroxis xeobaSi erge-livani anu ligani, romlis nayofierebac SesaniSnavad aRwera vaxuStim. e. veidenbaumi prokofis msgavsad aRwers aRniSnuli regionis kldovan miwa-wyalsa da zogierT adgilas gadaSlil mSvenier baRebs. mag. is wers: _ murRulis wylis xeoba SesarTavTan farToa da aris vaSlis baRebiT ganTqmuli adgilebi, Tesen xorbals (e. veidenbaumi baTumidan arTvinamde, gv. 62). msgavs noyier miwa-wyals is aRwers arTvinTanac. magaliTad `terasebze gaSenebulia baRebi da zeTis xilis nargavebia~ (iqve, gv. 66). g. yazbegis aRweriT ki, artanujis xeobis kldovanebasTan SedarebiT SavSeTSi soflis meurneobac ki aris ganviTarebuli, rac am regionSi didi iSviaToba aris. is wers `SavSelebi soflis meurneobasac misdeven... mezobel mxareebTan SedarebiT SavSeTis buneba gacilebiT mdidaria. mwarmoeblobis igive saxeebia, rac zemo aWaraSi. mesaqonleoba da mexorbleoba aq SeiZleba ganviTardes. SavSeTi awarmoebs xorbals, romelic baTumis bazarze yarsisas jobnis. miwis zRapruli nayofierebis pirobebSi SavSeTi SesaZloa gaxdes xorblis warmoebis centri da albaT artanujidan baTumamde gzatkecilis gayvaniT tbeTis vake SesaZloa am portis beRlad gadaiqces `1873 wels inglisis puriT vaWrobis kompaniam sacdelad Seisyida

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SavSeTis puri. am kompaniis erT-erTi agentis TqmiT, aqauri puriT vaWrobas kargi momavali aqvs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mesaqonleobaze. kulturuli mcenareulobidan aq kargad xarobs TuTis xe. magram abreSumis Wia mxolod nuri-begis mamulSi _ SindobanSi vnaxeT~ (g. yazbegi. 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, gv. 97). moxiriss albaT ufro Seesabameba g. yazbegis mier aRwerili livani `Cven gadavediT imerxevis wyalze gadebul droebiT xidze, TiTqmis, zustad im adgilze, sadac es mdinare uerTdeba artanuj-Cais da wavediT zemoT imerxevis xeobaSi. gza inarCunebs iseTive xasiaTs, rac Cven fxikiuris SemogarenSi vnaxeT. magram mdinaris napirebi ufro damrecia, tyeebi mcire. TiTqmis yvelgan garSemortymulia SiSveli kirqvebiT, mcenareuli cotaa, magram samagierod im adgilas, sadac qvebs Soris xelisgulisodena miwaa, naxavT yurZens, broweuls, nuSs, xurmas, zeTisxils, leRvs da sxva jiSis xeebs. nayofiereba gansacvifrebelia. Cven aq pirvelad davrwmundiT, rom livanis gaxmaurebuli dideba damsaxurebulia. Wvavisa da xorblis mosavali ukve aRebulia da mindvrebSi axali simindi iTeseba. sam TveSi axali samkali iqneba. sofel opizamde Cveni gza 3,5 saaTs grZeldeba, aqedan pirveli saaTi cxeniT, danarCeni 2,5 saaTi fexiT unda viaroT. mxolod amiTac SeiZleba imsjelo, Tu ra sazizRari gzaa. am midamoebis mcxovrebTaTvis cxeni ar arsebobs. samagierod maTs erTgul msaxurad morCili saxedari rCeba. cxenebiT Cven avediT sofel kapariamde, romelic mdebareobs imerxeviswylis marjvena napirze, Savi zRvis donidan 1217 futze. cxenebi aq davtoveT, Cven ki viwro bilikiT sofel opizaSi avediT. gza karCxalis qedis ganStoebaze, imerxeviswylis moSiSvlebul da kldovani xramis gayolebiT midis. mdinare Cvens fexebs qvemoT, sadRac Sors Caikarga. opizis monasteri 1500 futze zemoT mdebareobs, karCxalis erT-erT ganiv gasayarze da Cvens cnobismoyvare Tvalwin gadaiSala maSin, roca sofelSi SevediT. me mwyuroda naxva Zveli saqarTvelos am uwmindesi adgilisa, romelsac umRera vaxuStim da romelic jer-jerobiT arcerT evropels ar unaxavs. Cveni jafa saTanadod dafasda~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, gv. 100). g. yazbegi sxvaganac aRwers kldeTaSoris mwir magram mSvenier adgilebs, sadac kargi mosavali modioda `Woroxisa da artanuj-Cais SeerTebis wertilSi gza mkveTrad uxvevs CrdiloeTisaken da Woroxis marjvena napiris gayolebiT midis. Cvens fexebs qvemoT artanuji mosCans. Woroxi aq muxls qmnis, romelic aRmosavleTisakenaa mimarTuli. igi wydeba maRali SiSveli kldeebiT, romlebic pirdapir mgzavris Tvalwinaa wamowvdili. Sors mdinaris marcxena napirze, midamoebis nacrisfer fonze medidurad mosCans mwvane mindorSi _ esaa soflebis _ ariasa da orjoxis baRebi. gamcilebelma agvixsna, rom am soflebSi livanis saukeTeso yurZeni xarobso~ (iqve, gv. 107).

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prokofis aRweriT skandasa da sarapanas cixe-simagreebis teritoriebze ar modioda mosavali, ar xarobda vazi. g. yazbegic msgavsad miuTiTebs, rom SavSeTis maRlobebSi, sadac administraciuli centrebi da cixeebi iyo ganlagebuli vazi ar xarobda da mosaxleoba mxolod qersa da Wvavs Tesavda. is wers `maSin, roca garylobaSi Tesva mxolod iwyeba, tbeTSi yanebi ukve ajejilebulia; maSin, roca pirvelSi gamoCnda msxlis kukuli, meoreSi ukve saxezea nigvzis mozrdili nayofi, romelic zemo terasze saerTod ar xarobs. Tavad naTesebic sxvadasxvanairia. zemoT mxolod qers, Wvavsa da xorbals Tesaven. vazis lerwi arc iq da arc aq ar aris~ (iqve, gv. 78). nakleb mosavlianobis mxriv uvenaxeobis gamo g. yazbegis mier aRwerili SavSeTis cixisZiri emsgavseba prokofis mier aRweril sarapanas. qeris da Wvavis naTesebiTac, miTumetes, rom am cixisZirTan axlos gadioda artanujartaanis SemaerTebeli gza, romelic uReltexil ialnizCamis axlos mdebareobdnen da iqve arian kandridis da qinZotamalis cixeebi, romlebsac etilologiurad emsgavseba skanda. maxlobladaa mTa `kandili~.

ori lazika
bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris sazRvari istoriulad gadioda xufaTTan (xofTan), mis qvemoT (vidre trapezuntis mTianeTis/WaneTis/ CaTvliT) _ mdebareobda `Zveli lazika~ Tavisi saepiskoposoebiT, romelTagan erT-erTi zigana trapezuntidan 70-iode kilometriT iyo daSorebuli da Teodosiopolis gzaze, mTian regionSi mdebareobda. administraciulad is pontos olqSi Sedioda, amtomac saxelmwifo moxeleebi da mwerlebi mas pontos uwodebdnen da ara lazikas. samoqalaqo administracia mis Zvel saxels arc ki ixseniebda. saxeli lazika kvlav wamotivtivda mas Semdeg rac iustinianem gaixsena es saxeli da mis mier axal dapyrobil teritoriasac uwoda es saxeli _ lazika, radganc axali teritoria Zveli lazikis uSualo mezoblad iyo, faqtiurad misve gagrZeleba. WaneTis lazika `Zveli~ iyo im mxriv, rom roca VI s-Si bizantiis imperatorma iustinianem daarRvia xelSekruleba sparseTis SahTan da xufaTis maRla _ Woroxis SesarTavamde daipyro axali miwa-wyali _ masac saxeli lazika daarqva, radganac, Cans Tvlida Wanikis lazikis gagrZelebad. maSasadame, am axaldapyrobil miwa-wyalsac lazika ewoda, mizezi amisa iyo is, rom, rogorc iTqva, es `axali lazika~ Zvels emezobleboda, misi geografiuli gagrZeleba iyo, is mdebareobda ZiriTadad md. Woroxis xeobaSi. is administraciulad ar miuerTes pontos da arsebobda, rogorc TavisTavadi administraciuli erTeuli /samefo/_ `lazikis~ saxelwodebiT. Woroxis auzi uzarmazari miwa-wyalia, romelic didi kldeebiT bunebrivadaa SemosazRvruli.

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Woroxis vrcel xeobas sul ori, erTmaneTTan axlo mdebare gasasvleli aqvs Sav zRvaze, erTia mdinare Woroxi da mis napirze gamavali viwro gza-bilikebi. meorea xufaT-Woroxis gza. bizantiisaTvis sakmarisi iyo ramdenime cixe-simagris ageba am gzebis sakontroleblad. amitomac md. Woroxis zRvasTan SerTvis siaxloves aigo petras cixesimagre. mis mpyrobels advilad SeeZlo mTeli uzarmazari Woroxis xeobis anu lazikis umTavresi nawilis aReb-micemobisa da vaWrobis kontroli aRniSnulis gamo. marTlac, iustinianes mier dasmulma petras mcvelma SeZlo ekontrolebina mTeli lazikis vaWroba. axali lazika faqtiurad moicavda `klarjeTsa da bolo klarjeTis zRvis pirs~ iberiis Zvel nawils, magram radganac iberia sparseTma daipyro, sparseTs miaCnda, rom es miwa-wyali sparseTs ekuTvnoda. xufaT-Woroxis xeobis bizantielTagan dapyroba ganxiluli iqna rogorc iberiaSi SeWra anu sparseTis qveynis dapyroba. amis gamo atyda omi sparseTsa da bizantias Soris. lazikis gziT TviT Sahma xosrom ineba Sav zRvamde misvla. es gza dvinidan Sedioda artaanSi anu iberiaSi, romelic Woroxis xeobas /petras/ arsianis qediT uerTdeboda. artaanidan gza Sedioda Semdegdroindel artanujSi, iqedan ki arTvinSi da Woroxis anu fasisis gavliT Sedioda petraSi. marTalia, klarjeTi bizantiam miitaca da is Seiyvana Tavis administraciul olq _ lazikaSi, magram misi mezobeli artaani kvlav iberiad iwodeboda. iberia-lazikis SemaerTebeli saerTaSoriso gza gadioda ara lixis, aramed arsianis qedze. SemdgomSic am gzaze mdebare artanuji (X saukunisaTvis) did saerTaSoriso savaWro centrad iTvleboda. artanujis qveyanas konstantine porfirogenetis sityvebiT ewodeboda arzena, `arzes qveyana~. rogorc iTqva `arze~ anu alze-alz~ is fuZe unda iyos, romlisganac sityva lazika iqna miRebuli _ `alz-laz-lazika~. aRsaniSnavia, rom lazebs uwodebdnen ara mxolod zRvispireTis mcxovrebT, aramed mTiani regionis, arzrumis mcxovrebTac. `arz-laz~ aseve erTi fuZea. maSasadame, lazika ZvelTaganve erqva, aramxolod zRvispireTs trapizonis mxares, aramed mTian raionsac gunuSxane-arzrums.

472

Zveli lazika _ qaldiis Temi

(`sofeli megrelTa~) aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi trapezuntis CaTvliT iustinianem VI s-Si Seiyvana bizantiis imperiis im provinciaSi, romelsac `I armenia~ ewodeboda. maleve, VII s-Si, am miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda axali bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli _ `armeniakoni~. sabednierod maleve, bizantiam am provincias anu Zvel lazikas (lazivs) aRudgina Zveli saxeli da mas uwoda `qaldeas Temi~. eklesiurad qaldeas Tems iqamde da mis Semdegac moicavda konstantinopolis lazikis eparqia, romlis samitropolitoSi Sedioda fazisis, rodopolisis, petras, ziganas da saisinis saepiskoposoebi. n. adoncis azriT, yvelani isini mdebareobdnen trapezunt-arzrumis SemaerTebeli gzis piras. eseni iyvnen cnobili qalaqebi, romelTa met nawilSi romauli kohortebi idga, amitomac am qalaqebSi daarses saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. isini Wanika-lazikis eparqiaSi mdebareobdnen. WaneTi vrclad iyo gadaWimuli parxalis mTianeTSi da nawilobriv Woroxisa da md. kelkitis xeobebSi. `qaldiis Temis~ saxelwodebis aRdgeniT bizantiam faqtobrivad aRiara, rom am miwa-wylis mkvidri mosaxleoba iyo qalduelebi anu qarTveloba _ Wanebisa da lazebis saxelwodebiT. qaldea-Wanikis armenizacia miuxedavad imperiuli xelSewyobisa VI-VII ssSi somxurma eklesiam ver SeZlo, radganac eklesiurad konstantinopols eqvemdebarebodnen. ufro maTi gaberZnebis procesi iyo dawyebuli. qaldeas Temi moicavda Zvel, istoriul lazikas, romelic adre, diokletianemdel epoqaSi am mTianeTSi mdebareobda da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi. es iyo e.w. `Zveli lazika~ (Cans mimdebare zRvispiriT), xolo axali lazika, romelsac iustiniane `Cvens lazikas~ uwodebda, mdebareobda mis gverdiT, iustinianes mierve dapyrobil miwa-wyalze _ rizedan Woroxamde. am axal qveyanas, romelSic aseve Sedioda Woroxispira xeoba arsianis qedidan arTvin-ligan-erges CaTvliT Tanamedrove baTum-xelvaCauris raionebTan erTad ewoda lazikis samefo. maSasadame, lazika moiazreboda aseT sazRvrebSi _ samxreTiT zRvispiras rize da xofa, mTebSi ki WaneTi, aRmosavleTiT arsianis qedi, CrdiloeTiT Tanamedrove sufsas xeoba da guriis mTianeTi. misi erTi nawili Wanika, pontos ekuTvnoda, sadac mdebareobda `eparqia lazikaSi~, xolo meore nawili _ xufaT-Woroxis xeoba _ `lazikis samefod~ iwodeboda.

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ratom `qaldea~?
WaneTs anu Semdegdroindel lazis-tans Zvel berZnul mwerlobaSi erqva `qaldea~. es saxeli cocxali iyo mkvidrTa Sorisac, amJamad lazebis erTi mcire jgufi Tavis Tavs `qaldebs~ uwodebs. ras niSnavs sityva `qaldea~ da ratom unda wodeboda es saxeli istoriul WaneTs. qaldea, rogorc viciT, erqva lursmuli damwerlobis epoqaSi, (qristeSobamde mravali aseuli wliT adre) SuamdinareTis saxelmwifos. berZen avtorTa mtkicebiT trapezuntis mimdebare qaldeas mosaxleoba SuamdinareTidan iyo gadmosaxlebuli da amitomac erqvaT maT es saxeli, xolo konstantine porfirogenetis mtkicebiT qaldeas mezoblad mcxovrebi iberebi palestinidan iyvnen gadmosaxlebulebi. maSasadame, qarTvelebis samxreTidan gadmosaxlebis Teorias berZnuli istoriografia X saukuneSic icnobda. saxeli `qaldu~ JRerda qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebaSi _ `qarTu-eli~ da aseve Wan-lazebsac es saxeli _ qaldebi erqvaT. es saxeli cnobili da mSobliuri iyo im frigielebisa da keltebisaTvisac, romelnic mcire aziaSi damkvidrdnen qristeSobamde VIII-III saukuneebSi. maTSi es saxeli ufro ase JRerda _ gordu, gardu, qarTu _ qaldu. Cans vanis tbispireTidan pontos zRvispirze gadmosaxlebulma iberebma / karduxebma / es saxeli _ qald Tan moitanes. zogierTi istorikosis azriT, mesxebi frigielebis erT-erTi eTnojgufi yofila. mesxebi ki hekatos miletelis cnobiT, kolxuri tomi iyo. maSasadame, mesxebi da kolxebi erTi xalxi yofila. frigielebis erTi nawilis Sida satomo saxeli qaldu igive qarTu yofila. es saxeli erqva xalibebs da amJamadac JRers qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebaSi.

lazika farTo politikuri gagebiT

n. adonci wers _ gageba abasgiisa farTo politikuri terminis mniSvnelobiT, romelic iWerda miwebs kaspiis zRvamde, warmoiqmna arabobis Semdeg. iqamde, kerZod VI s-Si, aseTi farTo politikuri mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda lazika, oRond SavizRvispireTSi (n. adonci, gv. 219). rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, Tavdapirvelad lazika erqva trapizonis mimdebare miwawyals. IV-V s-Si romis sazRvari gadioda q. rizes sanaxebSi. mimdebare miwawyals (Tavis Zalze vrcel mTianeTTan erTad) lazikas uwodebdnen, magram Semdeg misi mniSvneloba gaizarda, kerZod, iustinianem romis sazRvari gadaitana CrdiloeTiT. md. Woroxis SesarTavi moeqca bizantiis saxelmwifos SigniT. am axal miwasac lazika ewoda.

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XI s. daswyisisaTvis arabTa da Turqul tomTagan gaTavisuflebul speris, basianis, vaspurakanis nawilis marTlmadideblur eparqiebs _ `eparqiebi lazikaSi~ ewodaT. ase rom, lazika eklesiurad moicavda teritorias TiTqmis vanis tbidan trapezuntamde, xolo politikuri mniSvnelobiT rizedan _ Woroxis SesarTavamde, klarjeTis CaTvliT.

WaneTi
(sisilisi/saisini/zigana) prokofi kesarielze dayrdnobiT, n. adonci aRwers Wanikas _ is mdebareobda TeodosiopolisTan axlos, romelic, misi sityviT, iyo dasavleT armeniis yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalaqi, sadac ijda komiti (amis sapirispirod, sparselTa Sahma q. dvinSi (erT-erT umTavres qalaqSi), dasva Tavisi marzpani). `Wanebis tomi emezobleba somxebs, maT miwazea adgili, sadac iustinianem aaSena axladmoqceuli WanebisaTvis pirveli eklesia. aqedan iwyeba romaelTa, persarmenielTa da TviT Wanebis sazRvrebi. aqve iyo iustinianes mier agebuli pirveli cixe-simagre, misgan ori dRis gzazea sofeli xarti, okeniti Wanebis miwaze. misgan aRmosavleTiT aris cixe barxi, Semdeg zagonas mTebis kalTebia, sadac Wanebi saqonels aZovebdnen, mTis ZirSia sofeli kena _ vake adgilze da misgan marcxniv cixe-simagre sisilisia, aSenebulia longinis xevTan (romaeli sardali longini aq gaCerebula), aq auSenebia iustinianes simagre burgi _ sisilisidan erTi dRis gzaze. Semdeg aris koksiloni Wanebis simagreebi (sisilisi unda iyos saisinis kaTedris adgili, mitr. anania). Wanebis miwis Semdeg aris qalaqi trapezunti, misi sazRvrebi midis susarmenamde da rizemde (ori dRis gzaze). misgan aRmosavleTiT WanTa mTebia, romlis iqiTac somxebi cxovroben, romaelTa qveSevrdomebi. Wanebis mTebidan moedineba mdinare boasi. Wanebis razmi, romelic monawileobda 550 wlis petras alyaSi, ukan dabrunda zRvispira gziT rizes gavliT, saidanac aTinasa da trapezuntis gavliT samSobloSi dabrunda. rizes Semdeg cxovrobda lazTa tomi (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 65). Woroxze, WanikeSi, saidanac gamodis istoriuli md. boasi, mdebareobs istoriuli qalaqi baiberdi da aseve satala, md. kelkidze. maT prokofi armenielebs miakuTvnebs. satalasa da baiberdis maRla zRvis paralelurad miemarTeba grZeli qedi, Zvelad mas erqva parxali anu pariadres qedi (amJamad lazistanis qedi). Wanuri sofeli xarta baibertis maRlaa, Woroxis marcxena Senakadze.

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aqedan Cans, rom lazebi da Wanebi sxvadasxva tomi iyo. lazebi rizes Semdeg cxovrobdnen.

xaldea _ qaldea _ xalibi

strabonis dros aliZonebi anu Zveli xalibebi iwodebodnen qaldeebad. misi azriT, homerosis alibebi igive xalibebi iyvnen. sityva `xalib~-Si, n. adoncis azriT, `ib-bi~ qarTuli mravlobiTobis niSania. prokofis dros qaldebi _ Wanebi iyvnen. pliniusi asaxelebs _ `armenoxalibebs~ _ isini, n. adoncis sityviT, somxebisa da xalibebis urTierTSereviT miRebuli xalxia. sxva azriT, xalibebis saxeli miRebulia berZnuli `xalifs~ _ spilenZidan. ase uwodebdnen pontoel tomebs, spilenZis mawarmoeblebs. n. adoncis azriT, SeiZleba iyo piriqiT da berZnuli sityva aRniSnuli xalxis TviTsaxelwodebidan iqna miRebuli (n. adonci, gv. 59). Cans, xalibebi /qalduelebi/ da karduenebi erTi xalxis tomebi iyo.

qaldea _ qarTea
n. adonci wers _ `Wanika anu qaldea, qveyana Wanebisa anu qaldebisa, iyo mTiani olqi, warmoqmnili parxalis mTebisa, Woroxisa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolisagan _ trapezuntamde, Woroxis velze Wanika esazRvreboda taos olqsa da sparsul samflobeloebs, Semdeg gugarenas kantons, klarjeTsa da artanujis mdinares, Semdeg ki md. Woroxi Sedis egrSi, anu egeriaSi, rogorc aRgviwers `somxuri geografia~ (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 26). n. adoncis mier naxsenebi tuxarisis cixe albaT Tuxarisia. is erT-erTi sasazRvro wertili yofila Wanikisa. WaneTs meore saxeli qaldea erqva. qaldea _ Zveli saxelia, naxsenebi wmida werilSi, SuamdinareTsa da araratis qveyanaSi mdebareobda qristeSobamde mravali saukuniT adre, magram WaneTis qaldeas saxeli mas ar ukavSirdeba. safiqrebelia, rom WaneTs qaldea Tu xaldea uwodes, albaT, Wanebis eTnikuri TviTsaxelwodebis gamo. ra unda yofiliyo Wanebis TviTsaxelwodeba? is iyo erTi nawili didi xalxisa anu didi eTnikuri jgufisa _ qarTvelebisa, albaT, Wanebis TviTsaxelwodebac es iyo _ qarTueli, aqedan qaldueli. marTlac, sityvebis _ qaldea-qalduelisa da qarTuelis etimologiuri identuroba udavoa. sityvaTa fuZe-qald igivea, rac qarT.

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g-k-q da d-t-T TanxmovanTa jgufebSi gvaqvs Tanxmovnebis urTierTmonacvleoba. amitomac qald _ mogvcems qarT-s. qarldu ki _ qarTus. qald aseve gvaZlevs `gard~-s. `gard~-is fuZe-Ziria _ gar-gr-egr (aq `d~ _ mravlobiTobis niSania). saerTod gard (qarT) anu `gr~ fuZe _ mTeli qarTveli xalxis da misi qveynis TviTsaxelwodebaSi JRerda: esenia _ gugarqi, egrisi, guria, argveTi da sxva. gugarqi somxuri wyaroebiT, erqva ara mxolod qvemo qarTls, aramed mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, sazogadod qarTvelTa vrcel qveyanas _ anu iberias erqva aseve `gurzan~ (n. adonci, dasax. naSr. gv. 219). SeuZlebelia etimologiurad erTmaneTs ar davukavSiroT gurzan da `egri~, anu `egeria~. aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos saxeli gugarqi, gogarena, aseve saxelebi dasavleTSi _ argveTi, guria, egrisi identuria qald, gard, eger saxelebisa. argveTi, guria, gurazan, gugarq, gogarena _ saerTo fuZes Seicaven _ esenia: `gr~ an `rg~. qarTvelTa eTnoTviTsaxelwodebis fuZeZiria _ `gr~ _ `qr~ (sityva gugarqSi fuZe-Ziria _ `ggr~ da ara _ `gug~, rogorc miiCneva).

Wanebi
prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, Wanebi adre sanebad iwodebodnen. isini mraval tomad iyofodnen III-VI saukuneebSi, mosaxleobdnen md. Woroxis saTaveebTan. axlandel baiberTisa da ispiris mazrebSi. bizantielebma daimorCiles imp. iustinianes dros, WaneTi am dros daipyro armeniis magistrma Witam, daiwyes gaqristianeba. saxelwodeba Wani Semdeg Seicvala laziT. WaneTi Semdgom, Wanuri tomebis aqtivobis Sedegad, ewoda axlandel arTvinis, rizesa da trapizonis vilaieTebs. WaneTs berZnul wyaroSi aseve ewodeba Tianike. XIII saukunidan Sedioda trapizonis imperiaSi. XIV s-dan WaneTis aRmosavleT nawili samcxis samTavros SemadgenlobaSia. 1461 wlidan 1547 wlamde osmalebma daipyres. 1878 wels TurqeTma daTmo aRmosavleT WaneTis nawili, romelic Sevida ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi (axlandeli sarfis aRmosavleTi regioni).

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xaltiq xaldia (qaldia) 950 wlisTvis

bizantiuri administraciuli dayofa aCvenebs, rom xaldias (qaldeas) Temi moicavda SavizRvispireTs Termodontidan fazisamde, rukebzecaa aRniSnuli, rom misi CrdiloeTis sazRvari, TiTqmis Tan emTxveoda md. Woroxis SesarTavs (anu fazisi Woroxs ewodeboda X saukunisaTvis). X s. bizantiur dapyrobaTa kvaldakval, xaldias Tems 950 wlisaTvis aRmosavleTis mxridan Semomatebuli hqonda olqi `mesopotamia~, evfratis saTavesTan. es olqi Teodosiopoliss ar moicavda, radganac is jer kidev ar iyo bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi, fiqroben, rom im droisTvis bizana da xorZenac xaldiaSi Sedioda. xaldiasa da mesopotamiis Temebs esazRvreboda kolonias Temi. masSi, Cans, im droisaTvis Sedioda lerioni, Sariani, gaili da kerCanisi. xolo paiperti, anu baiberdi, Cans, xaldeas TemSi Sedioda. iqamde, saukuneebiT adre, kerZod ki VII s-dan, aRniSnuli Temebi Sediodnen armeniakonis vrcel TemSi mesopotamiis gamoklebiT, radganac es ukanaskneli arabebs eWiraT. wyaroTa mixedviT armeniakonis Temis Crdilo sazRvari aRwevda md. fazisamde, xolo yvela rukis mixedviT, es Temi aRwevda md. Woroxis SesarTavamde, maSasadame, faziss VII-IX saukuneebSic Woroxs uwodebdnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom X s-Si fazisi erqva aseve md. araqssac, rogorc konstantine porfirogeneti gadmogvcems. fasisi araqss jer kidev qristemde aswleulebiT adre rqmevia, qsenofontes mis mxareebSi Sexvda fasianTa tomi. xaldiis Temis mTavari qalaqi iyo trapezunti. VII s. msoflio krebis damswre trapezunteli eposkoposi krebis aqtebs xels awerda viTarca `episkoposi fazisisa~. maSasadame, q. trapezuntTanac iyo es saxeli. ase rom, xaldiis Temi CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTidan mdinareebiT _ `fazisebiT~ iyo Semowerili, xolo `fazisi~ TviT centralur qalaqsac rqmevia, maSasadame, iq sityva `fazisi~ popularuli yofila. kidev ufro adre, IV s. bolos, xaldiis Temis adgilas iyo `polemonis pontos~ provincia, masSi Sedioda qalaqebi komana, polemonioni, kesaria, trapezunti da rize. provincia aRwevda md. Woroxamde, kerZod q. afsarosamde. polemonis pontos provincias daefuZna jer armeniakonisa da Semdgom xaldiis Temebi.

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tibarenebi da Wanebi erT miwazea

WaneTs ucxoelebi qaldeas uwodebdnen. iv. javaxiSvilis daskvniT sityvis fuZe _ Ziri `qald~, `qaldu~ aRniSnavda qarTvelTa samive jgufis qarTebis, zanebisa da svanebis saerTo samSoblos saxels (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 1951, gv. 403-404) iv. javaxiSvili qarTul qaldeas (anu WaneTs) ar akavSirebda SuamdinareTis `qaldeasTan~ da arc urartus `qaldTan~. berZen-romael avtorTa cnobebiT, qaldea-WaneTSi erTad cxovrobdnen tibarenebi da Wanebi. sityva tibarenSi fuZe-Ziri `tibar~ identuria sityva _ `iberisa~.

sisilisi-saisini, zigana, lazikis eparqia

n. adoncis sityviT, VII s-Si WaneTsa da mis mosazRvre mxareebs `armeniakoni~ daerqva. is gadaSlili iyo sinopidan fazisamde. Sedgeboda yofili kapadokiis, I, II armeniisa da pontosagan. saxeli ewoda mis mezoblad mcxovrebi somxebis gamo (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 203). Woroxis xeobas xaldea, xaldoZori erqva. aq barxonTan _ parxaris qedTan _ iyo sadgomi okenitebis Wanebisa, xartas maRla vake adgilze ki mdebareobda dasaxleba kena, okena (o _ prefiqsia, qarTuli sa-s fardi), e.i. okenakenebis anu okeniti Wanebis sacxovrisi. okenis dasavleTiT punqti sisilisi (sisilisi _ ziziola). ziziola _ nikopil-satilas gzazea, sataladan 18 milze. gza gadioda gail-kelkitis mdinaris gaswvriv, e.i. ziziola _ amJamindel kelkitTan iyo. prokofis cnobiT, sisilisi da kena parxalis qedze iyo. ziziolaSi idga romauli razmi didxans _ iustinianemde. Wanebi daipyro iustinianem taxtze asvlisTanave. sisilisi Wanikis gare sazRvarze mdebareobda parxalis qedze. okenitebis centri _ xarti _ samxreT mTiswinebSi iyo, baiberdis da satalis gaswvriv. rogorc Cans, saisinis kaTedra sisilisSi idga. sisilisidan erTi dRis gzaze mdebareobda burgi _ longinos adgilTan axlos, aqedan koksilonTa tomis olqi iwyeboda da aq iyo qalaqebi sximalanixoni da WanWakomi Wanebis saxeli Semoinaxa janikma. aqedan gandevnili Wanebi SemdegSi cxovrobdnen md. xarSutTan. ardasis CrdiloeTiT Zevs zigana, romelic mniSvnelovani punqti iyo _ lazikis xuTi episkoposidan erT-erTis rezidencia. eklesiurad Wanika lazikas ekuTvnoda. (iqve, gv. 65). Wanebs ufro adre qaldebi erqvaT. Wanebis politikuri mniSvnelobis gazrdis gamo mTel qveyanas VI s-Si WaneTi daerqva.

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VIII s-Si gacocxlda Zveli dasaxeleba _ armeniakonis Temis daSlis Semdeg da erT mis nawils qaldea daerqva (gv. 65). e.i. am miwa-wyals iustinianes mefobis dasawyisSi erqva _ ponto, Semdeg I armenia, VI saukuneSi _ WaneTi, VII s-Si _ armeniakoni, VIII-dan qaldea. eseni iyvnen oficialuri, imperatorTa mier Serqmeuli saxelebi. misi Tavdapirveli saxeli ki _ lazika/qaldea unda yofiliyo, bolomde SemorCa kidec es saxelebi mas.

klarjeTis lazika, sazRvari xufaTTan

klarjeTs, vaxuStis cnobiT, Tavdapirvelad marTavdnen mTavrebi (mefeebi), romelTa gvari iyo `mirdatovani~ (vaxuSti klarjeTis qveS, rogorc iTqva, gulisxmobs WaneTs, taos, spers, Woroxis xeobas da, aseve, mimdebare regionebs. mas Semdeg, rac klarjeTi berZenTagan gaaTavisufla vaxtang gorgasalma, klarjeTis saerisTavo aRmoCnda vaxtangis vaJis mirdatis xelSi. mirdatma sakuTari da miaTxova `daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomaval~ guaram I bagrations, romlis winaprebi filistimidan yofilan wamosulni, mas aseve gadasca `samkvidrebeli tao~. am guarams `taos erisTavi~ ewoda. guaram I taos erisTavs mirdatis disgan eyola bagrati. sparselTa qarTlSi gabatonebamde klarjeT-taos erisTavebi emorCilebodnen `qarTvelTa mefes~, e.i. mcxeTel mefes, xolo sparsTa Semosevis Semdeg `Zeni mirdatisani gandgnen farsman mefisagan da mierTvnen berZenTa~ (iqve, gv. 693). klarjeTSi (masSi Sedioda taoc) warmoiSva ori samTavro saxli, erTi iyo vaxtang gorgaslis Zis mirdatis STamomavlebi, meoreni ki am mirdatis disa da aRniSnuli guaram I-is STamomavlebi. SemdgomSi mirdatis Zeebi uSvilobis gamo amowydnen. am mizezis gamo sagvareulo saxeli `mirdatovanebi~ ewodaT guaramis STamomavlebs. mis SviliSvils erqva aseve saxeli guarami (maSasadame, is iyo zemoT aRniSnuli vaxtang gorgaslis Zis mirdatis dis Svilis bagratis vaJi). vaxuSti wers, rom am meore guaramma `Seicvala saxeli mirdatovnobisa bagrationad mamisa Tvisisa saxelisaTvis~ (q.c. IV, gv. 694). guaram II mirdatovani iqca bagrationad, male is avida mcxeTis samefo taxtze. es ase momxdara _ `mievlto es guaram umetes berZenTa... amisTvis keisarman mosca sigeliT... kurapalatoba guarams, xolo welsa 575 TxovniTve qarTvelTaTa mosca am guaram kurapalats mefoba saqarTvelosi keisarman iustine da gamefda. amiT kualad SeerTda samcxe-klarjeTi da yoveli saqarTvelo erT samefod~ (iqve, gv. 694). maSasadame, somxuri geografiiT egrad (samxreT egrisad) wodebul qveyanaSi, anu qarTuli wyaroebiT klarjeTSi (romelSic tao da WaneTic Sedioda), igive berZnul lazikeSi mTavrobda mirdatianebis sagvareulo,

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romlis pirvelma pirma VI s-Si mcxeTis (qarTlis) samefo taxti daikava. qarTuli wyaros aRniSnuli cnobebi garkveulwilad eTanadeba berZnulsa da somxurs _ yvela wyaroSi miTridat-mirdatianebi ixsenieba: miTridate VI evpatorma daaarsa e.w. `kolxeTis samefo~, romlis pirveli mefe misi (miTridates) Ze miTridate iyo. Semdeg mas miTridates Ze farnaki marTavda (es kolxeTi igive egri _ lazikaa), mihrdatianebi, somxuri wyaroebiT, marTavdnen pontospireTis qarTvelebs. pontoszRvispireTis qarTvelTa mirdatiani (mihrdat-miTridatiani) mefeebis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb wers rogorc berZnul-laTinuri, ise somxuri da qarTuli wyaroebi. berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebi am miTridatianebis ZiriTad samefod miiCneven pontos qveyanas, somxuri wyaroebic weren, rom mihrdatianebs samefod miecaT rogorc pontos, ise kavkasiis mxares pontoszRvispireTis qveyana, qarTuli wyaro maT sapirispirod miiCnevs, rom mirdatianebma saxeli miiRes vaxtang gorgaslis vaJis _ mirdatisagan (Tumca ki aRniSnavs, rom maTi ZiriTadi, Tavdapirveli samarTavi qveyana iyo klarjeTi, anu pontoszRvispireTi Woroxis xeobis mxares). am mxareebidan (speridan) bagrationebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxva wyaroebic arsebobs, bagrationebs, Cans, zogierT wreebSi akavSirebdnen lazikis mefeebTan. arsebobs SesaZlebloba varaudisa, rom erT-erTi am mefeTa STamomavalTagani, sruliad saqarTvelos taxtze asula, Tu, rasakvirvelia, klarjeTsa da lazikas gavaigivebT. qarTuli wyaroebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, vaxtang gorgaslis siWabukisas, misi mefobis pirvel aTeul wlebSi klarjeTi (anu lazika) miitaces berZnebma, marTlac, berZnuli wyaroebi ixsenieben lazikas im momentTan dakavSireT, rom 456 wels romaelebma, e.i. bizantielebma `daiwyes omi lazebTan~ (, , . II, 2 . 347). qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, berZnebma V saukunis aRniSnul periodSi, marTlac miitaces klarjeTi, radganac, Cveni azriT, qarTuli wyaroebis klarjeTi igivea, rac berZnuli wyaroebis lazeTi, `lazebTan omi~ unda gulisxmobdes berZnebis SemoWras klarjeTSi. am dros berZnuli wyaroebiT, lazeTis mefe iyo gubaz I, is albaT qarTuli wyaroebis klarjeTis erisTavia. klarjeTi, rogorc vTqviT, sxva miwebTan erTad moicavda Woroxis xeobas egris CaTvliT, romelicaa `bolo klarjeTisa _ zRvispiri~. SeiZleba Tu ara mimsgavseba saxelebisa `gubazi~ da `guarami~ _ es sakiTxavia. sagvareulo saxelebi gubazi da guarami werisas (mTavruli aso-niSnebiT) erTmaneTs emsgavseba. kolxeTis anu lazeTis mefe gubaz I iZulebuli gamxdara daxmareba eTxova parTiis mefisaTvis, romelmac es ver SeZlo. gubazi kvlav iZulebuli

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gamxdara bizantielebTan elCebi gaegzavna. am dros lazikis samefo taxtze ori mefe mjdara, TviTon gubazi da misi Ze. es bizantielebs miuRebel wesad miuCneviaT da gubazisTvis SeuTvliaT _ `aRar geomebiT, Tu an TviTon Sen, anda Seni Svili uars ityviT mefobaze, radgan orives batonoba ar SeiZleba, ewinaaRmdegeba ZvelisZvel wesso~. es momxdara imperator markianes (450-457) dros. gubazma mefoba dauTmo Tavis Svils da konstantinopolSi Cavida imperator leon I-is (457-475) dros. gubazi male ukan gamoistumres (am leon I-is dros, Cans, aSenebula samSvildis sioni), xolo misi Ze lazikis taxtze auyvania bizantiis imperators. gubaz I klarjeTis suvereni mmarTveli rom ar yofila (omis dawyebamdec), iqidan Cans, rom bizantielebi mas karnaxoben, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo kanonebi misi qveynis SigniT. omis Semdgom bizantiaSi Casuli lazikis mefe arwmunebda saimperatoro kars, rom is WeSmariti qristiani iyo, raTa kidev erTi mizezi ar mieca bizantielebisaTvis lazikis asaoxreblad. marTlac, 450-ian wlebSi lazika ukve Zveli qristianuli qveyana iyo, aq, e.i. klarjeTSi V saukunis istorikosis xorenacis sityviT, iqadaga wmida ninom (`klarjeTidan masquTebamde~), klarjeTi ki igive lazikaa (samxreT egrisi. `egri~, rogorc iTqva, klarjeTSi mdebareobda) da, saerTod, trapezuntis lazikas qarTvelebi Targmnidnen ase _ `sofeli megrelTa~, an pirdapir `samegrelos~. andria pirvelwodebuli Tavdapirvelad movida trapizonSi, romlis qveyanasac `sofeli megrelTa~ erqva. saerTod, sityva `samegrelo~ qarTul mwerlobaSi Tavdapirvelad nasxsenebia ara rionis egrisis, aramed trapizonis egrisis aRsaniSnavad, radganac, rogorc aRiniSna, berZnul mwerlobaSi naxsenebi `lazika~ (trapizonis sanaxebi) iTargmneboda `sofeli megrelTa~, amitomac lazikis episkoposebsac qarTul mwerlobaSi `megrelTa episkoposebi~ erqvaT. magaliTad, trulis krebis kanonebSi, sadac konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis episkoposebi aweren xels, qarTulad ase iTargmna _ `Teodore uRirsman episkoposman fasoYsaman, sofelsa Sina megrelTasa ganvsazRvren da warvweren, iovane episkoposman qalaqisa petronisagan qveynisagan megrelTaYsa xeli movawere~. V saukunisaTvis Cvens mier `samxreT egrisad~ wodebuli qveynebis erTi didi nawili ukve dapyrobili iyo bizantiis mier da mimdinareobda omi meore nawilis dasapyrobad, romelsac, cxadia, Tavisi etapebi hqonda. dapyrobili nawili bizantias ukve aRar ainteresebda, mas saxelic Seucvala _ pontosa da bizantiur, anu romaul armeniaSi Seiyvana administraciulad, mxolod dasapyrobad gamzadebul lazikas hyavda Tavisi `mefe~, bizantiis gavlenis qveS myofi piri, Cans, omi Tavisufal lazebTan arc ise advili aRmoCnda, amitomac bizantia wasula daTmobaze da molaparakeba dauwyia

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gubaz I-Tan, raTa dadgeniliyo sazRvari dapyrobil da daupyrobel lazikas Soris, anu bizantiasa da Tavisufal lazikas Soris. sazRvrad dadgenila xufaTis cixe, romelic Woroxis SesarTavsa da trapizons Soris zRvispiras arqabes siaxloves mdebareobda. xufaTsa da Woroxs Sua qveyana gansazRvrulad lazika iyo. xufaTis cixe _ viTarca sazRvari saberZneTsa da qarTul qveyanas Sua ixsenieba `daniel mesvetis cxovrebaSi~, sadac gubaz I-is wmidanTan stumrobaa aRwerili. aq aRwerilia is molaparakeba, romelic gaimarTa imperator leonsa da gubaz mefes Soris. m. berZniSvili wers: `daniel mesvetis cxovreba~ axal Strixebs hmatebs kolxeT-bizantiis urTierTobas. aq Cven Semdegs vkiTxulobT: `aqunda orTave amaT mefeTa sauravi raime qveyanaTa dawynarebisaTvis da zRvarTa ganyofisa: sadamdis ars saberZneTisa anu megrelTaTa, afxazeTis samefoYsa... dadves sazRvar cixe xufaTi da aRuTqves urTierTas mSvidoba da siyvaruli amisiTa (daniel mesvetis) sityviTa~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fasisis istoriisTvis, gv. 82). imperator leonsa da gubaz I-s Soris molaparakebebis Sedegad sazRvrad bizantiasTan dadgenila cixe xufaTisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom gubazs am `cxovrebaSi~ ewodeba `mefe afxazTa Robazion~. ratom afxazTa? albaT, am cxovrebis qarTulad Targmnis dros `lazTa mefis~ Sesaxeb informacia ar arsebobda, magram radganac saqme exeboda `xufaTs~, romelic imJamad afxazeTis samefoSi Sedioda, gubazi miiCnies `afxazTa mefed~. gubazs da leons erTmaneTis samefoTa Soris jer gaurkveviaT `sadamdis ars (sazRvari) saberZneTisa anu megrelTa afxazTa samefoYsa~. xufaTis adgilsamyofeli cnobilia. is trapizonsa da Woroxis SesarTavs Suaa. aq gadioda sazRvari `saberZneTisa da megrelTa afxazTa samefoYsa~, sazRvari gadebulia `megrelTa~ qveyanaSi, romelic xufaTTan mdebareobda, lazikas `megrelTa sofeli~ erqva, Sesabamisad, xufaTTan mdebareobda lazika, anu gubazis samefo da misi samxreTi sazRvari (xolo Crdilo sazRvari imJamindeli Tavisufali lazikisa unda vivaraudoT md. Woroxis SesarTavis regionSi). aRsaniSnavia, rom mefe gubazi yofila Rrmad morwmune qristiani, is roca imperatorma leonma miiyvana daniel mesvetis winaSe _ `ixila ra ucxo igi xilva da moqalaqeoba angelozebrivi, Robazianos davarda pirsa zeda Tvissa da Tqva: gmadlob Sen meufeo caTao, rameTu qveyanisa mefisa mier, didTa sakvirvelTa xilvad Rirs myav me, mona Seni da maCvene, romel ara sada menaxa qveyanasa zeda~ (iqve, gv. 83). ase rom, xufaTi imJamad gadaiqca sazRvrad Tavisufal da bizantiur lazikas Soris.

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xufaTis qvemoT trapezuntisaken iyo ukve imperiis mier aTvisebuli lazika, xolo mis zemoT Woroxis SesarTavisaken Tavisufali lazika. xufaTi gadaqceula saqarTvelo-bizantiis sazRvrad. is WaneTis arqabes CrdiloeTiT, zRvispiras aSenebuli cixe-simagre yofila. vaxuStis cnobiT imperators klarjeTis erisTav guaramisaTvis kurapalatis didi bizantiuri pativi miuniWebia. klarjeTis erisTavi Semdgom imperators iberiis samefo taxtze auyvania. berZnuli gavlenis qveS myofi qarTlis axali mmarTveli Tavis uzenaes `mefed~ cnobda bizantiis imperators, Tavis Tavs ki mis `kurapalatad~, vaxuStis azriT, is taxtze keisarma iustinem aiyvana. mas safuZveli Cauyria mcxeTis jvrisTvis, uSenebia samSvilde (samSvildis saZirkveli adreve Cayrila imperator leonis dros, am guarams albaT kedlebi amouzidavs).

d. xoStarias wignis `klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi~ mimoxilva

n. maris azriT, VI s-Si klarjeTSi masiurad Casaxlda somxuri mosaxleoba, ramac gamoiwvia adgilobrivi qarTuli (e.w. ivero-Wanuri) mosaxleobis armenizacia _ gasomxeba. Tavisi mosazrebis damadasturebel wyarod n. mars miaCnia somexi mematianis hovan mamikonianis Txzuleba, romelSic VII s. dasawyisis ambebia aRwerili. pavle ingoroyvam gamoikvlia es naSromi da daaskvna, rom klarjeTi (da tao) am naSromebSi moixsenieba rogorc `iverTa qveyana~, misi mTavaria `iverTa mTavari~, xolo `somexTa e.w. migraciuli moZraobis Sesaxeb~ aq arc pirdapir da arc iribad araferia naTqvami (p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 422-426). d. xoStarias Secdoma, romelzec Semdgom agebs mTel Tavis wigns, esaa Semdegi: d. xoStaria eTanxmeba n. mars klarjeTSi somxuri mosaxleobis cxovrebisa da gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb (Tumca aseTi Tvalsazrisi uaryo p. ingoroyvam) da miiCnevs, rom klarjeTis somxuri mosaxleobis `gaqarTveleba~ daiwyo ara VIII-IX s-dan, rogorc amtkicebda n. mari, aramed VI s-dan. d. xoStarias Teoriuli sayrdenia e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria, ufro sworad, am gabatonebul Teorias d. xoStariam Tavi ver aarida, Tumca cdilobs n. maris msjelobaTa koreqtirebas. misi azriT, TiTqosda, klarjeTSi migrirebulma somxurma mosaxleobam mTeli klarjeTis qarTveloba ki ar gaasomxa VI-VII ss-Si (rogorc fiqrobda n. mari), aramed piriqiT, es somxebi (klarjeTSi migrirebulebi VI s-Si) _ gaqarTveldnen. rogorc n. mari,

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ise d. xoStaria klarjeTSi eZeben da pouloben somxur nakvalevs. Tavis wyarod d. xoStaria asaxelebs prokofi kesariels (d. xoStaria _klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, 2005 w. gv. 21). sinamdvileSi is cdeba. prokofi kesariels araferi uweria klarjeTSi somxuri mosaxleobis cxovrebis Sesaxeb. d. xoStaria, ise, rogorc sxva zogierTi mkvlevari, arasworad aanalizeben prokofi kesarielis cnobebs. Tumca iqve aRniSnaven, rom maT maincadamainc kargad arc esmiT prokofis cnobebi, kerZod, d. xoStaria wers: `unda iTqvas, rom prokofis cnobebi samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb zogjer cota bundovania da Zneli gasagebia, romeli tomi sad cxovrobs~ (d. xoStaria, gv. 21). prokofi kesarieli baton d. xoStariasTvis `Znelad gasagebia~, miuxedavad amisa, TiTqosda, prokofize dayrdnobiT gaakeTa Zalze mcdari daskvna _ `garkveul periodSi klarjeTSi, rogorc Cans, marTlac gaCnda somxuri mosaxleoba, maT aq yofnas 530-40-ian wlebSi adasturebs prokofi kesarieli, romelic `goTebTan omSi~ wers, rom aTinas, arqabesa da afsarosis marjvniv aRmarTuli mTebis gadaRma, iberiis sazRvramde, bizantiis qveSevrdomi persarmenebi da armenebi cxovroben (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 123-125), (d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, 2005, gv. 21). sinamdvileSi, prokofi kesarieli gulisxmobs Woroxis xeobis marjvniv, lazistanis qedis aRmosavleTiT, ZiriTadad dvinis sanaxebisaken mcxovreb armenebsa da persarmenebs. ase rom, isini cxovrobdnen ara klarjeTSi, aramed klarjeTis iqiT, mis marjvniv mTian zeganze, dvinisaken. prokofis cudi gagebis Sedegad miRebuli sakuTari daskvna klarjeTSi somxebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb iqca d. xoStarias wignis erT-erT laitmotivad. magaliTad, igi wers: _ `me mgonia, rom somxebi klarjeTSi ZiriTadad Casaxldnen IV s-is bolosa da gansakuTrebiT V saukuneSi, safiqrebelia, isini wamovidnen centraluri da aRmosavleT somxeTidan~ (d. xoStaria, gv. 22). Tavis am araswor Teorias d. xoStaria araferze agebs, mas amis damamtkicebeli araviTari wyaro ar gaaCnia. mxolod varaudobs, rom Tuki somxebi Znelbedobis Jams, somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT, Tavs afarebdnen `taos, klarjeTis mezobel mTian mxares~, amitomac isini klarjeTSic masiurad cxovrobdnen (d. xoStaria _klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, 2005 w. gv. 22). es n. maris Tvalsazrisis damtkicebis mcdelobaa. d. xoStaria kidev erT usafuZvlo daskvnas akeTebs prokofi kesarielis araswori gagebis gamo: `somxebi aqtiurad Candnen klarjeTis politikur cxovrebaSi, rac aisaxa kidec prokofi kesarielis zemoTmotanil cnobaSi~ (d. xoStaria _ klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, 2005 w. gv. 22) araferi msgavsi prokofis ar uweria.

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d. xoStaria prokofis vergagebis Sedegad mainc mivida daskvnamde, TiTqosda, arsebobda aseTi mosaxleoba _ `klarjeTis somxoba~ da wers: _ `ueWvelia, V-VI ss-Si intensiurad mimdinareobda klarjeTis somxobis mkvidr mosaxleobasTan daaxloebis procesi~ _ d. xoStarias es azri arafers eyrdnoba. is ganagrZobs: `mcirericxovanma somxebma ki ar gaasomxes klarjeTis mTeli qarTveluri mosaxleoba, aramed Tavad ganicades misi eTnokulturuli gavlena~ (d. xoStaria, gv. 22). maSasadame, misi azriT, klarjeTSi moxda somxebis gaqarTveleba. oh, es tkbili `qarTizacia _ gaqarTvelebis~ rusul-komunisturi Teoria! qarTveli mecnierebi Tavs ver ixsnian da ver gamodian niko maris SemuSavebuli sqemebidan. d. xoStarias somxebis `gaqarTvelebis~ (oRond V-VI ss-Si) Teoria prokofis cudad gagebis Sedegia. d. xoStaria sabolood akeTebs aseT grandiozul daskvnas: `n. maris mosazreba, TiTqos, klarjeTis somxobis qarTizacia mxolod VIII saukunis SuaxanebSi daiwyo da lamis XI saukunemde gagrZelda, aSkarad mcdaria. sinamdvileSi, es procesi daiwyo Zalian adre da arsebiTad dasrulda ukve VII s. bolos. ra Tqma unda, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom calkeul soflebSi Tu TemebSi somxebs amis Semdgomac karga xans SeunarCunebinaT eTnikuri warmomavlobis mimaniSnebeli elementebi (Tundac sasaubro ena), magram amis gamo arc sxvebi miiCnevdnen maT ucxo tomad, arc TviTon aRiqvamdnen Tavs gansxvavebulad, maTi TviTidentifikacia igive iyo, rac sakuTriv qarTvelebisa~ (d. xoStaria, gv. 23). aseTi msjeloba absurdis msgavsia, e.i. klarjeTSi somxebi saubroben somxuri eniT, ician, rom somxebi arian, magram `qarTvelebs~ uwodeben TavianT Tavs. d. xoStarias mier mowvdili es TiTqosda `axali azri~ igivea, rac n. maris gavleniT gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi Tanamedrove somxur istoriografiaSi, rom TiTqosda qarTveli moRvaweebi samxreT saqarTvelodan, vTqvaT, Tornike erisTavi, ioane da eqvTime mTawmidelebi da sxvebi eTnikuri somxebi iyvnen, oRond TavianTi Tavi `qarTvelebad~ miaCndaT. Sesabamisad, klarjeTisa da taos kultura da arqiteqturac somxuri warmomavlobisad miaCniaT. ase rom, d. xoStaria Tavisi kvleviT, warmoCnda, rogorc n. maris mowafe, magram man, wyaro ver moZebna mosazrebebis dasadastureblad. d. xoStarias mier wyarod dasaxelebuli prokofi kesarieli, cxadia, arafers wers klarjeTSi somxebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb. ase rom, prokofis damowmeba am SemTxvevaSi vfiqrob, arasworia. Cven kargad gvesmis, rom batoni d. xoStaria Zalze Rirseuli mecnieria da fiqradac ar mogvsvlia misi kritika. misi wignis analizi moviyvaneT mxolod erT magaliTad Tu raoden saxifaToa qarTuli kulturisaTvis qarTizaciis Teoria.

486

Tavi X punqtebi da qalaqebi

(dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciisaTvis)

sarapana da skanda
sad mdebareobda straboniseuli sarapana (Sorapani) sarapanas adgilmdebareobis garkvevas upirvelesi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis gamorkvevisaTvis. XX s. 20-30-iani wlebis Semdeg qarTul istoriografiaSi Camoyalibda Tvalsazrisi, rom strabonisa da berZnuli wyaroebis `sarapana~ _ aris punqti Sorapani, amJamindel q. zestafonTan axlos ZirulasTan, miiCneva rom aqve gadioda iberiis sazRvari. Sesabamisad, qarTuli (mcxeTis) eklesiis iurisdiqcia (uZvelesi xanidan vidre IX-X ss-mde), TiTqosda mxolod aqamde aRwevda. aseT Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli wyaroebis, aseve saeklesio krebebis (mag. ruis-urbnisis krebis) Tvalsazrisi, rom daarsebisas, wmida ninos epoqidanve, qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvari aRwevda ara Tu Sorapnamde, aramed Sav zRvamde da md. egriswylamde, sadac amave qarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT, mefe mirianis dros aRwevda qarTlis (iberiis) samefos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari. berZnul-romauli wyaroebis cnobiT, lazikisa da iberiis sazRvari gadioda cixe-simagreebze skandasa da sarapanaze. strabonis sarapana, rogorc kvlevam aCvena, sinamdvileSi mdebareobda Woroxis xeobaSi, xolo skanda iyo arsianis qedis uReltexil kandridTan mdebare cixesimagre (misgan arc Tu daSorebiT mdebareobs mTa `kandili~). prokofi kesarielis sarapana da skanda ganlagebuli iyvnen iseT maRalmTian adgilebSi, sadac arc venaxi xarobda da arc sxva raime mosavali modioda.

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SevadaroT _ rogorc iTqva, Tanamedrove Sorapani aris zRvis donidan 170-250 m simaRleze, misi cixis garSemo vrcel regionSi ayvavebuli baRebi da venaxis plantaciebia, yvela aqaur mosaxles aqvs ezoSi vazi da xexili, aq modis yvelanairi mosavali. sabWoTa epoqaSi, enciklopediis mixedviT, SorapanSi iyo mevenaxeobis kolmeurneoba, xolo, rac Seexeba skandas, is miCneul iqna Terjolis sofel skanded. skande, sofeli Terjolis raionSi zRvis donidan imave 170-250 metr simaRlezea. esaa vake adgili. aqac yovelgvari mosavali modis. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, `sarapanisi da misi mezobeli skandis cixesimagre lazebma didi gaWirvebiT aaSenes~ (omi goTebTan, VIII, 13). maSasadame, sarapanisi da skanda erTmaneTTan axlos mdebareoben, urTierTmezoblebi iyvnen, magram, rogorc viciT, Terjolis raionSi mdebare skande da zestafonis Sorapani _ erTmaneTisagan sakmao manZiliT arian daSorebulni. amasTanave, isini erT gzaze ar mdebareoben. aRsaniSnavia, rom Terjolis sofel skandes araferi akavSirebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gadasasvlelebTan

imereTis skande da Sorapani `saqarTvelos geografiuli atlasis~ (1992) mixedviT `subtropikebis zonaSi~ mdebareoben
imereTis Sorapani mdebareobs q. zestafonTan, xolo skande Tavisi cixiT, Terjolis raionSia. `saqarTvelos geografiuli atlasis (1992)~ orTografiuli rukis mixedviT (gv. 7), Terjolisa da zestafonis raionebi mdebareoben `mTaTaSoris vake-dablobze~ zRvis donidan 200 metramde simaRleze. amave, saqarTvelos geografiuli atlasis `soflis meurneobis~ rukis mixedviT (gv. 21) imereTis skande da Sorapani mdebareoben `specializebul zonaSi~, romelSic ganviTarebulia _ `mevenaxeoba _ mexileoba, mesimindeoba, nawilobriv meCaieoba~ (gv. 21). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Cveni TemisaTvis, vfiqrob, aris am atlasis ruka _ `bunebrivi zonebi~ (saqarTvelos geografiuli atlasi, 1992, gv. 16). am rukis mixedviT imereTis skande da Sorapani mdebareobs `notio subtropikebis~ zonaSi, romelic asea daxasiaTebuli _ `gorak-borcviani mTiswinebi, farTofoTlovani tyeebiT~, (gv. 16). ase, rom imereTis skande da Sorapani zRvis donidan daaxloebiT 200 metr simaRleze mdebareoben, notio subtropikul zonaSi, mevenaxeobis, mexileobis, mesimindeobis regionSi. es suraTi ki saerTod ar Seesabameba prokofi kesarielis mier aRweril cnobas, romlis skanda da sarapana mdebareoben mTa-kldovan regionSi, Zalze maRal simaRleze zRvis donidan,

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imdenad maRla, rom iq ar modioda araviTari marcvleuli, Sesabamisad iq arc mevenaxeoba da mexileoba iyo ganviTarebuli. daskvna _ sxvaa imereTis skande da Sorapani da sul sxvaa prokofi kesarielis skanda da sarapana. isini sxvadasxva regionebSi mdebareobdnen. pirvelni notio subtropikebis mTiswinebSi, meoreni ki maRalmTis alpur an subalpur zonebSi straboni wers _ `armeniaSi erTis mxriv bevri mTaa, meores mxriv _ zegnebi, romlebzedac vazic ki ar xarobs advilad~ (straboni XIV, 4). vazi, ar xarobs maRalmTianeTis zegnebSi, amitom prokofis aRwera, rom sarapansa da skandeSi vazi ar xarobs, miuTiTebs, rom isini maRalmTianeTis regionSi mdebareobdnen da ara subtropikul zonaSi.

venaxis plantaciebi SorapanTan

prokofis aRweriT, rogorc iTqva, sarapanaSi ar xarobda venaxi, maSasadame, es punqti maRal mTianeTSi mdebareobda. zestafonis Sorapani, SeiZleba iTqvas, meRvineobisa da Rvinis kulturis erT-erTi centria. me bedniereba mqonda, TiTqmis mTeli bavSvoba iqve axlos s. kldeeTSi gametarebina da vici Tu rogor asxamdnen `sapalneebiT~ Rvinos qvevrebSi aqauri meRvineebi da smisa da Rvinis moxmarebis ra didi kultura hqondaT da aqvT. ara mxolod zRvis donidan 170 metr simaRleze mdebare Sorapani, romelic venaxebSia Cafluli, aramed sagangebod davaTvaliere suramis uReltexilis soflebi yvelaze maRla mdebarenic ki, SroSidan vertyviWalamde da ufro maRla, yvelgan SesaniSnavad xarobs venaxi, amis TvaliT naxva advili SesaZlebelia, miT umetes TiTqmis vakeze, odnav SemaRlebulze mdebare SorapanSi, aq Tu daTesav xorbalic mova da sxva nebismieri kultura. prokofi aseT sarapanas ar aRwers. misi sarapana mkacri kldovani masivebis qveyanaa, aseTi ki klarjeTia, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli sasuliero mamebis aRweriT nakleb mosavliani, magram wyaluxvi da havamargebeli. sarapana unda yofiliyo sadRac artaan-arTvinis gzaze. lixis qedze, Sorapan-xaSuris gzaze, yvela sofelSi xarobs venaxi. venaxi xarobs sof. saqasriaSi lixis qedis maRal sofelSi, aseve, mimdebare gzispira soflebSi _ vertyviWalaSi, gedsamaniaSi, ufro maRla, xuneTSi, xevSi da maRla. ase, rom Sorapanis irgvliv maRali mTebis soflebSic ki venaxi xarobs, maSasadame, Sorapanis realoba ar Seesabameba prokofis mier aRweril sarapanas.

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sarapana da Sorapani g. grigolias mixedviT

Cvens mecnierebaSi damkvidrebulia Tvalisazrisi, rom strabonisa da prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi punqti `sarapana~ aris dRevandeli Sorapani zestafonTan, rac g. grigolias kvlevis Tanaxmad saeWvoa. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc aRmoCnda `sarapana~ erqva mniSvnelovan gzaze arsebul mgzavrTa mosasvenebel punqts, TavSesafars, romelic saWiroebis mixedviT SesaZloa cixe-simagrec yofiliyo an ubralo nageboba, zogjer ki sofelic. Tu es asea, maSin saqarTvelos gzebze ara erTi, aramed ramdenime `sarapana~ unda yofiliyo. erT-erTi, magaliTad, XV saukunis monacemebis mixedviT, iyo guriaSi da mas saxelad erqva `Sorapani~. g. grigolias dakvirvebiT `pan~ fuZis mqone aseTi saxelebi ramdenime yofila. is wers _ Sorapani (sarapana) aris sparsuli warmomavlobis sityva, rac niSnavs damcvels (pana) `pana~, da miRebulia Ziridan pa _ `pa~ _ dacva, romelsac emateba sufiqsi ana _ `ana~. amgvarad nawarmoebi sparsuli sityvebia: asapana (cxenis damcveli), kaurapana (saqonlis damcveli), karapara (xalxis, jaris damcveli) da sxva. is uTiTebs Teo CxeiZis wigns `narkvevebi iranuli onomastikidan~ (1984). v. goilaZis mosazrebiTac Sorapani _ sparsuli saxelia _ `Sahraban~, rac niSnavs qveynis damcvels. maSasadame, sarapan-Sahraban _ qveynis damcveli, anu adgilis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, gzis damcveli cixe-simagrea. rogorc aRiniSna, g. grigolias kvleviT `pan~ Ziriani toponimebi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad `mTavari sagzao magistralebis gaswvriv arian ganlagebulni, rac am adgilebSi odesRac mgzavrTa mosasvenebeli TavSesafrebis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs (g. grigolia, egris-lazikis samefo, gv. 102). aseTi adgilebia japani (lanCxuTis raionSi), ispani _ (qobuleTTan), pantura _ (cixisZirTan), pantura _ (sarfTan), pantura _ (xofasTan) da panuri rizesTan (iqve, gv. 102). maSasadame, ar aris savaldebulo, rom strabonis mier naxsenebi sarapana is punqti iyos, romelsac miuTiTebs prokofi kesarieli, radganac `sarapanebi~ mravali yofila (TviT Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic ramdenime `Sorapani~ iyo). prokofis sarapana fasisis marjvena sanapiros qveyanaSi mdebareobda iberiis sazRvarTan. sparsel-romaelTa omebis dros mniSvnelovani cixe-simagre, radganac am periodSi, g. grigolias azriT, fazisi erqva md. Woroxs, sarapanac mis marjvniv _ iberiis sazRvarTan unda veZioT artaan-arTvinis gzaze, radganac prokofis mier naxsenebi iberia _ artaan-kolas qveyanasac moicavda.

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sarapanebi
darios I-is dros mowesrigda gzebi, sadac `mefis SikrikebisaTvis yovel 30 km-Si specialuri safosto sadgurebi daidga~ (darCiaSvili) am `safosto sadgurebs~ _ CvenSi moixsenebdnen sparsuli sityviT _ `sarapana~ _ Sorapani. sparseTis imperiis gzebze sarapanebi (Sorapanebi) unda mdgariyvnen yovel 30 km-Si. aRsaniSnavia, rom sigrZis sazomi erTeuli `erTi dRis gza~ udrida 20-30 kilometrs, maSasadame, yoveli erTi dRis gzis gavlis Semdeg mgzavrs daxvdeboda sastumros msgavsi TavSesafari anu `sarapana~. amJamindeli suram-baTumis gzaze istoriulad unda yofiliyo ramdenime `sarapana~ _ Sorapani, aseve artaan-baTumis gzaze unda yofiliyo ramdenime sarapana _ Sorapani. am mizezis gamo saqarTveloSi iyo ramdenime `Sorapani~: 1) zestafonTan; 2) XVI s-Si guriaSi ozurgeTTan. es kargad Cans `saqarTvelos istoriis atlasis~ (2003 w.), gv. 45-is mixedviT (`saqarTvelo XVI s. meore naxevarSi~). punqti Sorapani atlasis 45-e gverdze dabeWdil rukaze moTavsebulia ozurgeTsa da aWs Soris. 3) aspinZasTan _ `aspinZis xevis saTavezed, mTis ZirSi, ars Sorapanis monasteri srulad sofiis kenWiT aw calieri~ (vaxuStis geografia, 1842, broses gamocemuli, gv. 385). 4) amave fuZis matarebelni unda iyvnen sityvebi _ `sarfi~ /punqti baTumTan/ da `arfali~/punqti arTvin-artaanis gzaze. `arfali~ _ sofeli Tanamedrove SavSeTSi artanujis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 20-25 km manZilze, arsianis qedTan axlos q. SavSeTisa da q. artaanis SemaerTebel gzasTan 3-4 km. manZilze. Sorapani (zestafonTan) da strabonis sarapana ori sxvadasxva punqti unda yofiliyo, ara Tu isini, sxvadasxva punqtebi unda yofiliyvnen strabonis sarapana da prokofis sarapana: 1) strabonis mixedviT, fasisi sanaosno iyo sarapanamde, maSasadame strabonis sarapana mdinaris pirzea, misgan gansxvavebiT prokofis sarapana ara mdinaris napiras aramed maRal mTaSi mdebareobda. pirveli iberias oTxi dRis savali gziT iyo daSorebuli, meore ki iberiis sazRvarTan idga. 2) plinius ufrosis mixedviT `md. fasisi sanaosnoa 38.500 nabijis manZilze~ (ix. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, dedaRvTismSobeli _ Semwe qarTuli enisa, 2008, gv. 25). esaa daaxloebiT 30 km; maSasadame, strabonis sarapana zRvas 30 kilometriT iyo daSorebuli. Tu sarapana Sorapania zestafonTan, maSin Sorapani zRvas daSorebuli unda yofiliyo 30 km-iT. straboni wers: `kolxeTis gamagreba _ sarapanebi~; is mravlobiT ricxvSi axsenebs `sarapanebs~. marTlac, g. grigolias kvleviT `sarapana~ iyo

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mgzavrebisaTvis gankuTvnili TavSesafari punqti, romelnic mravlad iyvnen did gzebze. sarapanebi strabonTan erT SemTxvevaSi aris cixe-simagre, romelsac SeuZlia mTeli qalaqis mosaxleobis dateva (XI, II, 17), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, aris xeoba-gamagreba iberiaSi gadasasvleli. e.i. strabonTan erT SemTxvevaSi sarapana cixe-simagrea, meored _ `sarapanebi~ ki gamagrebaa iberiis uReltexilTan, am meore sarapanas axsenebs prokofi. strabonisa da prokofi kesarielis `sarapana~ (Sorapani) aRniSnulis gamo, ar unda daukavSirdes erTmniSvnelovnad zestafonis axlos mdebare punqts Sorapans. garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia pliniusis cnoba, rom afsarosTan axlos _ `aqve mTebs iqiT aris iberia~. amitomac lazikidan iberiaSi gadasasvleli, romelic gadioda cixe-simagre sarapan-Sorapanze, SesaZloa iyos afsarosTan axlos mdebare klarjeT-artaans Soris mdebare arsianis qedi (olqi iberiaSi Semavali) da ara afsarosidan Zalze daSorebuli zestafonis Sorapani.

straboni (XI, II, 17) sarapanas Sesaxeb

`rac Seexeba danarCen kolxidas, misi didi nawili zRvazea ganlagebuli. kolxidaze gadis fazisi _ didi mdinare, romlis saTave armeniaSia is iRebs mdinareebis glavkisa da hippis wylebs romelTa saTaveebic mezobel mTebSia. fasisi gemTmavalia sarapanamde _ simagremde, romelsac SeuZlia mTeli qalaqis mosaxleobac ki daitios. aqedan gamavali gziT midian kiramde (mtkvramde) 4 dReSi. md. fazisze aris imave saxelis qalaqi _ kolxebis savaWro centri, erTi mxridan SemozRuduli mdinariT, meoridan _ tbiT, mesamidan ki _ zRviT. aqedan amisomde da sinopamde curvas 2-3 dRe sWirdeba imis gamo, rom zRvispirze miwa rbilia da mdinareebis SesarTavebSi Waobiania. qveyana SesaniSnavia ara mxolod nayofiT (Taflis garda (romelic ZiriTadad mwarea) savsea yovelive imiT, rac gemTmSeneblobisaTvis aris saWiro). is amzadebs bevr xe-tyes da acurebs mdinareebze. mcxovreblebi amzadeben bevr selis tilos... adgilobrivi selis qsovilebi farTodac kia cnobili, marTlac maT qsovilebi gaaqvT ucxo qveynebSic... mosxebis qveyanaSi aRniSnuli mdinareebis maRla aris friqses mier dafuZnebuli levdoTeas samlocvelo da frikses orakuli, sadac ar iwireba cxvari~ (straboni, XI, II, 17) Cveni kvleviT strabonis fazisi Woroxia, romlis saTave imJamad armeniis mier iyo xeldebuli, sarapana imJamad, strabonis dros, SesaZloa

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arTvins erqva. aqedan artanuj-artaanis gziT iberiamde anu kola-artaanis regionamde (e.i. mtkvramde) misvla fexiT oTx dReSi amJamadacaa SesaZlebeli. kola-artaan-SavSeTi amave dros mesxeTis mTiani regionia, romlis qvemoTac Woroxi miedineba Tavisi SenakadebiT. maSasadame, am mdinareebis maRla mesxeTia. aqedac Cans, rom strabonis cnobebi Woroxis regions Seesabameba.

sarapanasTan fazisi swrafi da xmauraa, xolo SorapanTan mdinareebi mdore da uxmauroa

strabonis cnobiT, sarapanasTan fazisi aris swrafi da xmaura (straboni, XI, III, 4). is wers iberiaSi aris oTxi Sesasvleli _ `erTi aris kolxur cixe-simagre Sorapanze da masTan arsebul viwroebze, romlebzedac fazisi momdinareobs, swrafi da xmaura miemarTeba kolxidaSi, romelzedac 120 xidiT gadaisvleba~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 128). straboni garkveviT miuTiTebs, rom sarapanasTan fazisi aris `swrafi da xmaura~, rom iqve e.i. SorapanTan axlo-maxlo masze 120 xidia gadebuli, radganac `es adgilebi sul daxrulia mravali nakadulebiT~ (iqve, gv. 128). aris Tu ara realurad Tanamedrove Sorapanidan mdinare rioni `swrafi da xmaura~, anda aris Tu ara es adgilebi `daxruli mravali nakadulebiT~. ara, msgavsi araferia zestafonis SorapanTan. masTan gaedineba ara rioni, anda yvirila aramed Zirula. amJamad miiCneva, rom Zirula iyo saTave md. fazisisa, vTqvaT, es marTlac asea da straboni Sorapnis Zirulas miiCnevda mdinare fazisad, aris Tu ara is `swrafi da xmaura~? ara, SorapanTan mdinare Zirula arc Cqaria da arc xmaura, ara Tu Cqari, SorapanTan Zirula aris mdore, sarkuli zedapiris mqone, sruliad uxmauro, radganac SorapanTan is vake adgilze mimdinareobs. amasTanave, gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom SorapanTan Zirula aris wyalmcire, imdenad Txeli mdinarea, rom masze navi ver imoZravebs. kargi gagebiT is nakadulia. Sorapnis qvemoT zestafonis Tavze Zirula yvirilas uerTdeba aseve vake adgilas. iqneb yvirilaa swrafi da xmaura iq? ara, yvirilac uxmauro, mdore, vakis wyalia am adgilas da saerTod, zestafonidan rionamde mdored da uxmaurod miedineba. saerTod, rionis yvela Senakadi quTaisidanac foTamde mdorea! pliniusis cnobiT, fazisis SesarTavidan sarapanamde 37500 nabijia anu 30-40 km iyo. realurad ki Tanamedrove Sorapnidan foTamde 137 kilometria.

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strabonis sarapanidan oTxi dRis gzaa fexiT iberiamde

sxvaa strabonis mier aRwerili sarapana da sxvaa prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili. pirvelis (strabonis) mixedviT md. fasisis SesarTavidan vidre sarapanamde (fasisze mdebare qalaqamde) aRma curva SesaZlebela (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 123). sarapanadan iberiamde oTxi dRis gzaa fexiT. maSasadame, strabonis sarapana daSorebulia iberias da mdinareze mdebareobs. prokofi kesarielis sarapana iberiis sazRvarzea, maRal mTaSia, sadac mosavali ar modis, sasapalne saqonliTac ver axval, aramed fexiT. ratomaa Zvel avtorTa Soris aseTi gansxvaveba sarapanas mdebareobasTan dakavSirebiT? rogorc iTqva, amis mizezs gvixsnis g. grigolia. man gamoikvlia, rom sityva `sarapana~ sparsuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs gzaze mdebare sagangebo adgils mgzavrebis mosasveneblad, is garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad, erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos gzaze mdebare cixe-simagre, qalaqi anda punqti. maSasadame, saerTaSoriso gzaze mravali sarapana SeiZleba yofiliyo. strabonis dros sarapana mdinarispira qalaqs erqva, prokofis dros ki iberia-lazikis gzaze mdebare cixes. Cveni kvleviT md. fazisi istoriul xanaSi erqva mdinare Woroxs. Woroxi sanaosno mdinare iyo uZvelesi xanidan XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde. g. yazbegi, d. baqraZe, e. veidenbaumi da sxvani dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben mdinare Woroxze savaWro-sasaqonlo naosnobis Sesaxeb. am mdinariT yarsidan da javaxeTidan xorbali CahqondaT SavizRvispira portebSi, da piriqiT baTumidan arTvinisaken navebiT mohqondaT navTi, marili da farTleuli qsovilebi. am mdinariT arTvinidan baTumamde aseve CahqondaT xetyis daxerxili masala, kramiti, selis nawarmi da sxva. Woroxze arsebobda navmisadgomebi, navTsamSeneblo sawarmoebi, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi xeloba naosnoba iyo, amitomac vfiqrob rom straboniseuli sarapana aris arTvini, xolo prokofiseuli sarapana mdebareobda arTvin-artaanis SemaerTebel saerTaSoriso gzaze arsianis uReltexilze. unda vifiqroT da masStabebic amas aCvenebs, rom fexiT arTvinidan (strabonis sarapanidan) vidre iberiamde anu arsianis qedis gavliT mtkvramde oTxi dRis savali gza iyo. sigrZis erTeuli saxelwodebiT _ `erTi dRis gza fexiT~ iyo daaxloebiT 17-20 km. Sesabamisad, 4 dRis gza daaxloebiT 80 kilometria. marTlac, daaxloebiT amdenivea manZili arTvinidan artanujamde, romlis siaxlovesac mtkvari miedineba.

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straboni (XI, II, 18) mesxeTis sam nawilad dayofis Sesaxeb

`es qveyana Tu raoden cnobili iyo Zvelad gviCveneben miTebi... iasonis laSqrobis Sesaxeb, romelmac midiamde miaRwia, da kidev, friqses ufro adreuli laSqrobis Sesaxeb. friqsesi, romlis mefe _ memkvidreebi uflobdnen qveyanaze, romelic `skeptuxiebad~ iyo dayofili, magram maTi keTildReoba didi ar iyo. roca miTridate evpatoris xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda, qveyana mis batonobas daemorCila. mefe mudam agzavnida iq Tavis `megobarTagan~ vinmes Tavis nacvlad an `mmarTvelad~, am nacvlebis ricxvSi iyo moafreni _ dedaCemis biZa mamamisis mxridan. am qveynidan mefe iRebda yvelaze met daxmarebas flotis aRsaWuravad. miTridates Zlierebis damxobis Semdeg, mTeli misi saxelmwifo daiSala da dainawila bevrma mmarTvelma. sabolood, kolxida daimorCila polemonma, misi sikvdilis Semdeg marTavda misi coli pifodorida, romelic dedofali iyo kolxebisa, trapezuntis da farnakiis qalaqebisa da maT zemoT mdebare barbarosTa olqebisa, romelTac Semdeg SevexebiT. mosxebis qveyana, romelSic siwmide inaxeba iyofa sam nawilad, erTi nawili kolxebis xelSia, meore iberielebisa, xolo mesames floben somxebi. iberiaSi aris aseve patara qalaqi (friqses qalaqi) _ Tanamedrove edessa, kargad gamagrebuli punqti kolxidas sazRvarTan. dioskuriadasTan miedineba mdinare xaresi~.

daskvna
mosxebis is qveyana, romelic sam nawilad iyo gayofili (kolxTa, iberTa da somexTa Soris) aris istoriuli mesxeTi (samcxedan basianamde) da ara imereTi (argveTi), rogorc amJamad miiCneva istorikosTa mier. kolxur mesxeTSi anu kolxebis nawil mesxeTSi mdebareobdnen sarapana da skanda (da ara zestafonTan). danawilebuli mosxebis qveyana ase iyo dayofili: artaan-kola iberias ekuTvnoda, klarjeTi _ kolxeTs, xolo tao-basiani armeniis mier iyo mitacebuli. sarapana da skanda klarjeTSi arsianis maRal qedze iberiis sazRvarTan (e.i. artaanTan) mdebareobda.

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sarapana _ sarapali, ar fali

s. yauxCiSvilis sityviT, prokofi kesarielis xelnawerebSi `sarapanisis~ nacvlad weria `sarapali~ (georgika, II, gv. 204), s. yauxCiSvils es CauTvlia Secdomad da mis nacvlad xelnawerebSi aRadgina, misi azriT, swori varianti `sarapani~. kerZod, prokofi wers _ `radgan ukve zamTris Jami iyo, mermeroem xis kedeli aago kotaisSi da Caayena iq sparsel meomarTagan sami aTasi kaci. uqimerionSic datova sakmao xalxi, TviTon ki aaSena lazTa meore cixe, romelsac sarapals eZaxian, romelic zed lazikis sazRvarTan mdebareobs (georgika, II, gv. 204). aq yauxCiSvilma, Tavisive ganmartebiT, Secvala sityva `sarapali~ sityviT sarapanisi (gv. 204, SeniSvna 1). CvenTvis es sityva `sarapali~ imiTaa saintereso, rom klarjeTSi dResacaa punqti `arfali~, `arpali~, sarapali da arfali, TiTqmis, erTnairad gamoiTqmeba, mxolod `s~ prefiqsi aris win damatebuli. Cveni azriT, klarjeTi iyo is qveyana, romelsac berZnebi `lazika~-s uwodebdnen. `arfali~, dResac sofelia SavSeT-klarjeTSi da aqvs Tavisi cixe.

skanda
prokofi, rogorc iTqva, aRwers, rom skandas cixe-simagreSi asvla SeiZleba mxolod fexiT, aq sakvebi mecixovneebisaTvis ahqondaT ara satvirTo saqonliT, aramed zurgiT. aq ar modioda arc xorbali da arc Rvino. marTlac, Tu rukas davxedavT artaan-arTvinis SemaerTebeli gza gadis 2.600 metr simaRlis uReltexilze, Tanamedrove rukaze aRniSnulia, rom amJamadac aq, aris soflebi kandidi, qinZotamali, mTa kandili da sxva. etimologiurad es saxelebi axloa `skandasTan~. gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rom sofel qinZotamalis (igive bagdasenis) sanaxebSi, mis samxreTiT daaxloebiT 10 kilometrSi mdebareobs mTa saxelwodebiT `kandili~. misi simaRlea 2412 metri. misi saxelis mixedviT unda erqvas mTel regions es saxeli _ kand, skanda. XX s-is istoriografia, rogorc mravaljer iTqva, miiCnevs, rom prokofis `skanda~ aris imereTSi, Terjolis raionSi mdebare cixe `skande~ _ is mdebareobs dablobSi, vakeze, odnav SemaRlebul adgilze (zRvis donidan 170 m.), Tanac aRsaniSnavia, rom skandes cixes mcire borcvs garSemo akravs ayvavebuli venaxebisa da xexilis plantaciebi. aq modis ara mxolod Rvinis mosavali, aramed naxevrad subtropikuli mcenareuloba, magaliTad dafna. esaa uxvmosavliani mxare _ maSin roca arTvin-artaanis `kandidi~ da `qinZotamali~ mdebareoben zRvis donidan rogorc iTqva, TiTqmis 20002500 m. simaRleze, sadac cxadia ar modis yurZeni RvinisaTvis da xorbali.

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amitomac daujerebelia, rom imereTis `skande~ iyos prokofis skanda, miT umetes rom prokofis skanda mdebareobda lazika-persarmeniis saerTaSoriso gzaze, suram-Sorapanis damakavSirebel gzasTan imereTis `skandes~ araferi akavSirebs, is am gzidan aTeulobiT kilometriTaa daSorebuli, Tanac is mdebareobs sul sxva meorexarisxovan gzaze da ara dasavleTaRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemaerTebel gzaze. ase, rom `skandes~ miCneva `skandad~ es aris xelovnuri mcdeloba. mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, namonastrali `kandridi~, cixe `qinZi~ _ erTad Tavmoyrilni _ istoriul `skandas~ regionSi Tanamedrove artanuji artaans uerTdeba saavtomobilo gziT, romlis Sua monakveTs, arsianis qedis gadakveTis adgils, warmoadgens uReltexili `ialnizCam~ zRvis donidan 2657 metr simaRleze. TviTon gza artanujidan uReltexilamde faqtiurad gadis uzarmazari qedis ZirSi, romlis mwvervalis simaRle aris 3068 metri zRvis donidan. aRniSnul uReltexilis mimdebare punqtebs sxvadasxva rukebze ewodeba `kandridi~, `qinZotamali~, iqve axlosaa mwvervali `kandilis~ saxelwodebiT. aRniSnul sityvaTa fuZeebi (kandridi, qinZ, kand da sxv.) iZleva safuZvels vifiqroT, rom berZeni mwerlebis mier naxsenebi cixe-simagre `skanda~, romelic ise maRla da miudgomel adgilas mdebareobda unayofo regionSi, rom masze mxolod zurgiT ahqondaT sursaTi, aris ara imereTis `skande~, aramed arsianis qedis aRniSnuli uReltexilis gzaze mdebare `kandridi~, kerZod, artanuj-ardaganis saavtomobilo gzaze mdebare arsianis qedis uReltexil `ialnizCam~-is maxloblad, rogorc aRiniSna, arsianisave qedze mdebareobs erT-erTi 2412 m simaRlis mTa (mwvervali) saxelwodebiT `kandili~ (gzidan 15-20 km daSorebiT), xolo TviT gzaze mdebareobs sofeli `karadjasu~. etimologiurad imiTaa saintereso es saxelebi, rom isini axloa prokofis mier naxseneb `skandasTan~ _ `skanda~, `kandili~ (fuZea skand-kand), amave fuZeTa wres uaxlovdeba `karad~ (karadJasu), amitom safiqrebelia, rom `skandas~ cnobili cixe-simagre swored Tanamedrove artanuj-ardaganis gzaze mdebareobda, miT umetes, rom es gza konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, X s-Sic saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisa iyo da is Sav zRvasTan akavSirebda ara mxolod iberias, aramed armeniasac. artanujSi, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, am gziT siriis saqonelic ki Sedioda, artanujidan Woroxis gziT am saqonels advilad Caitandnen Savi zRviT bizantiaSi. am azrs amtkicebs isic, rom am uReltexilis siaxloves, rogorc iTqva, mdebareobs kargadSemonaxuli cixesimagre `qinZi~ da sofeli `qinZotamali~, aqvea namonastrali `kandridi~; e.i. gvaqvs mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, cixe `qinZi~ _ `kand-qind~ fuZiT. artanuj-ardaganis gzaze 2657 metr simaRleze uReltexili ialnizCami Riaa ivnis-oqtombris TveebSi.

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rogorc iTqva, ialnizCamis axlos, samxreTiT aris sofeli karadJasu (daaxloebiT daSorebulia am uReltexilidan 30 km-iT). iqve mdebareobs mwvervali (zRvis donidan 2412 m) saxelwodebiT kandili. es mwvervali ufro axloa uReltexilidan (misgan odnav samxreT-aRmosavleTiT) daSorebuli daaxloebiT aseve 20-30 km-iT. skanda da `kandili~ etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan. `skanda~ erqva arsianis qedze 2700 m. simaRlis mTaze agebul cixe-simagres, romlis mezoblad axlac arian: 1) qinZis cixe, 2) qinZotamali (sofeli) da 3) monasteri `kandridi~. kandridi skandisi kinZotamali skanda kandili sityvebis `skandasa~, `kandridis~ da `kandilis~ fuZeebis TiTqmis igiveoba iZleva saSualebas gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom skanda erqva arsianis qedis cixes _ artaansa (e.i. iberiasa) da artanujs (e.i. lazikas) Sua, sadac erTadaa Tavmoyrili punqtebi: qinZis cixe, sof. qinZotamali, sof. kandridi (skanda). isini mdebareoben erT regionSi artaan-artanujis gzis gaswvriv 2700 m. (maRlobze arsinis qedze).

skandis cixe-simagre saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gzaze

skanda mdebareobda persarmeniidan anu sparseTis armeniidan bizantiaSi mimaval gzaze, iseve, rogorc sarapani, amitomac bizantia-sparseTs Soris dadebul 532 wlis saukuno zavis pirobebis Tanaxmad, sparselebs moeTxovebodaT skandis da sarapanas cixe-simagreebis dacla, ris sanacvlodac bizantielebi TavianT mcvel razms gaiyvandnen sxva regionSi mdebare sasazRvro q. daradan. arTvin-artanuj-artaanis damakavSirebeli gza namdvilad mdebareobda persarmeniidan xofa-goniosken (Zv. petrasken) mimaval saerTaSoriso gzaze, romelic erT-erT mTavar punqts artanuji warmoadgenda. artanujis, viTarca savaWro centris Sesaxeb, anu aRniSnuli gzis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, X s-Si werda konstantine porfirogeneti. artanujSi, rogorc iTqva, saqoneli Sedioda armeniidan, siriidan da iberiidan, artanujidan ki Woroxis gziT gadioda Savi zRvis navsadgurebSi anu bizantiaSi. am gzaze, kerZod ki arsianis qedze, mdebareobda skandis cixe-simagre, daaxloebiT 2600 m simaRleze. is namdvilad akontrolebda aRniSnul saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis realurad arsebul gzas.

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rogorc ramdenjerme iTqva, imereTSi, Terjolis raionSi mdebare skandes cixe ar mdebareobs saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gzaze, mis siaxloves gadioda umniSvnelo, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gza, romliTac SesaZlebeli iyo Tanamedrove Terjolis raionis mezobel umniSvnelo raionTan dakavSireba. amis gamo SeuZlebelia imereTis `skande~ sparseT-bizantias Soris 532 wels dadebuli saukuno zavis pirobebis erT-erTi umTavresi sakvanZo punqti yofiliyo.

eqspedicia kandridsa da askanSi

prokofi kesarielis sityviT, rogorc cnobilia, skandas cixe-simagre iseT adgilas mdebareobda, sadac ar modioda mosavali cnobili kulturebisa, kerZod xorblisa da yurZnisa. prokofis mier xSirad naxsenebi mdinare faziss Cven Woroxad miviCnevT, Sesabamisad skandis cixis Zieba daviwyeT arsianis qedze, iq sadac artaan-artanuj-arTvinis SemaerTebeli gza gadis. aq, ialnizCamis uReltexilze mdebare qinZotamalis cixisa da iqve mdebare nasoflar kandridis sanaxavad sagangebod gavemgzavreT ramdenime kaciani jgufiT TurqeTSi 2008 wlis seqtembris TveSi. valedan SevediT ardaganSi, iqedan ki gavemgzavreT SavSeTSi. artaanidan SavSeTSi Semavali gzis uReltexili 2600 metr simaRlezea, artaani TiTqmis 2000 metrian simaRlis zeganzea gaSlili farTo velebiT, SavSeTi ufro dablaa, misi buneba qalaq SavSaTamde borjomisas miagavs, wiwvovani tyeebiT, amwvanebuli mTebiT, romelnic swrafad dabldebian q. SavSaTamde, am qalaqidan gavemgzavreT arTvinisaken, am midamoebSi SavSeTis regionis buneba mkveTrad Seicvala, mdinare imerxevi moeqca uzarmazar kldeTa Soris, romlis TiTqmis vertikalur napralSi mdinaris pirs gauyvaniaT gza. es gza araa Zveli droisa, aramed axali XIX-XX saukuneTa nakveTia. arTvinidan meore dRes gamovemgzavreT ukan arsianis anu ialnizCamis qedisaken, artanujamde miemarTeba meore gza, romelic kvlav uzarmazar kldeTa Soris miemarTeba. aq gasagebi xdeba Tu ras uwodebda prokofi kesarieli klisurebs _ uzarmazari kldeebi mdinaris rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena sanapiroze mxolod Zalze viwro napraliT arian daSorebulni erTmaneTs. am adgilebSi namdvilad SeuZlia kldekaris maRla ganlagebul mcire razms xeobaSi mimavali jaris SeCereba. aseTi kldekari grZeldeba TiTqmis artanujamde, artanuji gacilebiT farTo tafobSi mdebareobs. aqedan gza miemarTeba arsianis qedisaken, romlis uReltexilTan axlosac gveguleba qinZotamalis cixe da sofeli kandridi. marTlac, gavyeviT am gzas, kldeebi TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba gzis pirze, aqauri buneba imereTisasac ki miagavs, gza adis da adis maRla, avediT uReltexilze da SevediT Zveli artaanis

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sazRvris siaxloves. aq gzispiras davinaxeT Zveli cixe-simagre, romelic Cveni azriT iyo qinZotamalis cixe, iqve, cixesTan Canda sofeli, amitomac gadavwyviteT SevsuliyaviT sofelSi da dagvedgina misi saxeli. SevediT sofelSi, romlisTvisac TurqeTis mTavrobas sxva saxeli daurqmevia _ `bagdasen~. mosaxleoba araa qarTuli, Rarib-Ratakebi arian, qoxmaxebSi cxovroben, Semogvegeba uamravi bavSvi, jansaRebi, gvesalmebian gaocebulni, meCeTTan mamakacebi adastureben, rom varT sofel qinZotamalSi, rom cixes ewodeba `kindzotamal yala~, es CvenTvis miRwevaa. vekiTxebiT sofel kandridis Sesaxeb, gvidastureben, rom aris msgavsi saxelis mqone adgili. ori kaci gamogvyva kidec 3-4 km manZilze, erT nasoflarze romelsac `kandreTi~ ewodeba, isini gamoTqvamen ase _ `kandreTi~. ramdenjerme gavameorebineT es saxeli `kandreTi~. esec warmatebaa, gaxarebuli bolos vbedav da vekiTxebi _ `skanda, skanda Tu aris aq sadme~. Cvenda gasaocrad erT-erTi ambobs sityvas `askan~. oriveni adastureben, rom punqti Tu nasoflari `askan~ mdebareobs am kandreTidan ramdenime kilometrze. es kidev ufro didi gamarjvebaa, am sityvis mosasmenad CamovediT Tbilisidan da gamoviareT grZeli gza. marTlac, etimologiurad `askani~, `kandridi~, `kandreTi~, `qinZotamali~ Zalze axloa _ sityvasTan _ `skanda~. am arealze yvelafers kandr-askan-qinZ ewodeba. aq sadRac unda yofiliyo prokofis mier naxsenebi skandas cixe, romelia is? arsebobs Tu ara dRes, iqneb es qinZotamalis (qindzotamalis) yalaa, romelic mSvenivradaa Senaxuli, mas Cvenis TvaliT vxedavT da viRebT fotokameriT, an iqneb iqve mdebare meore cixea, romelzec gvesaubreba aRniSnuli ori kaci. maT vTxoveT gagvyolodnen am meore cixis sanaxavad, marTlac `kandreTidan~ davbrundiT sofel kindzotamalSi, gavemarTeT meore cixis sanaxavad, gzaze vekiTxebi ician Tu ara ra aris `qinZi~, ar ician, vuxsniT, rom es saWmeli balaxia, maT msgavsi araferi unaxavT da arc ician, saeWvoa am simaRleze, zRvis donidan TiTqmis 2000 metrze da metze qinZi xarobdes, maSasadame, saxeli qinZotamali ar unda ukavSirdebodes sityva qinZs, aramed unda ukavSirdebodes sityva `skandas~ (askans, kandreTs). agviyvanes soflis maRla mdebare erT gorakze, yvelganmavali manqanebi gaCerdnen, wavediT fexiT, aq, marTlac, vnaxeT raRac Zveli cixis nangrevi, ufro `gmirTnakveTs~ hgavs, qinZotomalsa da am cixes Sua artanujisagan midioda Zveli gza, axali gza ufro maRla kldezea gayvanili. Cveni varaudiT, sadRac am mxareebSi iyo skandas cixe, radganac adgilobrivi ramdenime toponimi etimologiurad skandas msgavsia _ esenia kandreTi, askani da kindzotamali.

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ori maTgani Cveni TvaliT vnaxeT, miRebulma STabeWdilebam kidev ufro gangvimtkica azri, rom skanda ara Terjolis raionSi, aramed artaan-artanujis SemaerTebel Zvel gzaze mdebareobda. iqve unda yofiliyo sarapanas cixe da ara zestafonTan, radganac, rogorc Terjolis, aseve zestafonis aRniSnul punqtebSi amJamad venaxebis plantaciebia gaSenebuli da Terjolis skandesa da Sorapanis cixeebi subtropikul zonaSi mdebareoben, maTi adgilmdebareoba da mosavlianoba arafriT eTanadeba prokofis mier aRwerils, maSin roca arsianis qedis askan-kandridis punqtebi prokofis aRwerils Zalze miagavs. SavSeTSi mdebare punqti arfalis saxeli aseve etimologiurad miagavs sityva `sarapanas~. q. SavSeTis mimdebare arfalis cixec, aseve mdebareobs arsianis qedidan q. SavSeTSi Semaval erT-erT gzaze. saerTod, prokofis mier aRwerili lazikis TvaliT naxva SeiZleba arTvin-SavSeTis da arTvin-artanujis gzaze _ esaa, rogorc prokofi aRwers, saocrad maRali kldeebis qveyana, romlis napralebSi gamavali mdinareebi da gzebi, TiTqosda asuraTxateben prokofis mier aRwerili lazikis saxes. prokofi yvelgan wers lazikis saocrad maRali kldeebis Sesaxeb, rom zRvis sanapirosTan axlos gamavali md. fazisi miemarTeba uzarmazar kldeebs Soris. marTlac, Cven Semdeg SevediT TurqeTis siRrmeSi, sofel qindzotamalidan kolas gziT SevediT q. iusufelSi, iqedan kidev ufro samxreTiT movinaxuleT da moviloceT iSxani, oSki, xaxuli, oTxTa eklesia, Semdeg ukan wavediT sxva gziT arTvinisaken, gavyeviT Woroxis xeobas, da unda iTqvas, Tu rasac werda prokofi vnaxeT Cveni sakuTari TvaliT, md. Woroxi TiTqmis mTel sigrZeze miemarTeba uzarmazar kldeTa Sua, rom amitom `misi kalapotis Secvla SeuZlebelia~. es kldeebi aris grandiozuli, mdinaridan TiTqmis Sveulad aRmarTulni albaT 200-300 metris simaRleze. ase grZeldeba kldianoba arTvinamde, romelic zRvidan 30 km-iT Tu iqneba daSorebuli, aqedan kldeebi SedarebiT dabldeba, magram mainc uzarmazar mTebad iqceva borCxamde da mis Semdeg, TiTqmis maradidamde, saidanac, ufro dadablebuli Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazRvarTan midis da grZeldeba. aqedan gasagebi xdeba prokofis sityvebi, rom zRvasTan axlos Woroxi miedineba kldeTa Soris, Cvens mier xiluli Woroxis buneba da prokofis mieri md. fazisis aRwera Cven kidev erTxel gvidasturebs rom md. fazisi prokofisaTvis aris md. Woroxi, marTlac araviTar kldovan napirTa Soris md. rioni ar miedineba zRvasTan axlos! zRvasTan axlos rioni Waobis mdinarea uzarmazar vakeze mimdinare, yovelgvari kldovani sanapiros gareSe. maSasadame, misi buneba ar eTanadeba prokofis aRwerils. prokofisa da sxva Zveli avtorebis mier aRwerilia md. fasisis Cqari dineba, imdenad Cqari, rom zRvaSi Sedinebis Semdeg is zRvas ar uerTdeboda, eqceoda mis zedapirze da calke nakadis

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saxiT miedineboda zRvaSi. Cven dagvidastures, rom marTlac, axlac swrafad Seedineba Woroxi zRvaSi, Tumca mas Semdeg rac Woroxze wyalsacavebi gaakeTes mardididan borCxamde da borCxidan arTvinamde Woroxis siCqare Semcirda. Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb gviambobdnen arTvineli da borCxeli qarTvelebi, mkvidri mcxovreblebi, romelTac SevxvdiT am mogzaurobis dros. erTi arTvineli gvimtkicebda, rom darCenilia erTaderTi Zveli kaiuki (navi) da isic dalpa siZvelis gamoo. Woroxze gacxovelebuli naosnobis Sesaxeb weren e. veidenbaumi da g. yazbegi, romelTac XIX s-Si imogzaures Woroxze. vnaxeT uamravi qvis xidi, yvelgan gzaze artanujisaken, borCxasTan, maradidis gzaze, adgilobrivebi gviyvebodnen, rom isini arian dResac uamravni.

strabonis mixedviT md. fazisze iyo 120 xidi

md. rionze SeiZleba 120 xidis gadeba? igulisxmeba foTidan vidre quTaisamde gaSlili vake. es SeuZlebelia da SeuZlebeli iyo gansakuTrebiT Zvel dros, radganac es teqnologiurad warmoudgeneli problemebi iqneboda Zveli drois mSeneblisaTvis md. rionis didi gaSlilobis, misi mravalnakadianobis, napirebis daWaobebisa da flatianobis gamo, xolo md. Woroxis Senakadebze aseTi xidebis ageba Seudareblad advili saqmea, aq, rogorc vTqviT sanapiroebi aris maRali da viwro kldeebi, romlis erTi napiridan meoreze TaRovani xidis gadeba SesaZlebelia da akeTebdnen kidec aseT xidebs. maTi kolosaluri raodenobaa dRemde moRweuli, Tumca mravali daifara aRniSnuli wyalsacavebiT. md. Woroxze, araTu xidebi, Cven vnaxeT wyalsacavSi CaZiruli meCeTi, mTeli soflebi dafarula Woroxis wyliT. petradan arTvin-artanujisaken mimavali gza miuyveboda md. Woroxis sanapiroebs, Woroxs ki marjvena da marcxena mxridan mravali patara mdinare uerTdeba, am mdinareebze gadahyavdaT Zvel mSeneblebs md. Woroxis napiras mimavali gza, amitomac swored am patara mdinareebze gadebulia uamravi qvis TaRovani xidi, Cans, es viwro, Zveli drois gzebi anu ufro sworad gza-bilikebi iyo ramdenime erTmaneTis paralelurad gamavalni Woroxis sanapiroze. amiT unda iyos gamowveuli is, rom, erT mdinareze gvxvdeba ramdenime qvis xidi, erTmaneTis siaxloves. g. yazbegma iangariSa Woroxis xeobaSi aRniSnul gzaze 300 TaRovani xidi. aqedan da realuri Tvalxiluli faqtidan gamomdinare, strabonis drosac aq 120 xdis arseboba sarwmuno Cans. md. rionze ki SeuZlebeli iyo xidis ageba foTidan _ quTaisamde Zvel dros da amitom veravin uTiTebs aseTi xidebis naSTs!!!

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imis gamo, rom Zveli gza aRar Sedis maradididan saqarTveloSi, ufro sworad, masze araa gamSvebi punqti, gavyeviT arsebul SesaniSnav gzas borCxadan xofasaken. zRvis sanapiroze gamaval am gzaze kidev erTxel davrwmundiT, rom prokofi marTali mweralia. kerZod, prokofi wers _ `lazikaSi zed zRvis piras aRmarTulia uzarmazari kldeebi. es kldeebi, TiTqosda aris zRvis wylis sazRvari, romelic dawesebulia raTa SeaCeros zRva, rogorc sazRvarma~. swored aseTia xofadan sarfSi mimavali zRvispira gzis marjvena sanapiro, es uzarmazari kldeebia. Tvalxiluli magaliTia prokofis simarTlisa. Tuki lazika iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobi, sad aris iq zRvispira kldeebi, romelnic aferxeben zRvis winsvlas? arsad! amitomac qariSxalis dros zRva gadmodis rionis dablobad wodebuli qveynis sanapiroze SeuzRudavad. artanuji _ arTvinis regioni _ rogorc iTqva aris kldeebis qveyana, ise, rogorc q. SavSaT-arTvinisa. cxadia kldianobis gamo umosavlo da unayofo, Tumca alag-alag erTi-ori kvadratuli metri nayofieri adgilebic aris. prokofis sityviT, mxolod erTi adgili iyo lazikaSi gamonaklisi. es iyo uxvmosavliani moxirisi. Cveni azriT, lazika iyo arTvin-SavSeT-artanujis regioni sxva mimdebare mxareebTan erTad, misi nayofieri kuTxe iyo moxirisi-livana-erge, esaa qveyana Woroxis napirze, maradidis qvemoT, aWariswylis mimarTulebiT. aq, livanis bolosa da ergeSi unda yofiliyo ganlagebuli moxirisi _ mosavliani qveyana. es amJamadac asea. erge _ ayvavebuli, uxvmosalviani kuTxea aWariswylidan _ maradid-borCxamde, sxva mimdebare mxare ki kldianobis gamo umosavloa. amitomac vfiqrobT, rom moxirisi erqva xelvaCaur-erges qveyanas livanasTan erTad, xelvaCauridan da maxodan aWariswylamde, maradidamde da borCxamde.

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Sorapani da skande mnaxvelis TvaliT

2002 wlis 25 noembers oTxkaciani jgufi gavemgzavreT imereTis Sorapnisa da skandes cixe-simagreebis, maTze gamavali gzebis, aseve mdinareebis mosanaxuleblad. berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebis cnobebiT, skanda da sarapanisi mdebareobdnen iberiasa da lazikas Soris sazRvarze, isini yovelgvari transportisaTvis miuval, mkacri klimatis mqone regionSi mdebareobdnen, sadac ar xarobda vazi (venaxi), xorbalic ki. am cixe-simagreebSi kldianobisa da mTa-gorianobis gamo asvla saWapano pirutyvsac (cxen-jorsac) ki ar SeeZlo da mecixovneTaTvis produqti mebargule kacebs zurgiT ahqondaT. Cveni Tanamedrove istorikosebis mtkicebiT prokofis mier naxsenebi skanda da sarapanisi arian imereTSi mdebare skandesa da Sorapnis cixeebi. Tu es asea, maSin es cixeebi unda mdebareobdnen mkacri klimatis rigionSi, sadac ar xarobs venaxi da xorbali, sadac ver miva transporti, cxeni da viri. am mxriv gagvaoca Sorapnis cixem. misi galavnis SigniT dgas kerZo mesakuTreTa sacxovrebeli saxlebi ezoebiT da, hoi saocrebav, xexiliTa da venaxiT. fotosuraTebic ki gadaviReT talavarze gasul vazTan Sorapnis cixesimagreSi. is ara Tu miuval kldeze, aramed qalaqad qceuli Sorapnis dasaxlebis erT-erT quCaze mdebareobs, cixis erTi kedeli qalaqis am quCaze dgas, amitomac am quCis zogierTi saxli galavnis SigniT aRmoCnda. erTerTi maTganis ezoSi talavarze gasuli vazis fotoc gadaviReT, rogorc aRiniSna. am cixe-simagris ezoSi mravladaa subtropikuli klimatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli velurad amosuli xeebi da buCqebi ekal-bardTan erTad maSasadame, Sorapanis cixe-simagris realuri garemo ar Seesabameba prokofis mier aRweril sarapanas suraTs. rogorc vTqviT sarapanasTan ar xarobda vazi da xorbali mTis mkacri klimatis gamo. maSasadame, is alpur zonaSi mdebareobda, xolo Sorapani _ subtropikulSi. msgavsadvea Terjolis raionSi mdebare sifel skandes cixe-simagre. skande saerTod sagzao CixSi mdebareobs da ara dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemaerTebel gzaze. aseve iqneboda warsulSic misi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo. am faqtis dadastureba SeuZlia yvelas, vinc Tavisi TvaliT naxavs skandes meorexarisxovani, umniSvnelo simagris geografiul garemos. pirvelyovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom is, TiTqmis vake adgilze mdebareobs, dabal borcvze zRvis donidan 170 m simaRleze, amitomac mis galavanTan axlos mdebare sofels aqvs SesaniSnavi xexilis baRebi, venaxebi da talavrebi.

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me gamaoca imereTis skandesa da Sorapnis cixeTa galavanTa SigniTa da gareT velurad amosulma gareuli broweulis buCqebma da aseve dafnis xeebma, prokofi xom amis sawinaaRmdego suraTs gvixatavs bunebisas _ skandasa da sarapanas cixeTa irgvliv, maRalmTiani alpuri klimatis gamo, ra Tqma unda dafna, broweuli da vazi ar xarobda, xorbalsac ver moiwevdnen. am mxriv kidev erTxel unda iTqvas sxvaa imereTis skande da Sorapani da sxvaa prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili skanda da sarapana.

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Tavi XI petras cixe-simagre da petras saepiskoposo kaTedra

sxvaa petras cixe-qalaqi da sxva qalaqSi iyo petras saepiskoposo kaTedra

n. adoncis cnobiT, cixe-qalaqi petra mdebareobda imperiis Crdilo sazRvarze. radganac lazika imperiaSi Sedioda, petra mis CrdiloeTSi mdebareobda. petras aSeneba-dafuZnebiT iustinianem imperiis sazRvari gaafarTova CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. iustinianemde imperiis Crdilo-sazRvari mdebareobda trapezuntTan axlos, rizes raionSi, mxolod iustinianes gafarToebis Semdeg gadaiwia imperiis Crdilo sazRvarma md. Woroxis SesarTavamde. am sazRvris dasafiqsireblad iustinianem aago kidec petras simagre da imperiis sazRvrebis am gafarToebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra sparseTma. ase rom, petra mdebareobda lazikis qveyanSi da, imavdroulad, imperiis Crdilo sazRvarze sasazRvro mdinaris fazisis anu Woroxis siaxloves. mravali Zveli ucxouri wyaros Tanaxmad md. fazisi didxans iyo bizantiis imperiis Crdilo sazRvari. mecnierebaSi ganmtkicebuli azriT, bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris sasazRvro mdinare iyo fazisi anu md. rioni, es Tvalsazrisi ucxoeTSic gavrcelda, amitomac zogierTi ucxoelis mtkicebiT TviT Tamar mefis drosac ki sazRvari saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris gadioda md. rionze anu fazisze. am azrs icavda cnobili bizantiologi T. uspenski (ix. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 267), amJamad icaven karpovi da sxvani. marTlac, Tuki rioni fazisia, maSin, radganac wyaroTa cnobiT sazRvari fazisze gadioda, sasazRvro mdinared rioni gamodis, TviT XIII s-Sic ki. sinamdvileSi fazisad iwodeboda md. Woroxi, romlis siaxlovesac idga petras cixe-simagre, romelic bizantiis Crdilo sazRvars icavda. petras cixe-qalaqi zRvispiras mdebareobda, fazisis sanapirosTan axlos. prokofi magaliTad wers: `sparsTa jari ise mivida petraSi, rom fazisi

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marjvniv hqondaT~ da sxva mravali msgavsi fraza, romelic fazisTan petras siaxloves metyvelebs. Tu fazisi aris rioni, rioni imdenadaa daSorebuli petra-cixisZir-gonios, rom jaris marSrutis aRsawerad saWiro iqneboda ara rionis xseneba, aramed sxva romelime ufro axlos mdebare mdinarisa anda punqtisa. meore SemTxvevaSi arqeopolisTan axlos gamavali sparsTa jari exmianeba arqeopolisis berZen mebrZolebs da miemarTeba fazis-petrasken, Tan iqadneba rom male dabrundeba ukan _ maTi dialogidan aSkaraa, rom arqeopolisic da petrac axlo arian mdinare fazisTan. erT regionSi, erT arealze arian. sxva dros ki, petraSi damarcxebulma mebrZoleebma md. fazisi gadalaxes da Tavs swrafad uSveles, aseTi magaliTi bevria romelTaganac Cans, rom mdinare fazisad Woroxi iwodeboda, xolo goniosTan axlos unda yofiliyo qalaqi fazisi.

manZilebi persarmeniidan petramde

prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, sparseTis Sahi da misi Zalebi petras cixesimagreSi, Savi zRvis piras, fazisis (Woroxis) SesarTavTan persarmeniidan miemarTebodnen, kerZod ki, dvinis sanaxebidan. misi cnobiT, sparsuli jari lazikaSi omebis SualedebSi isvenebda da Zalebs iRdgenda persarmeniaSi, kerZod ki, dvinis sanaxebSi. aqedan isini miemarTebodnen sabrZolvelad petraSi. marTlac, sparseTsa da lazikas Soris imyofeboda persarmeniis qveyana, anu, sparselTa mier dapyrobili somxeTis qveyana da misi ekonomikuri centri dvini. amitomac dvinis sanaxebis SerCeva sparsuli jarisTvis lazikaSi laSqrobis dros bunebrivi iyo. qarTuli XX saukunis istorikosebis mtkicebiT, sparsuli jarebi petraSi Sediodnen suramis uReltexilis gavlis gziT. Cven ar veTanxmebiT qarTvel istorikosTa mtkicebas, rom sparsuli jarebi petraSi suramis gziT Sediodnen im Zalze ubralo mizezis gamo, rom dvinidan petramde V-VI saukuneebSi arsebobda pirdapiri gza. Tanamedrove punqtebis saxelebis gamoyenebiT es gza iyo _ dvini _ yarsi _ ardagani _ arTvini _ petra. es iyo imdenad cnobili gza, rom mis piras IX-X saukuneebisTvis warmoiqmna `qarTvelTa samTavros~ dedaqalaqi _ artanuji, cnobili savaWro qalaqi, romelic konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT, vaWrobda somxeTTan, afxazeTTan, iberiasTan da siriasTan. maSasadame, aRniSnuli gza realurad sicocxlisunariani iyo pirvel aTaswleulSi. Tu sparsuli jari dvinidan suramis gziT gaswevda petraSi, mas orjer da samjer ufro grZeli gza unda gaevlo. jer es jari unda Sesuliyo TbilisSi, Semdeg suramis gavliT dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gaevlo is TiTqmis mTlianad suramidan petramde da Semdeg CarTuliyo gaafTrebul omSi. es ki

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sruliad araracionaluri gza iqneboda, radganac ukve arsebobda pirdapiri gza: dvini _ yarsi _ artaani _ arTvini _ petra, arsianis qedis gavliT, persarmeniis qalaq yarsidan ardahanamde sul 97 km-ia, ardahanidan arTvinamde _ 99km. arTvinidan borCxamde _ 37km, borCxidan aWariswylamde _ 29 km. aWariswylidan baTumamde _ 17 km. sul yarsidan petramde daaxloebiT iqneboda 97+99+37+29+17=277 daaxloebiT 300 km, maSin, roca persarmeniis aRniSnuli qalaqidan suramis qedis gavliT petramde iqneboda 800-900 km mainc. maSasadame, jari ivlida mokle da ukve arsebuli 300-kilometriani gziT.

brZolebi q. petrasTan lazikis didi omis dros (542-562)

`lazTa mefis~ gubaz II-is miwveviT sparsTa jari 542 w. petras miadga. meTaurobda Sahi xosro I. petras cixis aRebisas iranelebma gvirabi gaiyvanes. erTi koSki Camoingra da bizantieli strategosi cibe daiRupa. petraSi sparsTa jari Cadga (542 w.). 549 w. gubaz II-m axla bizantiis imperators sTxova daxmareba sparsTa winaaRmdeg. iustinianem 8000 meomari gamogzavna (aqedan 1000 Wani). alya Semoartyes petras gubazis laSqarTan erTad. sparsTa laSqari kvlav miadga petras, gaaZliera cixis SigniT mdgomi Tavisi jari da axali 3000 meomari Caayena. 551 wels bizantielebma besas meTaurobiT ieriSi miitanes petraze. qalaqs 2300 iraneli icavda, bizantielTa jarSi 6000 meomari iyo, qalaqi aiRes, magram 500 iraneli akropolisSi gamagrda da cecxlSi daiwva. `bizantielebma petris zRudeebi miwasTan gaaswores, rom mters is momavalSi kvlav ar daekavebina~. gubazs `mefes~ uwodebdnen romaelebi (bizantielebi), magram iranelebi mas `mefes~ ar uwodebdnen _ mermeroes werilSi igi mefed ar ixsenieba. omi kidev 10 weli gagrZelda (sul 20 weli). bizantia irans Soris 562 wels daido zavi 50 wliT. lazika bizantiis vasalur qveynad darCa. VII s-is bolos iqca bizantiis provinciad. lazikis adgilobriv mmarTvels mefis tituli CamoerTva, mieca `patrikiosis~ tituli.

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xe-tye petraSi
sparsTa Sahma gadawyvita Savi zRvis sanapiroze Seetana gemTsaSeni masala, mas surda aego xomaldebi da berZnebi gaeZevebina Savi zRvidan. amisTvis man Seitana kidec xe-tye lazikis gavliT Savi zRvis navsadgurSi, magram xe-tyes mexi daeca daiferfla da xosrom gegma ver ganaxorciela. es RonisZieba moewyo petras omebis dros. rogor unda SeetanaT petraSi xe-tye, romeli gziT? prokofi wers, rom xe-tye navsadgurSi miitanes didi gasaWiriT da Sori gziT. ismis kiTxva _ mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo tyeebiT iyo dafaruli da Tu lazika dasavleT saqarTveloa, ra saWiro iyo aq Sori gzidan xe-tyis Setana? an rogor miitanes is petrasTan? magram Tu fazisi aris Woroxi, Woroxze xe-tye gadahqondaT brtyelZira navebiT, Tavisi TvaliT naxa dimitri baqraZem, rom md. Woroxze dacuravdnen brtyelZira navebi dReSi 50200 erTeuli, romelTac klarjeTidan baTumsa, rizesa da trapizonSic ki md. Woroxze gavliT gadahqondaT Woroxis vrceli xeobis mosaxleobisagan aRebuli saqoneli, maT Soris umetesad xe-tye. es brtyelZira navebi arTvinidan baTumamde Cadiodnen 8 saaTSi, xolo ukan dabrunebisaTvis (e.i. baTumidan arTvinamde) esaWiroebodaT 3-4 dRe. mTeli saqoneli, maT Soris marili, xorbali, xalxisaTvis saWiro sxva saqoneli klarjeTSi Sedioda da gadioda Woroxis navebis saSualebiT, Woroxi iyo aReb-micemobis arteria. ase, rom xosros Tavis SavizRvispira navsadgurebSi da petraSic xe-tye unda Caezida Woroxis navebis saSualebiT.

40 spilo
sparselebi iseT did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen petras cixis aRebas, rom persarmeniidan petraSi 40 sabrZolo spilo Seiyvanes. maT kargad icodnen, rom lazikaSi spiloebs sakvebis problema SeeqmnebodaT, radganac lazikaSi 20 000 cxeni ubalaxobiT daeRupaT. amitomac ecdebodnen mokle gziTa da swrafi marSiT gzis dafarvas. aseTia ara dvini-Tbilisi-lixi-dasavleT saqarTvelo _ petras gza, aramed dvini-artaan-arTvin-petras 3-4-jer ufro mokle gza, amasTanave, es mokle gza namdvilad iyo savaWro, saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza (TviT konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, am gzaze aRmocenebuli artanuji saerTaSoriso vaWrobaTa centri iyo), saeWvoa lixis gzas aseTi mniSvneloba hqonoda, maSasadame, mouwyobelic iyo. artaan-artanuj-arTvinis gza ki realurad arsebobda. mxolod erTi monakveTi arsianis qedze iyo Zalze Zneli dasaZlevi. amitomac spiloebis gadasaadgileblad gzis es mokle monakveTi moWrili xeebiT amoavses, aq spiloebma ga-

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iares da fazisis (e.i. Woroxis) gziT petraSi mividnen. anu artaanidan gadavidnen petraSi. vfiqrob, spiloebis gadayvana ufro advili iyo arsianis qedze, vidre suramidan mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT petramde misvla. amitomac ufro sarwmunod migvaCnia Tvalsazrisi xosros mier artaan-arTvinis gzis gavlis Sesaxeb.

petras saepiskoposo kaTedra

istoriul lazikaSi (da aseve trapezuntis regionSi) mraval punqts erqva `petra~, maTgan yvela ar yofila saepiskoposo kaTedra, zogi iyo cixesimagre, zogi sofeli, mcire an didi qalaqi, maTgan mxolod erT-erTi iyo saepiskoposo centri. CvenTvis sainteresoa Tu konkretulad romel petraSi unda hqonoda kaTedra _ lazikis samitropolitos erT-erT gamorCeul episkoposs. lazikis petraTa Soris, Zveli avtorebis, gansakuTrebiT prokofi kesarielis, yuradReba miipyro ara petras saeklesio centrma _ saepiskoposo kaTedram, aramed samxedro-administraciulma punqtma _ cnobilma cixesimagre petram, romelic iustinianem aago. Cveni TvalsazrisiT, am cixe-simagreSi ar hqonoda kaTedra episkoposs, imis gamo, rom jer erTi, es petra male daangries TviT bizantielebma, raTa sparselebs ar CaegdoT xelSi, amasTanave, bizantiuri saepiskoposo kaTedrebi ganlagebulni iyvnen qalaqebSi, ekonomikurad dawinaurebul centrebSi, sadac samoqalaqo cxovrebisTvis Sesabamisi pirobebi arsebobda, aseTi ar iyo petras cixe-simagre. man mxolod VI s-Si miipyro yuradReba, viTarca strategiulma wertilma sparseTTan omis dros da VI saukuneSive iqna dangreuli, rodesac bizantia darwmunda rom, is strategiul punqtad ar gamodga omianobis dros. petras saepiskoposo kaTedrad ar unda miviCnioT petras cixe-simagre, aramed is unda veZioT baiberdis (paipertis) axlos _ wers n. adonci (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi, spb, 1908, gv. 147. rus. enaze). Zveli SavizRvispireTis istoriuli geografiis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli mkvlevari n. adonci ar iziarebda Tvalsazriss, rom iustinianes mier fazisze agebul petras cixe-simagreSi mdebareobda saepiskoposo kaTedra, misi azriT petras kaTedra sxvagan iyo saZebni. TviTon is petras kaTedras eZebda baiberdTan. Tumca saepiskoposo saydari sxva petraSic SesaZloa rom yofiliyo. magaliTad, erT-erTi petra mdebareobda trapezuntis maxloblad, mdinare xartiSze, sanapirodan 5 km-is daSorebiT [aq aris Zveli qalaqi `argiria~, mdinaris aRmosavleT napirze mdebareobs petras cixe, romelsac axla bedromas (petromas) uwodeben (Sdr.: petroni _ bedroma). mdinare

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xartiSze aRniSnuli punqtis (argirias) siaxloves kidev ori sxva Zveli naqalaqari mdebareobs _ filokaleia (gorele), da isxopolisi (tirobolu). isini q. argiriasTan erTad qmnidnen saerTo samoqalaqo regions, sadac 1879 wels dafiqsirebuli iyo 30 eklesia. rogorc vTqviT, aq mdebareobs `petromas~ cixe. SesaZloa konstantinepolis sapatriarqos fasisis samitropolitos `petronis~ (petras) saepiskoposo kaTedra aq mdebareobda da aqaurma episkoposma moawera xeli VII msoflio krebis aqtebze ase _ `petronis episkoposma ganvsazRvre da wavwere, sofelsa Sina megrelTasa~. rogorc iTqva, Zveli qarTveli mTargmnelebi berZnulad miCneul sityvas `lazika~ Targmnidnen ase: `sofeli megrelTa~, anu aRniSnuli xelmoweris Tanaxmad petras (petronis) saepiskoposo kaTedra mdebareobda lazikaSi. saqarTvelos eklesiis Zveli wmida mamebi ki lazikas uwodebdnen `megrelTa qveyanas~ (trapezuntis regions), e.i. aqtSi ewera `petroni lazikaSi~. trapezuntis regions, rogorc iTqva, samegreloc erqva. `arg~, `egr~ fuZeTa mqone saxelebs trapezuntTan mravali punqti atarebda, maT Soris aRniSnuli qalaqi petras cixesTan `argiria~ (amJamad halkavela). aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT aRniSnul gorele-filokaleias, aseve erT dros erqva `gurele~, rac etimologiurad `egr~ saxelTan axloa. `egr~, `arg~ Ziriani saxelebi, aseve aris trapezuntidan moSorebiT md. araqsis (fazisis) saTaveebTan. magaliTad, erzrumis samxreTiT 70-90 km-Si istoriul manraliasTan axlos aris punqti `ergani~, `argina~, aseve adgilis saxelia `argolia~ (axlandeli `ugurlu~), arcTu Sors misgan aris adgili `ergin~ (erginkou) da sxva mravali punqti. am fuZiT (`arg~, `egr~) ki sityvebi egrisi, samegrelo da mravali sxva qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli eTnonimia nawarmoebi. Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi, rogorc iTqva, trapezuntis olqs `samegrelo~ erqva. petras kaTedra, swored am `samegrelo-lazikaSi~ anu Cveni TqmiT `samxreTis egrisSi~ unda yofiliyo. rogorc vTqviT, petrebi mravali iyo _ aTinas (fazars) Zvelad erqva aseve petra. aRsaniSnavia, rom axlandel borCxasa da arTvins Sua md. Woroxze aris sofeli `petruli~ aseve cnobili iyo iustinianes mier agebuli RvTismSoblis taZari sofel petraSi, romelic TeodosiopolisTan, anu arzrumTan axlos iyo. is cnobili iyo Teodosiopolisis petras saxeliT, SesaZloa aq iyo saepiskoposo kaTedra, Tumca ziganasTan axlos mdebare petrumic ar unda gamoiricxos. n. adonci, rogorc iTqva, petras kaTedras baiberdTan eZebda. misi azriT, sxva iyo petras cixe-simagre da sxvagan mdebareobda petras kaTedra.

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zogierTi saepiskoposo kaTedra istoriul samxreT egrisSi

samxreT egrisi erqva vrclad gadaWimul mxares, romelSic Sedioda olqi manralia (Semdgomi mananaRi, mardalis gverdiT), lazivi (trapezuntis olqi), Wanivi (rizes olqi) da egri (Woroxis SesarTavis olqi). n. adoncis kvleviT, aq iyvnen ganlagebulni fazisis samitropolitos ziganas, saisinis, petrasa da rodopolisis saepiskoposoebi arabTa Semosevebamde, maT garda am regionSi sxva saepiskoposo kaTedrebic mdebareobdnen, magaliTad bizanasa da sxva. bizanas, sadac ijda episkoposi, aseve erqva leontopolisi. janiaks (janjakons?) _ erqva jimini (cumini) _ mas imperatorma uwoda iustinianopolisi, aqac ijda episkoposi iustinianopolisis (ekelesenisa) _ (n. adonci, gv. 145). iustinianem TeodosiopolisSi aaSena ramdenime eklesia da monasteri, maT Soris erTi petriaSi anu petraSi (es xom ar iyo petra _ sadac ijda episkoposi?) da kukarizSi, nikopolSi 45 mowamis monasteri aaSena. bizanaSi _ wm. giorgis eklesia. lisiormi da petra _ unda veZioT baiberdis (paipertis) axlos _ wers n. adonci (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi, spb, 1908, gv. 147, rus. enaze). kerameonis saepiskoposo IX s-Si Sedioda trapezuntis samitropolitoSi. kerameoni mdebareobda giumiSxanes CrdiloeTiT, axlandeli kromi. sparseT-bizantiis sasazRvro xazi gadioda bizanasTan axlos. aq, sazRvarTan mdebareobda punqti `vardiSeni~ (gv. 23). vardiSenis Targmani SesaZloa iyos berZnuli `rodopolisi~, sadac episkoposi ijda. magram rodopolisis olqi mdebareobda ziganas mimdebare miwa-wyalze. Cveni azriT rodopolisi iyo qalaqi `varda~ md. kalapotamisze mdebare sper-of-rizes damakavSirebel gzaze mTaSi daSorebuli zRvidan daaxloebiT 30 km-iT. es qalaqi aRniSnulia 1923 wels gamocemul iv. javaxiSvilis rukaze. qalaqi rodopolisis (vardas) aq mdebareobas miuTiTebs is, rom rodesac konstantinopolma XIX s-Si aRadgina rodopolisis kaTedra am qalaqis (vardas) teritoria vidre ziganamde moicva rodopolisis eparqiam. basians berZnebi fasians uwodebdnen. Tavis mxriv, fasiss uwodebdnen ara mxolod md. Woroxs, aramed evfratsac. saerTod, radganac aRniSnuli regioni WaneT-sperTan mdebareobda _ is qarTuli mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli. p. ingoroyvas kvleviT ki, qarTvelebi `fasiss~ uwodebdnen wyals, mdinares. am regionSi ki mdinareebis kelkitis, Woroxis, evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebi iwyeboda, amitomac am vrcel regionsac mTlianad SesaZloa fasisi-fasiani ewodeboda.

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saeklesio iurisdiqciis gadmonaSTis asaxva veidenbaumTan da g. yazbegTan

cnobilia, rom prokofi kesarielis aRweriT petras samxreTiT, daaxloebiT rizes regionis qristianebi eqvemdebarebodnen e.w. `lazTa episkoposebs~. radganac Cven veTanxmebiT n. adoncis mosazrebas, rom lazikis cnobili saepiskoposebi (zigana, rodopolisi, saisini) mdebareobdnen ara rionis xeobaSi, aramed trapezuntis mTianeTSi, amitomac migvaCnia, rom petras momijnave miwa-wylis Zveli qristianebi Sediodnen lazikis anu trapezuntis mTianeTis episkoposebis iurisdiqciaSi. zemoT aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT vfiqrobT, rom me-19 saukuneSi veidenbaumisa da yazbegis mier aRwerili religiul-ierarqiuli urTierTdamokidebulebani SesaZloa gamoxatavs Zvelad prokofis epoqaSi dros arsebuls. marTalia, aRniSnul miwa-wyalze mosaxleobam ZiriTadad dakarga qristianuli sarwmunoeba da miiRo mahmadianoba, magram, rogorc iTqva, axali ierarqiuli urTierTobani Zvelis garkveuli anarekli unda iyos, magaliTad, e. veidenbaumi wers arTvinis mosaxleobis religiuli aRmsareblobis da maTi ierarqiuli urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb `qalaqSi aris 3 kaTolikuri eklesia, 4 meCeTi (aqedan erTi juma) da erTi somxur-grigorianuli eklesia. grigorianebi eqvemdebarebian trapezuntis episkoposs, kaTolike somxebs hyavT TavianTi episkoposi, romlis gamgeblobaSi Sedis ardagani, olTa, baTumi, somxuri soflebi SavSeTSi. es episkoposi emorCileba konstantinepolis patriarqs~ (e. veidenbaumi _ baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 68). livani, SavSeTi, arzrumi da trapizuni erTi regioni rom iyo administraciuli TvalsazrisiT, amis Sesaxeb Tavisi wignis sxvadasxva adgilas miuTiTebs g. yazbegi. selinbegi Tavisi ajanyebis dros SavSeTidan apirebda Tavisi jariT erzumsa da trapizonSi Sesvlas (g. yazbegi 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. 1995. gv. 96). magaliTad g. yazbegis azriT, livanas puriT amaragebda yarsi (iqve gv. 108). erzrumi da livana-SavSeT-lazistani erTi ekonomikuri regioni rom aris miuTiTebs yazbegi Tavisi Sromis sxva adgilas (iqve, gv. 131). rac asaxuli iyo aseve religiul-ierarqiul urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. mag. g. yazbegis cnobiT, mTeli parxalis xeobis Semosavlebi eZleoda erzrumis meCeTs. is wers `parxalis xeoba da misi Semogareni zogjer vakufad iwodeba, radganac bolo wlebamde am mxaris Semosavlebi erzrumis meCeTs eZleoda~ (g. yazbegi, 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, gv. 142). veidenbaumisa da g. yazbegis monaTxrobidan Cans, rom SavSeT-livanis, lazistanis religiuri centrebi ierarqiulad eqvemdebarebodnen trape-

513

zuntis an erzrumis ufro msxvil centrebs. rogorc cnobilia XIX s-Si aRniSnul miwa-wyalze konstantinepolis sapatriarqom aRadgina (Camoayaliba) lazikis eparqia anu samitropolito olqi, lazikis saxelwodebiT. misi centri iyo trapezunti da ganvrcobili iyo arzrumis (Teodosiopolisis) mimarTulebiT anu eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, odesRac, arzrum-trapezunti erT saeklesio olqs qmnida. me-6 saukuneSic am erTiani olqis nawilebi unda yofiliyo petras, ziganas, saisinis da rodopolisis saepiskoposoebi. amis nakvalevi me-19 saukuneSic SemorCenila, rac aRwerilia aRniSnul mkvlevarTa mier.

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Tavi XII quTaTisi, uqimerioni, arqeopolisi, noqalaqevi, rodopolisi da sxva qalaqebi

quTaTisi
saqarTveloSi erTidaigive saxelis mqone toponimebi mravalia. s. yauxCiSvilma aRniSna rom `kut~, `quT~ fuZis mqone toponimebi mcire aziaSic mravalia. `quTahia~ _ amJamadac qalaqis saxelia TurqeTSi yofil qarTvelur samyaroSi, galateas miwaze md. saqariasTan axlos. Woroxis xeobaSic aris aseTi saxelis mqone ramdenime punqti. magaliTad, maradidTan mdebareobda sofeli `quTureTi~, romlis saxelic axloa `quTaTisTan~. imave regionSi aRmoCnda meore aseTi saxelis mqone punqti _ `qifaisi~. is mdebareobs Woroxis zemowelSi q. ispirTan axlos 1923 wels gamocemuli rukis mixedviT (Semdgeneli ev. baramiZe, redaqtori iv. javaxiSvili). qifaisi igive `qiTaisi~ unda iyos, romlis saxelic axloa sityva `quTaisTan~, xolo Woroxis xeobaSi `kut~ fuZis mqone toponimebi _ kvaSta, kvatia da sxv. mravalia. quTaiss zogjer aigiveben Zvel wyaroTa aiasTan, kutaiasTan an prokofis quTaTisTan: _ 1) pliniusis mixedviT (ax.w. I s.) aia mdebareobda fasisis SesarTavidan 15.000 nabijze, daaxloebiT 12-24 km. 2) strabonis mixedviT, `aias mdebareobas miuTiTeben qalaq fasisTan~ _ Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qalaq fasisis mdebareobas miuTiTeben md. fasisis SesarTavTan, aqedan gamomdinare q. aiac zRvis sanapirosTan axlos yofila. e.i. pliniusisa da strabonis mixedviT, `aia~ _ Tu is iyo kutaia _ mdebareobda ara kolxeTis siRrmeSi, aramed zRvis sanapirosTan axlos. 3) apolonios rodoselis argonavtikis mixedviT, aietis samefos sataxto qalaqi iyo `aia~, sxva TargmaniT `kutaia~, xolo qveyanas erqva `aia~, sxva TargmaniT _ kutaia.

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Tu sad mdebareobda is _ ap. rodosels garkveuli ara aqvs. aRsaniSnavia, rom apolonios rodoseli Tavis poemaSi moixseniebs im uZveles qalaqebs, romelnic arsebobdnen ara mis dros, aramed warsulSi, wina saukuneebSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulidan, magram `es qalaqebi aRar iyo mis dros, avtori argonavtikis Zvel istorias gadmogvcems~ (v. jaoSvili, quTaisi, 1989, gv. 64). 4) prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, kotiaioni, anu quTaTisi mdebareobda md. reonis napiras. kvitaieli (kotaioneli) iyo aieti. antikuri epoqis mravali wyaros cnobiT, kutaia-quTaisi mdebareobda md. fazisze, zRvasTan axlos. dRevandeli quTaisi ki mdebareobs zRvidan daSorebiT, md. rionis sanapiroze, yvirilas SesarTavis maRla. amJamad, md. rioni iwodeba fazisad, magram am mtkicebas ewinaaRmdegeba s. yauxCiSvilisa da sxvaTa gamokvleva, rom md. Zirulaa saTave fazisisa (radganac maszea Sorapani), misi azriT Zirulas SerTvis Semdeg ukve yvirila iwodeboda `fazisad~, yvirilas SerTvis Semdeg ki rioni. arcerT am monakveTze Tanamedrove quTaisi ar mdebareobs, is ufro maRlaa. e.i. quTaisi radganac arc Zirulasa da arc yvirilaze ar mdebareobs da yvirila-rionis SesarTavis maRlacaa, amitom, aqedan gamomdinare, dRevandeli quTaisis mdebareoba ar eTanadeba antikuri wyaroebis kutaias mdebareobas, miTumetes, rom kutaias cixe-simagre `uqimerioni~ vakeze idga wyaroTa cnobiT, bagratis (taZris) cixe ki maRal gorazea da is ar SeiZleba uqimerionad CaiTvalos. amitomac s. yauxCiSvili uqimerions punqt dablagomTan eZebda. antikuri quTaisis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis gamodgeba Tanamedrove uqimerionisa da quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavla.

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uqimerionis arqeologia
arqeologma o. lanCavam uqimerionis adgilmdebareobis gamosakvlevad Caatara sagangebo savele-arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba, ris Sedegadac ar daeTanxma diubua de monperes mier jer kidev XIX s-is 40-ian wlebSi gamoTqmul azrs, rom uqimerioni iyo quTaisis cixe. o. lanCavamde s. yauxCiSvilma XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi dabejiTebiT daaskvna, rom uqimerioni namdvilad ar iyo dRevandeli quTaisis cixe. maSasadame, TiTqmis orsaukunovani Tvalsazrisi, romelic gaziarebuli iyo samecniero wreebis mier uqimerionis quTaisis cixesTan igiveobis Sesaxeb uaryofili iqna. maS sad mdebareobda uqimerioni? `sxvadasxva mecnieri uqimerions sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT varaudobda. magaliTad, i. sixaruliZe mas didRvabunas (gordis) cixesTan aigivebda cxeniswylis midamoebSi. es mosazreba misaRebad miaCnda sxva mkvlevarebsac (d. musxeliSvili), akad. n. berZeniSvili uqimerions cucxvaTis cixesTan aigivebda. aris sxva mosazrebanic, ukanasknel wlebSi quTaissa da mis midamoebSi Catarebuli savele-arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis safuZvelze Cven Segveqmna azri uqimerionis wyalwiTelas xeobaSi mdebareobis Sesaxeb~ (o. lanCava, uqimerionis sakiTxi, quTaisis muzeumis masalebi, krebuli VIII, 1996, gv. 39). maSasadame, o. lanCava ar eTanxmeba n. berZeniSvils, d. musxeliSvils da sxva mecnierebs uqimerionis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisas da miaCnia, rom es cixe wyalwiTelas xeobaSi, kerZod mowameTaSi unda yofiliyo. aqedan kargad Cans, rom arqeologiuri Zieba ar iZleva saSualebas uqimerionis Tanamedrove quTaisTan gansazRvrisa, mizezi Cveni azriT isaa, rom uqimerioni unda veZioT Woroxisa da ara rionis xeobaSi. uqimerioni iyo quTaTisis maxloblad, magram sad iyo quTaTisi? berZnuli wyaroebiT kotaia _ quTaTisi araa Tanamedrove quTaisi, radganac kotaia fazisis zRvasTan SesarTavis axlos mdebareobda da amasTanave kotaiasTan gaedineboda mdinare reoni. miiCneva, rom Tanamedrove rioni aris Zveli wyaroebis reoni (sityvebis garegnuli msgavsebis gamo), amave dros is, TiTqos fazisadac iwodeba. magram fazisi da reoni sxvadasxva mdinareebi iyo. rona, reini, rioni, reoni, rua da sxva erTmaneTis msgavsi saxelebi mraval mdinares erqva uvrceles teritoriaze baltiis zRvidan kavkasiamde, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mdinare reoni Woroxis xeobaSic iyo, iseve rogorc iyo mravali punqti `kut~ Ziris mqone, ris Sesaxeb s. yauxCiSvilic werda. maSasadame, Cveni azriT, uqimerionic Woroxis xeobaSia saZebni, kerZod ki im regionSi, sadac Woroxs aWariswyali anu md. dokonisi uerTdeba.

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md. dokonisi, punqti nesosi da uqimerioni

aWariswylis saTaveSi amJamadac arsebobs sofeli dioknisi, romlis saxelis mixedviTac, Cans VI s-Si aWariswyals dokoniss uwodebdnen. agaTias cnobiT, punqti nesosi mdebareobda dokonisisa da fazisis SeerTebis adgilas. maSasadame, is yofila Woroxisa da aWariswylis SesarTavSi. aq idga romaelTa razmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX s-is mogzaurebis cnobiT, aq, XIX s-Si, rusTa razmebic idga. ratom? imis gamo, rom aq gadioda (amJamadac gadis) ori mniSvnelovani gza. am gzajvaredinidan erTi gza miemarTeba zemo aWaraSi, romlis saSualebiTac zRvispireTi uerTdeba samcxe-javaxeTs (e.i. lazikidan iberiisaken), xolo meore gza miuyveba md. Woroxs _ arTvinisa, artanujisa da ardaganisaken (aseve lazikidan Zveli iberiisaken). maSasadame, nesosi iberiaSi Sesasvlel or gzas akontrolebda. aq maxloblad unda yofiliyo uqimerionis cixe.

quTaisis arqeologia
quTaisis bagratis taZari, rogorc cnobilia dgas goraze, romelsac samecniero wreebSi `uqimerions~ uwodeben, CvenSi dadasturebul faqtad miiCneva Tvalsazrisi, rom am goraze mdebare IV-VIII saukuneTa eklesiebi (romelTa naSTebsac axlaxan miakvlies arqeologebma) Sediodnen konstantinopolis berZnuli sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi. es Tvalsazrisi imdenad gamjdari dogmaa arqeologTa Soris, rom arqeologiuri naSTebis analizs axdenen mis mixedviT. 2003-09 wlebSi bagratis taZris arqeologiuri kvlevisas IV-VIII saukuneTa saeklesio arqiteqturis ramdenime fena gamoiyo. arqeologTa daskvniT bagratis taZris adgilas IV saukuneSi bizantielebs auSenebiaT samnaviani bazilika, is V saukuneSi dangreula, V-VI saukuneTa mijnaze am nangrevebSi aRumarTavT raRac orsaTavsoiani nageboba, maleve, VI saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi bazilika kvlav aRudgeniaT, magram is VI s. SuaSi dangreula, VII s-Si mis adgilas axali eklesia aRumarTavT, romelic murvan yrus dros dangreula da aRudgeniaT VIII s. bolos. arqeologi r. isakaZe IV s-is samnaviani bazilikis pirvel ngrevas ukavSirebs lazikaSi sparseT-bizantiis oms, romlis epicentrSi prokofi kesarielisa da agaTias mier naxsenebi `quTaTisic~ mdebareobda. misi azriT, radganac 523 wlamde lazTa mefe waTe `gadavida warmarTTa sarwmunoebaze da aRasrulebda yovelgvar sparsul wess~ samnaviani bazilikis ngrevac SeiZleba warmarTobas daukavSirdes.

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am periodSi aRumarTavT am dangreul taZris adgilas `or-saTavsoiani nageboba~, romelSic xangrZlivi cecxlis nakvalevi aRmoCnda, rac imas miuTiTebs, rom aq cecxlTayvanismcemelTa salocavi kera iyo aRmarTuli. Semdeg waTe kvlav gaqristianda (526) wels, Sesabamisad bazilika kvlav aRudgeniaT. `bazilikis meore da saboloo ngreva VI s-is SuaxanebSi `did omianobas~, konkretulad ki quTaisSi dabanakebul iranelTa (mermeroes) garnizons unda davukavSiroT~. (r. isakaZe, quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, 2009, gv. 140). rogorc vxedavT arqeologiur monapovars xsnian, SeiZleba iTqvas, xelovnuri, dogmad miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos lazika erqva, xolo lazTa mefeebis qalaqi iyo Tanamedrove quTaisi. lazikis dedaqalaqad miiCneva aseve noqalaqevi da foTic (viTarca fazisis samitropolito centri, `metro-polis~ ki dedaqalaqs erqva). rogorc viciT, bizantiam SeZlo sparseTis damarcxeba da misi gandevna ara Tu lazikidan, aramed mTeli kavkasiidan, ufro metic herakle keisarma saerTod bolo mouRo sparsul saxelmwifos Tavis laSqrobis Sedegad. lazikaSi bizantia sruliad gabatonda. Tu ki dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo lazika, maSin dasavleT saqarTvelos IV-VIII-IX saukuneebis eklesiebis arqeologiuri masalaSi unda aRmoCeniliyo uamravi berZnuli warwera, aseTi ki ar aRmoCnda, ufro metic, quTaisSi, bagratis goraze aRmoCnda ara berZnuli, aramed SesaniSnavi qarTuli asomTavruli warwera _`am fenas ekuTvnis warwera (asomTavruli asoebiT daqaragmebuli warwera _ `g _ b~) antefiqsze~ (iqve, gv. 141). SeiZleba davsvaT kiTxva _ ratom ar SeeWvdnen arqeologebi, roca berZnulis nacvlad qarTuli warwerebi aRmoaCines, rogor jdeba es warwera im TvalsazrisSi rom dasavleT saqarTvelo IV-IX saukuneebSi konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyo, faqtebi xom ar ewinaaRmdegebian maT mier gaTavisebul `qarTizaciis~ dogmebs? SesaZloa, arqeologi r. isakaZe marTalia, roca miiCnevs, rom V saukuneSi samnaviani bazilika gadaakeTes cacxlTayvanismcemelTa sagzebelad, miT umetes, rom arqeologiuri masala iZleva amis Tqmis saSualebas, magram es movlena dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo ara lazTa mefe gubazis gawarmarTebasTan aramed zogadad, qarTlis samefoSi momxdar movlenasTan, _ V s. dasawyisSi (vaxtang gorgaslamde), mematianes TqmiT, `daipyres qarTli sparsTa da ganryunes eklesiani da damales jvrebi qarTvelTa da yovelTa Sina eklesiaTa qarTlisaTa cecxlis msaxurTa sparsTa aRagznes cecxli~. quTaisi, yvela Zveli qarTuli wyaros mixedviT, argveTTan erTad yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis samefoSi:

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`moqcevaY qarlisaYs~ mixedviT, azos samefos sazRvari ido md. egriswyalze. qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, farnavazis samefoSic egrisi da argveTi saerisTavoebi iyvnen. isini Sediodnen e.w. `dasavleTis erisTavTa~ jgufSi qristeSobamde. I saukuneSi mefe aderkis samefoSic Sedioda egrisi, iseve, rogorc yvela Semdgom saukuneSi, ris Sesaxebac sxva TveebSi gvaqvs miTiTeba. erTi sityviT yvela qarTuli wyaros cnobiT, egrisi da miT umetes argveTi _ ara lazTa samefoSi, aramed qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda. lazTa samefoSi quTais-argveTis yofnis Sesaxeb Teoria SeiTxza XX s. samecniero wreebSi. ase, rom sxvaa wyaroTa miTiTeba da sxvaa Semdeg Seqmnili samecniero_ literaturuli Tvalsazrisi. arqeolog r. isakaZis dakvirveba mniSvnelovania imiT, rom misi monapovari sruliad eTanadeba wyaros, rom qarTlis eklesiebSi V s-is I naxevarSi `cecxlis msaxurTa sparsTa aRagznes cecxli~. quTaisis samnaviani bazilikac, maSasadame, sagzebelad gadaukeTebiaT, vaxtang gorgaslis dros viTareba gamosworda da es bazilikac aRdgenila. lazTa samefoSi, anu bizantielTa saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi rom yofiliyo quTaisis Zveli taZrebi, rogorc iTqva, iq usaTuod aRmoCndeboda berZnuli warwerebi, magram rogorc iTqva aRmoCnda ara berZnuli, aramed qarTuli warwera, SesaniSnavi asomTavruli asoebiT amokveTili taZris antefiqsze. r. isakaZem gamoaqveyna misi fotoc (r. isakaZe, quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi, qarTvulri memkvidreoba, 2009, gv. 148). egrisi eklesiurad qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi rom Sedioda VI saukuneSic, amis Sesaxeb wers ioane drasxanakerteci, somexTa X saukunis patriarqi. misi sityviT _ kirioni egrisis arqiepiskoposic iyo `winandeli wesis~ Tanaxmad. kirioni VI s. bolosa da VII s. dasawyisSi moRvaweobda, misi `winandeli dro~ ki VI an V-VI saukuneebi iqnebodnen. qarTul wyaroebSi egrisi qarTlis eklesiis nawili iyo, magaliTad, niqozelis samwysoSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi glola-RebiTurT., xolo vaxuStis cnobiT, kaTalikosobis dawesebamde (V s-mde) `samoqalaqo~ samTavroeli episkoposis samwysoSi Sedioda.

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numizmatika
Zalze mniSvnelovania n. ugrexeliZis, rogorc numizmatikosis dakvirveba, rom III-VI saukuneebSi mTel saqarTveloSi, rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi erTiani fuladi sistema moqmedebda. `es imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnul saukuneebSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelo erT politikur sivrceSi moiazreboda~ (n. ugrexeliZe, saqarTvelo numizmatikuli masalis mixedviT, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, gv. 238). es dakvirveba imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom aqamde iTvleboda, TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTveloSi III-VI ss-Si mxolod bizantiuri, xolo aRmosavleTSi sparsuli monetebi iyo gavrcelebuli da TiTqosda isini metoqeobdnen erTmaneTTan. n. ugrexeliZem faqtebiT daadastura, rom es ase ar iyo da saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi erTnairi fuladi sistema moqmedebda, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo ar iyo maincdamainc bizantiis xeldebuli. rac eklesiur iurisdiqciasac gamoricxavs.

etimologia (meria-uqimerioni, quTureTi-quTaTisi)

prokofi, rogorc iTqva, wers, rom uqimerionis cixe idga ara goraze, aramed `quTaTisis vakeze~. saerTod dasavleT saqarTvelos vakeze toponimi uqimerioni ar gvxvdeba. prokofis azriT, quTaTisic da uqimerionic lazikaSi mdebareobdnen, Cveni azriT lazika erqva ara rionis vakes, aramed Woroxis auzs, amitomac ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed Cvens mier lazikad miCneul Woroxis xeobaSi veZebT Sesabamis toponimebs. pirvel rigSi vfiqrobT, rom sityva `uqimerionis~ fuZis erTi nawili unda iyos `meri~ _ an `mere~ (uqi-meri-oni). gvaqvs Tu ara Woroxis auzSi msgavsi fuZis mqone toponimebi, aseTebia uamravi _ t. futkaraZis ganmartebiT aWarasa da mimdebare regionebSi `meria~, `mere~ ewodeba mdinaris pira gavakebul adgils. veidenbaumis wignis ganmartebiT `meria _ vake adgilia~. e. veidenbaumis wigni saerTod ganmartavs Tu ras aRniSnavs sityva `meri~ _ `sof. xeba mdebareobs Woroxis marjvena napirze... sofeli Rebimeri, romelic naCvenebia rukaze katafxiis pirdapir, aRar arsebobs, es albaT, xebaa an xebi-meri (meri-vake), radganac sofeli namdvilad katafxiis pirdapir mdebareobs. xebis qvemoT, maradidTan misvlamde aris sof. olgauri~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 77).

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maSasadame, meria-mere-meri _ esaa vake adgili wylis piras (e. veidenbaumisa da futkariZis ganmartebaTa SejamebiT). sofels xebimeri ewodeba gavakebis anu vake adgilze mdebareobis gamo. e. veidenbaumis wignis gamomcemlebic `geografiul saxelTa saZiebelSi~ ganmartaven `xebi-meri (meri-vake)~ anu xebi-meri niSnavs `xebis vakes~ (ix. iqve, gv. 93). aWaraSi `mereTisxevi~ dasaxlebuli regionia sxalTasTan, SavSeTSi ki aris `imerxevi~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve, gv. 47, 71). imerxeviswylis Senakadia md. `yvirila~ SavSeTSi (g. yazbegi, sami Tve, gv. 75). SavSeTSi md. yvirilas axlos gaedineba md. sxlobaniswyali, romelic gaivlis sofel meriasTan (iqve, gv. 81). Cveni azriT, aseTive warmoebisaa sityva `uqimerioni~ (misi fuZe unda iyos `uqimeri~, xolo `oni~ _ sufiqsi), radganac uqimerionis cixe vake adgilze mdebareobda prokofis TqmiT. es sityva isevea nawarmoebi, rogorc vTqvaT sityva `xebi-meri~. `uqimeri~ (uki-meri) ki zemoTmoyvanili ganmartebis (`mer~-vake) Tanaxmad unda niSnavdes `uki-vake~. anu vake adgilze (mereze) mdebare raRac adgils `uqis~ (ukis) saxelis mqones. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebi `meres monasteri~, albaT SedarebiT vake anu `mere~ adgilze mdebareobda. amJamadac, SavSeT-artanujliganSi iseve, rogorc guria-aWaraSi uamravi toponimia `mere~ fuZiT, maSin, roca rionis dablobze, Tu ar vcdebi, aseTi saxelebi ar gvxvdeba. msgavsadve, albaT SeiZleba iTqvas sityva `kutaias~ Sesaxebac. s. yauxCiSvilis ganmartebiT `kut~ ZiriT mcire aziaSic mravali toponimi arsebobda. marTlac, aseTi fuZis mqone saxelebi Cven mravlad gvxvdeba arTvinligan-artanuj-lazistanis regionSi. maT Sorisaa aWaraSic erT-erTi adgilis saxeli, esaa sofeli `kvatia~. g. yazbegi aRniSnavs SavSeTisaken mimaval gzaze mdebare sofel kvatiasTan `giganturi wyaros~ Sesaxeb (g. yazbegi, dasax. naSr. gv. 48). Cveni azriT imave Ziris saxelTa rigSi unda iyos e. veidenbaumis mier aRwerili sofeli `katafxia~, romelic Rebimeris axlos mdebareobda (e. veidenbaumi, gv. 77). aRsaniSnavia, rom guriaSic sofel meriasTan axlos mdebareobs erT-erTi borcvi (mTa), romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uwodebs `katis cixes~. ase, rom fuZeebi `meria~ da `kat~ (kut) saqarTvelos ramdenime regionSi gverdigverd moixsenieba (Rebi-meri, katafxia, meria _ katiscixe, uqimerioni _ kutaia) ase, rom prokofis mier naxsenebi am Zirebis mqone adgilebi dasavleT saqarTvelos vakis garda, sxva regionebSic SeiZleba moviZioT. rogorc iTqva, TurqeTSic aris qalaqi _ kutahia. prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi lazikis punqtis saxeli _ `uqimerioni~, rogorc aRiniSna, etimologiurad waagavs `dabameri~-ss. maTi saerTo fuZea `meri~, mere.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul wyaroebSi es saxeli sxvadasxva formiT gvxvdeba _ magaliTad, anaseul da WilaSviliseul `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ dabamerisas nacvlad gvxvdeba `babamerisa~, xolo mariamiseul erT-erT adreul nusxaSia _ `Sabasa merisa~. punqti `daba~ mdebareobs md. imerxevis xeobaSi, Tumca `dabameri~ SeiZleba sxva iyos. rogorc iTqva, `mere~ _ `meri~ aWarul-SavSuri dialeqtiT erqva mdinarispira movakebul adgils, e.i. `meri~ aris vake, igive unda iyos sityvac_ `uki~ (u=va), e.i. uki _ vake adgili. klarjeTis `mere~ mdebareobs md. karCxalis xeobaSi, kldeTa Soris monastris eklesiis asaSeneblad sagangebod movakebul adgilze. deda febroniam aq daaarsa monasteri IX s-Si. uqimerioni anu `ukimerioni~ unda iyos uki-meri-oni anu mdinarispira swori (vake) adgilis cixe-simagre aWariswylis xeobis gzaTa magistralebis umoklesi gantoteba sof. aWariswyalTan iwyeboda, sadac aWariswyali erTvis md. Woroxs. aWariswylis marcxena sanapiros saSualebiT sof. merisisa da uCxiTis gadasasvlelebTan xeoba dakavSirebuli Cans maWaxlis xeobasTan. soflis saxeli `merisi~ CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom masSi gamoiyofa fuZe `meri~, iseve, rogorc prokofi kesarielis mier naxseneb sityvaSi `ukimerioni~. radganac, aWarul dialeqtSi sityva `meri~ hqvia mdinarispira vake adgils da prokofis sityviT, swored aseT vake adgilze yofila agebuli `uqemerionis~ cixe, maTi dakavSireba SesaZlebelia. sofeli merisi aWariswylisa da Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebareobs, misgan arc Tu daSorebulia sofeli maradidi, romlis saxelic zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT imave fuZe `mers~ Seicavs. am soflis erT-erTi ubania `quTureTi~, romelic Cven prokofiseul quTaTisTan davakavSireT, Tumca SesaZloa quTaTisi _ forCxac (borCxa) yofiliyo, amave Woroxis xeobaSi. ase, rom toponimebi `meri~ (aqedan uqimerioni) Woroxis xeobaSi mravalia. aseve `quT-kut~-is mqone toponimebic (maT unda daukavSirdeT `quTaTisi~). am xeobebSi mravali saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza gadioda. maSasadame, prokofis epoqaSi uqimerioni da quTaTisi (SesaZloa Tanamedrove merisi da quTureTi) aWariswylisa da Woroxis xeobaTa gzaTaSesayarze mdebareobdnen, es gzebi ki zRvispireTs iberiasTan akavSirebda. lazikis omebis Semdeg ki ukve Tanamedrove quTaiss daerqva, iqamde is matianeebSi, TiTqosda arc gvxvdeba.

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gzebi
i. manandianis kvleviT, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi somxeTsa da sparseTs ukavSirdeboda im SemaerTebeli gziT, romelic artanujisa da yarsis gavliT miemarTeboda anisisa da dvinis mimarTulebiT (i. manandiani, somxeTis vaWrobis da qalaqebis Sesaxeb, erevani, 1954, gv. 150-154, rus. enaze). artanuji _ didi savaWro centri _ trapizons akavSirebda dasavleT saqarTvelosTan, aseve iberiasa da somxeTTan. sagzao magistralebi aWariswylis xeobasac moicavda (Woroxis auzi). aq xidebisa da sagzao nagebobebis simravle aCvenebs, rom aWariswylis xeoba daserili iyo savaWro-satranzito gzebiT, romliTac SavizRvispireTi ukavSirdeboda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareebs, Tavis dros aWariswylis xeoba mZlavri ekonomikuri regioni yofila (S. mamulaZe, aWariswylis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, 1993, gv. 181).

klimati `qveyana quTaTisisa~

rionis vake da iq mdebare `qveyana quTaTisisa~ iyo daavadebaTa bude, ufro sworad, iqauri klimati xels uwyobda daavadebaTa gamZafrebas, miT umetes I aTaswleulSi Savi zRvis transgresiis dros, amitomac im periodSi dasavleT saqarTvelos bari sacxovreblad uvargisi iyo da SedarebiT dausaxlebeli. ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebi iq VIII-X ss-Si Seiqmna, Tumca XII s-Sic ki iqaurebi klimats uCiodnen. magaliTad, daviT aRmaSenebeli xSirad gvixilavso, wers mematiane, cremliani, rodesac moinaxulebda xolme avadmyofebs, daavadebaTa kerebi ki ufro metad quTaisis qveyanaSi aRmocendeba xolme, avadmyofobani ufro metad quTaisis qveyanaSi gamZafrdeba xolmeo _ `romelTa zrdis sxvaTa umetes qveyana quTaTisisa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 354). e.i. quTaisis sanaxebSi, Cans, im epoqaSi iyo ufro meti Waobebi, maSasadame, malariis kerebi, vidre amJamad aris. unda vifiqroT, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi daiwyo rionis gaTavisufleba daWaobebuli miwa-wylidan, rionis gamoyofa jebirebiT, anu e.w. `samanebiT~, rac, albaT, Semdgom saukuneebSic gagrZelda. amiT Waobi Semcirda da sacxovrebeli pirobebic albaT gaumjobesda. SesaZloa, am epoqis mefeTa epitafiaSi naTqvami _ `zRvaSi samani Cayara~ gulisxmobs Waobis wylisgan miwebis gaTavisuflebas, anu rionis WaobebSi gaweul samuSaoebs, arxebisa da jebirebis mSeneblobas. aRniSnulis gamo vfiqrobT, rom fazisis samitropolitos saepiskoposo qalaqebi ara malariiT daaavadebul rionis dablobze, aramed sxva, jansaR klimatur regionSi mdebareobdnen, aseve lazikis samefos qalaqebic jansaR klimatur garemoSi _ Woroxis xeobaSi mdebareobdnen.

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istoria (uqimerioni)
prokofis mixedviT _ quTaTisis maxloblad iyo erTi metad magari cixe, saxelad uqimerioni. aq hyavdaT lazebs kargi mcveli razmi. am cixis dacvaSi monawileobas iRebdnen romaeli jariskacebic. am cixesTan dabanakda sparseli mTavarsardali mermeroe mTeli Tavisi jariT. mis xelSi iyo kolxidis saukeTeso nawili, anu moxirisi. amis gamo lazebs saSualeba aRar hqondaT uqimerionis mecixovneTaTvis sursaTi miewodebinaT anda evloT aRniSnuli gziT `svaniasa da skvimniaSi~ (prokofi, omi goTebTan, VIII, 14) Cveni azriT, aWariswyal-Woroxis SesarTavTan axlos mdebare uqimerionis cixesTan dabanakebuli sparseli mTavarsardali mermeroe akontrolebda _ iberia-artaanis gzas. uqimerionis garSemortymis Semdeg ki mas saSualeba mieca TiTqmis mTlianad gaekontrolebina meore gza aWariswylis SesarTavidan Sida saqarTvelosaken anu Tanamedrove xulo-adigenis gza. aRniSnul aWariswyal-Woroxis (e.i. dokonis-fasisis) SesarTavTan uSualod mdebare punqt nesosze gamavali es gza zemo aWarasa da mimdebare regionebs ukavSirdeboda. prokofis epoqaSi, Cans, zemo aWarasa da mimdebare regionebs svaniasa da skvimnias uwodebdnen. lingvistebi mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi, maT Soris guriaSi mraval svanur toponoms pouloben. erT aseTad, magaliTad, lanCxuTi miiCneva. `svanias~ qveS Cveni mecnierebi Tanamedrove svaneTs ganixilaven, maSin, roca `svania~, VI s-Si, Cans erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos vrcel miwa-wyals Woroxis aRmosavleT sanapirodan kavkasiis mTebamde. svanebs sparsuli orientacia hqoniaT, amitomac isini sastikad isjebodnen bizantiuri jarebis mier, Semcirda maTi teritoriebic, es toponimi (svania, svaneTi) xSirad gvxvdeba Tanamedrove SavSeTSic. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, uqimerioni erge-liganSi mdebare kutaias maxlobladaa, kutaia moxirisTan erTad erT seqtorSi, anu Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavis qveyanaSia. misi funqcia pirdapiraa miniSnebuli. esaa zemo aWarisa da mimdebare regionebis anu svania-skvimniasaken mimavali gzis Caketva, Tumca moxirisSi (ergeSi) roca zis mteri, es gza isedac Caketilia, igulisxmeba aWariswyalze gamavali gza, romelic swored ergeSi uerTdeba Woroxispira gzas. maSasadame, uqimerionis cixe _ erTgvari sagzao Camketia. uqimerionis dapatroneba niSnavda mTeli Crdilo anu mTiani lazikis, Woroxispira qveynis xelSi Cagdebas, masSia erge-ligani (moxirisis mxare), arTvini (rodopolisi), skanda-sarapanas cixeebi anu artaan-iberiisaken mimdebare lazeTi. amitomac sparselebi yovelwliurad cdilobdnen uqimerionis dakavebas. bolos gamcemlis wyalobiT `Caigdes xelSi sparselebma uqimerionis cixe da mtkiced daepatronen lazeTs, magram marto es lazike ki ar Caigdes

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xelSi sparselebma, aramed skvimniac da svaniac, da amrigad, moxirisidan iberiamde mTeli miwa-wyali gamoecalaT xelidan romaelebsa da lazTa mefes~ (prokofi, omi goTebTan, VIII, 16). `moxirisidan _ iberiamde~ niSnavs imas, rom liganidan artaanamde mdebare qveyana anu lazikes mTian nawils daepartronen sparselebi, maT xelSi moeqca skvimniaca da svaniac, anu zemo aWaris mxare, uqimerioni aWariswylispirs akontrolebda, anu gzajvaredins. rogorc iTqva masze gadioda ori mTavari gza, erTi amJamadac arTvinisken mimavali, meore ki xulosaken. arTvinis gza gadadioda iberiaSi (artaanSi), xolo rogorc iTqva xulos gza imJamad skvimnia-svaniad saxeldebul qveyanaSi, anu zemo aWaras gavliT Sida saqarTveloSi _ anu aseve iberiaSi. magram uqimerionis cixe akontrolebda kidev erT gzas, amJamindeli qobuleTisken mimarTuls. unda vifiqroT, rom uqimerionis zurgidan dacvis mizniT sparsTa sardalma swored qobuleTis mxares aago kidev erTi cixe _ sarapanisi. Cven viciT, rom sarapanas cixe strabonis drosac arsebobda, mis Semdeg sarapanis cixe daerqva kidev erT cixes iberiisaken mimarTuls, is unda yofiliyo artaan-artanujs Soris arsianis qedze. magram axla mermeroes augia kvlav sarapanisis saxelis mqone cixe sul sxva mimarTulebiT _ kerZod, amJamindel aWara-guriis sazRvarTan axlos. marTlac, XV saukuneSic ki, Sorapani erqva amJamindel ozurgeTs, aqvea sofeli meria da aqvea katis cixec, anu saxelTa Tanxvedra aqacaa. rogorc iTqva, uqimerioni Cveni azriT ergeSi _ aWariswylis SesarTavTan iyo. prokofi wers _ `uqimerionSic datova sakmao xalxi, TviTon ki aaSena lazTa meore cixe, romelsac sarapaniss eZaxian da zed lazikis sazRvarTan mdebareobs da iq darCa~ (omi goTebTan, VIII, 16). SeiZleba sarapanisi vaSnaris cixesac erqva, romelic axloa ozurgeTTan. aqeTac iyo iberia. anu lazikas yovel mxridan ertya iberia, kerZod ki iberiisaken lazikidan miemarTeboda sami mTavari gza: pirveli gza, rogorc iTqva, erTmaneTs aerTebda petra-rodopolisZvel sarapanis-iberias, anu is miuyveboda Woroxis (fazisis) sanapiros da erTmaneTTan aerTebda Tanamedrove baTum-arTvin-artanuj-ardagans. artaani iberiis nawili iyo. meore gza erTmaneTs aerTebda petra-nesos-svania-skvimnia-iberias anu miuyveboda jer Woroxis sanapiros, Semdeg ki aWariswyals maRla Sida saqarTvelosaken da erTmaneTTan aerTebda Tanamedrove baTum-xulo-adigens, Cans, svania-skvimnia imJamad am gzis momcvel qveynebs erqva. mesame gza ki aerTebda petras mermeroes mier agebul axal sarapanisTan e.i. Tanamedrove baTums aerTebda vaSnarTan, vaSnaris CrdiloeTiT afsileTi da iberia iyo. petra axlos yofila Tanamedrove baTumTan. maSasadame, lazikes iberiasTan grZeli sasazRvro xazi hqonda artaanidan _ guria _ argveTamde.

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uqimerioni garkveulwilad am gzaTa SesayarTan idga aWariswylispirTan axlos md. Woroxis SesarTavTan, aqedan iwyeboda erges qveyana, romelic arTvinisken liganis qveyanas uerTdeboda. iv. javaxiSvili varaudobs, rom uqimerioni oxvamers anu salocavs niSnavs (iqve, gv. 42). wyalwiTelasTan yofila toponimi oxomora. wyaltubos raionSia `xomuli~ (iqve, gv. 25). cnobilia xomlis mTa. n. berZeniSvilis azriT, `xvam Ziri zanuri Cans~ (iqve, gv. 25). safiqrebelia, rom es Ziri zogad qarTulia (fuZe qarTulia) da unda niSnavdes qvabuls, gamoqvabuls anu mRvimes (Rvim), xom anu Rvim ZiriT `xvimira~ anu gamoTxril_gamoqvabuli adgili iwodeboda. igivea rac Rvime (mRvime), rogorc aRiniSna. sofeli xomuli, wyaltubos raionSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dgas kirqvis mRvimeTa maRla, iq uamravi mRvimea, amitomac is xomuli anu mRvimeTa adgilia (xomuli), mis qveS xom-ebi anu mRvimeebia. aseve mRvime aqvs xomlis mTas. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom uqimerionis fuZe araa `xom-Rvim~ _ da is sxva warmoSobis sityvaa. kerZod _ `uki-meri-oni~. rogorc zemoT ganvixileT, mere amJamadac aWarul dialeqtSi vake, gavakebul, movakebul adgils niSnavs _ prokofis sityviTac uqimerioni vakeze idga. masaSadame uki_meri vakis cixes niSnavs, xolo oni aris sufiqsi.

arqeopolisi. noqalaqevis arqeologia

prokofi kesarielis TqmiT arqeopolisi iyo `mTavari da udidesi qalaqi lazebis qveyanaSi~ (prokofi, georgika II, 1965, gv. 182) amasTanave `Zalian gamagrebuli~ (iqve, gv. 101) mdebareobda fazisis marjvena sanapiros qveyanaSi, `metad quS serze da mas Camoudis mdinare, qalaqis zemoT aRmarTuli mTebidan~ (iqve, gv. 188), erTi dRis savali gziT daSorebuli moxirisidan. XIX-XX ss. mkvlevarTa umetesobis azriT arqeopolisi iyo amJamindeli punqti noqalaqevi, senakTan (yofil cxakaias raionSi). sabWoTa epoqaSi noqalaqevs ukve uwodebdnen `lazikis anu mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos dedaqalaqs~. aris Tu ara arqeopolisi igive noqalaqevi yvelaze metad unda gaarkvios arqeologiurma Seswavlam. marTlac noqalaqevSi pirveli gaTxrebi Catarda 1930-31 wlebSi. 1973 wels daiwyo e.w. `stacionaruli gaTxrebi~. 1987 wels Sejamda 10 wlis gaTxrebis Sedegebi. noqalaqevis arqeologiuri eqspediciis xelmZRvanelobam gamoaqveyna krebuli `noqalaqevi _ arqeopolisi~ (Tb. 1987) miZRvnili `egrisis (lazikis) samefos (dasavleT saqarTvelo) dedaqalaqis cixe-goji _ noqalaqevi _ arqeopolisis Seswavlisadmi~ (ix. aRniSnuli wignis anotacia). noqalaqevis arqeologiurma Seswavlam SeiZleba iTqvas did sagonebelSi Caagdo patiosani mkvlevari arqeologebi.

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aRmoCenilma Zalze mwirma masalam marTlac gaaogna jer kidev pirveli arqeologiuri eqspediciis wevri 1930-31 wlisa, cnobili arqeologi l. musxeliSvili. is werda: `noqalaqevis sakiTxi lamis iseTive bneliTaa moculi dResac, rogorc gaTxrebis dawyebamde... saerTod iseTi STabeWdilebaa, TiTqos mosaxleobis kvali am Zvels qalaqSi an mTlad warxocila droTa ganmavlobaSi, an araa da sulac araferi kvali ar yofila. es metad sakvirveli movlenaa. sxva ara iyos ra, meeqvse saukunis naSTebi mainc mravlad unda aRmoCeniliyo _ Cven ki SedarebiT mcireodeni Tixis natexebis garda ara gvipovia ra. prokofi arqeopoliss mravladdasaxlebuls da kolxeTis udides da upirveles qalaqs uwodebs. prokofis ki unda scodnoda ra aris qalaqi. qalaqi xis saxlebiT iyo gaSenebuli, xe dalpa, rac gasakviri ar aris samegrelos nestiani havisaTvis, magram, nuTu, imdroindel mosaxleobas, garda qoTnebisa, sxva ram nivTebi ara hqonia, samkauli, iaraRi, liTonis WurWeli da sxva? _ sad daikarga yvela es? am kiTxvas pasuxis gacema unda~ (noqalaqevi-arqepolisi, 1987, gv. 304). l. musxeliSvili wers: fazisze gemebi sarapanamde dadioda, gemebs ki adgilobrivi mosaxleoba aSenebda, amasTanave fazisze strabonis mowmobiT 120 xidi yofila gaSenebuli, amasTanave `mdinares sistematurad swmindavdnen, amitom pirvel saukuneSive `kolxeTs gacxovelebuli aReb-micemoba hqonia ucxoeTTan~, IV s-Si Temiste kolxeTs `elinuri kulturisa da muzaTa sadgurs uwodebda~, xolo VI s-Si prokofisa da agaTias cnobebiT `kolxeTi mdidari, dawinaurebuli, mWidrod dasaxlebuli da daba-qalaqebiT savse qveyana~ iyo, amitomac es `elinuri kulturis~ simdidris, gacxovelebuli aReb-micemobis kvali uTuod unda aRmoeCinaT arqeologebs `arqeopolisSi~, magram ara arqeologiam sul sxva suraTi aCvena, _ noqalaqevis mosaxleobas `mwiri keramikis garda ara moepoveboda ra~ (iqve, gv. 304). am faqtma, rogorc iTqva gaaogna patiosani mkvlevar-arqeologi l. musxeliSvili. aqedan gamomdinare, mas rom dascloda albaT mividoda daskvnamde, rom arqeopolisi eZia sxva regionSi. [Cveni azriT arqeopolisi Woroxis anu fazisis marjvena sanapiroze mdebareobda, albaT sadRac Tanamedrove baTum-qobuleT-cixisZiris maxloblad]. l. musxeliSvilis eqspedicias, ucxoeli mecnieris a. Snaideris xelmZRvanelobiT ar dauklia cda, rogorme noqalaqevSi aRmoeCinaT saqalaqo cxovrebis Sesabamisi monapovari, magaliTad, wers, rom eqspediciam `zRudis SigniT, vakeze, mTis ferdobze da zeviT akropolisSi, 40-mde sacdeli ormo gavTxareT, zogierTi sakmaod Rrmad (2-3 metramdi), magram yvela uSedegod~ (iqve, gv. 304). e.i. am ormoebSi saqalaqo cxovrebis Sesabamisi kulturuli fena ar aRmoCnda.

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eqspedicias am kraxis Semdeg imedi daesaxa, rom zRudis gareT eZebnaT Zveli qalaqis naSTebi. `TviTeul ezos zRudis gareT Tavisi Wa aqvs. zogan siRrmiT 3 saJenamde. da, adgilobrivTa TqmiT, arasodes araferi aRmoCenila~ (iqve, gv. 304). eqspediciis daskvna aseTi iyo _ `qalaqi ver vnaxeT~. maT imedi hqondaT, rom gaagrZelebdnen kvlevas da raimes ipovnidnen noqalaqevis dedaqalaqobis dasadgenad. sabolood, imJamad 1930-31 wlis eqspediciam daaskvna _ `arsad ar aRmoCnda Zveli sasaflao da arc Zveli samosaxlos fenebi. amitom eqspediciis xelmZRvanels Snaiders saerTod Seepara eWvi, rom noqalaqevi iyo cnobili arqeopolisi. daskvnaSi `noqalaqevis gaTxrebis Sedegebi doqtor Snaiderisa 19291930 wlebi~, kerZod, naTqvamia _ `Zveli geografebis cnobebiT qalaqebi ixsenieba mxolod zRvispiras da fazisis gaswvriv. am qalaqTagan ukve pliniusis dros (I saukune) umravlesoba aRar arsebobda, aqedan cxadia: sakuTriv Sida _ qveyana berZen-romaelTaTvis ucnobi iyo da arc maTi gavlenis qveS imyofeboda. aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom mainc da mainc Zveli qalaqis Zebna noqalaqevSi amao iqneba~ (iqve, gv. 297). doqtor Snaideris, noqalaqevis patiosani mkvlevar-arqeologis, es gancxadeba Zalze mniSvnelovania. dasavleT saqarTvelos `Sida qveyana berZen-romaelTaTvis ucnobi iyo da arc maTi gavlenis qveS imyofeboda~. es daskvna mTlianad eTanadeba `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ dabejiTebul cnobebs, rom mefe farnavazis droidan dasavleT saqarTvelo mdinare egriswylamde imyofeboda ara berZen-romaul, aramed qarTlis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi, rom ara mxolod qujis dros, aramed uwyvetad Semdeg mefe aderkamde (I s.) da mefe mirianamde (IV s.) egrisi qarTlis samefos nawili iyo. Snaiderisa da qarTuli wyaroebis daskvnebi Tanmxvedria da mTlianad gansxvavdeba XX s. sabWoTa istorikosebis daskvnebisagan. noqalaqevis gaTxrebi gagrZelda, rogorc iTqva XX s. 70-ian wlebSi. ase vTqvaT, aq imuSava arqeologTa orma jgufma: pirvels SeiZleba vuwodoT mkvlevar-arqeologebi, anu isini, romelnic imas aRweren rasac faqtiurad pouloben, da meore, ase vTqvaT e.w. `qarTizaciis Teoriis~ momxre _ ideolog-arqeologebi, romelTac winaswar hqondaT momzadebuli daskvna, romlis mixedviTac ar arsebuls _ realur faqtebad acnoben sazogadoebas. 70-iani wlebis mkvlevar-arqeologebi msgavsad l. musxeliSvilisa da doqtor Snaiderisa noqalaqevis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad mividnen imave daskvnamde, rom noqalaqevSi Zalze mwiria kulturuli fena, kerZod isini sxvadasxva adgils miuTiTeben `noqalaqevis kulturuli fena gan-

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sakuTrebiT Raribia~ (noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi, 1987, gv. 29), `mniSvnelovnad Raribia~ (iqve, gv. 28), anda `Zalze Raribia~ (iqve, gv. 28) da sxva, aRmoCenili masalebis mixedviT noqalaqevi mcired iyo dasaxlebuli (iqve, gv. 30), `samarxebi mcirea IV-VII saukuneebisa~ (gv. 30) da sxva. maSasadame, noqalaqevis 1970-80 wlebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCnda: 1) noqalaqevi da misi midamoebi iyo mcired dasaxlebuli (noqalaqeviarqeopolisi, gv. 30); 2) aq IV-VII ss. samarxebi mcirea _ (iqve, gv. 30); 3) aq kulturuli fena Raribia _ (iqve, gv. 30); 4) arqeologiuri monapovari uCvenebs, rom qalaqs ar hqonda sakuTari ekonomika _ (iqve, gv. 31, 30); 5) `grandiozuli TavdacviTi nagebobebi~ ar Seesabameba qalaqis cxovrebis intensivobas~ (e.i. iyo ara qalaqi (miT umetes dedaqalaqi) aramed cixe-simagre, romelSic xandaxan erisTav-didebulebi cxovrobdnen da aq sasaxleebi hqondaT, rogorc es miRebuli wesi iyo Sua saukuneebSi) _ (iqve, gv. 27); 6) noqalaqevidan adrefeodaluri xanis saiuveliro nawarmi praqtikulad Zalze cotaa, dedaqalaqSi meti unda yofiliyo (iqve, gv. 27). 7) akropolisis (qveda qalaqis) centralur nawilSi arqeologiuri masala (monapovari) `TiTqmis sul araa~ (iqve, gv. 29). 8) `usaxuri da uformo fragmentebi~ arqeologiur masalisa aRmoCnda samxreT galavanTan (iqve,gv. 29). esaa keramikuli WurWlis (doqebis) natexebi _ (iqve, gv. 30). am daskvnisaTvis patiosan arqeologebs n. lomouri sastikad akritikebs, faqtebis miuxedavad n. lomourma daaskvna rom noqalaqevi iyo arqeopolisi da es azri danerga mecnierebaSi. n. lomouri iZulebuli gaxda da man daiwyo kritika pirvelxarisxovani wyaroebisa da maTi avtorebisa, kerZod n. lomouri akritikebs prokofi kesariels. n. lomouri prokofis miiCnevs `arasando~ avtorad, wers _ `yovelTvis rodi SeiZleba misi ndoba~ (noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi, 1987, gv. 30), amasTanave wers `cnobilia, rom prokofis lazikis daxasiaTebisas xSirad mosdis uzustobani~ (iqve,gv. 31). aseve wers _ `samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom lazikis e. i. dasavleT saqarTvelos prokofismieri daxasiaTeba ar Seefereba realur sinamdviles. prokofis mTel lazeTze gavrcelebulia is cnoba, romelic mas erTerTi CamorCenili kuTxis Sesaxeb hqonda~ (gv. 31), aq igulisxmeba prokofis cnoba _ `lazikaSi arsad aris marili, arc xorbleuli modis, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe~ (prokofi, omi sparselebTan, II, 28).

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Cemi azriT ki prokofis cnobebi saocrad zusti aRmoCndeba, Tu mis lazikas Woroxis xeobaSi movaTavsebT. n. lomours ar moswons prokofis cnoba, amitom akritikebs da wers _ noqalaqevi `mWidrodasaxlebuli unda yofiliyo, amas mowmobs aq ori abanos, sxva sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis SenobaTa da mravalricxovani arqeologiuri masalis _ saojaxo da samzareulo WurWlis aRmoCena~. (gv. 31). Tumca noqalaqevis (e.w. dedaqalaqis) arqeologiur masalis simwire, kulturuli fenis siRaribe, monetebis simcire da faqti, rom qalaqs ar hqonda sakuTari ekonomika, mas arafers eubneba (iqve, gv. 31, 32). safiqrebelia,rom aRmoCenili `ori abano da WurWeli~ ekuTvnoda noqalaqevSi, sakurorto mosasvenebelSi droebiT 1-2 Tvis manZilze macxovrebel samegrelos mTavrebsa da didebulebs. ufro adre aq, aseve droebiT, ucxovriaT qarTlis mefe-erisTavebsac, maTac cxadia abanoebi da WurWeli esaWiroebodaT. XX s. qarTulma istoriografiam dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis ori gansxvavebuli Teoria Camoayaliba: pirvelis mixedviT Savi zRvispireTi da dasavleT saqarTvelo Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebuli iyo afxazur-adiReuri tomebiT, romelTac aq Semdgom `afxazTa samefo~ Camoayalibes VIII s-Si, Semdeg ki mcxeTis eklesiam daiwyo am mxaris `qarTizaciis~ procesi, ris Sedegadac dasavleT saqarTveloSi TiTqosda X s-dan gavrcelda qarTuli ena da kultura, afxazTa samefo ki erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos nawili gaxda. es Teoria miiCneoda ueWvel WeSmaritebad, amitomac is asaxulia rogorc samecniero literaturaSi, ise saenciklopedio cnobarebSi. am Teorias eWvis TvaliT Sexedes afxazeTSi separatistuli moZraobis dawyebis Semdeg XX s. 70-80iani wlebidan. amis Semdeg ukve oficialur Teoriad gadaiqca Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebis `lazikis samefo~ moicavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos da misi dedaqalaqi iyo arqeopolisi, romelic TiTqosda noqalaqevis Zveli saxeli yofila. daiwyo noqalaqevis Txra, gamoqveynda am Teoriis Sesabamisi arqeologiuri daskvnebi. am Teoriis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTveloSive mdebareobdnen fasisis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi: rodopolisisa (rogorc iTqva, miiCneva rom es saxeli varcixes erqva), saisinisa (caiSad miiCneva), ziganasa (mas ratomRac `ziginevisas~ uwodeben da mis adgil-samyofelad gudayvas miiCneven afxazeTSi) da petrasi (cixisZirad miiCneva). qarTizaciis Teoriis mixedviT es berZnuli saepiskoposoebi gauqmda `qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad. ismis kiTxva, Tu ki samitropolito centri iyo fazisi (TiTqosda foTi), ratom mdebareobda am regionis dedaqalaqi arqeopolisSi? saqme isaa, rom

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sityva `metropolisi~ aRniSnavs `dedaqalaqs~, xolo saeklesio kanonebis mixedviT `samitropolito olqis~ meTauri metropolisSi anu dedaqalaqSi unda mjdariyo. ase, rom Tu foTi iyo fazisis samitropolitos centri, maSin politikuri dedaqalaqic foTi unda yofiliyo da ara arqeopolisi. magram prokofi kesarielis cnobiT lazikis dedaqalaqi arqeopolisi iyo. Tu es asea, maSin fazisis metropoliis centri sxvagan unda veZioT. rodis aSenda noqalaqevi? Tu is cixe-gojia, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, mas safuZveli daudo qarTlis samefos egrisis saerisTvos meTaurma qujim. noqalaqevi meored aSenda dasavleT saqarTvelodan arabebis gandevnis Semdeg _ afxazeTSi gadasulma qarTlis mefe mirma brZana: `uwyies Senebad adgilTa CvenTa klisuriTgan aRmarT, warval da daveSenebi cixe-gojisa da quTaTiss~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955, gv. 242). e.i. noqalaqevi meored aSenda VIII saukuneSi (iseve, rogorc quTaisi), arabTa Tavdasxmebis II talRis SesaCereblad. am dros noqalaqevSi kargi cixe-citadeli aSenebula, imdenad, rom qarTlis mefis erTerTi gvirgvini aq daido Sesanaxad, meore ki quTaisSi _ am wyaros mixedviT, anu cixe-goji quTaisTan erTad qarTlis samefos centrad iqca, arabebis mier Tbilisis saamiros daarsebis Semdeg. Semdgom saukuneebSi noqalaqevi anu cixe-goji iyo sazafxulo rezidencia egrisis erisTavebisa da samegrelos mTavrebisa. ase, rom noqalaqevs naklebi Sexeba hqonda bizantiur samyarosTan, amitom verc aRmoaCines arqeologebma aq Sesabamisi raodenobis bizanturi monetebi, aRmoCnda sul ramdenime (eqvsi moneta, maTgan mxolod oria saxelwarwerili). noqalaqevi rom yofiliyo lazikis dedaqalaqi arqeopolisi, aq monetebis siuxve unda yofiliyo, viTarca savaWro ekonomikur da politikur centrSi. arqeologebis v. leqvinaZisa da l. xvedeliZis TvalsazrisiT, faqti imisa, rom noqalaqevSi monetebi `Zalze mcire raodenobisa aRmoCnda, da aseve faqti imisa, rom vardcixeSi monetebi jerjerobiT saerTod araa mikvleuli, metyvelebs imis Sesaxeb, rom `lazikaSi fuladi mimoqceva sustad iyo ganviTarebuli~ (noqalaqevi-arqepolisi, 1987, gv. 32). Cemi azriT, radganac prokofis epoqaSi lazika erqva ZiriTadad Woroxis xeobasa da erge-ligans, arqeologebma aq unda Caataron Sesabamisi kvleva, xolo varcixeSi da noqalaqevSi arqeologiuri masalebis (maT Soris monetebis ararseboba da simcire) miuTiTebs rom varcixe ar iyo rodopolisi da noqalaqevi ar iyo arqeopolisi _ e.i. cnobili bizantiuri punqtebi. erTi sityviT cixe-gojSi mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala araa sakmarisi mis arqeopolisad gamosacxadeblad. amave Tvalsazrisisa unda iyvnen arqeologebi v. leqvinaZe da l. xvedeliZe, romelTac akritikebs n. lo-

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mouri. arqeologiuri monapovris ukmarisobis miuxedavad is mtkiced dgas Tvalsazrisze, rom noqalaqevi aris arqeopolisi da mas uwodebs _ `egrisis anu lazikis _ mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli saxelmwifos dedaqalaqs~. mas, iseve, rogorc mraval sxvas ar aocebs Tundac faqti imisa, rom varcixeSi (e.i. maTi TvalsazrisiT rodopolisSi) ar aRmoCnda berZnul-bizantiuri monetebi! prokofis epoqis wyaroebiT _ arqeopolisSi idga bizantiuri samxedro nawili, mravali aTasi mxedrisagan Semdgari. rogorc wesi, yvelgan, samxedro nawilis sadgom punqtSi mravlad ipoveba monetebi, radganac mxedrebs anazRaurebas monetebiT uxdidnen. garda amisa, yvelgan sadac ki aseTi jari mudmivad banakdeboda mkvidri mosaxleoba kargad daculobis gamo, awyobda bazrobebs, Sendeboda Sesabamisi Senobebi, aReb-micemoba yvavoda, fuli trialebda, rogorc wesi, ara erTi da ori TviT, aramed wlobiT da zogjer aTeulwlobiT da saukuneobiT, amis gamo samxedro nawilebis sadgom punqtebSi mravlad pouloben monetebs. aRniSnulis garda, aseTi punqtebi, rogorc wesi TandaTanobiT qalaqebad iqceoda xolme, rasac xels uwyobda intensiuri daculi vaWroba. Tu aseTive qalaqi iyo rodopolisi, Tanac saepiskoposo centriT, Tavisi kaTedriT. nuTu aseT qalaqSi monetebi ar unda aRmoCeniliyo? nuTu es faqti ar aeWvebT mecnierT, _ bizantiur saxelmwifoSi xom saepiskoposo kaTedrebs, ara ubralo qalaqebSi aramed mniSvnelovan centralur qalaqebSi aarsebdnen! aseTi iyo saeklesio wesi bizantiur samyaroSi. msgavsadve, SeuZlebelia lazikis `dedaqalaqSi~ _ arqeopolisSi aseTi mwiri arqeologiuri naSTebi aRmoCeniliyo, Civili imisa, rom kulturuli fenebi wyalma gadarecxa, dasturia mxolod imisa, rom namdvilad noqalaqevSi ar aRmoCnda Sesabamisi arqeologiuri masala. aseve, Zalze niSneulia, rom ar aRmoCnda berZnuli warwerebi noqalaqevsa da varcixeSi _ `bizantiis imperiaSi Semavali lazikis samefos dedaqalaqsa da berZnuli saepiskoposo centrSi~, SeuZlebelia aseTi statusis mqone qalaqebSi ar aRmoCeniliyo berZnuli warwerebi, Tu ki vinme ityvis, rom droTa msvlelobam isini gaaqro, SeiZleba mas SevekiTxoT, maS ratom aRmoCnda noqalaqevTan Zalze axlos (nojixevSi) imave epoqis qarTuli warwerebi? n. lomouris azriT konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semavali berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTedra IV saukunidanve idga noqalaqev-arqeopolisSi (noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi,1987, gv. 40). cxadia, misi es gancxadeba sruliad usafuZvloa. emyareba mxolod im faqts, rom noqalaqevSi aRmoCnda erTi Zveli eklesiis naSTi, romelic man IV s-iT daaTariRa, Semdeg ki miRebuli Stampis Sesabamisad CaTvala, rom misi episkoposi konstantinepolis iurisdiqcias eqvemdebareboda.

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is wers _ `Cven SesaZleblad migvaCnia davuSvaT, rom bizantiur wyaroebSi damowmebulia egrisis saeklesio wyobileba, romlis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauria konstantinopolis patriarqis samwysoSi Semavali fasisis mitropoliti, misdami daqvemdebarebuli oTxi episkoposiT (ziganevis, petras, rodopolisis da caiSis), SedarebiT gvian Seqmnili sistemaa. Tavdapirvelad erT-erTi saeklesio kaTedra swored noqalaqevSi imyofeboda~ (n. lomouri, noqalaqevis gaTxrebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas noqalaqevi _ arqeopolisi, 1987, gv. 40). n. lomouri rixiT wers `bizantiur wyaroebSi damowmebuli egrisis saeklesio wyobilebis~ Sesaxeb, maSin, roca arcerT bizantiur wyaroSi araviTari mowmoba ar arsebobs `egrisis eklesiis~ miT umetes `misi wyobilebis~ Sesaxeb. saerTod bizantiur wyaroebSi sityva `egrisis eklesia~ ar fiqsirdeba. bizantiur wyaroebSi naxsenebi `lazikis eparqia~, romlis saepiskoposoebic mdebareobda qarTvelTa uZveles qveyanaSi trapezuntis regionSi, istoriul kolxeT-lazikaSi (uReltexil ziganasTan axlos) qarTvelma istorikosebma CaTvales dasavleT saqarTvelos (egrisis) kaTedrebad. maT es TavianTi Secdoma _ oficialur saistorio dogmad gadaaqcies. n. lomouris azriT, noqalaqev-arqeopolisSi ufro adre ijda (IV sdanve) berZeni episkoposi, vidre bizantielebi eparqiebs daaarsebdnen foTvarcixe-caiSSi. es mosazreba unda daadasturos arqeologiurma monapovarma. kerZod, unda aRmoCeniliyo, berZnuli saeklesio warwerebi. rogorc iTqva, bizantiur samyaroSi episkoposi ijda did qalaqSi. konstantinopolis episkoposi arqeopolisSi, cxadia berZnulenovani iqneboda, berZnuli wirvalocviT, Sesabamisad raime berZnuli warwera mainc unda aRmoCeniliyo noqalaqevSi, magram aseTi ar aRmoCnda. msgavsadve ratom ar aRmoCnda berZnuli saeklesio warwerebi varcixeSi, romelic rodopolisis saepiskoposo kaTedrad miiCneva? rogorc iTqva, qarTizaciis Teoriis momxre arqeologebi noqalaqevSi eZebdnen berZnul saeklesio warwerebs da aRmoaCines qarTuli warwerebi noqalaqevTan aTiod kilometrSi. nojixevSi, sadac gaiTxara uZvelesi eklesia aRmoCnda qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebi. Tu noqalaqevis, rogorc iTqva, berZnuli saeklesio warwerebi drom gaaqro, ratom ar gaaqro drom TiTqmis imave epoqis, iqve mdebare nojixevis tetrakonqis qarTuli warwerebi? n. lomouri wers _ `noqalaqev-gegeWkoris monakveTze eqspediciam sxva xasiaTis samuSaoebic Caatara, aq upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia gegeWkoris raionis sofel nojixevSi, abaSispira WalaSi nagebobaTa kompleqsis aRmoCena _ V_VI saukuneebis abano da misgan ociode metris daSorebiT

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aRmoCenili amave epoqis oTxafsidiani eklesia, e.w. tetrakonqis tipisa... aRniSnuli abanosa da tetrakonqis gverdiT Senaxulia gviandeli xanis patara darbazuli eklesiis nangrevebi... gviandeli eklesiis qveS eqspediciam aRmoaCina saerTod saqarTvelosTvis iSviaTi tipis eklesia _ rvaafsidiani saydari... kargad gaTlili qviT nagebi eklesiis garSemo aRmoCnda araerTi arqiteqturuli detali da rac mTavaria SesaniSnavad amokveTili didi zomis (15X22) asomTavruli asoebi. marTalia warweris wakiTva ver xerxdeba, radgan asoebi calke qvebzea amokveTili da gafantuli iyo irgvliv, magram udavoa, rom am eklesiis gumbaTs amkobda asomTavruli warwera. p. zaqaraia winaswarulad eklesias X saukuniT aTariRebs da amdenad es warwera erTerTi adreulia dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTul warweraTa Soris. vfiqrob, Znelia am aRmoCenis mniSvnelobis gadafaseba~ (iqve, gv. 42). nojixevis rvaafsidiani tetrakonqis qarTuli warwerebi TviT qarTizaciis TeoriiT xelfeSxekrulma mecnierebma X saukuniT daaTariRes. es im saukuned iTvleba, rac TiTqosda daiwyo dasavleT saqarTvelos `qarTizacia~. magram vinc endoba ZvelqarTul wyaroebs misTvis es tetrakonqi da misi warwerebi gacilebiT adrindelia, albaT VI-VII saukuneebisa, radganac CvenSi swored am saukuneebSi agebdnen tetraqonqis tipis sataZro nagebobebs. vfiqrob, saeklesio mkvlevarebisaTvis ufro myari safuZveli unda iyos Zveli qarTuli wyaroebi, maT Soris ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweris cnobebi, vidre Semdeg SemuSavebuli e.w. `qarTizaciis Teoria~. Cveni mematianeebisa da mamebisaTvis XI saukuneebic ki (Tu ufro adre ara) saerTod ucnobi iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli saeklesio iurisdiqcia, amis arqeologiur dasturad unda CaiTvalos nojixevis tetrakonqis qarTuli warwerebi, romlis Sesaxebac samwuxarod dumilia samecniero wreebSi, Tumca ki madlobeli unda viyoT noqalaqevis arqeologiuri eqspediciisa da n. lomourisa, romelTac aRmoaCines da gamoamzeures nojixevis qarTuli warwera.

brZolebi arqeopolisTan
(istoria da numizmatikuri masala) arqeopolisi miiCneoda bizantiuri jarebis did simagred, aq sparseTTan omis dros mravalaTasiani samxedro korpusi idga. magaliTad erTerTi brZolis dros sparselTa sardalma mermeroem miiyvana jari imdenad didi ricxvisa rom, arqeopolisTan mas bizantielebma 4.000 meomari moukles. bizantielTa jari ki am dros arqeopolisis cixeSi idga da Tavs icavda. sparselebis jarSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen daqiravebuli meomrebi sxvadasx-

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va erovnebis, magaliTad, prokofi aRwers, rom arqeopolisTan brZolisas sparselTa mier daqiravebulma sabirTa tomis jariskacebma moamzades saomari e. w. krios manqanebi, raTa cixis kedlebi daelewaT, iqve iyvnen dolomitTa tomis jariskacebi, romlebic isrebsa da Subebs uSendnen meomrebs. prokofi arqeopolisis brZolis aRwerisas ambobs _ `TiToeuli maTgani atarebs maxvilsa da fars, xelSi sami xelSubi uWiravs... mermeroe mTeli jariT wauZRva krios manqanebsa da spiloebs~, spiloebiT Cans aTi aTasi kaci mainc ibrZoda, radganac 4.000 rogorc iTqva kedlebTan daiRupa, Semdeg mermeroem sami aTasi kaci quTaTisis cixeSi datova da aseve jarebi sxva sam cixeSi ganalaga. am ambis aRweriT imis Tqma gvsurs, rom yvela es meomari daqiravebuli iyo da maT monetebi Tan unda etarebinaT ucxo qveyanaSi saxlebidan aTasobiT kilometriT daSorebulT, monetebi cxadia TviT uqemerionis cixis bizantiul mcvelebsac hqonodaT. amitomacaa, rom arqeologebi aseT adgilebSi monetebs mravlad pouloben. bizantia-sparseTis omi am mxareSi mTeli saukune grZeldeboda, arqeopolisi yovelTvis mTavari samizne iyo. amitomacaa gasakviri, da es aocebdaT TviT mkvlevar-specialistebs noqalaqevSi aRmoCenili artefaqtebisa da bizantiuri monetebis simcire. magaliTad T. abramiSvili, romelmac specialurad Seiswavla noqalaqevis eqspediciis mier mopovebuli monetebi, askvnis _ `noqalaqevis gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili mcire numizmatikuri masala aZnelebs raime kategoriuli daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas~ (T. abramiSvili, noqalaqevis monetebi, iqve, gv. 279). is wers _ `rogorc vxedavT, noqalaqevis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli numizmatikuri masala erTob mcire da mokrZalebulia~ (iqve, gv. 275). kerZod aRmoCnda sul 6 spilenZis bizantiuri moneta, Tumca ufro adre aRmoCnda iustine I (518-527) erTi spilenZis moneta da mavrik tiberiosis (582-602) oqros monetebis ganZi. es raodenobac `mcired da mokrZalebulad~ iTvleba. rusul daskvnaSic T. abramiSvili igives aRniSnavs, rom `noqalaqevis numizmatikuri masala Zalze mcirericxovania~ (iqve, gv. 286). saqme isaa, rom noqalaqevis irgliv _ samegrelo guriis regionis soflebSic (saflavebsa da eklesiis garSemo) arqeologebi imave sixSirisa da odenobis numizmatikur masalas pouloben (numizmatikuri ganZebsa Tu erTeul monetebs) _ arqeopolisad miCneul noqalaqevSi maTi ricxvi Zalze soliduri unda yofiliyo. rogorc iTqva, varcixeSi moneta saerTod ar aRmoCnda (da mere sad _ bizantiuri samyaros qalaq rodopolisSi sadac romauli jari idga da episkoposis kaTedrac iyo). es realurad arsebuli faqti rogorc iTqva metyvelebs imis Sesaxeb, rom ara varcixesa da noqalaqevSi, aramed sxvagan unda veZioT rodopolisi da arqeopolisi.

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erTi sityviT, noqalaqevsa da mis axlo-maxlo adgilebSi arqeologebma berZnul warweraTa nacvlad qarTuli aRmoaCines. igives Tqma SeiZleba foTis Sesaxebac. CvenSi tendenciaa foTi gamoacxadon cnobil fazisad, Sesabamisad aq gafacicebiT eZebdnen berZnul warwerebs, magram aRmoaCines ra? _ qarTuli warwerebi, kerZod gamouwvav agursa da msgavs masalaze dasadebi satvifravi, romelzec aris qarTuli asomTavruli aso-niSnebi, da aseve ukve mza agurebi qarTulive aso-niSnebiT. ratomRac es faqti daviwyebis buruss gadaeca, radganac saerTod ar jdeba SemuSavebul stereotipSi da ucnaurad gamoiyureba qarTizaciis TeoretikosebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom XX s. 70-80-iani wlebis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (30-iani wlebis eqspediciis msgavsad) noqalaqevSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri (IV-XI saukuneebis) masalidan masiurad moipova mxolod keramika. esenia ZiriTadad qvevrebi, jamebi da doqebi, Tanac adgilobrivi warmoebisa, aRsaniSnavia rom mopovebuli sacecxlurebic ki (e.i. saeklesio nivTi) adgilobrivaa damzadebuli Tixisagan. v. leqvinaZe wers _ `naxevrad sferosebri formis adgilobrivi sasakmevle sacecxlurebi ori naxvretiT _ zemoTken da Zirze~ (noqalaqeviarqeopolisi, gv. 238). es imiTaa saintereso, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semavali arqeopolisis _ mniSvnelovani centrisa da dedaqalaqis eklesiaSi ara oqro_vercxlisa da Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkuli sasakmevliT msaxurebodnen berZeni RvTismsaxurebi, rogorc miRebulia dedaqalaqebis eklesiebSi, aramed Tixis adgilobrivi sasakmevliT _ rac Zneli warmosadgenia. rogorme berZeni RvTismsaxurebi Sesaferisi bizantiuri nivTebiT Seamkobdnen eklesiebs, rogorc miRebuli iyo imJamad, noqalaqevi arqeopolisi rom yofiliyo. noqalaqevSi TiTqmis yvelaferi adgilobrivi warmoebisaa. gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi aseve, erTi faqti: aqamde Cveni arqeologebi fiqrobdnen, rom maT mier mravlad mopovebuli WurWeli iyo importuli amforebis naSTebi, magram aRmoCnda, rom sinamdvileSi isini adgilobrivi WurWeli iyo. amasTan dakavSirebiT v. leqvinaZe wers _ `dasavleT saqarTveloSi arqeopolisis Tanadrouli Zeglis vardcixis (rodopolisis) masalis gacnobis Sedegad gairkva, rom es fragmentebi sinamdvileSi miekuTvneba didi zomis adgilobriv farToyelian doqebs, romelTa formaze gavlena iqonia amforaTa garegnulma formam (iqve, gv. 239). e.i. eZebdnen berZnul-romauls da aRmouCeniaT ki, ase vTqvaT, imeruli Cafebisa da doqebis fragmentebi. vaskvniT _ arqeologiuri masala TvalnaTliv aCvenebs, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos im regionSi, romelic raionis dablobs miekuTvneba ar unda

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veZioT berZnul-bizantiuri dedaqalaqebi, TavianTi saepiskoposo kaTedrebiT, aramed unda verwmunoT erovnul wyaroebs, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo Sedioda zogadqarTul saxelmwifosa da eklesiaSi Tavisi yofiT, kulturiT, adaT-wesebiT, simdidriTa Tu siRaribiT maS, sad mdebareobda arqeopolisi? rogorc iTqva misi samyofeli unda yofiliyo Tanamedrove baTumsa da cixisZirs Soris. wyaros cnobiT, `qalaq arqeopolisis gareubani iyo onogurisi anu wmida stefane~, amJamadac baTumis regionSi aris dasaxlebul punqti saxelwodebiT _ `stefanovka~ (esaa baTumis gareubani, aeroportis gzatkecilTan mimdebare tabiZis quCasTan, albaT Zveli saxeli stefane rusul epoqaSi stepanovkad gadaakeTes).

moxirisi
baTum-aWariswylis regionSi `max~ fuZis mqone toponimebis erToblioba-Tavmoyra saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT mosazreba, rom amave fuZis mqone `mox-ir-isi~ aq (baTum-aWariswylis regionSi) mdebareobda da ara quTaisis regionSi. aWaraSia _ punqti `maxo~ (Woroxis marcxena sanapiro) misi gagrZelebaa punqti maxvilauri (Woroxis marjvena sanapiro) axloa punqti maxinjauri da xelvaCauri. iqve aWariswyalzea punqti maxunceTi da mTa maxuncori 1386 m. zRvis donidan. 1. s. maxo aris q. xelvaCauris gagrZeleba md. Woroxis marcxena mxares, axloa ergesTan (es punqti Woroxis marjvena sanapirozea); md. `maxos wyali~ (Woroxis marcxena mxares); `maxos ubani~ (baTumsa da erges Sua); 2. maxvilauri xelvaCauris gagrZelebaa marjvena mxares baTumis mimarTulebiT; 3. maxinjauri _ amave regionSia, zRvispiras baTumis CrdiloeTiT 3-5 km-Si; 4. `maxunceTi~ (punqti aWariswyalze); 5. `maxuncori~ (mTa aWariswyalTan, axloa ergesTan). mox-irisi max-o max-vilauri max-injauri max-unceTi max-uncori

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ergedan vidre TiTqmis zRvamde Woroxis mimdebare sakmaod vrceli regionis soflebis, mdinarisa da adgilebis saxelebSi Cans fuZe-Ziri `max~,rac sityva moxirisis naSTi unda iyos. es faqti saSualebas iZleva gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom moxirisi erqva erge-liganis regions da ara Tanamedrove quTaisis sanaxebs. aq xilic SesaniSnavi modis da vazic kargad xarobs.

rodopolisis arqeologia
(v. jafariZe _ `vardcixis naqalaqari~, 1989 weli, gamomcemloba mecniereba) arqeologi SesavalSive wers, rom aseTi qalaqi ucnobi iyo qarTuli wyaroebisaTvis _ `qarTuli wyaroebi TiTqmis srulebiT arafers gvamcnoben vardcixis Zveli istoriis Sesaxeb~ (v. jafariZe, vardcixis naqalaqari, 1989, gv. 3). v. jafariZe, ise rogorc sxva arqeologebi, vardcixes uwodebs baRdadis raionSi erT-erT nacixars _ varcixes. iqauri mosaxleobisaTvisac ki saxeli `vardcixe~ ucnobia. savaraudod saxel `varcixis~ etimologia iseTivea, rogorc varZiisa, varianisa, varkeTilisa da sxv. varcixis Zvel saxelad miiCneva vardcixe, radganac 1737 wlis imereTis rukaze erTerT axal cixes, `vardis cixe~ ewodeba da is miiCneva XVII saukuneSi aSenebulad. v. jafariZe yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe eWvmiutanlad miiCnevs, rom varcixe aris berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebis qalaqi rodopolisi. 535 wlis keisar iustinianes cnobiT `arqeopolisi da rodopolisi udidesi da Zveli simagreebia lazeTSi~ (geo, II, 1965, gv. 35-36). prokofi kesarielis mixedviT rodopolisi `yvelaze uwinares xvdeboda gzaze iberiidan kolxeTSi SesulT~ (iqve, gv. 186). bizantiur kaTedraTa nusxebSi e.w. ekTezisebSi rodopolisSi iyo berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTedra. v. jafariZe eWvmiutanlad acxadebs, rom is Sedioda foTis mitropolitis daqvemdebarebaSi, maSasadame miiCnevs, rom cnobili fazisis berZnuli samitropolito foTia, xolo varcixe _ rodopolisia. Sesabamisad udgeba Tavis arqeologiur kvlevas _ varcixis gaTxrisas fiqrobda, rom Txrida rodopoliss, magram man ver moipova Sesabamisi arqeologiuri masala. saepiskoposo qalaqSi gaTxris Sedegad Sesabamisi masala unda aRmoCeniliyo kidec. is bizantiis imperiis saepiskoposo centrs Txrida, amitom qalaqis, anda saqalaqo cxovrebis Sesabamisi naSTi unda aRmoeCina, miT umetes, rom iustinianes TqmiT rodopolisi udidesi da Zveli cixe-simagre

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iyo, amitom am cixe-simagris Tu kedlebi ara misi saZirkveli mainc unda aRmoCeniliyo. araferi msgavsi v. jafariZes ar aRmouCenia. man mxolod Sua saukuneTa momcro qarTuli eklesiis naSTi da aseve Sua saukuneTa cixis nakveTebi aRmoaCina. Tavis aRniSnul wignSi is TiTqmis yovel meore gverdze wers _ `Wrilis gasufTavebam qveda donezec ki mkveTrad gamoxatuli kulturuli fena an raime erTeuli monapovari ar daadastura~ (v. jafariZe, vardcixis naqalaqari, 1989gv. 14). arqeologiuri gaTxris Sedegad, man daadgina: `am cixe-qalaqis teritoria ar Seicavs ax. w. pirveli saukuneebis araTu kulturul fenas, aramed am xanis raime erTeul monapovars~ (maSasadame, varcixe ar SeiZleba iyos strabonis radopolisi!). sabolood ki daaskvna _ `VI s. momdevno xanis mkveTrad gamoxatuli kulturuli fena cixe-qalaqSi ar gamovlenila, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi gamoyofa jerjerobiT ar xerxdeba~ (iqve, gv. 17). maSasadame arc prokofis epoqis rodopolisia. magram arqeologi mainc IV-VI saukuneebiT aTariRebs `cixis Sida farTobis kulturul fenebs da safortifikacio nagebobebs~. rusul reziumebSi v. jafariZe aRniSnavs, rom naqalaqaris teritoriaze qristianobamdeli fena ar dadasturda (iqve, gv. 146), mopovebuli masala aris ara importuli (berZnul-romauli samyaros produqciis naSTi) aramed adgilobrivi warmoebisa. aRmoCnda mxolod `mcire jgufi importisa~ (v. jafariZe, vardcixis naqalaqari, 1989, gv. 147). ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom berZnul qalaqSi `adgilobrivi~ (me vityodi imeruli) nawarmi moexmaraT? yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc tabulebidan Cans mopovebuli masala adgilobrivia (esaa ZiriTadad gviandroindeli imeruli doqebi). amasTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc iTqva, v. leqvinaZe wers _ `dasavleT saqarTveloSi arqeopolisis Tanadrouli Zeglis vardcixis (rodopolisis) masalis gacnobis Sedegad gairkva, rom es fragmentebi sinamdvileSi miekuTvneba didi zomis adgilobriv farToyelian doqebs, romelTa formaze gavlena iqonia amforaTa garegnulma formam~. v. jafariZe Tavidanve aRniSnavs, rom varcixe iyo mcire dasaxleba (vardcixis naqalaqari, 1989gv. 159), amitom igi romauli jaris sadgomi da episkoposis samyofeli ver iqneboda, maSasadame varcixe ar iyo rodopolisi.

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etimologia (rodopolisi _ varcixe _ vardeniki _ ardaSeni ardisubani)

polis _ rogorc cnobilia berZnulad aris `qalaqi~. aqedan gamomdinare _ rodopolisi _ vardovani anda vardisqalaqia, Tumca varcixec albaT SesaZloa rodopolisad Targmniliyo. saqarTvelos da lazistanSi uamravi rodopolisi da vardiscixe _ vardovania. magaliTad, erT-erTi vardcixe mdebareobs aWaraSi, sxalTiswylis xeobaSi xixaZirTan axlos, aqaa naeklesiari kvatia (sxalTis eklesiis aRmosavleTiT). sityva `kvatias~ fuZe-Ziri kvat igive kutia. sainteresoa, rom prokofi erT regionSi moixseniebs `quTaTissa~ da `rodopoliss~, aseve aq, sxalTis regionSic erTadaa kvatias naeklesiari da vardiscixe. v. kotetiSvilis ganmartebiT fuZe `ard~ aris sityvaSi `vardi~, Cven istoriul saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi gvaqvs toponimebi am fuZiT, magaliTad TeTriwyaros raionSia sofeli `ardisubani~, xolo lazistanSia `ardaSeni~, `vardovani~, `vardiSeni~ _ gvxvdeba azrumTanac. rogorc iTqva vardcixe _ aWaraSia, varcixe ki ki geguTTan. is Cans, geguTis cixe-darbazis mcveli erTerTi cixe iyo, romelic amave dros xaniswylis gzas akontrolebda. `ardvani~ anu `vardvani~ unda yofiliyo Tavdapirveli saxeli arTvinisa, romelsac Zvel rukebze arTvanic ewodeba. cnobili soflebi vardeniki da vardaSeni iyvnen taosTan. yvela es qarTuli saxeli _ ardaSeni, arTvini, vardiSeni, ardisubani, Tu vardis cixe, berZnulad albaT `rodopolisi~ iyo, Tumca rodopolisi ufro qalaqis saxeli unda yofiliyo. aTenSi dabeWdil lazikis istoriul rukaze, rodopolisis samitropolito ganlagebulia zigana-rizes mTianeTSi, misi centri ziganasTan axlos yofila (am rukis mixedviT), xolo iv. javaxiSvilis 1923 wlis rukis mixedviT punqti (qalaqi) saxelwodebiT `varda~ rizesTan axlosaa. istoriul lazikaSi ramdenime rodopolisi yofila. erTerT aseT rodopoliss, oRond ara saepiskoposo centrs, aramed cixe_qalaqs, prokofi kesarielic axsenebs fazisis xeobaSi. Cveni azriT, is liganis xeobaSi unda yofiliyo ganlagebuli, Woroxis sanapiroze. n.adonci rodopolisis kaTedras miiCnevda paipertTan mdebare erTerT punqtad, Teodopolissa da paiperts Soris. am arealze marTlac Zvel dros mdebareobda sofeli vardeniki (amJamindeli taSpinar). Cemi azriT ki rodopolisis saepiskoposo qalaqi an iyo punqti `varda~, mdinare kalapotamosis napirze, an punqti ziganasTan axlos trapezuntis

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regionSi. xolo rac Seexeba varcixes, misi arqeologia miuTiTebs, rom iq arasodes mdebareobda raime qalaqi. rodopolisis lokalizeba mxolod misi saxelwodebis mixedviT xdeba. varcixesac rodopolisi imis gamo uwodes, rom is erT-erT rukaze `vardiscixis~ saxeliTaa aRniSnuli. Cveni kvleviT ki istoriuli rodopolisis eparqia moicavda of_rizes mTianeTs vidre amJamindel giumiuSxanemde. Cvens mosazrebas gvimtkicebs Semdegi faqti: XIX s-Si berZenma sasuliero pirebma axal saeklesio olqs, romelic maT aRadgines swored am regionSi uwodes saxeli _ `rodopolisis samitropolito~ es samitropolito swored aRniSnul of-rizes mTianeTis regionSi mdebareobda vidre 1920-ian wlebamde (am droisaTvis Turqebma is gaauqmes, radganac marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba am regionidan saberZneTSi gadasaxlda), es rodopolisis samitropolito mdebareobda of-rizes samxreTiT da gadaWimuli iyo giumiSxanemde. ratom uwoda XIX s-Si konstantinopolis sapatriarqom ziganas axlo aRdgenil eparqias es saxeli - `rodopolisi~? imis gamo, rom saeklesio codniT aq istoriulad mdebareobda qalaqi am saxelwodebiT rodopolisi (`varda~ anu `rodosi~). marTlac, aq am saxelis qalaqi yofila kidec 1923 wlis rukis mixedviT. marTlacda, ratom unda ewodebinaT berZnebs XIX s-Si `rodopolisis samitropolito~ of-giumiSxanes mTianeTis regionisaTvis Tu istoriulad rodopolisi iq ar mdebareobda?

542

Tavi XIII qalaqi fazisi

fazisi
ganvixiloT klimaturi periodebi foTis akvatoriaSi, am sakiTxs exeba teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, geologi g. maisuraZe, romelic wers: foTis, md. rionisa da misi deltis, aseve kolxeTis dablobis udidesi nawilis geologiuri saxe ukanaskneli 2000 wlis manZilze ganpirobebuli iyo klimaturi periodebiT. geologiuri periodebi bolo aTi aTasi wlis manZilze pirobiTad dayofilia jgufebad (adre, Sua da gviani holocenebi). maTgan Cven amJamad vimyofebiT periodSi, romelsac gviani (zeda) holoceni ewodeba da misi klimaturi periodi iwodeba subatlantikurad. am dros zRvis done mkveTrad icvleboda. Tavdapirvelad, daaxloebiT brinjaos xanaSi (3000w), e.w. fanagoriuli regresiis dros zRvis donem daiwia 6-8 metriT. xolo Semdeg, daaxloebiT I saukunidan daiwyo zRvis donis aweva da nulovan doneze 2 metriT maRla aiwia. am process `nimfeur transgresias~ uwodeben. fanagoriuli regresiis dros Savi zRvis done imyofeboda 8-10 metriT dabla Tanamedrove donesTan SedarebiT (amis gamo amJamad wyliT dafarul Selfis zolSi gaSenebuli iyo berZnul-romauli qalaqebi). viTareba mkveTrad icvleba daaxloebiT qristes Sobis periodidan. dedamiwaze klimatis globaluri cvalebadobis gamo daiwyo ukuprocesi _ aiwia zRvis donem (transgresia), amis gamo qalaqebi moeqcnen wylis qveS. daTbobis periodi (globaluri) amJamadac mimdinareobs. md. rionTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom transgresiis, anu Savi zRvis donis awevis gamo moxda md. rionis e.w. `Segubeba~. saerTod, daaxloebiT I saukunis Semdeg xdeboda mdinareTa Segubebebi, anu iwevda maRla zRvis done TiTqmis 2-4 metriT da amis gamo es aweuli done aiZulebda mdinaris wyals dagubebuliyo, miT umetes iseT gaSlil

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vakeze, rogoricaa foTis Semogareni. amis gamo mTel rionis vakeze Cndeboda Waobebi, anu mkveTrad izrdeboda wylis sarke (md. rionisa). am movlenis gamo amJamadac am dablobze aris Waobebi da torfnari. sazogadod ki, q. foTTan iyo md. rionis didi Segubeba, rac, rogorc iTqva, daiwyo ZiriTadad I saukunidan. am process (Segubebas) ewodeba aseve `mdinaris kvdoma~ (geologiuri termini) da aRniSnavs eroziis bazisis stabilur mdgomareobas, anu eroziis bazisi (am SemTxvevaSi Savi zRva) stabilurad inarCunebs maRal niSnuls, gaTanabrebuls mdinaris donesTan. amis gamo mdinares Zalze uWirs Tavisi wylis zRvaSi Setana. is TiTqosda eZebs gamosavals, icvlis kalapots, eZebs axal gzebs, raTa Tavisi wyali rogorme Seitanos zRvaSi, dablobze iqmneba meandrebi, anu mdinare iklakneba, xazavs sinusoidebs, amasTanave xSirad Wris axal kalapots. kolxeTis vakeze adgilobrivma mosaxleobam sagangebod am movlenis aRsaniSnavad SeimuSava termini _ `narionalebi~. esaa Rrma arxebi, sadac odesRac mdinare miedineboda. `narionalebi~ imas niSnavs, rom md. rioni icvlida kalapots, xSirad iwyebda `xetials~ zedapirze. amis kvali kosmosidanac Cans, kosmiur fotosuraTebze aris uamravi narionalis aRnabeWdi samtrediidan foTamde. mdinareTa Segubebebi transgresiis dros Cveulebrivi mdgomareobaa. rogorc iTqva, fanagoriuli regresiis dros brinjaos epoqidan TiTqmis I saukunemde, zRvis done 8-10 metriT dabla imyofeboda (Tumca TandaTanobiT imatebda misi done). fanagoriuli regresiis dros Savi zRvis zolSi zRvisgan gaTavisuflebul xmeleTze (Selfuri zona) gaSenda uZvelesi qalaqebi, magram es exeba im Selfs, romelic garkveuli kuTxiT daxrilia zRvisken, magram foTTan Selfuri zona TiTqmis zRvis donezea (imdenad, rom amJamadac SeiZleba foTTan wyalqveS moqceul teritoriaze 2 km-ze metic ki fexiT gavla), anu zRvis donis dawevis drosac ki foTTan Selfis magier gvqonda md. rionis mier Semotanili myari masala, romelic ileqeboda foTis akvatoriaSi. maSasadame, aq qalaqis an qalaqebis aSeneba SeuZlebeli iyo _ daWaobebisa da wyaluxvobis gamo ara mxolod regresiis (zRvis ukan daxevis), aramed transgresiis (zRvis donis awevis) drosac. geologiuri WaburRilebi, romlebic dadgmulia foTis raionSi, aCvenebs, rom 4 metri siRrmidan qvemoT, 15-25 metris intervalSi (TiTqmis 200 metr siRrmemde), zRviur naleqTan erTad morigeoben torfis Sreebi, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom mTeli meoTxeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, holocenis CaTvliT, es teritoria ganicdis stabilur daZirvas, rac gamoTvlilia. es aris weliwadSi 6-9 milimetri.

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am labiluri, anu moZravi teritoriis gamo fanagoriuli regresiis dros aq qalaqebi ver gaSendeboda (igulisxmeba foTis akvatoria). (sxva viTareba iyo WoroxTan, engurTan da sxva mdinareebTan). rioni aris RerZuli zoli mTaTaSua qvabulisa da mTeli Camorecxili masala grovdeboda am qvabulSi, romelic (es masala) zRvisken miaqvs rions, amis gamo teritoria aris labiluri, anu moZravi. es niSnavs, rom es teritoria TandaTanobiT iZireba: 10 weliwadSi 6 santimetriT, 100 weliwadSi _ 60 santimetriT, xolo 1000 weliwadSi 6 metriT, anu I saukunidan dRemde, anu 2000 wlis manZilze is CaiZira 10-12 metriT, amitomac gvaqvs torfis Sreebi siRrmeebSi. daskvna _ foTi ar aris antikuri qalaqi fazisi. literatura: . , ~, 1966, .. -, 1978. doqtori, geologi g. maisuraZe (geologis naazrevis gacnobis Semdeg me miCndeba aseTi kiTxva _ Tu mdinare rioni ase xSirad icvlida kalapots, rogor aaSenes masze 120 xidi, miT umetes WaobebSi, rasac Tanamedrove teqnikiTac ver axerxeben?)

rionis qmedeba foTTan

ramdenime mecnieris kvleviT, is adgili sadac amJamad qalaqi foTi mdebareobs, 2000 wlis win, strabonis dros, zRviT yofila dafaruli, anu Tanamedrove foTis adgili wylis qveS yofila moqceuli. isini amis mizezs Semdegnairad aRweren: mdinare rions zRvaSi yovelwliurad Seaqvs 10-12 milioni tona sila, rac sanapirosTan daleqvis Semdgom iwvevs miwis matebas, anu rionis SesarTavTan izrdeba xmeleTi da es mateba xmeleTisa 2000 wlis manZilze gvaZlevs mraval aTeul kilometrovan axal sanapiro zols. mecnieri s. gvasalia wers: `Tu ukve xsenebul ricxobriv monacemebs davubrundebiT da xmeleTis matebas weliwadSi saSualod 4 metrs vivaraudebT 2500 wlis manZilze zRvis sanapiro rionis SesarTavTan 10 km-iT mainc unda yofiliyo gaziduli aRmosavleTiT dRevandeli sanapiros xazidan, Sesabamisad mTeli teritoria, romelzec dRes qalaqi foTia gaSenebuli da pirvel rigSi ki kunZulis ubani, gviandel warmonaqmnad unda CaiTvalos~ (s. gvasalia `antikuri xanis kolxeTi~, krebulSi `cotneideli~, t. II, 2008, gv. 57). samecniero mosazreba gamoTvlebma daadastura. marTlac, q. foTi ar SeiZleba iyos q. fazisi, radganac s. gvasalias monacemebiT misi amJamindeli mdebareobis adgili 2500 wlis win zRvis siRrmeSi iyo CaZiruli maSindeli sanapiro zolidan 10 km-is iqiT.

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meore mecnierma (s. zaqaraiam) ki kvlevebiT daadastura es azri. s. zaqaria wers: `q. foTis portis statistikuri monacemebiT 1804, 1870, 1892 wlebSi xmeleTma Sesabamisad weliwadSi 9 metri moimata!~ (iqve, `cotneideli~, t. II, 2008, gv. 69). Tuki wina mecnieris (s. gvasalias) angariSiT erT weliwadSi xmeleTis 4 metri mateba 2500 wlis manZilze Tanamedrove foTis mdebareobis adgils sazRvravda zRvis siRrmeSi 10 km-iT, meore mecnieris mier miTiTebuli 9 metriT matebis SemTxvevaSi is 2-jer ufro meti unda yofiliyo, maSasadame daaxloebiT 20-22 km-iT daSorebuli Tanamedrove sanapirodan zRvis siRrmeSi. e.i. dRevandeli foTis adgilsamyofeli antikur xanaSi zRvaSi iyo CaZiruli da daSorebuli sanapirodan 20-ze meti km-iT. ramdenad realuria aseTi angariSi aRniSnul statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT, iqneb mecnierebi cdebian? ara, maTi azri dasturdeba niko nikolaZis piradi dakvirvebiT da misi gazomvebiT. kerZod, s. zaqaraia mkiTxvels awvdis aseT cnobas _ `m. berZniSvils mohyavs niko nikolaZis monacemebidan faqti, rom 1860-ian wlebSi zed zRvis sanapiroze agebuli Suqura Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi, daaxloebiT 1910-15 wlebSi, napirs 2 versze metiT aRmoCnda daSorebuli~ (iqve, gv. 70). am cnobas Tan erTvis naxazi romelzedac avtoris mier miniSnebulia, rom 55 wlis ganmavlobaSi xmeleTma moimata 2000 metriT (iqve, `cotneideli~, t. II, 2008, gv. 71). anu uxeSad rom vTqvaT, naxevar saukuneSi xmeleTs 2 km-iT moumatia, cxadia erT saukuneSi moimatebda 4 km-iT, rac 25 saukunis manZilze gvaZlevs 100 km-s! miuxedavad mecnieruli kvlevisa, piradad me, mainc ver ganvazogadeb maT Sedegebs, sinamdvileSi rionis sila-SlamiT ifareboda ara mTeli sanapiros perimetri, aramed mxolod rionis SesarTavis mimdebare teritoria. amas miuTiTebs iqve s. zaqaraias mier mocemuli kidev erTi statistikuri cnoba. kerZod, `Turqma generalsimusma murad III-m 1578 wels foTTan, uSualod zRvis sanapiroze aago foTis cixe, romelic 280 wlis Semdeg, 1858 wels, zRvis napiridan 1,8 km-iT iyo daSorebuli. saqmis realoba imaSia, rom rioni msoflioSi gamoirCeva, rogorc naSali masalis (sila, Slami da sxv.) didi raodenobis zRvaSi Semtani. mecnierTa mier araerTgzis dadgenilia, rom yovelwliurad md. rions zRvaSi Seaqvs 8-12 milioni tona naSali masala, risi didi nawili zRvis sanapiros Soriaxlo ileqeba da iwvevs xmeleTis matebas zRvis xarjze~ (iqve, `cotneideli~, t. II, 2008,gv. 70). maSasadame, murad III-s rionis SesarTavis siaxloves augia foTis cixe, romelic 280 wlis Semdeg zRvas ukve daSorebuli iyo 1,8 km-iT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xmeleTis mateba am adgilas ufro naklebi iyo vidre Suquras pirze, ratom? saqme isaa, rogorc s. zaqaraias naxazidan Cans, Suqura ufro

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axlo yofila md. rionis SesarTavTan, xolo foTis cixe ufro moSorebiT mdgara. maSasadame, 9 metri mateba xmeleTisa yofila ara Savi zRvis mTel sanapiroze, aramed uSualod md. rionis SesarTavTan. Tumca arc foTis cixesTan yofila mcire. erTi sityviT, md. rionis SesarTavTan gaSenebuli qalaqi xmeleTis matebis gamo, 2500 wlis Semdeg, zRvis sanapirodan ramdenime aTeuli km_iT iqneboda daSorebuli. sxva sityviT rom vTqvaT, qalaqi md. rionis SesarTavTan, am mdinaris Slamianobis gamo, ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi zRvas daSordeboda da uvargisi gaxdeboda naosnobisaTvis. im epoqaSi arc silis satumbi manqanebi gaaCndaT da arc rkina_betonis jebirebs agebdnen. maS sad aages q. fazisi? samwuxarod es saukunovani kiTxva pasuxgaucemeli darCa. Tumca ki, piradad me mainteresebs ara antikuri qalaqi fazisis adgilsamyofeli, aramed Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli fazisis samitropolito centrisa, kerZod, IV-VII saukuneTa viTareba. arqeologebis erTi nawilis azriT swored am epoqaSi mkveTrad aiwia Savi zRvis donem, TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 3-4 metriT. am klimatur epoqas uwodeben holocens. anu zRva TandaTanobiT maRldeboda TiTqmis X saukunemde, XVI s. Semdgom ki isev daiwia da Tanamedrove nulovan doneze dadga (d. wereTeli, `pleistocen gruzii~, 1966, (rusul enaze); p. v. fedorov, `pleistocen pontokaspia~, 1978, (rusul enaze). rionis SesarTavTan, am viTarebis gamo, rogorc Cans, namdvili tropikuli warRvna iyo. erTi mxriv mdinares Semohqonda 10-12 milioni tona Slami, amave dros ki zRvis done maRla iwevda, rasac Tan erTvoda dasavleTis qarebis gamo gaSlil vakeze mdinaris Segubeba. Waobi da fafiseburi niadagi, araTu rionis sanapiroebs, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos vakis did nawilsac moicavda.

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rionis dablobi (geologiuri mimoxilva)

foTi mdebareobs rionis dablobze zRvis donidan 1-3 m simaRleze (qse, 10, 351), uWiravs zRvispira vake, romelsac md. rionis erTerTi toti araTanabar nawilebad hyofs. foTis datborvis sawinaaRmdegod sistematurad warmoebs mdinaris dinebis maregulirebeli samuSaoebi. qalaqis mosazRvre miwebi metwilad daWaobebulia. qalaqs samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Camoudis mdinare kaparWina, aqve mdebareobs paliastomis tba. aRsaniSnavia, rom foTi-samtrediis zonaSi miwis zedapiris zogierTi monakveTi zRvis doneze dablac ki mdebareobs. V-VIII saukuneebSi, geologiuri daskvnis mixedviT, mTeli es zedapiri Txeli wyliT unda yofiliyo dafaruli. saqme isaa, rom daaxloebiT axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan Savi zRvis done TandaTan maRla iwevda da aweuli iyo 1 da zogjer 2-3 metriT. zRvis donis aweva gamoiwvia e.w. `nimfurma transgresiam~. (regresiad iwodeba zRvis donis daweva, transgresiad ki zRvis donis aweva). es periodi, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis Casaxva-aRorZinebis saukuneebia da CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani. am epoqaSi rionis dablobi, miT umetes foTi, Cans, wyliT daifara, radganac zRvis donem 1 metriT aiwia da aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda TiTqmis aTasi weli. CvenTvis sainteresoa sakiTxi, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara foTSi aseTi wyaldidobisa da daWaobianebis epoqaSi, kerZod VI saukuneSi daarsebuliyo e.w. `fasisis samitropolito kaTedra~, rogorc Cvens Tanamedrove saistorio qarTul literaturaSia aRniSnuli? ras niSnavs samitropolito centri? _ mitropoliti warmoSobilia berZnuli sityvidan `mater~ da `polis~, niSnavs deda qalaqis, mTavari qalaqis episkoposs. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, foTi yofiliyo regionis mTavari qalaqi aseTi dausrulebeli wyaldidobis dros, maSin, roca wylis simaRle ara Tu iklebda, aramed TandaTanobiT matulobda XV-XVI saukuneebamde? da Tu es mosazreba simarTlea (magram Cans, rom simarTlea, radgan, sxva araqarTuli kvlevebiTac Savi zRvis done aweuli iyo) maSin ismis kiTxva _ saerTod arsebobda Tu ara aseTi saSinel klimatur pirobebSi rionis dablobze qalaqebi? an Tundac soflebi? rogorc Cans, arsebuli pirobebis gamo xalxi ara Tu aSenebda soflebs (an qalaqebs), aramed aSenebulsac tovebda maT da mTiswineTs afarebda Tavs. amis magaliTad unda CavTvaloT paliastomis tbis eklesiis bedi. quTaisis muzeumSi amJamadac dabrZanebulia `paliastomis xati~, romelsac Tan axlavs Txroba xatis Tavdapirveli eklesiis Sesaxeb.

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kerZod, paliastomis adgilas yofila sofeli Tavisi eklesiiTa da cnobili xatiT, romelic TandaTanobiT wylis qveS moeqca, xalxma xati gamoasvena eklesiidan da mTebs Seafara _ `amas ityvian naqalaqevs da Semdgomad moculsa wylisagan~ _ wers vaxuSti paliastomze (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 790). rodis warmoiqmna paliastomis tba? SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara mis adgilze soflis, an qristianuli eklesiis arseboba? eklesiebi CvenSi Sendeboda IV s-dan. SesaZlebelia, aq marTlac aSenda eklesia, romelic zRvis donis awevis kvaldakval wyliT daifara. g. maisuraZis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT `I-II saukuneebSi ar SeiZleboda paliastomis tbis arseboba regresiis gamo~ (maS rogor unda enaxaT foTTan tba strabonis epoqaSi?). paliastomis tbis maqsimaluri siRrmea 3,2 m, saSualo siRrme aris 2,6 metri. transgresiisas, V saukunidan mainc, Tu ufro adredan ara, zRvis amaRlebis gamo zRvaSi mdinare rionis wyals Sesvla uWirda, is gubdeboda da iSleboda mTel rionis dablobze, romelic TiTqmis nulovan donezea samtrediamde. vfiqrob, rom am daWaobebis da mis Tanmdev cieb-cxelebis gamo, grigol xanZTelma afxazeTis samefos (anu imJamindel dasavleT saqarTvelos) barSi, ver ipova vercerTi samonastro adgili da amitomac mTaSi _ ubisas monastrisaTvis Cauyria safuZveli. TviT daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSic ki, quTaisis midamoebi haviT uvargisad iTvleboda. viTareba, anu klimaturi pirobebis Secvla dawyebula XVI saukunisaTvis. am saukunis Semdeg daiwyo `regresia~, anu zRvis donis daweva, zRvis done nulovan donesTan SedarebiT daweula naxevari metriT, radganac mis wina periodSi aweuli iyo erTi metriT, sabolood zRvas dauwevia TiTqmis metrnaxevriT. am Secvlilma viTarebam wylisagan gaaTavisufla miwis didi farTobebi, Waobma da, Sesabamisad, cieb-cxelebam ukan daixia, hava gaumjobesda da mdinare rions _ iqamde Segubebuls mieca zRvaSi SedarebiT Tavisufali SeRwevis saSualeba. wylisagan gaTavisuflebul miwebze xalxma daiwyo xvnaTesva, gamoCnda axali sacxovrebeli adgilebi. am dros, Cans, gamoCnda foTis mimdebare teritoriac, romelic aseve wylisagan gaTavisuflda. imis gamo, rom foTi SedarebiT ufro maRlaa zRvis donidan, vidre misi momijnave teritoriebi, osmaleTs maSinve miuqcevia misTvis yuradReba. 1578-79 wlebSi osmalebma es miwebi daipyres da didi cixe-simagre aages. 1640 wels imereT-guria-samegrelos laSqarma ieriSiT aiRo cixe-simagre, magram mas 1723 wels kvlav osmaleTi daepatrona 1828 wlamde.

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XIX saukuneSi kvlav dawyebula transgresia, anu kvlav aiwia zRvis donem da miaRwia nulovan dones. kvlav daiwyo TandaTanobiT datborva mimdebare dablobisa, rac amJamadac grZeldeba. egrisis, argveTisa da guriis cixe-simagreebi da soflebi agebuli iyo ara rionis dablobSi, aramed mTiswinebSi. fasisis samitropolitos qalaqebi rodopolisi, saisini, petra da ziganevi aRniSnuli mdgomareobis gamo unda veZioT ara rionis dablobze, aramed sxva regionSi.

foTis garemo Waobebis daSrobamde (XX s-mde)

mwerali ase aRwers XX s. 30-ian wlebSi rionis dablobSi Waobebis daSrobamde arsebul viTarebas _ `Zveli mosaxle axalmosaxle glexs eubneba: `xo, xo, xo, ra iyo aq, ai aq, sadac axla Sen dasaxldi, miwa ar iyo. aq iyo kisramde wyali, Wili, xaia, WonWyoSi Campali xeebi, aSmorebuli, bayayebiT savse Waobi, nadiric ki ver cxovrobda am adgilas. fexis dasadgami alagi ar hqonda, kudis dasadebi alagi ar hqonda, Waobi yviTeli feris iyo. zed bututia exvia, murynis xeebi daxlarTuli iyo jaSqvidaTi. Citi Tu gadafrindeboda aqaur usiersa da miuval tyeSi, aq avi suli cxovrobda, uJmuri~ (m. Zvelaia, kolxeTis dablobi, 1973, gv. 7). Tu rogor iyo daTrgunuli zRvispira dablobis mkvidrebi daWaobebis gauvalobisa da gaudaburebis gamo wers Tedo saxokia _ `senakidan CavediT xeTaSi, samegrelos fantazia aqaurobas avsebda yovelgvari mavne sulebiT da Cems norC fantaziasac auarecxeli masala eZleoda sazrdod. cecxlis piras yoveldRiuri baasis sagani iyo oCo-koCebi, tyis mefeebi, Winkebi, patarebisa Tu didebis goneba am baasiT imdenad iyo Sepyrobili, rom mzis Casvlis Semdeg samzareulodan saxlSi Semosvla martos gvesikvdileboda, metadre bnels RameSi. aqedan Seewova Cems sisxlsa da xorcs, Cems fsiqikas pirvelyofili adamianis SiSi da zari~ (iqve, gv. 9). uzarmazarma sabWoTa imperiam wamoiwyo da Tavisi prestiJis sagnad miiCnia daSroba Waobebisa dasavleT saqarTveloSi. cxadia, misi survili ufro is iyo, rom Caisa da citrusebis sawarmoeblad moemzadebinaT niadagi, raTa am produqtebiT moemaragebinaT aseul milioni adamiani, ucxoeTSi ki valutiT maTi Sesyidva ar surda. amitomac grandiozuli samuSaoebi wamoiwyes rionis dablobis _ `kolxeTis Waobebis~ dasaSrobad, ar dazoges muSaxeli da saxsrebi. imdroindeli mecnieri werda: `diad xuTwledebSi kolxeTis zRvispira zolis Waobebis daSrobiT gaizarda sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisaTvis farTobebi, sadac amJamad meurneobebTan erTad lamazi qalaqebi, dabebi da kolmeurneobaTa soflebia gaSenebuli~ (iqve, gv. 10).

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es avtori CamoTvlis axal soflebsa da qalaqebs, maT Soris magaliTad mohyavs foTTan mdebare yulevi. `misi midamoebi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde malariis kera iyo, axla ki TiTqmis mTlianad daSrobila Waobebi _ malariis budeebi da gaSenebulia mravali sofeli~ (iqve, gv. 10). rionis anu kolxeTis dablobis didi nawili TiTqmis zRvis donezea, rac iwvevs mis daWaobebas, amasTanave, arc Tu mcire monakveTebi am dablobisa zRvis doneze dablac ki aris. garda amisa dablobis SuagulSi gamdinare wyaluxv rions uWirs Tavisi wylis zRvaSi Setana, radganac, rogorc iTqva, misi dablobi da zRva TiTqmis erT donezea, amitomac is warsulSi meandrebis didi totebis saxiT cdilobda zRvaSi SeRwevas. narionali mitovebuli kalapotebi mravalia, mdinarem axali kalapotebiT gaikvlia gza dablobze. marTalia, amJamad is betonis kalapotSia moqceuli, magram dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken mberavi qariSxlebis dros gadmodis kalapotidan da tboravs dablobs. mecnieri wers _ `saerTod geologiur warsulSi kolxeTis teritoria araerTxel iyo zRviT dafaruli~ (iqve, gv. 38). amJamadac ki mimdinareobs mdinare rionis SesarTavis gadaadgileba (gv. 30). m. Zvelaias TvalsazrisiT axlandeli paliastomis tba Zveli berZeni istorikosebis epoqaSi (gulisxmobs I-VI saukuneebs) warmoadgenda zRvis ubes, romelic, daaxloebiT XVI saukunisaTvis amoavso mdinare rionis Slamma _ `mas yovelwliurad ramdenime aTeuli milioni kuburi metri naleqi (ZiriTadad Slamis saxiT) Camohqonda. es kolosaluri masala TandaTan ileqeboda mdinaris zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas, xilo rionis kalapoti cota CrdiloeTiT gadaadgilda. is uSualod zRvas SeuerTda. ube iqca tbad, romelic paliastomis saxeliTaa cnobili~ (iqve, gv. 31). m. Zvelaias TvalsazrisiT mdinareebi maldayva, Txiona, piCori Zvelad uSualod uerTdebodnen zRvas, xolo rioni, rogorc aRiniSna _ paliastomis ubes, amasTanave, misi mosazrebiT `gamoricxulia SesaZlebloba, rom tbis fskerze aRmoCndes arqiteqturuli naSTebi im qalaqebisa da soflebisa, romelnic iq adre, tbis gaCenamde, iyvnen gaSenebulni~ (iqve, gv. 33). magram, aseTi naSTebi aRmoCnda. vaxuStic iziarebda xalxSi gavrcelebul Sexedulebas paliastomis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, rom tbis adgilas gaSenebuli iyo qalaqi, Semdeg xmeleTma Zirs daiwia, miwa gairRva `ucbad wyali amovarda dedamiwidan, dafara sofeli, xalxi daixrCo~ (iqve, gv. 28). soflis Tu qalaqis eklesiebidan xatebis gadasveneba mouswriaT mTiswineTebSi. kerZod, quTaisSi gadausvenebiaT `paliastomis xati~, xolo meore xati gadausvenebiaT jumaTis mTaze. rogorc erTi, ise meore xatis legendebi amtkiceben, rom paliastomis adgili da Cans Sesabamisad mTeli dablobi daitbora. es unda momxdariyo g. Zvelaias azriT XVI saukuneSi.

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mdinare rionis wyali sasmelad uvargisi iyo misi didi Slamianobis gamo, saerTod, am dablobis wylebi sasmelad uvargisia _ mecnieri wers _ `laboratoriuli kvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom kolxeTis dablobis farglebSi farTod gavrcelebuli zedapiruli wylebi (mdinareebis, Releebis, Webis Tu Waobebis) metwilad sazianoa, gaWuWyianebulia sxvadasxva saxis mavne baqtebriebiT. rionis dablobis am wylebis uvargisoba Zveladac hqondaT SeniSnuli adgilobriv mcxovreblebs, rac vaxuStim Tavis `saqarTvelos geografiaSi~ aRniSna _ `arasada ars mdinare, Tvinier gubiswylisa, da igica mcire, izrdebian WiT, aramed adgil-adgil WaTa Sina ars Wia, romlisa wylis smiT gamoberavs yelsa da daekidebis kacsa da qalsa, viTarca parki didi, uwodeben yiyvs~. vaxuStis es aRwera, romelic Seexeba saWilaosa da samiqelaos midamoebis Webis wylebs, mTlianad SeiZleba gamodges kolxeTis dablobis sxva raionebis zedapiruli da Wis wylebis dasaxasiaTebladac~ (iqve, gv. 46), amis gamo, bolo saukuneSi SemoiRes miwisqveSa wylebis gamoyenebis wesi (Rrma WaburRilebis gaTxriT). rioni rom araa istoriuli fazisi iqedanac Cans, rom fazisis wyali iTvleboda saukeTeso sasmelad, imdenad kargad, rom savaldebulo wesis Sesabamisad, fazisSi Securebuli gemebis WurWlebidan Rvridnen sxva wyals da avsebdnen fazisis wyliT. imdenad sufTa iyo es wyali, rom WurWelSi ar fuWdeboda ramdenime wlis manZilze. rionis wyali ki sasmelad uvargisi iyo. mkvlevari wers, rom daWaobebam warmoqmna niadagebis tipi, romelsac ewodeba `Slamian-Waobiani~ (aseTia foTi-anaklias Soris), xobi-cxakaias xeobaSia eweri tipis niadagebi, ufro CrdiloeTiT odiSsa da guriis mTis kalTebze _ wiTelmiwa niadagebi. rogorc aRiniSna, vaxuSti iziarebda gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss wyliT gadafarvis Sesaxeb _ `ityvian naqalaqevs da Semdgom moculsa wylisagan~. zedmetma wyalma daaWaoba vrceli regioni rionis dablobisa. amitomac is geografiulad ar eTanadeba prokofi kesarielis mier aRweril lazikas, romelic misi mtkicebiT iyo Zalze kldovani qveyana, arsad, is lazikaSi ar miuTiTebs raime Waobiani adgilis Sesaxeb, amitomac prokofis lazika ar iyo WaobiT moculi dasavleT saqarTvelos rionispira dablobi da saerTod, didi daWaobebis gamo dasavleT saqarTvelos bari kulturulad ar iyo dawinaurebuli, lazika ki piriqiT, Tavisi drois mowinave qveyana iyo.

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`faz~ fuZis mqone saxelebis ganvrcoba istoriul lazikaSi (trapezuntis regionSi)

n. adoncis mixedviT, iustinianes epoqaSi da aseve VII s-Si armeniis administraciuli sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde. is wers _ `iustinianes Semdgom epoqaSi VII s. dasawyisidan imperiis axali dayofis Sesabamisad, erTerTi vrceli administraciuli erTeuli iwodeboda armeniad (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs `armeniakoni~). misi sazRvrebi gadaSlili iyo sinopidan fazisamde da evfratamde. bizantiis provinciebis reorganizaciis Semdeg Seiqmna axali olqi `armeniakoni~. man gaaerTiana yofili olqebi kapadokia, I da II armeniebi da ponto. konstantine porfirogenetis Tanaxmad, man es saxelwodeba _ `armeniakoni~ miiRo somxebis saxelis mixedviT, romelnic iq mezoblad cxovrobdnen~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 203). maSasadame, VII saukunis dasawyisSi `armeniakonis Temis~ sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde. Tuki fazisi foTia, maSin foTamde aRwevda am `armeniis~ sazRvari. sabednierod, n. adonci fazisis qveS iseve, rogorc yvela Zveli avtori, gulisxmobs ara rions, aramed md. Woroxs. es mdinare marTlac iyo berZnuli lazikis Crdilo sazRvari. saqme is iyo, rom TviT n. adoncis Tanaxmad, saeklesio geografiam Semoinaxa imperiis administraciuli dayofis (diokletianesdroindeli) saxe imiT, rom Tavis saWiroebisTvis iyenebda mas. e.i. lazikis Zveli saxeli, misi teritoriis Zveleburi gageba Semoinaxa eklesiurma dayofam. n. adonciT lazikaSi trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali bizanis, paipertis, keramevis, lerionisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi, Sesabamisi qalaqebi ganlagebulni iyvnen Teodosiopolis-trapezuntis SemaerTebeli gzis sanapiro regionSi, anu istoriuli WaneTSi, maT momcvel saeklesio olqs ewodeboda `samitropolito lazikaSi~, anu swored am mxareeebs erqva lazika bizantiuri saeklesio geografiis mixedviT da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos. lazika~ berZnuli eklesiuri gagebiT erqva aRniSnul regions (e.i. qaldea-Wanikas) da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am regionSi mraval punqts erqva `fazisi~. iq iyo `fasianis~ saepiskoposo, fasisis samitropolito, araqssac fasisi erqva _ porfirogenetis mixedviT _ erTi `fasisi~ yofila trapezuntTan, is iyo aseve Termodontisa da Temiskiras siaxlovesac _ Temistiosis werilis Tanaxmad. amJamadac ki trabzonis olqSi, rogorc aRiniSna, mraval punqts `fazari~ ewodeba, magaliTad _ `salpazari~ _ q. tonias marcxniv, aseve `eskipazari~ ofTan axlos, sxvaa `dernekpazari~ ofis samxreTiT (yvela trabzonis guberniaSi), Tu aras vityviT TviTon qalaq `fazarze~ rizesTan axlos.

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ase rom amJamadac ki `fas-faz~ fuZiT trabzonis regionSi mravali punqtis saxeli iwarmoeba. es faqti imis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rom eTnikuri qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul Semdgom lazistanis regions istoriuladac fazisis regioni erqva, aq mdebareobda fazisis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi.

foTi (faTisi) Revondis (levondis) cnobiT

trapezuntTan axlos (150 km. dasavleTiT) SavizRvispirze mdebareobda qalaqi _ fadisa (Tanamedrove fatra, fatsa). q. fadisas CrdiloeTiT iSleboda Savi zRva, aRmosavleTiT trapezunti, samxreTiT ki SemosazRvruli iyo kerasuntis mTianeTiT, kolxebis uZvelesi sacxovrisiT. trapezuntis am regions eqvTime mTawmideli uwodebs `sofeli megrelTa~ anu megrelTa qveyanas. Zveli somexi avtorebi mas `egerTa qveyanas~ anda `egerias~ uwodebdnen. qarTveli mTargmnelebi berZnul sityva lazikas Targmnidnen, ase: `sofeli megrelTa~, amitomac, roca eqvTime mTawmidelma berZnulidan Targmna andria mociqulis cxovreba, man winadadeba `andria mivida trapezuntSi, lazikis qveyanaSi~ ase Targmna _ `andria mivida trapezuntSi megrelTa sofelSi~. erTi sityviT, Zveli qarTveli avtorebi lazikas uwodebdnen ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed vrcel regions istoriulad qarTul miwa-wyalze _ kerasuntidan Woroxis SesarTavamde. aq, rogorc aRvniSneT, kerasuntTan yofila da axlac aris qalaqi _ navsadguri fadissa anu faTisi igive faTi (foTi), mas axla fatsa ewodeba da mdebareobs Tanamedrove qalaq ordusTan axlos, mis dasavleTiT. Tanamedrove fatsa anu fadissa (Fadissa) _ qarTulad faTsa anu faTia (igive foTi). maSasadame, istoriulad arsebula ori foTi, erTi trapezuntis regionSi, meore ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi. cxadia qalaq faTsas (faTs) icnobdnen somexi avtorebic. maT Soris yofila VIII saukunis somexi istorikosi Revond vartapeti anu leonide moZRvari. is Tavis `xalifTa istoriis~ X TavSi gadmogvcems erT sagulisxmo cnobas qalaq-navsadguris faTisas anu somxurad fuTTis Sesaxeb. kerZod, arabTa xelisuflebisgan somxeTidan ltolvilma didebulebma Tavi Seafares bizantiur qveyanas, anu trapezuntis regions. imperatorma maT sacxovrisad uboZa egerTa qveynis anu trapezuntis regionis qalaqi fuTTi (fadisa) aq isini cxovrobdnen eqvsiode weli, Semdeg gadawyvites somxeTSi dabruneba, ikadres ukadrisi saqcieli, gaZarcves fadisas eklesiebi da gaiqcnen. Revond vardapeti ase aRwers am ambavs _ sumbat kurapalatma da sxva didebulebma, somxeTidan gaZevebis Semdeg sTxoves bizantiis imperators

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mieca maTTvis samkvidrebeli qalaqi da sadgomi (e.i. saZovrebi) saqonlisaTvis _ `da man misca maT qalaqi romelsac ewodeba fuTi (foTi) egerTa qveynis mxareSi, sadac daemkvidrnen eqvs weliwads~ (maqs. berZniSvili, Revondis cnoba foTis Sesaxeb, Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, t. 26(b), 1944, gv. 201). rogorc aRiniSna, madlobis nacvlad, somxeTidan ltolvilma didebulebma eqvsi wlis mkvidrobis Semdeg gaZarcves fadisas (foTis) eklesiebi, moitaces saeklesio samkauli da dabrundnen samSobloSi. `roca es ambavi esma keisars, ewyina maTi aseTi usamarTloba, mouwoda eklesiis winamZRvrebs: mitropolitsa da arqiepiskoposebs, ubrZana CaeweraT wignSi wyevla da waekiTxaT aRdgomis dResaswaulis Sesrulebisas, ...waekiTxaT wyevla dRevandlamde, rac iqmna mizezi maTi daRupvisa~ (iqve, gv. 202). maqs. berZniSvilis kvleviT imperatorma qalaqi foTi somxeTidan ltolvilebs dauTmo VIII s. dasawyisSi (715 wlamde) xolo TviTon levonidi VIII-IX ss. dasawyisis mweralia. maqsime berZniSvilis mtkicebiT Revontis mier aRwerili ambebi Seexo dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaq foTs, TiTqosda is gadasca imperatorma somex didebulebs, romelnic iq damkvidrnen TavianTi pirutyviT, gamouyves saZovrebi, Semdeg ki maT foTis eklesiebi gaZarcves. amis gamo adgilobrivi mitropoliti da arqiepiskoposebi mTeli saukunis manZilze TavianT eklesiebSi aRdgoma dRes wyevlidnen somxebs, ramac Revondis cnobiT, TiTqosda imoqmeda da es wyevla mizezi Seiqmna somxeTis dangrevisa. ismis kiTxva, rionis foTi namdvilad iyo VIII-IX saukuneTa Sua samitropolito centri, sadac mitropolitTan Tavs iyrida ramdenime arqiepiskoposi, aqvs Tu ara foTs saZovrebi, sadac iyo ganTavsebuli somex ltolvilTa saqoneli, iyo Tu ara foTSi eklesiebi, romelnic gauZarcvavT somex ltolvilebs? marTalia, Cveni mecnierebi miiCneven, rom fasisis samitropolito centri foTSi mdebareobda, romelsac eqvemdebareobdnen petras, ziginevis, saisinisa da rodopolisis saepiskoposoebi, magram aRiareben imasac, rom foTis samitropolito centri gadatanili iqna trapezuntSi VIII saukunisaTvis, radganac VII msoflio saeklesio krebis oqms xels awers trapezunteli igive fasiseli mitropoliti, amisi mizezi TiTqosda iyo afxazTa qarTuli samefos Camoyalibeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi VIII saukunisaTvis. Cveni Tvalsazrisi ki mTlianad gansxvavdeba aRniSnulisagan, kerZod Cveni foTi arasodes yofila berZnuli samitropolito centri, masTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrob, rom maqs. berZniSvili or umarTebulo Tvalsazriss aerTianebs, kerZod: 1) Revondis fuTTi, TiTqosda iyo Tanamedrove foTi; 2) foTs TiTqosda amave dros erqva saxeli `fazisi~, radganac sityva fazisi nawarmoebia sityva faTisagan.

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Cveni TvalsazrisiT Revondis foTi iyo trapezuntis regionis qalaqi fadissa anu faTisa, romelic amave dros axlos mdebareobda romael armeniasTan, ufro zustad, romauli armeniebi (gansakuTrebiT IV da I armenia) uSualod emezoblebodnen qalaq-navsadgur fadissas (faTs). am mezoblobis gamo somexma ltolvilma naxararebma TavianTi pirutyvi advilad mirekes am qalaqis saZovrebze, Semdeg ki imperators Txoves daekanonebina maTTvis am qalaqis saZovrebi. vfiqrob gacilebiT Zneli iqneboda somxeTidan Tanamedrove foTSi saqonlis mirekva. romeli gziT unda mieyvanaT Zroxebi, xboebi da xar-kameCi somxeTidan foTSi? marTalia XIX-XX saukuneebSi foTi gaWirvebiT daukavSires gzebiT quTaiss, magram warmovidginoT adre Sua saukuneebi, roca foTi SemosazRvruli iyo aTeuli kilometri siganis usasrulo WaobebiT, aramgonia rom am Waobebis garRveva SeeZlo Sinaur pirutyvs. xolo fadissaSi somxeTidan moxvedra, namdvilad advili iyo _ armenia da kerasunti (e.i. fadisac) uSualod emezoblebodnen erTmaneTs. am fadisaSi namdvilad iyo uamravi mSvenieri bizantiuri eklesia, romelTa nangrevebi dausrulebeli siuxviTaa ganfenili trapezuntis mTel regionSi, amave regionSi Tavs iyrida mravali samitropolito (magaliTad maT Sors swored aRniSnul zonaSi fadisasTan ebrjinebodnen erTmaneTs amasiis, neokesariis, koloneas, qaldeasa da trapezuntis samitropolitoebi, romelTa SigniT uamravi saarqiepiskoposo iyo, ai, aq unda veZioT Cven Revondis faTi da ara rionis WaobebSi, faTsa, rogorc iTqva, mdebareobda qarTvelTa istoriul miwawyalze, kolxebisa da tibaranebis Zvel samSobloSi, romelTac Semdeg qaldea_WaneT_lazika erqva, mas moicavda e.w. `sofeli megrelTa~ anu samxreTis egrisi. sxvaTaSoris egri erqva aseve mimdebare adgilebsac, magaliTad trapezuntis regionSive Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare qveyanas, egri aseve erqva zogierT mdinaresac ki da adgilebs qaldeas mTianeTSi, baiburdisaken mdebareT. `eregia~ amJamadac ewodeba qalaqs arzrumTan, xolo `agri~ erT-erTi msxvili qalaqi da regionia amJamad valaSkertis maxloblad. istoriulad arsebobda ara mxolod CrdiloeTis egrisi aramed samxreTis egrisic _ trapezuntis regioni. strabonis cnobiT iberiisagan somexTa mier mitacebuli pariadres kalTebi, Cans istoriuli samxreT egrisis nawili iyo. pariadres mTianeTs qaldeasTan anu WaneTTan axlos uCveneben, is qarTuli tomebis uZvelesi sacxovrisi iyo. aqedan trapezuntis zRvispiris CaTvliT iyo da amJamadac kia SemorCenili uamravi qarTuli toponimi, adgilTa Tu mdinareTa saxelebi, erTi aseTi yofila fadissa (foTi), romelsac somxebi foTTs _ fuTTs uwodebda.

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maqs. berZniSvilis meore, rogorc Cans araswori mosazreba isaa, rom is somxuri wyaros fuTTs uwodebs faziss, Tumca amis mizezs ar ganmartavs. berZeni mwerali Teofane Tavis naSromSi exeba faziss, es qalaqi ki m. berZniSvils miaCnia Revondis foTTad, rac araswori unda iyos, am mizezis gamo Teofanes cnobebi fazisTan dakavSirebiT m. berZniSvilma daukavSira dasavleT saqarTvelos foTs, aseve foTad miiCnia Revondis foTTi. am umarTebulo dakavSirebebis gamo maqs. berZniSvilis daskvnebic moulodneli da saocaria. magaliTad, misi daskvniT dasavleT saqarTvelos foTSi da saerTod dasavleT saqarTveloSi, romelsac mkvlevari lazikas uwodebs, erT periodSi somxebis didi raodenoba cxovrobda, is wers _ `maTi ricxvi lazikeSi mciredi ar iyo, Revondis teqstic gvidasturebs maT ricxvmravlobas~ (dasax. naSr. gv. 216). agreTve wers _ `Revondisa da Teofanes urTierTSewameba gviCvenebs Revondis somxebi fuTTsa Tu fazisSi arian 706-712 wlebSi, Teofanes armenielebic aq arian 706-713 wlebSi. Teofanes armenielebi mcirericxovanni ar Canan, aseve ricxvmravlad vxedavT somxebs Revondis monaTxrobiTac... aseTi identobis dadgena saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovidginoT fazis_lazikeSi somexTa yofnis faqti, savsebiT gvirkvevs dRemde amoucnobsa da bneliT mocul kiTxvas, rogor gaCndnen armenielebi lazikeSi, rogor Semoartyes alya arqeopoliss an ratom daixies fazisisaken da ara sxva romelime punqtisaken... ase xerxdeba fuTT-foT-fazisSi somexTa cxovrebis faqtis mTliani saxiT Tavidan bolomde aRdgena da imdroindel istoriul viTarebasTan dakavSireba~ (iqve, gv. 218) _ wers qarTveli avtori. m. TamaraSvili niko marTan dakavSirebiT werda _ `is somex istorikosebze ufro metad ayalbebs istorias imiT, rom yvelafers somxebs miawers, asomxurebs~. albaT, nawilobriv igives Tqma SeiZleba qarTveli sabWoTa istorikosebis erT nawilzec. vfiqrob somexi istorikosebi ocnebaSic ver warmoidgendnen, rom odesme somxebma noqalaqevi-senaki (cxakaia) aiRes (mas arqeopolisad miiCneven), albaT verc Teorias SeTxzavdnen, rom somxebi dasavleT saqarTvelosa da foTSi mravlad cxovrobdnen, magram, roca istoriuli geografia arasworad warmoisaxeba, roca dasavleT saqarTvelo lazikad miiCneva, xolo foTi _ ki fazisad, amis Sedegic saxezea _ dasavleT saqarTvelo somexTa istoriuli qmedebebis arealad isaxeba. qarTvelTa amgvarma warmosaxvebma da dabejiTebulma mtkicebebma safuZveli misca Tanamedrove somex istorikosebs fantaziis gafarToebisa, magaliTad, axlaxan internetSi daido ruka `somxeTi VII s-is geografiis mixedviT~ sadac istoriuli iberiis kuTvnil pariadres kalTebi, xorZene, gogarena, samxreT egrisi, qaldea-WaneTiTurT Woroxis xeobis CaTvliT _ istoriul armeniad warmoadgines. isini qarTveli mecnierebis zemoxsenebuli `daxmarebis~ gareSe amas ver SeZlebdnen.

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maqsime berZniSvili Tavis grandiozul daskvnas Teofane bizantielis Semdeg martiv cnobaze afuZnebs: `am wels filifikem gandevna armenielebi Tavisi miwa-wylidan da aiZula isini dasaxlebuliyvnen meletinesa da meoTxe armeniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 206). m. berZniSvilis azriT imperatorma filifike-vardanma (711-713) somxebi gandevna dasavleT saqarTvelos q. foTidan saidanac isini iZulebiT meletinesa da meoTxe armeniaSi dausaxlebia. Cveni foTi ar esazRvreba meletines meoTxe armenias, xolo trapezuntis fadisa (foTi) uSualod emijneba am mxareebs. imaves wers miqael asuric. ase rom Teofanesa da miqaelis cnobebi ar Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos foTs, da aseve arc Revondis cnoba. unda aRiniSnos, rom arc Teofanes meore cnoba Seesabameba rionis dablobis foTs. es cnoba aseTia _ iustiniane rinitmatma (705-711) Tavisi mxedarTmTavari leoni gagzavna lazikeSi, raTa mas alanebi aemxedrebina abazgebis winaaRmdeg. am Txrobisas is axsenebs q. fazissa da armenielebs, rogorc bizantielTa momxreebs `romaelebi da armenielebi lazikaSi SeiWrnen da arqeopoliss alya Semoartyes da roca Seityves sarkinozebis mosvla _ ukan gabrundnen. roca sarkinozebi lazikaSi mividnen, romaelTa da armenielTa jari gaiqca da fazisisken daixia. aq iyo erTi cixe e.w. `rkinis cixe~, sadac mtkiced idga vinme farsmani... spaTarma (e.i. bizantielTa mxedarTmTavarma) kacebi gagzavna masTan da SeuTvala... `dagvexmare CavideT zRvis napiramde da iqedan trapezuntSi gadavideT~ (iqve, gv. 214). aqedanac ki Cans, rom Teofanes mier naxsenebi fazisi trapezuntis regionSia da ara foTTan. Cven garkveuli gvaqvs, rom fazisi erqva md. Woroxs, da iqve, am mdinaris zRvasTan SesarTavTan maxloblad mdebareobda qalaqi arqeopolisi (SeiZ le ba Z ve li avt orebis ` al tu s port us~ an u Zv el i qalaqi anda qobuleT_cixisZiris regionSi). am md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze zRvis SesarTavTan mdebareobda q. fazisi da ara foTTan. saerTod toponimi fazisi sxvadasxva variaciiT xSirad gvaqvs lazistanis regionSi da maRla arzrumis SemogarenSi (istoriuli lazikis eparqiaSi), magram saerTod ar gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, amJamadac ki zRvispirzea qalaq fazari, xolo md. arezTan q. fasoni. sxva qalaqi iyo q. fadissa (foTi) da sul sxva qalaqi iyo fazisi. unda aRiniSnos rom XI s-Si saxeli foTi sxva adgilebsac erqva zRvis piras erT-erTi _ xufaTi anu xu-faTi. aq unda yofiliyi sazRvao portic.

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foTis arqeologia
foTis aRmosavleTiT 15-20 km-is iqiT, mdinareebs rionsa da xobs Soris, aRmoCnda gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis epoqis adamianTa namosaxlarebi (namarnu, Ziguri, nosiri, sakire, civa, anaklia, eki, senaki, ergeta, ureki da sxva). gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis epoqaSi mecnier-geografia monacemebiT Savi zRvis done TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT daweuli iyo ramdenime metriT (zRvis regresia). am epoqaSi, zRvis donis dadablebis Sedegad daSra rionis dablobSi Waobebi da lagunebi, ris gamoc SedarebiT xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna adamianis cxovrebisaTvis, amis Sedegad warmoiqmna, albaT, aRniSnuli epoqis, anu gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis namosaxlarebi. marTalia, aRmoCnda ucxouri keramikis fragmentebic zRvispirze ureksa da yulevis Sua Zv.w. VI da Semdgomi saukuneebisa, magram ar aRmoCnda raime antikuri qalaqis namosaxlari (zRvis piras). arqeologi g. gamyreliZe sagangebod swavlobda q. fazisis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxs md. rionis SesarTavTan da momijnave mxareebSi. misi nakvlevis daskvna aseTia _ `klasikuri da elinisturi xanis qalaqi arqeologiurad ar aris dadasturebuli~ (g. gamyreliZe, `qalaq fasisis adgilmdebareobisa da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~ iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX, gv. 172). ufro metic, ara Tu klasikuri da elinisturi xanis raime naqalaqaris arseboba, aramed berZnuli kulturis raime zegavlenac ki ar Cans mosaxleobis yofaSi. g. gamyreliZe wers _ `mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom Zv.w. VIII-VI da gnebavT IV saukunemde foTis midamoebSi da mTel kolxeTSi raime didi cvlileba arqeologiur kulturaSi (keramikul da metalurgiul warmoebaSi, arqiteqturaSi, ideologiaSi Tu dakrZalvis wesSi) ar SeimCneva. xsenebul teritoriaze adgilobrivi sociumi rogorc cxovrobda ise cxovrobs, ar Cans berZnuli kulturis raime zegavlena mosaxleobis yofaSi~ (g. gamyreliZe, dasax. naSr, gv. 172). g. gamyreliZe, romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla yvela arqeologiuri monacemebi q. foTis mimdebare teritoriaze, Seiswavla yvela wyaro q. fazisis Sesaxeb, askvnis, rom Tu foTi fazisia, maSin `e.w. didi berZnuli kolonizacia Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi ar Sexebia q. faziss~ (iqve, gv. 172). g. gamyreliZe gulisxmobs, rom arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, q. foTs ar Sexebia `e.w. didi berZnuli kolonizacia~, cxadia, q. fazisi miletelTa daarsebuli iyo da fazisi TviT iyo didi berZnuli kolonizaciis Sedegi, magram, radganac q. foTTan ar aRmoCnda am kolonizaciis raime kvali, es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom q. foTTan ar unda eZion q. fazisi, aramed sxva regionSi, iqneb Woroxis SesarTavTan, ufro samxreTiT.

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g. gamyreliZe ganagrZobs _ q. foTsa da mis SemogarenSi `ucxouri nawarmi kolonizaciis epoqaSi ar Cans, xolo Zv.w. VI-V saukuneTa importuli nawarmi mcirea da sul daaxloebiT 100 erTeuliT (keramikis natexebi) ganisazRvreba. amitom aq raRac intensiur berZnul sakolonizacio moqmedebebze saubari jerjerobiT sruliad usafuZvloa~ (g. gamyreliZe, `q. fasisis adgilmdebareobis da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~, iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX, gv. 172). aRsaniSnavia, rom mwiri arqeologiuri masala, mikvleulia, miwis qveS 6 metris siRrmeze, paliastomis tbis fskersa da zRvaSi _ `dRevandeli foTis teritoriaze yvelaze Zveli arqeologiuri monacemebi adgil natexebTan paliastomis tbis dasavleT nawilSi Tixa-torfian fenebSi dadasturda. aq aRmoCnda Zv.w. IV s-is antikuri Savlakiani WurWlis qusli da amforis Ziri (Zv.w. III s.). q. foTis midamoebSi aRmoCnda Zv.w. V s-is kolxuri TeTris 2 cali didraqma. q. foTSi, pirveli maisis quCaze, geologiuri burRvis Sedegad, 6 metr siRrmeze aRmoCnda sinopuris msgavsi Zv.w. II-I ssTa keramikis naSTebi (iqve, gv. 174). foTis midamoebSi cxovreba qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg gagrZeldeboda Cveuli gziT, anu adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofa iseTive iyo, rogorc mTel danarCen istoriul dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac ukve IV s-dan eklesiaTa mSenebloba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. aseve yofila Tanamedrove foTis maxloblad paliastomis tbis adgilas erT-erT sofelSi, sadac idga eklesia. marTlac, paliastomis tbis nawilSi arqeologebma aRmoaCines sofluri dasaxleba, SeiZleba iTqvas qarTuli tipisa, radganac mas ar gaaCnia brwyinvaleba berZnuli civilizaciisa. hidro_arqeologi wers _ `paliastomis tbis samxreT nawilSi kaparWanas boloSi, adgil `naeklesiarze~ aRmoCnda riyis qvebiT nagebi kedlis naSTebi. tbis dasavleT nawilSi, malTayvasTan, dadasturda III-VIII ss-Ta namosaxlaris naSTebi. arqeologiuri kvleviT gairkva, rom paliastomis tbaSi punqt `natexebSi~ Zveli namosaxlaria da misi naSTebi 900 kvadratul metrze vrceldeba... paliastomis tbis farTi 18 kv.km-ia, zRvisa da tbis done Tanabaria~ (iqve, gv. 126). g. gamyreliZis azriT sityva paliastomi Sedgeba ori berZnuli sityvisagan `palias~ (Zveli) da `stoma~ (cixe-simagre). e.i. Zveli cixe-simagre. paliastomis tbaSi adgil `natexebis~ namosaxlaris keramika (aguri, kramiti) iseTivea, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva nagebobebisa _ `agurebi zomebiT iseTivea, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis naqalaqarebze _ biWvinTa, soxumi, oCamCire, gudava, noqalaqevi, mTisZiri, vaSnari, qobuleT-biWvnari, cixisZiri da gonio. paliastomis tbis

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namosaxlarze aRmoCnda brtyeli gverdebdakecili kramiti... aq adgilobrivis garda aRmoCnda ucxouri brtyeli kramitis natexebic... `natexebis~ namosaxlarze aRmoCenili keramikuli tara _ adgilobrivi amforebi siaxloves iCens noqalaqevSi gaTxrilTan da saerTod dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xanis _ adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze (ganTiadi, oCamCire, cixisZiri, varcixe, qobuleT-biWvnari) adgilobrivia samzareulo keramika qoTnebi, jamebi, luTeriebi, doqebi, aseve sameurneo keramika-qvevrebi. adgilobrivia paliastomis tbis nasaxlaris aRmoCenili masalis 75%, mTeli arqeologiuri masalis 25%-mdea ucxouri keramika, rac miuTiTebs sagareo urTierTkavSirs am nasaxlarisa. ase, rom foTis arqeologiuri masala adgilobrivia da ar gansxvavdeba zogad qarTulisagan im epoqisaTvis. `amnairi WurWeli dasavleT saqarTvelos IV-V ss fenebSi gvxvdeba~ (iqve, gv. 178). anda `aseTi minis natexebi gaTxrilia webeldSi, soxumSi, noqalaqevSi, da sxvagan. msgavsi fexiani sasmisebi IV-VIII ss-iT TariRdeba. minis fexiani sasmisebi dadasturebulia mcxeTaSi, urbnisSi, rusTavSi da sxvagan~ (g. gamyreliZe, `qalaq fasisis adgilmdebareobisa da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~ iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX, gv. 178). erTi sityviT, foTis arqeologiuri masala miuTiTebs, rom iq arsebuli `natexebis~ dasaxleba, Cveulebrivi, sxvaTa msgavsi adgilobrivi (qarTuli) sofeli iyo, Tavisi eklesiiT da antikuri Tu bizantiuri tipis qalaqi ar yofila. `natexebi~ ki yvelaze didi dasaxleba iyo foTis regionSi. ismis kiTxva: ratom aRmoCnda foTis (`natexebis~) dasaxleba paliastomis sivrceSi? amis mizezi iyo Savi zRvis donis aweva anu transgresia, romelic daiwyo axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan. Savi zRvis done TandaTanobiT imatebda saukuneTa manZilze, imdenad amaRlda, rom Tanamedrove dones 3 metriT gadaaWarba. Savi zRvis wylis zedapiris amaRleba 3 metriT, katastrofuli iyo rionis dablobisaTvis, romlis didi nawili zRvis doneze _ 0-van niSneulze mdebareobs. maSasadame, am dablobis didi nawili wyliT Tu ara, WaobiT mainc daifara. Savi zRvis donis es mateba gagrZelebula daaxloebiT X s-mde, Semdgom ki zRvas ukan dauxevia da Tanamedrove 0_van doneze damdgara. iqamde, rogorc iTqva, adrerkinis xanaSi Savi zRvis done regresiis gamo ufro dabla iyo 0-van niSnulTan SedarebiT, anu amJamindel zRvis doneze dabla. am dros xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmnila adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis, magram daaxloebiT I s-dan daiwyo zRvis donis aweva, e.i. jer zRva gautolda 0-van niSnuls, procesi saukuneebi grZeldeboda. qristianobis gavrcelebis kvaldakval zRvac imatebda, magram mateba mainc da mainc sagangaSo ar yofila, ramac saSualeba misca paliastomis tbis adgilas

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aegoT eklesia, albaT IV-VII ss-Si, magram mateba grZeldeboda, zRvam win waiwia. am droisaTvis albaT zRvis mateba ukve 1-2 metrs aWarbebda. es ki ukve katastrofa iyo. VIII s-saTvis, is 3 metrs miuaxlovda, Senobebi TandaTanobiT wyliT daifara, xalxma miatova sacxovrisi da mTian adgilebSi gadasaxlda. Cans, ufro quTaisisaken, radganac quTaisSi gadaasvenes paliastomis eklesiis cnobili xati da agreTve, guriaSi, jumaTSi gadaasvenes paliastomis sxva xati. arqeologi kargad aRwers klimatur katastrofas _ `klasikur_elinisturi xanis fasisi mainc mikvleuli ar aris. es ki imitom xdeba, rom xsenebul monakveTSi urTulesi paleomorfologiuri situaciaa. geomorfologiuri mdgomareobis mxriv yulev-foTi-urekis zRvispireTi, TiTqos, amovardnilia saqarTvelos zRvispireTis (330 km.) saerTo konteqstidan. aq bundovania globaluri, Savi zRvis regresiisa da transgresiis faqti fasisTan mimarTebaSi. gaurkvevelia zRvis sanapiro Selfis lokaluri dinamikis sakiTxic. xSirad, geomorfologebi arqeologebis monacemebs eyrdnobian da sanapiroze namosaxlarebis ganlagebis mixedviT gamoaqvT zogadi daskvnebi. Cveni azriT, sakiTxi kompleqsur Seswavlas moiTxovs. oRond, sasurvelia, rom jer geomorfologebma gagvcen pasuxi Tu rogori iyo sanapiros dinamika da Zvelad sad erTvoda rioni zRvas. maT unda gaiTvaliswinon globaluri (zRvis regresia-transgresia) da lokaluri (mdinareebis gamonatani naSali masala, mdinareebis rionis, fiCoris, xobis, sufsis Zveli kalapotebi, regionis Waobianoba, torfianoba da sxva) monacemebi... sayuradReboa, rom aq erTis mxriv xdeba rionis mier saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi didZali naSali masalis gamotana, rac albaT deltis zRvaSi gawevas iwvevda, xolo meores mxriv xdeboda zRvis donis aweva, rasac sanapiros mitaceba moyva~ (iqve, gv. 179). cnobilma xatma `paliastomis RvTismSobelma~ dRemde moaRwia _ `foTidan, paliastomis tbis midamoebidan. aris qarTuli (mxedrulwarweriani) barZimi, romelic q. quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi inaxeba (inv. #3788)~, (iqve, gv. 176). barZims aqvs qarTuli Tumca gviandeli warwera, aseve qarTulia paliastomis xatis warwerac, rac erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs, rom taZari qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda da ara berZnulisa. berZnul saepiskoposoebSi qarTuli wirva_locva da warwerebi, rogorc wesi, ar arsebobda. aqedan gamomdinare, Cans, arc fasisis samitropolito centri yofila q. foTSi, iqneb fasisis samitropolito da misi oTxi berZnuli saepiskoposo ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed iq iyo, sadac maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb miuTiTa saxelganTqmulma mecnierma n. adoncim, anu trapezuntis olqSi, Woroxis xeobis dasavleT nawilSi. Tumca, g. gamyreliZis azriT, `fasisi zRvaSi unda iyos daZiruli~, amis dasturia agreTve mecnier-geografebis monacemebi, romlis mixedviT Sav zRvaze e.w. fanagoriuli regresiis damTavrebis Semdeg daiwyo Savi zRvis

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transgresia (Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze), Sedegad zRvis donem 3 metramde aiwia. Sesabamisad Zveli namosaxlarebi zRvis qveS unda moqceuliyvnen. kerZod, amgvari procesebi ganviTarda CrdiloeT da samxreT (mag. sinopi) SavizRvispireTSi, sadac mTeli rigi antikuri namosaxlarebi moeqcnen wyalqveS (g. gamyreliZe, `qalaq fasisis adgilmdebareobisa da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~ iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX, gv. 180).

paliastomis RvTismSoblis xati

paliastomis RvTismSoblis xatis saxelwodeba momdinareobs saqarTveloSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli Tqmulebidan paliastomis tbis gaCenis Sesaxeb. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad RvTismSoblis xati paliastomis `cixe-qalaqis~ taZarSi esvena, saidanac im taZris mTavar xucesma silibistrom RvTismSoblis miTiTebiT, romelic mas gamoecxada _ xati quTaisis cixe-qalaqSi gadaasvena. paliastomis qalaqi ki xalxiTurT wyalSi CaiZira. xats aqvs gviandeli warwera `...dedaqalaq quTaisis RvTismSobelo...~ rac imaze metyvelebs, rom ara TviT xati, aramed misi perangi mogvianebiT quTaisSi unda iyos damzadebuli. xati ferwerulia, vercxliT moWedili. centralur nawilSi warmodgenilia RvTismSobeli yrma iesoTi. RvTismSoblisa da qristes saxeebi Sesrulebulia ferweriT xeze, romelic dazianebulia. xatis danarCeni nawili mTlianad moWedilia da daferilia oqroTi. RvTismSobels da yrma iesos tanT acvia grZeli mosasxamebi. xatis qveda arSiaze warweraa, romelSic moxseniebulni arian imereTis mefe giorgi III da Ze misi aleqsandre. quTaTeli mTavarepiskoposi CxatiZe basili: `xati ese yovlad wmidisa RvTisa, pirveli moWedili daZvelebuliyo da Cven meored ganvaaxleT, Seiwire deda RmrTisao mcire ese samsaxuri Cueni da meox gueqmen dRes mas gankiTxvasa amin. Seiqmna _ xati ese xeliTa rafiel monazonisaTa qoronikon~. aqedan gamomdinare xatis xelaxali moWedva me-17 saukuneSi momxdara. xati Sesulia bagratis taZridan 1923 wels quTaisis muzeumSi. xati restavrirebulia 1612 wels rafiel monazonis (meored momWedveli) mier. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, rogorc iTqva, RvTismSoblis xati paliastomis `cixe_qalaqis~ mTavar taZarSi esvena, saydris mTavaruxucesma silibistrom xatis STagonebiT ixila Cveneba (es silibistro gabriel xucesmonazonis Soreuli winapari da naTesavi yofila), rom silibistro (mTavaruxucesi) paliastomis taZarSi Sesuliyo, misi yovladwmida xati aeRo da cixe-

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qalaqidan gamoetana, radganac male igi wyalSi CaiZireboda. mTavaruxucesma ar daijera. amis Semdeg RvTismSobeli orjer gamoecxada silibistros, magram mas veraferi Seasminao. silibistrom arc sxvebTan gaamxila amis Sesaxeb. igi cixe-galavnis gareT cxovrobda sxva saydris maxloblad. male RvTis neba aRsrulda am cixe-qalaqze da wyalSi CaiZira, xolo yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xati RvTis SemweobiT warRvnas gadaurCa, TavisTavad, uxilavad, RvTis gangebiT, cixe-qalaqidan haerze milivlivebda (midioda). ixila Tu ara es saswauli silibistro mTavaruxucesma, daeca saswaulebrivi xatis winaSe da codvebis miteveba gamosTxova mas. roca igi xats miuaxlovda, is haeridan daiZra da mTavaruxucesis xelebSi miesvena. amis Semdeg silibistros isev gamoecxada RvTismSobeli da uwmidesi xatis cixeqalaq quTaisSi gadasveneba ubrZana, rac mTavaruxucesma aRasrula kidec. es xati bagratis taZarSi daasvenes. paliastomis cixe-qalaqi ki xalxiTurT wyalSi CaiZira. aq aRsaniSnavia _ xatis warwera miuTiTebs, rom meored moWedvis dros xati ukve quTaisSi yofila dasvenebuli. `...dedaqalaqisa quTaisisa RuTismSobelo...~, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom xati meored quTaisis RvTismSoblis saxelzea gaWedili da uSualod quTaisSi unda iyos damzadebuli misi meore perangi. rogorc iTqva, xati ferwerulia, vercxliT moWedilia (zoma 135 X 92, 5 sm). mis centralur nawilSi warmodgenilia RvTismSobeli yrma iesoTi xelSi. rogorc iTqva xatis qveda arSiaze saubaria xatis xelmeored moWedvis Sesaxeb. aq moxseniebuli arian imereTis mefe giorgi III (1606-1639 ww.) da misi Svili aleqsandre. aqedan cxadia, rom xatis xelaxali moWedva me-17 saukunis dasawyisSi momxdara, kerZod, 1612 wels, sxva mosazrebiT ki, 15481568 wlebs Soris. (warwera gamoqveynebuli aqvs m. nikoleiSvils `me-17 saukunis istoriuli masalebi quTaisis muzeumSi~, quT. muzeumis masalebi II, 1971 w. gv. 33-35).

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episkoposi fazisisa, anu trapezuntisa

VII msoflio saeklesio krebis (787w.) aqtebs xels sxva monawileebTan erTad awers trapezunteli mRvdelmTavari: `qristefore episkoposi fazisisa, anu trapezuntisa~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 212). VIII saukuneSi bizantiis imperia arabobis gamo didi gasaWiriT flobda samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis viwro zols q. trapezuntis CaTvliT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazRvari q. trapezuntTan mTavrdeboda, magram ukve ikveTeboda niSnebi imisa, rom bizantia kvlavindeburad SeZlebda am mxareebis dabrunebas. iqamde trapezuntis episkoposs ar gaaCnda Tavisi samitropolito. is TviTon Sedioda erT-erTi saepiskoposos saxiT polemonis pontos mitropoliis SemadgenlobaSi (amas adasturebs VII-VIII saukuneTa nusxebi) (iqve, gv. 212). Cans, imJamad politikuri Zvrebi SeimCneoda, raTa Camoyalibebuliyo axali administraciuli erTeuli `xaldeas Temi~ centriT q. trapezuntSi (iqamde VII saukunidan q. trapezunti armeniakonis TemSi Sedioda), mas SemdgomSi marTlac gamoeyo sakmaod vrceli axali administraciuli erTeuli `xaldea~. misi SavizRvispira sazRvari aRwevda md. Woroxamde, anu fazisamde (da ara foTamde!). armeniakonis Temis zRvispira sazRvaric aseve aRwevda md. fazisamde, e.i. Woroxamde da ara foTamde. xaldeas Temis dedaqalaqi trapezunti iyo. mas aseve ufro martivadac uwodebdnen `lazikas~, lazikis Tems. safiqrebelia, rom winaswar iqamde ubralo qalaqis (trapezuntis) episkoposma gadawyvita mieniWebina Tavisi qalaqisaTvis samitropolito Rirseba, risTvisac saWiro iyo, rom mas hqonoda Tavisi sakuTari iurisdiqciis qveS ramdenime saepiskoposo kaTedra. amasTanave, isini sadavoni ar unda yofliyvnen mezobeli samitropolitoebis mxridan (trapezuntis zRvispirze male rizes samitropolito Camoyalibda). Cans, aseT arasadavo kaTedrebad trapezuntelma qristeforem miiCnia imJamad ukve gauqmebuli, magram istoriulad trapezuntis siaxloves arsebuli fazisis samitropolito, romelSic zigana, rodopolisi, saisini da petra Sedioda. es kaTedrebi, rogorc iTqva, q. ziganas axlos, mdebareobdnen n. adoncis kvleviT da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi. trapezunti samitropolitod iqca.

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fazisis akademia
IVs-Si fazisTan yofila akademia, sad iyo qalaqi fazisi? Temistiosis werilis Tanaxmad, is mdebareobda `lazebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi, md.TermodontTan da TemiskirasTan~. Temiskira da Termodonti cnobili mdinareebia trapezuntis samxreTiT. erTaderTi regioni, romelic erTdroulad iTvleba armeniad da amasTanave lazeTad _ esaa trapezuntis regioni. saqme isaa, rom iustinianem, imperiis xelaxali administraciuli dayofis dros VI s-Si trapezunti Seiyvana I armeniaSi, amis Semdeg ki VII s-is dasawyisSi imperiam ufro axali administraciuli dayofis Semdeg, ponto Seiyvana `armeniakonis TemSi~. ase, rom trapezuntis regioni _ bunebrivad wodebuli `lazikad~, amavdroulad, armeniis administraciul erTeulSi Sedioda, Temistiosis werilis `fazisi~ Termodontisa da Temiskiras gaTvaliswinebiT _ trapizonis regionTanaa. aq unda yofiliyo `fazisis akademia~. es rom asea, Cans aseve VII msoflio krebis aqtebze trapezunteli mitropolitis xelismoweridan. man samjer moawera xeli dokumentebs da dabejiTebiT miuTiTa, rom trapezunti da fazisi erT olqSi mdebareobdnen. trapezunti didi saswavlo kerac iyo. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, rom cnobilma somexma maTematikosma VII saukunisa anania Sirakunma ganaTleba miiRo trapizonSi berZen mecnier tusikTan, aq man maTematikis garda Seiswavla filosofia, kosmografia da geografia. is monawileobda uZravi kalendris SedgenaSi. misi naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia `ariTmetikis saxelmZRvanelo~, `kosmografia~, `mTvaris ciklis cxrilebi~ (v. Caloiani, anania Sirakacis msoflmxedveloba `bizantiiskii vremennik~, 1957, t. 12, rus. enaze). Temistiosis werilis miTiTeba fazisSi ganaTlebis keris Sesaxeb, trapezuntSi realurad arsebuli ganaTlebis kera unda iyos, VIII s-is trapezunteli mitropolitis mtkiceba, rom fazisi da trapezunti erT olqSia, vfiqrob, uflebas gvaZlevs iTqvas, rom fazisis akademia arsebobda ara foTSi, aramed trapezuntis regionSi, aseTi mtkiceba ar unda CaiTvalos CvenSi Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvad, radgan simarTlisa da WeSmaritebis dadgena ufro didi sikeTis momtania yovelTvis, vidre gaugebrobasa da usafuZvlobaze agebuli istoria, miT umetes maSin, roca amis saWiroeba ar arsebobs. Cven mravali qarTuli saswavlo-samecniero kera gvqonda, amitomac berZnuli saswavleblis qarTulad gamocxadeba aferxebs erovnulis Seswavlis saqmes. `ritorikis nayofi movwyvite ... pontos boloSi fasisis maxloblad, sadac Tesaliidan wamosulma argom daisadgura ... iq, sadac cnobilia Termodonti, amaZonT saqmeebi da Temiskiri. da ai, aseTi barbarosuli da pirquSi adgili erTi kacis sibrZnem gaxada elinuri muzebis taZrad. im kacis, romelic damkvidrda kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi da aswavlida, Tu rogor

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gaiwvrTne ritorikul xelovnebaSi da rogor brwyinavde elinur dReobebze~ (Temistiosi, georgika, I, gv. 50). sad iyo `ritorikuli skola~? is iyo _ 1. pontos boloSi; 2. fazisis maxloblad; 3. TermodontTan; 4. TemiskirasTan; 5. kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi. maSasadame, es skola ar iyo mxolod kolxebis qveyanaSi, is iyo `kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi~. sad mdebareobda is? arsebobs ori mniSvnelovani mosazreba Temistiosis mier naxsenebi qalaqis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb. erTi ekuTvnis cnobil qarTvel mecniers s. yauxCiSvils, meore cnobil evropel mecniers oto zeeks. am ukanasknelis mixedviT, es iyo qalaqi sinopi (georgika I, gv. 45). s. yauxCiSvilis azriT ki, foTTan axlos mdebare romelime qalaqi. ganvixiloT orive Tvalsazrisi. sinopi mdebareobda Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze kerasuntTan da amasiasTan axlos, anu iq, sadac miedineba amJamad md. TermoCai, Zvelad Termodontad saxeldebuli. maSasadame, sinopi mdebareobs Temistiosis mier naxseneb mdinaresTan, TermodontTan axlos. Termodonti, Tavis mxriv, Temistiosis epoqis meore cnobili avtoris, antikuri istoriografiis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgenlis, amiane marcelines cnobiT, gaedineboda md. halisTan axlos. md. haliss amJamad yizil_irmaki ewodeba. maSasadame, Temistiosis mier naxsenebi fazisTan axlos mdebare qalaqi, sadac ritorikuli skola mdebareobda, axlos iyo amJamad cnobili Semdeg punqtebTan _ 1. qalaq kerasuntTan, 2. md. TermoCaisTan, 3. md. yizil-irmakTan. isini istoriulad mdebareobdnen romaul provincia pontoSi, kerZod ki, helenopontoSi (paflagoniis mezoblad). amiane marcelines cnobiT, md. Termodonti `saTaves iRebda armoniosis mTidan~ (georgika, I, gv. 109). s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, `amianes mixedviT md. Termodonti md. halisTan axloa~ (georgika, I, gv. 151). sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi is faqtic, rom md. kelkitis regionSi, Zvel amasiasa da tokats Soris, q. Termes gaswvriv, amJamadac ki aris q. fazari. es faqti uflebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT mosazreba, rom md. kelkits zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas fazisi erqva. meore qalaqi amave saxelwodebiT _ fazari mdebareobs aseuli kilometris daSorebiT _ rizesa da xofas Sua. mis gaswvriv Woroxis sanapiroze mdebareoba kargafazaris qedi, amave regionSia araqsis pirze q. fasinleri. rogorc Cans, erT dros fasinleri, kargafazari da fazari (II) qmnidnen erT regions fazisis saxelwodebiT, Cans amitomac am regionSi gamaval orive mdinares araqssa da Woroxs fazisi erqva. unda vigulisxmoT, rom msgavsadve sul sxva regionSi mdebare aRniS-

567

nuli pirveli fazaris mimdebare mdinare kelkitis erT monakveTsac fazisi erqva. es saxeli mraval mdinares erqva trapezuntis gavlenis regionSi. `ritorikuli skola~ mdebareobda `kolxTa da armenielTa qveyanaSi~. cnobilia, rom istoriul periodSi e.w. `romauli armenia~ dayofili iyo I, II, III da IV armeniebad. `pirveli armeniis provinciaSi~ Seyvanili iqna yofili elenopontos provincia anu istoriuli kolxeTi. maSasadame, cnobili ritorikuli skolis qveyana oficialurad I armeniis provinciaSi imyofeboda, Tumca ki is istoriulad kolxebis qveynad iwodeboda. maSasadame, is erTdroulad `kolxebisa da armenielebis~ qveyanaSi iyo, o. zeekis Tanaxmad sinopTan axlos _ kolxebis istoriul qveyanaSi. fazisis akademiasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTxel mimovixiloT md. Termodontisa da Temiskiris (Temiskura) adgilmdebareoba _ md. Termodonts, rogorc iTqva, amJamad ewodeba md. Terme (Terme Cai, TurqeTSi) istoriul amaZonebis qveyanaSi, am mdinares axsenebs herodote (II, 104-9), qsenofonte (anabazisi, V, 6, 9VI, 21). TviTon amaZonebi kolxeTidan gamosulebad miiCnevian, kimeriis bosforTan, amaZonebis qalaqi Tu dedofali iyo Temiskira. Temiskira mdebareobda TermodontTan axlos prokofi kesarielis cnobiT (omi goTebTan, VIII, 2). Termodonti da Temiskira iyo amisosis maxloblad. Termodontze cxovrobdnen asurebi makronebis gverdiT. isini amtkicebdnen, rom kolxebisagan miiRes windacveTis Cveuleba. iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT, `winaT kolxebs md. TermodontTan unda ecxovraT~ (qarTveli eris istoria, Sesavali, I, 1950, gv. 10). aqve cxovrobdnen xalibebi (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 80). strabonis cnobiT, Termodonti da Temiskira pontoSi mdebareobda (da ara kolxeTis CrdiloeTSi). straboni, I, 3, 7). md. Termodonti (Terme-Cai) (berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, 1967, gv. 24) kerasuntis samxreTiT miedineba (iqve, gv. 19). `xalibebis Semdeg aris tomi asiria, mdinare Termodonti, elinuri qalaqi Temiskira... elinuri qalaqi kerasunti~ (wers skilaqs kariandeli (iqve, gv. 51). `mdinare Termodonti Camodis armoniosis mTidan da miedineba Temiskiris WalebSi, sadac odesRac amazonebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gadasaxlebuliyvnen~ (georgika, I, gv. 109). amianes mixedviT, Termodonti md. halisTan axloa da iq cxovroben xalibebi. kerZod, Termodontsa da kerasunts Soris. straboni xalibebs odnav CrdiloeTiT, trapezuntTan aTavsebda (gv. 151). maT sazRvraven bizarebi, sapirebi, makronebi da filirebi.

568

Termodonti, Temiskira, petra, fazisi

n. adoncis mixedviT, iustinianes epoqaSi (VI s.), armeniis administraciuli sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde. is wers _ `iustinianes Semdgom epoqaSi `VIIs. dasawyisidan imperiis axali dayofis Sesabamisad, erT-erTi vrceli administraciuli erTeuli iwodeboda somxurad, (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs `armeniakoni~). misi sazRvrebi gadaSlili iyo sinopidan fazisamde da evfratamde. uvrcelesma raionma, im teritoriis momcvelma, romelnic yofil olqebs kapadokias, I da II armeniebsa da pontos eWira _ miiRo saxelwodeba `armeniakoni~ konstantine porfirogenetis Tanaxmad, somxebis saxelis mixedviT, romlenic iq mezoblad cxovrobdnen~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 203). maSasadame, VII s. dasawyisSi `armeniakonis Temis~ sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde. Tuki fazisi foTia, maSin foTamde aRwevda am `armeniis~ sazRvari. sabednierod, n. adonci fazisis qveS iseve, rogorc yvela Zveli avtori, gulisxmobs ara rions, aramed md. Woroxs. es mdinare marTlac iyo berZnuli lazikis Crdilo sazRvari. saqme is iyo, rom TviT n. adoncis Tanaxmad, saeklesio geografiam Semoinaxa imperiis administraciuli dayofis diokletianesdroindeli saxe imiT, rom Tavis saWiroebisTvis iyenebda mas. e.i. lazikis Zveli saxeli, misi teritoriis Zveleburi gageba Semoinaxa eklesiurma dayofam. n. adonciT lazikaSi trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali bizanis, paipertis, keramevis, lerionisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi, Sesabamisi qalaqebi ganlagebulni iyvnen Teodosiopolis-trapezuntis SemaerTebeli gzis sanapiro regionSi, anu istoriuli WaneTSi, maT momcvel saeklesio olqs ewodeboda `samitropolito lazikaSi~, anu swored am mxareeebs erqva lazika bizantiuri saeklesio geografiis mixedviT da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos. rogorc Cans, lazika~ berZnuli eklesiuri gagebiT erqva aRniSnul regions (e.i. Wanikas). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am regionSi mraval punqts erqva `fazisi~. iq iyo `fasianis~ saepiskoposo, fasisis samitropolito, araqssac fasisi erqva _ porfirogenetis mixedviT _ erTi `fasisi~ yofila trapezuntTan, is iyo aseve Termodontisa da Temiskiras siaxlovesac _ Temistiosis werilis Tanaxmad. amJamadac ki trabzonis olqSi, rogorc aRiniSna, mraval punqts `fazari~ ewodeba, magaliTad _ `salpazari~ _ q. tonias marcxniv, aseve `eskipazari~ ofTan axlos, sxvaa `dernekpazari~ ofis samxreTiT (yvela trabzonis guberniaSi), Tu aras vityviT TviTon qalaq `fazarze~ rizesTan axlos. ase rom amJamadac ki `fas-faz~ fuZiT trabzonis regionSi mravali punqtis saxeli iwarmoeba. es faqti imis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rom eTnikuri qarTvelebiT

569

dasaxlebul am regions istoriuladac fazisis regioni erqva, amitomac mis mitropolits `trapezunteli anu faziseli~ erqva.

murie da kalfoglu fazisisa da akamfsisis Sesaxeb

frangi orientalisti Jan murie naSromSi (baTumi da Woroxis auzi, baTumi, 1962) miuTiTebs, rom misi naSromi daiwera diubua de monperes (`mogzauroba kavkasiis garSemo~), d. baqraZis (`arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi~) da g. wereTlis (`Cemi mogzaurobis~) gamokvlevaTa gamoyenebiT. Jan muries azriT, bizantieli mwerlebi baTumTan gamdinare Woroxs moixseniebdnen boasis, fazisisa da akamfsisis saxeliT. es, Cveni azriT, aris swori Sexeduleba, Tumca ki sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebi mas akritikeben da amboben mis Sesaxeb _ `cxadia, murie ver garkveula prokofi kesarielis cnobebSi~ (a. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisTvis, 1989, gv. 11). Jan murie baTums klarjeTTan akavSirebs _ baTumi klarjeTis nawils Seadgenda XI-XV ss-Si, Semdeg gadaiqca nawilad guriisa (1561w. rostom gurielma Turqebi xofadan da arqabedan gandevna), xolo XVII s-dan Turquli lazeTisa da baTumis olqis nawilia. sxva avtoris kalfoRlus naSromi _ .. . , . XVIII. . 1. 1906 . 40) Seexeba md. Woroxs, baTumsa da mimdebare mxareebs. misi azriT, arianes mier moxseniebuli mdinare akamfsisi _ Woroxia. miaCnia, rom Turqebis mier trapezuntis aRebamde (1461) baTums ewodeboda `baTisi~, anu `baTi~ (ix. wignSi m. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi..., 1989, gv. 14). CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom `baTi~ da `foTi~ etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan, baTi _ faTi _ foTi an piriqiT foTi _ faTi _ baTi. baTi da foTi msgavsia etimologiurad, amitomac SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroSi, kerZod, giorgi mTawmidelis mier naxseneb `foTSi~, sadac gemiT mivida bizantiidan g. mTawmideli, unda igulisxmebodes ara Tanamedrove foTi, sadac, Cveni azriT, im dros navsadguri ar iyo Zlieri daWaobebis gamo, aramed Tanamedrove xufaTi an baTumi, sadac namdvilad iyo navsadgurebi (vTqvaT, iqve, Zvel petraSi da mis maxloblad). kalfoRlu baTumsa da lazikas erTmaneTs ukavSirebda, misi azriT, `baTisis~ midamoebSi xdeboda iran-bizantielebis Setakebebi~ (iqve, gv. 15). navsadguri iyo imave regionis punqt xufaTSi. xu-faTi (xufaTi), baTi da foTi etimologiurad msgavsni arian.

570

saporto qalaqi _ foTi Tu xufaTi

bagrat IV konstantinopolidan samSobloSi, kerZod, imJamindel dedaqalaq quTaisSi dabrunda Semdegi gziT _ `gamogzavna berZenTa mefeman didiTa didebiTa, niWiTa da ganZiTa miuwvdomeliTa da miegeba yoveli laSqari afxazeTisa zRvispirsa _ xufaTs da iyo sixaruli da RmrTisa madloba didi, brZana da Semovida saxlad Tvisad quTaTiss~ (q.c. I, 304). e.i sataxto qalaq quTaisSi bagrati Sevida ara foTis mokle gziT (radganac ar arsebobda aseTi gza da porti), aramed ufro Sori da grZeli _ xufaTquTaisis gziT. aseve, roca Semdgom bagrat IV-s Tbilisis moqalaqeebma qalaqi Tbilisi gadasces da es ambavi mefes quTaisSi Seatyobines, is Tavisi laSqriT Tbilisisaken artanuj-artaanis gziT gaemgzavra. xufaT-artanuj-artaanis gziT isargebla daviT aRmaSenebelma da Tavisi laSqari xufaTidan taoSi am gziT gadaiyvana TurqebTan sabrZolvelad (q.c. I, gv. 333). giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebi `foTi~ unda iyos aRniSnuli `xufaTi~. etimologiurad foTi da xufaTi erTmaneTTan axloa.

fasisis anu fasianis qveyana konstantine por firogenetis cnobiT

qarTuli enciklopediis Tanaxmad, foTi iyo fazisis samitropolitos centri (qse, 10, 1986, gv. 351). maSasadame, foTi dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo administraciuli erTeulis dedaqalaqi yofila, radganac mitropoliti wesis Sesabamisad provinciis dedaqalaqSi ijda. Cveni mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, fazisi (foTi) lazikis (gulisxmoben dasavleT saqarTvelos) qalaqi iyo, magram, radganac is samitropolito centri iyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqosi, maSasadame, fasisi (foTi) lazikis dedaqalaqi yofila VI-VII saukuneebSi. esaa zRvis donis momatebis saukuneebSi, romelmac gamoiwvia md. rionis zRvaSi Sedinebis Seyovneba da misi dagubeba, 1-3 metris simaRleze myofi foTis didi nawilis datborva, amitom saeWvoa, foTi araTu dedaqalaqi, aramed saerTod qalaqi yofiliyo aRniSnul VI-VII ss-Si. garda amisa, iseTi upirvelesi mniSvnelobis wyaro, rogoricaa 952 wels dawerili konstantine porfirogenetis istoria, ar iZleva saSualebas fazisi ewodos mxolod da mxolod erT mdinares, anda erT romelime konkretul qalaqs. konstantine porfirogeneti X saukuneSi, faziss uwodebs mdinaresa da adgils trapezuntis TiTqmis momijnave mTian mxareSi, xolo `fasians~ _ am mdinaris momcvel qveyanas. fasiani qarTuli basiania, magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli basiani mxolod erTi nawili SeiZleboda yofiliyo fasianis qveynisa, radganac es iyo vrceli olqi, romelSic karini

571

da Teodosiopolic Sedioda _ `domestiki movida Teodosiopolis cixeSi, moarbia misi midamoebi, fasianis miwa-wyali~ (geogika, IV, naw. II, gv. 262) an `ioane gaemgzavra timis (dvinis) cixis winaaRmdeg. gzaSi man moarbia mTeli fasiani~ (iqve, gv. 263). `porfirogenetma mefe leonma gaigo, rom im adgils, romelsac fasiani ewodeba, sarkinozebi mividnen da iqauri eklesiebi cixeebad gadaaqcies, gagzavna lalakoni, patrikiosi da armeniakTa Temis strategiosi koloniis strategiosiTurT, mesopotamiis strategiosiTurT da qaldiis strategiosiTurT.... moarbies mTeli fasiani, romelic maSin sarkinozebs eWiraT~ (iqve, gv. 261). fasianis qveynis mdinares (araqss) konstantine porfirogeneti uwodebs md. fasiss da amasTanave mravaljer is wers _ iberiisa da bizantiis sazRvrad daido `eraqsi, anu fasisi~ (iqve, gv. 273). `eraqsi anu fasisi~ kidev mravaljer iwodeba mis TxzulebaSi.

572

Tavi XIV dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqcia

dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi

(egrisi da svaneTi) aTeistur epoqaSi dasavleT saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT qarTuli wyaroebi `gamousadegarad, uvargisad da legendarulad~, iqnen miCneulni, amis mizezad saxeldeboda is, rom, TiTqosda, berZnul_laTinuri da qarTuli wyaroebi am mxaris mimarT erTmaneTs ar eTanadebian, Sesabamisad XX s. mkvlevarebi ugulebelyofdnen `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnobebs egrisTan da svaneTTan dakavSirebiT. uaryofam qarTuli wyaroebisa, safuZveli misca meoce saukuneSive gavrcelebul azrs, TiTqosda `qarTlis cxovreba~ ar aRwerdes egris-svaneTis warsuls. erovnuli wyaroebis mimarT hiperkritikulma damokidebulebam warmoSva sazogadoebaSi Rrmad Canergili kidev erTi mosazreba, TiTqosda kolxeTi iyo ara zogadqarTuli, aramed kuTxuri warmonaqmni, TiTqosda kolxebisa da iberebis enebi erTmaneTisagan kardinalurad gansxvavdebodnen, maSin, roca amgvari mtkicebisaTvis wyaroebi safuZvels ar iZlevian. kvlevam aCvena, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT qarTuli wyaroebisa da berZen_laTini avtorebis cnobebi ara Tu ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs, aramed erTmaneTs avseben da eTanadebian kidec. qsenofontes, strabonisa da sxva avtorebis cnobebidan Cans, rom qaldeas Zlierebis epoqaSi qarTuli tomebi gacilebiT ufro did teritoriaze iyvnen gansaxlebulni vidre Semdgom saukuneebSi. qristeSobamde pirvel aTaswleulSi iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli pariadres kalTebi, xorZene, gogarena, mTeli istoriuli saqarTvelo. ufro samxreTiT mcxovrebi iberiuli tomebi (xalibebi, tibarenebi da sxvebi) Cans, jer kidev aradiferencirebuli enis materebelni iyvnen. qristeSobamde pirvel aTaswleulSi jer kidev ar iyo diferencirebuli yvela qarTuli tomisaTvis saerTo ena. diferenciaciis process mxolod im epoqaSi eyreboda safuZveli. (qaldeas epoqaSi qarTuli tomebi ara mxolod am arealze iyvnen gansaxlebulni, aramed, strabonis cnobiT, alazonebisa da georgebis tomebi sinopisaken da aseve yirimis mimdebare mxareebSic ki cxovrobdnen).

573

am erTenovnebis Sedegi iyo magaliTad is, rom, vTqvaT, saxeli fazisi erqva rogorc rions, ise sxva mraval mdinares, arqeopolisi cixe-gojsa da sxva mraval qalaqsa Tu naqalaqars. am arealze mosaxle abazgebi, afsilebi, misimielebi Tu sxva tomebi erTiani qarTuli mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebi iyvnen. istoriuli saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi mravali erTnairi toponimi da hidronimi iyo. magaliTad, egriswyali _ afxazeTSi (bediasTan) da `egres-su~ anu egriswyali _ trapizonis mxares (iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, t. II, gv. 123), klisura _ cxumTan da `klasuri~ _ trapizonisaken (iqve, gv. 23). `pitia~ _ aTina-of-rizesaTan, `pitiota~ cxumTan, sebastopolisi _ trapizonis olqSi da abazgiaSi. `zegana~ (`zeganTa sofeli~) XI s-Si _ Sida qarTlSi (T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, gv. 33) da `zigna~ _ qaldiaSi (trapizonis mxares), aseve ziginevi _ (afxazeTSi), zegani _ sof. kldeeTTan, zestafonSi. q. fazari (igive fazisi), (Zveli aTina trapizonTan) (georgika II, 1965, gv. 102) da fazisi. `boasi~ erqva Woroxs an mis Senakads prokofi kesarielis mixedviT, aseve rogorc zogierTi fiqrobs md. yvirilasac. fazisi erqva Woroxsac da aseve rionsac. magaliTad, prokofi kesarieli lazikas ase aRwers _ `lazike yovelgan, mdinare fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares uzarmazari kldeebia romlebic iq viwrobebs qmnian, aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben~ (georgika II, 1965, gv 102). md. rionTan dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi kldeebi arsadaa, is aris Woroxis sanapiroebze, istoriul lazikeSi. prokofi garkveviT wers _ `md. boasi gamodis WaneTis sazRvris maxloblad armenielTa adgilebSi, romlebic farangionis garSemo cxovroben. TavSi is karga manZilze marjvniv mimdinareobs. Txelia ... vidre im adgilamde, sadac marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba, mis Semdeg rac es mdinare miaRwevs im adgils, sadac kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebia, aq, radgan mas bevri sxva wyalic emateba, is izrdeba Zalian da nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fazisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi, vidre evqsinad wodebul zRvamde, sadac misi SesarTavia da mis orive mxriT lazike aris ~ (georgika, II, gv. 100). es sityvebi Woroxis SesaniSnavi da realuri aRweraa. s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, iyo ori boasi: erTi erTvoda Woroxs, meore ki rions. prokofisa da Zvel avtorTa boasi, radganac gamoedineboda WaneTis mTebidan (georgika, 2, gv. 100) igulisxmeboda ara yvirila, aramed Woroxis erTerTi Senakadi, anda TviT Woroxi Tavis saTavesTan. aRniSnuli faqtebi miuTiTebs qarTuli tomebis erTenovnebis Sesaxeb I aTaswleulSi.

574

egrisi
(Crdilo egrisi)

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi egrisTan dakavSirebiT

`dasavleTis erisTavebi~, `dasavleTi qarTlisa~, egrisi _ `qvemo qveyana~, `zemo da qvemo qveyanani~, `naTesavi Cueni~, dasavleT saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT am da sxva msgavs mraval termins iyeneben mematianeebi `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ I aTaswleulSi da Semdgom saukuneebSi. ganvixilavT am da sxva terminebs saukuneebis Sesabamisad:

egrisi qristeSobamde IV-III ss-dan I s-mde

(qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi) `qarTlis cxovreba~ wers: `ganZlierda aleqsandre, da daipyra yoveli queyana, da aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa, da povna cixe-qalaqni ese Zlierni Sua qarTl: wunda, xerTvisi mtkurisa, oZrxe (mokidebuli kldesa Radossa), Tuxarisi (mdinaresa zeda sperisasa, romelsa hqvian Woroxi), urbnisi, kaspi da ufliscixe, qalaqi didi mcxeTa (da ubanni misni), sarkine, cixedidi da zanavi (ubani uriaTa) da rusTavi da dedacixe, samSvilde da mtueris cixe (romel ars xunani), da kaxeTisa qalaqni~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~, 1955, t. I. gv. 18). `da daipyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (q.c., I, gv. 19). am teqstSi naxsenebia `qarTlis qveynis~ ori provinciis _`Sua qarTlisa~ da `kaxeTis~ qalaqebi. iqvea naxsenebi `qarTlis qveynis~ mesame provinciis saxeli _ egrisi. `qarTlis qveynis~ meoTxe provincia klarjeTi azonis mamuli iyo, amitomac azonma sxva provinciebi `daipyro~, xolo klarjeTi ar `daupyria~. da piruku _ farnavazis mamuli _ qarTli iyo da amitom azonTan gamarjvebis Semdeg man `daipyro klarjeTi~ (q.c., gv. 23), amis Sedegad qarTlis qveynis yvela nawili erTi xelisuflebis qveS aRmoCnda da `yoveli qarTli~ erT saxelmwifod iqca. Cveni mematianeebis sityviT, aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi, rogorc iTqva, `qarTlis~ istoriuli geografia aseTi iyo: `qarTli~ Sedgeboda sami qveynisagan. pirveli iyo misi centraluri nawili `Sua qarTli~, meore nawili _ kaxeTi, xolo mesame nawili iyo _ egrisi. xolo klarjeTi imJamad ara qarTlis, aramed `arian-qarTlis~ nawilad miiCneoda.

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Cveni mematianeebi, rogorc wesi, gamowvlilviT aRweren qarTlis centralur nawils anu `Sua qarTls~, xolo kaxeTsa da egriss SedarebiT naklebad exebian. am aRniSnul nawilebs wyaroebSi ewodeba `xevebi~, anu qarTlis xevebia _ `Sua qarTli~, kaxeTi da egrisi. zemoT ukve moviyvaneT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mematianis aRwera _ aleqsandre makedonelma qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdeg jer Semusra `Sua qarTlis~ qalaqebi, Semdeg kaxeTis qalaqebi da Semdeg azonma `daipyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (q.c. I, gv. 14). farnavazis samefoSi ki qarTlis oTxive nawili Sedioda, eseni iyvnen: 1. Sua qarTli; 2. kaxeTi; 3. egrisi; 4. klarjeTi. rogorc aRiniSna, mematiane wers `Sua qarTlis~ Sesaxeb _ `ganZlierda aleqsandre da aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa da povna cixe qalaqni ese Zlierni Sua qarTl: wunda, xerTvisi mtkuarisa, oZrxe, mokidebuli kldesa Radosa, Tuxarisi, mdinaresa zeda sperisasa, romelsa hqvian Woroxi, urbnisi, kaspi da ufliscixe, qalaqi didi mcxeTa da ubanni misni, sarkine, cixe didi da zanavi, ubani uriaTa da rusTavi da deda-cixe samSvilde da mtueris cixe, romel ars xunani~. mxolod `Sua qarTlis cixe-qalaqebis~ Semdeg `naxa~ aleqsandrem kaxeTisa qalaqni (q.c. I, gv. 18). rogorc iTqva _ aleqsandrem Tavdapirvelad naxa Sua qarTlisa da kaxeTis cixeebi, `Sua qarTlis~ cixeebia _ Tuxarisi, wunda, oZrxe, urbnisi, kaspi, ufliscixe, mcxeTa, rusTavi, samSvilde da xunani. maSasadame, mematianis sityviT, xunanidan Tuxarisamde miwa-wyals ewodeboda `Sua qarTli~. mis garda aleqsandres aseve daupyria kaxeTi, istoriuli saqarTvelos es kuTxeebi egrisTan erTad samarTavad gadaucia Tavisi moxelisaTvis azonisaTvis (aRsaniSnavia, rom mefe farnavazma Tavisi administraciuli reformis Semdeg Sua qarTlSi ramdenime saerisTavo daarsa (ise, rogorc sxva provinciebSi). Sua qarTlis erT olqSi, romelsac `Sida qarTli~ erqva saspaspeto daarsa, maSasadame sxvaa `Sua qarTli~ da sxva `Sida qarTli~. aleqsandres daupyria qarTlis yvela nawili _ klarjeTi, kaxeTi, egrisi da Sua qarTli. yvela es qveyana erTad iwodeboda ase: `yoveli qarTli~. xolo `Sua qarTli~ misi centraluri, yvelaze ufro Zlieri nawili iyo, aq iyo Tavmoyrili dedaqalaq mcxeTisa da sxva yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalaqebis cixeebi, Tumca klarjeTs, kaxeTsa da egrisSic arsebobdnen Zlieri cixeebi. `qarTlis cxovrebaze~ ufro Zveli wyaros _ `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnobiT, aleqsandre makedonelma `yoveli qarTlis~ patrikioss _ azons samarTavad gadasca qarTlis qveyana _ `egriswylidan~ vidre somxeT_albaneTamde. md. egriswyali iyo qarTlis samefos sazRvari Crdilo_dasavleTiT. md. egriswyali _ egrisis qveynis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mdinare iyo. aq,

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am mdinaris piras augia egriselTa eTnarqs _ egross dedaqalaqi `egrisi~ _ `xolo aman egros aRaSena qalaqi da ewoda saxeli Tvisi egrisi. aw mas adgilsa hqvian bedia~ (q.c. I, gv. 5). egriswyalze ki qarTlis samefos sazRvari gadioda. egriswyali, rogorc qarTlis samefos sazRvari naxsenebia meore uZveles saistorio wyaroSi _ esaa `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, mis Satberdul redaqciaSi naTqvamia _ `da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoY, Ze arian-qarTlisa mefisaY, da mas miuboZa mcxeTaY sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~ (Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv. 81). mdinare egriswyali Tu qalaq `egrisTan~ anu bediasTan gaedineboda, maSin is iqneba Tanamedrove `RaliZga~. aqedan iwyeboda `qarTlis samefos~ sazRvari azonis dros. aqve dadebula farnavaz mefis `qarTlis samefos~ sazRvari. e.i. egrisi qarTlis samefos anu qarTlis nawili iyo kaxeTTan erTad. wyaro ramdenjerme axsenebs sityvas `sazRvari saberZneTisa~ da gulisxmobs qarTlis samefos sazRvars `saberZneTTan~. kerZod Crdilo-dasavleTiT, SavizRvispirze qarTlis samefos saxelmwifo sazRvri gadioda Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi, xolo, samxreT-dasavleTiT, qarTlis samefos sazRvari saberZneTTan gadioda qaldea-ekelecTan, am sasazRvro xazTa Sua mdebareobda qarTlis samefos dasavleTi nawili. amasTan dakavSirebiT `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ naTqvamia _ `warvida farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekeleciT Semoiqca. movida klarjeTs da daipyra klarjeTi~ (q.c., I, gv. 23). rac Seexeba md.egriswyals, aq aleqsandres qarTlis samefos sazRvari rom daudia, amas aRniSnavdnen saukuneTa manZilze, V saukuneSi q.c.-s cnobiT bizantiis imperators gamoukiTxavs Tu sad gadioda sazRvari qarTlis samefosa da bizantias Soris, misTvis mouxsenebiaT, rom sazRvrad dadgenili iyo md. egriswyali aleqsandre makedonelis droidan _ `da gamoikiTxa keisarman sazRvari saberZneTisa... da rqua esreT _ `egriswyliTgan vidre mdinaremde mcirisa xazareTisa _ ese sazRvari ars saberZneTisa aleqsandrobiTgan...~ (q.c., I, gv.177). imperatoris daintereseba qarTlis samefos sazRvriT, iman gamoiwvia rom vaxtang gorgasalma md. egriswyalsa da md.yubans Soris moqceuli teritoria gaaTavisufla bizantielTagan da iq ganimtkica xelisufleba. es teritoria ki bizantielebs TavianTTvis Zalze mniSvnelovnad miaCndaT, amitomac vaxtang gorgasalTan sazavo molaparakebis dros gaicvala teritoriebi, kerZod bizantielebma maT mier dapyrobili klarjeTi daubrunes vaxtangs, ris sanacvlodac, ukan miiRes teritoria egriswyalsa da yubans Soris. amave dros, q.c.-s cnobiT, vaxtangs SerTes keisris qaliSvili, romel-

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sac mziTvad gamoatanes teritoria egriswyalsa da md.klisuras Soris. amis Sedegad qarTlis samefos sazRvarma gadaiwia md. egriswylidan md. klisuraze. `da dauwera egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua queyana ziTvad~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 177). farnavazis dros sazRvari saberZneTTan, rogorc iTqva, md.egriswyalTan gadioda _ `egriswyals qvemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrT mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 24). aqve SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom vaxtang gorgasalis STamomavalTa Semdgom, rac `yoveli qarTlis~ erTiani samefo daiSala _ egriss ewoda `afxazeTi~, klarjeTs _ `lazika~ an `samcxe-saaTabago~, `Sida qarTls~ _ qarTli, kaxeTis didi nawili ki hereTma daiWira.

egriselebi _ naTesaviT qarTvelni

saerTod, qarTlis cxovrebis `farnavazis cxovreba~, iyo is uZvelesi erovnuli saistorio wyaro, romelic, `moqcevaY qarTlisaY-s~ _ Sesabamis nawils eTanadeboda. Cven gvainteresebs ara is, namdvilad iyo Tu ara aleqsandre makedoneli saqarTveloSi, aramed `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ gadmocemuli sx vadasaxva Tvalsazrisis analizi, magaliTad misi mosazreba qarTvelTa eTnoidentobis Sesaxeb. mematianes sityviT qarTlSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erebi aleqsandres amouxocavs _ `mosrna yovelni igi naTesavni aRreulni qarTls myofni da ucxoni igi naTesavni mosrna da daatyveva... dautevna naTesavni qarTlosianni da dauteva maT zeda patrikad azon~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 18). amavdroulad am azonma `daipyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 19). garkveuli xnis Semdeg azonma gamosca brZaneba _ `yovelman qarTvelTaganman, romelman povos saWurveli, mokaliT igi... da iyo Wiri didi naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 20). cxadia, `yovelTa qarTvelTasa~ da `naTesavTa qarTvelTasas~ qveS egriselebic igulisxmebian, radganac azoni klarjeTis, Sua qarTlis, kaxeTisa da egrisis, anu `yoveli qarTlis~ mpyrobeli iyo, saidanac ucxoelni gaZevebulni iyvnen da mis qveyanaSi md. egriswylidan somxeT-albaneTamde mxolod qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen. es kidev ufro kargad Cans `farnavazis cxovrebidan~. egriselebic rom `naTesaviT qarTvelni~ da `yovelTa qarTvelTa~ nawilni arian, kargad Cans farnavazisadmi egriseli qujis pasuxiTac _ `aRdeg da moved CemTana da nu Surob xuastagsa Sensa da xuastagiTa SeniTa gangimravlne spani Senni, vidre gamovCndeT mtrad azonisa, maSin ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa awyvedilTa misgan da miwyvedilTa. da vgoneb, romc hromTa

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maTgannica gamogvierTnen, rameTu uricxvni awyvedil arian maTgannica azonisagan~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 22). qujis pasuxidan naTlad Cans, rom is Tavis Tavs moiazrebs `yovelTa qarTvelTa jgufSi~, konkretulad es Cans roca saubrobs `hromTa~ Sesaxeb _ ambobs pirvel pirSi `vgoneb hromTa maTgannica gamogvierTdnen~, anu axali qarTuliT misi pasuxi aseTia _ `modi CemTan, nu daiSureb Sens saganZurs, dagiqiraveb jars, roca azonis mimarT mtrobas gavamJRavnebT, maSin misgan amowyvetilTa axloblebi gaixareben da vfiqrob, zogierTi romaelic SemogvierTdeba, radganac maTgan azonma uricxvi gawyvita~. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ xazgasmiTaa saubari: arsebobda ori ZiriTadi mxare _ qarTvelni da azoni. xolo quji _ yovelTa qarTvelTa nawili iyo Tavisi xalxiT, am qarTvelTa mxares qujis fiqriT, `romaelTa~ aramciredi, azonisagan dasjili nawilic SemouerTdeboda _ `gamogvierTnen~ _ ambobs is. anu `yovel qarTvelobas~ romaeli jariskacebic SemouerTdebian, rogorc mkiTxvelisTvis cnobilia, am SemTxvevaSi `hromnis~ saxeliT mematiane moixseniebs im 100 aTas mebrZols, romelic misi TqmiT, aleqsandre makedonelma Semoiyvana qarTlSi makedoniidan da gadasca azons. azons qarTvelTa garda am `romaelebis~ `qmnul keTili da asakovani~, anu kargi aRnagobis, meomrebis aramciredi raodenoba gauwyvetia. qujis aseTi pasuxis Semdeg farnavazi gadavida egrisSi da moismina qujis saocari sityvebi _ `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cueni da me var mona Seni~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 22). am sityvebidan Cans ara piradi urTierTobis asaxva, aramed `erTnaTesaobis~, erTi genetikuri warmomavlobis suraTi, kerZod, urTierToba ara mxolod or pirs, aramed kuTxeebis mosaxleobaTa Sorisac, am ukanasknels unda miuTiTebdes misi sityvebi _ `Sen xar ufali Cveni~ (ese igi mTeli egrisis mosaxleobisa). piraduladac gamoxatavs urTierTobas da ambobs: `me var mona Seni~. am urTierTobebSi unda Candes dinastiuri ufros-umcrosobiTi valdebulebiTi damokidebulebis asaxva, rasac exeba straboni iberiis aRwerisas. maSasadame, qujis pasuxi asaxavs rogorc egrisis mosaxleobis, aseve piradad misi damokidebulebis suraTs `yovelTa qarTvelTadmi~ da misi centralizebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemisadmi. quji TviTve xsnis, Tu ra udevs mis pasuxs safuZvlad: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa~... amitom, `Sen xar ufali Cveni~. anu qarTveloba erTi genetikuri warmoSobis xalxia, mis `TavTa Svilia~ farnavazi, amitom mas unda daemorCilos `yovelni qarTvelni~, maT Soris egriselebic, radganac is aris zogad qarTvelTa `ufali~. qarTlis `TavTa Svilobis~ gamo `yoveli qarTlis~ mosaxleoba, maT Soris egriselebic TavianT Tavs ivaldebuleben erT samefo centrs daeqvemdebaron.

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am pasuxidan kargad Cans is, ris damalvasac ase saguldagulod cdilobs armenofili redaqtori, anu `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavlis avtori, rom mis mier warmodgenil figuralur genetikur sqemas ewinaRmdegeba mis mierve aRwerili ambavi, kerZod, faravazisa da qujis winaprebi cnobili qarTlosi da egrosi qujis pasuxidan gamomdinare, arian ara Zmebi, aramed mama_Svili, kerZod, egrosi qarTlosis Zea qujis pasuxis mixedviT, radganac Tu `qarTlosia~ is `qarTlis Tavi~, romelzec quji laparakobs, misadmi damorCileba egriselebisa im SemTxvevaSia gamarTlebuli, Tu qarTlosi mamaa, xolo egrosi Svili. swored mamas ewodeba `ufali~, `ufrosi da Tavi~ (misi SvilebisaTvis), romelsac unda damorCildnen Svilebi dinastiurad. qujis pasuxidan gamomdinare, qarTlosis ZeTa genealogia SeiZleba aseTi iyos: mematianis gadmocemul qarTlosis Svilebis saxelebs _ `mcxeTos, gardabos, kaxos, kuxos, gaCios~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 8), SeiZleba daematos `egros~. egrosi qarTlosis Svili Tu ar aris, ratom unda daemorCilos `qarTlis TavTa Svils~ egrosis STamomavali? ratomaa farnavazi `ufali~, ratom marTebs mis mimarT morCileba egrosis STamomavlebs, sxva SemTxvevaSi aseTi urTierToba SeuZlebelia. mxolod maSin marTldeba qujis paxusi, Tuki egrosi qarTlosis Zea, iseve, rogorc kaxosi, kuxosi da gardabosi. ase rom, `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ arsebuli Zveli genealogiuri sqema Semdeg iqna damaxinjebuli armenofilebis mier, radganac es sqema armenofilur SesavalSia. maSasadame `farnavazis cxovrebas~ Semounaxavs ufro Zveli wyaroebidan momdinare informaciuli masala.

`egrisiT Sekrbes uricxvni spani~

qujim farnavazis saganZuriT egrisSi daiqirava didi jari _ `egrisiT Sekrbes uricxvni spani~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 23) da `maSin yovelni qarTvelni ganudges azons~ (iqve, gv. 23). spa, farnavazis jari, Seikriba egrisSi anu jariskacebi egriselebi arian, mematianis cnoba, rom maSin `yovelni qarTvelni~ ganudges azons _ imas niSnavs, rom imJamindeli saqarTvelos anu `yoveli qarTlis~ mosaxleoba ganudga azons, maT Soris, pirvel rigSi swored egriselebi, radganac mcxeTaSi da Sida qarTlSi arc ki dawyebula azonis sawinaaRmdego moZraoba. arc kaxeTSi fiqrobdnen Tu iyo SesaZlebeli azonis winaaRmdeg brZola. maSasadame, ajanyebis kera _ samegreloa, iqve Seikriba jari, iqidanve SeebrZolnen azons, ase, rom am SemTxvevaSi im `yovelTa qarTvelTa~ bude, romelic ganudga azons, egrisia. egriselebi TviTve arian `yovelTa

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qarTvelTa~ wevrebi, anu es iyo saqmiT aRsruleba qujis zemoT moyvanili sityvebisa. `egrisiT Sekrbes uricxvni spani da momarTes azons~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 23) egrisSi jaris Sekrebis Semdeg mematiane wers, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakvanZo sityvebs, romelic kidev ufro kargad warmoaCens dafarul genealogiur sqemas, rogorc iTqva, jari egrisSi Seikriba, _ magram maT Sesaxeb mematiane wers _ `ganemravlnes mxedarni qarTlisani~ (iqve, gv. 23). Semdeg wers _ `mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da egursa zeda da ganamravlna yovelni mxedarni qarTlosiani~ (iqve, gv. 24), meore wels wers mematiane _ erTi mxriv dadga `mxedarni qarTlosiani~, romelTac mieSvelnen mezobeli xalxebic, meore mxares ki azonis jari. SeebrZolnen q. artanisaSi da damarcxda azoni. farnavazma ganamtkica `qarTlis samefo~ is `mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da egursa zeda da ganamravlna yovelni mxedarni qarTlosiani, ganawesna erisTavni rvani da spaspetni... quji iyo erisTavi egrisisa (iqve, gv. 24), cxadia, `mxedarni qarTlosianni~, is qarTvelTa jaria, romlis ZiriTadi birTvi Tavidanve egrisSi iyo Sekrebili, egrisul jars ewoda, rogorc aRiniSna, `mxedarni qarTlosianni~.

aznaurebi egrisSi
farnavazi misi saxelmwifos yovel kuTxeSi cxovrobda sezonurad. yovel kuTxes stumrobda `JamiTi Jamad mividis egriss da klarjeTs da moikiTxnis megrelni da klarjni da ganagis yoveli saqme daSlili~ (iqve, gv. 25). rogorc vTqviT, makedoniidan Camoyvanili e.w. `hromni~, aTasi mxedarni, romelnic miemxrnen farnavazs, uxvad daasaCuqra da `yovel qarTlSi~, anu mTel saqarTveloSi daasaxla, cxadia, md. egriswyalidan vidre somxeT-albaneTamde _ sazRvrebs SigniT. maT `aznaurebi~ ewodaT azonis saxelis mixedviT. samegreloSi maT igive saxeli `zino-skua~, anu aznauriSvili erqvaT. aqedan Cans, rom `aznaurebi~ egrisSic cxovrobdnen _ `xolo hromni aTasni mxedarni, romeli azonisagan moerTes farnavazs, romeli zemoT vaxseneT, igini ganyvna xevTa da qveyanaTa Sina, ipyrna igini keTilad, rameTu brZolasa mas azonisasa mxned iyvnes da uwoda maT saxelad aznaurni~ (iqve, gv. 25).

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saxelmwifo da kulturis ena egrisSi

farnavazma ganaxorciela im epoqisaTvis albaT didi saqme _ SemoiRo saxelmwifo ena, romelic amave dros erTaderTi kulturisa da urTierTobis enac iyo mis samefoSi egriswylidan somxeT-albaneTamde _ `ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina, Tvinier qarTulisa da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 26). Cans, aseTi enobrivi reformebi warsulSi SesaZlebeli iyo, magaliTad, xorenaci aRwers, Tu rogor daavaldebula armeniis mefem mis xelqveS moqceuli mosaxleoba esaubraT mxolod somxuri eniT. SemdgomSi (VI s-Si) sparseTic ukrZalavda mis xelqveS moqceul somxebs berZnulenovan saubars, akrZala berZnulenovani wignebi da RvTismsaxureba. rac Seexeba `yovel qarTls~, aq imave mematianis sityviT, ar cxovrobda ucxo mosaxleoba, anu `yovel qarTlSi~ mxolod da mxolod qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen sasazRvro mdinare egriswylidan _ somxeT-albaneTamde, `egriselebi~ iyvnen ara ucxo naTesavni, aramed e.w. `Cven jgufis~ wevrebi, identobiT qarTvelebi. maTi qarTuli cnobiereba qujim kargad gamoxata zemoT aRniSnuli sityvebiT. farnavazma gamosca brZaneba rom mis samefoSi mxolod `qarTulad ezraxaT~, anu qarTulad esaubraT, amis gamo aRarc gaismoda sxva enaze metyveleba _ `arRa izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa~. amave dros ki egrisi _ qarTlis samefos erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili, anu `yoveli qarTlis~ umTavresTagani nawili iyo, TavisTavad gvibiZgebs vifiqroT, rom egrisis mosaxleobisaTvis farnavazis epoqaSi qarTuli mSobliuri iyo. marTlac, egriselTa ena mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli rom yofiliyo, farnavazi ver ganaxorcielebda Tavis Zalze mniSvnelovan reformas, mas winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeboda egrisSi da sxva kuTxeebSic. magram faqti imisa, rom aTaswleulTa manZilze, egrissa, kaxeTsa Tu klarjeTSi erTaderTi kulturisa, mwignobrobis, RvTismsaxurebis, administraciuli da saxelmwifo ena iyo qarTuli da arasdros adgilobrivi dialeqtebi aRniSnuli miznebiT gamoyenebuli ar yofila, gvafiqrebinebs, rom farnavazis epoqaSi jer kidev ar iyo gaRrmavebuli fuZe qarTuli enis diferenciaciis procesi, fuZe qarTuli ena _ mSobliuri iyo rogorc egrisSi, ise klarjeTSi, kaxeTsa da Sida qarTlSi. fuZe qarTuli ki albaT `Zveli qarTuli ~ iyo, romelic Semdgom eklesiam saRvTismsaxuro enad aqcia. farnavaziseuli brZaneba _ qarTuli enis sayovelTaoobis Sesaxeb _ realurad aRsasrulebeli aRmoCnda qveynis yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris egrisSic. amitomac qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg adgilobrivi mrevlis saeklesio ena qarTuli iyo egrisSi, svaneTsa Tu afxazeTSi, esaa faqti. aRiareba esaWiroeba im faqtsac, rom mas winare aTaswlovani safuZveli hqonda.

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svaneTsa, egrissa da sxva kuTxeebSi qarTuli ena bunebrivi da mSobliuri ena unda yofiliyo uZvelesi xanidanve, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi _ Tuki iq qarTuli ena ganivrco mogvianebiT VIII-X saukuneebSi, unda aixsnas, da damajerebeli gaxdes es Zalze mniSvnelovani movlena. saqme isaa, rom VIII-X saukuneebSi saqarTvelo ar iyo erTiani saxelmwifo, ufro metic, aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo dayofili iyo urTierTmebrZol mxareebad, romelnic arabTa mier iyo dapyrobili. arabebma saqarTvelos guli Tbilisi daipyres da qarTuli kulturis Zveli akvani TbilisisamSvilde ucxo saamiros teritoriad aqcies da iq monofizitebi gaabatones. qarTuli miwa-wyali _ tao da nawilobriv klarjeTic iqamde somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli, aseve hereTic. qarTvelebs gaaCndaT erTmaneTisagan urTierTdaSorebuli teritoriebi _ qveyana iyo sruliad daSlil-danawevrebuli. ufro metic, araTu centraluri xelisufleba aRar arsebobda (vaxtangis STamomavlobas arabebi devnidnen), aramed kuTxeebSi saero xelisuflebac ki ar iyo Camoyalibebuli, mxolod IX saukunisTvis, arabTa Zalebis dasustebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli kuTxeebSi qarTuli saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebis Camoyalibeba. kaxeTis saqorepiskoposos gverdiT gaCnda tao-klarjeTis, afxazeTis da hereTis samefo-samTavroebi, yvelani qarTuli saxelmwifo da saeklesio eniT, erTiani qarTuli kulturiT. ismis kiTxva, Tuki herebi ar iyvnen imTaviTve qarTuli identobis matarebelni, Tuki tao ar iyo imTaviTve qarTuli identobis matarebeli, Tuki svaneTi, egrisi da afxazeTi ar iyvnen qarTuli erovnuli identobis matarebelni, ra Zalam gaxada SesaZlebeli samxreT kavkasiis am uzarmazar, dapyrobil, daSlil-danawevrebul urTierTmiudgomel qveynebSi qarTulenovani saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba? gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom arabebma saxelmwifoebrivad da kulturulad daimorCiles iseTi didi kulturosani erebi, rogorebic iyvnen sirielebi da sparselebi. Cakles siriuli qristianuli kultura. sparseTis saxelmwifoebriobis mospobis Semdeg TiTqmis aTasi weli dasWirda mis mkvidr mosaxleobas erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis asaRorZineblad. qarTvelobas, dasustebuls arabTa 300-wlovani batonobiT, iseTi politikuri Zala ar gaaCnda, rom qarTuli ena gaevrcelebina hereTSi, taoSi, egrisSi, svaneTsa, afxazeTsa da sxvagan, isini imTaviTve qarTuli identobis matarebeli regionebi rom ar yofiliyvnen. Cveni XX s-is mecnierebi Seecadnen es procesi aexsnaT e.w. qarTizaciiT, TiTqosda `prozelituri~ (maTi terminia) qarTuli eklesia iWreboda sxvis miwa-wyalze da avrcelebda iq qarTul enasa da kulturas. aseTi mosazreba saeWvoa, rogor SeeZlo ori-sami beriT Tundac iseT wmidans, rogoric iyo grigol xanZTeli, mSobliuri ena daeviwyebina taoeli an

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klarji araqarTvelebisTvis, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba TviTon rom ar yofiliyo qarTuli identobis mqone, anu eTnikurad warmoSobiT qarTveli, romelTac swyurodaT qarTveli mamebis sityva da qadageba, anu mSobliuri xmis gagoneba. tao da klarjeTi uSualod bizantiis mezobeli mxareebi iyvnen, Tu iqauri somxebi qalkedonitobis gamo icvlidnen enas, maSin maT berZnuli unda mieRoT. ase rom, TviT xalxma, regionebis mosaxleobam taosa Tu klarjeTSi Semoinaxa qarTuli ena da amitomac maTTvis qarTulenovani moZRvrebi savsebiT misaRebni da sasurvelni iyvnen. aseve iTqmis hereTis Sesaxebac. es mxare qarTuli enis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania. saqme isaa, rom, Cveni mematianeebis sityviT, hereTi X saukunemde monofizituri iyo. amis gamo eklesiebSi wirva-locva somxurenovani iqneboda, magram xalxi qarTulenovani yofila. es iqidan Cans, rom hereTSi Tavdapirvelad qarTulenovani saxelmwifo Camoyalibda (saxelmwifo qarTuli eniT), Semdeg ki dinara dedoflis wyalobiT xalxma gadaigdo somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis uReli da daubrunda marTlmadideblobas, eklesiebSic aRsdga mSobliuri qarTulenovneba.

egrisis (afxazeTis) mosaxleoba uxtanesis mixedviT

(`da im qveyanas afxazeTi ewodeba~) XX saukunis mecnierebis sityviT, TiTqosda VII s-is Semdeg dasavleT saqarTveloSi masiurad gadmosaxlda aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan qarTulenovani mosaxleoba da amis gamo afxazeTSi, anu dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTulenovneba gavrcelda. namdvilad ase iyo? Tuki dasavleT saqarTveloSi masiurad gadasaxlda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, mematianeebs ar gamorCebodaT es procesi da aRwerdnen kidec. gvaqvs Tu ara raime cnoba qarTul an ucxour wyaroebSi VIII-X saukuneebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan dasavleT saqarTveloSi masiuri migraciis Sesaxeb? araviTari msgavsi cnoba arc qarTul da arc ucxour wyaroebSi ar arsebobs, Tumca ki gvaqvs cnoba piriqiTa moZraobis Sesaxeb, e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelodan aRmosavleTSi mosaxleobis masiuri migraciis Sesaxeb, es cnobebi daculi aqvT msoflio mniSvnelobis iseT did somex istorikosebs, rogorebic iyvnen movses xorenaci da uxtanesi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania X s-is mecnieris uxtanesis cnoba imiT, rom is qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze ufro axlos iyo gansaxilvel VIII-X saukuneebis procesTan. uxtanesi ikvlevda qarTul-somxur saeklesio urTierTobebs, Seiswavla uamravi wyaro da TviTve akvirdeboda mis epoqaSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebs, Sede-

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gad dawera Tavisi droisTvis grandiozuli sididis wigni, romelic, viTarca erT-erTi wyaro VII-X saukuneebisa, Seiswavleba sayovelTaod. uxtanesis dros ukve arsebobda `afxazeTis samefo~, rogorc kavkasiaSi erTerTi Zlieri saxelmwifo da aseve cnobili iyo am samefos, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobac. afxazeTis xalxs uxtanesi nabuqodonosoris droindel iverebs uwodebs. mniSvnelovani isaa, Tu vinaa misi azriT eTnikur_erovnuli warmoSobiT afxazeTis mosaxleoba, saidan moxvdnen, saidan Camosaxldnen isini dasavleT saqarTveloSi da ra saxisaa maTi migracia VIII_X saukuneebSi. afxazebi, uxtanesis azriT, arian is qarTvelebi, anu `iverielebi~, romlebic nabuqodonosorma ayara Zveli samSoblodan, Zveli iveriidan da gadmoasaxla dasavleT saqarTveloSi, anu pontos zRvispirze, SemdegSi ki es iverielebi, TandaTanobiT, gamravlebis Sedegad ganivrcnen vrcel teritoriaze (uxtanesi wers: `is pitiaxSi yofila mirdat, darehis naxararis Camomavali, rogorc gvauwyebs mose, romelic aleqsandre makedonelma moiyvana da mTavrad datovao tyve iverielTa tomebze, romlebic moiyvana nabuqodonosorma libielTa jaris ZaliT, daaqcia da daimorCila. maTi nawili pontos zRvis marjvena napirs waasxa da daasaxlao, ambobs istorikosi, is iveria ki aris dasavleTis qveynis kide. xolo pontos napirze rom dabanakda is tomi aRorZinda, gamravlda zRvis piras aqeT-iqiT, moedo im mxares da gavrcelda somexTa da albanTa sazRvramde, Seiqmna friad mravali xalxi da im qveyanas afxazeTi ewodeba. uricxvia saxeli TviToeuli gavarisa, romlebic mis garSemoa, da sxva gavarebisa qalaq Tbilisis garSemo, romelTac ewodebaT: wanareTi, javaxeTi, TrialeTi. iTesles da gamravldnen da gaxda tomi, romelsac Tavis pirvel qveyanaSi verias uwodebdnen, aq ki qarTvelni ewodebaT (uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, 1975, gv. 67). uxtanesi iqve, imave winadadebaSi axsenebs curtavs, amiT miuTiTebs rom isic qarTul gavarSi mdebareobda da sinanuliT aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelebi _ `tomiTac, eniTac, damwerlobiTac, mamamTavrobiTac da mefobiTac ganmtkicdnen, xolo gamohyo, gamoacalkeva da ganaSora Cvengan kiron skutrelma~ (iqve, gv. 67). qarTvelebi, uxtanesis azriT, ase ganivrcnen vidre somxeTamde da ase daasaxles maT gugarqi (e.i. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo). darwmunebuli rom ar yofiliyo uxtanesi afxazebis qarTulenovnebaSi, maT eTnikur qarTvelobaSi, cxadia, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daukavSirebda nabuqodonosoris mier gadmosaxlebul iverielebsa da afxazeTis mosaxleobas erTmaneTs. `afxazeTis~ anu dasavleT saqarTvelos xalxi ki X s-Si iyvnen egriselebic, svanebica da sxva qarTuli tomebic (argveTelebi, Takverebi Tu gurulebi).

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strabonis cnobiT, svanebi iberielebi arian, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo iberiis nawilia
ara mxolod somexi avtorebi, berZeni avtorebic dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas iberielebs uwodeben. magaliTad, straboni wers svanebis Sesaxeb _ `maT zogierTebi iberebs uwodeben~, rusul TargmanSi es ase JRers _ (, , 1964, . 473). (es cnoba XX s-is qarTulma sabWoTa istoriografiam miCqmala. am Temas qvemoT SevexebiT). straboni aseve wers, rom `Sua iberiaSi gadis samxreTisaken mimarTuli kavkasionis is qedi, romelic uerTdeba somxeTis da mosxis mTebs, skidisesa da pariadres~ (straboni, XI, II, 15). romelia aseTi qedi? erTaderTi qedi, romelic gamodis kavkasiis mTidan da uerTdeba mesxeTis qeds, aris lixis anu suramis qedi. is ki, strabonis cnobiT, `Sua iberiaSi~ gadioda, anu dasavleTi saqarTveloc iberiad iwodeboda strabonis mier; es Zalze saWiro cnobaa, aseve miCqmaluli. aRsaniSnavia, rom straboni iseve, rogorc Zveli qarTveli mematianeebi xmaroben erTsa da imave geografiul termins: `Sua iberia~ (straboni), `Sua qarTli~ (mroveli). sofel borsa da kldeeTSi iberiuli kulturis (arqeologiuri) saganZuris aRmoCenis Semdeg Cveni mecnierebic teritorias vidre skanda-Sorapnamde iberiad miiCneven. ase rom, strabonis cnoba, rom suramis qedi Sua iberiaSi gadioda, arqeologiuradac dadasturda. straboni ufro dasavleTiT swevda iberiis sazRvars amitomac werda svanebis iberielobis Sesaxeb, xolo arianes dros Zidritebis tomi farsmans emorCileboda Tanamedrove aWaris samxreTiT. iberia zRvisken vrclad iyo gadaWimuli. Cveni mematianis mtkicebiTac, rogorc aRiniSna egrisi iberiaSi Sedioda, is qarTlis samefos Semadgeneli, organuli nawili iyo. egrisis erisTavi quji qarTlis merve erisTavi iyo _ farnavazis dis qmari.

`naTesavi Cveni~
farnavazis gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxtis memkvidris saurmagis winaaRmdeg qarTlis erisTavebs ajanyeba mouwyviaT. farnavazamde, mematianis sityviT, qarTveli didebulebi emorCilebodnen mxolod gamarjvebul ucxoel dampyrobels, mas aRiarebdnen mefed da `emsaxurebodnen~. TavianTi Tvistomis mefed aRiareba, mematianis sityviT, gauWirdaT _ `zraxva yves erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da Tqves _ `ara keTil ars Cvenda, raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa, aramed viyoT erTad, da movklaT Cven saurmag da viyvneT Cven Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 26).

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aq sainteresoa, rom qarTvelobas, mematianis sityviT, aqvT erovnuli TviTSemecneba da amboben `naTesavi Cveni~ (`ara vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa~), anu yvela saerisTaos meTaurma icis, rom erTi eris Svilebi arian _ `naTesavni~ arian. am `naTesavSi~ Sedis cxadia egrisis erisTavic. naTesauri, anu erovnuli kavSiris Ziebisas Cven SeiZleba mivubrundeT qujis sityvebs farnavazisadmi _ `Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi~, sityva `ufali~ garda misi gamomxatvelobisa, agreTve JRerda eTnarq qarTlosis erTerTi STamomavlis saxelSic _ `uflosi~. uflosi iyo qarTlosis SviliSvili, Ze mcxeTosisa (qarTlosis Zeebia _ mcxeTosi, gardabosi, kaxosi, kuxosi, gaCiosi, xolo mcxeTosis Zeebia _ uflos, oZrxos, javaxos). qarTlosis memkvidred mxolod mcxeTosi gamocxadda (`mcxeTos ugmire iyo ZmaTa misTa, ese darCa sayofelTa mamisa maTisa qarTlosisaTa~); mcxeTosis Semdeg `qarTlosianTa~ anu qarTvelTa ufrosad gamocxadda uflosi _ `datevebul iyo saydarTa qarTlosisaTa, rameTu mamisa misisagan micemul iyo ufloba qarTlosianTa~ (q.c., t. I, gv 10). `xolo vinca iyvis mcxeTas, reca Tavadi iyvis yovelTa maT sxvaTa zeda da arca saxel_edebodaT mefed, arca erisTavad, aramed mamasaxlisi ewodebodaT da igi iyo mazavebel da bWe sxvaTa qarTlosianTa~ (iqve, gv. 11). farnavazi iyo qarTlosianTa mamasaxlisis ojaxis wevri, anu STamomavali uflosisa, `qarTlosis saydris~ memkvidre, anu `qarTlosianTa ufali~, amitom egrosis sityvebi `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cveni da me var mona Seni~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 22), miuTiTebs, rom quji qarTlosiania, anu qarTlosis STamomavalia, da amitomac wesis Sesabamisad qarTlosianTa ufals unda daemorCilos, iseve, rogorc sxva yvela qarTlosiani. Tu quji qarTlosiania, egrisis mosaxleobac qarTlosiania, anu qarTlosis STamomavalia (quji swored egrisis mosaxleobis pirovnuli gamoxatulebaa). maSin, kidev erTxel SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom egrosi ara Targamosis Ze iyo, aramed qarTlosisa _ rogorc Cans, ase iyo kidec gadmocemuli eTnarqTa genealogiis Tavdapirvel variantSi, romelic Semdgom axal redaqtors gausworebia, Tumca ki Tavisi nakvalevi mTel naSromSi ver aRmoufxvria da amis naSTia qujis aRniSnuli pasuxi farnavazisadmi.

eTnikuri `qarTvelis~ identurobis cneba

`farnavaz pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosis naTesavTagani~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 26). farnavazis asvla samefo taxtze `qarTlosis naTesavis~ gamefeba, rogorc iTqva, miuRebeli yofila qarTlis qveynis erisTavebisaTvis, iqamde isini xarks uxdidnen im ucxoel monarqebs, romlebic maTze imarjvebdnen. es

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normalur movlenad miaCndaT, axla ki maTi Tanafardi, maTive Tvistomi gadaiqca maT mefed, Tvistomis msaxureba ki saTakilo saqmed miiCnies. `farnavazi pirveli mefe iyo qarTls Sina~, ara rigiTobiT, aramed pirveli mefe iyo, viTarca `qarTlosisa naTesavTagani~. es movlena, rogorc aRiniSna, miuRebeli iyo zogierTi didebulisaTvis, amitomac mematianis cnobiT farnavazis gardacvalebisTanave, roca samefo taxtze avida misi Ze saurmagi _ moawyves ajanyeba _ `zraxva yves erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da Tqves: `ara keTil ars Cvenda, raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa, aramed viyoT erTad da movklaT Cven saurmag, da viyvneT Cven Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel, da mivscemdeT xarksa vincavin gamoCndes mZle~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 26). iqamde, rogorc iTqva, qarTlis erisTavebi xarks aZlevdnen ara `maT naTesavs~ aramed ucxo `mZle~, gamarjvebul dampyrobels, axla ki Tavis naTesavisadmi anu Tvistomisadmi damorCileba miiCnies ukeTurebad `ara keTil ars vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa~ rameTu uamisod, `ufro ganvisuenebTo~. saurmagma qarTlis erisTavebis dasamarcxeblad Semoiyvana Crdilo kavkasielebi da daasaxla isini aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi _ dasxna mTiueleTs, didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde, romel ars svaneTi (q.c., t. I, gv. 27). mematianis am sityvebidan Cans, rom qarTlis erisTavTa jgufSi Sedian egris-svaneTis erisTavebic (radganac egris-svaneTis saerisTavoebSic, maTsave dasasjelad Camoasaxles kavkasielebi) e.i. isinic ajanydnen. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTlis im erisTavTa jgufSi, romelnic TavianTi `naTesavis~ gamefebis gamo ajanydnen Sediodnen egris-svaneTis erisTavebic, dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saerisTavoebis xalxi erTi eri _ `naTesavi Cveni~ iyo.

egrisi qristeSobis epoqaSi

(qujis SvilTaSvili qarTlis mefe) farnavazis Zem saurmagma _ `erTi asuli misca Zesa qujisasa, mamis diswuls Tvissa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 27). farnavazis dai qujis meuRle iyo, axla qujis Zes farnavazis vaJma Tavisi asuli miaTxova. maTgan iSva qarTami, qujis pirdapiri STamomavali, magram radganac dedis mxridan farnavazis sisxli hqonda _ farnavazianad iwodeboda. mematiane wers, rom qarTlis meSvide mefes `bartom mefesa ara esva Ze, aramed asuli erTi da sicocxlesave misa moeyvana egrisiT Ziswuli qujisi, saxeliT qarTam, romelsa Sesdgamda farnavazianoba, farnavazis

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disa qujis colisagan da dedisa misisa saurmagis asulis qujis Zis colisagan da amis qarTamisad egrisiT mieca asuli Tvisi colad bartom mefesa da aReRo ese Svilad~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 30). am qarTam egriselis Zes uwodes saxelad aderki. is gaxda qarTlis meaTe mefe _ `aman aderki daipyra yoveli qveyana qarTli da egrisi~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 35). mis dros iSva Cveni ufali ieso qriste da saqarTveloSi Semovidnen wmida mociqulebi. mis dros wavidnen mcxeTidan elioz mcxeTeli da longinoz karsneli da ierusalimidan Camoasvenes wmida kvarTi uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi. mematianis cnobiT, mas aderki mefe xeliTac Seexo da didi sauflo madli miiRo. `amave aderkis mefobasa Sina movides aTormetTa wmidaTa mociqulTagani andria da svimon kananeli afxazeTs da egriss da mun aResrula wmida svimon kananeli qalaqsa nikofsisasa, sazRvarsa berZenTasa. xolo andria moaqcivna megrelni da warvida gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 38). `xolo viTarca esma mefesa aderkis megrelTagan sjulisa dateveba, ganuwyra da waravlinna erisTavni misni da iZulebiT kvaladve moaqcivna megrelni da damalnes xatni da jvarni, da Serisxa aderki erisTavsa klarjeTisasa, romel mSvidobiT ganuteva andria mociquli~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 42). imJamindel qarTvelobas radganac TavianTi Zveli erovnuli sarwmuneobis dacva udides saqmed miaCndaT da ambobdnen: `sjulisa datevebisaTvis mohklven mamani SvilTa da Zmani ZmaTa da ara iZiebis sisxli sjulisa datevebisaTvis moklulTa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 31).

mefe aderki egriselis Semdeg yoveli qarTlis dayofa

`qarTlis samefo~, anu saqarTvelo mefe aderkis, rogorc iTqva, Tavisi SvilebisaTvis daunawilebia, iseve, rogorc 1500 wlis Semdeg mefe aleqsandrem daunawila Tavis Svilebs. miuxedavad am danawilebisa, egrisi mainc qarTlis erT-erTi samefos SemadgenlobaSi darCa. mematianis sityviT, mefe aderkis Tavisi samefo orad gauyvia da Tavisi ori vaJisTvis gadaucia. erTi samefos dedaqalaqi iyo mcxeTa, xolo meorisa _ armazi (q.c., t. I, gv. 43).

589

egrisis anu `dasavleTis erisTavebi~

qarTlis cxovrebis pirvel saukuneTa aRwerebidan Cans, rom qarTlis samefos erisTavebi or jgufad ganiyofoda geografiuli ganlagebis mixedviT, eseni iyvnen `dasavleTis erisTavebi~ da, Sesabamisad, _ `aRmosavleTis erisTavebi~. dasavleTis erisTavTa jgufi aerTianebda 5 saerisTavos. eseni iyvnen _ egrisis ori erisTavi, aseve erisTavebi oZrxis, klarjeTisa da wundisa. wyaroSi naTqvamia erT ambavTan dakavSirebiT _ `maSin gandges erisTavni dasavleTisani xuTni: orni erisTavni egrisisani, erTi oZrxisa, erTi klarjeTisa da erTi wundisa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 57). egrisis ori erisTavis qveS igulisxmeba argveTis erisTavi da TviT egrisis erisTavi. aqedan gamomdinare, dasavleTis erisTavTa jgufSi Sediodnen _ argveTis, egrisis, oZrxis, klarjeTisa da wundis erisTavebi. aRmosavleTis erisTavTa jgufSi Sesabamisad unda Sesuliyvnen _ kaxeTis, xunanis, samSvildis erisTavebi da Sida qarTlis spaspeti. ase yofila qveyana administraciulad dayofili farnavazis pirveli erTiani samefos droidan. mas daudgenia ori erisTavi istoriul egrisSi _ argveTisa da sakuTriv egrisisa. amaze naTqvamia _ `JamiTi Jamad mividis egriss da klarjeTs da moikiTxnis megrelni da klarjni~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 25). farnavazs daudgenia erisTavebi kuTxeTa mmarTvelebad da laSqris meTaurebad, maTi saerTo ricxvi rva yofila da yvelas erTad ewodeboda `erisTavni qarTlisani~. eseni iyvnen: 1) erisTavi egrisisa; 2) erisTavi margveTisa; 3) erisTavi klarjeTisa; 4) erisTavi oZrxisa; 5) erisTavi wundisa; 6) erisTavi kaxeTisa; 7) erisTavi xunanisa; 8) erisTavi samSvildisa da aseve 9) spaspeti Sida qarTlisa. mTeli farnavazis saxelmwifos, anu `qarTlis samefos~ xalxi `erTi naTesavia~ anu eTnikurad erTia, Tumca saerisTavoTa mcxovrebT kuTxuri saxelebic hqondaT. `qarTlis samefos~, anu rva saerisTavosa da erTi saspaspetos mosaxleoba erTi erovneba, erTi xalxi rom iyo, Cans, rogorc aRvniSneT, matianis Semdegi monaTxrobidan _ farnavazis Semdeg mis Zes saurmags aujanydnen `qarTlis erisTavebi~, anu aujanyda aRniSnuli rva erisTavi, maT ganacxades: farnavazamde Cven ar vemorCilebodiT Cvensave Tanaswors, Cveni erisgan gamosul adamians, Tumca iZulebulni viyaviT davmorCilebodiT romelime ufro Zlieri ucxo saxelmwifos meTaurs, amJamad viTareba Seicvala. Cvenive Tanasworma, Cveni eris Svilma dagvimorCila, es ki saTakilo saqmeao. kidev erTxel mivubrundeT mematianis sityvebs _ saurmagis `Jamsa Sina zraxva yves erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da Tqves: `ara keTil ars Cvenda, raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa, aramed viyoT erTad, da movklaT Cven saurmag da viyvneT Cven Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel, da mivscemdiT xarksa, vinca-vin gamoCndes mZle, rameTu esreT

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yofiTa ufro ganvisvenebT~, ganamtkices ganzraxva da mokvla saurmagisi~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 26). aq naxsenebia erovnuli identobis damadasturebeli sityvebi _ `naTesavsa Cvensa~ _ saurmag mefe, maTi sityviT, `Cveni naTesavis mefea~, Sesabamisad, egrisis saerisTavos xalxi sxva saerisTavoTa xalxTan erTad erTi naTesavia, erTi eria. qarTlis rva erisTavis gancxadebiT sakuTari eris Svilis maTze maRla aRzeveba samarcxvino iyo, es maT `Tavisuflebas~ zRudavda da `gansvenebis~ saSualebas ukargavda. sabednierod, saurmagi gadarCa da Crdilo kavkasiuri ucxo ZaliT SeebrZola maT _ `warmoemarTa qarTvelTa zeda~ (iqve, gv. 27). maSasadame, saxeli im erisa, romelsac qmnida rva saerisTavo iyo `qarTvelni~. rogorc iTqva, am `qarTvelebs~ Crdilo kavkasiuri laSqriT SeebrZola farnavazis Ze saurmagi. man gaimarjva da `daipyra qarTli~, e.i. Tavisi mamis samefo daibruna. Crdilokavkasielebi ki Camoasaxla mTian adgilebSi, `dasxa mTiuleTs, didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde, romel ars svaneTi~ (iqve, gv. 27). e.i. egrisi da svaneTic ajanyebul qarTlis saerisTaoSi Sedioda. Tavisi asuli gamarjvebulma qarTlis axalma mefem miaTxova `Zesa qujisa, mamis diswulsa Tvissa~ (iqve, gv. 27). `qarTlis erisTavebi~ terminis saxiT xSirad ixsenieba qristeSobamdel ambebSi. maTSi aseve igulisxmeboda `dasavleTis xuTi erisTavi~, maT Soris iyo, rogorc iTqva, ori erisTavi egrisidan. moxda ise, rom qarTlis mefe bartomi uaRresad dauaxlovda saqarTvelos gareT arsebul wreebs, is taxts imagrebda sparsul-somxuri ZalebiT. mas usaTuod esaWiroeboda qveynis SigniT mosaxleobis gulis mogeba, amis gamo gadawyvita taxtis memkvidred gamoecxadebina da eSvilebina egriseli ufliswuli, radganac mas ar hyavda sakuTari Ze. egrisidan Camoyvanili ufliswulis saxeli iyo qarTami, gvarad farnavaziani. rogorc iTqva, bartomma is iSvila Tavisi qveynis mosaxleobis gulis mosagebad. mematiane wers _ `ese qarTvelTa saTnoebisTvis eqmna bartom mefesa da aReRo ese Svilad, rameTu qarTvelTa didi saTnoeba aqunda farnavazianTa mimarT~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 32). TviTon bartom mefe arSakuniani yofila. qarTam farnavaziani iyo qujis STamomavali. qujisa da mis Zesac farnavaziani colebi hyavdaT. egriseli ufliswuli qarTami, mamiTa da papiT egrisis erisTavebis STamomavali, qujis SviliSvili, TviTonac gvarad farnavazianad miiCneoda, radgan farnavazianebi iyvnen misi deda da bebia. iberiis samefo saxlSi, samefo sagvareuloSi, uaxloes naTesavTa Soris qorwineba dasaSvebi yofila qristianobis gavrcelebamde, amis Sesaxeb ucxour wyaroTa garda miuTiTebs dakvirvebac Cvens wyaroebze. qarTlis samefo or geografiul nawilad, sakuTriv qarTlad da egrisad iyo gayofili, xolo samxedro-administraciuli TvalsazrisiT aseve or _

591

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis saerisTavoebad, SesaZloa dasavleTis saerisTavoebis miwa-wyals saerTod egrisi erqva, anu klarjeTi, oZrxe, wunda da argveTi _ mTlianobaSi geografiul egriss Seadgendnen, xolo kaxeTis, xunanis, samSvildis da Sida qarTlis saerisTavoebi Seadgendnen sakuTriv qarTls, mTlianobaSi ki es orive erTeuli _ dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis saerisTavoebi qmnidnen `yovel qarTls~. aseTi administraciul_geografiuli wyoba yofila mefe aderkamde, mas ki is Seucvlia da axali SemouRia, kerZod, mas Tavisi ori ZisTvis gauyvia Tavisi samefo or nawilad. kerZod, aseTi saxiT: oZrxisa da wundis saerisTavoebi Seuyvania qarTlis im nawilSi, romelic mtkvris marjvena sanapiroebs moicavda da mTeli es teritoriebi uboZebia Tavisi erTi ZisTvis qarTam II-isaTvis, xolo sakuTriv egrisi, klarjeTi, argveTi da mtkvris dasavleTi sanapiro miucia meore Zis _ bartomisaTvis. maSasadame, am dayofis Semdeg egrisi bartomis mcxeTis samefoSi Sedioda. qarTam mefis sataxto armazi iyo. mis Zeebs armazeli mefeebi daerqvaT (SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom `armazis~ qveyana somxeTis gavlenis sferoSi moeqca. SemdgomSi arabebma daipyres da mis calkeul olqebTan xelSekrulebebi dades). xolo bartom mefes sataxto `Sida qarTlSi~, anu mcxeTaSi hqonia. mas Semdeg, rac armazeli mefeebi somxeTis gavlenis sferoSi Sevidnen somxebs miutacnia maTgan wunda da artaani, oZrxelebi ebrZodnen qveynis dampyrob somxebs da maT `Seeweodes megrelni~ (iqve, gv. 48). Tavis mxriv mcxeTis samefos xelisufali ebrZoda somxeTs _ `igi avnebdis sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa qveyanasa parxlisasa, romel ars tao. vervin Sevidoda mavne klarjeTs, rameTu Seuvali da magari iyo tyiTa da kldiTa da mkvidrni klarjeTisani iyvnen kacni mkvircxlni da medgarnic~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 48). Semdgom saukuneSi mcxeTeli mefe mirdati da armazeli mefe farsman qveli erTmaneTs mtrobdnen. am Sida dapirispirebis dros `megrni dadges erTgulobasa farsmanis Zisasa~ (iqve, gv. 53). maSasadame, `yoveli qarTlis~ samefo, marTalia, orad gaiyo, magram egrisi mis erT nawils Seadgenda. mirdat mefis mtrobis gamo farsman qvelis memkvidreebs `mierTnes megrni... da megrni STavides Siga qarTls~ (iqve, gv. 54). omis velze mokles mefe mirdati da mis nacvlad dasves farsman qvelis Ze adami, misi erTerTi STamomavali iyo mefe amazaspi, mis drosac ixsseniebian `aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis erisTavebi~. misi mematiane wers _ `amazasp mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da movidnes erisTavni aRmosavlisani: erisTavi kaxeTisa, erisTavi xunanisa, erisTavi samSvildisa, movides mxedarni, spaspetni, da vidre mosvlamde dasavleTisa erisTavisa movidnes ovsni CrdiloT~ (iqve, gv. 55).

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laSqris Sekrebis dros dasavleT saqarTvelos, anu egris-argveTis erisTavebis mosvlamde gamoCnda mteri. am omSi mefe amazaspma gaimarjva, magram mas sisastike gamouCenia SemdgomSi da mravali warCinebuli dauxocavs, ris gamoc `moiZules igi erman qarTlisaman... maSin gandges erisTavni dasavleTisani xuTni: orni erisTavni egrisisani, erTi oZrxisa, erTi klarjeTisa da erTi wundisa~ (iqve, gv. 57). maSasadame, `qarTlis eris~ neba gamouxatavT `dasavleTis erisTavebs~ da isini gandgomian mefe amazasps. SemdgomSi mociqulTa swor mefe mirianis drosac `qarTlis samefoSi~ Sedioda egrisi, viTarca misi erT-erTi nawili. mefe mirians qveynis sxva nawilebTan erTad _ `aqunda egrisic vidre egriswylamde~ (iqve, gv. 70). egrisi vaxtang gorgaslisa da misi Zeebis samefoSic Sedioda, ase rom, egrisi qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT yovelTvis iyo `yoveli qarTlis~, anu erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos nawili qristeSobidan IV-III ss-dan, farnavaz mefidan vidre VI saukunemde, vaxtang gorgaslis Svilebamde, samxedro administraciuli dayofis mixedviT ki, egrisis saerisTavo `dasavleTis erisTavTa~ jgufSi Sedioda.

egrisi _ qvemo iveria

I saukunis qarTlis mefe aderkis (warmoSobiT egrisels) _ `esxnes orni Zeni bartom da qarTam. amaT ganuyo yoveli qveyana Tvisi. misca qalaqi mcxeTa, Sida qarTli, muxraniT kerZi qalaqi da yoveli qarTli mtkvarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan vidre Tavadamde qarTlisa da egrisisa da ese yoveli misca bartom Zesa Tvissa, xolo armaziT kerZi qalaqi mtkvrisa samxriT qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkvrisa da klarjeTi yoveli misca qarTams Zesa Tvissa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 43). mefe aderkis cxovrebidan viciT, rom egrisi misi samefos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. iq mas hyavda Tavisi erisTavi, qujis STamomavali, TviTonac piradad qujis STamomavali iyo. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi egrisSi agzavnida sxva erisTavebs laSqriT da agvarebda egrisis saqmeebs, amitomac qarTlis samefos gayofis dros, cxadia, egrisi mTlianad gadasca Tavis vaJs, kerZod, gadasca bartoms. bartom mefis qarTlis samefoSi (mcxeTis anu Crdilo saqarTvelos samefoSi) Sevida egrisi (dasavleTi saqarTvelo), Sida qarTli, kaxeTi, sazRvari gaido md. mtkvarze, xolo samxreT saqarTvelos samefoSi, anu armazeli mefis qarTamis saxelmwifoSi Sevida klarjeTi, artaan-javaxeTi vidre xunanamde. aderki, rogorc aRiniSna, iyo Ze qarTamisi (q.c., t. I, gv. 33), xolo TviT qarTami iyo _ `Zmiswuli qujisi~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 32). mas dedis mxridan `Sesdgamda farnavazianoba~. rogorc iTqva, qarTami iSvila qarTlis meSvide mefe bartomma, da Tvisi asulic miaTxova. qarTamis Ze iyo aderki mefe, romel-

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mac Tavis vaJebs mamamisis qarTamisa da mamobilis bartomis saxeli daarqva. mematiane, aderkis miuxedavad genetikuri warmoSobisa, mamobilis gvariT moixseniebs _ arSakuniani. mematianis cnobiT, saqarTvelos mefeebi Zlieri somxeTis samefos gavlenis sferoSi imyofebodnen, gansakuTrebiT samxreTi, anu armazis saqarTvelo _ somexTa mefes daupyria kidec samxreT saqarTveloSi vrceli miwa-wyali mtkvris saTavidan wundamde artaanis CaTvliT (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 44). es cnoba mematianisa imiTaa saintereso, rom strabonic msgavsadve aRwers iberiis mdgomareobas. strabonis iberia ZiriTadad mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda, xolo marjvena sanapiro _ TiTqmis mcxeTamde, armeniis gavlenis qveS iyo da arc uwodebs am nawils straboni iberias, aramed moixsenebs armeniad. qarTveli mematianis cnobiTac, armazeli mefeebi _ somxeTis Zlieri damokidebulebis qveS iyvnen moqceulni. aqedan Cans, rom strabonis iberia _ mcxeTis qarTlis samefoa. aseTi mdgomareoba, cxadia, qarTvelebisTvis mouTmeneli iyo, amitomac egrisidan Sekrebili sagangebo jari am drosac gadmovida samcxeSi da SeebrZolnen somxebs, raTa qarTlis miwa-wyali gaeTavisuflebinaT. rogorc iTqva, somxeTma uSualod miitaca wundamde miwa-wyali, is armazel mefes CamoarTves. wundaSi da iqve, demoTSi, somxuri jaric CauyenebiaT, oZrxes qalaqi ki armazel mefeebs emorCileboda _ `mas (e.i. armazel mefes) Seeweodes megrelni, xolo wundelni da demoTelni Seeweodes erTmaneTsa da daucxromlad ibrZodes da ufrosi brZola maTi iyvis mdinaresa zeda, romelsa hqvian noste~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 48). brZola somxebisagan qarTlis gasaTavisufleblad, romelSic samegrelodan Camosuli jari monawileobda _ vrcel miwa-wyalze iyo gadaSlili. am omSi qarTveloba damarcxebula da somxebis mefem, mematianis sityviT `daimonna qarTvelni~ (iqve, gv. 48). es cnoba garkveulwilad gvixsnis strabonis Sexedulebas, rom TiTqmis mtkvramde armeniis saxelmwifo mdebareobda, Semdgom qarTlma daibruna Tavisi teritoriebi _ `somexTa ukumosces sazRvari qarTlisa, qalaqi wunda da cixe demoTisa, javaxeTi da artaani~ (iqve, gv. 44). Tumca ki armazeli mefeebi mainc somxebis gavlenis sferoSi darCenilan (iqve, gv. 51). safiqrebelia, rom qarTveli mematiane, Tu misi cnobebi sworia, qronologiurad cdeba, kerZod, mis mier moTxrobili ambebi miekuTvneba I-II saukuneebs, maSin, roca am dros, laTinuri wyaroebiT, iberiis samefo Zalze Zlieri iyo da somxeTi, piriqiT, iberiis gavlenis sferoSi imyofeboda, qarTveli mematiane dabejiTebiT wers, rom mdgomareoba iyo piriqiT _ qarTli somxeTis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, gansakuTrebiT misi samxreTi nawili, amitomac SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is uSvebs qronologiur Secdo-

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mas da qristeSobamde II-I saukuneebis ambebi gadmoaqvs aqeT, axali welTaRricxvis I-II saukuneebSi. qristeSobamde ki, II-I saukuneebSi somxeTi marTlac yofila gaZlierebuli da samxreT saqarTvelo marTlac SesaZloa mis sferoSi Sedioda. qarTlis mefe farsman qvelis mowamvlis Semdeg iberiis samefo karze didi cvlilebebi momxdara. `daipyres qarTli mirdat da erisTavman sparsTaman, xolo megrni dadges erTgulebasa farsmanis Zisasa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 53). am dros qveynis mpyrobel sparselebs daupirispirdnen samegrelos erisTavebi _ `mierTes megrni~, amitomac `megrebma~ moiSvelies berZnebica da somxebic sparselebTan saomrad, brZola gaimarTa Sida qarTlSi, sofel rexasTan, sparselebi damarcxdnen, gamarjvebulma qarTvelebma taxtze aiyvanes farsman qvelis Ze adami _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is egrisis erisTavebma dasves taxtze. misi STamomavlis, amazaspis dros osebi gadmosulan da Sida qarTlSi Camdgaran. mefem `mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa qarTlisaTa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 55). mematiane wers _ `amazasp mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da movides erisTavni aRmosavlisani: erisTavi kaxeTisa, erisTavi xunanisa, erisTavi samSvildisa da Semokrbes mxedarni spaspetisni da vidre mosvladmde dasavleTisa erisTavisa, movides ovsni~ (iqve, gv. 55). dasavleTis erisTavebSi ki, rogorc aRiniSna Sediodnen _ egrisis ori erisTavi, oZrxis, klarjeTis da wundis erisTavebi (iqve, gv. 57) osebis damarcxebis Semdeg mefe amazaspi gaamayebula `da iwyo mesisxleobad da moswyvidna mravalni warCinebulni, amisTvis moiZules igi erman qarTlisaman~ (iqve, gv. 57). qarTlis eris mier Tavisi mefis moZuleba imiT gamoixata, rom `gandges erisTavni dasavleTisani xuTni: orni erisTavni egrisisani, erTi oZrxis, erTi klarjeTisa da erTi wundisa~ (iqve, gv. 57). `qarTlis erSi~ egriselebic Sedian. amitom egrisi gamoxatavs qarTveli eris azrs, iseve, rogorc klarjeTi, oZrxe da sxva nawilebi qveynisa. egrisi _ qarTlis samefos ganuyofeli nawili iyo farnavazidan mirianamde da vaxtangamde _ `mefobda mirian qarTls, rans, hereTs da movakans da aqunda egrisica vidre egrisis wylamde~ (iqve, gv. 70). swored md. egrisiswyali unda iyos mematianis mier xSirad naTqvami is `Tavi egrisisa~, sadamdec aRwevda qarTlis samefos sazRvari.

595

egrisi I-III saukuneebSi

(qronika) I saukuneSi mcxovreb mefe aderkis (rogorc aRiniSna) Tavisi samefo orad gauyvia Tavisi SvilebisaTvis, kerZod erT Zes _ bartoms gadasca _ mcxeTa da `yoveli qarTli mtkvarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan vidre Tavadmde qarTlisa da egrisisa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 43). e.i. hereTidan egriswylamde mtkvris CrdiloeTiT moqceulma qveyanam Seadgina damoukidebeli samefo, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT _ `mcxeTis qarTli~, masSi Sedioda egrisi egriswylamde anu `Tavadmde egrisisa~. meore qarTul samefo _ `armazis qarTlSi~ Sedioda armazi, `mtkvrisa samxriT qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkvrisa, da klarjeTi~, is gadasca `qarTams Zesa Tvissa~. mas `mefe armazeli~ uwodes. armazis qarTlis samefo armeniis gavlenis sferoSi moqceula, radganac mas mudam `bZodes somexni~. am gasaWiris dros armazelebs `Seeweodes megrelni~. `iyo oZrxes qalaqsa Sina erisTavi mefisa armazelisani... mas Seeweodes megrelni~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 48). qveyana gayofili iyo, magram saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mterTan brZolisas `armazis mefeebs~ exmarebodnen `megrelebi~. gardaicvala farsman qveli armazeli, miuxedavad imisa, rom mirdati mcxeTis qarTlis kanonieri mefe iyo _ `megrni daadges erTgulobasa farsmanis Zisasa~, radganac armazeli mefe (farsman qveli) simuxTliT mokla mirdat mcxeTis mefem (q.c., t. I, gv. 53). megrebma koaliciasTan erTad daiwyes farsman qvelis sisxlis Zieba, daamarcxes mirdat mefe (mokles brZolaSi) da qarTlSi gaamefes farsman qvelis Ze adami. rogorc iTqva, misma SviliSvilma amazaspim mterTan sabrZolvelad mouxmo yvela erisTavs _ maT Soris dasavlel qarTvelebs (osebis SemoWris dros). `amazasp mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa qarTlisaTa, da movides erisTavni aRmosavalisani: erisTavi kaxeTisa, erisTavi xunanisa, erisTavi samSvildisa da Semokrbes mxedarni spaspetisani da vidre mosvladmde dasavleTisa erisTavisa, movides osni~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 55). rogorc iTqva, amazasp mefes Semdgom ganudgnen `dasavleTis erisTavebi~. `gandges erisTavni dasavleTisani xuTni: orni erisTavni egrisisani, erTi oZrxisa, erTi klarjeTisa da erTi wundisa~. qarTlis erisTavebma Sekres koalicia da SeebrZolnen mefes, surdaT axali mefe. koalicia `movides erisTavTa Tana egrisaTa~ (iqve, gv. 57) _ SeebrZolnen Zvel mefes (iqve, gv. 57). mematianisaTvis ueWvelia, rom qarTlis erisTavTa Soris igulisxmebian egrisis erisTavebic.

596

`ese asfagur iyo ukanaskneli mefe farnavazianTa naTesavisa~. `daesrulnes mefeni qarTlisani farnavazianni~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 59).

egrisi IV saukuneSi (qronika)

(mefe mirianis samefo egriswylamdea) `da mefobda esreT mirian mcxeTiT gaRmarT qarTls, somxiTs, rans, hereTs, movakans da egrs~ (iqve, gv. 65). `da mefobda mirian mun qarTls, rans, hereTs da movakans da aqunda egrisica vidre egriswylamde~ (iqve, gv. 70). `misca Zesa missa revs saufliswulod kaxeTi da kuxeTi da dasva igi ujarmas... mas Jamsa mosrul iyo wmida da netari deda da embazi Cveni nino~ (iqve, gv. 71). `darCa varaz-baqars qarTli (Tvinier klarjeTisa) da hereTi da egrisi (iqve, gv. 137).

egrisi V saukuneSi
(berZnebma daipyres qarTlis samefos miwa-wyali `egriswylidan cixe-gojamde~) vaxtangis sioblis Jams `gamovides berZenni afxazeTiT, rameTu berZenTa hqonda egriswyals qvemoTi kerZi yoveli da daipyres egriswyliTgan vidre cixe-gojamde. maSin iqmna glova da wuxili yovelTa zeda qarTvelTa... `vZebneT sazRvari qarTlisa berZenTagan~ _ amas ityodes yovelni qarTvelni da iyvnes mwuxarebasa Sina didsa~ (q.c., gv. 146). e.i. qarTlis samefos sazRvari aris md. egriswyali am sazRvridan cixe-gojamde daupyriaT berZnebs. qarTlis cxovrebis cnobiT, vaxtangs SerTes keisris qaliSvili, romelsac mziTvad gamoatanes teritoria egriswyalsa da md.klisuras Soris. amis Sedegad qarTlis samefos sazRvarma gadaiwia md.egriswylidan md.klisuraze. `da dauwera egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua queyana ziTvad~ (q.c., t. I. gv. 177).

egrisi vaxtang gorgaslis anderZSi

vaxtangis anderZi: 1. `rqua Zesa Tvissa daCis _ momicemia gvirgvini mefobisa Cemisa, 2. da nawilad ZmaTa SenTa momicemia tasiskariTgan da wundidan vidre somxeTamde da saberZneTamde.

597

3. sazRvari afxazeTisa, romeli mocemul ars egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua, igi ZmaTa SenTa dedisa ars, igi aqvndes maT da iyvnen Senda erisTavad, morCilebasa queSe naTesavisa Senisasa~. da dajda saydars missa Ze misi daCi. xolo coli da orni Zeni vaxtangisani wariyvanes samTa maT erisTavTa da daipyres dasavleTi qarTlisa, romeli misca vaxtang. mooxrebul iyvnes yovelni xevni qarTlisani: Tvinier kaxeTisa da klarjeTisa da egrisisa~. (q.c., I, gv. 205). e.i. vaxtangis berZen cols mohyva imperatorisagan mziTvis saxiT teritoria egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua, romelsac erqva `dasavleT qarTlisa~. es miwa-wyali darCaT mis Svilebs mefe daCis naxevar Zmebs. maT miiRes erisTavTmTavris tituli, xolo miwa-wyals egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua ewoda `dasavleT qarTlisa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxtang gorgasalma ilaSqra istoriuli samxreT iberiis miwa-wyalze, msgavsad farnavazisa. Cans vaxtangis mizani iyo iberiisaTvis daebrunebina is miwa-wyali, romelic strabonis cnobiT Zv.w. II saukuneSi armeniam Camoacala iberias (gogarena, xorZene da pariadres kalTebi). qarTlis cxovrebis cnobiT farnavazma qristeSobamde III saukuneSi ilaSqra `azonis mamul~ klarjeTSi. vaxuStis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, klarjeTi moicavda ara mxolod erT mxares, aramed uvrceles regions qaldea-trapezuntidan Woroxamde. mematiane saberZneTTan iberiis sazRvars aTavsebs anZianZorasTan (igive anZoreTTan) _ `warvida farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekleciT Semoiqca~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 23). sad mdebareobda anZianZora? g.meliqiSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT wers _ `qarTlis samefos teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTiT ganvcobas eTanxmeba wyaros cnoba farnavazis mier mcireaziuli olqebis anZianZorisa da ekelecis (antik. wyaroebis akilesena, sofenas CrdiloeTiT evfratze mdebare olqi) dalaSqvraze (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, 1970, gv. 455). maSasadame, wyaros cnobiT, farnavazis dros iberiis (qarTlis samefos) sazRvari gadioda anZianZorasTan, istoriul xorZenesTan, amiT Cveni wyaro (q.c.) amarTlebs strabonis cnobas, rom Zv.w. II saukunemde iberiaSi (e.i. farnavazis samefoSi) Sedioda xorZene, gogarena da pariadres kalTebi. farnavazis Semdgom maleve iberiis samefos daukargavs es teritoriebi, magram maT dasabruneblad brZola grZeldeboda. amas miuTiTebs vaxtang gorgaslis laSqroba iq _ `waremarTa vaxtang Sesvlad saberZneTad da miiwivnes somxiTs da moerTnes... erisTavni somxiTisani... tarovneli amazasp grigolis Senebulisa qalaqisagan, Trdat naTesavisagan, didisa Trdatis. da moadges cixe-qalaqsa, romelsa erqva karaxpola, xolo aw ewodebis karnu-qalaqi... warvida vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi, ekleci da steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q.c., t. I, gv.160).

598

teqstidan Cans, rom vaxtangis dros aRniSnuli adgilebi ukve somxeTsa da pontoSia, maSin roca farnavazis dros qarTlis samefos `sazRvari~ `saberZneTTan~ anZianZorasTan gadioda. maSasadame, es teritoriebi iberias didi xnis dakarguli hqonda vaxtangis dros, magram iqaur (e.i. xorZenesa da pariadres kalTebis) mosaxleobas qarTuli eTnoidentoba da qarTuli enis codna jer kidev SenarCunebuli rom hqonda sxva gamokvlevebidan Cans. VII s-is somxeTis rukaze olqi saxelwodebiT `xorZiana~ (es unda iyos `xorZene~) mdebareobda karinTan (karaxpol-karnuqalaq-arzrumTan) axlos mis samxreT-dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 70 km. daSorebiT. xorZianasa da karins Sua mdebareobda mananaRis (manralis) olqi mardaRis (mardaliis) gverdiT. xorZianasTan axlos, mis samxreT dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 40 km-Si mdebareobda olqi saxelwodebiT _ anZiti (andzit). es unda iyos qarTuli anZoreTi-anZianZora (sadac ilaSqres farnavazma da vaxtangma). provincia anZitSi covkis tbasTan axlos iyo cixe-simagre egeRi (egeri). amave saxelis qalaqi egegi(egeri) karin-arzrumTanac iyo. am qalaqis saxeli (egegi) egrisis saxels unda ireklavdes. olq xorZianaSi gaedineboda amave `egr~ saxelis mqone mdinare `egegiki~ (mius gaili). xorZianaSi iyo cnobili punqti _ artalesi. aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamindel TurqeTSi Zveli olqis anZitis adgilas mdebareobs administraciuli olqi-elazigi. es saxeli elazigi ar aris SemTxveviTi. sityvaSi `elazigi (elaziRi)~ vfiqrob SesaZlebelia gamoiyos fuZeZiri `lazi~. saxeli `lazi~, am mxareebisaTvis ucxo ar iyo. konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia XI s-is dasawyisSi am mxareebsac moicavda. aq axlos iyo kerCanisis, xaxis, bizanasa da sxva saepiskoposo kaTedrebi lazikis samitropolitosi. bizanasa da arzrums Soris mdebareobda olqi mananaRi anu manralia (manarali), mas am rukaze mardaRis (mardalis) olqisagan yofs `megeduxgis mTebi~, am mTebs n.adonci xalxalis mTebs uwodebs, romelic manraliasa da mardalias erTmaneTisagan hyofda. rogorc Cans am mxareebSi eguleboda vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis avtors `saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa~, aRniSnul rukaze bizanas olqs ewodeba _ `ekegiaci~, es unda iyos vaxtangis cxovrebis ekleci. am olqSi rukaze moniSnulia eklesia saxelwodebiT _ `surb grigor~, albaT aq eguleboda avtors saflavi wm. grigorisa. romeli iyo es wmidani grigol ganmanaTlebeli Tu grigol nazianzeli? xorZena, rogorc iTqva, strabons iberebis istoriul qveynad miaCnda, romelic armeniam miitaca. marTalia am mxareSi mcxovrebi mkvidri iberebis armenizacias xeli gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo am mxareSi somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebam.

599

sabednierod, vaxtangis dros qarTuli TviTSemecneba jer kidev Zlieri yofila am mxaris sasuliero pirTa Sorisac ki, rac kargad Cans vaxtangis cxovrebaSi. sxvaTa Soris, xorenacis istoriaSic aris garkveuli miniSneba imisa, rom xorZenasa da taronis samRvdeloebam icoda qarTuli ena. magaliTad, movses xorenaci wers: `rac Seexeba mesrops, igi wavida qarTvelTa qveyanaSi da madlis zegardamo miniWebiT maTac Seuqmna anbani vinme jalasTan erTad, romelic berZnuli da somxuri enebidan Targmnida. xels uwyobdnen imaTi mefe bakuri da mose episkoposi. man SearCia bavSvebi, gahyo isini or jgufad da moZRvrebad dautova Tavisi ori mowafeTaganiter xorZenaci da muSe taronaci~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 224). maSasadame, qarTveli bavSvebi dayves or jgufad, raTa maT SeeswavlaT qarTuli anbani qarTuli wmida werilis sakiTxavad. maT qarTuli enis mcodne maswavleblebi esaWiroebodaT, aseTni ki yofilan xorZeneli mRvdeli (ter xorZenaci) da taroneli muSe. xorZene-taronis axlo mxareebSi qarTuli enis codnas isic miuTiTebs, rom v. goilaZis kvleviT iqve, arc Tu daSorebiT, q. edesa-urhaSi yofila didi qarTuli kolonia Tavisi saganmanaTleblo kerebiT. aRniSnul rukaze qalaqi edesia-urha mdebareobs olq andzitTan axlos, mis samxreTiT 70-80 km. daSorebiT. sabolood, unda vTqvaT, rom armeniis mier mitacebul mxareebSi didxans darCa qarTuli enis codna da qarTuli toponimebi (egri-egrisi, iberia da sxva).

egrisi VI-VII saukuneebSi

(`qvemo erisTavebi~ anu egris-klarjeTis erisTavebi) VI s-Si sparselebma gaauqmes qarTlis saxelmwifoebrioba, maleve sparseTSi Sida mdgomareoba gauaresda, amasTan dakavSirebiT wyaro wers _ `esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqvnes yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni da qvemoni da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe berZenTa mefisa da iTxoves, raTa uCinos mefe naTesavisagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa da raTa iyvnen erisTavni igi Tvis-Tvissa saerisTosa Seucvalebelad~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 217). `erisTavni zemoni da qvemoni~. zemo erisTavebi, rogorc aRiniSna, aRmosavleT qarTlis (Sua qarTlisa da kaxeTis) erisTavebs erqvaT, xolo qvemo erisTavebi dasavleT qarTlis anu egris-klarjeTis erisTavebs (q.c., t. I, gv. 217) `kvalad wariRes berZenTa sazRvari qarTlisa: speri da bolo klarjeTisa, zRvispiri~ q.c., t. I, gv. 226).

600

egrisi VIII saukuneSi

(qronika) `mefeni qarTlisani warvides egrisad~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 234). `Sevlo yruman klisura, romeli mas Jamsa iyo sazRvari saberZneTisa da saqarTvelosa~. e.i. qarTlis anu saqarTvelos sazRvari axla md. klisuraa (q.c., t. I, gv. 235). mefe vaxtangis da mirianis gvirgvinebi `me da mamaman Cuenman davsdeviT igi quTaTiss da cixe-gojs~, e.i. quTaisi da cixe-goji gadaiqca qarTlis samefos centrebad, aq `daido~ samefo gvirgvinebi (q.c., t. I, gv. 236). `Caiara murman yru zRvispiri~ (afxazeTidan) (iqve, gv. 239). berZenma keisarma miswera Tavis erisTavs afxazeTSi _ `yovladve sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa Cvengan qmnil ars vneba... viTarmed keTilad pativs cemdi mefeTa da erTa magaT qarTlisaTa da amieriTgan nuRaramca xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa maTTa egrisaTa~ (iqve, gv. 239). e.i. qarTlis sazRvari egrisSia TviT bizantiis imperatoris sityviT. `ganuyven maT (erisTavebs) queyanani qarTlisani: naxevari Sen da naxevari maT, xolo sauxucesod romel mqonda momicemia Senda da gqondes sauxucesod egrisi, svaneTi, Takueri, argueTi da guria~. egrisi qarTlis qveynis nawilia svaneT-argveT-guriasTan erTad. e.i. `naxevari qarTlis~ _ aris dasavleT saqarTvelo (iqve, gv. 241). meore naxevaria _ aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo _ `klarjeTidan abocis CaTvliT~. anderZi mirisa dahflen Zvalni misni (stefanos erismTavris) saydarsa quTaTiss (iqve, gv. 241). `aw uwyies Seneba adgilTa CuenTa klisuriTgan aRmarT, warval da daveSenebi cixe-gojs da quTaTiss~, e.i. quTaisi da cixe-goji qarTlis mefeTa sataxto punqtebia (iqve, gv. 242). `warvida arCil da daemkvidra egriss vidre Sorapnamde~ (klisuridan Sorapnamde) (iqve, gv. 243).

odiSi
vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, sityva `odiSi~ uZvelesi warmoSobisaa da ukve arsebobda qristeSobamde III-II saukuneebidan. misi azriT, Tavdapirvelad `odiSi~ erqva miwa-wyals mdinare egriswylis (RaliZgas) marjvena sanapiros iqiT yubanisaken. matianeTa cnobiT, md. egriswylis aqeT mdebare (e.i. marcxena sanapirodan mcxeTisaken) miwa-wyali azo-farnavazis dros Sevida pirvel erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos `qarTlis samefos~ (iberiis)

601

SemadgenlobaSi, xolo egriswylis iqiT (marjvena sanapiros) qarTvelobam ar ineba qarTlis saxelmwifoSi Sesvla (berZnebma daipyres). amitomac am miwa-wyalze dananebiT ambobdnen qarTvelebi: `odiSi (e.i. odesRac) Cveni iyo es miwa~, e.i. TiTqosda ase warmoiSva es sityva _ `odiSi~. es sityva ukve arsebula qristesSobamde.

602

svaneTi
(svaneTi I-VI ss-Si)

`svanebs uwodeben iberielebs~

(straboni, XI, II, 19) `im xalxTa Soris, romelnic Tavs iyrian dioskuriadaSi arian ftirofagebic, romlebmac es saxeli miiRes usufTaobis da WuWyis gamo. maT axlos cxovroben soanebi, romlebic arafriT Camouvardebian maT usufTaobiT, magram sjobnian ZlierebiT, da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini TiTqmis yvelaze kargi meomrebi da Zlierebi arian yvelasTan SedarebiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi isini batonoben yvela xalxze, romelnic kavkasiis maRlobebi uWiravT dioskuradis garSemo. maT hyavT mefe da sabWo 300 kacisagan, rogorc amboben SeuZliaT 200 000 kacisgan Semdgari jaris gamoyvana, marTlac mTeli xalxis masa brZolisunariania, Tumca araorganizebuli Zala, maT qveyanaSi rogorc gadmoscemen mTis nakadebs CamoaqvT oqro da barbarosebi iWeren faceriT da bewviani tyaviT. aqedan, amboben warmoiSva miTi oqros sawmisze. zogierTebi maT agreTve uwodeben iberielebs - dasavleTelebis msgavsad, oqros silis gamo, romelic orive qveyanaSia~ (straboni, XI, II, 19). - , (straboni, XI, II, 19). `svanebi TavianTi isris boloebisaTvis iyeneben Sxams, romlis suni dauWrel adamiansac ki tanjavs, sxva xalxebs kavkasiis axlomcxovrebT ufro mokrZalebuli da umniSvnelo miwebis farTobi uWiravT, xolo albanur da iberiul tomebs, uWiravT umetesi nawili kavkasiis aRniSnuli yelisa, maTac SeiZleba kavkasiuri tomebi vuwodoT, maT uWiravT nayofieri miwebi da SeuZliaT kargi meurneoba~ (straboni, XI, II, 19).

svanebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi

`Zvelad svanebi gacilebiT met teritoriaze iyvnen dasaxlebuli, vidre mogvianebiT, razec metyveleben, rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimikis analizi, romelic svanur saxelwodebebs avlens kolxeTis rogorc mTian, ise dablob nawilSi~ (g. meliqiSvili. Zveli saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, 1959, gv. 93. rus. enaze). `sakmaoa Tvali gadavavloT dasavleT saqarTvelos baris mosaxleobas da saocar suraTs davadgenT: am mosaxleobis didi nawili swored svanuri modgmisani arian, gansakuTrebiT samegrelo, raWa, leCxumi da es momenti

603

uZvelebi droidan modis~ (n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II, 1980, 93). svanuri warmoSobis mosaxleoba okribaSic yofila, maT Soris xorxomeliZeebi da sxvani (d. SaviniZe, svaneTis mosaxleoba, qarTuli memkvidreoba, II, 1998, gv. 275-278). s. yauxCiSvilis mosazrebiT sityva `baTumi~, svanur fuZe `baT~-idanaa warmomdgari. svanuri toponimebis gavrcelebas aWara (qvemo-guriis) arealSi eTanxmebian arqeologebic, radganac miiCneva, rom svanebi samxreTiTac cxovrobdnen adreul xanebSi. am mosazrebas TiTqosda istoriuli sabuTebic eTanxmeba. sabolood araa garkveuli, magaliTad gurielebis svanTa erisTavebad wodebis, gurielebisa da svaneTis mWidro urTierTkavSiris mizezebi, Tumca Zalze mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi arsebobs. ucxouri wyaroebi iZleva safuZvels fiqrisas, rom garkveul istoriul etapze `svanebs~ uwodeben guria-aWaris mosaxleobas. Tamaris epoqaSic ki svanebs gaaCndaT didi saxelmwifoebrivi uflebebi. rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom `svanebis~ qveS ar igulisxmeba mxolod dRevandeli mestiisa da lentexis mosaxleoba, aramed krebiTi erToba dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawilisa. `istoriani da azmani SarevandeTTani~ _ wers: `da erisTavni mis Jamisani eseni iyvnes: baram vardanis Ze _ svanTa erisTavi, kaxaber kaxaberiZe - raWisa da Takueris erisTavad, da oTaRo SarvaSiZis Ze cxumis erisTavad, amanelisZe argveTis erisTavad da odiSis erisTavad bediani~ (q.c., t. II, 1959, gv. 33). aq svanTa erisTavad guriis erisTavi igulisxmeba? yovel SemTxvevaSi CamonaTvalSi sityva `guria~ araa naxsenebi. is didi mniSvneloba, romelic Tamaris epoqaSi hqondaT svanebs _ gulisxmobs did mosaxleobas: dasavleT saqarTvelos ajanyebis dros, roca mojanyeebs surdaT giorgi rusis samefo taxtze dabruneba svanebs didi wona hqondaT: `gardamovides suanni didebulni da mexeveni da gardamoitanes rusi, mefe-yofili da misca dedofalma simtkice rusis uvnebelad gaSvebisaTvis~ (q.c., t. II, 1959, gv. 54). yuradsaRebia aq naxsenebi `svani didebulebi~ saqme isaa, rom ajanyda ara mxolod svanebi, aramed mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo, SeiZleba iTqvas vardan dadiani iyo lideri, didebulebisa, _ maT xom ar uwodebs mematiane `svan didebulebs~? aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc afxazeTis, ise odiSis erisTavebi svanuri warmoSobisani iyvnen. anu dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulebis umravlesoba svanuri warmoSobis iyo (ix. qvemoT), afxazTa, CvenTvis cnobili, ori mefe aseve svani iyo.

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aseTi faqtebi SesaZloa gadmonaSTia imisa, rom odesRac mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos `svaneTi~ erqva. Cveni kvleviT bizantielTa da sparselTa omis `svaneTisaTvis~ VI s-Si gulisxmobda ara davas dRevandel mestiisa da lentexis raionze, aramed mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, am ukanasknels uwodebdnen isini imJamad `svaneTs~. Cans qarTul wyaroebSic airekla es faqti. kerZod am `svaneTSi~ (e.i. dasavleT saqarTveloSi) rodesac Camoyalibda odiSis, afxazTa, argveTis, svanTa saerisTavoebi _ yvela didebuli Sesabamisad svanuri warmoSobisa aRmoCnda. rac aisaxa maT samefo dinastiazec, yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc iTqva, cnobilia ori afxazTa svani mefe: Savliani ioane da Savliani adarnase. vardaniZeebi iyvnen guriis erisTavebi, dadianebic vardaniZeTa erTerTi Stos STamomavlebi arian, vardaniZeebi iyvnen aseve svaneTis erisTavebic, magram TviT vardaniZeebis gvaris damfuZnebeli iyo vardan svanTa erisTavi _ rogorc miiCnevs e. TayaiSvili. Tumca giorgi CubinaSvilis varaudiT vardaniZeTa didebuli gvaris damfuZnebeli iyo X s-is lentexis xatis warweraSi moxseniebuli vardani (a. maruaSvili, maruSianTa, ganStoeba vardaniZeebi, `svaneTi~, 2008, gv. 281). aqedanac Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulebi svanuri warmoSobisani iyvnen. vardan svanTa erisTavi _ ar unda yofiliyo mxolod mizezi am mniSvnelovani faqtisa, aramed mas istoriuli safuZveli unda hqonoda. misi mTavari mizezi unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos svanuri safuZvlebi. XI saukunis jumaTis xatis (g. CubinaSvilis daTariRebiT), warweraSic moxseniebuli erisTavT-erisTavi varden II vardanisZe, igive svanTa erisTavi vardania (iqve, gv. 282, is iyo giorgi II-is Tanamedrove) misi winaprebi iyvnen (erisTavT erisTavi bakuri (X s., vardan erisTavi XI s-is 30-iani wlebi, Cans maTi STamomavali iyo ivane II vardaniZe (XI-XII ss-is damdegi) yvela isini dakavSirebuli arian svaneTis saerisTavosTan (iqve, gv. 282). aseve, miiCneva, rom vardaniZeTa sagvareulo warmoqmnilia maruSianTa sagvareulodan (iqve, gv. 282). cnobili mxedarTmTavris zviad erisTav maruSianis Svilis saxelic vardani yofila (iqve, gv. 283). mefe giorgi I-isa da maruSianebis konfliqtis Semdeg TrialeTSi baRvaSebi damkvidrdnen. a. maruaSvilis mosazrebiT vardaniZeTa sagvareuli warmodgeba mefis mier dasjili zviad II maruSianis vaJis _ vardanis STamomavlebisagan (iqve, gv. 285). Tu es asea, rogor SeZles drois mcire monakveTSi vardaniZeebi qceuliyvnen svaneTis, guriis da odiSebis erisTavebad, maT xelSi gadasuliyo didi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi?

605

ufro safiqrebelia, rom es mniSvnelovani faqti imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela samTavro saxli savanebis xelSi aRmoCnda, mowmobs svanebis did ganvrcobas da masTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. T. qarTveliSvilis mosazrebiT vardaniZeebi XI s-is 70-ianelebidan guriaSi flobdnen mamulebs, magram erisTavis wodeba ar gaaCndaT, XIV s-Si gurias daeufla dadiani, maTi gavlenis Sesasusteblad bagrat V-m Seiwyala ajanyebuli svanTa erisTavi da uboZa guria (T. qarTveliSvili, svanTa erisTavebis vardaniZeebis guriaSi damkvidrebis sakiTxisaTvis, `svaneTi~, gv. 271). guriis yvelaze SesaniSnavi xatebis warwerebi miuTiTebs, rom am regionis mmarTvelebs `svanTa erisTavis~ tituli gaaCndaT. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom gurias erT periodSi svanTa qveyanadac icnobdnen. d. baqraZes jumaTis wm. giorgis xatis warweraSi dasaxelebuli erisTavTerisTavi vardani vardanisZe miaCnia guriis erisTavebis _ gurielebis winaprad. vaxuStis cnobiT gurieli ityvis vardanisZeobasa~ (q.c., t. IV, 1973, gv. 37). bagrat V-s dros 1362 wels `ukudgnen suanni~, maT dawves quTaisi da mosaxleoba daatyveves. mefem Sekriba mTeli samefos laSqari. egrisis gziT da raWisa da leCxumis mxareebidan mojanyeebs alya Semoartya. daapatimra svanTa erisTavi-vardanisZe, Semdeg ki Seiwyala da `misca guria saerisTaod~, xolo svanTa erisTavad sxva dasva - wers vaxuSti. ratom misca guria saerisTavod svanTa erisTavs da ara sxva kuTxe? guriaSi iqamdec erisTavobdnen isini. am drosaTvis, Cans, guriam ukve miiRo Camoyalibebuli samTavros saxe. mis mosaxleobas ukve aRar erqva svanebi, aramed gurulebi. svanebi axla mxolod mTis erTi regionis mosaxleni arian. saukuneebiT adre vardaniZeTa gvari daufuZnebia - vardan svanTa erisTavs (e. TayaiSvilis miCneviT _ XI s-is 70-iani wlebSi, giorgi II-is Tanamedroves) - `TavadTa amis samefosaTa niania qvabulis Zemam da ivane liparitis Zeman da vardan svanTa erisTavman... gaadginna suanni avis moxarkulni~ (q.c., t. I, 1955, gv. 315-316). giorgi CubinaSvilis varaudiT vardaniZeTa gvaris damfuZnebeli X s. fayis (lentexi) xatis warweraSi moxseniebuli vardani (a. maruaSvili, maruSianTa ganStoeba vardaniZeebi, `svaneTi~, 2008, gv. 281). erisTavT-erisTavi bakuris Ze vardanis SekveTiT SeuqmniaT skaldis (kldis) anu fayis mTavarangelozTa xati. mematianis sityviT, rogorc aRiniSna giorgi II-m svan didebulTan erTad, kerZod vardan svanTa erisTavTan erTad `gaadginna suanni avisa moxarkulni~ (q.c., t. I, 1955, gv. 315-316).

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XI s-Si svanTa erisTavi ratom ibrZoda ajanyebuli svanebis winaaRmdeg? cxadia, svaneTis damSvideba mis (e.i. svanTa erisTavis) movaleobas Seadgenda, magram me vfiqrob, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme Seexeba ara Tanamedrove svaneTs (lentexisa da mestiis raionebs), aramed `svanni~ erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas (albaT ufro guriis regionSi), sadac Sevida varden erisTavic sxva didebulebTan erTad da daamSvida ajanyebulebi. amis Sedegad unda gadacemodaT maT guria samarTavad XI s-Sive da ara XIV-XV saukuneebidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi xatebis warwerebi am mosazrebas mxars uWers. Tuki dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils ar flobdnen svanebi da Sesabamisad mas ar erqva svaneTi, saidan moipoves svanma didebulebma didi wona da gansakuTrebuli uflebamosileba gaerTianebul saqarTveloSi? erTerT magaliTad miviCnevT Cven faqts imisa, rom mefe Tamars samxedro Zalauflebis simboloebs anu mxedarTmTavris ufleba-movaleobas aniWeben svani didebulebi imiT, rom mas mefed kurTxevisas xmals gadascemen kerZod ki `moxele svanebi~ da svaneTis erisTavi - `da srul yves moxeleTa svanTa da didebulTa vardanis ZeTa, saRiris ZeTa da amanelis ZeTa moReba da dadeba xrmlisa~ (q.c., t. II, 1959, gv. 27). Sesabamisad Tamarma kaxaber vardanisZes - `didsa da gvarian kacs~ uboZa meWurWleTuxucesoba~ (iqve, gv. 33). vin iyvnen `moxele svanebi~ - romelTac Tamaris mefobis dasawyisisas aseTi didi uflebebi gaaCndaT, radganac am dros da Tamaris mefobis dawyebamde gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos birTvs Zveleburad `afxazTa samefo~ warmoadgenda, unda vifiqroT, rom es `moxele svanebi~ iyvnen afxazTa samefos mmarTvel saxelmwifo moxeleTa aparatis is zeda fena, romelTa xelSic iyo Tavmoyrili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi, maT Soris erTerTi kaxaber vardanisZe gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos meWurWluTuxucesad iqna aRiarebuli. qveynis mmarTvel `TavadTa~ Soris svan didebulebs Rirseuli adgili eWiraT. mematiane magaliTad wers `TavadTa amis samefosaTa niania qvabelisZem, ivane lipartisZem da vardan svanTa erisTavman~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 33). `gurielTa svanTa erisTavis tituliT moxseniebas rac Seexeba, mas atareben XIV saukunis II naxevarsa da XV saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe: svimon, kaxaber da giorgi gurielebi. isini ukve aRar ganageben svaneTs da titulaturaSi amis aRniSvna tradiciis wyalobiT xdeba~ (T. qarTveliSvili, svanTa erisTavebis vardaniZeebis guriaSi damkvidrebis sakiTxisaTvis, krebuli `svaneTi~, 2008, gv. 27). maSasadame, dadianebi iyvnen _ vardaniZeTa erTerTi _ Stos STamomavlebi (iqve, gv. 269); uSualod svanTa erisTavebi iyvnen _ vardaniZeebi;

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guriis mflobelebi iyvnen _ svani vardaniZeebi; afxazeTis mefeebi _ ioane da adarnase iyvnen - svani Savlianebi. svanma vardaniZe _ maruSianma iTava saqarTvelos gaerTianebis saqme. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mxedarTmTavari zviad erisTavi _ iyo maruSiani. SarvaSiZe _ SarvaSiZeebi _ amJamadac guriaSi cxovroben. es miuTiTebs, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos svani didebulebi dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo aparatis did nawils Seadgendnen, es unda yofiliyo anarekli faqtisa, rom odesRac dasavleT saqarTvelos met nawils svaneTi erqva. Sesabamisi iyo maTi locvac uflisadmi _ `adide erTobili saqarTvelo da erTobili svanni~.

`ganvlo Woroxi da Sevida svaneTs~

(qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 42) svaneTis adgilmdebareobis garkvevisaTvis SeiZleba gamogvadges qarTlis cxovrebis CanarTi andria pirvelwodebulis cxovrebisa, romelic Targmnilia berZnulidan da Setanilia qarTul matianeebSi. aq svaneTis adgilmdebareoba ganisazRvreba md.WoroxTan, is moxseniebulia md. Woroxis Semdeg. andria pirvelwodebulis mimosvlis berZnul dedanSi naTqvamia, rom andriam gadalaxa md. fazisi, qarTvelma mTargmnelma ki mis nacvlad dawera _ md. Woroxi. zogierTi avtoris azriT, md. fazisi rionia, magram eqvTime mTawmidelisa da eklesiis sxva mamebisaTvis _ fazisi md. Woroxia, amitomac mTargmnelma dawera kidec md. Woroxi. aq nabrZanebia andrias saqarTveloSi pirveli mogzaurobis Sesaxeb, kerZod, pirvelad andria movida trapezuntSi- `megrelTa qveyanaSi~ (ase iTargmneboda berZnuli `lazika~ qarTulad), Semdeg TanamgzavrebTan erTad Semosula qarTlSi, mouvliaT is. `movidodes qalaqiTi-qalaqad da sofliTi-soflad~. Semdeg Sesulan taoSi _ `warvles taos kerZi qveyana da vidre mdinared Woroxamde, yoveli igi soflebi mis kerZisa movles da daucadebelad qadagebdes saxelsa RvTisasa, da esreT qadagebiTa miiwvies svaneTisa qveyanasa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 42). sxva nusxaSia _ `andria simon kananeliTurT pirvelad qarTlad da gananaTla qarTli da naTel-sca da merme ukun iqca da ganvlo Woroxi da Sevida svaneTs~ (iqve, gv. 42, SeniSvna). e.i. svaneTis qveyana Woroxis Semdegaa, anu Woroxis gadakveTis Semdeg mivadgebiT svanebis qveyanas.

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maSasadame, berZnul wyaroSi svanebis sacxovrisi md. fazisTan mdebareobda. Zveli qarTveli mTargmnelebi ki faziss Woroxs uwodebdnen da iqve sazRvravdnen svanebis sacxovriss. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom svanebis samxreT dasavleT saqarTveloSic cxovreba wyaroebiTac dasturdeba. am mxaris garda sxva kuTxeebic moiara wmida mociqulma _ Teimuraz batoniSvilis `iveriis istoriis~ cnobiT, mociqulma andriam: 1) mcxeTis jvris goraze jvari aRmarTa (erqva jaWvis monasteri); 2) Sevida kaxeTSi, gadaiara iori, mivida gremis goraze sadac miqel mTavarangelozis eklesiaa; 3) `qristeTis gziT... movida xevsa mTiuleTisasa lomekis mdinaresa zeda~ (Tergi); 4) mivida myinvarwveris ZirTan, avida maRal mTaze, aRmarTa jvari da eklesia wm. stefane pirvelwodebuli.

svaneTi da aWara-guria
svaneT-guriis kavSir-erTobis Sesaxeb istoriuli sabuTebis damowmebiT miuTiTebda dimitri baqraZe wignSi `mogzauroba guria-aWaraSi~. s. yauxCiSvili miuTiTebda _ `sityva baTomis Ziri `baT~ unda enaTesavebodes svanur sityvas `baC~, romelic qvas niSnavs. es Tvalsazrisi SemdgomSi gaiziara a. inaiSvilma da igi axali sayuradRebo masalebiT Seavso~ (a. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisTvis, 1989, gv. 19). a. inaiSvilma Seiswavla baTumis toponimika. mxari dauWira s. yauxCiSvilis mier 30-ian wlebSi gamoTqmul da Semdeg araerTxel ganmeorebul mosazrebas saxel `baTumis~ svanur baC (qva) saxelTan igiveobis Sesaxeb, amasTan svanur baT-baC saxelTan daakavSira man hidronimi `yoroli~ da `yoroni~. baT-baC Zirs daukavSira man yoroliswylis Senakadis saxeli _ `leC~, romlis formad `lebaCa~ miiCnia da svanur `lebCers~ (qviani) miusadaga (a. inaiSvili, baTumis etimologiisaTvis _ aWaruli dialeqtis dargobrivi leqsika, I, 1976, gv. 73-87). a. inaiSvilis azriT, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, e.i. aWarasa da guriaSi svanurenovani onomastika Tavdapirvelia da, amdenad, ufro Zveli, romelic Semdgom saukuneebSi gadafarula zanurenovaniT. aWara-guriis zRvispireTSi (saerTod, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi) svanurenovani onomastikis gverdiT `zanurenovani toponimebi gacilebiT metia, rac kanonzomieria, radgan zanurenovani mosaxleoba SedarebiT gvian mosuli Cans. zanurma fenam uTuod gadafara svanuri onimastikoni, releqtis saxiT rom mainc SemorCenila~ (iqve, gv. 81-86).

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aqedan gamomdinare, Zveli qarTuli wyaros cnoba, rom wm. andria mociquli md. Woroxis (fasisis) gadakveTis Semdeg Sevida svaneTis qveyanaSi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo svaneTad iwodeboda _ ufro gasagebi xdeba. amJamadac, svaneTSi sofel ienaSis (latalis Temis) mosaxleTa umravlesobas gvarad farjianebs, TavianTi Tavi miaCniaT guria-svaneTis erisTavTa STamomavlebad (ix. gazeTi `uZleveli mxedari~ (zemo svaneTis eparqiis gazeTi), #4, 2007, gv. 9). am sofelSi inaxeba ioane winaswarmetyvelis xati mamia gurielis mier Sewiruli. JamTa aRmwereli aRniSnavs, rom laSa-giorgis Zis ulu-daviTis gamefebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda erisTavi sargis farjiani. (saerTod svanebi, viTarca afxazTa samefos legitimur uflebaTa matareblebi, afxazeTis samefos uSualod warmoadgendnen saqarTvelos mefeTa kurTxevisas. samefo insigniebsac isini gadascemdnen saqarTvelos axal mefes).

svanuri nakvalevi SavSeTsa da samcxeSi

SavSeTSi _ imerxevSi, ramdenime sofelSi SemorCenilia mikrotoponimi _ `svaneTi~, `svanisxevi~. magaliTad, sofel iviTSi aris aRniSnuli mikrotoponimi `suaneTi~ (ix. tariel futkaraZe, `imerxevi~, 2007. gv. 84). xolo sofel baZgireTSi aris mikrotoponimi _ `suanisxevi~ (iqve, gv. 92). andria pirvelwodebulis qadagebebis adgilad samcxeSi dasaxelebulia qalaqi `sosangeTi~, qarTveli mkvlevarebi XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi `sosanigeTs~ aTavsebdnen samcxeSi, kerZod ki awyuris sanaxebSi. `sosanigeTi~ etimologiurad moicavs prefiqss `so~, fuZe _ `sanig~ da sufiqss `e~-Ti. `so-sanig-eTi~. `sanigebad~ XX saukunis mecnierebi miiCneven Wanebs, magram is SeiZleba svanebis erT-erTi tomis saxeli yofiliyo. svaneTis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod miviCnieT erekle kvanWianis werili, romelsac qvemoT vurTavT am naSroms (ix. gv. 613).

`egrisi _ romel ars svaneTi~

farnavazis Zem saurmagma Crdilo kavkasiis mosaxleoba Camoasaxla qarTlis samefos CrdiloeT nawilSi _ `saurmag warmoiyvana igini yovelTa kavkasiis naTesavTa naxevarni, ...dasxna mTiuleTs didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde, romel ars suaneTi~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 27). aq sainteresoa, rom strabonic wers TiTqmis imaves, rom iberiis Crdilo mTianeTi dasaxlebulia skviTuri modgmis iberebiT da rom es skviTuri iberebi da iberebi TanamonaTesaveni arian.

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Cveni mematianec aRniSnavs imaves: misi cnobiT, Crdilo kavkasia dausaxlebeli iyo, Semdgom iq gadaasaxles samxreT kavkasieli mosaxleoba _ datyvevebuli qarTvelebi da isini TandaTanobiT gadaiqcnen Crdilo kavkasiis mkvidr mosaxleobad _ `arca iyo kaci kavkasiasa CrdiloT da umkvidro iyo qveyana igi kavkasiiTganve vidre mdinaremde didad, romeli Sesdis zRvasa darubandisasa... gamovida xazarTa mefe gardavlo mTa kavkasia, misca Zesa Tvissa tyue somxiTisa da qarTlisa da misca qveyana kavkasiis nawili, lomekis mdinarisa dasavliT, dasavleTamde mTisa da daeSena uobos da naTesavni misni arian ovsni~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 12). ovsni anu `skviTni~ qarTuli wyaros mixedviT am e.w. `skviTebis~ (rogorc axali xalxis) formirebaSi `tyve qarTvelebs~ hqoniaT wvlili. Crdilokavkasielni, raRac xarisxiT qarTvelTa genetikuri memkvidreebi iyvnen da isini farnavazis Zes Camousaxlebia da dausaxlebia `didoeTidan vidre egrisamde, romel ars svaneTi~.

svaneTi-kaxeTi
`CrdiloeTiT egriss svaneTi ekra, istorikosi ambobs: `didoeTidgan vidre egrisamde... ars svaneTi~ (cxovreba mefeTa) _ wers iv. javaxiSvili (iv. javaxiSvili, t. II, gv. 50). didoeTsa da egriss Sua moqceuli iyo raWa, dvaleTi da fxovi, Cans, isinic svanur tomebad miiCneoda. ufro metic, iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT, svaneTs kaxeTTanac hqonia siaxlove, matianeebSi daculi cnobebi `qarTvel tomTa mosaxleobis vgoneb ZvelisZvel mdgomareobas gvisuraTebs... svanebs, Tavdapirvelad, ueWvelia axlandelze meti miwa-wyali unda sWerodaT da mravali sxva sabuTic svaneTsa da kaxeTs erTmaneTs uaxlovebs~ (iqve, gv. 51). wyaroebSi ar Cans svaneTis sazRvrebi XII saukunemde (iqve, gv. 51). aRsaniSnavia,rom cnobili wanarebis tomi (maT mier kaxeTSi hegemonobis damyarebamde (arabobisas), Tavdapirvelad Tanamedrove yazbegis raionSi cxovrobda, maTi saxeli (wanarebi), yazbegis raionis zogierTi toponimi da saxeli `suani~ etimologiurad erTmaneTTan axloa. magaliTad iqauri toponimebia `sondosxevi~, `sno~, `sioni~, romelTa fuZe-Zirebi _ sond(son), sno, sion(son), rogorc saxel `svanTan~, ise `wanarTan~ unda iyos dakavSirebuli (safiqrebelia, rom sion saxelis Tavdapirveli forma ar unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli cnobil saeklesio `sion~ saxelTan, aramed iqve arsebul toponimebis saxelebTan son, sno, da wan)

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istoriaSi dakarguli svaneTi

V-VI ss. berZeni istorikosebis TxzulebebSi mravlad gvxvdeba cnobebi svaneTis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT VI s-Si sparseT-bizantiuri omebis aRwerisas. svaneTisTvis ori imperia ibrZoda TavgamodebiT. amis miuxedavad, aseTi didi da mniSvnelovani qveynis sazRvrebi aqamde dadgenili ar iyo. Cvenma mecnierebma mas adgili ver mouZebnes. amitomac aRniSnavda didi iv. javaxiSvili, rom `wyaroebSi ar Cans svaneTis sazRvrebi XII saukunemde~ (iqve, gv. 51). berZeni avtorebis aRweriT, svaneTi didi qveyana iyo, xolo svanebi _ Zlieri xalxi, strabonis cnobiT-svanebs iberebsac uwodebdnen ( - , . straboni, XI, II, 19). strabonis cnobas eTanadeba prokofis cnobac: `svaneTi iberiis nawilia~ _ umtkicebdnen sparseli Sahebi da maTi diplomatebi bizantielebs~ _ wers is. Tanamedrove svaneTis Zvel svaneTad CaTvla aSkarad Seusabamobaa, radganac, rogorc wyaroebidanac kargad Cans, patara, miuwvdomeli mTiani regionisTvis (Semdgomi mestiisa da lentexis raionebisaTvis) - ori imperia ar ibrZolebda erTmaneTTan TiTqmis erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi. wyaroebi sxva, ufro farTo da mniSvnelovan qveyanaze miuTiTebs. sazavo molaparakebebis Semdeg dadginda, rom lazika _ bizantias unda gadacemoda, xolo svaneTi _ sparseTs. Tuki lazika mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo (imereTis skande-Sorapanidan Sav zRvamde), xolo svaneTi _ Tanamedrove mestiisa da lentexis raionebi, maSin sparselebs teritoriulad xelic ar miuwvdebodaT TavianT sapatrono qveyanaze, radganac maTsa da svaneTs Sua lazika iqneboda moqceuli. Zvel svaneTze meti informacia aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebas~, sadac naTqvamia: `egrisi, romel ars svaneTi~, am cnobiT TiTqosda svaneTi ewodeboda egriss, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos. magram, saqme isaa, rom Tanamedrove istorikosebi VI saukunisaTvis dasavleT saqarTvelos ara svaneTs aramed lazikas uwodeben, rac qmnis Seusabamobas. Cveni kvleviT ki VI s-Si politikuri mniSvnelobiT lazika erqva ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed erge-ligan-klarjeTs (da `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispirs~). ai, am lazikis damarcxebis Semdeg bizantia-sparseTis gacxarebuli omebi mimdinareobda ukve mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis, anu egris-svaneTisTvis.

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iqamde ki lazika, anu `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~ dainarCuna bizantiiam. sazavo molaparakebebis dros erT periodSi dadginda, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo anu egris-svaneTi gadacemoda sparseTs, viTarca nawili iberiisa, xolo iberia sparseTis xeldebul qveyanad iyo aRiarebuli. maSasadame, iberia Tavisi nawiliT _ egris-svaneTiT sparseTs darCa, xolo klarjeTi anu lazika ki bizantias. Tumca Semdgom egris-svaneTisTvis brZolebi kidev didxans gagrZelda. qarTuli wyaroebiTac, egris-svaneTi mudam iberiis nawili iyo. `svanuri qveynebi~ iyo, Cans, berZnuli wyaroebis afsilia, misimianeTi, abaSgia da e.w `afxazeTis alania~, rasac adasturebs am qveyanaTa mmarTveli dinastiebis svanuri Ziri: 1. egrisSi _ dadianebi iyvnen svaneTis erisTavebis vardaniZeebis ganayofebi; 2. guriaSi _ gurielebi emoyvrebodnen da enaTesavebodnen svanebs (d. yazbegis cnobiT); 3. afxazeTSi _ afxazTa mefeebi erT periodSi iyvnen svani Savlianebi. svanuri Ziri aqvT _ vardaniZeebs, gurielebs, Savlianebsa da dadianebs.

sabWouri epoqis araswori Teoriebi svaneTTan dakavSirebiT

( e. kvanWianis magaliTis analizi) (damateba) e. kvanWiani Tavis naSromSi `dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo nawilis `megrizacia~ lazTa samefos Zlierebis epoqaSi (III-VI saukuneebi) wers: `jer kidev n. janaSia miuTiTebda svanur toponimur monacemebze (`lanCxuTi~, `foTi~) dayrdnobiT, rom mdinare rionis xeobis orive mxare, dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobi dioskuriamde da ufro CrdiloeTiT, xobis, enguris da webeldas xeobebi, aseve istoriuli argveTis Crdilo nawili, Semdegdroindeli leCxumi da raWa, svaneTis mTianeTTan erTad, saerTod, dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo nawili, Tavdapirvelad svanuri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. `enobrivi monacemebiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulsa da I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi svanuri tomebi dasavleT saqarTvelos baris raionebSi vrcladaa gavrcelebuli (`iS~ sufiqsiani toponimika)~ (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, gv. 341).

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toponimur masalaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kolxebis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi fasianebi svanuri tomi unda yofiliyo. qsenofontes epoqaSi (Zv.w. V s.) etimologiuradac, `fa-sianebi~ waagavs antikuri avtorebisaTvis kargad cnobili xalxis `suanebis~ saxels (`fa-prefiqsi, `siani~ _ `suani~). kolxeTi, Zveli berZnuli wyaroebiT, Tavdapirvelad moicavda Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiros trapizonamde. berZnuli kolonizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad Seicvala da gafarTovda kolxeTis cnebis gagebac. herodotesaTvis kolxeTis Crdilo sazRvari aris mdinare fazisi, kolxeTi ki sxvadasxva tomebiTaa dasaxlebuli. kolxeTi ar iyo erTi eTnosis, erTi xalxis qveyana. strabonis epoqaSic (I s.) kolxeTi krebiT saxels warmoadgenda vrceli sanapiro teritoriisa ukve trapizonidan biWvinTamde. am dros mdinare fazisis, xobis, engurisa da agreTve webeldas xeobebSi mcxovreb svanebsac (vidre dioskuriamde) Cans berZnebma, qveynis saxelis mixedviT, `kolxebi~ uwodes, raTa isini ganesxvavebinaT mTis svanebisgan. marTlac, Zveli avtorebi maT `suano-kolxebs~ uwodebdnen. ptolemaiosi (I s.) mTis svanebisa da baris svanebis gansxvavebis mizniT uwodebs ukanasknelT `suano-kolxebs~. eseni (mTis svanebi da `suano-kolxebi~) erTi eTnosia, mravalricxovani xalxi, strabonis mixedviT, maT saomrad gamohyavT 200 aTasi mebrZoli (es ufro metia, vidre iberebisa da albanelebis jari erTad). ptolemaiosi axsenebs kolxeTis sxvadasxva tomebs, maT Soris lazebsa da manrilebs (`ekritikes qveynis mcxovrebT~), Cveni mecnierebis azriT, Tanamedrove megrel-Wanebis winaprebi unda yofiliyvnen lazebi. manralebi ki (sxva tomi) egrisis qveynis (`ekritikes~) mcxovrebni. `klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobidan is gamomdinareobs, rom `egrisi~ da `megreli~ (`margali~) saxelebi Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT, eTnikurad aramegrul nawils unda rqmeoda da qveynis dasavleT nawilsa da sakuTriv megrul (zanur) mosaxleobaze SemdegSi gavrcelda. SeiZleba es laz-megrelTa mier am mxareSi mtkice hegemonobis mopovebas da lazikis samefos Zlierebis xanasac (Sdr. megrulSi _ `margali~ _ terminis xmareba mdabio fenis, glexobis aRsaniSnavad. `zino-squas~ _ zeda fenis, aznaurobis sapirispirod) ukavSirdebodes~ (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 1970 t. I, gv. 424). svanebs, strabonis mixedviT hyavdaT basilevsi da sabWo 300 kacisagan Semdgari (strabo, XI, 2,19). svanebs, rogorc straboni iqve wers, `zogierTebi iberiul tomebad miiCneven~ (iqve, XI, 2,19). svanebs, rogorc aRvniSneT, 200.000 kaciani laSqari hyavT, `mTeli xalxi meomaria~, e.i. yvela mamakaci (brZolis unaris mqone) salaSqrod gahyavdaT. albaT es iyo mTeli mosaxleobis mesamedi, aqedan gamomdinare, svanebis saerTo ricxvi 600.000 mainc unda yofiliyo. Tu gavixsenebT, rom

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imJamad tuafsedan lazebamde svanebis garda aseve cxovrobdnen kerketebi, aqelebi da henioxebi (maTgan zogierTi sakmaod didi tomi iyo, henioxebs oTxi basilevsi hyavdaT), eseni, svanebTan erTad, Tanamedrove afxazeTsa da svaneTSi ver moTavsdebodnen ukiduresi mravalricxovnebis gamo. amitomac unda vifiqroT, berZeni mwerlebis `suanokolxebi strabonisa da ptolemaiosis epoqaSi Tanamedrove lanCxuTamde iyvnen gansaxlebulni da mxolod lazTa samefos Zlierebis epoqaSi (III-IV ss. qristes aqeT) ufro CrdiloeTiT wainacvles anda maTSi moxda lazuri tomebis `SeRweva-infiltracia~. amis Sedegad suano-kolxebma SeiTvises lazuri (Semdegroindeli megruli) metyveleba. swored am process vuwodebT Cven `megrizacias~. g. meliqiSvili lazeTis samefos sazRvrebis CrdiloeTiT ganvrcobas ukavSirebs III s-is bolos `romaelTa Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas aRmosavlur provinciebSi~. rogorc ariane wers, I-II ss-Si, md. WoroxTan miwa-wyali (fazisamde) iberiis samefos da mis qveSevrdom tomebs eWiraT, am droisTvis ukve romaelTa gavlenis sferoSi myof lazeTis samefos aRniSnul adgilebSi mcxovrebi iberiuli tomebi SeuerTebia: `aq adre iberias hqonda fexi mokidebuli, axla ki romaelTa da lazTa samflobeloebi Cans, iberia aqedan gandevnili Cans, zogi misi samflobelo lazTa samefos SemadgenlobaSia Sesuli~ (narkv. I, gv. 555). kidev ufro gafarTovda lazTa mflobeloba CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT (Sesabamisad Tavisi dialeqtiT) VI s-Si dasavleT saqarTveloSi bizantielebTan sparselebis damarcxebis Semdeg. g. meliqiSvili wers: `kidev ufro met warmatebas miaRwies lazTa mefeebma CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, menandres (VI s.) mowmobiT lazTa samefo IV s-is bolosTvis didad gaZlierebula da svanebi daumorCilebia~ (iqve, gv. 555). s. janaSias azriT, IVs. dasasrulisaTvis unda daeqvemdebarebinaT lazebs svanebis garda aseve afSilebi, abazgebi da sxva mezobeli tomebi (iqve, gv. 556). `lazTa mefeebma sabolood moaxerxes iberiis mflobelobis likvidacia das. saqarTveloSi da iqauri samflobeloebi SeierTes~ (iqve, gv. 556). maSasadame, lazTa mefeebma bizantielebis (romaelebis) daxmarebiT jer Woroxsa da rions Sua mdebare teritoriis SeerTeba SeZles, Semdeg ki ufro CrdiloeTiT svanebiTa da sxva tomebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wylis mierTeba, ramac aq, cxadia, svanuri toponimikis gaqroba da lazuri (megruli) toponimikisa da enis ganvrcoba ganapiroba. am process SeiZleba vuwodoT md. rionis orive sanapiros da zRvispira teritoriis momcveli mxaris `megrizacia~. samecniero literaturaSi e.w. `qarTizacia~ ganimarteba, rogorc `qarTis tomebis~ SeRweva _ infiltracia _ araqarTul an araqarTvelur tomebSi... sadac SeaRwevda qarTlis elementi, vrceldeboda qarTuli ena da aRm.

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qarTuli kultura. aseTi viTareba Seiqmna ara marto aRmosavleTiT hereTis (albaneTi) teritoriaze, aramed dasavleT saqarTveloSic (qse, t. X, gv. 459-160. statia `qarTvelebi~). `qarTizaciis~ gverdiT, rogorc toponimikisa da saistorio wyaroebis Seswavla aCvenebs, mimdinareobda agreTve e.w. `megrizaciis~ procesi~. ase amTavrebs Tavis kvlevas e. kvanWiani. unda davaskvnaT, rom Cvens Tvalwin aris ori Tvalsazrisi dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTveli tomebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb, erTi TvalsazrisiT, romelic amJamad ufro miRebulia, dasavleT saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan dasaxlebuli iyo megrul-lazuri tomebiT, Semdgom aq moxda `qarTis tomebis~ gansaxleba (kerZod, md. Woroxidan vidre md. rionamde), ris Sedegadac aRniSnuli megrul-lazuri mosaxleoba gaiyo orad, erTi nawili aRmoCnda md. rionis marjvena sanapiroze, meore nawili ki md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze gansaxlebuli. esaa dasavleT saqarTvelos e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria. meore TvalsazrisiT ki, uZvelesi droidanve dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi dasaxlebuli iyo svanebiT (`suano-kolxebiT~), mxolod III-IV ss. Semdgom, lazTa samefos gafarToebasTan erTad, aq, svanur mosaxleobaSi, moxda lazuri tomebis SeRweva-infiltracia (md. rionis, xobiswylis da enguris xeobebSi). esaa dasavleT saqarTvelos e.w. `megrizaciis~ Teoria. CvenTvis miuRebelia rogorc `qarTizaciis~, ise `megrizaciis ~ Teoria. orive es Teoria aTeisturi istoriis nayofia. aRsaniSnavia, rom e. w. `megrizaciis~ gavrcelebuli Teoria o. lorTqifaniZis wignSic aisaxa _ `svanurenovani mosaxleobis arsebobis kvali dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze (zRvispira zolSi, rion-enguris auzi) dasturdeba sakmaod metyveli toponimikuri monacemebiT da arqeologiuri masaliT~ (o. lorTqifaniZe `argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv. 50). aqedan, o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, svanebs aZeveben kolxebi (Wan-egriselebi) _ ` kolxebma Seaviwroves svanurenovani mosaxleoba da TandaTanobiT daikaves dRevandeli kolxeTis dablobi zRvis sanapiro zolsa da rion-enguris auzSi~ (o. lorTqifaniZe `argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv. 51). e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelodan TiTqosda jer svanebma gaaZeves Cerqezebi, Semdeg ki megrelebma svanebi (iqve, gv. 51) Cveni TvalsazrisiT ki, ar momxdara dasavleT saqarTvelos arc `qarTizacia~ da arc `megrizacia~, radganac uZvelesi droidan VIII-IX ss-mde, dasavleT saqarTvelo dasaxlebuli iyo jer kidev naklebad diferencire-

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buli saerTo fuZe-qarTuli enis matarebeli xalxiT (iseve, rogorc aRmosavleTi), romlis diferenciaciac daiwyo SemdegSi (saqarTvelos saxelmwifos rRvevis kvaldakval, ufro albaT XIII s-dan (gaRrmavda XV-XVI ss. Semdeg, da dasrulebuli saxe miiRo XVII-XVIII ss-Si, rasac mohyva qarTveli xalxis kvlav konsolidacia XIX-XX ss-Si). Sesabamisad, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis Camoyalibebisas (anu wmida werilis Targmnis xanaSi) dasavlur-qarTul tomebs jer kidev aerTianebdaT daunawevrebuli saerTo e.w. zan-qarTuli ena (e.i. Zveli qarTuli), Sesabamisad is erTi, erTenovani xalxi iyo (Tumca regionebis Sesabamisad saxeldebuli).

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saqarTvelos eklesiis Camoyalibeba (I-IV ss.)

`saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias~ uZvelesi droidan `saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiac~ ewodeboda, vinaidan igi qristes mociqulebma daafuZnes. Zveli qarTuli saeklesio wyaroebis _ `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ (VII-IX ss.) da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ (VIII-XI ss.) cnobebiT, wmida mociqulebis epoqaSi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritorias moicavda saxelmwifo _ `qarTlis samefo~, romelsac ucxoelebi iberias uwodebdnen, is iyo memkvidre didi istoriuli kolxidisa. saqarTvelos eklesiaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciuli gadmocemiT, CvenSi uqadagnia mociqulTa simravles _ wm. andria pirvelwodebuls, simon kananels, mataTas, barTlomes, Tomasa da Tadeozs. qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebic miuTiTeben mociqulebis saqarTveloSi moRvaweobas. mizezi mociqulTa aseTi simravlisa unda yofiliyo imJamindeli saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis sferoSi saerTaSoriso savaWro gzebis moqceva. mociqulTa moRvaweobis epoqaSi iberiis gavlenis sferoSi moeqca vrceli teritoria kaspiis zRvidan Sav zRvamde da samxreTiT vanis tbamde. aq gamavali saerTaSoriso savaWro gzebi, romelnic romis imperias sparseTTan da skviTiasTan aerTebda, iberiis mier kontroldeboda. am mizezis gamo, sparseT-indoeTsa Tu, CrdiloeTiT, skviTia _ sarmatiaSi saqadageblad mimavali wmida mociqulebi gzas ver auqcevdnen iberias. wm. mociqulTa epoqaSi, I saukunis 30-iani wlebidan II saukunis 60-iani wlebis CaTvliT, iberia Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo, romelic kavkasiis mniSvnelovan nawils moicavda. romaeli istorikosebi _ tacitusi, dion kasiusi da sxvebi aRweren iberiis cxovrebas (tacitusis cnobiT I s-is 30-iani wlebidan iberia megobrobda romTan da Tavisi Zlieri jariT ebrZoda parTiis saxelmwifos, raTa armenia gaeTavisuflebina parTielTagan. gaTavisuflebis Semdeg armeniaSi gamefda iberTa mefis miTridates Ze, SemdegSic iberiis samefo saxlis wevrebi marTavdnen armenias, maT Soris tacitusi gamoyofs iberiis mefis farsmanis vaJs radamists. tacitusis cnobiTve armeniasTan erTad imJamad `iberiam SeierTa albania da uxmo sarmatebs~ (CORNELIUS TACITUS, ANNALES, VI,33-36, IX,9, XII, 15-50). meore istorikosis dion kasiusis cnobiT II s-is pirvel naxevarSi `iberiis mefe farasmanesi roca meuRlesTan erTad romSi CamobrZanda adrianem (romis imperatorma) gaafarTova misi samflobeloebi~ (dion kasiosi, romis istoria, XIX, 15). amaRlebis Semdeg mociqulebma wili yares Tu vis romel qveyanaSi unda eqadaga. `qarTlis cxovreba~ gadmogvcems, rom saqarTvelo wilad xvda RvTismSobels, magram misi Zis, Cveni uflis nebiT RvTismSobelma Tavis nacvlad saqarTveloSi wm. andria pirvelwodebuli moavlina, romelsac

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Tavisi xelTuqmneli xati gamoatana. andria mociqulma Semdegi mogzaurobis dros saqarTveloSi sxva mociqulebic Camoiyvana. kerZod, mesame mogzaurobisas mas simon kananeli da mataTa Camouyvania. amis Sesaxeb cnobas epifane konstantinopoleli (VIII s.) iZleva. Zveli qarTuli saeklesio wyaroebisa da ruis-urbnisis krebis gansazRvrebiT, Camoyalibebis droidan saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda sruliad saqarTvelos istoriuli miwa-wyali da mTeli qarTveli eri (mcxovrebi rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi), amitomac nabrZanebia ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi _ `wmida mociqulma andriam iqadaga yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~. saeklesio gadmocemiT, mociqulebis qadagebaTa epoqaSi, qarTlis samefos (saqarTvelos) mefe aderkim, xeli Seaxo am dros saqarTveloSi ierusalimidan Camosvenebul ieso qristes kvarTs, riTac miRebuli didi madli gadaeca saqarTvelos samefo dinastias. am madlis miRebiT, es dinastia mis Semdeg 1900 weli, XIX saukunemde marTavda saqarTvelos keTilmsaxurebiTa da qristesmoyvareobiT (igulisxmeba farnavazianTa da bagrationTa samefo dinastiebi, aRsaniSnavia, rom bagrationebi qristesa da mis dedas, yovladwmida RvTismSobels TavianT xorciel naTesavebadac Tvlidnen, radganac TavianT Tavs wmida daviT mefsalmunes STamomavlebad miiCnevdnen). iveriis eklesiis didi mama giorgi mTawmideli werda, rom saqarTveloSi moRvawe simon kananeli dakrZalulia `qveyanasa Cvensa afxazeTs~ (kerZod, axal aTonSi), xolo mociquli mataTa dakrZalulia samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, afsarosSi. uZvelesi qristianuli wyaroebi miuTiTeben aseve mociqulebis barTlomesa da Tadeozis yofnas saqarTveloSi. mociqulebis qadagebaTa dros, imdenad mravali adamiani gaqristianebula dasavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi, rom warmarT mefe aderkis sayveduriT miumarTavs Tavisi erisTavebisaTvis egrissa da klarjeTSi andria pirvelwodebulis mSvidobiT gantevebisaTvis. mociqulebis qadagebaTa epoqaSi da Semdgom, I-III saukuneebSi, mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani raodenoba rom gaqristianebula, dasturdeba uaxlesi arqeologiuri monapovrebiT, isini mefe rev marTlis epoqis (III s.) sazogadoebis qristianul midrekilebas naTlad asaxaven. arqeologebis mier dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gamokvleulia II-III saukuneTa qristianuli samarxebi, qristianuli wesiT dakrZaluli mozrdilebi da bavSvebi Sesabamisi atributebiT (artefaqtebiT). masalidan Cans, rom qristianobas iRebdnen bavSvebic ki, romelTa mosanaTlad samRvdeloeba iyo saWiro. amiT dasturdeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnoba, rom andria mociqulma, imJamindel saeklesio centrSi, awyurSi, qristianebs daudgina samRvdeloeba episkoposebTan erTad, anu safuZveli daudo

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saqarTvelos wmida eklesias, romelsac, am wyaros cnobiT, Tavisi ierarqiuli mmarTveloba gaaCnda ukve mociqulebis epoqidanve. antioqiis sapatriarqo karze wmida giorgi mTawmidelis mtkicebiT mociqulebis mier daarsebuli eklesiebi pirvel saukuneebSi TavisTavadebi iyvnen, misi azriT Tavdapirvelad aseTive yofila mociqulebis mier daarsebuli saqarTvelos anu iveriis eklesia, magram Semdgom, ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis wmida mamaTa ganmartebiT, radganac saqarTveloSi arsebuli qristianuli Temebi warmarTi mefeebis mxridan ganicdidnen did devnas, amitomac IV saukuneSi warmoiqmna saWiroeba mTeli eris moqcevisa. IV s-Si saqarTveloSi iqadaga mociqulTasworma wmida ninom, uflismieri davalebiT mas unda gaeqristianebina iberiis samefo ojaxi da uflis SewevniT man es moaxerxa. samefo ojaxTan erTad qristianoba miiRo mTelma qarTvelma erma, amitomac wers ruis-urbnisis kreba, rom wmida ninos mier gaqristianda `yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~, iseve rogorc iqamde 300 wliT adre wmida andriam iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~ (didi sjuliskanoni, 1974, gv. 545-546). Cveni wyaroebis am miTiTebas, rom wmida ninom `gananaTla yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~ mTlianad eTanxmebian IV-V da sxva saukuneebis ucxouri wyaroebi. kerZod, IV saukunis eklesiis istorikosi gelasi kesarieli wm. ninos Sesaxeb wers: imperator konstantines xanaSi `RmrTis cneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma, romelTac manamde is ara swamdaT. am udidesi sikeTis mizezi gaxda erTi dedakaci, romelic maTTan iyo tyved~ (georgika, I, 1961, gv. 186). amasve wers V saukunis istorikosi gelasi kvizikelic _ `amave dros pontos gaswvriv mdebare qveynis mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma RmrTis sityva, romelic manamde ar swamdaT Seiwynares~ (mimomxilveli, I, 1926, gv. 55). maSasadame, gelasi kesarielisa da gelasi kvizikelis cnobebiT, wmida ninos mier mTelma qarTvelma erma, rogorc zRvispireTSi mcxovreblebma (lazebma), ise qveynis danarCen nawilSi mcxovreblebma (iberebma), erTdroulad miiRes `RvTis mcneba~. iberTa moqcevis faqts aRweren ax.w. IV-V saukuneebis istorikosebi: sokrate (saeklesio istoria, wigni I, 19), Teodoritos kvireli (eklesiis istoria, wigni I, 1, 23.), sozomene (saeklesio istoria, wigni I, 6, 7, 34, 36) da rufinusi (saeklesio istoria, I, 10). gelasi kesarielisa da gelasi kvizikelis cnobebs, rom wmida ninom moaqcia lazebic iberebTan erTad, eTanadeba V saukunis cnobili istorikosis movses xorenacis cnoba, is wers, vrceli areali Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde moaqcia wmida ninom, romelmac iqadaga klarjeTidan vidre kaspiis zRvipireTSi imJamad mcxovreb masquTebamde _ `sanatreli nune wavida iqedan,

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raTa Tavisi advilgasagebi saubriT qarTvelTa qveynis sxva kuTxeebic daemoZRvra... gavbedav da vityvi, rom nune mociquli qali gaxda, man iqadaga saxareba klarjeTidan dawyebuli vidre alanTa da kaspiis karebamde, masquTTa sazRvrebamde, rogorc amas agaTangelozi gauwyebs Sen~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 172). agaTangelozis cnobiTac, movses xorenacis sityviT, wmida ninos uqadagnia Savi zRvispireTidan _ klarjeTidan, vidre kaspiis zRvamde (masquTebamde). saqarTvelos provincia klarjeTi mdebareobda Savi zRvispirze, xolo masquTebis tomi wmida ninos epoqaSi cxovrobda kaspiis zRvispirze, xorenelis cnobiT am arealze iqadaga wm. ninom. radganac, lazika (samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo) gelasi keserielisa da gelasi kvizikelis cnobebiT wm. ninos samoRvaweo arealSi Sedioda, amitomac, dasavleT saqarTvelo wm. ninos mier dafuZnebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli iseve, rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelo. kirion kaTalikosi (VI-VII ss) egrisis arqiepiskoposic iyo ioane somexTa kaTalikosis (899 w.) cnobiT. is wers _ kirion I iyo mamamTavari `iberielTa, gugarelTa da egriselTa adrindeli wesis Sesabamisad~ (ioane kaTalikosis (drasxanakertelis) matiane, 1912, gv. 65). am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania cnobili istorikosis uxtanesis cnobebi, romelic exeba saqarTvelos eklesiis istorias VIII-X ss. uxtanesi Tanamedrove iyo mis mier aRwerili ambebisa. qarTuli wyaroebiT ki, rogorc aRiniSna, dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebidanve uwyvetad saqarTvelos (mcxeTis) saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. qarTuli wyaroebi am kuTxiT sagangebod Seiswavla iv. javaxiSvilma da daaskvna: andria mociqulic da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebis calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT, radgan isini mTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTvelos gamntkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis iRwvodnen~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. III, gv. 47). `es aris qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa mier dadgenili da mTeli qarTveli erisagan Sesisxlxorcebuli Semecneba~ (iqve, gv. 97). xolo rac Seexeba noticiebiT cnobil saisinis, petras, rodopolisisa, ziganasa da fasidis eparqiebs, isini ganlagebulni iyvnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed qarTvelTa uZveles qveyanaSi, trapezunt-zigana-gumiSxanes regionSi. saqarTvelos eklesiis dafuZnebis istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovan gelasi kesarielis, gelasi kvizikelisa da sxvaTa cnobebs, rom wmida nino iyo lazikis ganmanaTlebeli iberiasTan erTad, bolo saukuneSi (aTeistur epoqaSi) ar eqceoda yuradReba. miiCneoda da amJamadac miiCneva, rom am cnobebs ar eTanxmeba wmida grigol ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis Zveli arabuli (daaxl.

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VII-VIII ss.) Targmani, romlis mixedviTac lazika iyo wm. grigol ganmanaTleblis moRvaweobis areali, sadac man daniSna kidec Tavisi episkoposi. n. marma grigol ganmanaTlebis arabul xelnawerSi amoikiTxa, rom grigolma Tavisi episkoposi sofroni gaagzavna lazikaSi, amitom lazika wm. grigolis samoRvaweo arealia da ara wm. ninosi. magram, misi gamoqveynebis Semdeg maleve gamoica n. adoncis cnobili naSromi aRniSnuli regionis Sesaxeb, saidanac gamoCnda rom sinamdvileSi wm. grigolis cxovrebis arabul xelnawerebSi weria ara sityva `lazika~, aramed ~arzanena~. n. adoncim gamoikvlia, rom n. marma xelnawerSi arasworad amoikiTxa arabuli TanxmovanTjgufi, romelic gadmoscems ara sityva `lazikas~, aramed `arzanenas~. ase, rom lazeTi ar iyo wmida grigolis samoRvaweo areali da aRniSnuli sofroni iyo ara lazikis, aramed arzanenas episkoposi, armeniis samxreT sasazRvro mxareSi. maSasadame, gelasi kesarielisa da gelasi kvizikelis cnobebs, rom wmida ninom moaqcia `iberebi da lazebi~, ar ewinaaRmdegeba aRniSnuli xelnaweri. lazeTi wmida ninos samoRvaweo arealia da ara wmida grigolisa. amiT marTldeba xorenacis cnoba, rom wmida ninom iqadaga `klarjeTidan masquTebamde~, e.i. klarjeTi-lazika wmida ninos samoRvaweo areali iyo. daaarsa Tu ara wmida ninom Tavis mier moqceul lazikaSi saepiskoposo kaTedra? swored am kiTxvas upasuxa lazikis mitropolitma germanem ruseTis mefis karze XVII s-Si. 1651 wels ruseTis mefes aleqsi mixailoviCs warudga lazikis mitropoliti germane, romelmac werilobiTi saxiT ramdenjerme ganacxada, rom rize-ofis regioni iyo qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sfero, radganac es mxareebi iveriasTan erTad gananaTla iveriis ganmanaTlebelma da, mitropolit germanes cnobiT, man lazeTSi, ofSi daarsa pirveli saepiskoposo kaTedra (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 347). ofis saepiskoposo centri, sadac imxanad lazikis mitropolits hqonda kaTedra, iyo wmida ninos daarsebuli. mogviano periodis lazikis mitropolitis am cnobas, rom lazikis qristianebi Tavdapirvelad Sediodnen iveriis eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, mTlianad eTanadeba VI saukunis cnobili istorikosis prokofi kesarielis cnoba, rom rize-aTinas regionis qristianebis mRvdelmTavars kaTalikosis tituli hqonda. prokofi wers: `qristianTa mRvdelmTavarsac kaTalikoss uwodeben elinTa eniT, radgan is erTi ganagebs yvela aqaur sofels~ ( prokofi kesarieli, omi sparselebTan, georgika, I, 1965, gv. 88). ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis Zeglisweris cnobiT saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurebs IV saukunidanve hqondaT tituli `episkopos-kaTalikosi~, xolo V saukunidan _ `kaTalikosi~. prokofis mier naxsenebi e.w. `erTi `xalxi~, romelic kaTalikoss eqvemdebareboda, moicavda rize-aTinas regions, romelSic q. ofic Sedioda. rogorc iTqva ofis

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saepiskoposo kaTedra iverTa ganmanaTleblis, e.i. wmida ninos mier daarsebulad miiCneoda. is lazikaSi anu klarjeTis zRvispireTSi mdebareobda. pitiuntis saepiskoposo kaTedra, adoncis, ingoroyvas da aseve sxva mecnierebis mtkicebiT, IV saukuneSi mdebareobda of-rizes regionSi. es regioni rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gaaqristiana wmida ninom. Sesabamisad, am regionSi mdebare pitiuntis kaTedra misi daarsebuli Cans, lazikis mitropolitis cnobis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc iTqva, mcxeTaSi mosvlamde wm. ninos gaunaTlebia lazika IV s-is 10-20-ian wlebSi, Cans, am dros dauarsebia of-rizes regionSi mdebare pitiuntis saepiskoposo kaTedra, romlis episkoposma stratofilem monawileoba miiRo 325 wlis I msoflio krebis muSaobaSi. amJamad miiCneva rom stratofile afxazeTis biWvinTidan iyo, magram, rogorc iTqva, sxva azrisa iyo cnobili mecnieri n. adonci, aseve p. ingoroyva da sxvani, maTi azriT pitiunti mdebareobda ara afxazeTSi, aramed istoriuli saqarTvelos sxva regionSi, romelic moicavs of-aTina-rizes olqs da lazika erqva. n. adonci Tavisi azris erTerT sabuTad miiCnevs imas, rom romaul wyaroTa cnobiT pitiuntsa da sebastopolisSi Tavisi mudmivi sajariso nawili hyavda dabanakebuli `armeniis duqss~, romelic iyo ponto-mcire armeniis romauli samxedro olqis mxedarTmTavari, magram, adoncis sityviT, armeniis duqsis gavlenis sferoSi ar Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelo da miT umetes misi iseTi Soreuli regioni, rogoricaa cxum-biWvinTas olqi, aq armeniis duqss ar SeeZlo Tavisi sajariso danayofis dabanakeba (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, spb, 1908, gv, 212). p. ingoroyva pitiunts of-rizes regionSi aTavsebs, amasTanave uTiTebes Zvel avtorebsa da Zvel rukebs (p.ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 293). maSasadame, sxvadasxva punqtebi iyvnen pitiunti da biWvinTa. qarTuli wyaroebiT biWvinTis saepiskoposo centri da misi eparqia mxolod qarTuli eklesiis dafuZnebulia da is mudam, aTaswleulTa manZilze, mxolod saqarTvelos eklesiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, mis erTerT umTavres sasuliero centrs warmoadgenda, xolo pitiunti daarsebis Semdeg, siaxlovis gamo, ufro pontos regionis eparqiebTan aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli. 317-326 wlebSi wmida ninos mier da wmida mefe mirianis RvawliT mTeli qarTveli eri gaqristianda da dafuZnebul iqna saqarTvelos erTiani eklesia. saqarTveloSi iqamde arsebuli sxvadasxva mcirericxovani qristianuli Temebic am erTian centralizebul eklesiaSi gaerTiandnen. dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi daidga taxti saqarTvelos eklesiis pirvelma meTaurma, romelsac `moqcevai qarTlisai~ 326 wlisaTvis episkoposs uwodebs, wmida mociqulTasworma imperatorma konstantinem da misma dedam wmida elenem xeli Seuwyes saqarTvelos eklesiis Semdgom gaZlierebas antioqieli pirve-

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lierarqis evstaTis xeliT. saqarTvelos eklesiaSi episkoposTa ricxvi jer kidev wmida ninos dros gaizarda. wmida ninos gardacvalebis Jams `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnobiT, saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurs ukve mTavarepiskoposis wodeba hqonda, xolo episkoposebi ukve mravlad yofilan. amitomac `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnobiT, wmida ninom Tavisi anderZi gadasca am episkoposTa simravles _ `daxvedra episkoposTa~. qarTlis samefom IV saukunis bolosaTvis dakarga of-rizes regioni, is romis saxelmwifom daisakuTra da male sazRvari romsa da qarTlis samefos Soris punqt xufaTTan iqna gavlebuli, md. Woroxos qvemoT. amis miuxedavad am mxaris mosaxleoba, romelsac prokofi kesarieli `erT xalxs~ uwodebs erT xans kvlav kaTalikosis (mcxeTelisa) iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, mxolod VI saukunis e.w. lazikisaTvis omebis Semdeg es rize _ aTinas regioni konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval lazTa episkoposebs dauqvemdebares. lazTa episkoposebis kaTedrebi n. adoncis kvleviT Semdegdroindel gumuSxane-sumelas regionSi mdebareobdnen of-rizesTan axlos trapezuntis samxreTiT, eseni iyvnen zigana, saisini, petra da rodopolisi, q. fasidi ki of-aTinas maxloblad unda veZioT.

dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi _ afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Camoyalibeba

dasavleT saqarTvelo, ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglisweris gansazRvrebiT qristianobis gavrcelebisTanave saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda _ amitomac wers kreba _ andria mociqulma iqadaga yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloisasa, xolo wmida ninom moaqcia `yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~. mefe mirianis dros, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqcevaYs~ cnobiT dasavleT saqarTvelo md. egriswylamde mefe mirianis qarTlis samefoSi Semodioda, maSasadame mcxeTis iurisdiqciis qveS iyo. vaxtang gorgaslis dros qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi kidev ufro gaizarda md.klisuramde miaRwia, Sesabamisad gaizarda qarTuli eklesiis (mcxeTis sakaTalikosos) iurisdiqciac, romelic mTel qarTlis samefoze vrceldeboda, e.i. klisuradan ior-alaznis SesarTavamde. arabTa Semosevam qarTlis samefo daSala. bolo farnavazian-xosroianma mefe mirma qarTlis samefo daunawila Tavis qaliSvilebsa da Zmas _ wm. arCils. mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo (klisuridan lixis mTamde) arCilisa da erTerTi qaliSvilis _ guranduxtis gamgeblobaSi gadavida (sxva qaliSvilebs samxreT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo xvdaT wilad).

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male md. klisuras iqiT mdebare teritoria moeqca xazarTa interesis sferoSi, riTac isargebla adgilobrivma mTavarma, romelsac `afxazTa erisTavis~ tituli hqonda da man bizantiis imperiisagan damoukidebloba gamoacxada da Tavisi mdgomareobis ganmtkicebis mizniT, afxazTa saerisTavo Seiyvana qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi (romlis sazRvari md. klisuraze ido). amis sanacvlod moiTxova guranduxtze, dasavleT saqarTvelos mflobelze, daqorwineba. am dinastiuri qorwinebis Sedegad afxazeTi da danarCeni dasavleTi saqarTvelo gaerTianda. kaxeTSi gadasuli arCil mefis arabTagan wamebis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTvelo arabTa xelSi aRmoCnda, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi guranduxtis ojaxis memkvidrem (leon II-m) moipova legitimuri ufleba etarebina mefis tituli (guranduxti mefis qaliSvili iyo) da mas ewoda `afxazTa mefe~ (radganac iqamdec, am ojaxis xelSi iyo afxazTa saerisTavo). afxazTa samefo qarTlis samefos politikuri memkvidre iyo, misi mefeebi ki farnavazian-xosroian mefeTa genetikuri STamomavlebi. afxazTa samefo igive qarTlis samefod, mis daupyrobel nawilad miiCneoda, amitomac mcxeTis sakaTalikosom iq Camoayaliba qarTuli saeklesio administraciuli erTeuli `afxazeTis sakaTalikosos~ saxelwodebiT, rac cno qarTulma samyarom IX s-Si _ `aman ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~ _ wers `qarTlis cxovreba~ bagrat `qarTvelTa mefis~ Sesaxeb. praqtikuli Sedegebi am cnobisa iyo is, rom mcxeTam afxazeTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqciaSi gadasca iqamde mis xelSi myofi teritoriebi md. klisuridan lixamde. am teritoriul iurisdiqcias daemata afxazTa saerisTavos teritoria klisuridan nikofsiamde. Camoyalibda axali qarTuli saeklesio administraciuli erTeuli, nawili erTiani qarTuli eklesiisa. aseTia am sakiTxis Sesaxeb qarTuli wyaroebis analizis Sedegi. Tumca, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, sul sxvaa gabatonebuli saistorio Sexeduleba _ `das. saqarTveloSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoqmnas akavSireben konstantinopolis sapatriarqodan fasisis samitropolitosa da mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi 4 kaTedris (rodopolisis, saisinis, petrasa da ziganeis), aseve nikopsiisa da abazgiis samTavarepiskoposoebis gamosvlasTan da qarTul eklesiasTan maT Semdgom gaerTianebasTan, romlis politikur safuZvels afxazTa (dasavlur qarTuli) samefo warmoadgenda... ZiriTadad Savi zRvis sanapiroze ganlagebuli berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi konstantinopolisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg gauqmdnen afxazTa (dasavleT qarT.) mefeebis mier. maT nacvlad qarTulni daarsdnen. IX s-dan das. saqarTveloSi RvTismsaxurebisas berZnuli ena qarTuliT Seicvala, gamoCndnen qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli pirveli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, maT Soris SedarebiT adrindelia gudauTis raionis sofel msigxuas

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eklesiis asomTavruli warwerebi~... (T. qoriZe, pravoslavnaia enciklopedia, moskovi, t. 13, 2006, gv. 203. rus. enaze). arqeologiuri, geologiuri da sxva masalebis mixedviT SeuZlebelia foTi saepiskoposo centri yofiliyo pirvel aTaswleulSi, aseve ar dasturdeba saepiskoposo-saqalaqo cxovrebis Sesabamisi arqeologiuri da kulturuli fenebi noqalaqevsa, varcixesa da gudayvaSi. amasTanave, arcerTi Zveli wyaro ar adasturebs am punqtebSi berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arsebobas. saerTod, qarTuli wyaroebiT `moqcevaY qarlisaY~, `qarTlis cxovreba~, ruis-urbnisis `Zegliswerasa~ da sxva wyaroebisaTvis saerTod ucnobia Tema dasavleT saqarTveloSi odesme berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, aRniSnuli mosazreba amJamad imdenad mtkicedaa damkvidrebuli, rom separatistul da sxva saeklesio jgufebs miaCniaT TavianT dasayrdenad Teoriul mtkicebaTa dros. magaliTad, axlaxan dabeWdil `afxazeTis eklesiis istoriaSi~ (soxumi, 2005, rus. enaze) naTqvamia, rom `dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli eklesia ZiriTadad gvian damkvidrda, iq adgilobrivi eklesiebi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi adridanve arseboben, kerZod `egrisis eklesia~ da `afxazeTis eklesia~. separatistul istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli e.w. `qarTizaciis~, gaqarTvelebis Teoria qarTvelTa xsenebas aCanagebs lamis lixis qedis iqiT, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos did nawilSi. separatisti ideologebi msoflioSi avrceleben mosazrebas, TiTqosda, rionis xeoba da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo afxazebis uZvelesi sacxovrisia, rac, TiTqosda, toponimikiTac dasturdeba da quTaisic amitom iyo afxazTa samefos dedaqalaqi, afxazTa am qveyanaSi qarTvelebma (e.w. qarTebma) mxolod VIII-X ss-Si SemoaRwies, gabatondnen iq, TavianTi ena Tavs moaxvies afxazTa eklesias, sabolood ki eTnikuri afxazebi iZulebuli gaxdnen mietovebinaT TavianTi samSoblo (e.i. dasavleTi saqarTvelo) da mTiani regionisaTvis SeefarebinaT Tavi engursa da kodors iqiT. samwuxarod, es aris istoriografiaSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, romelmac hpova kidevac Sesabamisi asaxva sagangebo literaturaSi. magaliTad, `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~-s I tomSi afxazeTis mimarT gamoTqmulia igive Tvalsazrisi, rom, TiTqosda, arabTa mpyrobelobis dros (igulisxmeba VIII-X ss.) qarTlis mosaxleoba masiurad gadasaxlda dasavleT saqarTveloSi da iq kulturisa da saeklesio sferoSi TandaTan Seitana qarTuli ena, romelic aq gadaiqca RvTismsaxurebisa da agiografiis enad. Sesabamisi teqsti aseTia: . , - , . ,

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 . . () , ( , T. I, . 2000, . 68). rusul uaxloes enciklopediaSi gamoTqmuli am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qarTuli ena miiCneva ara saerTo qarTuli eTnosis enad, aramed mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis enad (igulisxmeba e.w. qarTis tomi), romelic, TiTqosda, arabobis dros masobrivad gadasaxlebula (migrirebula) dasavleT saqarTveloSi da iq saeklesio da kulturis sferoSi Seutania Tavisi satomo ena, romelic aq ukve saeklesio enad gadaqceula. esaa gamoZaxili cnobili qarTizaciis Teoriisa, romlis mixedviTac VIIIX ss-Si moxda dasavleT saqarTvelos e.w. qarTizacia da amiT dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis qarTveli xalxis ojaxSi Semosvla, maT mier qarTuli enis SeTviseba, amave saukuneebSi, TiTqosda, mimdinareobda samxreT saqarTvelos mkvidri qalkedoniti somxebis gaqarTveleba da iqve mcxovrebi sxva tomebis qarTizacia, aseve miiCneva, rom TiTqosda TviT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos did nawilSic antikur xanaSi cxovrobda herul-albanuri da CeCnur-daRestnuri mkvidri mosaxleoba da TiTqosda, qarTebma, amave epoqaSi, moaxdines am tomebis qarTizacia da Sesabamisad am mosaxleobis qarTveli xalxis ojaxSi Semosvla. ai, ase TandaTan Camoyalibda erTiani qarTveli xalxi, magram misi Camoyalibebis ufro savaraudo periodad miiCneven VI-XI saukuneebs. es aris qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi Teorias, Cven mas SeiZleba vuwodoT sabWoTa Teoria, radganac swored sabWoTa epoqaSi gabatonda kidec es Teoria istoriografiaSi. Cveni xalxis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb sul sxva Tvalsazrisi iyo ZvelqarTul istoriografiaSi, romelsac qvemoT SevexebiT. ruseTSi gamarjvebisTanave bolSevik-komunistebma Tavdapirvelad istoria rogorc mecniereba akrZales, magram maleve gadawyvites is Tavis samsaxurSi CaeyenebinaT, Seqmnes, axali e.w. marqsistul-leninuri anu sabWoTa istoriografia. misi saboloo mizani iyo iseTive, rogorc mefeTa droindeli ruseTis xelisuflebisa _ patara erebis istoriaTa gayalbeba maTi swrafi asimilacia-garusebis mizniT, magram sabWouri istoriografia iniRbeboda e.w. marqsizm-leninizmiT. Cveni qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis Tanaxmad, `gabatonebul burJuaziasTan brZolaSi ganviTarda marqsistuli mimarTuleba istoriografiaSi~ (qse, 5, 243). vin iyvnen saqarTveloSi `gabatonebuli burJuaziuli istoriografiis~ warmomadgenlebi, romlebTanac brZolaSi `ganviTarda marqsistuli istoriografia~? es iyo didi ilia WavWavaZe da misi Tanamoazreni _ didi qarTveli istorikosebi, akaki wereTeli, dimitri baqraZe, iakob gogebaSvili da sxvani, romelTac `istorikosis~ tituli cxadia CamoarTves sabWoTa epoqaSi.

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1917 wlis bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg, `Seiqmna pirobebi imisaTvis, rom marqsistuli mimdinareoba istoriografiaSi istoriuli mecnierebis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba gamxdariyo mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi. sabWoTa istoriuli mecniereba yalibdeboda burJuaziul-memamuluri da menSevikuri istoriuli koncefciebis... istoriis sxva dammaxinjebelTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul mZafr ideur brZolaSi~ (qse, 5, gv. 243). aseve, Camoyalibda qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografiac, romelic gaafTrebiT ebrZoda `reaqciulsa da idealistur~ mama-papeul istoriografias marqsistuli poziciebidan~ (iqve, gv. 244), raTa ar momxdariyo `Tavisi qveynis rolis gazviadeba msoflio istoriaSi dromoWmul istoriul warmodgenaTa daZlevis procesisas~ (iqve, gv. 244). komunistebma istoriografiasTan erTad lingvistikac Tavisi ideologiis saWiroebisaTvis gamoiyenes. yvelasaTvis naTelia da Zneli dasajerebelia, rom sabWoTa istoriografiis umTavresi Teoriebi da dogmebi sasargeblo iyo saqarTvelosaTvis. kerZod, qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT sabWoTa istoriografiam imuSava ramdenime aTeuli weli. komunistma ideologebma TavianTTvis sasargeblod miiCnies uareyoT ZvelqarTul matianeebsa da saistorio ZeglebSi gadmocemuli koncefcia Cveni erovnuli fesvebis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelo (rogorc dasavleTi, ise aRmosavleTi nawili) uZvelesi xanidanve, mxolod qarTuli mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli da rom am arealze qarTvelTa gamoCenis Semdeg sxva ucxo tomebi ar cxovrobdnen. yovel Zvel ers, romelic bibliuri xanidan Cndeba istoriis asparezze, Tavis uZveles Tavdapirvel samSoblod SuamdinareTi da masTan mimdebare qveynebi miaCnia, sadac dairwa akvani kacobriobisa. aseTive iyo ZvelqarTuli Tvalsazrisi saqarTveloSi samxreTidan qarTvelTa gadmosaxlebis Tu qarTuli politikuri centrebis gadmotanis Sesaxeb samxreTidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. maT aq qristeSobamde IV-III ss-Si SeuqmniaT erTiani saxelmwifo qarTlis samefo, romlis dasavleT sazRvars warmoadgenda Savi zRva da mdinare egriswyali (axlandel afxazeTSi), xolo aRmosavleTiT am saxelmwifos sazRvari aRwevda albaneTsomxeTamde am qveynis mosaxleoba iyo erTi xalxi _ egriselebi, margvelebi, dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva jgufebi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobasTan erTad erTi enis mqone xalxs warmoadgenda, romelmac Seqmna kidec es saxelmwifo. `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ am Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT XII s-is moRvawe arsen beri werda: `Cven Svilni varT maT arian qarTliT gamosulTani da enaY maTi vuwyiT~ (Zegl., t. III, gv. 47), anu arsen beri gadmoscemda Zvel-

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qarTul Tvalsazriss, rom eTnosi, mcxovrebi Savi zRvidan vidre somxeTalbaneTamde, erTgvarovani iyo da am xalxis dedaena iyo qarTuli ena, Tumca, albaT, dialeqtebi imJamadac arsebobda, magram cxadia, am 2400-2300 wlis win es dialeqtebi gacilebiT ufro axlos idgnen erTmaneTTan da, maSasadame, fuZe-qarTul, anu saxelmwifo enasTan. amitomac SeZlo kidec am enis ganvrcoba farnavazma imJamindel qarTlis samefoSi anu `yovel qarTlSi~, romelic faqtiurad emTxveoda dRevandeli saqarTvelos miwa-wyals da masSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad dasavleT saqarTveloc Sedioda. `ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~ (qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 26). `qarTlis cxovreba~ dabejiTebiT amtkicebs, rom farnavazis saxelmwifoSi egrisi, svaneTi da argveTi saerisTavoebs warmoadgendnen sxva saerisTavoebTan erTad. maSasadame, mTeli am arealis mosaxleobis saxelmwifo da kulturis enas qarTuli ena warmoadgenda. ZvelqarTuli TeoriiT qarTuli ena dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelda ara VIII-X ss-Si, rogorc miiCnevs zogierTi sabWoTa Teoretikosi, aramed Tavdapirveladve warmoadgenda saxelmwifo enas. am sakiTxs qvemoT ufro gamowvlilviT vexebiT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Cvens matianeebSi gamoTqmuli koncefciis Tanaxmad, pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifos droisaTvis mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRar iyo iq adre mcxovrebi Zalze mcirericxovani ucxotomelebi. zemoT aRniSnuli sabWouri TeoriiT ki saqarTveloSi qarTvelebTan erTad araqarTveli kavkasiuri tomebic cxovrobdnen, romelTa qarTizacia anu gaqarTvelebac TiTqosda xdeboda vidre X s-mde. egrisi, svaneTi da argveTi (Semdegdroindeli imereTi) farnavaz mefis samefoSi Sedioda saerisTavoTa saxiT: farnavazma `misca qujis queyana _ egriswyalsa da rions Sua... romelsa Sina ars egrisi da suaneTi da daamtkica igi erisTavad mun~ (iqve, gv. 24). `farnavaz mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da egursa zeda~ (iqve, gv. 24). igulisxmeba egrissa, svaneTsa da argveTSi qarTuli ena _ farnavazis droidanve iyo gavrcelebuli, farnavazi veraviTari iZulebiT SeZlebda aq qarTuli enis gavrcelebas, es ena rom ar yofiliyo aq mosaxleobis mSobliuri, dedaena, unda vigulisxmoT, rom mematianis da saerTod Zveli qarTuli istoriografiis TvalsazrisiT im epoqaSi, anu qristeSobamde 400-300 wliT adre e.w. qarTebs da megrelWanebs Soris enobrivi gansxvaveba mxolod dialeqtur doneze arsebobda, anu fuZe-qarTuli ena jer sustad iyo diferencirebuli. imxanad e.w. qarTebisa da egriselebis kiloebi jer kidev ar iyvnen enebad gadaqceulni da erTmaneTis mimarT dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen, arsebobda zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba _ jer kidev saerTo, saxalxo, sazogado ena. igi warmoadgenda qarTlis samefos yvela kuTxis enas da mas uwodebs mematiane _ qarTul enas.

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amave Tvalsazriss ufro dabejiTebiT aviTarebs XII s-is cnobili istorikosi arsen beri, romelsac zemoT SevexeT. axla ki ganvagrZoT Cven mematianeTa mtkicebaTa citireba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo uwyvetad Sedioda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos _ `qarTlis samefos~ SemadgenlobaSi: dadga mociqulTa epoqa, qristeSobis Semdeg I saukunea, mociqulebma, kerZod ki _ wmida andria pirvelwodebulma, mowafeebiTurT, iqadaga klarjeTsa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi (egrisSi), amis Sedegad mkvidrma mosaxleobam miatova Zveli rjuli, mematiane wers: `viTarca esma mefesa aderkis megrelTagan rjulisa dateveba, ganuwyra da waravlina erisTavni misni da iZulebiT kualadve moaqcivna megrelni da damalnes xatni da juarni da Serisxa mefe aderkim erisTavi klarjeTisa mSvidobiT gantevebisaTvis mociqulisa~ (q.c., t. I, gv. 42). cxadia, qarTlis mefe ucxo erisTavebs ver dasjida, samxreT da dasavleT saqarTvelo imJamindeli saqarTvelos ZiriTadi nawilebia.

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afxazeTis sakaTalikoso
istoria wyaroTa cnobebiT, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Camoyalibebis istoria aseTia _ andria pirvelwodebulma iqadaga ara erT romelime kuTxeSi, aramed ,,yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~ (`didi sjuliskanoni~, 1975, gv. 545), aseve wmida ninom moaqcia ara erTi romelime kuTxis mosaxleoba, aramed `yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~ (iqve, gv, 546). maSasadame, maT sruliad saqarTveloSi iqadages da mTeli qarTveli eri gananaTles. Zveli qarTuli saeklesio wyaroebis am cnobebs mTlianad eTanxmebian IV s-is palestineli episkoposis gelasi kesarielisa da V s-is bizantieli istorikosis gelasi kvizikelis cnobebi, maTi sityviT wmida ninom moaqcia iberebica da lazebic, maSasadame, moaqcia rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. IV s-Si Camoyalibda mTeli qveynis momcveli erTiani qarTuli eklesia centriT mcxeTaSi. mis pirvelive meTaurs ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis ZeglisweriT _ `episkopos-kaTalikosi~ anu sayovelTao, zemdgom episkoposi ewodeboda (iqve, gv. 546). mcxeTis kaTalikosis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo da misi iseTi ukiduresi nawilic ki rogoric iyo of-rize-aTinas regioni, sadac mcxovrebi e.w. `erTi xalxi~ prokofi kesarielis sityviT `kaTalikosis~ iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. qadagebaTa Semdgom dasavleT saqarTveloSi iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos yovel nawilSi Camoyalibda aTeulobiT eparqia da saepiskoposo. maTi ricxvi gasakuTrebiT gaizarda VIII-X ss-Si, amis gamo, warmoiqmna saWiroeba, raTa saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi eparqiaTa marTvis gaadvilebis mizniT Camoyalibuliyo ramdenime saeklesio administraciuli olqi anu samitropolito olqi. mis mmarTvels `umrwemesi kaTalikosis~ tituli unda miniWeboda, radganac `uxucesi kaTalikosi~ mcxeTis pirvelierarqs erqva. Zvel saqarTveloSi saeparqio administraciuli erTeulis daarsebis ufleba ekuTvnoda mefes, amitomac afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebas esaWiroeboda dasturi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan da marTlac, saqarTvelos mefe bagrat bagrationma gasca amis dasturi. amitomac wers mematiane Semdegs: `aman bagrat ganawesa kaTalikozi afxazeTs qristes aqeT 830 wels~ (q.c., 1955, I, gv. 255). amis Sedegad iberiaSi ori TavisTavadi saeklesio erTeuli aRmoCnda, rasac aRniSnavs kidec XII s-is cnobili kanonisti, konstantinopolis patriarqi balsamoni iberiaSi TavisTavadi `eklesiebis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb. SeniSvna: saqarTvelos eklesiaSi tituli `saqarTvelos patriarqi~ ewodeboda sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurs, xolo `kaTalikozis~ tituli eniWeboda samitropolito erTeulis meTaurs. k.keeliZis kvleviT `kaTa-

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likozi~ igive iyo, rac bizantiur eklesiaSi arqiepiskoposi an mitropoliti. mag., wyaros cnobiT, eqvTime mTawmideli miiwvies `kviprosis kaTalikozad~, anu kviprosis eklesiis arqiepiskoposad. wyaroebis mimoxilva a. berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebi: gelasi kesarieli wers _ `imave xanaSi RmrTis cneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma, romelTac manamde is ara swamdaT. am udidesi sikeTis mizezi gaxda erTi dedakaci, romelic maTTan iyo tyved~ (georgika, I, 1961, gv. 186). gelasi kvizikelic amasve wers _ `amave dros pontos gaswvriv mdebare qveynis mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma RmrTis sityva, romelic manamde ar swamdaT Seiwynares~ (mimomxilveli, I, 1926, gv. 55). gelasi kesarielisa da gelasi kvizikelis cnobebs, rom wmida ninom moaqcia lazebic iberebTan erTad, eTanxmeba (marTalia mogviano periodis, magram eklesiisaTvis Zalze kompetenturi) lazikis mitropolit germanes cnoba, rom lazikaSi mdebare ofis (hofis) saepiskoposo kaTedra daaarsa wmida ninom IV s-Si, iqamde, sanam is (wmida nino) faravnis gziT iberiis dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi gadavidoda da iq daaarsebda saepiskoposos. kerZod, ` moxsenebaSi, romelic lazikis mitropolitma germanem 1651 wels warudgina ruseTis mefes aleqsi mixeilisZes aRniSnulia, rom taZari ofisa, (hofis samitropolito kaTedra) _ iTvleboda daarsebulad wmida ninos mier. mis Sesaxeb mitropoliti germane mravalgzis aRniSnavda _ iveriis miwa man gananaTla~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 227). mitropolit germanes cnobiT, lazikis saepiskoposo kaTedra daaarsa man vinc iveriis miwa gananaTla, e.i. wmida ninom, radganac lazika da iberia mefe mirianis dros iyo erTi qveyana da mitropoliti germane Tavis cnobaSi miuTiTebda: `lazia _ saqarTvelos Zveli qveyanaa~, `Zveli qarTuli miwaa~, `iveriis miwaa~ (iqve, gv. 263). bizantiur da sxva Zvel wyaroebSi istoriul saqarTvelos iverias uwodebdnen da miiCneoda, rom is Sedgeboda ori geografiuli nawilisagan qvemo iveriisagan (dasavleT saqarTvelosagan) da zemo iveriisagan (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo). zemoT aRniSnulma antioqia-ierusalimis patriarqebma _ dosiTeosma da xrisanfim XVII s-Si moiloces iveriis miwa-wyali da aRweres is. maT epoqaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelo dapyrobili iyo sparselebis mier (saqarTvelos patriarqi evdemozi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos musulmanma mmarTvelma sastiki wamebiT mokla), amis gamo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi eklesia daemcro, amitomac suverenuli dasavleT saqarTvelos qristian mefeebs imJa-

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mad, sruliad saqarTvelos mefeebad warmoedginaT TavianTi Tavi, aseve afxazeTis kaTalikosebi TavianT Tavs (musulmanTa batonobis epoqaSi) sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqebs uwodebdnen, rac iyo droebiTi movlena aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qristian xelmwifeTa taxtis aRdgenamde. Semdgom mcxeTis kaTalikoss kvlav `uxucess patriarqs~, xolo afxazeTisas `umrwmess~ uwodebdnen. aRniSnuli garemoebis gamo antioqielierusalimeli patriarqi wers: `iberiaSi ori avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposia, romelTac qarTvelebi uwodeben kaTalikosebs. qvemo iberias, romelsac Zvelad kolxeTs da lazikas uwodebdnen, aqvs eparqiebi imereTSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTsa da mesxeTis nawilSi. zemo da qvemo iberias Soris sazRvari aris qedi, romelic kavkasiis mTebSi iwyeba, qarTulad qulfargi ewodeba, qvemo iberiis kaTalikosi pativiT ufro metia zemo iberiis kaTalikosze... iberebi qvemo iberiis kaTalikoss miiCneven ufros kaTalikosad, radganac mefe, e.i. imereTis Tavi, maTTan iwodeba mTeli iberiis mefeTa-mefed~ (dosiTeosi, ierusalimeli patriarqebi, Tavi V, gv. 510, wignidan: `sardeli mitropoliti maqsimi, qarTuli eklesia da misi avtokefalia. Teologia, aTeni, 1966 w.). xolo meore patriaqi xrisanfi ambobs: `saqarTveloSi, romelsac adre iberia erqva, iyo ori avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposi, romelTac Cveulebis Tanaxmad uwodeben kaTalikosebs da ara arqiepiskoposebs. ase maT marto qarTvelebi uwodeben. amaTgan erTi, e.i. arqiepiskoposi qvemo iberiisa, iwodeba imereTis, oseTis, guriis da sruliad qvemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, anu martivad, sruliad iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, rogorc ufrosi zemo iberiis kaTalikosze. xolo meore, e.i. zemo iberiisa, iwodeba qarTlis, kaxeTis, alvaneTis da sruliad zemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad... romeli imperatoris dros, an romel krebaze gaxda is saarqiepiskoposo, Cven zustad ver davadgineT, magram 26 ivnisis svinaqsarSi vpoulobT, rom ioane, goTeTis episkoposi, xeldasxmuli iqna iberiis kaTalikosis mier, radganac romaul qveynebSi batonobda xatmebrZolTa eresi, ase rom, rogorc Cans, erekles Semdeg isavramde qvemo iberia saarqiepiskoposo gaxda~... (dosiTeosi, ierusalimeli patriarqebi, Tavi V, gv. 510, wignidan: `sardeli mitropoliti maqsimi, qarTuli eklesia da misi avtokefalia. Teologia, aTeni, 1966 w.). berZnul-laTinuri da bizantiuri wyaroebis zemoT aRniSnuli miTiTebebidan naTlad Cans, rom wmida ninos epoqidan lazika, dasavleT saqarTvelo aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad qmnida erTian eklesias da ara or eklesias, rogorc es warmoudgenia zogierT mecniers, romelTa Sexedulebasac akritikebda iv. javaxiSvili. am kuTxiT unda ganvixiloT prokofi kesarielis cnoba of-rize-aTinas regionSi mcxovrebi e.w. `erTi xalxis~ Sesaxeb, romelic `kaTalikosis~ iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, am regionSi, 1651 wlis cnobiT, iveriis ganma-

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naTlebels saepiskoposo kaTedra dauarsebia IV saukuneSi. es is teritoriaa, romelze mcxovrebi Zidritebis tomi iberiis mefe farsmans emorCileboda I saukuneSi arianes cnobiT. Sesabamisad, es miwa-wyali iberiis samefosTan iyo dakavSirebuli, amitomac prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi `kaTalikosi~ qarTlis kaTalikosia. VI s-is bolosaTvis, e.w. lazikisaTvis omebis Semdeg, es miwa-wyali dakarga qarTlis samefom da Sesabamisad `erTi xalxi~ konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazTa episkoposebis iurisdiqciaSi Seiyvanes, romelTa kaTedrebi n.adoncis kvleviT gumuSxane-sumelas regionSi mdebareobdnen of-rizesTan axlos, danarCeni dasavleT saqarTvelo kaTalikosis iurisdiqcaSi darCa. VII-VIII saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianobis ganmtkicebis kvaldakval gaizarda qarTul saepiskoposoTa ricxvi, ramac dabada saWiroeba ukve Zalze gazrdili qarTlis sakaTalikosos marTvis gaadvilebis mizniT dasavleT saqarTveloSi daarsebuliyo adgilobrivi qarTuli saeklesioadministraciuli erTeuli, mas daerqva afxazeTis sakaTalikoso. zogadqarTuli eklesiis erTerTi saeklesio administraciuli erTeulis meTaurs `kaTalikosis~ tituli mianiWa qarTulma samefo xelisuflebam, wyaro wers `830 wels aman bagrat ganawesa kaTalikosi afxazeTs~. am faqts exmianeba cnobili bizantieli kanonistis balsmonis cnoba `iberiaSi eklesiebis~ (e.i. ori TavisTavadi eklesiis) arsebobis Sesaxeb. saqme isaa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos bizantiur samyaroSi `qvemo iberias~ uwodebdnen. am mxriv balsamonis cnoba Zalze mniSvnelovania. b. qarTuli wyaroebi: sakiTxi, imis Sesaxeb, rom Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebisTanave Sedioda zogadqarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi, mimoixila iv, javaxiSvilma, is wers: `giorgi mTawmideli da gansakuTrebiT efrem mcire, ruis-urbnisis 1103 wlis saeklesio krebis yvela sulisCamdgmeli amtkiceben, rom andria mociqulma iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~ xolo Semdeg qristianoba kvlav aRadgina wmida ninom, romlis saswaulmoqmedebam da qadagebam `miizida yoveli savseba yovlisa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~. nikoloz kaTalikosic wmida ninos saerTo mociqulad da ganmanaTeblad sTvlida `Cven qarTvelTaYsa~, erTi sityviT, andria mociqulic da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebis calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT, radgan isini mTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTvelos gamntkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis iRwvodnen~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. III, gv. 47). ivane javaxiSvilis daskvniT, saqarTvelos eklesiaSi erTaderTi Tvalsazrisi iyo daculi, rom CamoyalibebisTanave saqarTvelos wmida eklesia

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Tavis iurisdiqcias avrcelebda mTeli istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, maT Soris cxadia afxazeTzec, viTarca mis ganuyofel da ZiriTad nawilze. mas Semdeg rac ruseTis imperiam XIX s-Si gaauqma eklesiis avtokefalia, farTo gasaqani mieca Teoriebs qarTuli eklesiis kidev ufro dasaknineblad, gansakuTrebiT XX s-Si aTeistebis batonobisas. am dros Camoyalibda mtkiceba, TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTvelo IV saukunidan X saukunemde 500600 wlis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi da mxolod X s-is Semdgom is daeqvemdebara saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqcias. TiTqosda iqamde dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebobda konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS fazisis (foTis) samitropolitoSi Semavali rodopolisis (varcixis), saisinis (caiSis), petras (cixisZiris), ziganevis (gudayva) berZnulenovani saepiskoposoebi, aseve afxazeTis (abazgiis) avtokefaluri eklesia da TiTqosda isini gaauqma qarTulma eklesiam da maT nacvlad iq daarsa Tavisi saepiskoposoebi. aseTia amJamindeli istoriografiis zogierTi warmomadgenlis mtkiceba, rasac imeoreben afxazeTSi mokalaTebuli saeklesio separtistebic. ivane javaxiSvili aseTi Teoriis momxreebs Semdeg Sefasebas aZlevda `es aris qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa mier Seqmnilisa da mTeli qarTveli erisagan Sesisxlxorcebuli Semecnebis mospoba~ (iqve, gv. 97). `saxelovan mecnierebs~ ki is uwodebda zemoT aRniSnul giorgi mTawmidels, efrem mcires, ruis-urbnisis krebis wmida mamebsa da nikoloz kaTalikoss sxva uZveles moRvaweebTan erTad. mtkiceba imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo 500-600 wlis manZilze konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda ewinaaRmdegeba qarTul saeklesio istoriografiaSi miRebul debulebebs, saeklesio krebaTa dadgenilebebs, saerTod ki qarTvel wmida mamaTa, istorikosTa da mematianeTa tradiciul Tvalsazriss am sakiTxze. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso aRmocenda qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi, qarTvel mefeTa da pirvelierarqTa nebiT eklesiis administraciuli mmarTvelobis gasaadvileblad, da is yovelTvis iyo erT-erTi administraciul-saeklesio olqi zogadqarTuli eklesiisa. g. somxuri wyaroebi: ioane somexTa kaTalikosis cnobis Tanaxmad, kirion I saqarTvelos eklesiis mamaTavari-kaTalikosi, amasTanave, iyo egrisis arqiepiskoposi. 899 wlidan somxeTis kaTalikosad dadgenili ioane werda qarTlis kaTalikos kirion I-is Sesaxeb, rom is iyo mamamTavari `iberielTa, gugarelTa da egriselTa adrindeli wesis Sesabamisad~ (ioane kaTalikosis matiane, 1912, gv. 65, wignidan p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 243).

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dasavleT saqarTvelos, rogorc cnobilia, kirion I kaTalikosis dros, e.i. VI s-is bolosa da VII s-is dasawyisSi, egrisi ewodeboda. am epoqaSi egrisi e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelo, ioane somexTa kaTalikosis am cnobiT, Sedioda mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi, radganac kirioni _ misi mamamTavari iyo da Tanac `adrindeli wesis Sesabamisad~. kirionis wina `adrindeli~ xana, cxadia unda iyos V s. da VI s-is pirveli naxevari. maSasadame, V, VI da VII ssSi ioane kaTalikosis cnobis analizi aCvenebs, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo ara konstantinopolis aramed mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. dasavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloc (lazika) gaqristianebisTanave zogadqarTul iurisdiqciaSi rom Sedioda miuTiTebs movses xorenaci (V s-is avtori). is wers, rom klarjeTi (anu samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelo), moaqcia wmida ninom, romelmac iqadaga aqedan vidre kaspiis zRvipireTamde _ `sanatreli nune wavida iqedan, raTa Tavisi advilgasagebi saubriT qarTvelTa qveynis sxva kuTxeebic daemoZRvra... gavbedav da vityvi, rom nune mociquli qali gaxda, man iqadaga saxareba klarjeTidan dawyebuli vidre alanTa da kaspiis karebamde, masquTTa sazRvrebamde, rogorc amas agaTangelozi gauwyebs Sen~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 172). maSasadame, ara marto movses xorenacis, aramed agaTangelozis cnobiTac wmida ninos uqadagnia Savi zRvidan (klarjeTidan), vidre kaspiis zRvamde (masquTebamde). aRniSnul ioane kaTalikosis, movses xorenacisa da agaTangelozis cnobebs kidev ufro amtkicebs uxtanesi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania cnobili somexi istorikosis uxtanesis cnobebi, romelic aRwerda kavkasiis eklesiis istorias VIII-X ss. uxtanesi Tanamedrove iyo mis mier aRwerili ambebisa. uxtanesi exeba da aRwers afxazeTis eTnikur saxes, amitomac mis cnobas kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevas. kerZod, uxtanesi wmida SuSanikis Rvawlis aRweris dros ambobs _ `msgavsi gaxda nune mociqulisa, roca moefina misi qadageba mTels qarTvelTa qveyanas~ (uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, 1975, gv. 201). uxtanesi `qarTvelTa qveynis~ arealSi dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod ki afxazeTs rom gulisxmobda, amis Sesaxeb TviTonve wers. kerZod, misi TvalsazrisiT Savi zRvis sanapiroze iberebi nabuqodonosorma daasaxla, sadac iberielebi gamravldnen, iqcnen did xalxad da maT qveyanas amJamad `afxazeTi~ ewodebao _ wers uxtanesi. maSasadame, misi aRweriT _ afxazeTi _ iverieli xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli nabuqodonosoris epoqidan vidre uxtanesamde. kerZod, uxtanesi ase aRwers am ambavs `Zveli istorikosebis~ cnobaze dayrdnobiT:

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`iverileTa tomebis nawili nabuqodonosorma daasaxla pontos zRvis marjvena sanapiroze _ `tomi aRorZinda, gamravlda, zRvis piras aqeT-iqiT, moedo im mxares da gavrcelda somexTa da albanTa sazRvramde, Seiqmna friad mravali xalxi da im qveyanas afxazeTi ewodeba. uricxvia saxeli TviToeuli gavarisa, ... iTesles da gamravldnen da gaxda tomi, romelsac Tavis pirvel qveyanaSi iverias uwodebdnen, aq ki qarTvelni ewodebaT. tomiTac, eniTac, damwerlobiTac, mamamTavrobiTac da mefobiTac ganmtkicdnen, xolo gamohyo, gamoacalkeva da ganaSora Cvengan kirion skutrelma~ (uxtanesi, gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, 1975, gv. 67). maSasadame, uxtanesi, IX-X ss-Ta avtori, aRwerda Tu romel qveyanas ewodeboda afxazeTi, romeli xalxiTa iyo is dasaxlebuli da Tu vin iyo maTi yvelaze gamorCeuli kaTalikosi, romelmac es xalxi ganaSora somxur eklesias. kerZod, afxazeTi, misi TqmiT, qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, da isini kirionma ganaSora somxuri eklesiisagan. am pirvelxarisxovani wyaros miTiTebiTac kirioni iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos mamamTavari. sainteresoa, ratom ar gamoiyenes uxtanesis es cnoba afxazeTis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebma XX s-is separatistebis mier aRZruli konfliqtebis dros. cxum-afxazeTis eparqia saeklesio samarTalis mixedviT afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, istoriulad qarTuli eklesiis erT nawils warmoadgenda, romlis meore nawili iyo qarTlis sakaTalikoso. zogad qarTuli eklesiis mTlianoba miiRweoda saerTo saeklesio samarTliT, saerTo sjuliskanoniT, saerTo qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro eniT, saerTo tradiciebiTa da saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis saerTo meTaurobiT. afxazeTisa da qarTlis pirvelierarqTa Soris erTs uxucesi, xolo meores umrwemesi ewodeboda. erTian qarTul eklesiaSi wodeba `kaTalikosi~ Seesabameboda berZnuli sapatriarqoebis `mitropolitis~ wodebas. rogorc berZnuli sapatriarqos mitropolits uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen Tavisi episkoposebi, aseve qarTlis kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, xolo afxazeTis kaTalikoss dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, orive es sakaTalikoso erTiani qarTuli eklesiis mxolod saeklesio administraciuli erTeulebi (samitropolito olqebi) iyvnen. rogorc iTqva, maTi zemdgomi saeklesio instituti iyo saerTo sjuliskanonis da saeklesio samarTlis SemmuSavebeli adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebi. patriarqis movaleoba iyo uzunveleyo sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiaSi (e.i. qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebSi) saerTo sjuliskanonis dacva.

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afxazeTisa da qarTlis kaTalikosTa monawileobiT saeklesio krebebis mier gamocemul kanonebs mTels saqarTveloSi (cxadia afxazeTSic) savalddebulod aRsasrulebeli Zala eniWeboda (maT Soris samoqalaqo samarTlis sferoSic). mag., XVI saukunis saeklesio samarTlis ZeglSi, romelsac `samarTali kaTalikosTa~ ewodeba, naTqvamia: `q. saxeliTa da RvTisaTa: me qristes mier kurTxeulman yovlisa saqarTveloisa kaTalikozman-patriarqman malaqia, me qristes mier kurTxeulman afxazeTis kaTalikozman mamaTmTavarman evdemon, davsxediT da SevkribeniT yovelni ebiskopozni afxazeTisani ...davideviT sjuliskanoni da Cvenca imisgan gamoviReviT... da sjuliskanonica asre brZanebs~... (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I. 1963, gv. 393-397). afxazeTis sakaTalikosos am saeklesio krebam sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis meTaurobiT gamosca 15 kanoni. am krebis kanonebi savaldebulod aRsasrulebeli iyo mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Tumca is afxazeeTSi iqna miRebuli da isini afxazeTis sakaTalikosos episkoposebma daamtkices, eseni iyvnen quTaTeli, genaTeli, Wyondideli, bedieli, moqveli, drandeli, cagereli, xoneli, nikorwmideli, caiSeli (CiSeli) episkoposebi. `uxuces~ pirvelierarqad anu `saqarTvelos patriarqad~, rogorc wesi, irCevdnen mcxeTel kaTalikoss, magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi biWvinTel anu afxazTa kaTlikoss gadaecemoda es tituli (`saqarTvelos partiarqi~). aTeisturi epoqis Sexedulebani afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Sesaxeb aTeistur epoqaSi, gauqmebuli iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba da is Seadgenda erT-erT nawils jer ruseTis Semdgom ki, sabWoTa imperiebisa. am dros ruseTis saimperatoro karma ukanonod gaauqma saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia. qarTveli xalxi TiTqmis erTi saukene ibrZoda avtokefaliis dabrunebisaTvis, rac marTlac, mopovebuli iqna, magram xalxze misi gavlenis Sesamcireblad mizanmimarTulad ayalbebdnen eklesiis istorias, raTa is calkeul nawilebad daeSalaT. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa epoqis istoriografia yovelmxriv ukeTebda ignorirebas zemoT aRniSnul berZnul-laTinur, qarTul-somxur da sxva wyaroebs, romlebidanac naTlad Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebisTanave erTiani qarTuli eklesiis nawils warmoadgenda, Tumca ki, sabWoTa epoqis istoriografiam warmoadgina dasavleT saqarTveloSi eklesiis istoriis Taviseburi sqema. aRniSnuli istoriografiis mixedviT, TiTqosda, X s-mde dasavleT saqarTvelo Sedioda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi,

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TiTqosda, quTaisSi, foTsa da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi arsebobda berZnulenovani saeklesio kaTedrebi 500-600 wlis manZilze, IX-X ss-mde. saqarTvelos eklesia `qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis~ Tanaxmad, arRvevda umTavres saeklesio kanonebs da konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iWreboda. enciklopedia wers: `dasavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonda qarTuli eklesia da mRvdelmsaxurebac qarTul enaze sruldeboda, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli dasavleT saqarTveloSi `qarTizaciis~ process~ (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. `saq. ssr~, 1981 w., gv. 61). qarTuli~ eklesiis `gabatonebamde~ dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Cveni istorikosebis mtkicebiT, Turme arsebobda egrisisa da afxazeTis eklesiebi, romlebic imyofebodnen konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi, isini Semdgom gaerTianebulan konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSive, IX s-Si mcxeTis sakaTalikosos `gabatonebis~ Sedegad konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daukargavs mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli es mniSvnelovani samitropolitoebi da saepiskoposoebi. sabWoTa istorikosi wers: Tu rogori reaqciuli iyo `qarTuli eklesiis~ es `prozelitizmi~ anu konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi SeWra _ amis Sesaxeb Cveni oficialuri istoriografia wers: `qarTvelebi aqedan sdevnian berZnul enas, berZnul viwro erovnul kulturas, SemoaqvT da avrceleben sakuTar, qarTul enas, qarTul RvTismsaxurebas da qarTul saeklesio-samonastro wesebs. qarTul kulturas Tan mohqonda qarTuli politikuri Segneba da ideali, ase rom mcxeTa jer enobrivad (eTnikur elementebze dayrdnobiT) SeiWra lixT-imereTSi, xolo Semdeg, rogorc Cans, es saintereso formula wamoayena Tavisi organizaciuli gabatonebis dasafuZneblad _ `qarTlia~ iq, sadac mRvdelmsaxureba qarTul enazea (mxolod `kvirieleisoni~ SeiZleba berZnulad). mironis kurTxeva `qarTls~ ganeweseba. maSasadame, qarTls nakurTxi mironi savaldebuloa yvela im eklesiisaTvis, sadac mRvdelmsaxureba qarTul enazea. cxadia, mcxeTis sakaTalikosos mxriv es aris kanonikuri safuZvlebis dacviT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZola lixT-imereTis eklesiaze organizaciulad gabatonebis mizniT~ (T. papuaSvili. adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli literatura da saistorio mwerloba. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. II, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 574-601). `es saeklesio reforma, n. berZeniSvilis varaudiT, sabolood X s-Si sruldeba (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. II, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi 1973, gv. 427). saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, romelic saqarTveloSi qristianobis oc saukunes eZRvneboda, istoriis institutis direqtori d. musxeliSvili

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wardga moxsenebiT, `qarTuli eklesia da saxelmwifo teritoria Sua saukuneebSi~, sadac brZana: `qarTuli eklesiis kulturul-ideologiuri prozelitizmi winaswar qmnida mkvidr niadags politikuri procesebis warmatebiT ganviTarebisaTvis~ (d. musxeliSvili, 2005, gv. 33). sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebi dasavleT saqarTvelos iurisdiqciasTan dakavSirebiT eyrdnobian mxolod e.w. `noticiebs~ (konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoTa nusxebs). rac sakmarisi ar aris, radganac noticiebSi marTalia CamoTvlilia lazikis saepiskoposoebi, magram ar aris miTiTebuli maTi adgilmdebareoba. magaliTad, miTiTebulia fasidis samitropolitos rodopolisis, saisinis, petrasa da ziganas kaTedrebis Sesaxeb, magram ar aris miTiTebuli konkretulad sad mdebareobdnen es saepiskoposo qalaqebi. es kaTedrebi sad mdebareobdnen trapezuntis regionSi Tu sxvagan sadavoa bolo ori saukunis manZilze. kerZod, saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli mecnieri _ profesori n. adonci, Tavis mravalricxovan SromebSi erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebda, rom aRniSnuli fasidis samitropolitos rodopolisis, saisinis, petrasa da ziganas kaTedrebi mdebareobdnen trapezunt-arzrum-ziganas regionSi, romelsac lazika erqva. miuxedavad amisa, qarTul sabWoTa istoriografiaSi wyaros pirdapiri miTiTebis gareSe damkvidrda Tvalsazrisi, rom aRniSnuli kaTedrebi mdebareobdnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi. es mosazreba amJamad kvebavs sxvadasxva separatistul dajgufebebs. qarTuli, somxuri, berZnul-laTinuri da bizantiuri wyaroebi sxvas miuTiTeben iseve, rogorc monacemebi kulturis sferodan. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio kultura I aTaswleulSi dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio kultura I aTaswleulSi qarTulia da ara bizantiuri. cnobili istorikosi n. lomouri darwmunebulia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo `yvela arsebul wyaroTa mowmobiT, vidre IX s-mde rCeboda eklesiurad konstantinopolis patriarqze daqvemdebarebulad~ (n. lomouri, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis kulturul urTierTobaTa zogierTi aspeqti, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli, XIV, 2011, gv. 124). miuxedavad aseTi Sexedulebisa, is ver gaeqca faqtebs da aRiarebs, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi am periodis qristianuli kultura qarTulia da ara bizantiuri.

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Tu dasavleT saqarTvelo IV s-dan IX s-de, TiTqmis, 500 wlis manZilze, konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda es faqti unda aesaxa saeklesio arqiteqturasa da kulturas. sabednierod, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio arqiteqtura da qristianuli kultura miuTiTebs ara am regionis bizantiuri eklesiis wiaRSi yofnis Sesaxeb aramed qarTulisa. damaxasiaTebeli arqiteqturuli elementebiT dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi (biWvinTa, cixisZiri, noqalaqevi, sefieTi) eTanadebian zogadqarTul saeklesio stils da ara bizantiurs. kerZod, n. lomouri amis Sesaxeb wers: 1) samnaviani bazilikebi saqarTveloSi gansxvavdebian bizantiurisagan, radganac maT arqiteqturul saxes aqvT bizantiurisagan gansxvavebuli mkveTrad gamoxatuli Tavisebureba da gansxvavdebian am tipis saydrebis klasikuri nimuSisagan (mag. Sua navi SedarebiT moklea, ara aqvs svetebis rigi, gverdiTi navebi viwroa da sxva). `niSandoblivia, rom CamoTvlili elementebi mJRavndeba dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebzec (biWvinTa, cixisZiri, noqalaqevi, sefieTi)... ufro metic, samnaviani bazilikis aseTi Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs cixisZirSi (anu Zvel petraSi) gamovlenil eklesiebsac~ (iqve, gv. 124) 2) samnaviani bazilikebis garda saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda ugumbaTo taZris sruliad gansxvavebuli saxeoba e.w. `sameklesiani bazilikebi~ (erT bazilikaSi moqceulia sami navi, romelic erTmaneTisagan gayofilia kedlebiT, samive navs aqvs sakuTari sakurTxeveli da aqvs sxva originaluri niSnebi, ucnobi bizantiuri arqiteqturisaTvis. `aseTi `sameklesiani bazilikebi~ erTdroulad gamoCnda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da Zveli afxazeTis teritoriazedac _ Zveli gagris eklesia~ (iqve, gv. 125). 3) `TiTqmis srul damoukideblobas bizantiuri saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisagan amJRavneben centralur-gumbaTovani taZrebi, romelTac v. beriZis sityviT ganvles ganviTarebis Taviseburi gza, martividan rTulisaken, Zveli gavazisa da Tbilisis qvaSveTis ubralo tetrakonqidan mcxeTis jvrisa da misi tipis rTuli aRnagobas Zeglebamde. es tipi aris qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis originaluri qmnileba, romelic Semdgom somxeTSic gavrcelda, magram bizantiis sxva provinciebSi mas ar eZebneba paralelebi. maT winamorbeds saqarTveloSi warmoadgens sacxovrebeli nagebobebis darbazuli forma. am tipis nagebobebia _ atenis sioni _ qarTlSi, Zveli SuamTa kaxeTSi, martvilis RvTismSoblis taZari _ odiSSi, Camusi taoSi~ (iqve, gv. 125) e.i. martvilis taZari qarTuli da ara bizantiuri stilisaa. 4) `damoukidebeli arqiteqturuli mimarTuleba~ damaxasiaTebeli iseTi taZrebisTvis, rogoricaa sveticxoveli, bagrati, alaverdi, iSxani, bana, xaxuli da a.S. yvela amaTi safuZveli iyo, adgilobrivi, saukuneTa ganmav-

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lobaSi TandaTan SemuSavebuli erovnuli warmomavlobis Taviseburebani. es daskvna vrceldeba afxazeTSi agebul iseT eklesiebze, rogoricaa bzifis, anakofiis, lixnis, moqvis, gagris eklesiebi~ (iqve, gv. 125). e.i. bagratis, bzifis, anakofiis da sxva dasavleT saqarTvelos taZrebi `saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi SemuSavebuli erovnuli arqiteqturuli Taviseburebani~ yofila. amiT isini gansxvavdebian bizantiurisagan. arqiteqturulad dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio xelovneba erT mTlianobas warmoadgenda, rac Sedegi iyo erTiani qarTuli saeklesio iurisdiqciisa. maSasadame arqiteqturuli faqtebiT dasturdeba Zvel qarTvel mematianeTa cnobebi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo ar yofila bizantiur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi. amas miuTiTebs biWvinTis, cixisZiris, noqalaqevis, sefieTis, gagris, martvilis, bagratis, bzifis, lixnis, moqvis da sxva saeklesio arqiteqtura. biWvinTis mozaikis Sesaxeb igive SeiZleba iTqvas. is `ar naxulobs arsad analogs garda saqarTvelosi, rac aZlevs mkvlevarebs safuZvels es mozaika miakuTvnon am dargis adgilobriv skolas~ (iqve, gv. 123) es saeklesio xelovneba ar adasturebs im Tvalsazriss TiTqosda afxazeTis biWvinTaSi iyo bizantieli episkoposis rezidencia. adgilobrivi kulturis elementebi dadasturda biWvinTis eklesiis nangrevebSi~ (IV-VI ss.) mxedvelobaSia mozaikebi, romelnic avlenen adgilobriv xelovnebasTan mWidro kavSirs~ (iqve, gv. 123) sinamdvileSi bizantiuri saepiskoposo kaTedra da romauli garnizonebi idga trapezuntis regionSi mdebare pitia-pitiuntSi, xolo afxazeTis biWvinTa _ Tavidanve qarTuli politikuri da kulturuli sivrcis nawili iyo. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTvelo berZnul-laTinuri, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval erTerT olqs Seadgenda misi gaqristianebisTanave, rogorc iTqva, amas miuTiTebs _ berZnul-laTinuri da bizantiuri wyaroebidan: gelasi kesarielis, gelasi kvizikelis, lazikis mitropolit germanes, antioqia-ierusalimis patriarqebis dosiTeosisa () da qrisanTos () cnobebi da sxva. qarTuli wyaroebidan: ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis dadgenileba, qarTlis cxovreba, sxva qarTuli matianeebi, giorgi mTawmidelis, efrem mciris, nikoloz kaTalikosisa da sxvaTa cnobebi. somxuri wyaroebidan: agaTangelozis, movses xorenacis, uxtanesisa da ioane kaTalikosis cnobebi. sabolood, kidev erTxel unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli qarTuli, berZnul-romauli da somxuri wyaroebi erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTeben dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb.

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samwuxarod, arcerT am wyaros, zogierTi qarTveli istorikosi yuradRebas ar aqcevs da interesis sfero mxolod konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoTa nusxebiT e.w. noticiebiT amoiwureba, romlebSic dasaxelebuli lazeTis eparqiis saepiskoposoebs ratomRac dasavleT saqarTveloSi aTavseben. noticiebSi, cxadia, ar aris araviTari miTiTeba maTi adgilmebareobis Sesaxeb. mag., sad mdebareobda rodopolisi? trapezuntis regionSi Tu varcixesTan? am sakiTxis Sesaxeb saukunovani kvlevaZieba grZeldeba. mag., rogorc iTqva, iseT cnobili istorikosi rogoric iyo n. adonci am saepiskoposos (da aseve, fazisis samitropolitos sxva saepiskoposoebs) aTavsebda tarpezuntis regionSi is miiCnevda, rom yovelTvis aq mdebareobda istoriuli lazika. da is Sedioda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi. amasve, rom fiqrobdnen konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi es Cans, XX sis pirveli naxevris aTenSi dabeWdili berZnuli rukidan, romelic Tan erTvis am naSroms. am rukaze naTlad Cans, rom magaliTad, rodopolisis cnobili eparqia mdebareobda trapezuntis regionSi da moicvada mTian regions rizes samxreTidan vidre ziganas (gumuSxanes) uReltexilamde. samwuxarod, sabWoTa saistorio skolis gavleniT, bolo wlebSi, Tavis bolo nakvlevebSi, iseT cnobil mkvlevars, rogoric aris daruzesi, miuCnevia, rom TiTqosda, konstantinopoli Tavis iurisdiqcias dasavleT saqarTveloSi axorcielebda X s-is dasawyisamde (879-907 wlamde), magram es ase rom ar iyo Tundac giorgi merCulis cnobidanac Cans, romlis mixedviTac wmida grigol xanZTeli afxazeTSi daaxl. 826 wels Cavida da mas iq araviTari berZnuli kaTedra ar daxvedria, piriqiT, es miwa-wyali iyo qarTuli eklesiis zrunvis areali. zemoT moyvanilidan gamomdinare unda davaskvnaT: afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, istoriulad qarTuli eklesiis erT nawils warmoadgenda, romlis meore nawili iyo qarTlis sakaTalikoso. araswori Sexeduleba saqarTvelos eklesiidan afxazeTis sakaTalikosos gamoyofis Sesaxeb XVI s-is Semdeg sabWoTa epoqis samecniero wreebis gavleniT amJamadac danergilia Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTis sakaTalikoso gamoeyo saqarTvelos eklesias da amis Sedegad moipova misma kaTalikosma sakuTari episkoposebis kurTxevisa da dadgenis ufleba, magaliTad, mkvlevari g.kalandia wers Tavisi naSromis rusul reziumeSi: (g. kalandia, odiSis saepiskoposoebi, 2004, gv. 272).

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principulad araswori Sexedulebaa. saqme isaa, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikosos ar SeeZlo gamoyofa saqarTvelos eklesiisagan, im mizezis gamo, rom TviTonve warmoadgenda saqarTvelos eklesias, qarTul eklesias. rogorc adamianis romelime organos ar SeuZlia adamianisagan gamoyofa da damoukidebeli arseboba, aseve ar SeeZlo Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTis eklesias saqarTvelos eklesiisagan gamoyofa, radganac TviTonve warmoadgenda saqarTvelos eklesias _ aRmosavleT saqarTvelos musulmanTagan dapyrobis Semdeg, XVII saukunidan, afxazeTis sakaTalikosom Tavis Tavze aiRo saqarTvelos eklesiis xelmZRvanelobis funqcia. es iyo rTuli procesi, romelic aRwerilia qvemoT. rogorc iTqva, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, istoriulad qarTuli eklesiis erT nawils warmoadgenda, zogad qarTuli eklesiis mTlianoba miiRweoda saerTo saeklesio samarTliT, saerTo sjuliskanoniT, saerTo qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro eniT, saerTo tradiciebiTa da saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis saerTo meTaurobiT. afxazeTisa da qarTlis sakaTalikosoebis pirvelierarqTa Soris erTs uxucesi, xolo meores umrwemesi ewodeboda. erTian qarTul eklesiaSi wodeba `kaTalikosi~ Seesabameboda berZnuli sapatriarqoebis `mitropolitis~ wodebas. rogorc berZnuli sapatriarqos mitropolits uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen Tavisi episkoposebi, aseve qarTlis kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, xolo afxazeTis kaTalikoss dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, orive es sakaTalikoso erTiani qarTuli eklesiis mxolod saeklesio administraciuli erTeulebi (samitropolito olqebi) iyvnen. rogoc iTqva, maTi zemdgomi saeklesio instituti iyo saerTo sjuliskanonis da saeklesio samarTlis SemmuSavebeli adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebi. patriarqis movaleoba iyo uzunveleyo sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiaSi (e.i.qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebSi) saerTo sjuliskanonis dacva. afxazeTisa da qarTlis kaTalikosTa monawileobiT saeklesio krebebis mier gamocemul kanonebs mTels saqarTveloSi (cxadia afxazeTSic) savalddebulod aRsasrulebeli Zala eniWeboda (maT Soris samoqalaqo samarTlis sferoSic). mag. XVI saukunis saeklesio samarTlis ZeglSi, romelsac `samarTali kaTalikosTa~ ewodeba, naTqvamia: `q. saxeliTa da RvTisaTa: me qristes mier kurTxeulman yovlisa saqarTveloYsa kaTalikozman-patriarqman malaqia, me qristes mier kurTxeulman afxazeTis kaTalikozman mamaTmTavarman evdemon, davsxediT da SevkribeniT yovelni ebiskopozni afxazeTisani... davideviT sjuliskanoni da Cvenca imisgan gamoviReviT... da sjuliskanonica asre brZanebs~... (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, 1963, gv. 393-397).

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afxazeTis sakaTalikosos am saeklesio krebam sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis meTaurobiT gamosca 15 kanoni. am krebis kanonebi savaldebulod aRsasrulebeli iyo mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Tumca is afxazeeTSi iqna miRebuli da isini afxazeTis sakaTalikosos episkoposebma daamtkices, eseni iyvnen quTaTeli, genaTeli, Wyondideli, bedieli, moqveli, drandeli, cagereli, xoneli, nikorwmideli, caiSeli (CiSeli) episkoposebi. `uxuces~ pirvelierarqad anu `saqarTvelos patriarqad~, rogorc wesi ,irCevdnen mcxeTel kaTalikoss, magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi biWvinTel anu afxazTa kaTlikoss gadaecemoda es tituli (`saqarTvelos partiarqi~). magaliTad, Sah-abasis Semosevebis Semdeg (XVII saukunesa da XVIII s. I naxevarSi) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefoebma dakarges suvereniteti (musulmanuri mmarTvelobis qveS moeqcnen), xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo Zveleburad marTlmadidebel mefe-mTavarTa mier imarTeboda. am faqtma gazarda dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTvelTa (mefeTa da kaTalikosTa) avtoriteti, rac maT titulaturazec aisaxa _ afxazeTis kaTalikosTa titulaturaSi gamoCnda tituli `saqarTvelos patriarqi~, magaliTad, XVIII s-is afxazeTis kaTalikosi grigoli Tavis mier gamocemuli dokumentebs xels awers ase _ `grigol mwyemsi qrites mier yovlisa saqarTveloYsa kaTalikosi~ (`qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~, t. III, gv. 675). aseve zogierTi sxva afxazeTis kaTalikosic Tavis Tavs saqarTvelos patriarqs uwodebda XVII s-is bolosa da XVIII s-is dasawyisSi, anu is ara mxolod afxazeTis aramed saruliad saqarTvelos uxucess pirvelierarqad Tvlida Tavis Tavs. es faqti asaxulia ucxour wyaroebSic. ucxouri wyaroebis Tanaxmad am epoqaSi afxazeTis kaTalikosi sruliad saqarTvelos (iberiis) uxuces (upirates) pirveliararqad iTvleboda, magaliTad antioqia-ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi (XVII s.) amis Sesaxeb werda: `iberiaSi ori avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposia, romelTac qarTvelebi uwodeben kaTalikosebs. qvemo iberia, romelsac Zvelad kolxeTs da lazikas uwodebdnen, aqvs eparqiebi imereTSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTsa da mesxeTis nawilSi. zemo da qvemo iberias Soris sazRvari aris qedi, romelic kavkasiis mTebSi iwyeba, qarTulad qulfargi ewodeba, qvemo iberiis kaTalikosi pativiT ufro metia zemo iberiis kaTalikosze, radganac is ukve isavrosis dros, 720 wels, kaTalikosi iyo qvemo iberiisa... iberebi qvemo iberiis kaTalikoss miiCneven ufros kaTalikosad, radganac mefe, e.i. imereTis Tavi, maTTan iwodeba mTeli iberiis mefeTa-mefed~ (dosiTeosi, ierusalimeli patriarqebi, Tavi V, gv. 510, wignidan: `sardeli mitropoliti maqsimi, qarTuli eklesia da misi avtokefalia. Teologia, aTeni, 1966 w.).

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das. saqarTvelos eklesias ucxoelebi uwodebdnen `qvemo iberiis eklesias~, (ix. sardeli mitropoliti maqsimi, saqarTvelos eklesia da misi avtokefalia `Teologia~, aTeni, 1966). saqarTvelos anu iberiis samefos mTlianoba daarRvia Tavdapirvelad VI s-Si sparsTa, xolo VII s-Si arabTa Semoseveba, amis Sedegad VIII s-dan saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi Camoyalibda regionaluri qarTuli saxelmwifoebi. erTerTi aseTi iyo afxazTa samefo. VIII saukunis II naxevarSi Seqmnil `afxazTa samefoSi~ Sevida da misi ZiriTadi nawili gaxda iberiis samefos yofili teritoriebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ egrisi, guria, Takveri, argveTi, svaneTi, amitomac afxazTa samefos VIII-X saukuneebSi `qvemo iberias~ uwodebdnen. arsebobda ori iberia: zemo iberia _ anu aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da `qvemo iberia~ _ anu dasavleTi saqarTvelo. saerTod, IV s-danve dasavleT saqarTvelo (qvemo iberia) mcxeTis anu erTiani iberiis eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda IV s-danve. amis Sesaxeb wers ruis-urbnisis kreba: (wmida ninom moaqcia yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa mcxovrebni rogorc aRmosavleTSi ise dasavleTSi, amave krebis gansazRvrebiT andria mociqulma saxareba iqadaga yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloisasa, somxuri saeklesio wyaroebic aRniSnaven, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo imyofeboda mcxeTis saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi. magaliTad, am wyaroebSi aRiniSneba rom kirioni qarTlis kaTalikosi VI s-is bolosa da VII s-is dasawyisSi marTavda dasavleT saqarTvelos eparqiebsac. kirioni, `egrisis, gugarqisa da qarTlis arqiepiskoposad anu kaTalikosad iyo nakurTxi `winandel wesTa Tanaxmad~ (ioane drasxanakerteli, `somxeTis istoria~, gv. 10). meore ierusalimeli patriarqi xrisanfi ambobs: `saqarTveloSi, romelsac adre iberia erqva, iyo ori avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposi, romelTac Cveulebis Tanaxmad uwodeben kaTalikosebs da ara arqiepiskoposebs. ase maT marto qarTvelebi uwodeben. amaTgan erTi, e.i. arqiepiskoposi qvemo iberiisa, iwodeba imereTis, oseTis, guriis da sruliad qvemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, anu martivad, sruliad iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, rogorc ufrosi zemo iberiis kaTalikosze. xolo meore, e.i. zemo iberiisa, iwodeba qarTlis, kaxeTis, alvaneTis da sruliad zemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad... romeli imperatoris dros, an romel krebaze gaxda is saarqiepiskoposo, Cven zustad ver davadgineT, magram 26 ivnisis svinaqsarSi vpoulobT, rom ioane, goTeTis episkoposi, xeldasxmuli iqna iberiis kaTalikosis mier, radganac romaul qveynebSi batonobda xatmebrZolTa eresi, ase rom, rogorc Cans, erekles Semdeg isavramde qvemo iberia saarqiepiskoposo gaxda~... (dosiTeosi, ierusalimeli patriarqebi, Tavi V, gv. 510, wignidan: `sardeli mitropoliti maqsimi, qarTuli eklesia da misi avtokefalia. Teologia, aTeni, 1966 w.).

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es ierusalimeli patriarqebi XVII saukuneSi cxovrobdnen. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi aRsdga aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi saxelwifoebrivi suvereniteti da samefo taxti kvlav marTlmadidebelma xelmwifeebma daiWires, am faqta Zveli avtoriteti daubruna mcxeTel kaTalikoss, da is Zveleburad `uxuces~, pirvelpatriarqad iqca qarTul saeklesio samyaroSi. es faqti saeklesio samarTlis sferoSic aisaxa, magaliTad afxaz kaTalikosTa taxtze mjdomi wm. dosiTeos quTaTelis dros anton kaTalikosis dikasteriis (saeklesio sasamarTlos) samarTalis sferoSi Sedioda aRmosavleTTan erTad dasavleT saqarTveloc (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi, 2003, t. III, gv. 7-9). samarTlebrivad da admisistraciulad XVIII s-is bolos dosiTeos quTaTelis dros iseve, rogorc yovelTvis IV s-dan saqarTvelos eklesia erTiani iyo. XIX s-Si mTeli es sistema moiSala, radganac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma ruseTis saimperatoro xelisuflebam. 1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis mTavrobam (1917 wlis 25 ivliss ministrTa Tavmjdomare a. kerenskisa da uwmidesi sinodis oberprokuroris a. kartaSevis xelismoweriT) daubruna saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefalia, romelic iqamde 1917 wlis (12) 25 martis aqtis safuZvelze aRdgenilad gamoacxades saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebma da mrevlma (iqve, t. III, gv. 121). avtokefaliis gamocxadebis Semdeg saeklesio krebam eklesiis pirvelierarqs aRudgina sruliad saqarTvelis kaTalikos partiarqis tituli, maSasadame, is aerTianebda saukunis manZilze ukve ar arsebuli (gauqmebuli) qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebs da mas ukve uSualod eqvemdebareboda dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi. amis Semdeg tituli mitropoliti aRniSavda mxolod pativs episkoposisa da ara ierarqiul Tanamdebobas. amJamad, es tituli mxolod saepiskoposo jildos warmoadgens. Sesabamisad cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis mmarTvelis Tanamdebobrivi tituli aris episkoposi da mas RvawlisaTvis SesaZloa jildos saxiT eboZos mTavarepiskoposis anda mitropolitis wodeba. 1917 wlis saeklesio krebis mier saqarTvelos patriarqs mieniWa ufleba mudmivad an droebiT marTavdes romelime eparqiasac. 1917-18 wlebis krebebma mas samarTavad gadasca mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqia, xolo 2010 wlis krebam (wm. sinodma) samarTavad gadasca cxum-afxazeTis eparqia (amasTanave cxum-afxazeTis eparqias uwoda biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis eparqia). (sxvadasxva wlebSi saqarTvelos patriarqebi sxva eparqiebsac marTavdnen, mag. manglisisa, quTaisisa da sxva). Sesabamisad amJamad saqarTvelos patriarqi ase iwodeba _ `uwmidesi da unetaresi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi, mcxeTa Tbilisis

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mTavarepiskoposi, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti, didi meufe mamai Cveni ilia~.

afxazeTis sakaTalikoso _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos erT-erTi struqturuli nawili

wyaroTa cnobiT, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda: a. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo b. dasavleT saqarTvelo; g. samxreT saqarTvelo da marTlmadidebluri somxeTi; d. Crdilo kavkasia da hereT-albaneTi; a. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eparqiebi imarTeboda qarTlis kaTalikosis mier, romelsac rogorc wesi, eniWeboda tituli `sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqi~, is iyo sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis uzenaesi mmarTveli. b. dasavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposoebis samarTavad, rogorc iTqva, Camoyalibda afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, romelSic Sedioda biWvinTis, moqvis, drandis, bediis, Wyondidis, quTaisisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi. g. samxreT saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mravali eparqia da saepiskoposo gaaCnda - awyuris, kumurdos, banas, iSxanis, arzrumis, anisis, yarsis, valaSkertisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi. maT daemata da TandaTan Camoyalibda aseve `somxiTis samitropolito~. d. Crdilo kavkasiisa da hereT-albaneTis eparqiebis marTvisaTvis saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda samitropolito erTeuli, romelsac xunZeTis sakaTalikoso ewodeboda, xunZeTis kaTalikosis oqropiris saxeli Semogvinaxa sinas mTis qarTuli monastris aRapebma (rogorc iTqva, wodeba kaTalikosi igivea, rac arqiepiskoposi da mitropoliti bizantiuri eklesiisa. amitomac ewodeboda qarTul wyaroebSi magaliTad, kviprosis arqiepiskoposs _ `kviprosis kaTalikosi~). saqarTvelos sapatriarqos erT-erTi struqturuli nawilis _ xunZeTis sakaTalikosis iurisdiqcia moicavda Crdilo kavkasias, daRestansa da aseve hereT-albaneTis erT nawils (ix. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, II, 1998, gv. 214). masSi Sedioda anwuxis, waxuris, xunZeTisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi. maSasadame, saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Sedioda misi struqturuli erTeulebi _ qarTlis, afxazeTisa da xunZeTis sakaTalikosoebi da aseve somxiTis samitropolito. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda vrceli teritoria Crdilo kavkasia kafadan (Teodosiopol yirimis naxevarkunZulidan) _ albaneTamde, vanis tbidan (valaSkertidan) arzrumamde (iqve, gv. 215-228).

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rogorc vTqviT, saqarTvelos patriarqi imave dros atarebda qarTlis kaTalikosis tituls, radganac is erTdroulad ori saeklesio taxtis mflobeli iyo, warmoadgenda sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaursa da aseve misi erTerTi nawilis _ qarTlis sakaTalikosos meTaurs, amis gamo mas `uxucesi~, xolo saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meore nawilis _ afxazeTis sakaTalikosos meTaurs `umrwemesi~ anu umcrosi ewodeboda. saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, Sedioda agreTve somxiTis samitropolito. somxiTis mitropoliti uSualod eqvemdebareboda qarTlis kaTalikoss. xolo sapatriarqoSi aseve Semavali Crdilo kavkasiis qristianebi da Crdilo kavkasiaSive mdebare xunZeTis kaTalikosi uSualod saqarTvelos patriarqs eqvemdebareboda. aRniSnulTa gamo saqarTvelos sapatriarqos struqturas grafikulad aseTi saxe eqneba:

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo
saqarTvelos patriarqi, anu mamaTmTavari

afxazeTis sakaTalikoso

qarTlis sakaTalikoso

Crdilo kavkasiis qristianebi xunZeTis sakaTalikoso

somxiTis sakaTalikoso

urTierTdamokidebuleba sakaTalikosoTa Soris

saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi, wyaroTa Tanaxmad, Sedioda: 1. qarTlis sakaTalikoso; 2. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso; 3. somxeTis samitropolito; 4. Crdilo kavkasiis qristianebi (ucxoelebi, xSirad, maT meTaurebs ara kaTalikosebs, aramed arqiepisoposebs uwodebdnen, xolo sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqs `kaTalikoss~, amasTanave afxazeTis sakaTalikosos _ `qvemo iberiis~ saarqiepiskoposod, qarTlisas ki `zemo iberiis~ saarqiepiskoposod moixseniebdnen). yovel sakaTalikosoSi Sedioda saepiskoposoebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposoebi uSualod eqvemdebareboda afxazeTis kaTalikoss, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposoebi ki _ qarT-

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lis kaTalikoss. qarTlis kaTalikossa da afxazeTis kaTalikoss Soris ufros-umcrosobiTi damokidebuleba arsebobda. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meTaurad _ patriarqad, rogorc wesi, qarTlis kaTalikoss svamdnen, anu qarTlis kaTalikosi imave dros saqarTvelos patriarqi iyo, magram arsebobda gamonaklisic, rodesac afxazeTis kaTalikosebi, rogorc ucxouri, ise qarTuli wyaroebiT sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqebad moixsenebian. am sakiTxs qvemoT vexebiT. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meTaurs oficialurad ewodeboda _ `yovlisa saqarTveloYsa patriarqi da qarTlisa kaTalikosi~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. IV, gv. 51). qarTlis kaTalikosi imave dros saqarTvelos patriarqi iyo. sityva `patriarqi~ _ Sua saukuneTa saqarTveloSi iTargmneboda da ixmareboda misi qarTuli Targmani `mamamTavari~. 1103 wlis dokumentSi patriarqs ase moixsenieben _ ` iovane wmidisa kaTalikosisa da yovlisa saqarTveloYsa yovlad Rirsisa mamaT-mTavrisa mravalni arian welni~ (didi sjuliskanoni, 1975w., gv. 553), XIII saukunis dokumentSia _ `wmidisa mamaTmTavarsa Cuensa arsenis qristes mier qarTlisa kaTalikozsa...~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, 1970 w., gv. 161), 1610 wlis _ `yovlisa saqarTveloYsa mamaTmTavarTmTavarman kaTalikozman patronman zebedem~ (iqve, gv. 388); `yovlisa aRmosavlisa da CrdiloYsa didman mamamTavarman, kaTalikozman patronman zebedem~ (iqve, gv. 390); 1616 wlis _ `yovlisa saqarTveloYsa didman mamaTmTavarTmTavarman, qarTlisa kaTalikozman patronman iovanem~ (iqve, gv. 342); aq yuradReba unda mieqces, rom qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs ewodeba saqarTvelos mamamTavari, anu patriarqi da qarTlis kaTalikosi. saqarTvelo da qarTli XI saukunis Semdeg erTi da igive cnebebi ar aris, saqarTvelo `nikofsiidan darubandamde~ moqceul qveyanas, xolo qarTli _ lixis mTis aRmosavleTiT mdebare provinciebs erqva, amitomac, roca qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs uwodeben saqarTvelos patriarqsa da qarTlis kaTalikoss, Cven iseve unda gavigoT, rogorc weren _ is mTeli, sruliadi, `yoveli~ saqarTvelos patriarqi iyo da amave dros kaTalikosi qarTlisa (Tumca XI saukunemde `qarTli~ sruliad saqarTvelos ewodeboda). zemoT moyvanili amonawerebidan aSkarad Cans, rom sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqi imave dros aris qarTlis kaTalikosi, anu saqarTvelos mamamTavari aerTianebs or taxts _ qarTlis kaTalikosisas da saqarTvelos patriarqisas. is ori taxtis mpyrobelia. afxazeTis kaTalikossa da qarTlis kaTalikoss Soris damokidebuleba Tu rogori saxis iyo, garkveulia mecnierTa mier _ `mcxeTis patriarqi, afxazeTis kaTalikosisaTvis gaxda `mama~, TviT afxazeTis kaTalikosi `umrwmesi~ (umcrosi) kaTalikosi~ (b. lominaZe _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia. saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981 w., #12, gv. 97);

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xSirad dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosebi TavianT Tavs `qvemo iveriis~, anu afxazeTis kaTalikoss uwodebdnen (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, 1970, gv. 923); xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelosi _ `zemo iveriis~ anu `zemo saqarTvelos~ kaTalikosebs. (iqve, gv. 901); `sruliad iveriad~ anu `sruliad saqarTvelod~ orive sakaTalikosos teritoria moixsenieboda. saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg XV-XVI saukuneebidan, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso ar gamoyofia `qarTul eklesias~, rogorc wers aTeisturi epoqis zogierTi mecnieri, piriqiT, rogorc dokumentebi aCvenebs afxazeTis kaTalikosebma sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurebad-pirvelierarqad warmoadgines TavianTi Tavi. qarTuli eklesiis mTlianobas adasturebs is faqtebi, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis darRvevis Semdegac afxazeTis kaTalikosebi eklesiis urRveobis SenarCunebis mizniT TavianT Tavs sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqsa da makurTxevels uwodebdnen. magaliTad, XVIII sis afxazeTis kaTalikosi grigoli Tavis mier gamocemuli dokumentebs xels awers ase _ `grigol mwyemsi qristes mier yovlisa saqarTveloYsa kaTalikosi~ (`qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~, III, gv. 675); aseve zogierTi sxva afxazeTis kaTalikosic Tavis Tavs saqarTvelos patriarqs uwodebda XVII s-is bolosa da XVIII s-is dasawyisSi, anu is ara mxolod afxazeTis aramed sruliad saqarTvelos makurTxevelad Tvlida Tavis Tavs. es faqti asaxulia ucxour wyaroebSic. ucxouri wyaroebis Tanaxmad am epoqaSi afxazeTis kaTalikosi sruliad saqarTvelos (iberiis) uxuces (upirates) pirvelierarqad iTvleboda, magaliTad antioqia-ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi (XVII s.) amis Sesaxeb werda _ `iberiaSi ori arqiepiskoposia, romelTac qarTvelebi uwodeben kaTalikosebs. qvemo iberia, romelsac Zvelad kolxeTs uwodebdnen, aqvs eparqiebi imereTSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTsa da mesxeTis nawilSi. zemo da qvemo iberias Soris sazRvari aris qedi, romelic kavkasiis mTebSi iwyeba, qarTulad qulfargi ewodeba, qvemo iberiis kaTalikosi pativiT ufro metia zemo iberiis kaTalikosze ... mefe, e.i. imereTis Tavi, maTTan iwodeba mTeli iberiis mefeTa-mefed ~ (dosiTeosi, ierusalimeli patriarqebi, Tavi V, gv. 510, wignidan: , , , 1966 . 51). meore ierusalimeli patriarqi xrisanfi ambobs: `saqar TveloSi, romelsac adre iberia erqva, iyo ori arqiepiskoposi, romelTac Cveulebis Tanaxmad uwodeben kaTalikosebs da ara arqiepiskoposebs. ase maT marto qarTvelebi uwodeben. amaTgan erTi, e.i. arqiepiskoposi qvemo iberiisa, iwodeba imereTis, oseTis, guriis da sruliad qvemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, anu martivad, sruliad iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, rogorc ufrosi zemo iberiis

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kaTalikosze. xolo meore, e.i. zemo iberiisa, iwodeba qarTlis, kaxeTis, albaniis da sruliad zemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad... romeli imperatoris dros, an romel krebaze gaxda is saarqiepiskoposo, Cven zustad ver davadgineT, magram 26 ivnisis svinaqsarSi vpoulobT, rom ioane, goTeTis episkoposi, xeldasxmuli iqna iberiis kaTalikosis mier, radganac romaul qveynebSi batonobda xatmebrZolTa eresi, ase rom, rogorc Cans, erekles Semdeg isavramde qvemo iberia saarqiepiskoposo gaxda~... (wignidan: , , , 1966 . 49). antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqebi erTiani saxelmwifos danawevrebis Semdeg ewvivnen saqarTvelos, imyofebodnen afxazeTis sakaTalikosoSi XVII s-Si, TavianTi TvaliT naxes, Seafases da wignebis saxiT gamoaqveynes saqarTvelos eklesiis yofa TavianT epoqaSi. maTi aRweridan naTlad Cans, rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg afxazeTis sakaTalikoso ki ar gamoeyo qarTul eklesias, rogorc bolo dros wers zogierTi istorikosi, aramed piriqiT, afxazeTis kaTalikosi `sruliad iberiis unetares kaTalikosad~ iwoda, anu sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurad warmoadgina sakuTari Tavi. es faqti afxazeTis sakaTalikosos sabuTebiTac dasturdeba. faqti, rom saqarTvelos daSla-danawevrebisas afxazeTis kaTalikosebi TavianT Tavs sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqebad miiCnevdnen, am epoqis saqarTvelos eklesiis mTlianobis utyuari niSania. ismis kiTxva, ratom miiCnies afxazeTis kaTalikosebma Tavisi Tavi sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqad aRniSnul epoqaSi? am kiTxis pasuxisaTvis masalas gvaZleven TviT ucxoeli patriarqebi TavianT aRwerebSi. antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqebis epoqaSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mahmadianuri sparseTis saxelmwifo daepatrona da samwyso qarTl-kaxeTis mahmadiani mefexanebis xelqveiTad iqca, ramac qarTlis sakaTalikoso daaknina (wm. evdemon kaTalikoso cixis maRali koSkidan gadmoagdes da mokles, mravali sxva kaTalikosi daapatimres anda qveyana daatovebines), aseT kritikul dros sruliad iberiis mrevli maT WeSmarit mefed qristian imereTis mefes miiCnevda. patriarqi xrisanfi wers: `mefe, e.i. imereTis Tavi, maTTan iwodeba mTeli iberiis mefeTa-mefed~, Sesabamisad, msgavsadve, dosiTeosis sityviT _ `arqiepiskoposi qvemo iberiisa, iwodeba... sruliad iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, rogorc ufrosi zemo iberiis kaTalikosze~. rogorc iTqva, ucxoeli patriarqebi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos `qvemo iberiis saarqiepiskoposos~, mis meTaurs ki `sruliad iberiis kaTalikoss~ uwodebdmen. afxazeTis anu qvemo iberiis kaTalikosma saqarTvelos (sruliad iberiis) eklesiis meTauroba im dros miiRo, rodesac qarTl-kaxeTs mahmadiani mefe-xanebi marTavdnen TiTqmis 150 wlis manZilze.

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RvTis SewevniT XVIII s-is 50-ian wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis taxtze kvlav qristiani mefeebi avidnen, am momentma kvlav gaaZliera qarTlis sakaTalikoso, man kvlav daibruna Zveli avtotiteti da Zveleburad kvlav iwoda saqarTvelos kaTalikosad. es faqti saeklesio samarTlis sferomac asaxa, magaliTad anton kaTalikosis dikasteriis (saeklesio sasamarTlos) samarTalis sferoSi aRmosavleTTan erTad dasavleT saqarTveloc Sedioda (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi, 2003, t. III, gv. 7-9). samarTlebrivad da administraciulad XVIII s-is bolos afxazeTis kaTalikosTa taxtze mjdomi wm. dosiTeos quTaTelis dros saqarTvelos eklesia erTiani iyo iseve, rogorc yovelTvis IV s-dan. XIX s-Si mTeli es sistema moiSala, radganac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma ruseTis saimperatoro xelisuflebam.

lazikis eparqia
iberebisa da lazebis saerTo winaprebi qaldevelebi anu xalibebi iyvnen. isini erTi xalxisagan warmoiSvnen. sazogadod, qarTvelebis saerTo qveyana iyo saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba daiane-diaoxi (qristeSobamde XII-VIII saukuneebSi), aseve qarTvelTa yvela tomis samSoblo iyo imave tao-arzrum-qaldeas momcveli xalibebis qveyana qaldu-xalitu. qristeSobamde VI saukunisaTvis xalitus ukve sasperTa qveynis saxeliT icnobdnen. TandaTanobiT am teritoriebze ucxouri saxelmwifoebrioba mtkicdeboda, xolo qarTuli politikuri centrebi ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare adgilebs iTvisebda (xalxis gamravlebisa da aseve samxreTidan Zlieri saxelmwifoebis zewolis gamo). romaul xanaSi aRniSnuli qarTuli mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli trapezuntis mxaris dasavleTiT mdebare qalaqma polemonionma Tavisi saxeli misca mTel provincias _ `polemonis (polemoniakis) pontos~. mas romis imperiis aRmosavleTis sazRvrebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda. IV s-Si trapezunti da kerasunti, aseve neokesaria, komania da sxva miekuTvneboda polemoniakis pontos. V s-Si trapezuntSi idga pontos pirveli legioni, rac am qalaqs aniWebda gansakuTrebul rols, rogorc Tavdacvisas, ise imperiis aRmosavleTis sazRvrebis dacvisas. p. ingoroyvas kvleviT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoTa nusxebSi e.w. noticiebSi trapezuntis kaTedras aseve ewodeba `polemonis pontos kaTedra~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi mer-

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Cule, gv, 237, SeniSvna 1), kerZod #3 da #4 noticiaSi (806-815 wlebi) da aseve #5 noticiaSi (820-829 wlebi) trapezuntis kaTedra polemonis pontos kaTedrad iwodeba (iqve, gv. 237). VI s-Si iustinianes XXVIII (28-e) novelaSi polemoniakis pontos qalaqebidan dasaxelebulia neokesaria, komana, trapezunti, kerasunti, polemonia da aseve cixe-simagreebi (da ara qalaqebi) _ pitiunti da sebastopoli `am sasazRvro simagreebis iqiT iyo lazika~ ( ) (karpovi, gv. 59). n. adonci, p. ingoroyva da sxva mecnierebi am pitiuntsa da sebastopoliss aTavseben aTinasTan axlos of-rizes regionSi. am pitiuntTan iwyeboda lazikis samefos sazRvari. mezoblad qaldeaSi (samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT), mdebareobda aseTive saxelis mqone saeklesio-administraciuli erTeuli `eparqia lazikaSi~. zogadad, am orive erTeuls erTi saxeli `lazika~ erqva. VII s-is Sua wlebSi daarsda `armeniakis~ Temi anu Tema (mas armeniakonis Temsac uwodeben). es Tema Tavis mxriv sam `tumad~ (samxedro-administraciul erTeulad) iyofoda. xaldia (qaldea) armeniakis Temis erTerT tumaSi Seiyvanes. dasavleTiT armeniakis Temas md. galisi sazRvravda, n. adonciT aRmosavleTiT misi sazRvari fasisamde (e.i. Woroxamde) aRwevda. 824-863 wlebSi armeniakis Tema daiSala da qaldea calke Temad gamoiyo (karpovi, gv. 64). qaldias dedaqalaqi iyo trapezunti. qaldeas Tems Tavisi Zveli saxeli _ lazikac SemorCa, amitom mas saeklesio dokumentebSi, romelic Zvel tradicias ukeT inaxavda, zogjer uwodebdnen _ eparqias lazikaSi. is iyo eklesiuri lazika, xolo politikuri lazika pitiuntisa da sebastopolisis iqiT anu Woroxis mimarTulebiT arsebobda, rogorc aRiniSna. fasidi (fasisi) Tavdapirvelad iyo eklesiuri lazikis dedaqalaqi, magram VII-VIII saukuneebSi TandaTanobiT trapezunti gadaiqca dedaqalaqad, amitomac Semdgom aq (trapezuntSi) hqonda kaTedra lazikis eparqiis mmarTvel fasidis (fazisis) episkoposs. nikeis VII msoflio krebis (787) aqtebs mitropoliti qristefore xels awerda sxvadasxva sami dazustebiT _ `episkoposi fasidisa~, `episkoposi fasidisa e.i. trapezuntisa~, `episkoposi trapezuntisa~; is iyo rogorc trapezuntis, aseve missave daqvemdebarebaSi darCenili fasidis mitropoliti, Tavisi xelmoweriT trapezuntelma qristeforem Tavisi pretenzia daadastura fasida _ fazisis mimarT. rogorc aRiniSna, 787 wels mitropolitobis pativis mosurne trapezuntelma episkoposma qristeforem msoflio krebis aqtebs xeli moawera, aseve, rogorc fasidis episkoposma (`episkoposi trapezuntisa da fasidisa~).

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pitiunti erqva cixe-qalaqs aTinasTan, safiqrebelia, rom aqve iyo qalaqi fasidi. es teritoria qaldeas Tems ekuTvnoda, ramac ufleba misca qaldeas Temis saeklesio mmarTvels trapezuntel qristefores aTina-fasidazec ganecxadebina Tavisi pretenzia. saxeli fasida-fazisi am regionSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo. magaliTad fazisi erqva md.kelkits, Woroxs mis qvemowelSi, aseve arc Tu moSorebiT, md araqss zemowelSi. saxeli fazisi erqva qalaqs Woroxis SesarTavTan zRvispirze, patara qalaqs araqze (fasinleri), aseve qalaq polemonsac (fadisa). Zvel polemons fadisa rom hqvia es naTqvamia 2001 wels vaSingtonSi dabeWdil wignSic Byzantine Seals 30. Polemonion Polemoniona twin town witch Fadisane/Fatsa, gave its name the rivier Boleman (Catalogue of Bizantine Seals at Dumbarton oaks and in the Fogg Museum of art, volome 4, the East, 2001, 83). fadisa/fatsasTan gamaval mdinares amJamadac bolemoni/polemoni hqvia. es saxeli fasidi, rogorc iTqva, Cans, erqva aseve aTinasac. Tavdapirvelad aq unda hqonoda kaTedra lazikis eparqiis mmarTvel fasidis (fazisis) episkoposs. mas oTxi kaTedra eqvemdebareboda _ ziganasi (trapezuntidan 70-mde km-Si mdebare qalaqisa qaldeaSi), saisinisa (aseve trapezuntis regionSi), petrasi (is trapezuntis dasavleTiT-tripolisTan, anda arzrumis mimarTulebiT mdebareobda) da rodopolisisa (ziganas axlos, samxreTiT-dasavleTiT mdebare qalaqisa). isini qmnidnen lazikis eparqias, romelic wyaroebSi VII s-dan Cans. rogorc iTqva, 824-863 wlebSi armeniakis Temis daSlam, xaldiis calke Temad gamoyofam, samxedro da politikurma arastabilurobam gamoiwvia Zveli saepiskoposo kaTedrebis _ ziganas, petras, rodopolisis da saisinis saxelebis gaqroba-damcroba. maT adgilas axali qalaqebi da Sesabamisi kaTedrebi warmoiqmna. magaliTad, ziganas nacvlad _ lerioni da a.S. Zveli saepiskoposo qalaqebic gadanawilda axal Temebs Soris. magaliTad, iqamde saepiskoposo qalaqi petra, SesaZloa xaldiis Tems aRar miakuTvnes. rodopolisi Cans rizes kaTedram miisakuTra da ufunqciod datova. armeniakis Temis daSlis Semdeg (romelsac Zveli polemoniakis pontos adgili eWira) eklesiaSi miRebuli terminologiiT lazika mxolod qaldiis Tems ewoda (iqamde, rogorc aRiniSna lazika mTel polemonis pontos erqva, gansakuTrebiT mis mTianeTs da lazikis eparqiac polemonis pontos mTian regions _ xaldia-qaldeas moicavda). saeklesio geografiuli terminologia gansxvavdeboda saerosagan, mas Semdeg, rac trapezuntTan mdebare iqamde lazebis qveynad wodebuli vrceli

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regioni bizantiam miisakuTra, mas politiurad sxvadasxva saxelebi (polemonis ponto, armeniakoni da sxva) uwoda, magram saeklesio dokumentaciaSi mas mainc lazikas uwodebdnen, am regionisaTvis bunebriv saxels. es saxeli `lazika~ bizantiam uwoda aseve qaldias mezoblad axaldapyrobil teritorias xufaTidan Woroxis mimarTulebiT. maSasadame, Semdgomi gafarToebis kvaldakval bizantiam politikurad lazika uwoda ukve qaldiis uSualo mezoblad mdebare axaldapyrobil teritorias Woroxis SesarTavis xeobaSi (kerZod, mas uwoda `lazTa samefo~). magram qaldeaSi bizantiur saeklesio erTeuls Zveleburadve erqva `lazikis eparqia~ anu samitropolito, amis mizezs gvixsnis n. adonci. n. adoncis Tanaxmad, saeklesio geografiam Semoinaxa imperiis Zveli administraciuli dayofis (diokletianes droindeli) saxe imiT, rom Tavis saWiroebisTvis iyenebda mas. e.i. lazikis Zveli saxeli, misi teritoriis Zveleburi gageba Semoinaxa mxolod saeklesio terminologiam da realurma saeklesio-administraciuli dayofis saxem. n. adonciT lazikaSi trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali bizanis, paipertis, keramevis, lerionisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi, Sesabamisi qalaqebi ganlagebulni iyvnen Teodosiopolis-trapezuntis SemaerTebeli gzis sanapiro regionSi, anu istoriuli WaneTSi, maT momcvel saeklesio olqs ewodeboda `samitropolito lazikaSi~, anu swored am mxareeebs erqva lazika bizantiuri saeklesio geografiis mixedviT da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos. `lazika~ imJamindeli berZnuli eklesiuri gagebiT erqva aRniSnul regions (e.i. qaldea-Wanikas) da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos. istoriulad, V s-mde rizes sanaxebi Sedioda qarTlis samefos klarjeTis saerisTavoSi, maT Soris `speri, bolo klarjeTisa da zRvispiri~, Semdeg es teritoria (daaxloebiT rizedan xufaTamde) uSualod SeierTa bizantiam, amave dros iqamde klarjeTSi Semavali baiburdis regionic bizantiam uSualod SeierTa, danarCeni klarjeTi marTalia bizantiam daipyro, magram mas buferuli `Tavisufali qveynis~ statusi mianiWa, mis mmarTvels ki `lazTa mefe~ uwoda (gubaz I [450-470 ww.]). lazTa mefis mflobelobaSi yofili klarjeTis saerisTavos daaxloebiT mesamedi darCa da is moicavda zRvispirs xufaTidan Woroxamde da mcire teritorias mis zemoT (Semdgom cixisZiramde da urekamde), lazeTis samefoSi aseve Sedioda Woroxis regioni da misi xeoba arTvinis CaTvliT da artanujis xeoba vidre arsianis qedamde. V s-is II naxevarSi klarjeTis es dapyrobili nawili anu bizantiurad `lazTa samefo~ vaxtang gorgasalma bizantieli dampyroblebisagan gaaTavisufla da qarTlis samefos ukan daubruna. am Rvawls dawvrilebiT aRwers `qarTlis cxovreba~. VI saukunisaTvis rizes regionSi ukve mkveTrad iyo gamoxatuli qarTvelebis (Wanebis) bizantiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ganmaTavisuflebeli

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moZraoba, rac SebrZolebebiTac gamoxateboda. qaldea-ziganas regioni rizesTan erTad mis epicentrSi iyo moqceuli. qaldelebs, aseve, lazebic erqvaT. VI s-Si qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi krizisis gamo, aRniSnul regions (e.i. istoriul klarjeTs, romlis zRvispira da Woroxis xeobaSi moqceul nawils bizantielebi lazikas uwodebdnen) kvlav bizantielebi daepatronen, aRadgines mefoba da lazTa mefeebad daniSnes waTe I (daaxl. 510-530), gubaz II (540-554) da waTe II (554-580). rogorc aRiniSna, lazikis eparqiis momcveli teritoria ar mdebareobda `lazTa samefoSi~, radganac lazikis eparqia ZiriTadad qaldeas olqs moicavda rizemde, xolo lazTa samefo, rogorc iTqva, xufaTTan iwyeboda da arsianis qedamde grZeldeboda. Tumca ki isini, oriveni, istoriul lazikaSi mdebareobdnen. arabTa Semosevebma viTareba Secvala. bizantiis sazRvrebi trapezuntamde Semcirda. lazTa samefo daviwyebas mieca. arabTa Semosevebma dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri saxec Secvala. iqamde qarTuli wyaroebiT is qarTlis samefos nawils warmoadgenda da strabonis cnobiT kerketebiTa da henioxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. qarTuli wyaroebiT mas egrisi, argueTi da guria erqva. etimologiurad sityvebis _ `kerketisa~ da `egrisis~ (aseve sityvebis `argueTisa~ da `guriis~) fuZeebi TiTqosda erTmaneTs eTanadeba: `kerk~ da `egr~ (aseve `argu~ da `gur~). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gadasvlas g-k-q, maSin `kerk~ mogvcems `gerg~-s, rac `egr~ (arg, gur) fuZes eTanadeba. (gerg=egrarg-gur). igive fuZe `gr-rg~ udevs safuZvlad qarTvelTa da maTi qveynis aRmniSvnel yvela saxelwodebas (georgien, gurZ, gurj, gogaren, gugarq da sxva). kerketebis toms qaldebTan unda hqonoda eTnikur-naTesavuri kavSiri, radganac ucxo wyaroebiT kerketebis anu kerkitebis tomi qaldeaSic cxovrobda (Semdgom WaneTSi). qaldea ki iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT yvela qarTuli tomis samSoblo iyo. dasavleT saqarTvelo (strabonis Semdgomi wyaroebiT) ufro eger-svanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. afsilebi da misimianebi maTi nawili unda yofiliyo. maSasadame, politikuri lazika xufaTidan daaxloebiT rionamde vrceldeboda, mas dasavleT saqarTveloSi iberia da abazgia esazRvreboda. eklesiuri lazika ki, sxva iyo, is rogorc ramdenjerme iTqva, trapezuntis vrcel regions erqva.

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lazikis marTlmadidebluri nawili VII-VIII saukuneebSi

wmida maqsime aRmsarebeli, romelic kavkasiaSi gadmoasaxles, keTilmorwmuneebsa da marTlmadideblebs uwodebs abazgiisa da iberiis mTavrebs (am sakiTxs Cven mivuZRveniT sagangebo naSromi). maqsime aRmsarebeli 645 wels monoTelitebTan karTagenSi disputis Semdeg 662 wels kavkasiaSi gadaasaxles, is mTel imperiaSi saxelganTqmuli iyo monoTelitebTan brZoliT, amitom, cxadia, is marTlmadideblad ar moixseniebda aRniSnul (abazgiisa da iberiis) qarTvel mTavrebs, mas Tavisi TvaliT rom ar enaxa maTi sarwmunoebrivi saxe. monoTelitoba aRiarebda, rom qristeSi ori bunebaa mocemuli, magram misi neba da qmedeba RmerTkacuria. es dogmati Camoyalibda 620-ian wlebSi kavkasiaSi. kerZod ki, lazikaSi herakle keisris, sergi konstantinopolelisa da kiros fasiselis TaTbirisa da mimoweris Sedegad, xolo 633 wels gamoaqveyna aleqsandrelma patriarqma kiros fasiselma (fasidelma). CvenSi miiCneven `VII saukuneSi kavkasiis eklesiebis oficialuri mrwamsi monoTelituri iyo (z. aleqsiZe, qse, 7, gv. 98). am mosazrebas, rom VII s-Si kavkasiis eklesiebis oficialuri mrwamsi iyo monoTelituri ar adasturebs maqsime aRmsareblis mier abazgiisa da iberiis mTavrebis `keTilmorwmuneebad~ moxsenieba, magram monoTelitobis erTerTi centri namdvilad iyo e.w. `eklesiuri lazika~ anu trapezuntis mimdebare regioni, romelsac qaldeasac uwodebdnen. radganac, aq, lazikaSi, kerZod ki, trapezuntSi Sexvda herakle keisari eresiaqebs. saerTod, trapezuntis regions herakle keisris epoqaSive erqva `lazika~. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTvelo ar iyo monoTelituri, xolo konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Semavali qaldea-lazika monoTelituri iyo. amiTac marTldebian qarTuli wyaroebi, romelnic IV s-danve qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval dasavleT saqarTvelos mudam marTlmadideblurad miiCneven, rasac wm. maqsimes cnobac miuTiTebs. herakle keisris sparseTSi laSqrobis savaraudo marSrutebi cnobilia, is pirvelad 627 wels Cavida lazikis mTavar qalaq trapezuntSi. lazikas qarTveli wmida mamebi uwodebdnen `sofeli megrelTa~ da mis adgilmdbareobas gansazRvravdnen tarpezuntis regionSi. magaliTad, mivida andria trapezuntSi `sofelsa Sina megrelTasa~ (eqvTime mTawmideli), maSasadame maqsime aRmsareblis epoqaSic trapezuntis olqs lazika erqva, es iyo eklesiuri lazika anu lazikis eparqiis momcveli regioni, rogorc aRiniSna, misgan ganasxvavebdnen politikur erTeul lazikas, is iwyeboda xufaTTan da moicavda dasavleT saqarTvelos erT nawilsac. es lazika marTlmadidebluri iyo. amas mowmobs maqsmime aRmsareblis werilebi, xolo

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lazikis is nawili, romelic moicavda trapezuntis olqs iyo monoTelituri, aq Sexvda herakle keisari eresiarqebs. ai, aq, am lazikaSi, trapezunt-qaldeas regionSi unda veZioT Cven konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eparqiebi lazikaSi, misgan gansxvavebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo marTlmadidebluri iyo. trapezunti lazikis qalaqi iyo VII s-Si herakles laSqrobis dros da aseTad darCa is Semdgomac. 901-907 wlebiT daTariRebul me-7 noticiaSi ixsenieba _ `trapezunti lazikisa~.

abazgiis eparqia
XX s-Si qarTul istoriografiaSi Camoyalibda Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac afxazeTis sakaTalikoso Camoyalibda ara qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi, aramed konstantinopolis sapatriarqos _ abazgiisa da lazikis eparqiebis gaerTianebis Sedegad. es daskvna ewinaaRmdegeba ZvelqarTul saeklesio wyaroebs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT (magaliTad, cnobas _ `aman bagrat (qarTvelTa mefem) ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~, aseve ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis mier gamocemuli `Zeglisweris~ cnobebs da sxv.). am mizezis gamo aRniSnuli mkvlevarebi undoblobas ucxadeben qarTul wyaroebs da, rogorc isini acxadeben, TavianT mosazrebas amyareben bizantiur wyaroebze. ganvixiloT Sesabamisi bizantiuri wyaroebi, kerZod ki konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoTa nusxebi (noticiebi) da prokofi kesarielis cnobebi (radganac, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli mkvlevarebi maT asaxeleben wyaroebad abazgiis eparqiis Sesaxeb msjelobisas). Cvenamde moRweul yvela noticiaSi `abazgiis eparqiis~ sakiTxi dakavSirebulia `sebastopolis avtokefaliasTan~. sebastopolis (sebastopolisis, sebastupolis) avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo naxsenebia sul oTx noticiaSi. am oTxi noticiidan 2 noticiaSi (VI-sa da VIII-Si) sebastopolis avtokefalia Sedis `amasiis eparqiaSi~, xolo darCenil 2 noticiaSi (I-sa da VII-Si) sebastopolis avtokefalia Sedis `abazgiis eparqiaSi~ (georgika, IV, naw. II. gv.120-141). am Seusabamobis gamo mecnierTa winaSe daisva sakiTxi, sinamdvileSi romel eparqiaSi Sedioda sebastopolisis avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo - abazgiis eparqiaSi Tu amasiis eparqiaSi? TavisTavad sebastopolisi iyo sakmaod cnobili cixe-simagre, sadac bizantiuri samxedro danayofi idga, amitomac is naxsenebia aseve sxva wyaroSi, kerZod, V s-is samoxeleo CamonaTvalis siaSi (Notitia dignitaum).

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Notitia dignitaum-Si aRniSnulia, rom sebastopolsa da pitiuntSi Tavisi jarebi ganlagebuli hyavda armeniis dukas. bizantiis imperiam Tavis mier dapyrobil armeniasa da pontospireTSi Camoayaliba samxedro olqi, romlis meTaursac mieniWa tituli `armeniis duka~ (Dux). Notitia dignitaum _ is siaSi CamoTvlilia, rom armeniis dukas Tavisi samxedro danayofebi hyavda _ `trapezuntSi, rizeSi, keneparamboleSi, ziganasTan, moxoraSi, usiportSi, pitiaSi (pitiuntsa) da sebastopolisSi~ (georgika I, 1961, gv. 175). am punqtebis adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb n. adoncim Tavis cnobil naSromSi `armenia iustinianes epoqaSi~ (1908) daaskvna: `armeniis duka Tavis Zalauflebas ver avrcelebda iseT daSorebul regionSi, rogoricaa afxazeTi, amitomac noticiebsa da aRniSnul samoxeleo CamonaTvalSi sebastopolisi unda veZeboT ara afxazeTSi, aramed pontospireTSi~ (n. adonci, dasax. naSr. gv. 206). n. adoncim (da Semdeg p. ingoroyvam) daadgines, rom pitiunti mdebareobda rize-aTinas regionSi, sebastopolisi ki pitiuntis siaxloves, n. adoncis azriT sebastopolisi aTinas regionSi mdebareobda, radganac, misi azriT, aqamde aRwevda armeniis dukas samxedro olqis sazRvari. amasTanave is aRniSnavda rom `sebastopolisis~ saxeli aseve pontos regionSi erqva mis meore kuTxeSi mdebare qalaqs, romelic amasiasTan axlos mdebareobda. SemdegSi s. yauxCiSvilma sebastopolisis sakiTxi daukavSira aRniSnul qalaq amasias. isaa naxsenebi noticiebSi. rogorc aRiniSna, or noticiaSi sebastopolisis saarqiepiskoposo Sedis amasiis eparqiaSi, es faqti aRZravda mraval kiTxvas. s. yauxCiSvilma ase gadaWra es sakiTxi _ man miiCnia, rom es faqti aris noticiebis Secdoma, rom noticiebSi unda eweros ara sityva `amasia~ aramed sityva `abasgia~. SemdgomSi Tavisi mosazrebis Sesabamisad, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoTa nusxebis gamoqveynebis dros, s. yauxCiSvilma berZnul nusxebSi Secvala sityva `amasia~ sityva `abazgiiT~. kerZod, noticia VI-Si mas Sexvda aseTi winadadeba _ `35, eparqia amasiisa `sebastopolis arqiepiskoposi~ (bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, georgika, tomi IV, nawili meore, 1952, gv. 139). man am winadadebas daurTo Semdegi SeniSvna _ `aSkara Secdomaa, unda iyos Abasgias (AbasgiasAmasgiasAmasias) (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 139, SeniSvna 2). Semdeg ki man mis mier gamoqveynebul konstantinopolis saepiskoposoTa noticiebis sagangebo cxrilSi sityva `amasiis~ magier dawera sityva `abas-

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gia~, oRond ara qarTuli SriftiT, aramed berZnuliT, amiT ki mkiTxvels Seeqmna myari STabeWdileba, rom berZnul dedanSi TiTqosda namdvilad ewera satyva `abazgia~, maSin, roca noticiebis dedanSi ewera `amasia~. kerZod, aRniSnul noticiaTa nusxaSi noticia VI-Si man dawera Abasgias, Sebastopouleos berZnuli SriftiT (ix. nusxa noticiebisa georgika, IV, naw. II, 1952, gv. 192-sa da gv. 193-s Sua furceli), maSin roca berZnul dedanSi ewera `Amasias, Sebastopouleos~. igive qmedeba gameorda meorejerac, kerZod, man noticia VI-is garda aseve noticia VIII-Sic Secvala sityva `amasia~ sityva `abazgiiT~. kerZod, 141-e gverdze noticia VIII-Si man sityva `amasias~ daurTo SeniSvna _ `unda iyos Abasgias _ `abasgiisa~ (iqve, gv. 139). Semdeg ki man nusxebSi noticia VIII-Sic `amasias~ magivrad dabeWda sityva `abazgia~ berZnuli SriftiT (ix. noticiaTa cxrili, furceli moTavsebuli gv. 192-sa da gv. 193-s Sua, georgika, IV, naw. II). s. yauxCiSvilis SesworebaTa Sedegad mkiTxvels Seeqmna STabeWdileba, rom `sebastopolisi~ iyo ara pontos regionSi aramed afxazeTSi, radganac rogorc iTqva man or _ noticia VI-sa da VIII-Si dawera _ `Abasgias Sebastopouleos~, maSin roca unda daewera _ `Amasias Sebastopouleos~ (ix. georgika, IV, naw. II, furceli 192 gverdsa da 193-e gverds Soris), iseve rogorcaa aRniSnul noticiebSi da misi Secvla-sworeba ar iyo saWiro. noticiaTa dednebSi am Casworebas, maT am cvlilebas cxadia mohyva Tavisi Teoriuli msjelobac. kerZod, Sesabamis samecniero wreebSi Seiqmna STabeWdileba TiTqosda afxazeTSi nikoloz mistikosis dros arsebobda sebastopolisis berZnuli kaTedra konstantinopolis daqvemdebarebis qveS. amitomac dawera kidevac s. yauxCiSvilma: `nikoloz mistikoss axal saeklesio ekTesisSi, romelic man 901-907 wlebSi Seadgina leon keisarTan erTad konstantinopolis patriarqisadmi daqvemdebarebul kaTedraTa Soris Seaqvs (Zveli tradiciiT) `sebastopolis (cxumis) saerqiepiskoposo afxazeTSi~, Tumca es ukanaskneli kaTedra fazisis mitropoliasTan da nikofsiis saerqiepiskoposo kaTedrasTan erTad ukve mcxeTis sakaTalikosos ganmgeblobaSia (ix. zemoT gv. 194-196 da gansakuTrebiT gv. 201)~ _ wers is. yovelives Sejamebis Semdeg s. yauxCiSvili nikoloz mistikosis mier Sedgenil X b noticiis ganxilvis dros wers: `am noticiaSi Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs Semdegi garemoeba: saarqiepiskoposoTa nusxaSi 47-e weria sebastopoli, xolo konstantine porfirogenetis droindel redaqciaSi sebastopolis (e.i. afxazeTis) saarqiepiskoposo aklia~ (georgika, IV, naw. II gv.196). amis mizezad mas miaCnia Semdegi:

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`konstantine porfirogenetis mefobis wina xanebSi afxazeTis saarqiepiskoposo CamoSorda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos da daukavSirda mcxeTis sakaTalikozos~ _ wers is, Tumca ki miiCnevs, rom, rogorc iTqva, nikoloz mistikosma (konstantinopolis patriarqma), TiTqosda `Zveli tradiciiT sevastopolis (cxumis) saarqiepiskoposo Seitana konstantinopolis patriarqisadmi daqvemdebarebul kaTedraTa Soris~ (iqve, gv 216). ismis kiTxva, Tuki es sebastopolisi afxazeTis cxumia da is nikoloz mistikoss miaCnda Tavis kaTedrad, da Tu es kaTedra afxazTa mefeebma gaauqmes da mcxeTas dauqvemdebares, ratom ar gamoTqvams am mtaceblobis gamo Tavis protests nikoloz mistikosi swored am afxazTa mefeebisadmi gagzavnil cnobil werilebSi? sinamdvileSi noticiebSi naxsenebi sebastopolisi (da Sesabamisad sebastopolisis saarqiepiskoposo) mdebareobda ara afxazeTSi, aramed amasias regionSi, qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis farglebs gareT, ZvelTaganve konstantinopolis daqvemdebarebaSi. am sebastopoliss araferi akavSirebda arc afxazeTTan da arc cxumTan, is arsebobda zemoT aRniSnul X saukunis dasawyisSic da amitom Seiyvana is nikoloz mistikosma Tavis mier Sedgenil konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoTa nusxebSi 901-907 wlebSi. noticiebSi naxsenebi `sebastopolisi~ mdebareobda amasiasTan axlos da is iyo mniSvnelovani qalaqi ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli amasias bizantiuri regionisa. maSasadame, unda davasvnaT, rom abasgiis eparqia naxsenebia ara oTx noticiaSi, aramed mxolod orSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva, Tu ki sebastopolisis avtokefaluri kaTedra mdebareobda ara afxazeTSi, aramed amasias regionSi, ratomaa or noticiaSi (I-sa da VII-Si) naxsenebi sityva abasgia? mizezi amisa unda iyos Semdegi garemoeba _ aRniSnuli VII-X saukuneebis noticiebi gadawerilia Zalze gvian XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. noticiaTa gadaweris epoqaSi amasia da pontos regioni ukve didi xnis gamuslimanebuli iyo, xolo amasiis Zveli qristianuli dideba daviwyebuli, maSin, roca gadaweris dros, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso qristianulad gaZlierebuli iyo da amiT saxelganTqmuli. am faqtma Cans gavlena iqonia gadawerisas. dedanSi Tavdapirvelad, Cans, ewera `eparqia amasiisa - sebastopolis avtokefali~, xolo Semdeg or noticiaSi sityva `amasia~ xelnaweris gadamweris Secdomis Sedegad, Seicvala sityva `abazgiiT~ (abasgiiT). am Secdomiis mizezs gvixsnis s. yauxCiSvili. Cveni eris saxelovanma mecnierma batonma simon yauxCiSvilma daadgina, rom es ori sityva (`amasia~ da `abasgia~) xelnawerTa gadamwers SesaZloa

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erTmaneTSi areoda, radganac yauxCiSvilis mier Catarebuli etimologiuri kvleviT, isini msgavsad iwereba: `AbasgiasAmasgiasAmasias~ (georgika IV, naw. II, gv. 139). amis gamo, misi daskvniT, SesaZloa aseTi gadasvla _ AmasiasAbasgias. am msgavsebam gadamweri Seacdina da man sityva `amasia~ uneblieT Secvala misTvis ufro cnobili sityviT _ `abasgiiT~. Cvenma sazogadoebam ukritikod miiRo s. yauxCiSvilis Sesworeba noticiisa, roca man amasiis nacvlad `abasgia~ dawera. Cvenc gamoviyenoT yauxCiSvilis mier Catarebuli etimologiuri kvleva _ `AbasgiasAmasgiasAmasias~ (georgika IV, naw. II, gv. 139). daveTanxmoT mas da aRvadginoT I da VII noticiebis Tavdapirveli saxe, rogorc iTqva, arsebobs aseTi gadasvla _ AmasiasAbasgias. maSasadame, Cveni azriT Tavdapirvelad, dedanSi, ewera `eparqia amasiisa _ sebastopolis avtokefali~ da ara `eparqia abasgiisa~. saerTod, rogorc iTqva, konstantinopolis saepiskoposoTa nusxebma (noticiebma) Cvenamde moaRwia gviandeli XVII-XVIII saukuneebis xelnawerebis saxiT (iqve, gv. 140), am dros ukve karga xnis gauqmebuli iyo amasiis eparqia, romelic noticiaTa I wyebis Sedgenisas bizantiur provincia `armenia I-Si~ mdebareobda. imdenad daSorebuli iyo noticiebis gadamweri (XVII-XVIII ss-Si) Zvel bizantiur xanas (VI-VIII ss.), rom mas erTmaneTSic ki ereva ara mxolod amasia da abasgia, aramed armenia I da armenia II, rasac s. yauxCiSvilic aRniSnavs. noticia I-Si da noticia VII-Si mweralma misTvis ucnobi `amasiis eparqiis~ nacvlad uneblieT Cawera `abazgiis eparqia~ da es uneblie Secdoma unda yofiliyo. daskvna: amJamad miRebuli TvalsazrisiT abazgiis eparqia naxsenebia oTx noticiaSi, Cven davadgineT, rom abazgiis eparqia naxsenebia ara oTx, aramed mxolod or noticiaSi _ I-sa da VII-Si. am or noticiasTan dakavSirebiT Cven gamovTqviT mosazreba, rom Tavdapirvelad, I da VII noticiebSi ewera `amasiis eparqia, sebastopolis (sebastupolis) arqiepiskoposi~ da Semdeg ki maTSi xelnaweris gadamweris mier uneblied sityva amasiis nacvlad daiwera sityva _ abazgia da miRebuli iqna ase _ `abazgiis eparqia, sebastopolis arqiepiskoposi~. am mosazrebas adasturebs is, rom amJamadac VI da VIII noticiebSi sisworiT weria _ `amasiis eparqia, sebastopolis arqiepiskoposi~. es sisworiT Sedgenili VI da VIII noticiebi, rogorc iTqva, XX s-Si Tavisi mosazrebis Sesabamisad Seaswora s. yauxCiSvilma. VI da VIII noticiebSi s. yauxCiSvilma sityva amasiis magier dawera sityva abasgia. amis Sedegad miRebulma saerTo suraTma, rom TiTqosda oTxi noticia miuTiTebda `abazgiis eparqiis~ arsebobas Secdoma warmoSva.

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maSasadame, abazgiis eparqiis arseboba noticiebis mixedviT Zalze saeWvoa, ufro metic, sxva wyaroebi ar adastureben mis arsebobas, magaliTad b.xorava miuTiTebs, TiTqosda prokofi kesarieli axsenebdes abasgiis eparqias. sinamdvileSi, prokofi kesarieli ar axsenebs `abazgiis eparqias~, amitomac am sakiTxis rkvevisas mas wyarod ver gamoviyenebT. prokofi kesarieli axsenebs ara `abazgiis eparqias~, aramed mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom mis epoqaSi iustinianem gasaqristianeblad iqamde warmarT abazgebs evnuqi gaugzavna (sxva zRvispira qarTuli tomebi iqamde ukve qristianebi iyvnen, kerZod lazebi, afsilebi, misimielebi da svanebi (ix. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, `prokofi kesarieli, agaTia sqolastikosi, menandre, Teofilaqte simokata, Teofane, epifane konstantinopoleli da imperatori iustiniane lazikis Sesaxeb~, 2011). Zveli avtorisagan mxolod prokofi kesarieli gvaZlevs abazgebis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb mwir informacias. sxva yvela avtori (evagri sqolastikosi VI s.) da ioane zonara (XI-XII ss.) dasavleT saqarTveloze saubrisas iyeneben prokofi kesarielidan gamomdinare cnobebs abasgebTan dakavSirebiT, msgavsadve nikifore qsanTopulosi da filoTeos kokinosi aseve iyenebs prokofis aRniSnul cnobas (g. alibegaSvili, wm. efrem mcire da qristianuli kulturis sakiTxebi, 2010, gv. 33). prokofis cnoba ki Zalze Zunwia _ abazgebma `miiRes saqristiano rwmena da iustiniane mefem maT palatis erTi evnuqTagani gaugzavna~ (iqve, gv. 33). g. alibegaSvili fiqrobs, rom abazgebma ara iustinianes mier miiRes qristianoba, aramed ukve qristian abazgebs gaugzavna evnuqi (iqve, gv. 33) misi azriT dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianoba ukve IV s-dan arsebobda (iqve, gv. 32). ruis-urbnisis kreba marTlac, dasavleT saqarTvelos (saerTod, erTian saqarTvelos) miiCnevda wmida ninos amier moqceulad, amitomac werda, -wmida ninos mier qristianoba miiRo `yovelma savsebam yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~ (ufro adre ki andrias aseve saqarTvelos mTlian qveyanaSi uqadagnia _ `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~). qarTuli wyaroebis am cnobebs amtkiceben gelasi kesarielis, gelasi kvizikelisa da sxvaTa cnobebi, magaliTad gelasi kesarieli miiCnevda, rom wmida ninom moaqcia `iberebi da lazebi~ (georgika, I, gv. 180). saboloo daskvna: prokofi ar iZleva cnobas `abazgiis eparqiis~ Sesaxeb, am sakiTxisaTvis misi wyarod moxmoba ar SeiZleba. msgavsadve, noticiebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas wyarod `abazgiis eparqiis~ Sesaxeb msjelobisas, misi Zalze kritikuli Seswavlis gareSe, rac jerjerobiT ar Catarebula, ufro metic, moRweuli noticiebi uflebas iZleva iTqvas, rom `abazgiis eparqia~ istoriulad arc arsebula.

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mxolod XX saukunis samecniero wreebSi wyaroTa ara saTanado interpretirebiT warmoiSva Tvalsazrisi am eparqiis savaraudo arsebobis Sesaxeb, Semdgom ki es Tvalsazrisi realobad iqna miCneuli. aseT saorWofo SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba unda mieniWos ara ucxour, aramed adgilobriv, gansakuTrebiT ki TviT afxazeTis sakaTaliksoSi Seqmnil uamrav wyaros, maTSi afxazeTis sakaTalikoso misi Camoyalibebis dRidanve qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs ukavSireba da ara konstantinopolisas. konstantinopoluri warmoSobisad rom mieCniaT afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, saeklesio separatistebi imereTis mefe giorgi VI da sxvani TavianTi separatistuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad dasavleT saqarTveloSi miiwvevdnen konstantinopolel ierarqebs da ara antioqiis patriarqs. antioqiis patriarqi miwveuli iqna, radganac miiCneoda rom iveriis eklesiebi Tavdapirvelad antioqias emorCileboda. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos ucxoelebi `qvemo iveriis~ eklesias uwodebdnen. antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqebi dosiTeosi da qrisanfi, romlebmac piradad moixiles afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, mas `qvemo iveriis~ eklesias uwodeben. qvemo da zemo iveriis eklesiebze ki (e.i. qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebze) Tavis Tavdapirvel uflebamosilebaze antioqia acxadebda pretenzias da ara konstantinopoli. mxolod XX s-is samecniero wreebSi daukavSires afxazeTis sakaTalikoso konstantinopols, rac wyaroebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad T. qoriZis azriT `afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoqmnamde dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze konstantinopolis sapatriarqoze daqvemdebarebuli sami saeklesio kaTedra arsebobda: abazgiis igive sebastopolisis (cxumis soxumis), samTavarepiskoposo, nikofsiis samTavarepiskoposo da fazisis (lazikis) samitropolito masSi Semavali oTxi `rodopolisis (dR. varcixe), caiSis, petras (dR. cixisZiri), Zilianevis (dR. gudayva) saepiskoposo. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso am saeklesio kaTedraTagan Seiqmna, rac daaxloebiT IX s-is 80-90-ian ww-Si unda momxdariyo~. is wers `Zveli bizantiuri saepiskoposoebis moSla da maT nacvlad axali qarTuli eparqiis daarseba~ _ ` IX-X ss-Si dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnulenovani RvTismsaxureba qarTuliT Seicvala~. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc aRiniSna, `abazgiis eparqiis~ arseboba wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba, aseve saeWvoa `lazikis samitropolitos~ arseboba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. n. adoncis saxelganTqmuli gamokvlevebis (`armenia iustinianes epoqaSi~) Tanaxmad lazikis kaTedrebi (zigana - da ara ziganevi), saisini (da ara caiSi!), rodopolisi (da ara varcixe) da petra mdebareobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul ponto-qaldeas regionSi, romelsac berZnuli wyaroebi lazikas uwodeben.

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ruis-urbnisis krebisa da sxva qarTuli Tu somxuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad dasavleT saqarTveloze Tavidanve vrceldeboda saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqcia. wmida nino iyo iberebis da lazebis ganmanaTlebeli gelasi kesarielis cnobiT, ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweriT wmida ninos dros dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, radganac wm. ninom gananaTla `yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~, ioane somexTa kaTalikosis cnobiT VI s-is bolosa da VII s-is dasawyisSi kirion mcxeTis kaTalikosi imavdroulad egrisis arqiepiskoposic iyo, vaxuStis cnobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi `samoqalaqos~ regioni mcxeTis samTavros taZarSi mjdom mTavarepiskoposs emorCileboda, xolo raWa-imereTis mTiani regioni niqozis episkoposs. dasavleT saqarTveloSi imTaviTve iyo qarTulenovani msaxureba, amitomac ciliswamebaa, TiTqosda iq moiSala berZnulenovani kaTedrebi IX-X s-Si da maT nacvlad qarTulenovanebi daarsdnen. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso VIII-IX ss-Si Camoyalibda qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi (da ara konstantinopolisa), saqme isaa, rom am saukuneebSi mkveTrad gaizarda mrevlis ricxovnoba, rasac Tan daerTo afxazeTis qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmna. am garemoebam moiTxova dasavleT saqarTveloSi zogad qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSive arsebuli saeklesio struqturis adgilobriv samitropolito olqad gardaqmna iseve, rogorc es miRebulia sxva marTlmadidebel eklesiebSi. amis Sedegad ukve IX s-dan qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi ori samitropolito olqi anu, rogorc qarTvelebi uwodebdnen, sakaTalikoso arsebobda. qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebi iyvnen zogadqarTuli erTiani eklesiis administraciuli erTeulebi, maTi eklesiuri erTianoba ki miiRweoda saerTo sjuliskanoniT, saerTo saeklesio samarTliT, saerTo saeklesio krebebis mier gamocemuli dadgenilebebis aRsrulebiT, rac savaldebulo iyo orive administraciul saeklesio erTeulSi, saerTo saeklesio tradiciebiT, saerTo saRvTismsaxuro eniTa da kulturiT. eklesiis aseTi mowyobis wesi dResac gaaCnia sxva Zvel eklesiebs. magaliTad, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos aqvs mravali samitropolito olqi, romelTa eklesiuri erTianoba miiRweva msgavsadve. saqarTvelos eklesiaSi, rogorc iTqva, VIII-IX ss-Si formirebul iqna axali samitropolito olqi, romelsac ewoda `afxazeTis sakaTalikoso~ da mas mcxeTam iurisdiqciaSi gadasca dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyali, xolo qarTvelTa kurapalatma mefe bagratma IX s-Si daadastura afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Camoyalibeba: `aman bagrat ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~, esaa qarTul wyaroebSi asaxuli realoba, xolo `abazgiis eparqia~ mecnieruli SenaTxzia.

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ase, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikoso iyo qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi arsebuli erT-erTi samitropolito olqi, rac Cveulebrivi movlenaa zogad eklesiuri samarTlisaTvis. rac Seexeba XV-XVII saukuneebs, araa marTali TiTqosda am dros `dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso gamovida mcxeTis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciidan~ _ aseTi formulirebac ucnauria. saqme isaa, rom afxazeTisa da mcxeTis sakaTalikosoebi arsebobdnen ZvelTaganve da isini oriveni qmnidnen erT qarTul eklesias saerTo sjuliskanoniTa da saerTo saeklesio krebebiT, swored saerTo saeklesio kanonebi iyo umaRlesi saeklesio mmarTveloba, xolo kaTalikosebi iyvnen administraciuli uzenaesi aRmasruleblebi saeklesio krebaTa dadgenilebebisa. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso TviTve warmoadgenda qarTuli eklesias, misi sarwmunoebrivi siwmindis mcvels, amitomac misma meTaurebma im saukuneebSi roca mcxeTa-Tbilisi da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo musulman mefeTa mier imarTeboda, ramac daamcira aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sarwmunoebrivi avtoriteti _ TviTve warmoaCines TavianTi Tavi viTarca sruliad saqarTvelos anu `yovlisa saqarTveloYsa mwyemsebad~. rac sabuTebSicaa asaxuli. ase rom `dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso ki ar gamovida mcxeTis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciidan~ mas ki ar gamoeyo, aramed zogadqarTuli eklesiis mmarTvelis funqciac mieniWa rac afsuebisa da Cerqezebis Semoseva-gabatonebamde e.i. XVIII s-is dasawyisamde gagrZelda, rasac ucxoeli patriarqebic (dosiTeosi da qrisanfi) aRniSnaven. XVIII s-is II naxevarSi, mis Semdeg rac aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qristian mefeTa mmarTveloba `aRsdga mcxeTam kvlav daibruna musulman mefeTa 150 wliani mmarTvelobisas Selaxuli Zliereba da uzenaesoba sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiaSi (ix. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mitr. anania jafariZis gamowvlilviTi gamokvlevebi). e.i. zogadi wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac erTian qarTul eklesiaSi qarTlis kaTalikosi uxucesad iwodeboda da afxazeTis kaTalikosi umrwemesad, droebiT Seicvala qarTl-kaxeTSi musulman mefeTa 150 wlovani batonobisas, maT daamcres qarTlis kaTalikosoba, am dros zogadqarTuli eklesiis lideroba TavianT xelSi aiRes afxazeTis kaTalikosebma, rac maT titulaturasa (am dros isini TavianT Tavs `yovlisa saqarTveloYsa patriarqs uwodebdnen~) da ucxour wyaroebSic aisaxa (antioqia-ierusalimeli patriarqebis dosiTeosisa da qrisanfis cnobiT iveriaSi aris ori arqiepiskoposi, romelTac qarTvelebi kaTalikosebs uwodeben. maTgan ufrosi aris qvemo iveriis (afxazeTis) kaTalikosi), aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda XVIII s-is 50-ian wlebamde. qarTl-kaxeTSi qristian mefeTa taxtis aRdgenam kvlav aRamaRla qarTlis sakaTalikoso, da piriqiT, Crdilo kavkasiidan Semoseuli adiRe-Cerqez-afsua warmarTebis afxazeTSi gabatonebam daamcro

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afxazeTis sakaTalikoso (ix. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, `afxazeTis sakaTalikoso~, Tb., 2012 w.). maSasadame, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso misi CamoyalibebisTanave zogadqarTuli eklesiis nawils warmoadgenda da ara konstantinopolis eklesiisa.

pitiunti da biWvinTa sxvadasxva punqtebi iyvnen

iyo Tu ara biWvinTa qalaqi arqeologiuri monacemebiT? arqeologiuri naSTebi ar miuTiTeben, rom cnobili biWvinTa antikur epoqaSi iyo qalaqi, amitomac TviT biWvinTis gamTxreli g. lorTqifaniZe ara arqeologiuri monacemebiT amtkicebs mis qalaqobas, aramed werilobiTi wyaroebiT. is wers _ biWvinTa qalaqi iyo, radganac aq kaTedra hqonda pitiuntis episkoposs. `saepiskoposoebi am dros mxolod qalaqebSi arsebobda~ (iqve, gv. 173). maSasadame, ara arqeologiuri monacemebi amtkiceben aq, biWvinTaSi qalaqis arsebobas, aramed mxolod Teoriuli msjelobiT mivida mecnieri am daskvnamde, radganac biWvinTa d pitiunti erTi da igive punqtad miaCnia, magram sxva mosazrebac arsebobs, vTqvaT, Tundac iseTi saxelovani, msoflio mniSvnelobis mecnierisa, rogoricaa n. adonci. pitiuntis saepiskoposo kaTedris adgilmdebareobas n. adonci da p. ingoroyva miuTiTebdnen ara biWvinTaSi, aramed rize-aTenis regionSi. aq egulebodaT maT cnobili qalaqi pitiunti. Tu arqeologiuri monacemebiT ver mtkicdeba biWvinTis qalaqoba, maSin qalaq pitiuntis naSTebi arqeologebma sxvagan unda eZion. arqeologiuri masalebiT erTmniSvnelovnad ar dasturdeba, rom biWvinTa iyo pitiunti, marTlac ZvelqarTuli saistorio tradiciuli SexedulebiT biWvinTa qarTuli punqti iyo, pitiunti ki antikuri qalaqi da saepiskoposo centri. isini sxvadasxva regionebSi mdebareobdnen. mogviano wyaroSi, romelic murvan yrus exeba, pitiota cxums ewodeba. ufro adreuli, IV s-is pitiunti of-rize-aTinas regionSi egulebodaT. maSasadame, saeWvoa abazgiis eparqiis erT-erT centralur kaTedrad biWvinTis gamocxadeba, radganac TviT isaa saeWvo iyo Tu ara pitiunti da biWvinTa erTidaigive punqti. pitiunti da biWvinTa sxvadasxva erTmaneTisagan Zalze daSorebuli punqtebi yofila, kerZod pitiunti rize-aTinas regionSi mdebareobda da berZnul-romaul qalaqs warmoadgenda, romelsac imperiis jari icavda, xolo biWvinTa afxazeTis sakaTalikosos dafuZnebis Semdeg qarTul saeklesio centrad iqca.

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marTlac, aTena anu aTina (aTeni) axlos mdebareobda pitiuntTan, radganac maT erTad axsenebs straboni (VII, 5, 7). Tavis mxriv pitiunti anu pitiunt I axlos mdebareobda md. fazisTan. magaliTad, zosimes cnobidan, Cans, rom jer mdebareobdnen, `fazisis simagreebi~ e.i. pitiunti da sebastopolisi Semdeg ki iyo bizantiis imperiis sazRvari, romelic md. fazisze iyo dadebuli. amasve adasturebs zosime sxvaganac, kerZod skviTebma, roca maT pitiuntis simagre ver aiRes, iqve, imave regionSi md. fazisze CauSves Ruza da Semdeg gacures trapezuntisaken (antikuri kavkasia, 2010, gv. 425-426). idga Tu ara afxazeTis biWvinTaSi romaul-bizantiuri legioni, jaris nawili? riT mtkicdeba, rom iq legioni iyo dabanakebuli? amis damtkicebas cdiloben Zalze susti dasabuTebiT. magaliTad, miiCneva, rom kiRuraZis aRmoCenili `laTinur damRiani keramikuli filebi da kramitebi, dokumenturad adastureben romis XV legionis saqmianobas Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi ax.w. II s. dasasrulsa da III s. dasawyisSi~ ( ., . XV . , 2, 1987, . 87-96), magram ra mdgomareoba iyo VI-VIII ss-Si (anu berZnuli kaTedrebis moqmedebis periodSi) aq kvlav idga bizantiuri jari? m. mSvildaZe, magaliTad miiCnevs, rom am jaris aq dgomas adasturebs iq aRmoCenili gliptikuri masala. kerZod ki gema lomis, dafnis gvirgvinis da TuTiyuSis gamosaxulebiT, romlebic saflavebSi aRmoCnda. es astrologiuri da sayofacxovrebo niSnebis mqone gemebi SesaZloa nebismieri arasamxedro piris sakuTrebac yofiliyo. m. mSvildaZe imowmebs o. neverovis kvlevas, romlis mixedviTac `lomi romis legionis simbolo gaxda~, amitomac aRmoCenili gema m. mSvildaZem daukavSira romis legions (m. mSvildaZe, romis legionebi pitiuntis teritoriaze, krebulSi `Cveni sulierebis balavari~, IV, 2012, gv. 192). es dakavSireba saeWvoa, aseve dafnis foToli da TuTiyuSi man ratomRac romis legions daukavSira. amis Semdeg ki daaskvna TiTqosda biWvinTaSi namdvilad idga romauli legionebi, da wers: `pitiunti-biWvinTa SavizRvispireTis yvelaze mniSvnelovan kulturul ekonomikur centrs warmoadgenda~ Tavisi romauli jariTa da berZnuli kaTedriT (iqve, gv. 192). es daskvna faqtebs ar efuZneba. romauli jari da saepiskoposo kaTedra rize-aTinas gverdiT mdebare pitiuntSi idga da ara biWvinTaSi, n. adoncisa da p. ingoroyvas kvleviT, xolo biWvinTa imTaviTve mxolod qarTuli eklesiis afxazeTis sakaTalikososTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

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biWvinTis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZari

i. kvaSilava wers: `biWvinTaSi Zlieri qristianuli centri arsebobda. IV s-Si iq idga bazilikuri eklesia, mdidrulad morTuli. V s-Si am bazilikis nangrevebze augiaT didi samnaviani bazilika. X-X s-Si aRmarTes didi dRemde SemorCenili taZari, romlis agebas ukavSireben bizantiis imperator iustinianes (527-565). marTlac, misi brZanebiT 536 w. aSenebula RvTismSoblis taZari magram sad biWvinTaSi Tu anakofiaSi? (axal aTonSi)~. am mosazrebas mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba biWvinTis arqeologTa mier mopovebuli monacemebi. biWvinTis gamTxrel-arqeologis g. lorTqifaniZis daskvniT _ `arqeologiuri monacemebis Tanaxmad V s. 70-ian wlebSi qalaqi pitiunti dangreuli da gadamwvaria hunebis mier. dangreulia kanabeSi ganlagebuli saeklesio nagebobebi. saeklesio cxovrebis aRorZineba SeiniSneba VI-VII ss.~ (n. kiRuraZe, g. lorTqifaniZe, III-IV ss. adreqristianuli samarxebi biWvinTaSi, krebulSi `Cveni sulierebis balavari~, IV, 2012, gv. 175). magram, gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rom VI saukunis saeklesio nagebobis nakvalevic araa aRmoCenili. iustinianes epoqis saeklesio nagebobis naSTebi biWvinTaSi ar aRmoCnda. Zveli qarTuli saeklesio istoriografias arasodes daukavSirebia biWvinTis taZari iustinianesTan, aseTi azri mxolod XIX-XX ss.-Si gabatonda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebisas, rodesac yovelgvari ZvelqarTuli saeklesio miRweva mizanmimarTulad knindeboda. biWvinTis taZari agebulia afxazeTis sakaTalikosos dafuZnebis Semdeg, anu VIII-X saukuneebSi, Sesabamisad is qarTuli saeklesio arqiteqturiTaa nagebi. aqedan gamomdinare, biWvinTis dRevandeli taZris ageba ar unda daukavSirdes iustinianes. X s-Si agebuli es taZari mTlianad qarTuli nagebobaa, berZnuli warsulis gareSe. aRsaniSnavia, rom biWvinTaSi arc IV saukunis saeklesio nagebobis naSTi aRmoCnda, magram, aRmoCnda raRac nagebobis naSTi. biWvinTis IV saukunis am nagebobis eklesiad miCneva seWvoa. g. lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs, rom `biWvinTis kanabeSi agebuli mozaikur iatakiani bazilika~ zogierT cnobil mkvlevars miaCnia ara eklesiad, aramed mortariumad ( . , , ., 1976, 2, . 189). dasaSvebia isic, rom es bazilika arc eklesia iyo da arc mortariumi, radganac `mis garSemo da mis SigniT samarxebi ar aris mikvleuli~ (g. lorTqifaniZe, iqve, gv. 174). samarxebi ki eklesiasa da eklesiis garSemo unda yofiliyo. magram saflavebi aRmoCenilia sxvagan e.w. `biWvinTis koncxze~ (iqve, gv. 174). Sesabamisad arqeologia ver adasturebs, rom biWvinTa iyo cnobili saeklesio centri pitiunti, sadac kaTedra hqonda I msoflio krebis monawile

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cnobil episkopos stratofiles. mizezi amisa unda iyos is, rom pitiunti mdebareobda ara afxazeTis biWvinTaSi, aramed of-rize-aTinas regionSi, sadac mis adgilmdebareobas, rogorc iTqva, miuTiTebdnen cnobili mecnierebi, n.adonci da p.ingoroyva, albaT ufro qalaq ofTan, sadac saeklesio kaTedra IV s-is dasawyisSi dauarsebia iveriis ganmanaTlebel qals, 1651 wlis im cnobiT, romelic lazikis mitropolitma germanem miawoda ruseTis mefes, rac dRemdea daculi arqivSi. unda davaskvnaT, rom sxva punqti iyo pitiunti da sxva biWvinTa. es punqtebi erTmaneTs mxolod bolo saukuneebSi daukavSires. biWvinTis taZari araa iustinianes mier agebuli, is qarTuli saeklesio arqiteqturis nayofs warmoadgens. g. CubinaSvilis TvalsazrisiT q. senakTan noqalaqevis eklesia SesaZloa iyos iustinianes mier abazgiaSi agebuli RvTismSoblis taZari (g. CubinaSvili, noqalaqevis sakiTxisaTvis. TuS. t. XI, gv. 118). amave Tvalsazriss aviTarebs i. kulakovski (i. kulakovski `sad aigo iustinianes mier abazgebis eklesia?~ arqeologiuri SeniSvnebi, V, 1897, gv. 33, rus. enaze).

Wyondidi
safiqrebelia, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi dafuZnebuli axali qarTuli samitropolito olqis _ afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Tavdapirveli centri iyo ara biWvinTa aramed Wyondidi, romlis kaTedra giorgi afxazTa mefes dauarsebia. is Tavdapirveladve yofila saxelovani qristianuli samlocvelo siwmide, dakavSirebuli andria mociqulis qadagebasTan, mas iqamde warmarTebis cnobili salocavi xe _ Wyoni mouTxria da mis adgilas jvari aRumarTavs. ra aris Wyoni? CvenSi gavrcelebuli azriT, Wyoni muxaa, etimologiuri Zieba ki sxva suraTs aCvenebs. Wyoni, Cans, erqva urTxlis xes an Zelqvas. martvilSi, Wyondidis taZris ezoSi Zveli Zelqvebia, magram araa Zveli muxa (sul axlaxan darges muxis norCi nergi). vfiqrob, niSani Wyondidisa Zelqva anu urTxel-uTxovris xea. TanxmovanTa jgufi `Wy~ xSirad urTierTmonacvleobs Tx, ty, jR jgufTan (magaliTad: Txapnis-tyapnis-jRabnis), Sesabamisad, `Wy-oni~ igivea, rac `Tx-oni~. `Txo~ fuZe aqvs xes, `uTxovars~ _ misi Tavdapirveli forma unda yofiliyo Txo-ri. Zelqvas aseve ewodeba _ uTxovari (uTxuari), romelic `Tx~ fuZidan agebuli sityvaa.

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sityva Wyoni gvaZlevs Txon-uTxmelas (urTxmeli, uTxovari) da ara sityvas _ muxa. Wyoni unda iyos adgilobrivi saxeli Zelqvisa, anu uTxovarisa (urTxmelisa). Tx Wy ty Tx-oni=Wy-oni u-Tx-ovari aRsaniSnavia, rom am fuZidanve unda iyos nawarmoebi aseve meore saxeobis mcenaris saxeli-Txmela(Txoni=Txomi=Txomela=Txm-ela) xemcenare muryvams dasavleT saqarTveloSi, `Txmela~ hqvia. sityvebi Txmela da uTxovari, Cans, erTi fuZidan amodian. sityva muryvams SesaZloa igive fuZe aqvs: muryvami _ mu-r-yva-mi yvami (Tu `mu~-sa da `r~-s winsarTavebad miviCnevT). (W)yvami (Tu `W~-s TanxmovanTkompleqs `Wy~-s dakargul nawilad miviCnevT da mas aRvadgenT). (W)yvami W yoni (`m~ da `n~ zogjer erTmaneTs enacvleba). aqedan Cans, rom saxelebi muryvami (yvami) da Wyoni erTi fuZisa SeiZleba yofiliyvnen. aseve albaT SesaZlebelia _ muryvami-muryomi-muryonimurWyoni-Wyoni. maSasadame, Wyondidi niSnavs did uTxovris anda urTxelis xes. aRsaniSnavia, rom ara mxolod istoriul saqarTveloSi, aramed xeTur samyaroSic urTxeli wminda xed iTvleboda (n. xazaraZe, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri samyaro, 2012, gv. 276).

pitiunti da lazikis ganmanaTlebeli wmida nino

biWvinTa, VIII saukunidan vidre XVII saukunemde, TiTqmis aTasi wlis manZilze `qvemo iberiis~ anu afxazeTis sakaTalikosos sasuliero centrs warmoadgenda, aq edgaT taxti dasavleT saqarTvelos momcvel afxazeTis sakaTalikosos meTaurebs, aqedan marTavdnen eparqiebsa da mrevls. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso mudam qarTulenovani iyo, maTi meTaurebi iyvnen qarTveli didebulebi bagrationebis, abaSiZeebis, CxetiZeebis, gurielebis, qvarianebis, aTabagebis, wulukiZeebis, lorTqifaniZeebis, sayvareliZeebis, erisTavebis da sxva qarTuli sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi. iyvnen qarTveli mamuliSvilebi da amayobdnen imiT, rom, rogorc TviTon weren _ `Cven qarTvelni RvTismSoblis wilxdomilni varT~ (magaliTad, afxazeTis kaTalikos grigol lorTqifaniZis biWvinTisadmi Sewirulobis wignSi naTqvamia`pirvelwodebulsa andreas moeca CrdiloeTisa qveyana moqcevad Cvenebi-

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Ta wmidisa RvTismSobelisaTa, rameTu Cven qarTvelni misni wilxdomilni varT, (da wina) kaTalikozTa biWvinTisa RvTismSobelisaTa msaxureba saydrisa didad eRvawaT~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 727). isini amave sabuTebSi pirvelsaukuneTa IV-V saukuneTa qarTul saxarebebs wmida wignebad miiCnevdnen, da werdnen _ `Cveni saxarebani wmidad Targmnilia~, erTerT sabuTSi ki maT mier gaRebul sxva mdidar SenawirebTan erTad naxsenebia `moxatuli qarTlis cxovreba~. arsebobs sxva uamdevi aTaswlovani damadasturebeli sabuTi mrevlisa da ierarqebis qarTvelobisa, qarTuli eklesiis wevrobisa (mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, afxazeTi, 2001, gv. 52-55). biWvinTasTan dakavSirebiT, unda iTqvas, rom arcerT qarTul wyaroSi araa odnavi miTiTebac ki, rom odesme biWvinTa berZnuli an bizantiuri eklesiis mier iyo daarsebuli, piriqiT, biWvinTis warsuli qarTul eklesiasTanaa dakavSirebuli. wyaroTa mixedviT biWvinTa _ qarTuli eklesiis nayofia. Sexeduleba biWvinTis warsulTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala, ZiriTadad, XX saukuneSi da amJamad miRebuli SexedulebiT biWvinTa aris berZnul-romauli wyaroebis pitiunti anu, igive, piTia. miiCneva rom biWvinTeli episkoposi monawileobda I msoflio krebaSi 325 wels. magram sxva azrisa iyo cnobili mecnieri n. adonci, aseve p. ingoroyva da sxvani, maTi azriT pitiunti mdebareobda ara afxazeTSi, aramed istoriuli saqarTvelos sxva regionSi, romelic moicavs of-aTina-rizes olqs da lazika erqva. n. adonci Tavisi azris erTerT sabuTad miiCnevs imas, rom romaul wyaroTa cnobiT pitiuntsa da sebastopolisSi Tavisi mudmivi sajariso nawili hyavda dabanakebuli `armeniis duqss~, romelic iyo ponto-mcire armeniis romauli samxedro olqis mxedarTmTavari. adoncis sityviT, armeniis duqsis gavlenis sferoSi ar Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelo da miT umetes misi Soreuli mxare cxum-biWvinTas olqi, aq mas ar SeeZlo Tavisi sajariso danayofis dabanakeba (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi, 2011, gv. 212). p. ingoroyva pitiunts of-rizes regionSi aTavsebs, amasTanave uTiTebs Zvel avtorebsa da Zvel rukebs, sadac pitiunti trapezuntsa da Woroxs Soris zRvispirzea moTavsebuli, saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis samxreT sazRvarTan. amave azrs sxva wyaroebiT adastureben axali mkvlevarebi (g. andriaZe, ucnobi istoriuli saqarTvelo, qristianuli lazeTi, 2012). qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb garkveul cnobebs iZleva wmida grigol somexTa ganmanaTleblis arabuli Targmani, romelic VII-IX saukuneebs miekuTvneba. miRebuli TvalsazrisiT aRniSnul arabul xelnawerSi ikiTxeba TiTqos wmida grigolma Tavisi episkoposebi gaagzavna lazeTSi, magram jer kidev

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1908 wels miuTiTa cnobilma mecnierma n. adoncim, rom man (wm. grigolma) Tavisi episkoposi gaagzavna ara lazeTSi, aramed `arzanenaSi~, is wm. grigolis cxovrebas arabul xelnawerebSi kiTxulobs ara sityva `lazeTs~, aramed `arzanenas~ ase, rom lazeTi, da miT umetes afxazeTi, ar iyo wmida grigolis samoRvaweo areali (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi, 2011, gv, 432). piriqiT, lazeTi iyo wmida ninos samoRvaweo areali gelasi kesarielisa da gelasi kvizikelis Tanaxmad. xolo lazikis mitropolit germanes cnobiT iverTa ganmanaTleblis mier yofila daarsebuli ofis saepiskoposo kaTedra (g. andriaZe, ucnobi istoriuli saqarTvelo, qristianuli lazeTi, 2012, gv, 83-93). aqve, rogorc iTqva, miuTiTeben pitiuntis kaTedris mdebareobasac. SesaZloa ofisa da pitiuntis kaTedrebi erTi da igive iyo. da aq, anu lazeTSi, iRvawa wm. ninom iberiaSi gamgzavrebamde, albaT 310320-ian wlebSi. gelasi kesarieli da gelasi kvizikeli weren, rom wmida ninom moaqcia `iberebi da lazebi~. es uZvelesi IV-V ss. cnobebi miuTiTeben, rom lazeTi _ wmida ninos samoRvaweo areali iyo da ara wmida grigolisa, marTlac, xorenacis cnobiT wmida ninom iqadaga `klarjeTidan masquTebamde~, e.i. klarjeT-lazeTi wmida ninos samoRvaweo areali iyo. wmida ninos dros, vaxuSti batoniSvilis TqmiT, klarjeTSi Sedioda ara mxolod erTi mcire xeoba artanujis olqSi, aramed vrceli areali, masSi taosa da sperTan erTad Sedioda zRvispireTi, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi `sofeli megrelTa~ anu lazika ewodeba, ase, rom xorenacis cnobiTac, wmida ninos samoRvaweo areali yofila lazika. daarsa Tu ara wmida ninom Tavis mier moqceul lazikaSi saepiskoposo kaTedra? swored am kiTxvas upasuxa lazikis mitropolitma germanem ruseTis mefis karze XVI s-Si. am dros ruseTSi Cavida lazikis mitropoliti germane, romelmac ganacxada, rom rize-ofis regioni imTaviTve iyo qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sfero, radganac es mxareebi iveriasTan erTad gananaTla iveriis ganmanaTlebelma da man lazeTSi, ofSi daarsa pirveli saepiskoposo kaTedra. Cans, ofis saepiskoposo centri, sadac, imxanad lazikis mitropolits hqonda kaTedra, wmida ninos daarsebuli iyo. Zvel dros aq iyo cnobili fasidis samitropolito centri, romelsac Semdgom VI-VII ss-Si daeqvemdebarnen ziganas, rodopolisis, saisinisa da petras saepiskoposoebi. lazika-klarjeTis am regions rTuli istoria hqonda. IV s-Si is Sedioda qarTlis samefoSi, V s-Si miitaca bizantiam, V s-Sive daibruna vaxtang gorgasalma, VI s-Si is isev miitaca bizantiam Woroxis xeobasTan erTad, ris gamoc gaCaRda sparseT-bizantiis omebi lazikisaTvis, am omSi gaimarj-

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va bizantiam, rac dagvirgvinda VII s-Si herakle keisris sparseTSi gamarjvebiT. VIII s. Semdeg es mxareebi sadavo gaxda arabebsa da bizantielebs Soris. ramac xangrZlivi arastabilurobis gamo gamoiwvia rodopolisis, ziganas, saisinisa da petras saepiskoposo kaTedrebis damcroba-gauqmeba. maleve am miwa-wyalze Seiqmna bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli ~armeniakonis~ saxelwodebiT. konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT am Tems armeniakoni ewoda imis gamo, rom mis maxloblad cxovrobdnen armenielebi. am Tems maleve daubrunda Tavisi namdvili saxeli da ewoda `qaldias Temi~. is mdebareobda trapezuntis samxreTis mTianeTSi da moicavda agreTve zemoT aRniSnul zRvispira regionsac of-aTinas mimarTulebiT. eklesiurad aq mdebare olqs erqva `eparqia lazikaSi~, n. adoncisa da aseve Cveni kvleviT aq mdebareobdnen zemoT aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi. kerZod, zigana mdebareobda trapezuntis samxreTiT 70 km manZilze, sadac amJamad aris punqti gumuSxane. iqve mdebareobda rodopolisis saepiskoposo kaTedra, kerZod regionSi, sadac amJamad aris cnobili sumelas monasteri. adoncis cnobiT petras saepiskoposo kaTedra mdebareobda Teodosopol-arzumsa da baiburT-paiperts Soris. xolo saisinis saepiskoposo kaTedra ardasasa da Zvel qalaq nikopols Soris. adoncis, ingoroyvas da aseve sxva mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom pitiuntis saepiskoposo kaTedra IV saukuneSi mdebareobda of-rizes regionSi. es regioni rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gaaqristiana wmida ninom. Sesabamisad, pitiuntis kaTedra misi daarsebulia. xorenacis cnobiT wmida ninom jer iqadaga klarjeTSi da Semdgom Sida iberiaSi. aseve gelasi kesarielis cnobaSi wm. nino ixsenieba lazebis ganmanaTleblad. rogorc iTqva, mcxeTaSi mosvlamde wm. ninos gaunaTlebia lazika VI s-is 10-20-ian wlebSi, am dros dauarsebia pitiuntis saepiskoposo kaTedra, romlis episkoposma stratofilem monawileoba miiRo 325 wlis I msoflio eklesiis muSaobaSi. rogorc iTqva, Zveli qarTveli mTargmnelebi, rogorc mTawmidelebi, ise sxvebi, sityva `lazikas~ miiCnevdnen ucxo sityvad. isini `lazikis~ fard qarTul Sesatyvisad miiCnevdnen sityvas: `sofeli megrelTa~, magaliTad, andrias `mimosvlis~ Targmanis dros maT sityva lazika Targmnes, rogorc `trapezunti-sofeli megrelTa~, da asea kidec Sesuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ danarTSi (andrias `mimosvlis~ aRwerisas). aRsaniSnavia, rom igive Sesatyvisi `sofeli megrelTa~ Sesulia 691 wlis trulis saeklesio krebis episkoposTa xelis moweraSic. dedanSia _ `Teodore, episkoposi fasidisa, lazikaSi~. rac qarTvelma mTargmnelma ase gadmoiRo _ `Teodore, episkoposi fasoYsa, sofelsa Sina megrelTasa~. aseve dedanSi ewera `ioane, episkoposi qalaq petronisa, lazikaSi~, qarTvelma mTargmnelma gadmoiRo `ioane, episkoposi qalaqisa petronisa, qveyanasa Sina megrelTasa~.

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cnobili istorikosi Tedo Jordania fiqrobda, rom fasidi (qarTulad fasoY) foTs erqva, amitomac Tavis mier gamocemul trulis krebis kanonebs daurTo sakuTari komentari `fasoY-foTsa ityvis~, sinamdvileSi ki qalaqi fasidi ufro samxreTiT Woroxsa da trapezunts Soris mdebareobda. maSasadame, unda davaskvnaT, rom krebas eswrebodnen Worox-trapezuntis regionis qalaqebis qarTveli episkoposebi, magram, radganac es regioni, imJamad, Sedioda bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, aRniSnuli episkoposebi kanonikurad konstantinopolis eklesiis iurisdiqcias miekuTvnebodnen. aRniSnuli lazikis saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen qarTvelTa istoriul samSobloSi, kerZod, trapezuntis regionis qaldeas TemSi. maSasadame araa marTebuli amJamad mRebuli Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos `afxazeTis sakaTalikosom Secvala konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebuli lazikis samitropolito da abazgiis saarqiepiskoposo eparqiebi~. rogorc iTqva afxazeTis sakaTalikoso qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi aRmocenda, xolo abazgiis eparqia SecdomiT amasiis eparqias uwoda gviani epoqis (XVII-XVIII ss.) xelnaweris gadamwerma.

konstantinopolis patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werilebi afxazTa mefeebs

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos arasodes ganucxadebia pretenzia dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavisi Zveli iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT konstantinepols msgavsi pretenzia rom hqonoda gamoTqvamda rogorc warsulSi, ise meoce saukuneSi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis procesis dros. cnobili berZeni kananisti sardeli mitropoliti maqsime Tavis wignSi `saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia~ (aTeni, 1966) konstantinepolis araviTar pretenzias ar gamoTqvams saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT. es Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro adre gamoTqva cnobilma kvlevarma m. TarxniSvilma. is wers: ,,bizantias arc patriarqobis dros arc sxva romelime xanaSi araviTari pretenzia ar ganucxadebia saqarTvelos eklesiis Sesaxeb~ (m. TarxniSvili, werilebi 1994, gv. 463). aRniSnuli mosazrebis TvalsaCino magaliTia konstantinopolis patriarq nikoloz mistikosis werilebi afxazTa mefeebis mimarT (iqve, gv. 436-438). bizantiis gamoCenilma ierarqma nikoloz mistikosma, romelic wm. fotis mowafe iyo, mravali principuli mniSvnelobis werili miwera Tavisi epoqis mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo da saeklesio pirebs. maT Soris is werda afxazTa mefeebsac. m. TarxniSvilis gamokvleviT mas 902 wels werili miu-

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weria afxazTa mefe bagratisaTvis, 906-907 wels konstantinesaTvis, 924-925 wlebSi mefe giorgisaTvis. sabWoTa epoqis istorikosTa kvleviT nikoloz mistikosis epoqa, IX-X saukuneebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo `dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis~, radganac iqidan TiTqosda am epoqaSi gandevnili iqna berZnuli saRvTismsaxuro ena, gandevnili iqnen berZeni sasuliero pirebi, gauqmda berZnuli eparqiebi da saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. maTi adgili ki TiTqosda daiWira qarTulma. rogorc cnobilia, zemoT aRniSnuli afxazTa mefe giorgis mier dasavleT saqarTvelos centrSi daarsebuli iqna Wyondidis saepiskoposo kaTedra. cxadia Tu dasavleT saqarTvelo konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda, mis centrSi Wyondidis qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedrisa da eparqiis daarseba SezRudavda kidec iq berZnul eklesias anu konstantinopolis sapatriarqos kanonier ufleba-mosilebas, es ki unda asaxuliyo da aisaxeboda kidec mefe giorgisadmi miweril konstantinololis patriarqis mier miweril werilebSi, epoqis sxva dokumentebSi. am kuTxiT suraTis Sesaswavlad kargi saSualebaa swored am epoqis konstantinopoleli patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werilebi. afxazTa samefo, rogorc cnobilia moicavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos. 902 wels konstantinopolis patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazTa) mefe bagrats uwodebs ,,RvTis moyvaresa da zne tkbil~ adamians, romelic siyvaruls badebs nikoloz mistikosis gulSi. ufro metic patriarqi mefes uwodebs ,,RvTis kacs~, sakuTar Svils, mamobrivi amboriT esalmeba mas. patriarqi mefes uwonebs ,,RvTiv aRtyinebul miswrafebas~ alanTa eris saxsnelad. erTi sityviT patriarqi Zalze aqebs da yovelmxriv emadliereba afxazTa mefes. werilidan srulebiT ar Cans raime kvali imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi izRudeboda berZnuli saeklesio iurisdiqcia, ar Cans raime kvali imisa, rom am samefoSi gaauqmes berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi da rom misi berZeni mRvdelmTavrebi idevnebodnen. Tuki patriarq nikoloz mistikosis dros Seicvala iseTi cnobili berZnuli saeklesio kaTedrebis statusi, rogorebic iyvnen fasisis, rodopolisis, ziganas, saisinisa da petras kaTedrebi, imdenad,rom isini Camoacales konstantinopolis sapatriarqos da Seiyvanes qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, cxadia es adgilobrivi mTavrobis nebarTviT moxdeboda. adgilobriv mefeebs ki im droisas _ bagrats, konstantinesa da giorgis Tbil werilebs werda konstantinopolis patriarqi. SeuZlebelia am didmniSvnelovani eparqiebis dakargviT konstantinopoli aRSfoTebuli rom ar yofiliyo, miT umetes dasavleT saqarTvelos mTavrobis mimarT.

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rogorc iTqva, aRniSnul Tbil werilebSi saerTod ar ixsenieba `gauqmebuli~ didmniSvnelovani rodopolisis, saisinis, ziganasa Tu petras kaTedrebi da iq mxolod axalqristian alanebzea saubari. cxadia Tuki konstantinopolis patriarqi did mzrunvelobas iCenda afxazeTSi stumrad myofi alaniis episkoposis mimarT da Txovda afxazTa mefeebs yovelmxriv, yoveli saSualebiT daxmareboda alaniis episkoposs, miTumetes gacilebiT ufro daexmareboda berZen sasuliero pirebs Tu isini dasavleT saqarTveloSi ukaTedrebod darCnen da idevnebodnen. aRniSnuli werilebis ganxilva uflebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT azri, rom IX-X saukuneebSi afxazTa samefoSi msgavs devnas adgili ar hqonia. nikoloz mistikosis yvela werili afxazTa mefeebis mimarT guliTadi da gulTbilia. kerZod, 906-907 wlebSi patriarqi afxazTa axal mefes konstantinesac wers werils. mas uwodebs ,,brwyinvale sayvarel Svils~, xolo mis gardacvlil mamas bagrats ki uwodebs netars, romlis gardacvaleba konstantinopolma jerovnad iglova. patriarqi RmerTs hmadlobs imis gamo, rom gardacvlilis nacvlad taxtze avida mamis saTnoebis mqone axali xelmwife, gonieri da brZeni. axal mefesac patriarqi sTxovs daexmaros alaniis episkoposs da gaaumjobesos misi sacxovrebeli pirobebi. TiTqmis 20 wlis Semdeg konstantinopolis patriarqi werils wers mefe giorgis. uwodebs mas keTilSobils, romelic RmerTma daadgina, da Semkobilia sulieri SaravandediT. patriarqi gamoTqvams did sixaruls, rom mefe brwyinvale magaliTs iZleva Tavisi keTilSobili qcevebiT. werilidan Cans, rom mefes da patriarqs iqamdec hqoniaT werilobiTi urTierToba. mefes daintereseba gamouTqvams gaego bulgareTis ambebi. patriarqi pasuxobs mas da Txovs rogorc SeSvenis mis mefur didebasa da brwyinvalebas Zveleburad daicvas patriarqTan gulwrfeli megobroba. patriarqi am werilSi mefes megobars uwodebs samjer. m. TarxniSvilis mier Targmnili am werilebidan kargad Cans, rom 902925 wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi adgili ar hqonia berZnuli eklesiis devnas da arc wina epoqaSi wina mefeebis dros. maSasadame, IX-X saukuneebSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqo ar gamoTqvamda pretenzias qarTuli eklesiis mimarT. ismis kiTxva IX-X saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesia Tuki SeiWra konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi, am epoqis konstantinopoleli patriarqebi (magaliTad, nikoloz mistikosi) ratom ar gamoTqvamdnen pretenziebs qarTuli eklesiis mimarT? pasuxi aseTia: sinamdvileSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eparqiebi lazikaSi ganlagebulni iyvnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed trape-

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zuntis axlo mTianeTSi, romelsac wyaroebSi `sofeli megrelTa~ erqva. aq iyvnen ganlagebulni fazisis samitropolitos petras, ziganas, rodopolisisa da saisinis eparqiebi. aqedan gamomdinare dasavleT saqarTvelo ar Sedioda konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi. bunebrivia ararsebuli berZnuli saepiskoposoebis gauqmeba SeuZlebeli iyo, da amitomac konstantinopolis sapatriarqos arasdros gaaCnda pretenziebi saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, istoriulad yovelTvis zogad qarTuli eklesiis erT nawils warmoadgenda, qarTuli eklesiis meore nawili iyo qarTlis sakaTalikoso. zogad qarTuli eklesiis mTlianoba miiRweoda saerTo saeklesio samarTliT, saerTo sjuliskanoniT, saerTo qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro eniT, saerTo tradiciebiTa da saqarTvelos patriarqis saerTo meTaurobiT. am or pirvelierarqs Soris erTs uxucesi, xolo meores umrwemesi ewodeboda. erTian qarTul eklesiaSi wodeba `kaTalikosi~ Seesabameboda berZnuli sapatriarqoebis `mitropolitis~ wodebas. rogorc berZnuli sapatriarqos mitropolits uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen Tavisi episkoposebi, aseve qarTlis kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, xolo afxazeTis kaTalikoss dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, xolo orive es sakaTalikoso erTiani qarTuli eklesiis saeklesio administraciuli erTeulebi (samitropolito olqebi) iyvnen. rogoc iTqva, maTi zemdgomi saeklesio instituti iyo saerTo sjuliskanonis da saeklesio samarTlis SemmuSavebeli adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebi. es sakaTalikosoebi aRiarebdnen aseve upiratesi pirvelierarqis avtoritets. mas `uxuces patriarqs~ uwodebdnen. misi movaleoba iyo uzrunveleyo sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiaSi (e.i. qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebSi) saerTo sjuliskanonis dacva, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi axali saerTo kanonebis SemuSaveba (mag., XVI s-is `samarTali kaTalikosTa~). aRsaniSnavia, rom saeklesio krebis mier afxazeTisa da qarTlis kaTalikosTa monawileobiT gamocemul kanonebs mTels saqarTveloSi (cxadia afxazeTSic) savalddebulod aRsasrulebeli Zala eniWeboda samoqalaqo samarTlis sferoSic. zogierT saeklesio-sakanonmdeblo krebas miRebuli aqvT kanonebi, romelnic ufro saero-samoqalaqo samarTlis sferos ganekuTvnebian, aseTebia magaliTad, sasjelTa CamonaTvali qurdobisaTvis, yaCaRobisaTvis da sxva msgavsi. rogorc aRiniSna am kanonebs savaldebulod aRsasrulebeli Zala eniWeboda.

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`uxuces~ pirvelierarqad anu `saqarTvelos patriarqad~, rogorc wesi, irCevdnen mcxeTel kaTalikoss, magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi biWvinTel anu afxazTa kaTlikoss gadaecemoda es tituli (`saqarTvelos patriarqi~). magaliTad, Sah-abasis Semosevebis Semdeg (XVII saukunesa da XVIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefoebma dakarges suvereniteti (musulmanuri mmarTvelobis qveS moeqcnen), xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo Zveleburad marTlmadidebel mefe-mTavarTa mier imarTeboda. am faqtma gazarda dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTvelTa (mefeTa da kaTalikosTa) avtoriteti, rac maT titulaturaSic aisaxa. magaliTad, afxazeTis kaTalikosTa titulaturaSi gamoCnda tituli `saqarTvelos patriarqi~, ucxouri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, am epoqaSi, afxazeTis kaTalikosi sruliad saqarTvelos (iberiis) uxuces (upirates) pirvelierarqad iTvleboda. magaliTad, antioqia-ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi (XVII s.) amis Sesaxeb werda: `iberiaSi ori avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposia, romelTac qarTvelebi uwodeben kaTalikosebs. qvemo iberia, romelsac Zvelad kolxeTsa da lazikas uwodebdnen, aqvs eparqiebi imereTSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTsa da mesxeTis nawilSi... zemo da qvemo iberias Soris sazRvari aris qedi... qvemo iberiis kaTalikosi pativiT ufro metia zemo iberiis kaTalikosze... iberebi qvemo iberiis kaTalikoss miiCneven ufros kaTalikosad, radganac mefe, e.i, imereTis Tavi, maTTan iwodeba mefeTa-mefed~ (sardeli mitropoliti maqsimi, qarTuli eklesia da misi avtokefala `Teologia~, aTeni, 1966 w. gv. 48, Targmani berZnulidan rusulad,1981). XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi aRsdga aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti da samefo taxti kvlav marTlmadidebelma xelmwifeebma daiWires, am faqtma Zveli avtoriteti daubruna mcxeTel kaTalikoss, da is Zveleburad `uxuces~ pirvelpatriarqad iqca qarTul saeklesio samyaroSi, rac cxadia saeklesio samarTlis sferoSic aisaxa, magaliTad afxaz kaTalikosTa taxtze mjdomi wm. dosiTeos quTaTelis dros anton kaTalikosis dikasteriis (saeklesio sasamarTlo) samarTalis sferoSi Sedioda aRmosavleTTan erTad dasavleT saqarTveloc (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi, 2010 w.). XIX s-Si mTeli es sistema moiSala, radganac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma ruseTis saimperatoro xelisuflebam. 1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis saxelmwifom daubruna saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefalia, romelic iqamde 1917 wlis 25 martis aqtis safuZvelze aRdgenilad gamoacxada saqarTvelos eklesiis mRdelmTavrebma da mrevlma. ruseTis imJamindelma mTavrobam cno saqarTvelos eklesiis Sinagani struqtura, kerZod, avtokefaliis gamocxadebis Semdeg saeklesio krebam

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eklesiis pirvelierarqs mianiWa sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos partiarqis tituli. maSasadame, is aerTianebda ukve saukunis manZilze ar arsebuli (gauqmebuli) qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikoso kaTedrebs. mas ukve uSualod eqvemdebareboda dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi. amis Semdeg tituli mitropoliti aRniSavda mxolod pativs episkoposisa da ara ierarqiul Tanamdebobas. es tituli mxolod saepiskoposo jildos warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis mmarTvelis Tanamdebobrivi tituli aris episkoposi da mas RvawlisaTvis SesaZloa jildos saxiT eboZos mTavarepiskoposis anda mitropolitis wodeba. saqarTvelos patriarqs mieniWa ufleba mudmivad an droebiT marTavdes romelime eparqiasac. 1917-18 wlebis krebebma mas samarTavad gadasca mcxeTaTbilisis eparqia, 2010 wlis krebam (wm. sinodma) cxum-afxazeTis eparqia, sxvadasxva wlebSi saqarTvelos patriarqebi sxva eparqiebsac marTavdnen, mag. manglisisa, quTaisisa da sxva. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, viTarca qarTuli eklesiis erT-erTi administraciuli erTeuli (berZnuli samitropolitos fardi) daaarsa saqarTvelos saeklesio mmarTvelobam, rac xelmwifis karis mierac iqna dadasturebuli (`aman bagrat ganaCina kaTalikozi afxazeTs~ - gvamcnobs qarTlis cxovreba), dasavleT saqarTvelo imTaviTve qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda (IV s-danve), afxazTa samefos Camoyalibebam warmoqmna safuZveli qarTuli eklesiis afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebisa. amitomac araa swori n. lomouri, romelic acxadebs rom VIII s-Si konstantinopolis sapatriarqos gamoeyo dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis) eklesiac (n. lomouri, 2009, gv. 40-46).

ivane minCxi _ `qarTveli~

Zvel qarTvel moRvaweebs saxelebs uwodebdnen ara regionuli warmomavlobis, aramed zogad-erovnuli identobis Sesabamisad. magaliTad, wmida ilarions, miuxedavad imisa, rom is iyo kaxeTidan, rac mis biografiaSicaa asaxuli, uwodebdnen `qarTvels~. argveTis erisTavebsac wm. daviTsa da konstantines `qarTvelni~ erqvaT, Tu aras vityviT taoeli ioane mTawmidelisa Tu javaxeli giorgi mTawmidelis Sesaxeb, romelTac wyaroebSi aseve `qarTvelni~ erqvaT. gamonaklisi araa afxazTa samefos moRvawenic, kerZod, magaliTad Wyondidis sanaxebSi mcxovreb poetsa da kompozitors ivane minCxs `qarTveli~ erqva mTeli qarTuli samyaros moRvaweTa msgavsad [Tumca, aris erTi gamonaklisi abo Tbilelis mimarT, romelsac sagaloblebis dasaTaurebebSi `qarTvels~ uwodebdnen. Cven gamokvleuli gvaqvs, rom abo Tbilelis `qarTve-

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lis~ wodeba gamoxatavda imas, rom abo Tbileli iyo qarTuli eklesiis wmidani da ara somxurisa, am ganmartebis darTva saWiro gaxda, Cans, imis gamo, rom abos epoqaSi Tbilisis amirebma ufro meti yuradReba miapyres somxur eklesias imdenad, rom Tbilisis mxare qvemo qarTli (samSvildetaSir-Zoragerti) somxuri eklesiis wevr kvirikianTa samefo ojaxs gadasces, TviT TbilisSi (saamiros centrSi) marTlmadideblur (bizantiuri) aRmsareblobis devnis gamo monofizituri mrevli gaizarda. amis gamo, zogadad TbiliselTa sarwmunoebrivi marTlmadidebluri orientacia saeWvo gaxda, amitom daWirda ganmartebiTi warwera `qarTveli~ abo Tbilelis sagalobels, rac ganmartavda, rom is iyo wmidani qarTuli eklesiisa da ara somxurisa. sxva viTareba iyo, magaliTad, mTawmidaze, sadac qarTveli berebi xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom isini ara mxolod eklesiurad, aramed `naTesaviTac~ qarTvelebi iyvnen]. ivane minCxs, iseve, rogorc qarTuli sa mya ros sxva moR vaweebs, `qarTvels~uwodebdnen. is iyo qarTuli leqsis didostati, imdenad saxelovani poeti da musikosi, rom misi sagaloblebi X s-Si mTel qarTul samyaroSi gavrcelda. is ara marto werda teqstebs (Tanamedrove sityvebiT rom vTqvaT), aramed maT urTavda musikalur kompoziciebs. ufro metic. mas SemouRia qarTuli galobis axali forma, e.w. `spaduqni~ da `morTulni~. `saxeldobr, es galobani moicavs ara cxra saleqso sazomis monacvleobas cxra musikalur kompoziciasTan erTad, aramed aq xuTi saleqso sazomi Sewyobilia cxra musikalur kompoziciasTan~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 672). mis sagalobelTa Sesaxeb aRniSnulia: `Tqmulni netarisa minCxisa qarTvelisani~ (iqve, gv. 671). ivane minCxi warmoSobiT Wyondidis sanaxebidan _ inCxidan (inCxuri) yofila. amitomac mas `minCxs~ eZaxdnen. misi warmoSobis adgili ganudidebia afxazTa mefe giorgi II-s, romelsac Zlier uyvarda da pativs scemda ivane minCxs, imiTac, rom WyondidSi saepiskoposo kaTedra ganuwesebia. ivane minCxi X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gardacvlila (iqve, gv. 670). is iyo rusTavelis erT-erTi winamorbedi.

konstantinopolis patriarqis nikoloz I-is adresati mefe giorgi II _ `didi da kargi~

wmida patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi (gard. 925w.), rogorc cnobilia, werilebs werda afxazTa mefe giorgi II-s, sabWoTa epoqis mkvlevarebis sityviT, swored mis epoqaSi (X-is dasawyisSi), TiTqosda, qarTulma eklesiam konstantinopols CamoarTva kaTedrebi afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) da maTze Tavisi ufleba ganaxorciela. miiCneva, rom cnobili

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saepiskoposoebis (fazisisi, rodopolisis, saisinis, petras, ziganas) dakargviT konstantinopolma dakarga Tavisi iurisdiqcia mTel dasavleT saqarTveloze (afxazeTze). aisaxa Tu ara aseTi umwvavesi momenti nikoloz mistikosis werilebSi afxazTa mefis mimarT? araviTari odnav miniSnebas, an nakvalevs werilebi amisas ar Seicavs. piriqiT, arsebobs sabuTi, saidanac kargad Cans, rom araviTari teritoriuli pretenzia ar arsebobda konstantinopolisa da (das. saqarTvelos) afxazeTis mefeTa Soris, aRsaniSnavia, rom somexTa patriarqisadmi werilSi igive nikoloz mistikosi wers aseT raimes: `kavkasiis da afxazeTis miwebi Sens `iurisdiqciaSi igule~. mas sadavo sakiTxebi rom hqonoda dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT, somex patriarqs miwerda kidec amis Sesaxeb da ityoda, rom miwebi afxazeTSi Sediodnen konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi. amasve miwerda afxazTa mefes giorgi II-s. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, WyondidSi X saukuneSi Seqmnil sagalobels aqvs zedwerili `es galobani mas kargsa giorgi mefesa, didsa, didiTa vedrebiTa aRuwervebian minCxisada~. esaa is afxazTa mefe giorgi II (922-957), romelsac werilebs werda patriarqi konstantinopolisa, igi iyo qarTuli enisa da kulturis udidesi moyvaruli, imdenad, rom is evedreboda, `didi vedrebiT~ mimarTavda Tavisi samefos poetsa da kompozitors ivane minCxs, rom mas daewera axali qarTuli sagaloblebi. meore mxriv, nikoloz mistikosic evedreboda, rogorc werilebidan kargad Cans, afxazTa mefes giorgi II-s Tavisi mfarveloba ar moeklo alaniis eparqiisadmi. miuxedavad xvewna-mudarisa da Sesabamisi mimarTvisa, Cans, giorgi mefes imdenad didi yuradReba ar miupyria ucxo patriarqis saTxovrisadmi. samagierod, misi yuradReba mSobliurisadmia mipyrobili. misi `vedrebis~ Sedegad ivane minCxs, viTarca kompozitors da poets, SemouRia damoukidebeli saleqso sazomebi e.w. `spaduqni~ da `morTulni~, cxadia, Tavisi Sesabamisi musikiT (musikaluri kompoziciiT), romelsac aRtacebiT Sexvedria mTeli qarTuli samyaro X saukuneSi, ris gamoc afxazeTis gareTac is Zlier gavrcelebula (p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 672). sinur xelnawerSi dacul sagalobels ivane minCxis mier darTuli aqvs Semdegi kidurwerili: `wmidao giorgi, Seewie giorgi mefesa winaSe meufeTa meufisa da adide~ (iqve, gv. 670).

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abazgiis avtokefalia _ s. yauxCiSvilis Secdoma

kvlav davubrundeT im sakiTxs, rom s. yauxCiSvilis (`georgika~, IV, nawili 2) noticiebis cxrilebSi konstantinopolis avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa Soris ramdenjerme gvxvdeba `abazgiis~ eparqia, kerZod, noticia ISi, noticia VI-Si, noticia VII-Si da noticia VIII-Si, magram aq yvelaze saintereso is momentia, rom TviT s. yauxCiSvilis ganmartebiT, zogierTi noticiis berZnul dedanSi, sinamdvileSi weria ara `abazgia~, aramed `amasia~, xolo s. yauxCiSvilma CaTvala, rom dedanSi daSvebulia Secdoma da `amasiis~ nacvlad yvelgan Cawera `abazgia~. Tanac `amasiis~ nacvlad Tavis mierve dabeWdil berZnul teqstebSi Secvala sityva `amasia~ sityva `abazgiiT~ da aseve dabeWda. s.yauxCiSvilis am Tamamma qmedebam, roca man berZnul teqstSi ramdenime adgilze Secvala sityva `amasia~ sityva `abazgiiT~ da aseTi Secvlili saxiT dabeWda (gamosca), aman() mkvlevarTa Taobebs Seuqmna STabeWdileba, TiTqosda, berZnul dedanSi dawerilia `abazgiis avtokefalia~, sinamdvileSi ki weria `amasiis avtokefalia~. `amasia~ iyo trapezuntTan axlos cnobili savaWro-ekonomikuri centri da am qalaqis episkoposs didi gavlena hqonda. TviT s. yauxCiSvilis cnobiT, noticia VI-s dedanSi `avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa~ nusxaSi weria _ `35. eparqia amasiisa _ sebastopolis arqiepiskoposi~ (georgika IV, nawili 2, 1952, gv. 139). s. yauxCiSvilma dednis am Canawers daurTo SeniSvna _ `aSkara Secdomaa, unda iyos `abazgias~ (georgika, IV, 2, gv. 139, SeniSvna 2). amis Semdgom wignze TandarTul oficialur ganzogadebul noticiaTa cxrilSi s. yauxCiSvilma `amasiis~ adgilas Cawera `abazgia~ (ix. gv. 192-Tan CarTuli sqema). sinamdvileSi ki qalaqi sebastopoli swored qalaq amasias regionSi mdebareobda, Tumca sebastopoli SesaZloa cxumsac erqva (s. yauxCiSvilma Cans am saxelis `sebastopolis gamo~ miiCnia amasia abazgiad). noticia VIII-Si aseve `avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa nusxaSi weria _ `eparqia amasiisa _ sebastiupolis arqiepiskoposi~ (georgika, IV, 2, gv. 141). aqac dedans s. yauxCiSvilma daurTo SeniSvna _ `unda iyos `abasgiisa~ (iqve, gv. 141) da Semdgom yvelgan noticia VIII-Si dednis `amasia~ s. yauxCiSvilis mier Secvlili iqna `abasgiiT~ da mkiTxvelisTvis miwodebuli iqna berZnuli SriftiT. mkiTxvels eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom am TiTqosda dedanSi sinamdvileSi weria `abasgia~. rac ase ar aris. ase rom, `abasgia~ avtokefalur saepiskoposoTa ricxvSi sinamdvileSi ar yofila moxseniebuli noticia VI-sa da noticia VII-Si, maSasadame, darCa noticia I da noticia VIII. am noticiebSi namdvilad aris moxseniebuli saxeli `abasgia~? me piradad Zalze veWvob, Tumca es saintereso sakvlevi sakiTxia. mizezi isaa,rom im teritorias sadac qarTuli wyaroebiT mdebareobda `afxazeTis saerisTavo~, (e.i. teritoria md klisuras iqiT) berZnul

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wyaroebSi ewodeba `alania~. amitomac Tu am teritoriaze saarqiepiskoposo mdebareobda berZnul wyaroebSi misi saxeli iqneboda `alaniis saarqiepiskoposo~ da ara abazgiisa.

afxazeTis saeklesio miwebi

afxazeTi istoriulad erqva teritorias md. klisuras marjvena sanapiros iqiT nikofsiis mimarTulebiT. klisuras marcxena sanapiros aqeT mcxeTisaken Savi zRvispireTi da mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo iberiad, anu qarTlad ganixileboda Sesabamisi mcxeTuri saeklesio iurisdiqciiT. mefe miris gardacvalebis Semdeg misi anderZis Tanaxmad dasavleT saqarTvelo, viTarca sauxuceso teritoria, ergo mefis Zmas arCil II-s, amasTanave gansakuTrebuli uflebebi afxazeTSi moipova afxazTa erisTavma leon I-ma, romelic politikurad gaTavisuflda berZnebisagan. amis Semdeg man gadawyvita qceuliyo `qarTlis erisTavad~ anu mieRo `qarTlis erisTavis~ tituli. risTisac Tavisi samarTavi teritoria Seiyvana qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi im pirobiT, rom SerTavdnen mefis qaliSvil guranduxts. pirobis aRsrulebis Semdeg leon I aRmoCnda im `siZeTa~ siaSi, romlebsac SeeZloT legitimuri ufleba ganecxadebinaT qarTlis (iberiis) samefo taxtze. am uflebis damadasturebeli erT-erTi niSani, kerZod, `samefo gvirgvini~ miiRo kidec samefo ojaxidan. maleve, dasavleT saqarTvelo, viTarca saufliswulo teritoria, gadaeca guranduxts, leon I-is meuRles. maT ojaxs amis Semdeg ukve ekuTvnoda miwa-wyali md. klisuradan lixis qedamde, romelsac legitimuri samefo dinastia marTavda. samefo legitimacia afxaz mefeTa ojaxSi guranduxtma miitana. guranduxtis vaJma leon meorem afxazTa mefis tituli miiRo, magram mas sruli ufleba hqonda saqarTvelos (qarTlis) samefo taxtzec dedis mxridan. afxazTa mefeebi xosroian-gorgasliani mefeebis politikuri memkvidreebi gaxdnen. maTi samefo amave dros `saqarTvelo~ iyo. md. klisura ukve aRar iyo sazRvari bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris. sazRvarma gadaiwia ufro CrdiloeTiT. afxazeTis gafarToebis Semdeg biWvinTa iqca saeklesio centrad mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosi. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqcia ganivrco afxazeTis samefoze. rogorc iTqva, am gaerTianebamde afxazTa saerisTavo moicavda teritorias md. klisuramde, xolo Semdeg misi sazRvari gadmoiwia lixis qedamde. afxazeTis eklesiam mcxeTidan miiRo miwebi klisuradan vidre lixamde. p. ingoroyvas Tanaxmad, man miiRo mxolod argveTis miwebi, Cemi azriT ki miwa-wyali md. klisuridan lixamde, sadac iqamde xorcieldeboda ara berZnebis iurisdiqcia, aramed mcxeTisa, wirva-locvis qarTuli eniT.

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abaSa-afsili-abasgi-xubuSqia m. qurdianis mixedviT

abazgebi Zvel wyaroebSi moixsenieba, rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi tomi. maTi sacxovrisis Sesaxeb m. qurdianma gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom isini Tavdapirvelad abaSas regionSi cxovrobdnen da tomobrivad megrulenovanni an saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe enis mqonni an svanebi iyvnen. aqedan maTi erTi nawili misi mosazrebiT vanis tbisaken gadasaxlda. qarTuli tomebis vanis tbasTan cxovrebis Sesaxeb m. qurdiani wers vanis tbis samxreTiT mdebare xubuSqias qveyana saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe enis mqone eTnosma daarsa (m. qurdiani, xubuSqia, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli, 2001, gv. 130). is wers, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, samxreTSi qarTveluri onomastikis sistematurma figurirebam adreve Cauyara safuZveli hipoTezas, rom qarTvelur tomTa pirvelsacxovrisi saerTod samxreTSi mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 132). Tumca ki TviT m. qurdianis TeoriiT qarTvelTa winare samSoblo aris maTi gansaxlebis Tanamedrove teritoria, saidanac xdeboda qarTveluri tomebis (karduxebis, mesxebisa da sxv.) samxreTiT eqspansia, CrdiloeTidan samxreTSi waweuli es tomebi aarsebdnen saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs TavianTi ZalauflebiTa da toponimikiT (iqve, gv. 135). misi TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi odesRac cxovrobda saerTo-qarTveluri tomi romlis saxelwodeba dakavSirebuli unda iyos eTnonimTan `abaSi~. m. qurdiani wers: `es fuZe _ rogorc hidronimi da toponimi _ faqtia saqarTveloSi. magram warmoadgenda Tu ara is eTnonims? a) abaS-i unda edos safuZvlad eTnonims abSil-i//afSil-i. igi miRebuli Cans abaS-fuZeze il sufiqsis darTviT _ `abSil~; b) ar aris gamoricxuli rom abaSil-abSil mTliani fuZec yofiliyo. abSilidan aris miRebuli afSil-i. amdenad, sruli ueWvelobiT SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom arsebobda qarTveluri tomi, romlis saxelic qarTulad iyo abaS-i (an abaSili). am eTnonimis svanuri forma _ abasg, abazg, abaSq (ar aris gamoricxuli zogierTi svanur dialeqtSi _ abasq-abasg-abask) swored svanuridan unda iyos nasesxebi. berZnulSi abaSebis tomis aRmniSvneli terminebi _ abask-ebi, abazg-ebi... berZnebi xSirad moixseniebdnen erTsa da imave toms sxvadasxva saxeliT, vTqvaT TviTsaxelwodebiT da mezobelTa mier darqmeuliT, da mas am saxelebis Tanaxmad or an met tomad warmosaxaven da Semdeg erTmaneTis gverdiT aRweren~ (iqve, m. qurdiani, xubuSqia, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli, 2001, gv. 129). Sesabamisad abaSTa erTi tomi berZnebma ori saxeliT moixsenies, Tavdapirvelad qarTuli abSil-i uwodes, Semdeg ki svanuri abask-abazgi. anda

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SesaZloa saerTo qarTveluri tomi am droisaTvis ukve sam sxvadasxva qarTvelur enaze metyvelebda magaliTad abaSebi (abSilebi) _ qarTulad, abazgebi (abaskebi) _ svanurad _ wers m. qurdiani. is uSvebs albaTobas, rom abaSebis am tomma, romelsac zanurad _ xubuSqebi erqvaT, ilaSqra vanis tbisken da iq saxelmwifoc Seqmna. vanis tbis samxreTiT e.w. `nairis~ sartyelSi qarTvelTa cxovreba m. qurdians ar eeWveba. is imowmebs n. xazaraZes, romlis mixedviTac qristeSobamde XII-VII saukuneebSi arsebobda muSqebis ori qveyana - erTi - evfratis zemo welidan tigrosis saTaveebisa da zemo welis marcxena napiris CaTvliT (e.i. wina aziaSi), meore ki mcire aziaSi. md. halisis (yizil-irmakis) Sua welis samxreTiT (n. xazaraZe, saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis problemebi (mosxebi), 1984, n. xazaraZe, saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli terminologia, 1993, n. xazaraZe. Tsu axalcixis filialis Sromebis krebuli, I, 1998). m. qurdiani miiCnevs, rom muSkebis es orive qarTuli qveyana saqarTvelodan gasuli tomebis eqspansiaTa _ laSqrobaTa Sedegad gaCnda iseve, rogorc xubuSqias qveyana (iqve, gv. 130). es Tvalsazrisi ar dasturdeba, radganac wyaroebi miuTiTeben ara tomebs moZraobas CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, aramed piriqiT samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. (abasxi-abaSxi-abasgi) m. qurdianis azriT abaSelTa megrulenovani tomi SeiWra da vanis tbasTan iq daaarsa `xubuSqias~ samefo II aTaswleulSi qristesSobamde( ,,kavkasuraxloaRmosavluri krebuli~ 2001, gv.130). Tu aseTis daSveba SesaZlebelia, SeiZleba davuSvaT sapirispiroc, rom samxreTSi, araqsze anu fazisze mcxovrebi fasianelebi, igive basianelebis nawili (bas-xi,mes-xi) gadasaxlda ufro CrdiloeTiT _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac maT basxebi, abasxebi, abazgebi daerqvaT. basian-eli=bas-xi=abasxi=abazgi. saxel abasgTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos,rom `baS~ fuZiT mravali toponimia rionze q.abaSas irgvliv. sofeli `Sua baSi~ mdebareobs mdinare rionis marjvena sanapiroze, samtrediis raionSi (Sua baSs esazRvreba wyaltubos raionis sofeli sayulia), sofeli (qalaqi) abaSa mdebareobs samegreloSi, sofeli Zveli abaSa _ misgan sakmaodaa daSorebuli (Zveli abaSa senakTan mdebareobs, noqalaqevis mxares), sofeli `zemo abaSa~ mdebareobs md. rionis marcxena napiras, istoriul guriaSi, kerZod, amJamad samtrediis raionSi, sofel sajavaxosTan axlos (esazRvreba Coxatauris raions). `baSi~ Zvel saqarTveloSi erqva brtyel adgils, did wyliT gajerebul vakes.

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zemo abaSa, Sua baSi (zemo da qvemo baSebi), Zveli abaSa, abaSa _ yvela am punqtebis SemaerTebeli xazi kravs wres, romelic mdebareobs rionisa da cxeniswylis wyalTaSua da mis irgvliv mdebare teritoriaze (samtrediis irgvliv). fuZe `baSi~-sagan SeiZleba iyos nawarmoebi abSili (il _ sufiqsis darTviT) _ abaSili _ abSili da abazgic (abaS-xi ! abas-gi) rogorc iTqva, md. rionis xeobaSi, qvemo welis sxvadasxva erTmaneTisgan daSorebul regionSi, mdinarispiras gvaqvs erTi da imave saxelis mqone punqtebi: 1. abaSa _ samegreloSi (senakTan); 2. zemo abaSa _ guriaSi (sajavaxosTan); 3. zemo baSi _ imereTSi (sayuliasTan); 4. sofeli baSi _ samtrediasTan; 5. Sua baSi-samtrediasTan. baSi _ sibrtyea, vake adgilia, wyliT Sejerebuli, anu wyliani didi vakea, rac yvela ab `baSs~ aerTianebs. saerTod, `baSi~ XX saukunis dasawyisSic ki erqva `brtyel gadasafarebels~ e.w. brezents. baSi _ gaSlil, sibrtyis mqone zedapirs (`brezents~) rom erqva, Cans 1924 w. ajanyebaSi monawilis mogonebidan. is wers: `erTi nawili ajanyebulebisa sulgrZelad eloda ganaCens, Cayrilni erTad kamionebSi, zevidan afarebdnen `baSebs~ _ brezentebs. maTi kvnesa mtkvris zedapirze burusiviT iyo dafenili~ (arCil gedevaniSvili, `Tavganwirulni~, 1996, gv. 118). ase aRwers rusi bolSevikebis moqmedebas TviTmxilveli, maT gaTxril miwaSi (ormoSi) CauyriaT ajanyebulebi, zemodan ki (ormosaTvis) brezenti anu `baSi~ gadaufarebiaT, e.i. baSi erqva brtyel, gaSlil raimes. Sesabamisad, rionispira brtyel vakes abaSidan samtrediamde SesaZloa `baSi~ erqva, xolo mosaxleobas abaSxi-abaski-abasgi. maSasadame, saxeli abaSxi, abasxi, abazgi SeiZleba iyos satomo saxeli basianel mesxebTan dakavSirebuli da aseve iyos ara satomo saxeli, aramed aRniSnavdes vake, wyliani adgilis mcxovrebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi qveyana `abaSi~ aris wylian-lerwmebiani vake iseTi rogoric albaT iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos abaSa-baSis vake. safiqrebelia, rom SesaZloa basianis qveyanac misi msgavsi iyo da masze mcxovreb tomsac Tavisi saxeli misca-fasianelebi,basianelebi. Tu asea, maSin sityvebi abazgi da afxazi sxvadasxa warmoSobisaa da erTmaneTs ar udrian. abazgi yofili basianelia, xolo afxazi afxazeTis mkvidria, romelmac xazarTa zemoqmedebiT miiRo saxeli, radganac saxeli afxazi SesaZloa sax-

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el `xazarTan~ iyos dakavSirebuli, Tumca armeniis qarTvelur samyaroSic iyo toponimi `safxazi~ (xaz -ar-eTi; a-f-xaz-eTi; sa- f-xaz -i (toponimi). mas Semdeg, rac Crdilo kavkasiaSi xazarTa tomma hegemonoba moipova VII s-is bolodan, ufro ki VIII s-Si, Cans im epoqis saqarTveloSi Crdilo kavkasias `xazareTs~ uwodebdnen. (basxi) afSileTi da abazgia mdebareobdnen lazikis CrdiloeTiT da moicavdnen SavizRvispira provinciebs. m. qurdianis kvleviT md. sufsa-rionis xeoba. sufsa am regionSi dominanti mdinarea. sufsis olqis mcxovrebi- sufsaria anu sufsili aqedan afsili. amave olqSia aseve meore mdinare msgavsi fuZis mqone, esaa md. sefa (gaedineba urekTan). ase rom mdinareebi sufsa da sefa erT olqSi gaedinebian, erTmaneTis maxloblad. SesaZloa swored am olqs erqva `afsilia~, es Zveli saxeli iqaurma mdinareebma Semoinaxa (sefa-sufsa-afsilia). sityva sufsilidan unda iyos miRebuli: afsili-afSili rionis auzSi erTmaneTisagan Zalze urTierTdaSorebiT mdebareobs ramdenime `baSi~ (qvemo da zemo baSi, abaSa). isini moTavsebulni arian sxvadasxva raionebSi (samtredia-abaSa). `baSebi~ sazogadod mdebareoben gaSlil _ gabaStul (imer.), farTod gaSlil adgilebze, vakeze da, saerTod, `baSi~ brtyel, gaSlil vakes erqva. amave saxelis mqone sofeli `baSi~ mdebareobs enguris xeobaSic, aseve vake adgilas galisa da zugdidis SemaerTebel gzasTan. orive auzSi _ orive mdinaris xeobaSi vake adgilebze abaSebis da baSebis simravle gvafiqrebinebs, rom SesaZloa erT dros rionis dablobs saerTod `baSi~ (vake) erqva, xolo iqaur mkvidr mosaxleobas Sesabamisad ewodeboda baS-gi, baSxi, baski, abaSgi, abaSki, abaSxi. aqedan abasgi, abaSki, abasxi (basxi). marTlac, Zvel wyaroebSi Cven gvxvdeba zRvispira tomebi abasgebi, baskebi, baskunebi, da a.S. unda vigulisxmoT, zemoT moyvanilidan gamomdinare, am sityvebiT (abasgi, basxi, baskuni da a.S.) aRiniSneboda ara romelime eTnikuri jgufi, aramed is qarTuli mosaxleoba, romelic konkretul wylian-Waobian vake adgilas, vakobSi, anu baSSi cxovrobda. e.i. vakebaris mcxovrebni, mTianeTis mosaxleoba ki sxva sityviT aRiniSneboda.

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`alanTa qveyana, romel ars afxazeTi~

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, egrosis wili qveyana aRwevda md. yubanamde (`mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa~), Tumca farnavaz-qujis mier daarsebul `qarTlis samefoSi~ misi mxolod erTi nawili Sesula, kerZod, qarTlis samefos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari gavlebul iqna md. egriswyalze, romelzec mdebareobda qalaqi bedia. maSasadame, farnavazis dros qarTlis samefos saxelmwifo sazRvari bediasTan gadioda. mdinare egriswyali amave dros yofila sazRvari qarTlis samefosa da `saberZneTs~ Soris aleqsandre makedonelis droidan (q.c., 1955, I, gv. 177). vaxtang gorgaslis Semdgom qarTlis samefos sazRvarma gadaiwia ufro CrdiloeTiT da daido mdinare klisuraze (kelasurze). md. kelasuris iqiT, e.i. aRmosavleT sanapiros mxares mdebare qveyanas VIII s-dan `afxazeTi~ erqva, xolo aqeT, e.i. dasavleT sanapiros mxares `qarTlis samefo~. sazRvari bizantiasa da qarTlis samefos Soris aq, rom yofila es Cans `qarTlis cxovrebis~ sxva cnobidanac. kerZod ki imperatoris brZanebidan imJamad (VIII s. daswyisSi) mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof afxazeTis erisTavisadmi. qarTlis samefos am sazRvarTan dakavSirebiT keisari Semdeg brZanebas aZlevs Tavis moxeles _ afxazeTis erisTavs leon I-s: `yovladve sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa Cvengan qmnil ars vneba... xolo Senda mibrZanebies erisTaoba afxazeTisa, Sen da SvilTa SenTa da momavalTa SenTa miukunisamde. aramed keTilad pativscemdi mefeTa da erTa magaT qarTlisaTa, da amieridan nuRaramca xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa maTTa egrisaTa~ (q. c., I, gv. 240). am brZanebaSi orjeraa naxsenebi qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi, romelTac iqamde bizantielebi xSirad arRvevdnen (`sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa Cvengan qmnil ars vneba~), amieridano ki, wers imperatori, jerovnad unda sce pativi qarTlis mefeebs da maTi samefos sazRvrebs egrisSi (`amieridan nuRaramca xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa maTTa egrisaTa~), qarTlis samefos sazRvari egrisSi, rogorc iTqva, imJamad md. klisuraze gadioda, maSasadame am sazRvris darRveva akrZala keisarma. brZanebaSi CamoTvlilia is damsaxurebani, romelnic miuZRodaT qarTlis mefeebs bizantiis imperiis winaSe, miuxedavad amisa Cven xSirad varRrvevdiT maT sazRvrebs, axla ki arabebis Semosevis gamo saWiroa davafasoT es damsaxurebani da aRar davarRvioT qarTlis sazRvrebi, Sen ki kerZod, wers keisari afxazeTis erisTavs, aRar daarRvio qarTlis samefos sazRvari egrisSio. am cnobidanac Cans, rom qarTlis samefos sazRvari egrissa da afxazeTs Sua mdebareobda VIII s-is dasawyisSi. romeli tomi iyo hegemoni VIII s-mde klisura-kelasuridan vidre yubanamde?

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iqauri mkvidri mosaxleoba yofila `egriselebi~ (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, egrosis wili qveyana aRwevda md. yubanamde, egriselebi iyvnen TviT egriselebi, svanebi da afxazebi, romelnic VIII saukunidan gamoCndnen), magram qveyana teritoriulad Sedioda saberZneTis imperiaSi (anu bizantiaSi). adgilobrivi mosaxleoba bizantielebis mier iyo damorCilebuli. bizantielebi mkvidri mosaxleobis ajanyebaTa dasaTrgunad dapyrobil teritoriaze romelime sxva toms gaabatonebdnen xolme. Semdeg droindel afxazeTSi, rogorc qarTuli, ise berZnuli wyaroebidan Cans, VI-VII ss-Si bizantielebs gaubatonebiaT alan mebrZolTa razmebi. alanebisa da bizantielebis megobrobis Sesaxeb sparseli Sahebic miuTiTebdnen VI saukuneSi bizantielebTan molaparakebebis dros. Crdilo kavkasiaSi xazarebis gabatonebamde alanebs hqondaT hegemonoba Tavis xelSi aRebuli, maT Soris SavizvispireTis mTebSic, amitomac imJamindeli (e.i. VI-VII ss.) alania Semdgom afxazeTad saxeldebul teritorias uSualod esazRvreboda. bizantielTa mokavSire alanebi afxazeTis gziT Sediodnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi sparselebTan saomrad. qarTuli wyaroebic im teritorias, romelsac Semdgom sakuTriv afxazeTi ewoda _ alanias uwodebdnen. es iyo klisuras iqiT teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili. Tamaris istorikosi wers: `giorgi III `Jamsa zamTrisasa gardavidis lixTimereTs da miuwios zRvad pontosad da moinadiris alanTa qveyana, romelic ars afxazeTi~ (`istoriani da azmani~, q.c., t. II, 1959, gv. 15). alania _ gvian Sua saukuneebSic ki erqva afxazeTis erT nawils. Crdilo kavkasiis, donis, dunaisa da dneprispireTSi alanTa Zalze mravalricxovani momTabare xalxi ise iyo gaZlierebuli V-VI saukuneebSi, rom evropaSic ki laSqrobdnen. araa gasakviri, rom maT mebZolebs VI s-Si dasavleT saqarTvelos siRrmeebSi (bizantia-sparseTis omisas bizantielTa nebiT) fexi hqondaT mokidebuli, e.i cixe-simagreebi da mniSvnelovani punqtebi eWiraT garkveuli droiT. alanTa Semdgom aq xazarTa gavlena gaZlierebula arabebis Semosevebis Semdgom.

`alania~ afxazeTSi
V-VI ss-Si alanTa saxeliT cnobili momTabare mravalricxovani xalxebi TareSobdnen vrcel teritoriaze ruseTisa da aRmosavleT evropis samxreTiT (dunaidan dnepramde). alanebi Sedgebodnen sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmoSobis tomebisagan, miiswrafodnen SeWriliyvnen romis, bizantiis da sparseTis ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi da gaeZarcvaT.

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isini ori mimarTulebiT laSqrobdnen: samxreTiT kavkasiis qedis gavliT iswrafodnen sparseTsa da mcire aziaSi SesaWrelad, xolo dasavleTiT ki utevdnen evropas. amitomac Cndebodnen kavkasiis sxvadasxva nawilebSi, V s-Si isini centraluri kavkasiis gziT saqarTveloSi SemoiWrnen, magram vaxtang gorgaslis RvawliT fexi ver moikides. VI s-Si, roca qarTlis samefo dasustda, isini bizantiam, viTarca mokavSireebi sparselTan omSi droebiT gaabatona dRes afxazeTad cnobil miwawyalze. aseTi Tvalsazrisis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva is faqti, rom `alania~ daerqva afxazeTis erT mniSvnelovan nawils (Zveli xanidan XVIII saukunis CaTvliT) da aseve berZnul wyaroTa analizi. vaxuSti bagrationi wers alaniis Sesaxeb _ `xolo alani ars suaneTis dasavliT da bediis CrdiloT, aqvs aRmosavliT sazRvari svanTa, samxriT kavkasi bedia-odiSs da amas Sorisi, udis SuaSi svaneTis mdinare. mosavliT da pirutyviT viTarca svaneTi, aramed kacni kerpni, usjuloni, pirvel iyvnen qristianeni da aw kerpni da romelnime mahmadiani~ (q.c., t. IV, 789). `svaneTis mdinares~ vaxuSti Cans uwodebs bzifiswyals, radganac sxvagan wers _ `amis biWvintis dasavliT dis kappetis mdinare, didi da Cqarad mdinare, gamodis ese raWis mTas, kavkassa, gamovalis svaneTs, alans da mas qvemoTa moerTvis zRvasa~ (iqve, gv. 785). maSasadame, provincia alani, anu alania mdebareobda afxazeTSi bediis CrdiloeTidan vidre biWvinTis CrdiloeTamde, anu TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTis mTiani zoli ekuTvnoda svaneTsa da alanias. saerTod, sityva afxazeTi Cvens istoriografiaSi VIII s-dan Cndeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bedia TviTve iyo sasazRvro qalaqi, radganac masze gamavali mdinare egriswyali iyo sazRvari qarTlis samefosa da saberZneTs Soris (farnavazidan vaxtang gorgaslamde), Cans, am mdinare egriswyalis marjvena sanapiro qveyana iqamde `alaniad~ iwodeboda, xolo marcxena ki qarTlad (egrisad), e.i. md. egriswylis marjvena sanapiros alania ewodeboda VIII s-mde, e.i. iqamde, sanam mas afxazeTi daerqmeoda. aseTi mosazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva mematianis aseTi gancxadeba _ `alanTa qveyana, romel ars afxazeTi~, kerZod, mematiane wers _ giorgi III `Jamsa zamTrisasa gardavidis lixTimereTs da miuwiis zRvad pontosad da moinadiris alanTa queyana, romel ars afxazeTi~ (istoriani da azmani, q.c., t. II, 1959, gv. 15). maSasadame, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom md. egriswylis iqiT mdebare qveyanas pirveli aTaswleulis raRac periodSi (ufro metad VI-VII saukuneebSi), VIII saukunemde erqva `alania~, xolo afxazTa hegemonobis periodSi ki misi saxeli Seviwrovebula. alania darqmevia afxazeTis mxolod erT, Tumca mniSvnelovan nawils _ mTian teritorias bediidan vidre biWvinTamde.

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svaneTis uSualo mezobeli afxazeTis mTianeTSi alania yofila svaneTamde _ `svaneTi sigrZiT ars raWis Txemidan alanamde~ (iqve, gv. 787). marTlac, vaxuStis (da sxva wyaroTa) cnobiT, cxumamde, anu soxumamdec ki ver aRwevda istoriuli afxazeTi, radganac cxumis iqiT `anakofia alaniTurT~ sxva qveyana iyo, xolo sakuTriv afxazeTi ufro CrdiloeTiT (anakofiidan md. yubanamde) mdebareobda. mematiane wers, rom afxazTa pirvelma mefe leonma Tavisi samefo gayo rva saerisTavod: `1. dasva afxazTa (erisTavi) da misca afxazeTi, jiqeTi, vidre xazarTa mdinaremde; 2. dasva (erisTavi) cxoms da misca egris iqiTi anakofia alaniTurT; 3. dasva bedias da misca egrisis aRmosavliT cxeniswylamde da a.S.~ (q.c., t. IV, gv. 796). maSasadame, cxumis saerisTavoSi Sedioda `anakofia-alaniTurT~, mis marjvniv mdebareobda bediis saerisTavo, xolo marcxniv afxazTa saerisTavo. mefe leonis dayofis mixedviT `alania~ mdebareobda bediidan biWvinTamde. cxumis erisTavi amave dros anakofia-alaniis erisTavic iyo, radganac am saerisTavoSi mdebareobdnen aRniSnuli erTeulebi. e.i. cxumis saerisTavo aerTianebda anakofiisa da alaniis `qveynebs~, TviTon cxumi ki wyaros mixedviT `afSileTSi~ Sedioda. maSasadame, cxumis saerisTavoSi alania-anakofiasTan erTad afSileTic Sedioda, xolo afxazTa saerisTavo, rogorc iTqva, ufro CrdiloeTiT iyo. vaxuStis cnobiT, leon I-is dros `afxazTa samefos~ jer kidev ar erqva es saxeli (e.i. afxazeTi). leon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg gamefda leon II `afxazTa erisTavi~, mas unebebia Tavisi vrceli samefosaTvis ewodebina `afxazeTi~. e.i. iqamde afxazeTi erqva anakofia-cxumis iqiTa teritorias vidre mdinare yubanamde. axla ki, afxazTa erisTavis gamefebis Semdeg, afxazeTi ewoda vrcel qveyanas lixis mTidan yubanamde. es afxazTa erisTavi _ leon meore, qarTlis mefeTa memkvidris guranduxtis vaJi iyo, guranduxts ki ekuTvnoda _ `egrisi, argveTi, Takveri da guria~. saerTod, qarTuli matianeebis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, aseTi viTareba iyo: mdinare egriswylamde (Semdeg ki md. klisuramde) ganfenili iyo `qarTlis samefo~, mdinare klisuras (kelasuris) iqiT (marjvniv) ki `saberZneTis~ anu bizantiis imperiis miwa-wyali iyo. bizantielebs aq (anu md. kelasuridan yubanamde) hyoliaT TavianTi erisTavi leon I, mas usargeblia arabTa Semosevebisas bizantiis dasustebiT, aseve xazarebTan naTesaobiT da xelsayreli politikuri momentis Sedegad VIII s-is dasawyisSi moupovebia damoukidebloba bizantielebisagan, mas

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amave dros SeurTavs qarTlis mefeTa qaliSvili guranduxti (asuli mir mefisa). qarTlis mefe arCilis (miris Zmis) gardacvalebis Semdeg guranduxts samefo ojaxidan mziTvis saxiT ergo e.w. `sauxuceso~ miwa-wyali. es iyo samefo sakuTreba dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ `egrisi, argveTi, svaneTi, Takveri da guria~ (iqamde es mxare arCils ekuTvnoda). mdidari mziTviT Sevida guranduxti afxazTa erisTavis ojaxSi, rogorc vTqviT es iyo vrceli miwa-wyali dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ Semdegdroindeli imereTi, samegrelo, svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi da guria. cxadia SeuRlebis Semdeg, leon I-ma Tavisi meuRlis am mziTvze Tavisi uflebamosileba ganaxorciela. amis gamo maTi (e.i. guranduxtisa da leon I-is) vaJi leon II ukve vrcel qveyanas flobda lixis qedidan yubanamde, am qveyanas man male Tavisi saerisTaos saxeli `afxazeTi~ daarqva. rogorc iTqva, mamis gardacvalebamde leon I-isa da guranduxtis vaJi levan II erisTavobda afxazeTs anu mamis mier daniSnuli iyo afxazeTis erisTavad. `ese leon, Semdgomad xosrovanT gardacvalebisa, gamefda da daipyra sruliad egrisi da `aman uwoda afxazeTi samefosa Tvissa da moiRo saerisTaosa Tvisisa saxeli egrissa zeda~ (gv. 742). e.i. iqamde yvela es teritoria lixis mTdan yubanamde egrisad iwodeboda, leon II-m ki mas afxazeTi uwoda.

qarTvel mefeTa alani meuRleebi

xazarTa Semdgomac vidre mongolebis Semosevebamde alania mdebareobda afxazeTis mezoblad im teritoriaze, romelzec Semdgom Temur-lengma Caasaxla adiRe-Cerqezebi (dasavleT imierkavkasiaSi, sadac amJamad esenduki, kislovodski da maTi mezobeli qalaqebia), [`pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ Tanaxmad adiRe-Cerqezebi da Turqulenovani xalxebi Crdilo kavkasiaSi Caasaxla Temur lengma (iqamde isini cxovrobdnen ara kavkasiaSi, aramed ufro Crdilo aRmosavleTiT). Sesabamisad, Crdilo kavkasiaSi Temuris Semdeg Cerqezebi aRmoCndnen afxazeTis mezoblad, im teritoriaze, romelsac mongolebamde alanebi flobdnen]. imis gamo, rom mongolebamde Crdilo-dasavleT kavvkasiaSi gaZlierebuli iyo alanTa tomi da maT saxelmwifoc ki gaaCndaT afxazeTis uSualo momijnaved, saqarTvelos mefeebi cdilobdnen maTTan damoyvrebas, irTavdnen alan mefeTa asulebs. giorgi I-s SeurTavs `osTa mefis asuli~ (pirveli colis Semdeg). `mis meore cols, giorgi kedrenes sityviT, alde rqmevia. giorgis gardacvalebis Semdeg deda da Svili cxovrobdnen cixe anakofiaSi... demetre Tavis gvirgvinosan naxevarZmas (e.i. bagrat IV-s) ar endoboda... amitom warvida... mi-

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marTa berZen mefesa da wautana Tana anakofia afxazTa mefeTa~ (iv. javaxiSvili, II, gv. 140) e.i. alanTa dedofalma aldem da misma Svilma demetrem anakofia keisars gadasces 1032 wlisTvis. am cixis berZnebisagan gasaTavisufleblad qarTvelebma mravali aTeuli weli ibrZoles. aqedan Cans, rom anakofia _ kavSirSia alaniasTan, radganac bizantielTa laSqari afxaz mefeebs mravaljer daumarcxebiaT. mxolod giorgi II-s (daviT aRmaSeneblis gamefebis win) auRia anakofia _ `Semdgom amisa momadla RmerTman mZlavrebisagan berZenTasa waxmulni cixeni, wauxvna berZenTa anakofia, Tavadi cixeTa afxazeTisaTa~ (q.c., t. I, 1955, gv. 317). TviTon bagrat IV-s colad hyavda `osTa mefeTa asuli borena~, aseve im epoqis sxva mraval qarTvel mefes, rac, rogorc iTqva, Crdilo kavkasiaSi alanTa (osTa) samefos siZlieriT iyo ganpirobebuli.

alaniis eparqia `pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ mixedviT

bizantiuri (dasavluri) alaniis mmarTveli dinastia X saukuneSi moinaTla, amave dros, daarsda alaniis eparqia. alaniis eparqiis daarsebaSi monawileobda konstantinopolis patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi, berZeni misionerebi _ beri eqvTime (912 wlidan) da mTavarepiskoposi petre (914-9). masSi monawileobdnen afxazTa mefeebi konstantine III da giorgi II. alaniis mitropolitis saxeliT cnobil kaTedras konstantinopolis kaTedraTa Soris 61-e adgili eWira. am mitropoliis centri ucnobia. mas ar gaaCnda Tavisi saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. Tumca mas miweren jiqeTis eparqias. rusi mecnierebis azriT, alaniis eparqiis kaTedra X-XI saukuneebSi mdebareobda md. zelenjukis xeobaSi [sinamdvileSi ki es xeoba am droisaTvis svanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, vinogradovis kvleviT am xeobis eklesiaTa naSTebis arqiteqtura qarTulia]. alaniis eparqiis kaTedra Semdeg (1084-1105) gadatanil iqna trapezuntTan axlos q. sitiriupolSi, romlis arqiepiskoposi `alaniis mitropolitis~ tituls atarebda. 1204-1261 wlebSi alaniis mitropolits adgendnen komnenTa imperiis dedaqalaqis, trapezuntis, ierarqebi. XIII saukunidan konstantinopolma alaniis iurisdiqcia oficialurad gadasca trapezunts, 1386-1461 wlebSi alaniis mitropoliam trapezuntidan gadainacvla sevastiaSi. saerTod, alaniis eparqiis mrevls XIII-XV saukuneebSi ZiriTadad Seadgendnen ara eTnikuri alanebi, aramed Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispire-

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Tis eTnikurad nairgvari mosaxleoba. mxolod pirobiTad erqva maT qveyanas alania, rac XIII saukunemdeli viTarebis anarekls warmoadgenda -s cnobiT, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos alaniis eparqia arsebobda X saukunidan XVI saukunis bolomde, Crdilo kavkasiaSi, `alaniis qveynis~ sazRvrebSi, magram Crdilo kavkasiis didi nawili saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, gansakuTrebiT Temur lengis Semosevebamde, roca iqauri mosaxleoba qristianuli iyo. `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, ratomRac, alanurad miiCnevs qarTuli kulturis zogierT Zeglsa da qarTul saeklesio arqiteqturasac ki. `pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ mier qarTuli materialuri kulturis Zeglebis nawili miCneulia `alanurad~, romelnic TiTqosda qmnian e.w. `alanuri centraluri da aRmosavluri Zeglebis jgufs~. e.w. centralur-aRmosavluri `alanuri Zeglebi~ sinamdvileSi aris qarTuli (mag. tyoba ierdi), romelic -m miakuTvna alanurs, miuxedavad imisa, rom am cnobil eklesias hqonda ara berZnuli aramed qarTuli warwerebi. alaniis umTavresi (ZiriTadi) nawili mdebareobda Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi _ ialbuzis dasavleTiT, magram teritoria md. zelenjukis CaTvliT svanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. aqaur naeklesiarebs adgilobrivi mosaxleoba `Soanskie cerkvi~-s (svanur eklesiebs) uwodebs, miuxedavad amisa amJamad maT sruliad aramarTebulad alanurad ganixilaven da alaniis samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi aTavseben. sinamdvileSi Crdilo kavkasiis is teritoria, romelzec aRniSnuli svanuri eklesiebia svanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli XIX s-Sic ki. rodesac e.w. Tavisufali svaneTis sazRvari aqamde aRwevda. Semdeg is ruseTma miitaca da sabWoTa epoqaSi romeliRac mTis respublikas gadasces. amJamad ki eklesiis istorikosebma es `Soanskie cerkvi~ (svanuri eklesiebi) alaniis mitropolias miakuTvnes. alaniis e.w. dasavluri Zeglebis absoluturi umravlesoba Tavmoyrilia afxazeTis svaneTisa da saerTod svaneTis mezoblad, mamisonis da qluxoris uReltexilis CrdiloeTiT.

alanebi CrdilokavkasiaSi
alanebi iranulenovan xalxad miiCneva, sarmatebis monaTesaveebad. pliniusis mixedviT, erTerTi sarmatuli tomi iyo roksolani (SesaZloa `mwiTuri alanebi~). I saukuneSi alanebi gamoCdnen sarmatuli tomebis (aorsebis da sirakebis) gansaxlebis adgilze Crdilo kavkasiasa da iqiTa stepebSi. ptolemeusi axsenebs toms _ `alanorsebs~ IIs-Si.

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I saukuneSi Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi, sadac iqamde skviTebi da sarmatebi binadrobdnen, Seiqmna alanebis samxedro-politikuri gaerTianeba, romelic arbevda mezobel xalxebs, ibrZodnen evropasa, aziasa da afrikaSic ki. am mizniT isini ierTebdnen anda ikavSirebdnen mezobel aTeulobiT sxvadasxva xalxs. IV s-is 70-ian wlebSi alanur tomebs uWiravT uzarmazari teritoria Crdilo kaspiispireTidan SavzRvispireTamde. IV saukuneSi alanebi hunebma daamarcxes. didi nawili alanebisa wavida dasavleT evropaSi, ibrZodnen galiaSi (406) da espaneTSi (411), iqidan gamoaZeves vestgoTebma (429), alanebma Crdilo afrikaSi `vandalebis~ saxelmwifos SeqmnaSi miiRes monawileoba. hunebis Semosevis gamo alanebis masiuri gadaadgileba moxda kavkasiis mTebisaken. aq isini Seerivnen avtoqtonur mosaxleobas, romelic iberiul-kavkasiur ojaxSi Sedioda. eTnoSerevis am faqtiT xsnian rusi mecnierebi araerTgvarovnebas alanuri eTnikuri wrisa, da, amasTanave, materialuri kulturisa (, t. I, gv. 442). -s mixedviT alanebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ekavaT didi teritoria daRestnidan azovis zRvamde. Crdilo kavkasiis stepebSi hunebi xazarebma Secvales da xazarTa Semdeg yivCaRebi () movidnen. isini alanebs CrdiloeTidan esazRvrebodnen. alanebs qarTuli wyaroebi `osebs~ (`ovsebs~) uwodebdnen, rusebi asebs (iasebs). IV-XIII saukuneebSi alanebi warmoadgendnen mniSvnelovan samxedro Zalas. im drois didi saxelmwifoebi _ bizantia, irani, arabTa xalifati da xazareTi erTmaneTs eqiSpebodnen alaniaSi gavlenis mosapoveblad. IV-XIII saukuneebSi `alanuri laSqari~ monawileobda samxedro saqmeSi britaneTidan CineTamde. VI saukuneSi (da VII saukunis dasawyisSi) iran-bizantiis omis dros kavkasia gaiyo am or saxelmwifos Soris gavlenis zonebad. dasavleT alania _ romelic iyo alanuri saxelmwifoebriobis da kulturis centri, bizantiuri gavlenis qveS iyo. VIII-IX saukuneSi dasavleT, anu bizantiur alaniaSi, yubanis zemowelze gadioda `abreSumis didi gzis~ monakveTi, rac alanias bizantiasTan akavSirebda. rusi istorikosebis azriT, xazarTa kaganatis daqcevis Semdeg alaniis eparqia gavrcelda aRmosavleTiT mdinare Tergamde, moicva aRmosavleT alaniis olqebi. XIII saukuneSi monRolTa dapyrobebma daamxo dasavleT alaniis saxelmwifo warmonaqmni.

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XIV-XV saukuneSi TaTar-monRolTa omebis Semdeg da Temur lengis brZolebis Sedegad sruliad Seicvala eTnopolitikuri ruka Crdilo kavkasiisa. gamoCnda axali Cerqezul da Turqulenovani xalxebi, romlebic esaxlebodnen gaukacrielebul alaniaSi, anu Crdilo kavkasiaSi. maT gamoaZeves gadarCenili alanebi anda Seerivnen maT. moitanes TavianTi Cvevebi da rwmena, xolo XVIII saukuneSi miiRes musulmanoba. XIV-XV -. , . . , , , , XVIII . . .. . XVIII . (, I, . 443). Cerqezulenovani xalxebi (maT Soris afsuaTa winaprebic) afxazeTis sazRvarTan gamoCdnen mxolod Temur-lengis Semdeg. vaxuStis cnobac amave informaciis Semcvelia. oqros urdos damangrevelma Temur-lengma (1336-1405) Semoiyvana Crdilo kavkasiaSi tomebi, romelnic iqamde cxovrobdnen kaspiispireT-yazaxeTSi. `sino-tibetur-eniseuri enis~ matarebeli es tomebi, Seerivnen adgilobriv Crdilokavkasiur iberiul mosaxleobas da TandaTanobiT Camoyalibdnen e.w. `sinokavkasiur~ enebis matarebel tomebad. safiqrebelia, rom mkvidri Crdilokavkasieli iberebis (Zveli afxazebis, svanebis, piriqiTeli raWvelebis (romelnic Tanamedrove raWis mezoblad Crdilo kavkasiaSic cxovrobdnen), piriqiTeli xevsurebis, kaxeTis mTiuleTis mcxovrebTa da Semosuli momTabare tomebis (Cerqezebis, avarebisa da sxv.) urTierTSereviT Camoyalibdnen axali xalxebi, TavianTi axali enebiT _ Tanamedrove Cerqezebi, CeCnebi, yabardoelebi da daRestnelebi da sxvebi.

`nomadTa alaniis samitropolito kaTedra~

alaniis mitropoliasTan dakavSirebiT `pravoslavnaia enciklopediaSi~ gamoTqmuli umarTebulo mosazreba, TiTqosda mas gaaCnda Tavisi iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi da samRvdelmTavro kaTedra, ufro metic, sruliad umarTebulod Tanamedrove yazbegis raioni da saerTod istoriuli dvaleTi TiTqosda alaniis samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. sinamdvileSi alania iyo, SeiZleba iTqvas, mxolod pirobiTi saeklesio olqi, romelsac ar gaaCnda Tavisi fiqsirebuli iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi. momTabare, nomaduri cxovrebis mqone alanTa toms gaqristianebamde mudmivi sacxovrebeli ar gaaCnda. rogorc cnobilia, iurisdiqciis saeklesio sazRvrebi ZiriTadad emTxveoda saxelmwifo administraciuls.

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aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom eklesias, am SemTxvevaSi ki samitropolito olqs, hqondes Tavisi iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi, is unda mdebareobdes raime saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi, romelsac es eklesia aRiarebs da mis administraciul dayofas TavisTvis sasurvelad miiCnevs. am mxriv alanTa mdgomareoba sul sxvagvari iyo. maT XI s-mde ar gaaCndaT TavianTi mudmivi saxelmwifo, sxvis, maTi Tanafardi erebis saxelmwifoebs Tavs esxmodnen da anadgurebdnen, Semdgom iq droebiT esaxlebodnen da eweodnen maT mier damorCilebuli qveynebis mtaceblur eqspluatacias. roca amowuravdnen mis sasicocxlo resursebs, icvlidnen sacxovriss da sxva xalxSi, an sxva qveyanaSi gadadiodnen da ipyrobdnen. amitomacaa naTqvami konstantinopolis sapatriarqos erT dokumentSi _ `alaniis mitropolias sruliad ara aqvs sakuTari samRvdelmTavro kaTedra, radganac aqauri xalxi momTabareobas, nomaduri cxovrebas eweva~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 259). prokofi kesarielis da misi epoqis avtorTa Cvenebebidan Cans, rom VI sSi dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobisas bizantielebs dasaxmareblad Crdilo kavkasiidan mouwveviaT alanebi, isini dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi gamagrebulan kidec (risi anabeWdi toponimikam Semoinaxa, mag. mxare `alania~ afxazeTSi). Cans, bizantielebs alanebisTvis gadauciaT kidec zogierTi cixe-simagre da radganac isini momTabareni iyvnen, maleve albaT VII s-Si datoves kidec dasavleT saqarTvelo. prokofidan TiTqmis ise Cans, rom alanebis xelSi mis dros iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos cixe-simagreTa erTi nawili TviT dRevandel guriamde. maT gverdiT Canan qarTuli tomebi, romlebic ebrZodnen erTdroulad bizantielebsa da alanebs, rac cxadia, sabolood bizantielTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda VI s-Si. VIII s-Si afxazTa samefos daarsebis Semdgom ki, alanebma saerTod datoves dasavleT saqarTvelo. afxazTa mefis giorgi II-isadmi konstantinopolis patriarqis Txovna, rom mas nomadi anu momTabare alanebSi qristianobis SesanarCuneblad gamoeCina mzrunveloba _ gagebuli iqna Sesabamisad. kerZod, miuxedavad konstantinopolis saeklesio centris didi pativiscemisa mefe giorgim, Cans, ar daakmayofila Txovna nikolz mistikosisa, radganac alaniis saepiskoposo centric ki, ara Crdilo kavkasiaSi, aramed trapezuntis maxloblad iqna daarsebuli. mtkiceba imisa, rom alaniis kaTedra TiTqosda zelenjukis xeobaSi mdebareobda (radganac iq mravali eklesiis nangrevi aRmoCnda) _ mxolod varaudia. Cveni azriT, piriqiT, afxazTa mefeebma yvela xerxs mimarTes, raTa konstantinopols afxazeTis maxloblad, Crdilo kavkasiaSi kaTedra ar daearsebina.

699

saqme isaa, rom teritoria md. yubanamde qarTuli mxaris mier saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriad ganixileboda, kerZod, egrosis wil qveynad. ufo meti _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqo Tavis iurisdiqcias yirimis naxevarkunZulamde axorcielebda. es asaxulia kidec saeklesio samarTlis ZeglSi _ `biWvinTis iadgarSi~. am Zeglis mixedviT afxazeTis sakaTalikoso Tavis iurisdiqcias `kafamde~ axorcielebda (kafa-Semdgom feodosias erqva, yirimSi, qerCTan). ufleba, rom mTeli Crdilo kavkasia saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda qarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT daumtkicebia VI msoflio saeklesio krebas. es ufleba, rom Crdilo kavkasia saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda _ qarTuli mxarisaTvis realobas warmoadgenda, amitomac nikoloz mistikosis Txovna mefe giorgis mier ar iqna dakmayofilebuli, rogorc iTqva, es iqidan Cans, rom alaniis episkoposebis kaTedra ara Crdili kavkasiaSi, aramed trapezuntTan iqna daarsebuli. mefe giorgis uaris gamo konstantinopolma Crdilo kavkasiaSi alaniis eparqia imJamad ver daaarsa, amitimac iZulebuli gaxda Soreul trapezuntSi daearsebina pirobiTi, ase vTqvaT virtualuri saeklesio kaTedra _ alaniis eparqiis saxelwodebiT _ Tavisi mRvdelmTavriTa da StatiT. 1084 wels is trapezuntis axlos iyo. Cveni azriT is iqamdec iq arsebobda da ara Crdilo kavkasiaSi. Tanamedrove istorikosebi uSedegod eZeben Crdilo kavkasiaSi alaniis eparqiis saeklesio centris adgilsamyofels, sinamdvileSi alaniis mRvdelmTavrebi imTaviTve trapezuntTan erT-erT monasterSi isxdnen, ase vTqvaT molodinis reJimSi. maTi movaleoba iyo rogorme SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi virtualuri kaTedra xelsayrel politikur momentamde. maT sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom marTalia saukuneebi elodnen am moments magram is dadga _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dasustda Temur-lengis Semosevebis Semdeg. iqamde, mongol-TaTarTa mier alaniis samefoc daeca. Crdilo kavkasiis zRvispireTi ukontrolo zonad iqca. mxolod amis Semdeg SeZles alaniis mRvdelmTavrebma trapezuntis olqidan aRniSnul zonaSi TavianTi uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba. alaniis kaTedras uSualod alan xalxTan kavSiri ar hqonia. misi samwyso ar yofila alani xalxi. alania konstantinopolisaTvis XIV-XVI ss-Si erqva SavizRvispireTs, daaxloebiT qerCidan tuafsemde, romlis mouwyobel portebSic vaWroba iyo gaCaRebuli Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis saWiroebisaTvis. am saukuneebSi Seicvala iqauri mosaxleobis eTnosaxe. Camoasaxles axali xalxebi _ ZiriTadad warmarTebi da musulmanebi, magram maT savaWro saqoneli esaWiroebodaT. am saqonliT ki qristiani vaWrebi vaWrobdnen, romelTagan aRebuli baJis erTi nawili trapezuntTan mdebare alaniis

700

samitropolitos salaros avsebda, ramac miviwyebuli alaniis samitropolito warmoaCina trapezuntis sxva kaTedraTa Soris. magram es gabrwyineba droebiTi iyo. osmalTa mier trapezuntis imperiis damxobam aiZula bolo trapezunteli mitropolitebi Sesuliyvnen saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi da guriaSi gadmoetanaT TavianTi kaTedra. bolo alaniis mitropolitebs gelaTSi mjdomi afxazTa kaTalikosebi svamdnen TavianT kaTedrebze. es iyo kanonzomieri aqti, radganac afxazTa sakaTalikosos samwysoSi, rogorc iTqva kanonikurad vrceli teritoria Sedioda kafadan vidre trapezuntis olqamde da, amis gamo, istoriul alanias saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqcia moicavda. erTi sityviT alanis samitropolitos samarTalmemkvidre saqarTvelos sapatriarqoa da ara ruseTis eklesia, rogorc miiCnevs `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~.

biWvinTis kaTedra alaniaSi (anakofia-alaniaSi iyo)

bagrat IV-is qaliSvils `mariams~ (marTas?) , romelic miaTxoves imperator mixail VII dukas, berZnebi (bizantielebi) uwodebdnen `mariam alans~ (maria alanskaia), albaT im mizezis gamo, rom is iyo sakuTriv afxazeTidan, romelsac `alania~ erqva berZnul samyaroSi (ix. pravosl. enc. t. VIII. gv. 218). anakofia mariamis saufliswulo iyo? anakofia ki afxazeTis alaniaSi mdebareobda. patriarq nikoloz mistikoss am alaniaSi surda alaniis berZnuli kaTedris daarseba da amis Sesaxeb bevrs werda da Txovda afxazTa mefeebs. amis nacvlad afxazTa mefeebma am `alaniaSi~ daarses qarTuli sakaTalikoso centri _ igulisxmeba biWvinTis kaTedra. ris gamoc alaniis berZen mitropolits ar gaaCnda mudmivi sakaTedro qalaqi, miT umetes Crdilo kavkasiaSi, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis (afxazeTisa da qarTlis kaTalikosebis) iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. am faqtis gamo konstantinopolma alaniis mitropolits sakaTedro adgilad gamouyo monastrebi da eklesiebi trapezuntis regionSi, alaniisagan Zalze daSorebul geografiul arealSi. alaniaSi am e.w. alaniis mitropolits XIV-XV ss-mde araviTari realuri sasuliero gavlena, miT umetes Zalaufleba ar gaaCnda. mongol-TaTarTa Semosevebis Semdeg saqarTvelos saxelmwifo daiSala da misi gavlena Crdilo kavkasiaSi Sesustda, xolo alaniis samefo Seewira am Semosevebs. SemdegSi, Temur-lengma saerTod mizanmimarTulad aRmofxvra qristianoba Crdilo kavkasiaSi, radganac mis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli saqarTvelo Tavis jars Crdilo-kavkasieli molaSqreebiT avsebda. miuxedavad rvajer Semosevisa Temur lengma ver SeZlo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba, mematianis cnobiT Temurma ikiTxa Tu ra iyo

701

saqarTvelos siZlieris mizezi. mas acnobes, rom saqarTvelos gavlenis sferoSi Semavali Crdilo kavkasiis qristianuli laSqari uwyvetad avsebda saqarTvelos jars. amitom Temurma ganaxorciela didi manevri _ is kaspiis zRvis gziT (derbendis gavliT) SeiWra Crdilo kavkasiaSi, mTiswineTSi amoxoca adgilobrivi mosaxleoba da gaaudabura uvrcelesi teritoria, da amasTanave iq Caasaxla axali mosaxleoba _ adiReuri da aseve volgispirul-uralur-yazaxur-cimbiruli warmoSobis tomebi. mizanmimarTulad daavaldebula isini eRiarebinaT islamuri sarwmunoeba. Crdilo kavkasiis mTebSi SemorCenili qristianuli mosaxleobis dauZlurebuli narCenebi maleve daimorCiles axalSemosulma tomebma. maTi urTierTSereviTa da mosulTa mier damxdurTa asimilaciis Sedegad Crdilo kavkasiaSi XV-XVIII ss-Si Camoyalibda axali eTno jgufebi axli enebiTa da dialeqtebiT, romelnic erTdroulad, rogorc kavkasiuri, aseve arakavkasiuri elementebisagan aris Semdgari.

saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis araswori asaxva `pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ mier

(`qarTizaciis Teoriis~ Sedegi) Zveli qarTuli saeklesio istoriografiis mixedviT mociqulTa da wmida ninos droidan dasavleT saqarTvelo da mTeli istoriuli saqarTvelo Sedioda saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, amitomac wers ruis-urbnisis kreba: wmida ninom `gananaTla yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~, xolo andria mociqulma iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~, amasve weren Zveli berZeni avtorebic, kerZod, IV saukuneSi gelasi kesarieli werda: `wmida ninom (tyve qalma) gaaqristiana iberebi da lazebi~, xolo mose xoreneli V saukuneSi werda, rom `wmida ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan kaspiis karamde (masquTebamde)~. maSasadame, yvela Zveli saistorio wyaros mixedviT qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imTaviTve Sedioda mTeli istoriuli saqarTvelos miwa-wyali. es iyo ueWveli mosazreba XIX saukunemde, magram sabWoTa epoqaSi Camoyalibda axali saistorio Sexeduleba, romelic e.w. qarTizaciis Teoriis saxiT gabatonebulia amJamad. am Teoriis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelo 600 wlis manZilze iyo konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi da X saukunisaTvis `prozeliturma qarTulma eklesiam dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaauqma berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi da maT nacvlad daaarsa qarTuli~. aseve, TiTqosda, Tanamedrove bodbe da samxreT kaxeTi Tavdapirvelad Sedioda albaneTis saxelmwifo sazRvrebSi da TiTqosda, iqauri mosaxleoba gaaqarTvela wmida ninos Semdgom qarTulma eklesiam. aseTivea mosazrebani Crdilo somxeTis mosaxleobisa da kavkasiis mTianeTis Sesaxeb, romelic asaxulia atlasSi

702

dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnikuri saxe

(qvemo iveria) Sua saukuneTa berZeni saeklesio istorikosebi dasavleT saqarTvelos _ `qvemo iverias~ uwodebdnen, misi eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb marTalia mwir, magram mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian qarTuli, somxuri da ucxouri wyaroebi _ qarTlis cxovreba, moqcevaY qarTlisaY, avtorTagan _ uxtanesi, straboni, agaTia sqolastikosi da sxvebi. qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelo mxolod da mxolod qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magaliTad, qarTvelTa erTerTi eTnarqis _ egrisis wili qveyana lixis mTidan _ yubanamde aRwevda, maSasadame qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT _ dasavleT saqarTvelo _ egrebis tomis qveyanas warmoadgenda, aseve cnobas gvawvdis `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~ _ arian qarTlis mefis Zes azons aleqsandre makedonelma gadasca qveyana `qarTlis samefo~, romlis Crdilo dasavleTi ido mdinare egriswyalze da is aqedan somxeT-albaneTamde iyo ganvrcobili. maSasadame, `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~-s cnobiT qristeSobamde III saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTvelos ZiriTadi da umetesi nawili (md. egriswylamde) qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi iyo moqceuli. am mxriv kidev ufro dazustebul cnobas iZleva uxtanesi. uxtanesis dros, X saukunisaTvis, afxazeTis samefo Tavisi Zlierebis periodSi imyofeboda da is mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavda. uxtanesi pirdapir wers, rom afxazeTi anu dasavleT saqarTvelo `iverebiT~ iyo dasaxlebuli. misi msjeloba aseTia _ iverebi erT dros cxovrobdnen libiasTan, Semdeg nabuqodonosorma iverebis tomis erTi nawili qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi libiidan gadmoasaxla pontospireTSi. aq, anu Savi zRvis pirze, es tomi iverielebisa gaZlierda, gamravlda da maT qveyanas axla `afxazeTi~ ewodeba. maSasadame, X saukuneSi yvelam icoda, rom afxazebi iverielebi anu qarTvelebi iyvnen. uxtanesis es cnoba, eyrdnoba Zvel berZen istorikosTa Sesabamis cnobebs da is jer kidev movses xorenacma CarTo Tavis istoriaSi. am ukanasknelisTvis es cnoba SesaZloa imdenad mniSvnelovani ar iyo, magram uxtanesi e.w. somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg sagangebod ikvlevda qarTveli eris istoriasa da mis realur cxovrebas X saukunisaTvis. misi mizani iyo mkiTxvelisaTvis miewodebina cnobebi, Tu ra didi xalxi CamoaSora kirion kaTalikosma. am sakiTxis sakvlevad uxtanesma Caatara Rrma gamokvleva, Sekriba uamravi cnoba da dawera Tavis droisaTvis uzarmazari samecniero naSromi `ganyofisaTvis somexTa da qarTvelTa~, masSi is, rogorc aRiniSna, wers, rom qarTvelebi didi da mravalricxovani xalxia, isini ZiriTadad cxovroben pontos zRvispireTSi da maT qveyanas amJamad `afxazeTi~ ewodebao.

703

uxtanesis es cnoba, rom afxazeTi iverielebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, samwuxarod ar iqna gamoyenebuli XX s-Si afsua separatistebis propagandis Sesaneleblad, rogorc cnobilia separatistebma mTeli msoflio daajeres, rom Zveli afxazebi ar iyvnen qarTvelebi, rom afsuebi im abazgebis STamomavlebi arian, romelTac axseneben berZen-romaeli avtorebi. ara Tu ucxoeTSi, aramed qarTvel mecnierTa wiaRSi samwuxarod uxtanesis SesaniSnavi cnoba afxazeTis mosaxleobis qarTvelobis Sesaxeb ignorirebul iqna, radganac `qarTizaciis~ Teoria amtkicebda, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi `araqarTuli~ tomebis gaqarTvelebis procesi swored IX-X saukuneebSi mimdinareobda. es Teoria amJamadac gamarjvebulia. uxtanesis cnobebi mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teorias. uxtanesis dros rom marTlac hqonoda adgili dasavleT saqarTvelos `qarTizacias~, amis Sesaxeb usaTuod miuTiTebda uxtanesi, romelic swored msgavs masalebs agrovebda qarTuli eklesiis kompromentirebisaTvis, magram is iZulebuli iyo eTqva misi droisaTvis yvelasTvis cnobili faqti, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo anu `afxazeTi~ iverielebis qveyana iyo X saukunisaTvis. afxazeTis omis dros XX saukuneSi qarTveli mecnierebis ideologiuri marcxis wyaro swored e.w. qarTizaciis Teoria iyo. kerZod am omamde, e.i. XX s-is 80-90-ian wlebamde, qarTul saistorio mecnierebSi gabatonebuli iyo Teoria, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo uZvelesi xanidanve adiRe-Cerqezuli (afsuaTa winapari) tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, Semdeg ki moxda maTi qarTizacia. `yva~ da `fsa~ fuZe-ZirebiT nawarmoebi toponimebis analizis SedegebiT jer kidev s. janaSia, Semdeg ki mTeli pleada amtkicebda, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo adiRe-Cerqezebis qveyana iyo qarTvelebis gamoCenamde. es cnobebia Setanili `qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi~, yvela imJamindel gamokvlevasa da saxelmZRvaneloSi. am omis wina periodSi, rodesac gamoikveTa separatizmis saSiSroeba da daiwyo polemika, qarTulma saistorio mecnierebam axali Tumca mainc Zvel CarCoSi moqceuli Teoria Camoayaliba, romelSic ukve dasavleT saqarTveloSi Canan ara adiRe-Cerqezebi, aramed `kolxebi~ da IX-X saukuneebSi maTi qarTizaciis procesi mimdinareobda. es ori Teoria erTiandeba e.w. `qarTizaciis~ TeoriiT, esaa XX s-is istorikosTa Tvalsazrisi, maTgan, rogorc aRiniSna mTlianad gansxvavdeba uxtanesisa da qarTuli wyaroebis mtkicebani, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo qristeSobamde didi xniT adre da mis Semdeg uwyvetad, da X saukuneSic _ iverielebiT anu qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. maSasadame, uxtanesisa da qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT strabonis, prokofi kesarielis, agaTiasa da sxvaTa mier dasaxelebuli dasavleT

704

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi _ afsilebi, abazgebi, misimelebi, svanebi da sxvebi iveriuli xalxebi gamodian da ara adiRe-Cerqezebi. svanebis Sesaxeb jer kidev straboni miuTiTebda, rom zogierTi cnobili istorikosis mier svanebi `iberielebad iwodeboda~. e.i. svanebis iberieloba anu iverieloba _ strabonisTvisac iyo cnobili. afsilebisa da abazgebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs _ Cveni kvleviT afsilebi da abazgebi erqvaT zRvispiris gaSlili adgilis mcxovreblebs, radganac, baS, fas, fas, fuZe-Ziri gaSlili, zRvispira, wylovani adgilis aRmniSvneli iyo, xolo `gr~, `gor~, `rg~ fuZe-ZiriT aRiniSneboda mTian-gorebiani adgilebis mcxovrebni. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTveloSi qveli xalxi or jgufad ganiyofeboda sacxovrebeli adgilis geografiuli saxis mixedviT _ baris mcxovrebni da mTa-gorebis mcxovrebni. baris anu zRvispireTisa da mdinarispireTis vake gaSlili adgilebis mcxovrebT erqvaT _ absilebi, abazgebi, abasxebi, da msgavsi, xolo mTagorebis mcxovrebT _ egriselebi, argveTelebi, gurulebi da msgavsi. maSasadame, es saxelebi erT periodSi ar iyvnen eTnikuri saxelebi da mxolod SemdegSi SeiZines aseTi mniSvneloba. eTnikuri saxeli unda yofiliyo `svanebi~, `misimianebi~, `sanigebi~ da sxvebi. dedamiwis sxva teritoriebzec msgavsadve iwodebodnen tomebi, magaliTad `tyis xalxebi~, `Waobis xalxebi~ da sxva. baS, faS, fas, bas _ fuZe-ZirebiT wyaluxvi, gaSlili adgilis mcxovrebTa saxelebi iwarmoeboda, radganac ZvelqarTulad `s~, `su~ _ wyals aRniSnavda (`suT amiT yovelTa~, `ara unda sumis~ _ saxarebiseuli sityvebia da aRniSnavs `SesviT amiT yvelam~, `ar wyuria~ _` ara unda sumis~). sufiqsi b, p, f ki ganSlas, gavrcobas aRniSnavda _ fs, fS _ Sesabamisad wyliani adgilis aRmniSvneli iyo (fSani, fsori da sxva). saxelebi afsili da abasxi am fuZe-Zirebzea agebuli. maSasadame, afsilebi, afSilebi ara mxolod dRevandel afxazebis teritoriaze, aramed yvela gaSlil, nylian adgilebze mcxovrebT erqvaT, aseTia magaliTad `fSavi~ _ erT-erTi wyliT gajerebuli gaSlili adgili mTian regionSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. m. qurdianis kvleviT abasxebi _ rionis xeobaSi cxovrobdnen _ `baS~ qveyanaSi. marTlac rionis xeobaSi, gaSlil adgilas mravali toponimia `baS~ fuzeZiris mqone (abaSa, Zveli abaSa, baSi da sxva). yvela isini _ uxtanesis cnobiT `iverielebi~ iyvnen. maSasadame, strabonis kerketebi da henioxebi _ dasavlur qarTuli tomebi _ iverielebi iyvnen Tu ki am sakiTxs uxtanesis cnobis Sesabamisad gamovikvlevT.

705

afxazeTis qarTulenovneba, afxazTa eklesiis da saxelmwifos qarTulenovneba unda aixsnas imiT, rom afsilebisa da abazgebis qarTuli tomebi an sparseT-bizantiis lazikasTan omebis dros gadaadgildnen dasavleT saqarTvelodan Crdilo afxazeTisaken kodoris iqiT da iq Seitanes qarTulenovneba, anda kodoris iqiTa teritoria mudam qarTulenovani tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

706

daskvna saqarTvelos wmida samociqulo da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi

`saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias~ uZvelesi droidan `saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiac~ ewodeboda, vinaidan igi qristes mociqulebma daafuZnes. wm. mociqulTa epoqaSi, I saukunis 30-iani wlebidan II saukunis 60-iani wlebis CaTvliT, iberia Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo, romelic kavkasiis mniSvnelovan nawils moicavda. romaeli istorikosebi _ tacitusi, dion kasiusi da sxvebi aRweren iberiis cxovrebas (tacitusis cnobiT I s-is 30-iani wlebidan iberia megobrobda romTan da Tavisi Zlieri jariT ebrZoda parTiis saxelmwifos, raTa armenia maTgan gaeTavisuflebina. parTielTagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg armeniaSi gamefda iberTa mefis miTridates Ze, SemdegSic iberiis samefo saxlis wevrebi marTavdnen armenias, maT Soris tacitusi gamoyofs iberiis mefis farsmanis vaJs radamists. tacitusis cnobiTve armeniasTan erTad imJamad `iberiam SeierTa albania da uxmo sarmatebs~ (CORNELIUS TACITUS, ANNALES, VI,33-36, IX,9, XII,15-50). meore istorikosis dion kasiusis cnobiT II s. pirvel naxevarSi `iberiis mefe farasmanesi roca meuRlesTan erTad romSi CamobrZanda adrianem (romis imperatorma) gaafarTova misi samflobeloebi~ (dion kasiosi, romis istoria, XIX, 15). Zveli qarTuli saeklesio wyaroebis `moqcevai qarTlisais~ (VII-IX ss.) da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ (VIII-XI ss.) cnobebiT wmida mociqulebis epoqaSi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritorias moicavda saxelmwifo - `qarTlis samefo~, romelsac ucxoelebi iberias uwodebdnen, is iyo memkvidre didi istoriuli kolxidisa. Zveli qarTuli saeklesio wyaroebisa da ruis-urbnisis krebis gansazRvrebiT CamoyalibebisTanave saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda sruliad saqarTvelos istoriuli miwa-wyali da mTeli qarTveli eri (mcxovrebi rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi). amitomac nabrZanebia ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi: `wmida mociqulma andriam iqadaga yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloYsasa~, xolo wmida ninom `gananaTla yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~ (didi sjuliskanoni, 1974, gv. 545-546). Cveni wyaroebis am miTiTebebs mTlianad eTanxmebian IV-V da sxva saukuneebis ucxouri wyaroebi. kerZod, IV saukunis eklesiis istorikosi gelasi kesarieli wm. ninos Sesaxeb wers _ imperator konstantines xanaSi `RmrTis cneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma, romelTac manamde is

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ara swamdaT. am udidesi sikeTis mizezi gaxda erTi dedakaci, romelic maTTan iyo tyved~ (georgika, I, 1961, gv. 186). amasve wers V saukunis istorikosi gelasi kvizikelic _ `amave dros pontos gaswvriv mdebare qveynis mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma RmrTis sityva, romelic manamde ar swamdaT Seiwynares~ (mimomxilveli, I, 1926, gv. 55). maSasadame, gelasi kesarielisa da gelasi kvizikelis cnobebiT, mTelma qarTvelma erma, rogorc zRvispireTSi mcxovreblebma (lazebma), ise qveynis danarCen nawilSi mcxovreblebma (iberebma), erTdroulad miiRo `RvTis mcneba~ wmida ninos mier. iberTa moqcevis faqts aRweren ax. w. IV-V saukuneebis istorikosebi: sokrate (saeklesio istoria, wigni I, 19), Teodoritos kvireli (eklesiis istoria, wigni I, 1, 23.), sozomene (saeklesio istoria, wigni I, 6, 7, 34, 36) da rufinusi (saeklesio istoria, I, 10). gelasi kesarielisa da gelasi kvizikelis cnobebs, rom wmida ninom moaqcia lazebic iberebTan erTad, eTanadeba V saukunis cnobili istorikosis movses xorenacis cnoba, is wers, vrceli areali Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde moqcia wmida ninom, romelmac iqadaga klarjeTidan vidre kaspiis zRvispireTSi imJamad mcxovreb masquTebamde _ `sanatreli nune wavida iqedan, raTa Tavisi advilgasagebi saubriT qarTvelTa qveynis sxva kuTxeebic daemoZRvra... gavbedav da vityvi, rom nune mociquli qali gaxda, man iqadaga saxareba klarjeTidan dawyebuli vidre alanTa da kaspiis karebamde, masquTTa sazRvrebamde, rogorc amas agaTangelozi gauwyebs Sen~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 172). agaTangelozis cnobiTac, movses xorenacis sityviT, wmida ninos uqadagnia Savi zRvispireTidan _ klarjeTidan, vidre kaspiis zRvamde (masquTebamde). saqarTvelos provincia klarjeTi mdebareobda Savi zRvispirze, xolo masquTebis tomi wmida ninos epoqaSi cxovrobda kaspiis zRvispirze, am arealze iqadaga wm. ninom xorenelis cnobiT. dasavleT saqarTvelo klarjeTis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda da am cnobebiTac wm. ninos samoRvaweo arealSi, Sedioda. dasavleT saqarTvelo Semdeg saukuneebSic saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, radganac kirion kaTalikosi (VI-VII ss) egrisis arqiepiskoposic iyo ioane somexTa kaTalikosis cnobis (899 w.) Tanaxmad. is wers _ kirion I iyo mamamTavari `iberielTa, gugarelTa da egriselTa adrindeli wesis Sesabamisad~ (ioane kaTalikosis (drasxanakertelis) matiane, 1912, gv. 65). am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania cnobili istorikosis uxtanesis cnobebi, romelic exeba saqarTvelos eklesiis istorias VIII-X ss. uxtanesi Tanamedrove iyo mis mier aRwerili ambebisa. qarTuli wyaroebiT ki, rogorc aRiniSna, dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebidanve uwyvetad saqarTvelos (mcxeTis) saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Se-

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dioda. qarTuli wyaroebi am kuTxiT sagangebod Seiswavla iv. javaxiSvilma da daaskvna _ andria mociqulic da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebis calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT, radgan isini mTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis iRwvodnen~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. III, gv. 47). `es aris qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa mier dadgenili da mTeli qarTveli erisagan Sesisxlxorcebuli Semecneba~ (iqve, gv. 97). `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnobiT, V saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi, vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi, saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurs mamamTavris tituli hqonia (sityva `mamamTavari~ identuria sityva `patriarqisa~). aq pirvel kaTalikoss petres mamamTavari ewodeba _ `aqaiTgan iwyes kaTalikosTa mamamTavrobad~ (Zegl, I, 1964, gv. 93). vaxtang gorgasalma ineba, rom saqarTvelos eklesia mowyobiliyo rogorc erTiani, centralizebuli, samamamTavro eklesia, e.i. dedaqalaqis (mcxeTis) episkoposi saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis sayovelTao episkoposi anu kaTalikosi gaxda (berZn. sityvidan _ `kaTolos~ _ sayovelTao). qadagebaTa Semdgom IV-VII ss-Si saqarTvelos yovel nawilSi Camoyalibda aTeulobiT eparqia da saepiskoposo. maTi ricxvi gasakuTrebiT gaizarda VIII-X ss-Si, amis gamo, warmoiqmna saWiroeba, raTa saqarTvelos eklesiaSi eparqiaTa marTvis gaadvilebisaTvis Camoyalibuliyo ramdenime saeklesio administraciuli olqi, msgavsni bizantiuri samitropolito olqebisa. am mizniT, qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi Camoyalibda dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli saeklesio-administraciuli erTeuli, romelsac `qvemo iveriis~ anu afxazeTis sakaTalikoso ewodeboda. mis mmarTvels `umrwemesi kaTalikosis~ tituli meiniWa, radganac `uxucesi kaTalikosi~ mcxeTis pirvelierarqs erqva. Zvel saqarTveloSi saeklesio-administraciuli erTeulis daarsebis ufleba ekuTvnoda mefes, amitomac afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebas esaWiroeboda dasturi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan da marTlac, saqarTvelos mefe bagrat bagrationma (IX s.) gasca amis dasturi. amitomac wers mematiane Semdegs: `aman bagrat ganawesa kaTalikozi afxazeTs qristes aqeT 830 wels~ (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, I, gv. 255). afxazeTis sakaTalikoso aRmocenda qarTvel mefeTa da pirvelierarqTa nebiT da is SemdgomSi yovelTvis erT-erT administraciul-saeklesio olqs warmoadgenda zogadqarTuli eklesiisa. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, istoriulad qarTuli eklesiis erT nawils warmoadgenda, romlis meore nawili iyo qarTlis sakaTalikoso aseve, Semdgom saukuneebSi, Crdilo kavkasiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebis kvaldakval, Camoyalibda xunZeTis (daRestnis) samitropolito olqi,

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romelsac qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Semavali kaTalikosi marTavda, amis Tqmis uflebas iZleva is, rom sinas mTis qarTulma xelnawerebma Semoinaxes `xunZeli kaTalikosis oqropiris~ saxeli, amasTanave cnobilia, rom kavkasiis am regionSi ramdenime saepiskoposo moqmedebda (anwuxisa, waxurisa, War-fifineTisa da sxva), arqeologebis mier dadasturebulia am regionSi mravali qristianuli eklesiis naSTi qarTuli warwerebiT. sxva qristianul naSTebTan erTad aRmoCenilia IX-X ss. sefiskveris qvis sabeWdavic ki aseve qarTuli warwerebiT. samxreT saqarTvelosa da Crdilo somxeTSi mcxovrebi mrevlisaTvis aseve daarsebuli iqna saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Semavali saeklesio-administraciuli erTeuli _ `somxiTis samitropolitos~ saxelwodebiT. saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Semavali ramdenime sakaTalikoso (qarTlisa, afxazeTisa, xunZeTisa) da mravalaTeuli saepiskoposo qmnida erTian qarTul eklesias. zogad qarTuli eklesiis mTlianoba miiRweoda saerTo saeklesio samarTliT, saerTo sjuliskanoniT, saerTo qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro eniT, saerTo tradiciebiTa da saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis saerTo meTaurobiT. aRniSnul sakaTalikosoTa zemdgomi saeklesio instituti iyo saerTo sjuliskanonis da saeklesio samarTlis SemmuSavebeli saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi. sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqis movaleoba iyo uzrunveleyo sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiaSi (e.i. qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebSi da sxva saeklesio-administraciul erTeulebSi) saerTo sjuliskanonis dacva. afxazeTisa da qarTlis kaTalikosTa monawileobiT saeklesio krebebis mier gamocemul kanonebs mTels saqarTveloSi (cxadia afxazeTSic) savaldebulod aRsasrulebeli Zala eniWeboda (maT Soris samoqalaqo samarTlis sferoSic). magaliTad, XVI s-is saeklesio samarTlis ZeglSi, romelsac `samarTali kaTalikosTa~ ewodeba, naTqvamia: `q. saxeliTa da RvTisaTa: me qristes mier kurTxeulman yovlisa saqarTveloisa kaTalikozman-patriarqman malaqia, me qristes mier kurTxeulman afxazeTis kaTalikozman mamaTmTavarman evdemon, davsxediT da SevkribeniT yovelni ebiskopozni afxazeTisani... davideviT sjuliskanoni da Cvenca imisgan gamoviReviT... da sjuliskanonica asre brZanebs~... (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, 1963, gv. 393-397). afxazeTis sakaTalikosos am saeklesio krebam sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis meTaurobiT gamosca kanonebi, romlebic savaldebulod aRsasrulebeli iyo mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Tumca is afxazeTSi iqna miRebuli da isini afxazeTis sakaTlikosos episkoposebma daamtkices (eseni iyvnen quTaTeli, genaTeli, Wyondideli, bedieli, moqveli, drande-

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li, cagereli, xoneli, nikorwmideli, caiSeli), magram, isini, am krebaze, erTian saqarTvelos eklesias warmoadgendnen. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTis cnobiT, saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauris sapatriarqo Rirseba ucvnia VI msoflio saeklesio krebas. Znelia iTqvas ramdenad Seesabameba realobas es cnoba, magram is gvaZlevs informacias saqarTvelos eklesiis wiaRSi damkvidrebuli azris Sesaxeb rom, sapatriarqo Rirseba saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurs VII saukunidan gaaCnda. es wyaro wers: `qristes aqeT q-nk iqmna kreba meeqvse [680-681]... kostantinopolis Sina. amis krebisa mier brZanes esreT wmidisa eklesiisa saqarTvelosaTvis, romel ars wmida mcxeTa, raTa iyos swor pativiTa (viTarca) wmidani samociqulo kaTolike eklesiani, sapatriarqoni. da iyos kaTalikosi qarTlisa swori patriarqTa Tana, da akurTxevdes, mwysides da ganagebdes simarTliT mTavarepiskoposTa, mitropolitTa da episkoposTa, da samwysosa Tvissa qarTlsa gamoRma-gaRma kaxeTsa, Saqsa, Sirvansa da midgmiT-wamovliT mTisa adgilisaTa, suaneTsa da Cerqezis sazRvramdis, sruliad ovseTsa da yovelsa zemo-qarTlsa samcxe-saaTabagosa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv. 231, 232). aseve am cnobas, imeorebs Zveli saeklesio wyaro _ `martviluri xelnaweri~. is asaxelebs Tavis berZnul wyaros. `martvilur xelnawerSi~ wyarod dasaxelebuli `konstantinopoluri taqtikoni~. cnobilia, rom VI msoflio krebas kanonebi ar gamoucia, magram krebis mier dadgenili da imperatoris mier damtkicebuli saboloo teqsti 681 wlis 16 seqtembers gadaeca saimperatoro kars sagangebod dasacavad. albaT mas uwodebs es wyaro `konstantinopolur taqtikons~. albaT es saboloo teqsti daedo safuZvlad `qarTlis cxovrebis~ zemoT moyvanil CanarTs msoflio krebis mier qarTuli eklesiisaTvis sapatriarqo Rirsebis miniWebis Sesaxeb. `martvilur xelnaweris~ cnoba aseTia: `rameTu esreT Sesaswavebel ars taxtikonsa Sina konstantinopolisasa, viTarmed mas Jamsa wmida meeqvsesa krebasa konstantine poRonatisasa da aRaTon romTa papisa, giorgi konstantinopolelisasa da Teofane antioqielisasa da maT-Tana asocdaaTTa mamaTagan gapatiosnda kaTalikozi qarTlisa da yves mamamTavrad da Tavisuflad da uflad yovelsa zeda saqarTvelosa: da mere kvaladve krebasa Sina antioqiisasa ganTavisuflda da gapatiosnda, rameTu arRaravisagan xel qveS ars, aramed Tavisufal da mamamTavari ars~ (martvilis xelnawerebi, Zveli saqarTvelo, t. III, 1913-1914 ww., gv. 29). aTi wlis, Semdeg 691 wels mowveul iqna e.w. trulis kreba, romelmac iRvawa kanonSemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT. Sekriba da gamosca wina msoflio krebaTa kanonebi, magram maTSi ar Sesula mravali kanoni da dadgenileba wina krebebisa, albaT, masSi ar moxvda aseve VI krebis dadgenileba qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb. v. goilaZem gamoikvlia, rom `qarTlis cxovre-

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bis~ zemoaRniSnuli cnoba sandoa (v. goilaZe, qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, 1991, gv. 195). maSasadame, Zvel qarTul saeklesio istoriografias samarTlianad miaCnda, rom qarTulma eklesiam sapatriarqo Rirseba moipova VI msoflio krebaze, 681 wels. marTlac, iqamde patriarqis wodebas atarebda amierkavkasiis orive mezobeli eklesiis meTauri _ somxeTisa da albaneTisa, rogorc es kargad Cans movses kalankatuacis Txzulebidan. amitomac araa gasakviri is, rom qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs eZia patriarqis wodeba da moepovebina es udidesi Rirseba msoflio eklesiis dasturiT. amis Semdeg qarTuli eklesiis pativi gauTanabrdeboda msoflios sxva sapatriarqoTa pativs. amas sagangebod aRniSnavs cnoba: `amis krebis mier brZanes esreT wmidisa eklesiisa saqarTvelosaTvis, romel ars wmida mcxeTa, raTa iyos swor pativiTa viTarca wmidani samociqulo kaTolike eklesiani, sapatriarqoni da iyos kaTalikosi qarTlisa swori patriarqTa Tana~ (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv. 231, 232). aqvea ganxiluli qarTuli eklesiis samwyso. masSi saqarTvelos garda Sevida qarTuli eTnosiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebi: Saqi da Sirvani, kavkasiis mTianeTi `midgmiT - warmovliT mTisa adgilni~ - esenia dRevandeli daRestani, CeCneT-inguSeTi `suaneTisa da Cerqezis sazRvramdis~, masSi Sesula `sruliad oseTi~. oseTi im droisaTvis mxolod Crdilo kavkasiaSi arsebobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom albaneTis eklesia, swored VII s-is dasasruls SeierTa somxurma monofiziturma eklesiam, m. kalankatuacis Tanaxmad; xolo albaneTis CrdiloeTiT mdebare eTnikuri qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli mxareebi, rogorc aRiniSna, daubrunda dedaeklesias. igulisxmeba teritoria moqceuli mtkvar-alaznis SesarTavidan mtkvar-araqsis SesarTavamde, romelsac qarTvelebi hereTs uwodebdnen. am mxareebis mimarT qarTul eklesias Tavisi iurisdiqciis ufleba hqonda. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispira mxareebi am droisaTvis, e.i. VII s-is bolosaTvis, kvlavindeburad Sedioda qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi. xolo konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semavali berZnulenovani saepiskoposoebi fasisisa, rodopolisisa, petronisa mdebareobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rogorc miiCnies XX s-Si, aramed, n. adoncis kvleviT, trapezuntis regionSi, Tanamedrove gumuSxane-sumelas regionSi, romelic istoriulad qarTveli xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli, mas erqva `lazikis eparqia~. maSasadame, TviT saqarTvelos eklesaSi istoriulad damkvidrebuli iyo mtkiceba, rom saqarTvelos eklesias sapatriarqo Rirseba miuRia VII saukuneSi, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda Crdilo kavkasia, samxreT kavkasiis marTlmadidebluri nawili da aseve mis samxreTiT mdebare qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wyali. marTlac tao-klarjeTSi parx-

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lis monastris warweraSi, romelic Sesrulebuli aris mefe daviT kurapalatis (+1001) dros, moxseniebuli aris `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqi iovane~. `yoveli aRmosavleTi~ qarTuli saeklesio wyaroebis cnobiT erqva vrcel teritorias Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde, Crdilo anu marTlmadideblur armeniasTan erTad. a. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Sedioda `nikofsia~, dRevandeli tuafse, sadac qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli simon kananeli iyo dakrZaluli da romelic giorgi mTawmidelis Tanaxmad, `queyanasa Cuensa _ afxazeTs~ mdebareobda. es iyo provincia jiqeTis centrSi, es provincia ki qerCamde aRwevda. rogorc wyaroebi uCveneben, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Crdilo-dasavleTis sazRvari aRwevda xersonesamde. ase magaliTad, 1525-1550 wlebis biWvinTis iadgarSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Crdilo-dasavleTis sazRvrad dasaxelebulia punqti `kafa~, CrdiloeTis sazRvrad ki _ `ruseTis samzRvari~. punqti `kafa~ mdebareobda xersonesTan _ `kaTalikozis sakurTxi aris, samwyso _ lixsa da kafas Sua da ruseTis samzRuarsa da WaneTs Sua~(qarT. samarTlis Zeglebi,t. II. gv. 180). saerTod xersonesi da kafas naxevarkunZuli pirvel saukuneebSive dakavSirebuli iyo saqarTvelosTan, magaliTad _ `kardinal baroniusis azriT, ax.w.aR-is 100 wels imperator traianes mier xersonesSi gandevnili papi wm. klimentis mecadineobis Sedegad kolxeTsa da iberiaSi qristianoba gavrcelda. arqanjelo lamberti kardinal baroniusis am mosazrebis Sesaxeb iqve miuTiTebs, rom `kolxeTi xuTasi miliTaa daSorebuli xersonesidan~... arqanjelo lamberti im azrs icavs, rom kolxeTsa da iberiaSi qristianoba wm. andream da wm. barTlomeom gaavrceles~ (i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebSi, w.I. 1984, gv. 56). `qalaqi kaffa mdebareobs 17 verstis daSorebiT karagozidan... emxroba kafis yuris dasavleT nawils... am qalaqma yirimis aRebis Semdeg miiRo Tavisi Zveli saxeli _ `Teodosia~, amJamad ki isev ewodeba Tavisi winandeli saxeli kaffa~, magram adre TaTrebi eZaxdnen aseve _ quCuk _ stambuls. qalaqs uWiravs Zalze moxerxebuli da xelsayreli mdgomareoba vaWrobaSi. is iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani yvela punqts Soris, romlebic genuelebma daiWires yirimSi~ ( , . 13, 1883, . 47); afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Crdilo-dasavleTis sazRvari aris punqti kaffa, yirimSi, xersonesTan. saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Camoyalibebis Semdeg sazRvari kaffamde aRwevda. xersonesis gaTxre-

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bis dros aRmoCnda qarTuli taZari, rogorc es gamoikvlia kaTalikospatriarqma kirionma. manve gamoTqva azri, rom VIII s-Si goTeTis upirvelesi episkoposis iberiaSi xeldasxmis Semdeg goTeTis eklesia qarTul eklesias daeqvemdebara (episkoposi kirioni, xersonis qarTvelTa monasteri, saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981 w., #12, gv. 17;) kaffa goTeTTan mdebareobda. b. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos CrdiloeTis sazRvari V saukuneSi vaxtang gorgasalis mier daarsebuli niqozis saepiskoposos samwysoSi Sediodnen Crdilo kavkasielebi (dval-osebi), da aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos nawili (glola-Rebis sanaxebi) _ `ars niqozs eklesia... gorgasal hyo saepiskopozod da dasua episkopozi, zis dResac, mwyemsi kavkasianTa, dualTa da aw oseTad wodebulisa, glola RebiTurT~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, 1959 w., gv. 370); `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, VII saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis sazRvari aRwevda `Cerqezis sazRvramdis sruliad ovseTisa~(qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 232). `pontos zRvidam darubandis zRvamde~ (iqve, gv. 231, SeniSvna I); saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos sagareo politikis istoriisaTvis, krebuli XVI saukuneSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos CrdiloeTis sazRvari emTxveoda ruseTis saxelmwifos samxreTis sazRvars, romelic jer kidev ar iyo moaxloebuli kavkasias _ `ruseTis samzRvarsa da WaneTs Sua~-o, _ wers `biWvinTis iadgari~. XVIII saukuneSic ki afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Tavis samwysod miaCnda `pontos~, anu Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare miwebi _ `ponto CrdiloiT~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III. 1970 w., gv. 923); XI saukuneSi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Seqmnis dros qarTul eklesiaSi rom Sedioda CeCneTi, inguSeTi, oseTi, avaria _ mTiani daRestani, amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs axali gamokvlevebi (. . , - X-XIII . , macne, istoriis seria, 1988 w., #2, gv. 165-168); Crdilo kavkasiis mkvlevari g. RambaSiZe wers: `Crdilo kavkasiis qveynebSi saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis iurisdiqcias gamoxatavs XI s-is damdegs saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis melqisedek I-is moxsenieba `aRmosavleTis patriarqad~ imierkavkasiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi qristianuli Zeglis tyoba-ierdas (inguSeTis) taZarze... avareTSi qristianuli kulturisa da saqarTvelo-daRestnis kulturul-istoriul urTierTobaTa gasaSuqeblad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania umTavresad xunZaxsa da mis SemogarenSi ZvelqarTuli damwerlobis ZeglTa arseboba... es unikaluri Zeglebi naTlad da utyuarad migviTiTeben Sua saukuneTa avareTSi qarTuli damwerlobisa da enis gavrcelebaze, iqaur eklesia-taZrebSi qarTuli RvTismsaxurebisa da qarTul grafikul sistemaze agebul damwerlobaze...

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X-XIV ss-Ta avareTSi qristianobis intensifikacia kargad Cans werilobiTi monacemebiTac _ ...1310 wlis maRalaSviliseuli saxarebis minawerSi (giorgi brwyinvales dros) dadasturebulia daRestanSi ramdenime eparqiis arseboba (xunZaxis, anwuxisa da waxurisa) da bolos aRvniSnavT, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT uZvirfases cnobas sinas erT-erTi qarTuli monastris XV sis saaRape wignidan _ `xunZeli kaTalikosi oqropiris~ Sesaxeb, romelsac korneli kekeliZe mitropolitTan aigivebda da riTac daRestanSi qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis samitropolitos arsebobaa dadasturebuli~ (g. RambaSiZe, saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa kulturul-istoriuli urTierToba, feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi, V, 1987 w., gv. 11-13). Crdilo kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos erT-erTi samitropolitos arseboba xunZeTis sakaTalikosos saxelwodebiT, werilobiTaa dadasturebuli. g. aRmosavleTis sazRvari jer kidev V saukuneSi, rogorc iTqva, mose xoreneli werda, qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelma wmida ninom iqadaga `klarjeTidan _ masquTTa qveynamdeo~. masquTTa qveyana mdebareobda kaspiis zRvis piras, axlandeli derbendis siaxloves, TviT mose xoreneli Tvlida, rom mis dros V saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda vrceli miwebi klarjeTidan kaspiis zRvamde, rasac eTanxmeba qarTlis cxovreba _ qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi aRmosavleTiT Sedioda _ kaxeTi, Saqi, Sirvani da midgmiT _ warmovliT mTisa adgilni (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 232); `pontos zRvidan darubandis zRvamde~. 1310 wlis werilobiT cnobaSia _ `odes sanatrelman man patriarqman Cuenman eqvTime moixila kaxeTs anwuxisa saepiskoposo da mieriTgan gardamovida waxurs, kak-elisens da movlo saydarni: kasri samebisa, yumi RvTismSoblisa, leqarTs wm. mociqulTasworisa ninosi, zars wm. mTavarmowamisa giorgisa, vardians wm. habosi, ganuxs arCilisi, qiS-nuxs RvTismSoblisa, bardaSens eliasi... kvalad saydarni xunZTa, naxCTa, ToSeTisa, nekresisa, laguTisa, belqanisa, majfifineTisa, ferijan-muxax-mamreTisa da yovlisa vakisa, e.i. ars Zvelisa movakanisa da elisenisa, verxvianT zeganiT gamo, ivris mdinaris CasarTavamde alazansa da sanatrelman eqvTime mibrZana qurmuxisa mTavar episkopossa da yovlisa mTeulisa winamZRvarsa kirile donaursa~ (k. kekeliZe, etiudebi, t. II, 1945 w., gv. 314). am amonaweridan Cans, rom uSualod saqarTvelos patriarqs eqvemdebareba albaneTis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi is samwyso, romelic win aRudga

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monofizitur aRmsareblobas da ar SeuerTda kavkasiaSi monofizitur centrs _ somxur eklesias. am mxares hereTi ewodeboda, moicavda teritorias, romelsac Semdgom Saqi ewoda, mdebareobda mtkvar-alaznis SesarTavidan vidre mtkvar-araqsis SesarTavamde, mtkvris marcxena sanapiros momcveli qveyana. aq mTavari sasuliero centri saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Semavali giSis saepiskoposo iyo. rac Seexeba albaneTs, mas kavkasiaSi gansaxilvel dros, VII s-Si, Semosuli arabebi `arans~ uwodebdnen. qarTuli wyaroebiT rani (arani) mtkvris marjvena sanapiros qveyana iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom hereTis qristianebi qarTulenovanni iyvnen. maTi dedaena iyo qarTuli ena. isini V saukuneSi mcxeTis eklesias eqvemdebarebodnen. es `SuSanikis wamebidanac~ Cans. Semdgom, politikuri mizezis gamo, hereTis qristianebi ierarqiulad daeqvemdebarnen albaneTis sakaTalikosos. VI saukunidan rogorc albaneTis, ise qarTlis sakaTalikosoebi somxuri eklesiis mZlavr zegavlenas ganicdidnen sparsTa saxelmwifos nebiT. amis gamo, albaneTis sakaTalikosoSi, saeklesio enad dainerga ara mSobliuri qarTuli da albanuri enebi, aramed eklesiebSi wirva-locvisaTvis gamoiyeneboda somxuri ena. amis mizezi sparsTa zemoqmedebis garda, albaneTis xalxTa mravalerovneba iyo. albaneTSi gavrcelebuli iyo rogorc sparsuli, aseve Turquli da kavkasiuri enebi, am qveynis Crdilo-dasavleTiT ki hereTis mosaxleobis dedaena iyo qarTuli ena. VII saukunis bolos, movses kalankatuacis Tanaxmad, albaneTis eklesiam sabolood dakarga avtokefalia da is SeuerTda somxur eklesias (movses kalankatuaci, alvanTa qveynis istoria, 1985 w., gv. 140); amis gamo imJamad albaneTis nawilad gadaqceul hereTSic somxuri eklesiis mecadineobiT gavrcelda monofizitoba. es mwvalebloba hereTSi aRmoufxvria dinara dedofals X saukuneSi. amis Semdeg hereTi da aRmosavleTis mxareebi kvlav Tavis deda qarTul eklesias daubrunda. XI saukuneSi sapatriarqos Seqmnis Semdeg, hereTsa da mis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qveynebze iurisdiqcias saqarTvelos patriarqi axorcielebda, rogorc zemoT moyvanili amonawerebidanac Cans. d. sazRvari samxreTiT imperator konstantine porfirogenetis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos samxreTis sazRvari mdinare arezamde (araqsamde) Cadioda, is wers _ mdinare araqsis `marcxena mxare iberiisaken mimarTuli epyraT iberebs, xolo marjvena, rac Teodosiopolisaken aris, rogorc cixeebi, ise soflebi iyves Cveni mbrZaneblobis qveS. sazRvrad mdinare iqneba~ (georgika, t. IV, nakveTi II, gv. 271); iberiaSi Semavali `mesxeTis Zireul nawils Seadgenda seqtorebi mezobeli araqsisa da dasavleT evfratis xeobebisa~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 297).

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araqsisa da evfratis saTaveebi X saukuneSi ara mxold konstantine porfirogenetis dros iyo qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli, aramed saerTod araqsevfratis saTaveebis miwa-wyali iseve, rogorc trapezuntis olqis mTianeTi _ pariadredan vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, strabonis cnobiT, iberebis istoriul miwa-wyals warmoadgenda Zv.w. II saukunemde, am miwa-wylis armeniis saxelmwifoSi Sesvlamde. straboni wers _ `mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis patara qveyana gafarTovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad. isini iyvnen antioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg ki mefeebi gaxdnen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo, CamoaWres ra irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebs olqebi, kerZod... iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene, romelic kiris meore mxaresaa, xalibebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres kareniti da qserqsene, mcire armeniis mosazRvre nawilebi~ (straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5). am CamorTmeul, ukve armeniaSi Semaval miwebze, qarTvelebi (iberebi) uwyvetad cxovrobdnen osmalebis saxelmwifos Seqmnamde da mis Semdgom saukuneTa manZilze, isini taoSi amJamadac ki cxovroben. es mxareebi strabonamdec qarTveli xalxis samSoblo iyo, amitomac jer kidev qristeSobamde aTasi wliT adre aq, am mxareebSi warmoiqmna qarTveli xalxis pirveli saxelmwifoebi _ diaoxi da kolxa. diaoxisa da kolxasagan momdinareoben am mxareebSi gavrcelebuli toponimebi _ `tao~ da `kola~. moses xorenacis Tanaxmad, qristemde, am mxareebSi Semosvlis dros (VI-V saukuneebSi), armenielebs aq adgilobrivi mosaxleoba daxvedria, romelTa asimilaciac maSinve dawyebula. xorenelis Tanaxmad, armenielTa erT mefes aukrZalavs adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis mSobliur enaze laparaki da neba daurTavs armenielTa enaze laparakisa _ `amasTanave aramma ubrZana iqaur mkvidrT, SeeTvisebinaT somxuri ena da laparaki~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984 w., gv. 77); xoreneli mravalgzis aRniSnavs _ `sakvirvelia mematianis naTqvami, rom Cvens qveyanaSi mraval adgilas gafantulad mkvidrobda mcirericxovani xalxi, Cveni Zireuli winapris, haikis mosvlamde~ (iqve, gv. 73). anda `matianeSi aqac aRniSnulia, rom velis samxreT nawilSi, erT wagrZelebul mTasTan adridanve cxovrobdnen mcireodeni kacni, romlebic nebiT damorCildnen gmirs~ (iqve, gv. 70); anda `ar SemiZlia vTqva dabejiTebiT, STamomavalia igi haikisa Tu haikis (mosvlamde) am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi xalxisa, romelTa arsebobaze miuTiTeben Zveli Tqmulebebi~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984 w., gv. 108); xorenelis mTargmneli da komentatori al. abdalaZe amis Sesaxeb wers _ `xorenacis am da msgavs cnobebSi asaxulia istoriuli sinamdvile imis Sesaxeb, rom e.w. `didi somxeTis~ miwa-wyalze somexTa mosvlamde mkvidrobdnen sxva xalxebi, maT Soris qarTuli modgmis tomebic~ (iqve, gv. 249).

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qarTvelTa asimilacia armenielTa mier `didi somxeTis~ miwa-wyalze warmatebuli iyo somxeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi, magram dasavleT somxeTSi arezisa da evfratis siaxloves mcxovrebma qarTvelebma didxans SeinarCunes TavianTi ena, Cans, imis gamo, rom qristemde IV-III saukuneebSi Seqmnili iberiis saxelmwifo am mimarTulebiT sazRvrebs ifarToebda xolme, gansakuTrebiT I-II saukuneebSi. Semdgom saukuneebSi somxeTis gaZlierebam daaCqara somxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis nawilobrivi asimilacia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos warmoqmnis dros e.w. `didi somxeTis~ teritoriaze cxovrobda uamravi qarTveli adgilobrivi mcxovrebi, maTTvis daarsebuli iqna saepiskoposoebi, romelTa sazRvrebi aRwevda raxsisa da evfratis xeobebamde. `XIII saukuneSi monRolTa batonobis drosac ki mesxeTis mTavris kuTvnili qveyana iwyeboda taSiskaridan da grZeldeboda, `aRmarT, vidre karnu qalaqamde~. XIV saukuneSic taSiskaridan vidre basianamde `mesxTa qveSe dawesebuli qveyana iyo~... XVII saukunis antioqieli patriarqi makari adasturebs, rom adre saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari iyo mdinare evfrati da evfratis aqeTa teritoriebi sul saqarTvelod iTvleboda. saqarTvelos sazRvari rom evfratamde Cadioda, amas amowmebs Celebic. mdinare arezis aqeTa mxaresa da arzrumis midamoebs didxans SemorCa qarTuli mosaxleoba. XVII saukuneSi arzrumis midamoebSi gamovlilma arqanjelo lambertim ramdenime qarTuli sofeli naxa, romelTac arzrumelad wodebuli qarTveli mwyemsmTavari ejdaT arzrumSi~ (S. lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi, gv. 256). amis gamo iyo, rom saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Sedioda _ anisis, yarsis, valaSkertisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi. es mxareebi daviT kurapalatis dros iveriis anu `qarTvelTa ~ samefos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, bizantiis imperiamac aq (Teodosiopol-arzrumidan anisamde) Tavisi administraciuli erTeuli Camoayaliba `iberiis Temis~ saxelwodebiT. radgan am mxareebs Sua saukuneebSi somxeTi ewodeboda, aq saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mrevlis sulier meTaurs `somxeTis mitropoliti~ erqva.

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saerTo daskvna
naSromi exeba saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis kvlevas, risTvisac saWiro aRmoCnda noticiebSi moxseniebuli konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiebis adgilmdebareobis dadgena. xangrZlivi kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad ganisazRvra, rom fasidis samitropolitos saisinis, ziganas, petrasa da rodopolisis kaTedrebi mdebareobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, romelic wyaroTa cnobiT, mudam erovnul-qarTul saxelmwifoSi Semodioda, aramed qarTveli xalxis uZveles qveyanaSi, romelic Semdgom bizantiis imperiis trapezunt-qaldeas regionma moicva. Cvens kvlevaSi mocemulia berZnul-laTinuri, somxuri da sxva wyaroebis gamowvliviTi analizi da maTze dayrdnobiT mtkicebulebani rom Zveli avtorebi (prokofi, agaTia da sxvebi) lazikis samefos aTavsebdnen ZiriTadad Woroxis xeobasa da mis zRvispireTSi xofamde, xolo lazikis eparqias, rogorc iTqva, aTavsebdnen am mxaris mezoblad, qaldeas Temis teritoriaze. kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb ZvelqarTuli wyaroebisa da berZen-romael mweralTa cnobebi (magaliTad, leonti mrovelisa da prokofi kesarielisa cnobebi) erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebian, piriqiT isini erTmaneTs avseben da eTanadebian. XX s-is dasawyisSi dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT ZvelqarTuli wyaroebi (qarTlis cxovreba, moqcevai qarTlisai da sxva) arasandoebad iqnen miCneulni. iTvleboda da amJamadac miiCneva, rom maTi cnobebi legendarulia, radganac ar eTanadeba avtoritetul da sando berZnul-romauli wyaroebis cnobebs, rom sazogadod berZnul-romauli wyaroebisa da qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebian. Cveni kvleviT ki, dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT ZvelqarTuli wyaroebisa (qarTlis cxovrebisa da sxvaTa) da berZnul-romauli wyaroebis cnobebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebian, isini erTmaneTs eTanadebian da avseben. am SedegiT qarTuli wyaroebi sandoni gamodian da avtoriteti ubrundebaT. amasTanave, samecniero Rirseba ubrundebaT da sando wyaroebad Cndebian saeklesio wyaroebic, magaliTad ruis-urbnisis `Zegliswera~ da sxvani, romelTa mixedviTac mociqulTa da wmida ninos droidan dasavleT saqarTvelo Sedioda saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi. es daskvna imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom XX s-dan mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli SexedulebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo 600 wlis manZilze, X s-mde, TiTqosda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda da mxolod mis Semdeg e.w. `qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad `gabatonda~ aq qarTuli ekle-

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sia. am Teorias amJamad TavianT sasargeblod kargad iyeneben afxazeTsa da cxinvalSi mokalaTebuli saeklesio separatistebi. sadReisod arsebuli SexedulebiT ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi da qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobac TiTqosda `gaqarTvelda~ qarTizaciis procesis Sedegad. aseve miiCneva, rom kaxeTis didi regioni, romelsac hereTis nawilad miiCneven, TiTqosda albaneTis sakaTalikosoSi Sedioda da mxolod Semdeg `qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad SeierTa is qarTulma eklesiam. es sadReisod arsebuli Sexedulebebi mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba saeklesio wyaroebs. Cveni gamowvlilviTi kvlevis Sedegad mtkicdeba qarTuli wyaroebis sandooba, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelosa da kaxeT-hereTis, ise qvemo qarTlisa da CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiis fasidis samitropolitos saisin-zigana-petra-rodopolisis kaTedrebis momcveli olqis istoria mTlianad Secvala arabTa Semosevebma. am olqSi arabebTan drogamoSvebiTma, magram xangrZlivma omma aRniSnuli saepiskoposo qalaqebis mniSvneloba daamcro da Sesabamisad maTi xseneba saeklesio dokumentebidanac gaqra, maTi momcveli regioni brZolis arealad iqca. TiTqmis 200 weli dasWirda bizantias am regionis sabolood dasabruneblad, sadac Camoayaliba axali saxelmwifo administraciuli erTeulebi, maT Soris qaldeas Temi, axali qalaqebiTa da saepiskoposo kaTedrebiT. TandaTanobiT, lazikis samitropolitos centrad qalaqi trapezunti iqca. paralelurad bizantiam daibruna Teodosiopol-arzrumisa da iberiis Temis teritoria vidre vanistbispireTamde. es uvrcelesi regionic trapezuntis lazikis eparqias miakuTvna XI s-is dasawyisSi. radganac Cven vikvlevT lazikis eparqias, xolo lazikis eparqiis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc aRiniSna, Sedioda vrceli miwa-wyali, maT Soris, iberiis Temi da teritoria vanistbispireTamde, amitomac, bunebrivia aseve daviwyeT kvleva iberiis Temis eTnosis kulturisa da istoriisa. aRmoCnda, rom iberiis Temis, aseve tao-basianisa da misi mezobeli mxareebis mosaxleoba iyo ara qarTizebul-gaqarTvelebuli somxebi, rogorc amJamadac gvimtkicebs sabWoTa epoqis literatura saxelmZRvaneloebsa da enciklopediebSi, aramed im Zveli iberebis STamomavlebi, romlebic aq (tao-basiansa da e.w. `aRmosavleTSi~) somxebis damkvidrebamde cxovrobdnen da romelTac, strabonis cnobiT, qristeSobamde II saukuneSi gaZlierebulma armeniis saxelmwifom CamoarTva pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena.

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iberiis Temi da saerTod trapezuntis samitropolitos meti nawili XI saukunis dasawyisisTvis, noticiaTa nusxebiT, ZiriTadad yofil pariadres kalTebsa da xorZenaSi iyo ganlagebuli, romelic, rogorc iTqva, strabonis cnobiT, qristeSobamde iberebs ekuTvnoda. mas Semdeg, rac armeniam iberebisagan miitaca pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena, rac saukuneTa manZilze gagrZelda da Seuqcevad procesad iqca, daiwyo am olqebSi mcxovrebi iberebis TandaTanobiTi armenizacia. Cven gamoviklieT, rom am olqebSi iberebis armenizaciis xarisxi sxvadasxva donisa iyo. samxreTiT mdebare regionebSi man sruliad dasrulebuli saxe miiRo, aq qarTvelebma sabolood dakarges enasa da kulturasTan erTad erovnulqarTuli cnobierebac, magram saqarTvelos maxlobeli regionebi, kerZod taos da basianis, nawilobriv ki karinis, tavruberanisa, apahunikis, harkis da sxva maxlobeli regionebis mkvidrma iberebma SeinarCunes erovnulqarTuli vinaoba. Tumca ki maTi armenizacia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda IV saukunis Semdeg, rac es iberiuli mxareebi (igulisxmeba pariadre, xorZena da gogarena) somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca. aqauri iberebis garda somxuri eklesiis mrevlad albanelebic iqcnen, magram 726 wlis somxeTis saeklesio krebis Semdeg viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala. somxuri eklesia sabolood gadaiqca nacionalur-monofizitur eklesiad. amis gamo armeniis mkvidrma iberebma mxari aRar dauWires somxuri eklesiis monofizitur mimarTulebas, mtkiced miemxrnen qalkedonitur-marTlmadideblur aRmsareblobas da ufro metic, Seecadnen sabolood ganSorebodnen somxur monofizitur eklesias. am diadma movlenam armeniis iberebs auRorZina iqamde minavlebuli erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecneba. marTlac, armeniis im iberebma, romelTac SenarCunebuli hqondaT qarTulenovneba, TavianT eklesiebSi aRidgines qarTulenovani wirva-locva. qarTulenovneba sruliad aRsdga taosa, basiansa da maxlobel mxareebSi da isini saqarTvelos deda eklesiis wiaRs daubrundnen, xolo is iberebi, romelTac ar hqondaT SenarCunebuli qarTulenovneba, marTalia darCnen somxurenovan mrevlad, magram erovnul-qarTuli cnobiereba jer kidev SenarCunebuli hqondaT. aman gavlena iqonia maT saeklesio daqvemdebarebaze. marTalia isini iyvnen somxurenovanni, magram erovnuli TviTSemecnebiT TavianT Tavs mijnavdnen somxebisagan, amis gamo aRmsareblobiTac gamijnes TavianTi Tavi somxur-monofizituri eklesiisagan da somxurenovan qalkedonur eklesiaSi gaerTiandnen, konstantinopolis lazikis eparqiaSi. maSasadame, e.w. somexi-qalkedonitebis ZiriTadi nawili iyvnen eTnikuri iberebi somxuri saeklesio eniT, amitomac maT hqondaT kidec ltolva da

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siTbo qarTuli kulturisa da eklesiis mimarT, rac somxur saeklesio literaturaSicaa damowmebuli. trapezuntis lazikis samitropolitos eparqiebis mrevli iyo ara e.w. somexi qalkedonitebi, rogorc amtkicebs `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia Sesabamis statiaSi, aramed mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba _ lazebi da iberebi, romelTac saerTo samSoblo qaldea aerTianebdaT.

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saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis atlasi

(I nawili, uZvelesi xanidan X saukunis CaTvliT)

rukebis sistemuri kreb uli

`qarTlis cxovrebis~, qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis gamoyenebiT

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a. noticiebi (I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X) da V saukunis samxedro da samoqalaqo TanamdebobaTa (Notitia Dignitaum)-is rukebi
noticia I (georgika IV, naw. II, 1952, gv. 126) mitropolitebi 11. eparqia II armeniisa _ sebastiis mitropoliti 12. eparqia helenopontisa _ amasiis mitropoliti 13. eparqia I armeniisa _ melitinis mitropoliti 17. eparqia polemonis pontosi _ neokesariis mitropoliti 27. eparqia lazikisa _ fasidis mitropoliti avtokefaliebi eparqia jiqeTisa _ qersonis avtokefalia eparqia jiqeTisa _ bosporis avtokefalia eparqia jiqeTisa _ nikofsiis avtokefalia (Niksofeos) niqsofeos eparqia II armeniisa _ heraklulopis anu filaqTeos avtokefalia eparqia abasgiisa _ sebastupolis avtokefalia 10. eparqia II armeniisa _ sebastiis mitropoliti (ix. gv. 130) 1. sebastupolis episkoposi 2. nikopolisis episkoposi 3. satalas episkoposi 4. koloniis episkoposi 5. berisis episkoposi orjer meordeba ix. 27 26. eparqia lazikisa _ fasidis mitropoliti 1. rodopolisis episkoposi 2. abissenTa (abissenis) episkoposi 3. petraTa (petronis) episkoposi 4. ziganevTa (zignein) episkoposi

724

noticia II konstantinopolis patriarqisadmi daqvemdebarebuli eklesiaTa kaTedrebis `samitropolito qalaqebi... 1. kesaria... 11. sebastia; 12. amasia; 13. meletine... 33. trapezunti... 55. kelZene; 56. kolonia~ (georgika IV, naw. II, gv. 131).

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noticia III konstantinopolis saydrisadmi daqvemdebarebul mitropolitTa da maTi xelqveiTi episkoposebis kaTedraTa nusxa. I. pirveli saydari eqvemdebareba kesariis mitropolits kabadokiaSi. XI. meTerTmete saydari eqvemdebareba armeniis sebastiis mitropolits (1. sebastupolis episkoposi; 2. nikopolis episkoposi; 3. satalas episkoposi; 4. kolonias episkoposi; 5. berisis episkoposi). XII. meTormete saydari eqvemdebareba amasiis mitropolits helenopontoSi (1. aminsis episkoposi; 2. sinopis episkoposi; 3. iboris episkoposi; 4. andrapis episkoposi; 5. zilxis anu leontopolisis episkoposi; 6. zelis episkoposi). XIII. mecamete saydari eqvemdebareba melitenis mitropolits II armeniaSi (...). XVIII. meTvramete saydari eqvemdebareba neokesariis mitropolits polemonis pontoSi (1. kerasuntis episkoposi; 2. polemonionis episkoposi; 3. komanis episkoposi; 4. aliis episkoposi; 5. rizes episkoposi (rize II); 6. kokis episkoposi; 7. evnikis episkoposi; 8. ardasis episkoposi; 9. martiropolis episkoposi; 10. ifselis episkoposi... 26. rodiapolis (rodopolisis) episkoposi.

726

XXXIII. ocdamecamete saydari eqvemdebareba trapezuntis mitropolits lazikaSi (1. xerianis episkoposi; 2. samuCuris episkoposi; 3. xalevis episkoposi; 4. paiperis episkoposi; 5. keramevis episkoposi; 6. leris episkoposi; 7. bizanis episkoposi; 8. sakabis episkoposi; 9. toxarZiZis episkoposi; 10. toxantierZis episkoposi; 11. silnutis episkoposi; 12. fasianis episkoposi; 13. sermaZis episkoposi; 14. andaqtis episkoposi; 15. zarimanis episkoposi). XLVI ormocdameeqvse saydari eqvemdebareba kamaxis mitropolits armeniaSi: 1. kelZenes episkoposi... eqvemdebareba kelZenes, korZenes da taronis mitropolits~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 134). SeniSvna: `5. rizes episkoposis~ kaTedris qveS unda igulisxmebodes rize II anu Tanamedrove ordu.

noticia IV (georgika IV, naw. II, gv. 135, 136, 137). `mosaydre mitropolitTa siis Sesaxeb zogierTi maTgani iwodebian eqsarxosebad da upatiosnebad, zogierTni ki mxolod upatiosnesebad _ I. kapadokiis kesariis mitropoliti ... mTeli aRmosavleTis eqsarxosi;

727

VIII. sebastiis mitropoliti mTeli armeniisa; IX. amasiis mitropoliti evqsinis pontosi; X. melitenis mitropoliti meore armeniisa; XXX. mitropoliti trapezuntisa, mTeli lazikisa, mas axla kesariis adgili uWiravs. aqamde CamoTvlilni iyvnen eparqiis mqoneni, yvela danarCeni mxolod upatiosnesad iwodebian... aqriepiskoposTagan gaxdnen [mitropolitebad] Semdegni: 10. metraxis, romelic agreTve jiqeTisad (Zixias) iwodeba; 15. neokesariis [arqiepiskoposTagan], kesaruntisa da rizes [mitropoliti]; 25. kamaxis [arqiepiskoposTagan] kelZenes [mitropoliti].

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noticia V (georgika IV, naw. II, gv. 137, 138). `...sapatriarqo saydari konstantinopolisa... romelSic Sedis evropa da azia vidre dasavleTis siciliamde, kiklideSi vidre pontomde da xersonamde, abazgiamde da qaldiamde da xazareTamde da kapadokiamde Seicavs CrdiloeTis yvela midamos... sapatriarqo saydari antioqiisa... vidre iberiamde da abasgiamde da armeniamde da Sidaudabnoebamde... Seicavs midamoebs aRmosavleTisas, sadac mze amodis. noticia VI (georgika IV, naw. II, gv. 139). `mosaydre mitropolitTa nusxa... 11. eparqia I armeniisa _ sebastiis mitropoliti; 12. eparqia helenopontisa _ amasiis mitropoliti; 13. eparqia I armeniisa _ melitenis mitropoliti; 28. eparqia lazikisa _ fasidis mitropoliti; avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa nusxa 25. eparqia jiqeTisa (Zixias) _ qersonis arqiepiskoposi; 26. eparqia jiqeTisa _ bosforis arqiepiskoposi; 27. eparqia jiqeTisa _ nikofsiis (Niksofeos) arqiepiskoposi; 34. eparqia armeniisa _ herakliupolis anu pedaxTis arqiepiskoposi; 35. eparqia amasiisa _ sebastupolis arqiepiskoposi; 37. eparqia polemonis pontosi _ trapezuntTa arqiepiskoposi;

729

noticia VII (georgika IV, naw. II, gv. 140). `epifane kviprosel arqiepiskoposis mier Sedgenili ekTesisi pirvelwodebul patriarqTa da mitropolitTa mitropolitTa dasaxeleba: 11. meore armeniis eparqiisa _ sebastiis mitropoliti; 12. helenopontos eparqiisa _ amasiis mitropoliti; 13. pirveli armeniis eparqiisa _ melitenis mitropoliti; 27. lazikis eparqiisa _ fasidis mitropoliti. avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa Sesaxeb 24. jiqeTis (Zixias) eparqiisa _ xersonesis arqiepiskoposi;

730