saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

saepiskoposoebi
lazikaSi
eZRvneba sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs,
mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposs,
biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolits,
uwmidessa da unetaress ilia II-s

Tbilisi
2011
1

istoriuli arian qarTlis teritoriaze (xorZene, gogarena, pariadres kalTebi,

tao, basiani, klarjeTi da sxva) mcxovrebma qarTvelebma, gaqristianebis Semdeg,
mravali saepiskoposo daaarses, romelnic XI s-is Semdeg `lazikis eparqiaSi~
gaaerTianes.
iqamde, VI-VIII ss-Si lazikis eparqiis saepiskoposoebi (zigana, rodopolisi,
saisini da petra) ganlagebulni iyvnen trapezuntis regionSi, iq sadac Zveli
mwerlebi miuTiTeben xalibebis qveynis qaldeas mdebareobas, romelsac lazika
da `didi lazia~ erqva.
wignSi mraval wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mimoxilulia am regionebisa da aseve
dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio, ekonomikuri, politikuri, administraciuli, yofiTi
da geografiuli viTareba pirvel aTaswleulSi.

samecniero redaqtori _ profesori i. gorgiZe

meufe anania jafariZe, 2011

sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti, 2011
ISBN 978-9941-20-008-3
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis nebismieri nawilis (teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) gamoyeneba arc
erTi formiTa da saSualebiT (eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri) ar SeiZleba gamomcemlis werilobiTi
nebarTvis gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

Sesavali
Cveni naSromi eZRvneba saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis iuridiqciis
sazRvrebis kvlevas.
eklesiis Zvelma mematianeebma (gansakuTrebiT ruis-urbnisis saeklesio
krebis mamebma) mogvces cnobebi, rom daarsebis Tanave saqarTvelos eklesiis
iuridiqciis sazRvrebSi Sedioda aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad
dasavleT saqarTveloc, magram XX s-Si, albaT sabWoTa reJimis ZaldatanebiT,
oficialur istoriografiaSi gabatonda mtkiceba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo
gaqristianebidan 500-600 wlis manZilze (IX-X ss.-de) konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda da TiTqosda mxolod Semdeg
miierTa is qarTulma eklesiam.
Cven mravalwlovani Sroma movandomeT imis kvlevas, rom es ase ar iyo
da sworia Cveni matianeebisa da wmida mamebis Zveli Tvalsazrisi.
dasavleT saqarTvelo wmida ninos droidanve ara konstantinopolis,
aramed mcxeTis saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, radganac is qarTlis
samefos nawili iyo, xolo bizantia Tavis saeklesio iurisdiqcias
axorcielebda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed qarTvelTa uZveles
qveyanaSi, istoriuli lazikis erT nawilSi, trapezuntis regionis mxares,
romelic jer kidev romis imperiam Camoacila qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebrivi
ga vlen is s fe ro s. i q k o n s t a n t i n o p o li s s a p a t r i a r q o m s x v a
s a m i t r o p o li t o e b T a n e r T a d C a m o a y a li b a f a zi s i s ( f a s i d i s )
samitropolitos saepiskoposo kaTedrebi zigana, petra, rodopolisi
da saisini. Tavdapirvelad maTi samitropolito centri mdebareobda
qalaq polemonionSi, romelsac aseve fasidi (fadisi, fatsa) erqva.
VII saukunisaTvis maT momcvel regionSi, mTavari qalaqis Rirseba
t r a p e z u n t m a m o i p o v a . p i r v e l a T a s w le u lS i d a a r s e b u lm a
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiebma iarsebes ramdenime
saukune.
isini, rogorc iTqva, mdebareobdnen qarTveli eris uZveles samSobloSi,
romelsac lazeTi (lazika) da qaldea erqva. iv. qavaxiSvilis sityviT
qaldea iyo samSoblo yvela qarTuli tomisa, maT Soris cxadia svanebsa
da megrel-Wanebsa.
VI-VIII ss.-Si trapezuntis olqSi (lazika-qaldeaSi) ganlagebul fasidis
samitropolitoSi Semaval ziganas, rodopolisis, saisinisa da petras
saepiskoposo kaTedrebis momcvel qveyanas rTuli istoria hqonda.
jer romma, Semdgom ki bizantiam dai pyres qarTvelTa winaprebiT
dasaxlebuli pontospireTis mxareebi sinopidan Woroxamde da Seiyvanes
TavianTi imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. imperatorebma dapyrobis Semdeg xalibebis,
makronebis, mosinikebis, drilebis, kolxebis, tibaranebisa da sxva qarTuli
tomebis am miwawyalze svadasxva dasaxelebis saxelmwifo-administraciuli
erTeulebi Camoayalibes, magram maT (administraciul erTeulebs) qarTuli
3

saxelebi aRar uwodes, magaliTad konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT,

qaldebiTa da lazebiT dasaxlebul administraciul erTeuls `armeniakonis
Temi~ uwodes mxolod imis gamo, rom misi sazRvrebis maxloblad armenielebi
saxlobdnen.
824-863 wlebSi armeniakonis Temis
daSlam da qaldiis calke
Temad gamoyofam gamoiwvia iq adridanve mdebare Zveli saepiskoposo
kaTedrebis ziganas, petras, rodopolisis da saisinis saxelebis
ga qro ba- da mcr oba . m aT adg ila s axa li qalaqe bi da Se sab ami si
kaTedrebi warmoiqmna. amasTanave es Zveli saepiskoposo qalaqebic
gadanawilda sxvadasxva axal administraciul olqebs Soris.
arabTa mpyrobelobis Sesustebisas X-XI saukuneebSi gaizarda qaldiis
Temis dedaqalaqis trapezuntis saeklesio mniSvnloba da avtoriteti.
arzrumis regionidan arabTa gandevnis kvaldakval, roca is bizantiis
saxelmwifos daubrunda, am regionis umetesi nawili eklesiurad
dauqvemdebares trapezuntis samitropolitos, anu e.w. eparqias `lazikaSi~.
aseve, meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSic arabTa da Turqmanuli tomebisagan
gaTavisuflebuli vrceli miwa-wyali vanis tbidan trapezuntamde Seiyvanes
aRniSnul trapezuntis samitropolitos `lazikis~ saeklesio olqis
SemadgenlobaSi.
rogorc misi saxelwodeba aCvenebs konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
lazikis eparqiebis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda im miwa-wyalze, romelsac
konstantinopolSi `lazikas ~ uwodebdnen.
lazikis geografiuli adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras upirvelesi
mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis,
lazikis zusti geografiuli adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris gareSe
SeuZlebelia pirveli aTaswleulis saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis
dawera.
lazikis geografiuli mdebareobis Sesaxeb arsebobs ramdenime
gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi.
amJamindeli oficialuri saistorio TvalsazrisiT lazika ewodeboda
dasavleT saqarTvelos (amitomac, TiTqosda, dasavleT saqarTvelo
eklesiuradac konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, radganac
wyaroebiT lazikaSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos ramdenime eparqia
gaaCnda).
lazikis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb sul sxva Tvalsazrisisa iyvnen
eklesiis wmida mamebi da Zveli qarTuli istoriografia.
berZnuli wyaroebis saukeTeso mcodne aToneli mamebis, kerZod ki eqvTime
mTawmidelis TvalsazrisiT fazisi erqva mdinare Woroxs, xolo lazika
- m d i n a r e W o r o x i s m a r c x n i v m d e b a r e m i w a - w y a ls , kerZ od ki
trapezuntisaken mimdebare sanaxebs.
lazikis Sesaxeb Zveli mamebis saeklesio Tvalsazriss kvlevebiT
vadastureb da miviCnev, rom lazika imTaviTve erqva trapezuntis
mimdebare regions (Woroxidan zigana-giumuSxnes mimarTulebiT).
4

Cems mier warmodgnili mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad gamowvlilviT

vixilav pirvelwyaroebs:- strabonis, prokofi kesarielis, agaTia
sqolastikosis, Teofilaqte simokatas da berZen-romael sxvadasxva avtorTa
Sesabamis Sromebs, aseve Zvel somex istorikosTa (movses xorenacis, uxtanesis,
aristakes lastivertecisa da sxvaTa naSromebs) da cxadia Zvel qarTul
istoriografias (moqcevai qarTlisai, qarTlis cxovreba da sxva), Cemi
TemisaTvis uaRresad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa ruis-urbnisis
saeklesio krebis dadgenilebis (Zeglisweris) gansazRvreba dasavleT
saqarTveloSi Tavdapirveladve saqarTvelos (mcxeTis) eklesiis
iurisdiqciis ganvrcobis Sesaxeb (da ara konstantinopolisa, rasac qvemoT
vexebiT).
Cvenma mecnierulma Ziebam Camogviyaliba Tvalsazrisi rom lazika
imTaviTve mdebareobda Woroxamde mdebare Semdegdroindel pontos
(trapezuntis) regionSi, e.w. `samxreT egrisSi~, romelsac wmida mamebis
mier aseve ,,sofeli megrelTa~ erqva (es Tema qvemoTaa ganxiluli), rom
lazebi arian pirdapiri STamomavlebi xalibebisa anu qaldebisa, es
mosazreba Camogviyaliba qsenefontes Sromebma (romelnic qvemoTaa
ganxiluli) da strabonis cnobebma (magaliTad strabonis cnobiT
xalibebs(qaldebs) aseve hqondaT eTnonimi -`alazonebi~, maT qveyanas SemdegSi
`alazonia~ (lazonia, lazia) erqva, sityvebSi `alazonia~ da `lazoni~
fuZea `laz~-i) da sxva wyaroTa monacemebma.
aRniSnulTa garda aseve viyenebT mraval sxva wyaros.A
vfiqrob naSromisaTvis mniSvnelovania isic, rom masSi gamowvlilviTaa
gaanalizebuli Tanamedrone da Zveli avtorebis gamokvlevebi kolxeTis,
lazeTis, mesxeTis, pontos samefosa da trapezuntis imperiis Sesaxeb, maT
Sorisaa, rogorc qarTveli (o.lorTqifaniZe, d.musxeliSvili, nana xazaraZe,
g.meliqiSvili, v.goilaZe, T.beraZe, v.jafariZe, g.grigolia, b.kudava da sxvaTa),
aseve ucxoel avtorTa (n.adonci, karpovi..) naSromebi.LA
mecnieruli Ziebis strategia. akademikosi v. vernadski werda lui
pasteris Sesaxeb - ,,pasteri Sevida mecnierebis misTvis axal sferoSi,
axali meTodebiT da muSaobis axali wesebiT da dainaxa masSi is, rac
manamde ar uxilavT am dargSi momuSaveT(a. frangiSvili, o. namiCeiSvili,
saubrebi mecnierebis filosofiis Sesaxeb 2009, gv. 162)~.
saerTod, rogorc cnobilia arsebobs e. w. ,,garmianelTa~ koncefcia,
romelic cdilobs axsnas ZiriTadi novaciebi mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi: ,,mocemul mecnierebaSi sxva sferodan modis adamiani, romelic ar aris
Seborkili am mecnierebis tradiciebiT da akeTebs imas, risi gakeTebac
sxvebma ver SeZles~ (a. frangiSvili, o. namiCeiSvili, saubrebi mecnierebis
filosofiis Sesaxeb 2009, gv. 162).
unda iTqvas, rom erTi SexedviT es koncefcia cdilobs yovelgvari
tradiciisagan gaTavisuflebas, rac naklovanebad unda CaiTvalos, magram
aRmoCnda, rom am SemTxvevaSi win wamoweulia ara imdenad tradiciebisgan
5

gaTavisufleba, aramed piriqiT, maTi dacva axal viTarebaSi - icvleba

mecnieruli Ziebis strategia.
codnis sistemis evoluciis procesSi Cndeba ufro axali doneebi, ris
Sedegadac xdeba Zveli doneebis transformacia.
amasTanave gaCnda mecnieuli kvlevis axali xerxebi, raTa axali cdebiT
Semowmdes Zveli Teoriebi.
es ZiriTadad exeba empiriulisa da Teoriulis cnebebs.
lazikaS i ko nsta ntin opolis s apatriar qos epar qieb is
adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisas, cxadia, Cveni umTavresi amocanaa
gamovarkvioT sad mdebareobda lazika.
rogorc iTqva, TiTqosda es sakiTxi Teoriulad garkveulia Cvens
istoriografiaSi, romlis mixedviT lazika erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos,
magram Cven gvaeWvebs es Teoria, ufro metic, misi gaurkvevloba
xels gviSlis Cveni amocanis gadaWraSi.
gamosavali albaT isaa, rom movaxdinoT konstruireba imisa Tu ra
saxis, rogori bunebisa da geografiuli garemos qveyanas gadmogvcemen
lazikis aRwerisas sxvadasxva avtorebi da maT Soris am sakiTxze sagangebod
momuSave prokofi kesarieli.
amocana ufro konkretdeba - Cven gvainteresebs ganvsazRvroT lazikis
adgilmdebareoba VI saukuneSi, anu prokofi kesarielis epoqaSi.
mecnieruli dakvirvebis procesSi buneba damkvirvebels eZleva praqtikis
formiT, mkvlevari gamoyofs bunebaSi obieqtebis garkveul nakrebs,
afiqsirebs yovel maTgans mkacrad gansazRvruli niSnebiT da ayenebs mas
eqsperimentisa da dakvirvebis saxiT (a.frangiSvili, o.namiCeiSvili, saubrebi
mecnierebis filosofiis Sesaxeb, gv. 279).
davsvaT kiTxva - ra saxisa iyo prokofis mier aRweril lazika?
1) prokifis cnobiT, lazikis qveynis zRvis mTeli sanapiro imdenad
kldovani iyo, rom is aCerebda zRvis denas. prokofis sityvebia:
lazikis zRispira sanapiro mTel lazikis teritoriaze iyo kldovani
_
`lazikaSi ki miwa yovelgniT zRvidanaa warmoCenili da mis denas
aferxebs, aq Semoqmeds zRvisTvis sazRvari daudgenia, aq zRva Tavis
napirebs exeTqeba, is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas
axerxebs, aramed ukan ixevs da kvlav Tavis adgils ubrundeba,
icavs miCenil sazRvars~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 142).
dasvleT saqarTvelos zRvispiri Caqvidan biWvinTamde kldovani
ar aris, piriqiT,
vrceli teritoria Caqvidan biWvinTamde da
q u T a i s i d a n f o T a m d e , r o m e ls a c a m J a m a d la z i k a s u w o d e b e n ,
warmoadgens uvrceles vakes. aq zRvispiras kldeebi ar aris, es
realuri faqti prokofis cnobas ewinaaRmdegeba, rom lazikis zRvis
sanapiros mTel sigrZeze kldeebi iyo gadaWimuli, radganac,
`aq
Semoqmeds zRvisTvis sazRvari daudgenia, aq zRva Tavis napirebs
exeTqeba, is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas axerxebs~
6

, sadaa aRmosavleT SavizRvispirze aseTi kldovani sanapiro? aseTia

magaliTad, sanapiro BbaTum-xofas mimarTulebiT, maSasadame aq
SeiZleba veZioT prokofis lazeTi.
2) saerTod prokofis sityviT, lazika iyo ara baris qveyana, aramed
mTiani da kldovani - daqanebuli ferdebis mqone qveyana (prkofis
Sesabamisi naSromi sagangebod qvemoTaa ganxiluli).
3) kldovanobisa da maRalmTianobis gamo lazikis mxolod erT mcire
monakveTSi (moxirisSi) modioda mosavali (xorbali, Rvino), danarCeni misi
adgilebi umosavlo iyo (kldian-mTebiani iyo, dasavleT saqarTvelos
zRvispireTi ki uvrcelesi vakea).
4) lazikis mdinare fazisi Zalze swrafi iyo, mas SeeZlo 30 kaciani
navis (katarRis) didi siCqariT waReba, ise, rom istorikosis cnobiT am 30
meomars anu Ronier menaves niCbebiT uWirdaT navis SeCereba anda manevrireba.
da sxva
5). prokofis mier aRwerili lazikis cixe-simagreebi sarapana da skanda,
mdebareobdnen umosavlo adgilebSi, sadac ar modioda marcvaleuli
xorblisa (pureuli) da yurZeni (e. i. uvenaxo adgili iyo), sadac
kldovanebisa da maRalmTianobis gamo sursaT-sanovage zurgiT ahqondaT.
6) prokofis cnobiT, ara marto lazikis zRvis mTeli sanapiro,
aramed md.fazisis mTeli sanapiroc saTavidan zRvamde klovani
iyo.
Tu rioni fazisia, maSin mas zRvispira vrcel dablobSic, mas
kldovani napirebi unda hqondes. es ki ase araa. piriqiT quTaisidan
foTamde rioni uvrceles vakeze miedineba yovelgvari kldovani
napirebis gareSe.es faqti prokofis cnobebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
dasavleT saqarTvelis barSi arsebuli realuri geografiuli
faqtebisa da prokofis (aseve sxva wyaroTa) cnobebis SeuTavseblobam,
mecnieruli dakvirvebis procesSi bunebaSi obieqtebis garkveul nakrebze
dakvirvebam ufleba mogvca gangvecxadebina, rom lazika sxva geografiul
garemoSi unda veZioT
erTi sityviT, zemoaRwerili niSnebis mqone qveyana iyo lazika.
asTi niSnebis mqone lazikis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisTvis Cven
kidev erTxel unda SevamowmoT istoriuli saqarTvelos romeli mxarea
aseTi mkacri da kldovani bunebisa, es dasavleT saqarTvelos gavakebuli
qveyanaa, rionis dablobis bari, Tu kldovan-xrioki Woroxis xeoba?
ra gvexmareba am amocanis gadaWraSi?
TiTqosda Cvens dasaxmareblad winaswar izruna TviT prokofi kesarielma,
misi sityviT es aris bunebis anu geografiuli garemos ucvleloba
aTaswleulTa manZilze.
prokofi kesarieli lazikisa da md. fazisis Sesaxeb wers:
- `sakiTxi exeba ara moCvenebiT raimes, aramed mdinares da qveyanas,
romlis Secvla da ramenairad dafarva SeuZlebelia, mxedvelobac
7

sakmao sabuTad gamodgeba da araferi SeuSlis xels imas, visac

WeSmaritebis gamokvleva aqvs ganzraxuli (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 140).
Tu samyaros aTaswleulTa manZilze Camoyalibebuli fizikuri suraTi
(saxe) ucvlelia, es saSualebas gvaZlevs avagoT Zveli Teoriebis
dasasabuTeblad axali Teoriuli sqema.
amisTvis ki saWiroa Tavdapirvelad Seiqmnas hi poTezuri modeli,
romelic Semdeg dasabuTdeba cdebiT.
magaliTad, Cvens naSromSi A - Cven jer SevqmeniT hopoTezuri modeli
rom prokofiseuli skanda unda veZioT iseT garemoSi, romelSic imyofeboda
es cixe-simagre prokofis aRweriT, kerZod is mdebareobda maRalmTianeTSi,
sadac gadioda iberia-lazikis damakavSirebeli Zalze mniSvnelovani gza,
da amasTanave bunebrivi pirobebis gamo ar modioda xorbali da Rvino,
maSasadame Cven unda veZioT maRalmTianeTSi gamavali regionebis
damakavSirebeli gza, sadac Zveli cixe simagrea, romlis saxeli
etimologiurad `skand~ fuZe-ZirTanaa daaxloebuli. Cven Sesabamisad
skandis Zieba daviwyeT arsianis qedze, im gzis piras, romelic erTmaneTs
akavSirebda Woroxis xeobasa da istoriuli iberiis kola-artaanis mxares.
amis Semdeg Cven movamzadeT sagangebo eqspedicia, romelmac adgilze
gamokiTxvis gziT, Turq mkvidrebisgan moismina, rom saZiebel adgilas
arsianis qedze 2000 m. simaRleze, mniSvnelovani gzis piras, Zvel
cixesimagresTan (sofel bagdasenTan) erT adgilzea Tavmoyrilia ,,skand~
fuZis mqone punqtebi, esenia: _ kanridi, kandili, qanotamali, qinZis cixe
da punqti askani.
iqvea did cixeTa nangrevebi, romelTa Sua gadioda arsian-artaanis
damakavSirebeli Zveli gza da iqve axali gza (eqspediciis muSaobis Sedegi
qvemoTaa gadmocemuli).
maSasadame Cveni hi poTezuri modeli (rom skanda arsianis qedze SeiZleba
yofiliyo) - dadasturda (dasabuTda) cdiT (ufro gamowvlilviTi analizi
ixileT qvemoT), maSasadame obieqtTa empiruli Seswavlidan Cven SegviZlia
gadavideT maT Teoriul aTvisebaze. eqsperimentebi amis saSualebas iZleva.
Cvens naSromSi mocemulia ramdenime aseTi eqsperimentis ganxilva.
rogorc cnobilia, empiriuli kvleva eyrdnoba mkvlevaris uSualo
praqtikul moqmedebas Sesaswavl obieqtTan. igi gulisxmobs dakvirvebis
ganxorcielebas da eqsperimentul moRvaweobas (iqve, gv. 257).
magaliTad, Cvens erT SemTxvevaSi is SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
eqsperimentuli mowyobilobebis gareSec ki, _CvenTvis Teoriulad cnobilia
rom strabonis aRweriT sarapanasTan fazisi aris Zalze swrafi, imdenad
swrafi, rom igi aq ,,RrialiT da didi mquxarebiT~ (am adgilidan)
miemarTeba kolxidaSi.
Cven es cnoba SegviZlia SevamowmoT eqsperimentiT. amisTvis saWiroa
sarapanasTan davakvirdeT mdinares - Zalze swrafia is Tu ara, da aqvs Tu
ara mas mquxare, mgrgvinavi da mWeqare xma am adgilas.
8

amJamindeli oficialuri mecnieruli codniT sarapana aris igive

Sorapani, daba zestafonTan. aq mis sanapiroze Camoedineba mdinare Zirula.
Cveni mecnierebis mtkicebiT Zirula igive fazisia saTaveebSi.
davakvirdeT am adgilas Zirulas, aris Tu ara is aq, SorapanTan, `Zalze
swrafi da mquxare~?
Cven es TvaliTac SegviZlia davinaxoT, da movusmenT kidec mis xmas.
aseTi martivi, magram Zalze saWiro eqsperimentebi mravladaa mocemuli
Cvens SromaSi, aqve, albaT SeiZleba kidec iTqvas, rom SorapanTan arsebuli
realuri geografiuli faqti gansxvavebulia, kerZod aq md. Zirula aris
ara Tu Cqari, aramed mdore, Zalze neli, sarkuli zedapiris mqone dawmendili
wyali (qvemoT mocemulia amis damadasturebeli fotomasala), is aq ufro
nakadulia da Znelia is aRiqva iseT mdinared, romelzec navebi dacuraven,
Tanac SorapanTn Zirula, TiTqosda sagangebod, uxmauro da Cumia. am arealze
meore, mis axlos gamdinare wyals _marTlac, TiTqosda sagangebod,
,,dumilac~ ki ewodeba, radganac SorapanTn da mis axlo-maxlos miwis
zedapiri TiTqmis vakea.
amasTanave, prokofis epoqaSi sarapanas da skandas cixeebi imdenad maRal
mTaSi mdebareomdnen, rom iq sursaT-sanovage saWapano pirutyviTac ver
ahqondaT da mas mebarguli kacebi zurgiT ezidebodnen. Tanac, prokofisave
TqmiT, am maRal mTaSi, rogorc aRiniSna, xorbali da venaxi ver xarobda
didi simaRlis gamo. SevadaroT da Cveni TvaliT vnaxoT, rom zestafonis
Sorapani ara maRal mTaSi, aramed subtropikul zonaSi mdebareobs.
is zRvis donidan sul 170-250 metr simaRlezea, amitomac aq amJamad
gaSenebulia venaxis plantaciebi da subtropikuli xexili.
es eqsperimenti, wyaroebis analizTan erTad, uflebas gvaZlevs
gamovTqvaT eWvi, rom prokofis mier aRwerili cixe-simagre sarapana da
zestafonis Sorapani iyo erTi da igive punqti, rom strabonis sarapana
unda veZeboT sxvagan, aRwerilis Sesabamis geografiul garemoSi.
mecnieruli kvlevis empiriuli da Teoriuli doneebis ganxilvisas
ganixilaven sakiTxs sistematuri da SemTxveviTi dakvirvebebis Sesaxebac.
aRiniSneba, rom gamoricxuli ar aris SemTxveviTi dakvirvebebic, Tumca
rogorc mecnierebis istoria cxadyofs, Zalian xSirad isini axal
aRmoCenaTa dasawyisad gvevlineba (a. frangiSvili, o. namiCeiSvili, saubrebi
mecnierebis filosofiis Sesaxeb 2009, gv. 276).
rogorc iTqva Cveni mTavari amocanaa davadginoT konstantinopolis
eparqiebis adgilmdebareoba lazikaSi maSasadame, Tu prokofis mier
aRwerili lazika dasavleT saqarTveloa, es eparqiebi aq unda veZioT, an
sxvagan, istoriuli saqarTvelos Sesabamis mxareSi. am Ziebis dros umTavresia
Tavidan aviridoT subieqturi momenti.
Cveni amocanis pasuxma obieqturi axsna unda mouZebnos Zvel da axalad
miRebul masalas. unda moiZebnos faqtebis Sesabamisi Teoriuli axsna.
faqtebis formirebaSi monawileobs Teoriuli cnobebi, romlebic
warsulSi damoukideblad iyo Semowmebuli. magaliTad, amJamindel
9

istoriografiaSi dogmad aris miRebuli Tvalsazrisi, rom fazisi iyo

sanaosno mdinare da amitom is ar SeiZleba iyos md. Woroxi, radgan
`Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno mdinare~ (o. lorTqifaniZe,argonavtika da Zveli
kolxeTi, 1986, gv.46).
maSasadame Cven unda davZloT Sesabamis samecniero wreebSi gabatonebuli
Teoria, rom Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno mdinare(`amitomac is araa fazisi~),
amisaTvis saWiroa sakuTari eqsperimentis Catareba anda amis Sesaxeb ukve
daviwyebuli sxva mecnieruli codnis miZieba.
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom Cven Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb
gvaqvs ZvelTaZveli codna, romelic warsulSi damoukideblad igi
Semowmebuli, magaliTad Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba
ganekuTvneba VIII saukunes, radganac matianeSi aRniSnulia rom aSot
kurapalatis mkvlelebs Sexeba hqondaT Woroxis erTerT navsayudel
adgilTan,romlis saxeli iyo -`sanave~, amasTanave Woroxze naosnobis
Sesaxeb werdnen XVII s. Turqi, XIX s. rusi (videnbauemi,) da qarTveli
(yazbegi, baqraZe) istorikosebi da sxvebi, maS asad ame Cven gva qvs
Semowmebuli Teoriuli codna Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb, romelsac
amJamad viyenebT axali faqtis formirebisas. is SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
axali Teoriuli ideebisa da warmodgenebis gansaviTareblad.
maSasadame Tu Woroxze naosnoba ZvelTaganve iyo, es faqti uflebas
gvaZlevs davuSvaT xelaxla aRorZinebuli idea, rom Woroxi
fazisia da wyaroebi ganvixiloT am kuTxiT. cnobili h. Slimani Woroxis
qvemowelze aTavsebda kolxeTis centrs da amitom `Zveli saberZneTisa da
kolxeTis mZlavr urTierTkavSirs baTumis regionSi varaudobda~(o.
lorTqifaniZe,argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi,1986,gv.44).
axali Teoriuli modelis misaRebad ganvixiloT Zveli Teoriuli
konstruqcia.
magaliTad, strabonis cnobiT md. fazisze gadebuli iyo 120 xidi.
empiriuli faqtia, rom md. rionis dablobze (quTaisidan foTamde)
warsulSi, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis danergvamde, SeuZlebeli iyo 120
xidis ageba gruntis sirbilis, adgilis Rrma daWaobebis, mdinare rionis
klaknilobis, da misi kalapotis xSiri cvlis gamo.
maSasadame strabonis cnobis dasamtkicelad saWiro iyo Zieba axali
Teoriuli konstruqcisa anu Zieba iseTi mdinaris ucvleli, kldovani
kalapotisa, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda 120 xidis ageba.
aseTi ki SeiZleba iyos md. Woroxi. is da misi Senakadebi miedineba
kldeTa Soris, amis gamo misi kalapoti mudam ucvlelia, misi sanapiroebi
kldovanobis gamo myari sayrdenia mZime konstruqciebisaTvis da maTze
SeiZleboda xidis burjebis dayrdnoba (marTlac, Woroxsa da mis
Senakadebze amJamadac uamravi Zveli TaRovani xidia SemorCenili, maSin
roca rionis dablobze Zveli xidebis naSTebs ver SexvdebiT).

10

maSasadame saWiroa Teoriis morgeba realiebTan. am realiebma ki

Se iZle ba gvi biZg os imi sken , r om Sevc valoT amJa mad mi Rebu li
fundamenturi Teoriuli sqema - rom lazika dasavleT saqarTveloa.
problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba da sakiTxis istoriografia
problemis Seswavlis mdgomareobisTvis unda ganvixiloT sxvadasxva
Teoriebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb.
XIX-XX
saukuneebabde QqarTuli saistorio skola, rogorc
aRniSnuli iyo, miiCnevda rom dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebis
Tanave saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, magram XX
saukunis istoriografia misgan gansxvavebiT amtkicebs, rom
dasavleT saqarTTvelo IX-X saukuneebamde konstantinopolis
iurisdiqciaSi iyo da mxolod Semdeg miierTa is qarTulma
eklesiam.
maSasadame gvaqvs ori Teoria _ erTi Zveli, eklesiisaTvis
tradiciuli, meore ki Cveni Tanamedrove istoriografiis mier
aRiarebuli.
pirveli, rogorc iTqva, gadmocemulia ruis urbnisis saeklesio
krebis Zegliswerasa da ZvelqarTul wyaroebSi, meore ki asaxulia
y ve l a T an a me r ov e g am o ce m aS i , amitomac Cven mas vuwodebT`saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb amJamad arsebul oficialur
Teorias~.
iv. javaxiSvili ixilavda orive Tvalsazriss da gulmxurvaled uWerda
mxars eklesiisaTvis tradiciuls.
iv. javaxiSvilis sidiade Cans iqidanac, rom man eklesiis wiaRSi
ZvelTaganve danergil Teorias - wmida ninos droidan qarTuli eklesiis
erTianobis Sesaxeb _ upirobod dauWira mxari, ufro metic, is mis erTgul
mcvelad iqca, am Teorias misca didi Sefaseba, miiCnia mTeli qarTveli
xalxisa da mis saukeTeso SvilTa naRvawad, saukuneTa brZoliT miRweul
monapovrad.
amave dros, misTvis kargad iyo cnobili sxva Teoriebic am sferoSi.
magaliTad, misi moRvaweobis periodSi zogierTi mecnieri ayalibebda
Teorias, TiTqosda, Tavdapirvelad dasavleTi saqarTvelo imyofeboda
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis qveS. iv. javaxiSvilma es
axali Teoria miiRo rogorc erT-erTi mimdinare muSa Teoria, romelic
emsgavseboda Teorias - dasavleT saqarTvelos antioqiis iurisdiqciis
qveS yofnis Sesaxeb.
rogorc iTqva, misTvis zogadad, rogorc mecnierisaTvis misaRebi iyo
mxolod Teoria qarTuli eklesiis Tavdapirveli erTianobis Sesaxeb,
radganac is miaCnda `mTeli qarTveli eris mier Sesisxlxorcebul
Semecnebad~, romlis mospobis ufleba, misi azriT, aravis hqonda, arc maT
vinc dasavleT saqarTvelos konstantinopolur iurisdiqcias uWerda mxars
11

da arc antioqiuris momxreT.iv. javaxiSvili Zalze did mniSvnelobas

aniWebda saqarTvelos eklesiis mTlianobasa da mis damoukideblobas. am
moments is afasebda gansakuTrebuli sityvebiT, romlebic albaT, unda
daimaxsovron momavalma Taobebma. iv. javaxiSvilis sityvebiT Cveni eklesiis
Tavisufleba da mTlianoba warmoadgenda qarTveli eris saukeTeso
S vi lTa da mT e li xa lxi s m i er s au k un e Ta br Z oli T m iR w eu l
monapovars~. amitomac iyo, rom igi uaryofiTad afasebda kidec warsulSi
saqarTvelos eklesiis erTianobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebebs. kerZod,
man gamowvlilviT ganixila im antioqieli da ierusalimeli patriarqebis
qmedebebi, romlebic qarTveli separatistebis mxardaWeriT aqucmacebdnen
da anawevrebdnen saqarTvelos eklesias.
iv. javaxiSvilma ganixila saqarTvelos eklesiis mTlianobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli qmedebebi, kerZod, is wers: XV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi
saqarTveloSi antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqi mixeili Camovida...
rasakvirvelia, umTavresad Sewirulebisa da fulis Sesagroveblad iyo
garjili~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. III, gv. 447). mas dauweria `mcneba sasjulo~,
sadac aRniSnuli aqvs, rom winaT qarTlisa da afxazeTis kaTalikosni
antioqiis patriarqisagan iyvnen damokidebuli da maTgan hqondaT miRebuli
xeldasxma. qarTuli eklesiis mermindeli TviTmwysoba da saeklesio
TviTmmarTveloba antioqiel-ierusalimel patriarqs ukanono movlenad
hqonda gamocxadebuli~ (iqve, gv. 447).
es yovelive mas sWirdeboda, raTa TviTon ekurTxebina dasavleT
saqarTvelos eklesiis axali meTauri, amiT ki dasavleT saqarTvelos
eklesia CamoeSorebina saqarTvelos erTiani dedaeklesiisagan. Tavis mxriv,
dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio damoukidebloba surda im dros imereTis
mefes, bagrats. amitomac, antioqielis saeklesio Teoria gamoTqmuli iyo
qarTveli separatistebis gulis mogebis mizniT. `man, rasakvirvelia, bagrat
mefesTan SeTanxmebiT da saTanado jildos miRebis Semdeg afxazeTis
kaTalikosad akurTxa iovakime, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis kaTalikospatriarqisagan sruliad damoukideblad gamoacxadda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
antioqiel-ierusalimelma patriarqma afxazeTis `kaTalikosi saydarsa zeda
andria mociqulisa~ dasmulad aRiara. amave dros `sasjulo mcnebaSi
naTqvamia, rom nino qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelma mxolod qarTli moaqcia,
andria mociqulma ki dasavleT saqarTvelo gaaqristiana. amiT antioqielierusalimel patriarqs mixeils saqarTvelos saeklesio mTlianobis moSla
(rac bagrat mefes im dros politikuri mizniT swadda) undoda, rom es
istoriuli sabuTebiT daemtkicebina.
raki aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos qristianobis sxvadasxva
mqadageblebi hyavda, amiT mas undoda daesabuTebina, rom, maSasadame, afxazeTis
kaTalikoss damoukideblad arsebobisa da TviTmwysobis ufleba hqonda.
is mcxeTis kaTalikosisagan ar unda yofiliyo xeldasxmuli~ (iv.
javaxiSvili, t. III, gv. 447).
12

ra xerxebiT unda daemtkicebina ucxoel patriarqs qarTuli eklesiis

antioqiaze damokidebuleba uZveles droSi?
ucxoelma patriarqma ise warmoadgina saqme, TiTqosda saqarTvelos
sivrceSi Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibda ori sxvadasxva eklesia _ qarTlisa
da afxazeTisa, rom TiTqosda isini oriveni Tavdapirvelad imyofebodnen
antioqiis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi. Sesabamisad, maTze uflebamosileba
gaaCnda antioqias, magram man aRmoaCina, rom dasavleT saqarTveloze Tavis
uflebamosilebas axorcielebda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio
xelisufali. es man miiCnia saeklesio kanonebis darRvevad. marTlac,
Tavdapirvelad Tu sxva eklesia iyo afxazeTis eklesia, ra ufleba hqonda
qarTlis eklesias afxazeTSi? antioqieli patriarqis azriT saeklesio
samarTlebrivi safuZveli amisTvis ar arsebobda, xolo antioqiis eklesias
ki gaaCnda Zveli samarTlebrivi
ufleba afxazeTis sakaTalikosoze.
maSasadame, qarTlis eklesiam saeklesio wesebis darRveviT Tavisi
uflebamosileba gaavrcela dasavleT saqarTveloSi. es iyo dadanaSauleba
prozelitizmSi, anu es iyo erTi eklesiis SeWra meore eklesiis
iurisdiqciaSi _ darRveva III msoflio krebis me-8 kanonisa. es kanoni
gmobda aseT qmedebas da amasTanave moiTxovda aRdgenas Zveli Tavdapirveli
mdgomareobisas. marTlac, antioqiis patriarqma Tavis azriT aRasrula es
kanoni da gamosca samarTlebrivi dokumenti `mcnebai sasjuloi~, romelSic
ganacxada, rom afxazeTis eklesia antioqiam ukan daibrunda Tavis saeklesio
wiaRSi da aRadgina Tavisi Zveli iurisdiqcia afxazeTze, ris Semdegac mas
ufleba hqonda epatrona am saeklesio erTeulisaTvis da daeniSna misi
sasuliero meTauri. es ucxo eklesiis meTauri marTlac ase moiqca da
caiSel-bedieli mitropoliti ioakime daniSna afxazeTis kaTalikosad.
aseTi qmedeba aRaSfoTebs iv. javaxiSvils, mas miaCnia, rom antioqiels
araviTari samarTlebrivi ufleba ar gaaCnda afxazeTis sakaTalikosos
mimarT. Tavisi msjelobis sayrdenad miiCnevs qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi
ZvelTagan arsebul samarTlebriv dokuments, gamocemuls ruis-urbnisis
krebis mamebis mier, rom Tavdapirvelad anu I-IV ss-Si, andria mociqulisa
da wmida ninos epoqaSi, Camoyalibda ara ori sxvadasxva eklesia, aramed
erTi, sruliad saqarTvelos momcveli eklesia, rom orive ganmanaTlebelma,
rogorc andriam, ise wmida ninom, mxolod erTi eklesia Camoayalibes, rom
isini moRvaweobdnen ara sxvadasxva geografiul arealze, aramed erT
geopolitikur sivrceSi, rom andriam saxareba iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa
saqarTveloisasa~, xolo wmida ninom ki gananaTla `yoveli savseba yovelTa
qarTvelTa naTesavisa~. maSasadame, maT erTi eklesia Camoayalibes da am
eklesiam avtokefalia ZvelTaganve moi pova, rom mxolod Semdeg am erTiani
eklesiis wiaRSi Camoyalibda ori saeklesio administraciuli erTeuli _
qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebi, rom isini, marTalia,
administraciulad TavisTavadi saeklesio erTeulebi iyvnen, magram qmnidnen
erT qarTul saeklesio mTlianobas, radganac gaaCndaT saerTo saeklesio
13

samarTali, saerTo sjuliskanoni, saerTo saeklesio tradiciebi da

liturgiis saerTo qarTuli ena. administraciuli TavisTavadoba afxazeTis
sakaTalikosos miuRia qarTlis sapatriarqosagan, rodesac IX s-Si qarTvelTa
mefe bagratma `ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~.
antioqiis patriarqis Camosvlis dros ki, XV s-Si, realuri viTareba
aseTi iyo. rogorc vTqviT, antioqielma patriarqma gaixsena III msoflio
krebis me-8 kanoni, romelic krZalavs erTi eklesiis SeWras meore eklesiis
iurisdiqciaSi da moiTxovs winandeli, anu Tavdapirveli mdgomareobis
aRdgenas. antioqielma mcxeTa daadanaSaula, rom is SeiWra dasavleT
saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, amitomac man scada gaeuqmebina mcxeTis
yovelgvari uflebamosileba iq da TviTon akurTxa afxazeTis axali
kaTalikosi.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, CvenTvis istoriul magaliTs unda
warmoadgendes es saqme.
rogorc cnobilia, amJamad Cveni oficialuri istoriografiis mier
miiCneva, rom Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTvelo IV-IX ss-Si 500 wlis
manZilze, TiTqosda, imyofeboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
iurisdiqciaSi. es Teoria Zalze saSiSia samomavlod, radganac iseTive
samarTlebriv uflebamosilebas aniWebs konstantinolis sapatriarqos,
rogoric TavisTavze miiwera antioqielma patriarqma mixeilma. rogorc
iTqva, III msoflio krebis me-8, aseve mociqulTa 35-e da II msoflio krebis
me-2 kanonis ZaliT, sxvis eklesiaSi SeWrili meore eklesia valdebulia
aRadginos Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba da am kanonebidan gamomdinare, Tuki
dasavleT saqarTveloze Tavis uflebamosilebas Tavdapirvelad
axorcielebda konstantinopoli, mas unda daubrundes kidec es saeklesio
erTeuli.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT iv. javaxiSvili mxars
ar dauWerda Cvens istoriografiaSi amJamad gabatonebul Teorias dasavleT
saqarTvelos konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi 500-wlovani yofnis Sesaxeb.
piriqiT, is am Teorias miiCnevda `mTeli qarTveli xalxis brZoliT
monapovris~ uaryofad da is uTuod amJamadac mxars dauWerda ruis-urbnisis
krebis samarTlebriv aqts, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi IIV ss-Si Camoyalibda erTiani eklesia, rom Tavdapirvelad wmida andriasa
da wmida ninos RvawliT dafuZnebuli qarTuli eklesia Tavidanve erTiani
iyo, Tumca misTvis sxva samecniero Teoriebic aRniSnul sakiTxze cnobili
iyo.
iv. javaxiSvili werda: `giorgi mTawmideli da gansakuTrebiT
efrem mcire, ruis-urbnisis 1103 wlis saeklesio krebis yvela
sulisCamdgmeli
da nikoloz kaTalikosi amtkiceben, rom andria
mociqulma iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloisasa~, xolo
S e m d g o m q r i s ti a n o b a k v l a v a R a d g i n a w m i d a n i n o m , r o m l i s
saswaulTmoqmedebam da qadagebam `miizida yoveli savseba yovelTa
14

qarTvelTa naTesavisa~, nikoloz kaTalikosic, wmida ninos saerTo

m o c iq u la d d a g a n ma n a T le bla d T vli d a ` Cv e n q a rT v e lT ai s a ~
(`saswaulni sveticxovlisa~). erTi sityviT, andria mociqulic da
wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli
eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
nawilebis calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT,
radgan isini mTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisa
da aRorZinebisaTvis iRvwodnen. antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqi
mixeili, swored am qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa mier Seqmnilsa
da mTeli qarTveli erisagan Sesisxlxorcebul Semecnebas spobda~
(iv. javaxiSvili, Txz., t. III, gv. 340).
s a m w u x a r o a , r o m Z v e l q a r T v e l s a x e lo v a n m e c n i e r T a ( i v .
javaxiSvilis Sefaseba)
mier boZebul Semecnebas spobs zogierTi
axali qarTveli mecnieri, Tanac iseTi umaRlesi saerTaSoriso
saeklesio organodan, rogoricaa `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~.
magaliTad, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis sawinaaRmdegod `pravoslavnaia
enciklopedia~-s me-13 tomis avtorebi (gv. 200) noticiebze _ bizantiur
kaTedraTa nusxebze _ dayrdnobiT miiCneven, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi
IX s-mde arsebuli saepiskoposoebi konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi
imyofebodnen. TiTqosda, `egrisis samefoSi, I noticiis mixedviT,
arsebobda lazikis eparqia, romlis centri iyo fazisis (foTis)
samitropolito oTxi saepiskoposo kaTedriT _ rodopolisi (varcixe),
s ai s i ni (c a i Si ) , p e tr a ( c i xi s Zi r i ), zig a na ( zi g an i s i, gu d a va )
(`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, t. XIII, gv. 200, rus. enaze). TiTqosda, Semdgom
isini qarTulma eklesiam konstantinopols CamoaSora.
vSiSobT, rom es araswori Teoria, gavrcelebuli mTel msoflioSi
`pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ mier, did safrTxes Seuqmnis samomavlod
saqarTvelos teritoriul da saeklesio mTlianobas.
sinamdvileSi lazikis aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen
trapezuntis olqSi _ qalaq ziganas regionSi, iqve iyo rodopolisis
kaTedrac. amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs ara mxolod msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli
mecnieri n. adonci, aramed amJamad saberZneTSi dabeWdili zogierTi
saeklesio rukac.
qarTuli wyaroebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, mudam, farnavaz mefis
droidanac, dasavleT saqarTvelo yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis samefos
sazRvrebSi vidre md. egriswylamde da vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg vidre
md. klisuramde. amitomac miiCneoda, rom am sasazRvro mdinareebis aqeT,
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, konstantinopols arasodes iurisdiqcia ar gaaCnda,
mxolod am mdinareebis iqiT mdebare teritoria Sedioda bizantiis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi, VIII s-mde. amitomac, rodesac Cven vamtkicebT, rom dasavleT
saqarTveloSi konstantinopols ar gaaCnda Tavisi iurisdiqcia, cxadia,
igulisxmeba am sasazRvro mdinareebis aqeT mdebare dasavleT saqarTvelos
15

teritoria. rogorc cnobilia, md. egriswylad miiCneva md. RaliZga (oCamCiris

raionSi), xolo md. klisurad _ md. kelasuri (soxumTan).
rusul `pravoslavnaia enciklopediaSi~, dasavleT saqarTvelos msgavsad,
samxreT saqarTveloc araqarTul qveynadaa gamocxadebuli, sadac, TiTqosda,
qarTuli eklesiis gabatonebis Semdeg moxda mkvidri `somxebis~
gaqarTveleba.
`somxebis~ gaqarTvelebis `Tvalsazrisi~ imdenadaa gavrcelebuli, rom
man ukve qarTul saeklesio gamocemebSic SeaRwia. magaliTad, cnobili
avtori wers: kirion I kaTalikosma, qvemo qarTlSi `araqarTuli
mosaxleobis gasaqarTveleblad marjved gamoiyena politikuri viTareba~
(saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 28)
somexi avtorebi, da ara mxolod isini, aseT statiebs safuZvlad
udeben Teorias, rom qvemo qarTli da, saerTod, samxreT saqarTvelo
somxuri qveyana iyo, romelic eklesiis mier `gaqarTvelda~. esaa
e.w.
`q arTi zaci is~
Teor ia,
rome lic
oficialu ri
istoriografiisaTvis ueWvel dogmad iqca.
am Teoriis msgavsia amJamad gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, rom mcxeTaTbilisis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare regionebi, e.i. istoriuli kaxeTi
da qvem o qar Tli, TiTq osda, Tav dapir vela d das axleb uli iyo
a lb a n e l i x a l x i T , r o m e l i c q a r T u li e k l e s i i s m e S v e o b i T
gaqarTvelda. es Teoriac unda eqvemdebarebodes gadaxedvas, radganac
Zveli qarTuli saeklesio istoriografiis Tanaxmad, hereT-albaneTi
moicavda sul sxva teritorias. kerZod, Semdegdroindeli ranisa
da Saqis miwa-wyals, amitomac uwodebdnen Semdgom saukuneebSi
hereTis dedofals SuSaniks saeklesio wyaroebSi ranis dedofals,
xo lo mef eTa titula tur aSi ixs ene bod a r anT a m efe, ro melic
gulisxmobda hereTis yofili samefos mflobelobas. albaneTis
kultu rul memk vidreobaze amJama d pretenzias acxa deben
azerbaijanelebi, amitomac Tuki albaneTi uSualod emijneboda mcxeTaTbiliss _ aRniSnuli TeoriiT maT garkveuli uflebamosileba eniWebaT
mcxeTis aRmosavleTiTa da Tbilisis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyalsa da
masze mdebare kulturis Zeglebzec.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan, Cans, rom didi iv. javaxiSvili ar
ganixilavda saistorio mecnierebas rogorc dogmas, aramed miiCnevda,
rom is unda ganviTarebuliyo, rom erTxel miRebuli Tvalsazrisi
ar unda CaTvliliyo Seucvlel WeSmaritebad, romlis koreqtireba
anda uaryofa SeuZlebeli iqneboda. mis mier ruis-urbnisis krebis
samarTlebrivi aqtis mxardaWera miuTiTebs imis Sesaxebac, rom istoriuli
mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis zogjer saWiro aris axali ideebis
Camoyalibeba, anda Zveli erovnuli saistorio ideebis aRorZineba-ganaxleba
axali moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad.

16

marTlac, Tu ar ganviTarda istoriuli mecniereba, is CamorCeba da erT

adgilas gaiyineba, amiT ki ver SeZlebs Tavisi funqciis srulyofilad
aRsrulebas.
ivane javaxiSvili CvenTvis yovelTvis TvalsaCino etaloni da magaliTi
aris Tavisi moRvaweobis yoveli waxnagiT.
m eo re an u s aq ar Tv e lo s e kles i is i s to ri i s Se sa x eb a m Ja ma d
arsebuli oficialuri Teoria yvelaze ukeT gadmoica `pravaslavnaia
enciklopediasa~ da `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ tomeulebSi,
romlis statiebic saqarTvelos gamoCenilma istorikosebma da sxva maRali
rangis mecnierebma daweres.
`pravaslavnaia enciklopedias~ mixedviT wmida ninom gaaqristiana mxolod
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, radganac wmida nino qarTlis
ganmanaTlebeli iyo, qarTli anu iberia ki mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
erqva(`pravaslavnaia enciklopedia~, moskovi, 2006 ,t.13, gv.193.rus.enaze)
. aqedan gamomdinare wm.ninos mier fuZeCayrili eklesia, `pravaslavnaia
enciklopedias~ mixedviT, mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos moicavda, xolo
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, imave enciklopediis Tanaxmad, qristianobis
momZlavrebis Semdeg, konstantinopolis sapatriarqom VI s.Sua wlebSi
daarsa saeklesio kaTedrebi.
kv lav ganv ixiloT T anam edro ve isto riko sTa damo kide bule ba
saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis mimarT`pravaslavnaia enciklopedia~, rogorc aRiniSna, wers- `konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos noticiebSi (Notatiae Episcopatuum), mis iurisdiqciaSi myof
kaTedraTa siebi gvaZlevs warmodgenas VI-IX ss.dasavleT saqarTvelos
eklesiis Sesaxeb.
I noticiis (VIII-IX) Tanaxmad, egrisis samefos teritoria saeklesioadministraciuli damokidebulebiT dayofili iyo Semdegi saxiT: lazikis
eparqia fasisis(foTis) samitropolito centriT da 4 saepiskoposo kaTedriT
rodopoli(varcixe), saisini(caiSi), petra(cixisZiri), ziganei(ziganisi,
gudava); abazgiis (afxazeTis) eparqia avtokefaluri samTavarepiskoposo
sakaTedro centriT sevastopolSi(cxumi,soxumi). Crdilo SavizRvispireTis
centralur da AaRmosavleT nawilebSi daarsebul iqna zixiis(jiqeTis)
eparqia, warmodgenilini 3 avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposoTi: xersoniT,
bosforiTa da nikofsiiT. fazisis mitropolia(nomeri 27), Cans daarsebuli
iqna imp.iustiniane I-is marTvelobisas, radganac ekava 2-e adgili
iustinianepolis(mokis) Semdeg samitropolitos
sxva momdevno 8
kaTedraTaASoris...680-681 wlis VI msoflio krebis aqtebSi ixsenieba
Teodore, `uRirsi episkoposi fasisisa, lazikis provinciaSi~(Le Quien.OC.
T.1. P.1343). konstantinopolis trulis krebas(691-692 ww.) aseve eswreboda
fasisis mitropoliti igive Teodore da petras episkoposi ioane,
17

sevastopoleli foti da, SesaZloa, ziganeis episkoposi favsti (misi kaTedra

ixsenieba petramde). nikeis VII msoflio krebis (787) aqtebs xels
awers `mitropoliti qristefore~, sxvadasxva sami dazustebiT` e p i s k o p o s i f a s i s i s a ~ ( n u s x a ABE) ` e p i s k o p o s i f a s i s i s a e . i .
trapezuntisa~( D) , `episkoposi trapezuntisa~( F); aqedan, am momentSi
fasisisa da trapezuntis kaTedrebi imyofebodnen erTi episkoposis
mmarTvelobaSi, maSin roca trapezuntis kaTedra gamoyofili iyo fasisis
mitropoliisagan rizes teritoriiT, romlis episkoposi aseve eswreboda
krebas
da,
rogorc
Cans,
eqvemdebareboda
neokesariis
m i tr o p o li ts ( p o le m o n i a k i s p o n to s d i o ce zi ) . 2 - e n o t i c i i s
Tanaxmad(Sedgenilia araugvianes IX s. I meoTxedisa), das. saqarTvelos
saeklesio organizaciis suraTi ar Secvlila...me-7 noticiaSi (901-907)
asaxulia X s. dasawyisSi konstantinopolis eklesiaSi gatarebuli
saeklesio reformebis Sedegebi. masSi aRar ixsenieba dasavleT saqarTvelos
saeklesio centrebi. e.i. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom konstantinopolis
sapatriarqodan dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centrebis gamoyofa
moxda 879 da 901/907 wlebs Soris...me-7 noticiaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos
saeklesio centrebi aRniSnulia rogorc `trapezunti lazikisa~. es
miuTiTebs dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiaSi separatistuli tendeciebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb da amis Sedegad trapezuntis gadaqceva fasisis
alternatiul mitropoliad, romelic SemdgomSi gadaiqca konstantinopolis
iurisdiqciaSi lazikis eparqiis centrad. araa gamoricxuli, rom
trapezunteli mRdelmTavris (Tavdapirvelad neokesariis mitropolitis
qvemdebarisa) TandaTanobiTi amaRleba jer mTavarepiskoposis statusamde,
Semdeg ki mitropolitisa, dakavSirebuli iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi
ganviTarebul procesebTan. es garemoeba emsaxureboda prestiJis dacvas
da warmoadgenda am regionSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mdgomareobis
stabilurobis garants~(b.kudava, konstantinopolis sapatriaqos saeklesio
kaTedrebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi da maTi gamoyofa,pravaslavnaia
enciklopedia, moskovi, t.13. 2006.gv. 200-2001. rus. enaze).
aseTivea oficialuri Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiis Tvalsazrisi
dasavleT saqarTvelos konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi TiTqmis 500 wlis
ganmavlobaSi yofnis Sesaxeb.
SeuZlebelia aRniSnul mtkicebas eklesia daeTanxmos radganac
e wi n a aR m d eg e ba a ra m xo lod r ui s - ur b ni s i s s a ek les i o k r e bi s
gansazRvrebas sagangebod am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnils, aramed ZvelqarTul
Semecnebas, romelic asaxulia wmidaTa locvebSic ki, magaliTad wm.ninos
Tavis troparSi ewodeba `qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli~, xolo kondakSi
`qarTvelTa eris winamZRoli~.
sad cxovrobda qarTveli eri, romelic gananaTla wmida ninom ? ruis
urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi amis Sesaxeb naTqvamia- wmida ninom moaqcia
`yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~(`didi sjuliskanoni~
18

1975,gv.546). davusvaT kiTxva am istorikosebs: `yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavi~

ar cxovrobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi? da Tu cxovrobda, maSin maTi
ganmanaTleblis mier daarsebuli qarTlis eklesiis mrevlsac warmoadgenda.
sxvTa Soris igives werda gelasi kesarielic, msoflio eklesiis erTerTi
pirveli istorikosi- `tyve qalis~(e.i. wmida ninos) mier erTdroulad miiRes
qristianoba eqvsinis pontos maxloblad mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma
(georgika, t.I. gv.189). wm. ninos mier gaqristianebuli eri dasavleT
saqarTveloSic rom cxovrobda miuiTebs noqalaqevis IV s. eklesia da mis
maxloblad aRmoCenili I aTaswleulis qarTuli asomTavruli saeklesio
warwerebi.
amasve miuTiTebs qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebi. magaliTad
I aTaswleulis somexi patriarqisa da istorikosis cnoba, rom VI s. bolos
moRvawe kirion qarTlis kaTalikosi `winandeli drois wesebis Sesabamisad
iyo arqiepiskoposi egrisisa da gujareTisa, qarTlis eklesiis mrevlisa~
(ioane drasxanakertci. 1937. gv.9. rus. enaze). VI saukunis `winandeli dro~,
cxadia, IV da V saukuneebia.
amasve miuTiTebs saeklesio xelovneba-arqiteqtura. magaliTad WyondidSi
VII s.-Si agebul mcxeTis jvris tipis taZari, rac ar iyo SemTxveviToba da
piriqiT warmoadgenda mcxeTisa da Wyondidis saeklesio-liturgikuli
mTlianobisa da erTobis niSansvets.
dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio mTlianobis Sesaxeb
miuTiTebda ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera, rom andria pirvelwodebulma
iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloisasa~ (`didi sjuliskanoni~
1975,gv.545), am winadadebiT krebam xazgasmiT miuTiTa, rom daarsebis Tanave
qarTuli eklesia Tavis iurisdiqciaSi moicavda sruliad istoriul
saqarTvelos da ara mis romelime erT kuTxes.
aseTia Zvel qarTvel wmida mamaTa mtkicebani.
maTTgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc aRiniSna, Tanamedrove saero saistorio
skola miiCvevs, rom 500-600 wlis ganmavlobaSi, vidre IX_X ss.-mde dasavleT
saqarTvelo Sedioda konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi da iq arsebobdnen
lazikis eparqiis berZnuli saepiskoposoebi, xolo eklesiebSi wirva-locva
berZnul enaze aResruleboda, vidre is ar gaauqma mcxeTis eklesiam.
amJamad sayovelTaod aRiarebuli am Teoriis mixedviT, romelic araviTari
werilobiTi wyaro ar adasturebs, TiTqosda IX_X saukuneebSi qarTuli
eklesia SeiWra dasavleT saqarTvelos konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi,
gaauqma iq berZnuli kaTedrebi da berZnulenovnis nacvlad SemoiRo
qarTulenovani msaxureba da amiT ki moaxdina `qarTizacia-gaqarTveleba~
iqauri mosaxleobisa.
`samecniero literaturaSi e.w. `qarTizacia~ ganimarteba ase:
`qarTizacia~ - `qarTis tomebis SeRweva _ infiltracia _ araqarTul
an araqarTvelur tomebSi...sadac SeaRwevda qarTlis elementi,
vrceldeboda qarTuli ena da aRm. qarTuli kultura. aseTi viTareba
Seiqmna ara marto aRmosavleTiT hereTis (albaneTi) teritoriaze,
19

ar amed da sav leT saq arT velo Sic ~ (qse, t. X, gv. 459-160. statia
`qarTvelebi~),
oficialuri istoriografiis am gansazRvrebiT TiTqosda dasavleT
saqarTvelo dasaxlebuli iyo ` araqarTuli da araqarTveluri
tomebiT~ da `qarTizaciis Sedegad~
maTSi `SeaRwia qarTulma
e na m ~ d a ku ltur a m , a mi T Ti T q os d a d a sa v leT s aq a r Tv e loS i
bizantiuri eklesiis samwysos, mcxeTa daepatrona_ gaauqma iq arsebuli
ZvelTaganve konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myofi fasisis (foTis),
rodopolisis (varcixis), ziganas (`ziginevi gudayvas~), saisinisa (caiSis)
da petras (cixisZiris) saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.
mecnierulad dadgenil faqtad miaCniaT rom
mdebareobdnen rionis dablobSi.

lazikis centrebi

zemoaRniSnulis erTi TvalnaTeli magaliTia axlaxan (2001 wlis dasawyisSi) n.

lomouris mier gamoqveynebuli Sromebi, esenia `qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadeba~ da `saqarTvelos eklesia da misi avtokefalia~. avtori wers: `rodesac
moxda qristianobis damkvidreba saqarTvelosa da saerTod amierkavkasiaSi,
saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo ori politikuri erTeuliT: aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo, e.i. qarTlis anu iberiis samefo da dasavleT saqarTvelo,
e.i. egrisis anu lazikis samefo. am or saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi
politikuri, social-ekonomikuri da kulturuli viTareba sakmaod
gansxvavebuli iyo da, Sesabamisad, qristianobis gavrceleba da saboloo
damkvidreba sxvadasxva gziT da sxvadasxva situaciaSi xdeboda~(saqarTvelos
eklesiis kalendari, 2001, gv. 113).
aqedan Cans,rom n.lomours wm. nino dasavleT saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad ar
miaCnia, radgan, misi sityviT, `dasavleT saqarTveloSi sxva gziT Sevida qristianoba~.
es daskvna ewinaaRmdegeba qarTul saeklesio istriografiaSi miRebul saeklesio
krebaTa, kerZod ki ruis-urbnisis krebis mier dadgenil debulebas aRniSnul
sakiTxze da agreTve, saerTod qarTvel wmida mamaTa, istoriografTa da mematianeTa
mier tradiciulad gansazRvrul Tvalsazriss.
ruis-urbnisis krebis RvTivganbrZnobil da wmida mamaTa TqmiT, saqarTvelo
erTiani, mTliani qveyana iyo, rogorc andria pirvelwodebuli mociqulis, ise
wmida ninos qadagebaTa dros, amitomac, rogorc wm. andria, ise wm. nino arian
sruliad saqarTvelos da mTeli qarTveli eris ganmanaTlebelni, ai, aqve moviyvanT
Sesabamis amonarids ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweridan jer Zvel qarTul, Semdeg ki
axal qarTul enaze, raTa mkiTxveli TviTon darwmundes:
`pirvelwodebuli andria, Zma Tavisa mociqulTasa petresi, vidre
Cuendamdeca moiwia da qadaga sacxorebeli qadageba saxarebisa yovelsa
queyanasa saqarTvelosasa da uricxuni simravleni erTani ganaSora
sacTurisagan....~ (didi sjuliskanoni, 1975, gv. 545);
aqedan naTlad Cans, rom ruis-urbnisis krebis dadgenilebis Sesabamisad andria
pirvelwodebulma iqadaga ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed `yovelsa
qveyanasa saqarTveloAsasa~, e.i. sruliad saqarTveloSi, msgavsadve wmida ninom
20

ruis-urbnisis krebis Tanaxmad `sarwmunoebasa mimarT Tvisisa miizida yoveli

savsebaA yovlisa qarTvelTa naTesavisa.( iqve, gv. 546). e.i. am krebas miaCnia,
rom wmida ninom mTeli qarTveli eri (`yoveli savseba yovlisa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~)
gaaqristiana. SeiZleba vinmem Tqvas, am `yovelTa qarTvelTaSi~ dasavleT saqarTvelo
ar igulisxmeba, da am krebis mamebi swored ver sazRvravdnen qarTvelTa vinaobaso,
rasac ver daveTanxmebiT, radganac am krebis Zeglisweris erT-erTi mTavari
xelismomweria giorgi Wyondideli episkoposi da kreba, cxadia, `yovelTa
qarTvelTaSi~ samegrelos da sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleobas gulisxmobda,
sadac iqadaga kidec berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviTac wmida ninom, romelsac qvemoT
SevexebiT. igive ruis-urbnisis kreba mefe mirianTan dakavSirebiT wers: `naTel
iRo man da yovelman erman qarTlisaman~ (iqve, gv. 546). `qarTlis cxovrebis~,
kerZod ki, Cveni udidesi saeklesio istorikosis leonti mroveli episkoposis
Tanaxmad, mefe mirianis samefoSi aRmosavleTTan erTad dasavleT saqarTveloc
`egrisic~ Sedioda: `mefobda esreT mirian mcxeTiT gaRmarT qarTls, somxiTs, rans,
hereTs, movakans da egrs~ (q.c.,1955, I, gv. 65).
ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglisweris axali qarTuli Sesabamisi teqsti aseTia:
`mociqulTagan erTi - pirvelwodebuli andria, mociqulTa Tavis, petres Zma Cvenamde
movida, saxarebis sacxonebeli qadageba mTel saqarTveloSi iqadaga~(saqarTvelos
eklesiis kalendari, 1987, gv. 464); am krebis gansazRvrebiT, wmida ninom `Tavisi
sarwmunoebis mimarT miizida qarTvelTa sruli modgma~ (saqarTvelos eklesiis
kalendari, 1987, gv. 464); wmida mefe mirianis dros `naTeli iRo man da mTelma
qarTvelma erma~ (saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, 1987, gv. 464);
ai, esaa saeklesio istoriografiis mtkiceba, rom rogorc andria pirvelwodebulis,
ise wmida ninos dros naTeliRo mTelma erma. es Tvalsazrisi savsebiT gansxvavdeba
baton nodar lomouris Tvalsazrisisagan, rom TiTqosda aRniSnul epoqaSi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianoba sul sxva gziTa da sxva viTarebaSi dainerga.
sxvaTa Soris, batoni nodar lomouris Teoria, romelic mecnierebaSi axal sityvad
miiCneva, ara Tu Zalze hgavs, aramed imeorebs kidec XV saukuneSi antioqiis
patriarq mixeilis Teorias.
didi ivane javaxiSvilis sityviT, saqarTveloSi Camosulma antioqiis patriarqma
mixeilma `SeTxza Teoria saqarTvelos eklesiis mTlianobis dasarRvevad, qarTveli
eris saukeTeso SvilTa saukunovani brZoliT miRweuli monapovris, saqarTvelos
eklesiis Tavisuflebis mosaspobad, misi erTianobis dasarRvevad~(iv.javaxiSvili,
Txzulebani, t. III, 1982, gv. 340), raTa advilad daemorCilebina. es Teoria SemdegSi
mdgomareobs _ TiTqosda andria mociquli ganmanaTlebelia ara sruliad
saqarTvelosi, aramed mxolod misi dasavleT nawilisa, aseve wmida nino
ganmanaTlebelia ara sruliad saqarTvelos, aramed mxolod misi aRmosavleT
nawilisa. ivane javaxiSvili wers: `giorgi mTawmideli da gansakuTrebiT efrem
mcire, ruis-urbnisis 1103 wlis saeklesio krebis yvela sulisCamdgmeli da nikoloz
kaTalikosi amtkiceben, rom andria mociqulma iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa
saqarTveloisasa~, xolo Semdgom qristianoba kvlav aRadgina wmida ninom, romlis
saswaulmoqmedebam da qadagebam `miizida yoveli savseba yovlisa qarTvelTa
21

naTesavisa~, nikoloz kaTalikosic wmida ninos saerTo mociqulad da ganmanaTleblad

sTvlida, `Cven qarTvelTaisa~ (saswaulni sveticxovlisa, qronikebi, gv. 40-69); erTi
sityviT, andria mociqulica da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiis damaarseblad
da mTeli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebis
calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT, radgan isini mTliani da
ganuyofeli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis iRvwodnen. antioqielierusalimeli patriarqi mixeili, swored am qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa mier
Seqmnilsa da mTeli qarTveli erisagan Sesisxlxorcebul Semecnebas spobda~(iv.
javaxiSvili, t. III, gv. 340).
samwuxaroa, rom Zvel qarTvel `saxelovan mecnierTa~ (iv. javaxiSvilis sityvebia)
mier Cvendami boZebul Semecnebas spobs zogierTi axali qarTveli mecnieri. maTgan
gansxvavebiT, jer kidev saukunis dasawyisSi gaarkvia ivane javaxiSvilma, rom
`qronologiuradac qristianobis gavrcelebis dasawyisi aRmosavleTsa
da dasavleT saqarTveloSi rogorc etyoba, erTsa da imave xanad unda
vigulisxmoT, am mxriv gansakuTrebiT yuradRebis Rirsia gelasi kvizikelis
moTxroba. mas iberTa moqcevis ambavSi naTqvami aqvs: `amave dros pontos
gaswvriv mdebare qveynis mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma RmrTis sityva,
romelic manamde ar swamdaT Seiwynares~. gamodis, rom aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleT saqarTvelos qristianoba erTsa da imave dros miuRia... gelasi
kvizikelis danarTi cnoba, rom iberebma da lazebma erTsa da imave dros
miiRes qristianoba, arsebiTad swori gamodis im mxriv, rom dasavleT
saqarTveloSic IV s-is damdegidan qristianobas gza gakvleuli unda
hqonoda~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t.1, 1979, gv. 269-271); iberTa moqcevis Sesaxeb IV s-Si
werdnen sokrate, sozomeni, Teodorite kvirikeli, nikifore kallisto da sxvani.
marTalia, isini ar axseneben lazebis gaqristianebas, magram amis mizezi iyo is, rom
lazebs iberieli xalxis erT-erT tomad miiCnevdnen, gelasi kvizikels ki es ambavi
ufro daukonkretebia
Cveni kvleva uaryofs e.w. `meore Teoriis~ mimdevarTa mtkicebebs
da sazRvravs lazikis eparqiebis realur adgilmdebareobas, mraval
faqtsa da wyaroze dayrdnobiT.
meore Teoriis mimdevari zogierTi avtoris azriT, dasavleT
saqarTveloSi IX_X ss.-mde ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo kolxuri anu
megrul-Wanuri eTnosi da Semdgom daiwyo misi `qarTizacia~ da es
process TiTqosda warmarTavda qarTul eklesia, romelic, TiTqosda,
iWreboda sxva ucxo eklesiis, am SemTxvevaSi, dasavleT saqarTvelos
k o n s ta n ti n o p o li s i u r i s d i q c i i s s a zR v r e b S i d a m i s m r e v ls
isakuTvrebda.
cxadia, esaa dadanaSauleba prozelitizmSi.
prozelitizmi ki dagmobilia mociqulTa droidanve da sxvisi samwysos
misakuTreba eklesiisaTvis saTakilo qmedebad iTvleboda jer kidev I
msoflio krebidan. saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis am saTakilo epiTetiT,
Tanamedrove avtorebs, Cans, eris winaSe Cveni eklesiis mniSvnelobis
22

`warmoCena~ surT, magaliTad, 2005 wels, saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, romelic

saqarTveloSi qristianobis oc saukunes eZRvneboda, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis istoriis institutis saxeliT wardgenili
iqna moxseneba - `qarTuli eklesia da saxelmwifo teritoria Sua
saukuneebSi~ , sadac naTqvamia:
~qarTuli eklesiis kulturul-ideologiuri prozelitizmi
winaswar qmnida mkvidr niadags politikuri procesebis warmatebiT
ganviTarebisaTvis~(d. musxeliSvili. qarTuli eklesia da saxelmwifo
teritoria Sua saukuneebSi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos qristianuli kvlevis
saerTaSoriso centri, II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, 24-26 noemberi, 2005).
SeuZlebelia, saqarTvelos wmida eklesia prozelituri yofiliyo
imitom, rom `prozelituri~ iseT eklesias ewodeba, romelic iWreba sxva
eklesiis samrevloSi misi misakuTrebis mizniT. aseTi qmedeba ki msoflio
saeklesio kanonebiT miuRebeli iyo da aris. magaliTad, mociqulTa 35-e
kanoni brZanebs: `episkoposma ar unda gabedos xeldasxma Tavisi samrevlos
gareT, qalaqebsa da soflebSi, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian mis eklesias.
xolo Tu igi mxilebuli iqneba, unda ganikveTos isic da mis mier
xeldasxmulebic~ (`didi sjulis kanoni~, 1974, mociqulTa kanonebi).
mo ci qu lT a am k a no ns k id ev u fr o a mtki ce bs 3 81 w els
konstantinopolSi mowveuli II msoflio krebis me-2 kanoni: `eklesiaTa
keTilad gangebisa da mSvidobisaTvis arc erT episkoposs ara aqvs ufleba,
gascdes Tavisi eklesiis sazRvrebs da SeiWras sxva eklesiis sazRvrebSi,
raTa ar moaxdinos eklesiebis aRreva. kanonis Tanaxmad, aleqsandriis
episkoposi unda ganagebdes mxolod egvi ptis eklesiebs... pontoeli
episkoposni unda marTavdnen mxolod pontos eklesiebs, xolo Trakiis
episkoposni - mxolod Trakiis eklesiebs. episkoposi ar unda gavides
Tavisi samTavros eklesiis farglebidan xeldasxmisaTvis~ (`didi sjulis
kanoni~ 1974, mociqulTa kanonebi).
III msoflio krebis mamebma kidev ufro dabejiTebiT damoZRvres
eklesiaTa meTaurebi, ar daemorCilebinaT sxvisi samwyso - `nurc erTi
episkoposi nu miitacebs sxva eparqias, romelic Tavidanve da ZvelTaganve
ar emorCileboda mas da ar iyo mis winamorbed saydrismpyrobelTa
gamgeblobis qveS, xolo Tu vinme miitacebs sxvis eparqias iZulebiT,
ganTavisuflebuli unda iyos igi, raTa ar dairRves mamaTa kanonebi~ (III
msoflio krebis me-8 kanoni). imaves wers da aRniSnavs sxva saeklesio
kanonebic. Tu qarTuli eklesia prozelituri iyo da mas ZvelTaganve ar
emorCileboda dasavleT saqarTvelos, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erTi
nawilis, samxreT saqarTvelos samwysoebi, qarTulma eklesiam ki miiTvisa
isini, amiT daurRvevia msoflio saeklesio kanonebi, kerZod, mociqulTa 35e, II msoflio krebis me-2, III msoflio krebis me-8, karTagenis 74-e da sxva
kanonebi, da gana kanondamrRvevi eklesia SeiZleba yofiliyo marTali da
marTlmadidebluri, romliTac amayobdnen saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida
23

mamebi? amis Taobaze SesaniSnavad miuTiTebda prokofi kesarieli, `rom

qarTvelebi marTlmadideblobis wesebs yvelaze ukeT icavdnen~. somexi
ierarqebi werdnen, rom qarTvelebi amayoben TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi
siwmidiT da TavianTi saeklesio upiratesobiT.
saq arTv elos eklesia ki Turm e, ` qarT uli sabW oTa
enciklopediis~ Tanaxmad, arRvevda umTavres saeklesio kanonebs
da sx vis iu risd iqc iaS i i Wre bod a: - ` das avle T s aqa rTv elo Si
gabatonda qarTuli eklesia da mRvdelmsaxurebac qarTul enaze
sruldeboda, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli dasavleT saqarTveloSi
`qarTizaciis~ process~ ( qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. `saq.
ssr~, 1981 w. gv. 61).
qarTuli eklesiis `gabatonebamde~ dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Cveni
istorikosebis mtkicebiT, Turme arsebobda egrisisa da afxazeTis eklesiebi,
romlebic imyofebodnen konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi, isini Semdgom
gaerTianebulan konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSive, magram IX s-Si mcxeTis
sakaTalikosos TiTqosda
`gabatonebis~ Sedegad konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos daukargavs mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli es
mniSvnelovani samitropolitoebi da saepiskoposoebi. sabWoTa istorikosi
wers: `es saeklesio gamoyofa, rogorc vTqviT, erTbaSad ar momxdara. jer
xorc ieldeb a egri s-afxazeTis e klesie bis gae rTiane ba, ro gorc
konstantinopolis samwysoSi Semavali eparqiisa, romelsac saTaveSi afxazTa
kaTalikosi edga (VIII s-is bolo an IX s-is dasawyisi); Semdgom IX s-is
manZilze (safiqrebelia, ufro mis pirvel naxevarSive) dasavleT
saqarTvelos eklesia gamoeyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqos da mcxeTis
taxts uerTdeba, xolo afxazTa kaTalikosi sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTalikoss eqvemdebareba. konstantinopolidan gamoyofis Semdeg iwyeba
b e r Z n u li k a T e d r e b i s m o S la d a m a T s a p i r i s p i r o d q a r T u li
s ae pi s ko po s o ce n tr eb i s da a rs eb a~ . e s s ae kle si o r ef or m a, n .
berZeniSvilis varaudiT, sabolood X s-Si sruldeba (saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973).
TiTqosda
~prozelituri qarTuli eklesiis konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi reaqciuli SeWris~ Sesaxeb Cveni oficialuri
istoriografia wers:
`qarTve lebi aqedan sd evnian berZnu l enas, berZnu l viwro
erovnul kulturas, SemoaqvT da avrceleben sakuTar, qarTul enas,
qarTul RvTismsaxurebas da qarTul saeklesio-samonastro wesebs.
qarTul kulturas Tan mohqonda qarTuli politikuri Segneba da
id eali , as e ro m m cxeT a je r en obr ivad (eT nik ur e leme nteb ze
dayrdnobiT) SeiWra lixT-imereTSi, xolo Semdeg, rogorc Cans, es
saintereso formula wamoayena Tavisi organizaciuli gabatonebis
dasafuZneblad - `qarTlia~ iq, sadac mRvdelmsaxureba qarTul enazea
(mxolod `kvirieleisoni~ SeiZleba berZnulad). mironis kurTxeva `qarTls~
24

ganeweseba. maSasadame, qarTls nakurTxi mironi savaldebuloa yvela im

eklesiisaTvis, sadac mRvdelmsaxureba qarTul enazea. cxadia, mcxeTis
sak aTalikos os m xriv es aris kan onik uri safu Zvle bis dacv iT
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZola
lixT-imereTis eklesiaze organizaciulad gabatonebis mizniT~( T.
papuaSvili - adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli literatura da saistorio
mwerloba, wignSi: `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973).
sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebis Caketilobis gamo berZnul samyaroSi
da, maT Soris, konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSic XX saukunis
bolosac ar icnobdnen iqamde sruliad axal sabWoTa ~saistorio
Teo rias ~ qa rTuli ek lesi is p roze liti zmis a da ~mi si
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZolis
Se sa xe b~ ( sa bW oTa i stor ik os ebi s si ty ve bi a) . c no bi li b er Ze ni
kanonistis - mitropolit maqsimes 1966 wels gamocemuli wigni
~saqarTvelos eklesia da misi avtokefalia~,ar Seicavs cnobebs
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT. SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, ra problemebi
Seeqmneba saqarTvelos eklesias samomavlod, Tu konstantinopolis
sapatriarqo an ucxoeTis romelime eklesia oficialurad aRiarebs
a Rn iS nu l Te or ia s, q ar Tu li e kles ii s Se Wr is S es ax eb i qa md e
konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myof dasavleT saqarTveloSi, es
Teoria xom ar SeuqmniT maT myar samarTlebriv safuZvels, raTa
scnon da aRiaron separatistuli eklesiebi afxazeTsa da dasavleT
saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi. meore mxriv, es Teoria iZleva karg
saSualebas da masze dayrdnobiT ukve aqezeben am kuTxeTa separatist
moazrovneebs, raTa dedaeklesiad aRiaron ara saqarTvelos wmida
e k le s i a , a r a m e d k o n s ta n ti n o p o li s s a p a tr i a r q o . a R n i S n u li
~saeklesio Teoria~ yvelaze ufro metad gaitana da gaavrcela
rusulma ~pravoslavnaia enciklopediam~.
arasodes, arc erT saukuneSi, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos ar
gamouTqvams araviTari Tvalsazrisi an SeniSvnac ki dasavleT saqarTvelos
mis eparqiebSi qarTuli eklesiis SeWris Sesaxeb. es rom ase yofiliyo,
qarTul-berZnuli aTaswlovani saeklesio urTierTobebis dros amis Sesaxeb
erTxel mainc gamoiTqmeboda Tundac mcire SeniSvna. saqme is aris, rom
konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myofi fazisis samitropolito da misi
oTxi saepiskoposo, romlebic TiTqosda qarTuli eklesiis mier iyvnen
gauqmebulni, sinamdvileSi mdebareobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed
qarTveli eris uZveles qveyanaSi, romelsac trapizonis olqi ewoda. iqamde
ki mas erqva ~qaldea~, ~sofeli megrelTa~. iq trapezonis olqSi mdebare
Woroxis anu fasisis marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobdnen fasisis
samitropolito da misi saepiskoposoebi - rodopolisisa, saisinisa, petronisa
da ziganasi, rogorc es kargad aris garkveuli n. adoncis mier. es
samitropolito konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda, xolo mis
25

CrdiloeTiT moqceuli miwa-wyali Woroxidan vidre mdinare egriswylamde

(vaxtang gorgaslis Semdgom mdinare klisuramde) - wmida ninos droidanve
qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda ase rom, Cveni Zveli
s a e k le s i o m a ti a n e e b i s c n o b e b i T , d a s a v le T s a q a r T v e lo S i ,
ZvelTaganve saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda. sxva
saeklesio wyaroebTan erTad amis Sesaxeb xazgasmiT miuTiTebda
~ ru i s -u r bn i s is ~ s a k an o nm d e blo k r e bi s Z e g li s we r a - ~a n d ri a
pir velw odeb ulma
saxareba iq adaga
yo vels a
qv eyan asa
saqarTveloisasa~, xolo wmida ninom qristianul sarwmunoebaze
moaqcia ~yoveli savseba yovlisa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~.
ruis-urbnisis saka nonmdeblo krebis monawile wmida mamebis
TvalsazrisiT, dasavleT saqarTvelo mudam istoriuli saqarTvelo iyo,
romlis mosaxleoba, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad, moaqcia wmida
ninom. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTveloSi saeklesio iurisdiqcia imTaviTve
mcxeTis xelSi iyo da ara konstantinopolisa. dasavleT saqarTvelo
eklesiurad odesme konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi rom yofiliyo, amis
Sesaxeb uTuod SemorCeboda pirdapiri an iribi cnobebi TviT berZnul
wyaroebSive, an raime sayvedurnarevi miniSneba mainc iqneboda berZeni
ierarqebisa, aseTi ki ar arsebobs. magaliTad, konstantinopolis patriarqi
nikoloz mistikosi Zalze Tbil da megobrul werilebs werda afxazTa
mefes giorgi II-s X saukunis Sua wlebSi, roca sabWoTa istorikosebis
azriT, mis samefoSi ~brZola iyo gaCaRebuli konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
winaaRmdeg~, ase rom yofiliyo, konstantinopolis patriarqi nikoloz
mistikosi rogorme moaxerxebda protestis gacxadebas afxazTa mefis giorgi meorisadmi (922-957 w.w.), [patriarq mistikosis werilebi giorgi
II-sadmi; georgika, IV, nakveTi II]; erTi sityviT, wyaroebi ar adastureben
sabWour Tvalsazriss.
aRmosavleTSi, zogi qarTveli istorikosis TvalsazrisiT, TviT wmida
ninos saqmianoba TiTqosda mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom hereTSi mcxovrebi
araqarTuli mosaxleoba (albanelebi) gaeqarTvelebina. Cveni azriT, aseTi
warmodgena wmida ninosi Zalze ucnauria. es qarTveli mecnieri wers:
bodbe, sujeTisa da kambeCovanis sazRvarze, mefe mirianis dros
a x la d S e m o e r T e b u li q v e y a n a i y o , a q ~ a lb a n e le b i c ( h e r e b i )
cxovrobdnen ... maTi saboloo asimilacia drois ambavi iyo~. ~Cans,
mirian mefis da wmida ninos intensiuri kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
s a q m i a n o b a m i m a r T u l i i y o h e r e T S i q a r T u li q r i s t i a n o b i s
gavrcelebisaken... romelic winaaRmdegobas awydeboda ara mxolod
albanelTagan, aramed somxebisganac~( d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelo
IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv.38).
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, wmida nino ~aqarTvelebda~ ara
m ar to he r- a lb an e le bs , a ra m ed , s om x eb sa c ; Cv e ni m e cn ie r is a m
mo sazr ebis sap iri spir od, movs es xore nacs mT eli mosa xleo ba
26

~klarjeTidan masquTebamde~ (anu kaspiis zRvispireTSi mcxovreb

tom masquTebamde) - eTnikur qarTvelebad miaCnia (sadac iqadaga
wmida ninom) da ara somxebad, anda albanelebad (herebad), rogorc
warmoadgina sabWoTa istoriografiam. somxuri saistorio mwerlobis
mama, somexTa herodoted wodebuli, movses xorenaci wers: ~sanatreli
nune wavida iqedan (e.i. mcxeTidan), raTa Tavisi advilgasagebi saubriT
qarTvelTa qveynis sxva kuTxeebic daemoZRvra. gavbedav da vityvi,
rom nune mociquli qali gaxda. man iqadaga saxareba klarjeTidan
dawyebuli vidre alanTa da kaspiis karamde, masquTTa sazRvrebamde,
rogorc amas agaTangelozi gvauwyebs~ (movses xorenaci. ~somxeTis
istoria~; 1984; gv. 172).
wmida ninos somxebi, anda Tundac albanelebi (Cveni mecnieris azriT
- igive herebi) rom gaeqarTvelebina, rogorme xorenaci miuTiTebda amis
Sesaxeb, magram is sul sxva raimes gvauwyebs, kerZod, sazRvravs qarTvelebis
eTnikur gansaxlebas - esaa klarjeTi, vidre alanTa da kaspiis karamde
(e.i. darialamde) da vidre masquTTa sazRvramde - am sazRvrebSi qarTvelebi
saxloben, maT uqadaga wmida ninom; ase rom, darialis karamde mcxovrebi
dvalebi gaqarTvelebuli vainaxebi ki ar iyvnen, rogorc warmoudgenia
sabWouri epoqis istoriografias, aramed - qarTvelebi, aseve masquTebis
qveynamde, anu aRniSnul mtkvar-araqsis SesarTavamde mcxovrebi herebi m.
xorenacs eTnikur qarTvelebad miaCnia da ara albanelebad. misgan
gansxvavebiT, qarTveli mecnieri fiqrobs, rom wmida ninos ~prozelitizmis
simbolo~ aRumarTavs axladSemoerTebul albanur qalaq bodisSi (e.i.
sadRac ujarma - bodbeSi) da wers - ~mgonia ase unda gavigoT wmida ninos
gadawyvetileba, rom jvari - qristianuli prozelitizmis simbolo droebiT ~aRimarTos igi ujarmas qalaqsa da daba bodisi ara win aRudges
qalaqsa mas mefeTasa, rameTu erisa simravle ars mun~ (d. musxeliSvili.
saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv. 38).
ase iqca Cveni mecnieris sityviT, ~ori faqtobrivad eTnikurad
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli qveyana erT kulturul erTeulad~.
aqedan Cans, rom sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebis azriT, wmida nino qarTlis
garda, albaneTSic moRvaweobda da man albaneTis qveynis erTi nawili
qarTul eklesias SemouerTa. bodbis miCneva ara qarTlis, aramed albaneTis
qalaqad, qarTul wyaroebs ewinaaRmdegeba; wmida nino qarTvelTa
ganmanaTlebelia da ara albanelebisa. jvari ar aris prozelitizmis
simbolo,rogorc istorikosi wers. saqarTvelos eklesias jvari
prozelituri mizniT arasodes gamouyenebia, miT umetes, araqarTuli tomebis
~asimilacia - gaqarTvelebis~ mizniT; aseTi mosazreba usafuZvloa, igi ar
eyrdnoba wyaroebs.
gamokvlevis sagans warmoadgens faqtebze (maT Soris arqeologiur,
numizmatikur da sxva, maT Soris geologiurze), aseve Zvel wyaroebze
27

dayrdnili kvleva imisa, rom sinamdvileSi gaqristianebisTanave, dasavleT

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba imyofeboda qarTuli eklesiis iuridisqciaSi,
kerZod ki mtkiceba imisa, rom nm.ninos epoqaSi qarTlis eklesiis iurisdiqcia
moicavda qarTlis samefos teritorias, romelic wyaroebis mixedviT
ganvrcobili iyo md.egriswylidan vidre hereTamde anu ior-alaznis
SesarTavamde.
gamokvlevis sagans, aseve warmoadgens qarTlisa da albaneTis
sakaTalikosoTa Soris sasazRvro xazis dadgena.
kerZod, iurisdiqciis sazRvris im monakveTis dadgena, romelic kaxeTsa
da hereTs Soris gadioda ior-alaznis SesarTavTan.
XX s.-Si Camoyalibda amJamad gavrcelebuli umarTebulo Tvalsazrisi,
TiTqosda bodbe, sagarejo, saingilo da Siraqi istoriulad albaneTSi
Sedioda.
Sesabamisad albaneTis sakaTalikosos rukebzec (IV-VI ss.) bodbe da
misi momdebare miwebi (ior-alaznis SesarTavamde) albaneTis sakaTalikosos
teritoriadaa warmodgenili.
`pravaslavnaia enciklopedias~ rukaze `albaneTis sakaTalikoso~
da Sesabamis statiebSi qarTlis samefos teritoriis vrceli nawili
Telavidan ior-alaznis SesarTavamde AalbaneTis (e.i. Aazerbaijanis)
i sto ri ul te r itor i ad a a wa r mo d ge n ili ( ra d ga na c , a lb an e Ti s
kulturul da teritoriul memkvidred azerbaijani miiCneva).
dasavleT saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnuli TavianTi
mosazrebebis wyarod XX s. qarTul istorikosebi miiCneven prokofi
kesarielsa da agaTia sqolastikosis (aseve sxva ucxoeli avtorebis)
cnobebs lazikasTan dakavSirebiT, amitom Cvens kvlevaSi mocemulia am
avtorebis naSromebis gamowvliviTi analizi da maTze dayrdnobiT
mtkicebulebaTa warmodgena, rom isini (prokofi, agaTia da sxvebi)
lazikas uwodebdnen ara rionis dablobs, aramed ZiriTadad Woroxis
xeobas.
Cven gamvikvlieT, rom Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi marTldebian,
dasturdebian da isini mTlianad Seesabamebian berZen-laTin mweralTa
cnobebs, Tu ki berZen-laTin mweralTa cnobebs sworad gavaanalizebT.
prokofi kesarieli Tavis arc erT TxzulebaSi ar axsenebs lazikis
romelime kaTedras, Tumca ki miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom trapezuntsa da
petras Sua mcxovrebi `erTi xalxi~ lazi episkoposisagan iRebdnen
samRvdelobas. Cveni rkveviT am lazi episkoposebis qveS igulisxmeba ziganas
(trapezuntidan 70-iT daSorebuli punqti istoriul qaldeaSi),
rodopolisis (aqve, zigana Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare regionSi), imave
regionis saisinisa da petras episkoposebi.
trapezuntis samx reTi mTiane Tis olqi mi iCneoda is toriul
lazikis qveynad (Tumca ki prokofis dros is oficialurad lazikad ar
iwodeboda, radganac ukve pontos nawilad miiCneoda). imJ amad, iq
28

m de b ar e o bd a e p ar q ia lazi ka S i, aR n iS n u li ka T ed r eb i T , x olo
prokofis mier aRwerili lazebis samefo uSualod mas esazRvreboda,
mis odnav CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda, Woroxis SesarTavis momcvel
qveyanaSi. agaTiac amave lazikas aRwers.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi, mas Semdeg rac kaTolike da sxva misionerebi
saqarTveloTi dainteresdnen, maT, Cemi mosazrebiT, SecdomiT, evropaSi
pirvelad gaavrceles Tvalsazrisi, rom istoriaSi Cakarguli kolxeTi
mdebareobda rionis regionSi. rom md. fazisi rioni iyo. es mosazreba
XIX-XX ss.-Si damkvidrda CvenSi, XX s.-Si ki ganmtkicda Tvalsazrisi, rom
r i o n i s d a b lo b S i m d e b a r e la zi k a S i 5 0 0 - 6 0 0 w li s m a n Z i lze
konstantinopolis sapatriarqo avrcelebda Tavis iurisdiqcias.
Sesabamisad qarTul wyaroebs gamoecxada sruli undobloba, radganac
maTi cnobebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo mudam qarTlis samefosa da qarTuli
eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda.
es Tvalsazrisi gansakuTrebiT ganmtkicda s. yauxCiSvilis georgikebis
tomeulebis gamocemis Semdeg, sadac is gamowvlilviT werda, rom lazika
iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, rom rioni (yvirila-ZirulasTan erTad) iyo md.
fazisi. es mosazreba amJamad uryevadaa danergili. amitomac migvaCnia, rom
gansakuTrebiT Znelia am Tvalsazrisis uaryofa da axlis Sesaxeb werac ki.

daskvna

I.

lazikis eparqia.

Cven qvemoT gamovikvlieT, rom fasidi (fazisi), fadisa, fatsa erqva

trapezuntis dasavleTiT mdebare qalaq polemonions, romelmac Tavisi
saxeli misca mTel provincias-`polemonis pontos~. Tavdapirvelad, am
provincias eklesiurad erqva `lazika~ da qalaqi polemonioni anu
fasidi(fasisi)

iyo misi dedaqalaqi, amitomac aq hqonda kaTedra lazikis

eparqiis mmarTvel fasidis(fazisis) episkoposs. mas oTxi kaTedra

eqvemdebareboda-ziganasi (trapezuntidan 70-mde km.-Si mdebare qalaqisa
qaldeaSi), saisinisa (aseve trapezuntTan axlos 140 km-Si mdebare qalaqisa
mis samxreTiT), petrasi (trapezuntis dasavleTiT-tripolisTan mdebare
qalaqisa) da rodopolisisa (rizes samxreTiT 12-iode km-Si mdebare
qalaqisa). isini qmnidnen lazikis eparqias, romelic wyaroebSi VII s.-dn
Cans. am lazikis eparqiasa da dasavleT saqarTvelos Soris VII-X saukuneebSi
mdebareobda rizes eparqia konstanstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semavali,
xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo mcxeTis anu qarTlis eklesiaSi Sedioda
qrisianobis gavrcelebidanve.
29

IV s-Si trapezunti da kerasunti, aseve neokesaria komania,

polemonia miekuTvneboda polemoniakis pontos, magram mas saeklesiogeografiuli terminologiiT lazika erqva,
V s. trapezuntSi idga pontos pirveli legioni, rac am qalaqs aniWebda
gansakuTrebul rols, rogorc Tavdacvisas, ise imperiis aRmosavleTis
sazRvrebis dacvisas. imperiis am sazRvrebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda
polemoniakis
pontos provincias;
VI s.-Si iustinianes XXVIII (28-e) novelaSi polemoniakis pontos
qalaqebidan dasaxelebulia neokesaria, komana, trapezunti, kerasunti,
polemonia da aseve cixe-simagreebi (da ara qalaqebi) - pitiunti
da sebastopoli ,,am sasazRvro simagreebis iqiT iyo lazika~ (
). (karpovi,gv. 59)
VII s. Sua wlebSi daarsda ,,armeniakis~ Temi
anu Tema (mas
armeniakonis Temsac uwodeben).
es Tema Tavis mxriv sam ,,tumad~
(samxedro-administraciul erTeulad) iyofoda.
xaldia armeniakis
Temis erTerT tumaSi Sedioda. dasavleTiT armeniakis Temas md.
g alis i sa zR vr av da ( n. a do nc iT a Rm os av le Ti T mi si s azRv ar i
fasisamde (e. i. Woroxamde) aRwevda. 824-863 wlebSi armeniakis Tema
daiSala da xaldia calke Temad gamoiyo (karpovi, gv. 64). armeniakis
Tem as sazRvreb i TiTq mis e mTxveo da yo fil po lemon is pon tos
sazRvrebs, mas eklesiurad lazikis eparqia erqva da moicavda
teritorias fatsa polemonionidan rizemde.
qaldias dedaqalaqi iyo trapezunti.
qalaqi polemonioni anu fasidi (fasisi) marTalia Tavdapirvelad iyo
polemoniakis pontos anu eklesiuri lazikis dedaqalaqi, magram VII-VIII
saukuneebSi TandaTanobiT trapezunti gadaiqca dedaqalaqad, amitomac
Semdgom aq hqonda kaTedra lazikis eparqiis mmarTvel fasidis(fazisis)
episkoposs. amitomac nikeis VII msoflio krebis (787) aqtebs mitropoliti
qristefore, xels awerda sxvadasxva sami dazustebiT- `episkoposi
fasidisa~(nusxa ABE) `episkoposi fasidisa e.i. trapezuntisa~(D), `episkoposi
trapezuntisa~(F); e.i radgan. is iyo rogorc trapezuntis aseve missave
daqvemdebarebaSi darCenili fasida-polemonionis mitropoliti. maSasadame
Tavisi xelmoweriT trapezuntelma qristeforem Tavisi pretenzia
ganacxada polemonion-fadissa-fadis-fazisis mimarT.
adastureben Tu ara wyaroebi am mosazrebas? diax:p.ingoroyvas kvleviT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoTa
nusxebSi e.w. noticiebSi
`po lemo nis

pontos

tr ap ezu ntis ka Ted ras a sev e ewo de ba

kaTedra~

(p.i ngor oyva,gio rgi

merCule,gv,237,SeniSvna1), kerZod #3 da #4 noticiaSi (806-815 wlebi)

da aseve #5 noticiaSi (820-829 wlebi) trapezuntis kaTedra polemonis
30

pontos kaTedrad iwodeba(iqve,gv,237). qalaq polemonis Zveli saxeli

iyo fasidi, amitomac trapezunti da fasidi erT eparqiaSi Sedioda.
rogorc iTqva pontos qalaq polemons(polemonions) aseve erqva fadisafasidi. es saxeli fadisa-CvenTvis Zalze sainteresoa. saqme isaa,rom
rogorc aRiniSna, 787 wels mitropolitobis pativis mosurne trapezuntelma
episkoposma qristeforem msoflio krebis aqtebs xeli moawera aseve
rogorc fasidis episkoposma (`episkoposi trapezuntisa da fasidisa~).
rogorc iTqva, im epoqaSi pontos mTavari qalaqi polemoni ukve Tmobda
Tavis poziciebs da dedaqalaqis metropolisis saxeli ufro trapezunts
Seefereboda, imJamad didi politikuri Zvrebi SeimCneoda, raTa
Camolibebuliyo axali administraciuli erTeuli (`xaldeas Temi~) centriT
q. trapezuntSi (iqamde VII s -dan q. trapezunti armeniakonis TemSi Sedioda),
mas SemdgomSi marTlac gamoeyo sakmaod vrceli axali administraciuli
erTeuli `xaldea~(qaldea), romlis sazRvari aRwevda md. Woroxamde, anu
fazisamde (da ara foTamde!). armeniakonis Temis sazRvaric aseve aRwevda
md. fazisamde, e.i. Woroxamde da ara foTamde.
xaldeas Temis dedaqalaqi trapezunti iyo. mas aseve ufro martivadac
uwodebdnen `lazikas~, lazikis Tems.
amis gamo polemonion-fadisa/fasidi SedarebiT daemcro, magram
qristeforem mainc ganacxada pretenzia am Tavis Zvel qalaqze. Tavisi
xelmoweriT qristeforem daafiqsira, rom is iyo ara mxolod trapezuntis,
aramed polemonis episkoposi, romelic trapezuntidan arc Tu daSorebiT100 kilometrSi mdebareobda.
Zvel polemons amJamad fadisa rom hqvia es naTqvamia 2001 wels
vaSingtonSi dabeWdil wignSic Byzantine Seals
30.Polemonion
Polemoniona twin tovn witch Fadisane/Fatsa, gave its name the rivier
Boleman(Catalogue of Bizantine Seals at Dumbarton oaks and in the Fogg Museum of art,
volume 4, the East, 2001, 83).
fadisa/fatsasTan gamaval mdinares amJamadac bolemoni/polemoni hqvia.
@
rogorc iTqva, 824-863 wlebSi armeniakis Temis

daSlam da xaldiis

calke Temad gamoyofam gamoiwvia Zveli saepiskoposo kaTedrebis

ziganas, petras, rodopolisis da saisinis- saxelebis gaqrobadamcroba. maT adgilas axali qalaqebi da Sesabamisi kaTedrebi
31

warmoiqmna. magaliTad ziganas nacvlad-

lerioni da a.S. Zveli

saepiskoposo qalaqebic gadanawilda axal Temebs Soris. magaliTad,

iqa mde sa episko poso q alaqi petra (tireb ul-gir esunTa n axlo s),
SesaZloa xaldiis Tems aRar miakuTvnes.

rodopolisi Cans rizes

kaTedram miisakuTra da ufunqciod datova. armeniakis Temis daSlis

Se md eg ( ro melsa c Zv eli p olem on ia kis p on to s adg ili eW ir a)
eklesiaSi miRebuli terminologiiT lazika mxolod xaldiis Tems
ewodeboda (iqamde,rogorc aRiniSna lazika mTel polemonis pontos
erqva, gansakuTrebiT mis mTianeTs da lazikis eparqiac polemonis
pontos mTian regions moicavda).
saeklesio geografiuli terminlogia gansxxvavdeboda saerosagan,
mas Semdeg , rac trapezuntTan m debare iqamde

lazeb is qveynad

wodebuli vrceli regioni bizantiam miisakuTra mas politiurad

sxvadasxva saxelibi (polemonis ponto, armeniakoni da sxva) uwoda,
m a gr a m e kle s i aS i

m a s m a i nc

la zik a s uw o d e b dn e n . S e m d g om S i

gafarToebis kvaldakval bizantiam politikurad

lazika uwoda

axldapyrobil teritorias Woroxis SesarTavis xeobaSi, kerZod ki

mas uwoda

`lazTa samefo~.

n. adoncis Tanaxmad, saeklesio geografiam Semoinaxa imperiis

administraciuli dayofis (diokletianesdroindeli) saxe imiT, rom Tavis
saWiroebisTvis iyenebda mas. e.i. lazikis Zveli saxeli, misi teritoriis
Zveleburi gageba Semoinaxa eklesiurma dayofam.
n. adonciT lazikaSi trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali bizanis,
pai pertis, keramevis, lerionisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi, Sesabamisi qalaqebi
ganlagebulni iyvnen Teodosiopolis-trapezuntis SemaerTebeli gzis
sanapiro regionSi, anu istoriuli WaneTSi, maT momcvel saeklesio
o lqs e wo d e bo d a ` s a mi tr op o lito

la zi ka S i ~, a nu s wo r e d a m

mxareeebs erqva lazika bizantiuri saeklesio geografiis mixedviT

da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos.
`lazika~ imJamindeli berZnuli eklesiuri gagebiT erqva aRniSnul
regions (e.i. qaldea-Wanikas) da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos.
V s.mde rizes sanaxebi Sedioda qarTlis samefos klarjeTis
saerisTavoSi, maT Soris `speri, bolo klarjeTisa, zRvispiri~, Semdeg es
teritoria (daaxloebiT rizedan xufaTamde) uSualod SeierTa bizantiam,
amave dros iqamde klarjeTSi Semavali baiburdis regionic bizantiam
uSualod SeierTa, danarCeni klarjeTi marTalia bizantiam dai pyro, magram
32

mas buferuli `Tavisufali qveynis~ statusi mianiWa, mis mmarTvels ki

`lazTa mefe~ uwoda(gubaz I [450-470 ww.]). lazTa mefis mflobelobaSi
yofili klarjeTis saerisTavos daaxloebiT mesamedi darCa da is
moicavda zRvispirs xufaTidan Woroxamde da mcire teritorias
mis zemoT(Semdgom cixisZiramde da urekamde), lazeTis samefoSi
aseve Sedioda Woroxis regioni da misi xeoba arTvinis CaTvliT
da artanujis xeoba vidre arsianis qedamde). V s. II naxevarSi es
klarjeTi anu bizantiurad lazTa samefo vaxtang gorgasalma bizantieli
dampyroblebisagan gaaTavisufla da qarTlis samefos ukan daubruna. am
Rvawls dawvrilebiT aRwers `qarTlis cxovreba~. ratom uwodes am
teritorias bizantielebma lazika? saqme isaa, rom zogadad lazika erqva
ufro vrcel miwa-wyals fasidi-polemonionidan Woroxamde. `lazTa samefo~
mxolod mis erT nawils warmoadgenda. amasTanave VI saukunisaTvis rizes
regionSi ukve mkveTrad iyo gamoxatuli qarTvelebis (Wanebis) bizatiis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, rac SebrZolebebiTac
gamoxateboda. qaldea-ziganas regioni razesTan erTad mis epicentrSi iyo
moqcceuli. qaldelebs aseve

lazebic erqvaT. VI

s-Si qarTuli

saxelmwifoebrivi krizisis gamo, aRniSnul regions (e.i. istoriul klarjeTs,

romlis zRvispira da Woroxis xeobaSi moqceul nawils bizantielebi
lazikas uwodebdnen) kvlav

bizantielebi daepatrinen, aRadgines mefoba

da lazTa mefeebad daniSnes

waTe I (daaxl. 510-530), gubaz II (540-554) da

waTe II (554-580).
sxva teritorias moicavda, rogorc iTqva, eklesiuri eparqia `lazikaSi~,
da is ar mdebareobda politikuri erTeuli

`lazikaSi~ anu lazTa

samefoSi. es ori sxvadasxva, magram erTi eTnosiT dasaxlebuli teritoria

iyo. lazikis eparqiis momcveli teritoria ar mdebareobda `lazTa
samefoSi~, radganac

lazikis eparqia ZiriTadad qaldeas olqs

moicavda rizemde, xolo

lazTa samefo, rogorc iTqva, xufaTidan

arsianis qedamde grZeldeboda. Tumca ki isini, oriveni, istoriul

lazikaSi mdebareobdnen.
arabTa Semosevebma viTareba Secvala. bizantiis sazRvrebi trapezuntamde
Semcirda. lazTa samefo daviwyebas mieca.
arabTa Semosevebma dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri saxec Secvala.
iqamde qarTuli wyaroebiT is qarTlis samefos nawils warmoadgenda da
strabonis cnobiT kerketebiTa da henioxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. qarTuli
wyariebiT mas egrisi, argueTi da guria erqva. etimologiurad sityvebis33

`kerketisa~ da `egrisis~ (aseve sityvebis `argueTisa~ da `guriis~) fuZeebi

TiTqosda erTmaneTs eTanadeba: `kerk~ da `egr~ (aseve `argu~ da `gur~). Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT gadasvlas g-k-q, maSin `kerk~

mogvcems `gerg~-s,

rac

`egr~ (arg, gur) fuZes eTanadeba. (gerg=egr-arg-gur). rogorc Cans,

SesaZloa qarTuli wyaroebis egris-argveT-guriis mosaxleoba kerketebis
igive gergetebis STamomavlobad miiCneoda. igive fuZe `gr-rg~ udevs
s a f u Z v la d q a r T v e lT a

da m aT i

qv ey an is

aRm vn iS ne l

yv ela

saxelwodebas (georgien, gurZ, gurj, gogaren, gugarq da sxva).

kerketebis toms qaldebTan unda hqonoda eTnikur-naTesavuri kavSiri,
radganac ucxo wyaroebiT kerketebis anu kerkitebis tomi qaldeaSic
cxovrobda(Semdgom WaneTSi). qaldea ki iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT yvela
qarTuli tomis samSoblo iyo. dasavleT saqarTvelo strabonis Semdgomi
wyaroebiT ufro svanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. afsilebi da misimianebi maTi
nawili unda yofiliyo.

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia VII-VIII

saukuneebSi
wmida maqsime aRmsarebeli, romelic lazikaSi kavkasiaSi gadmoasaxles
keTilmorwmuneebsa da marTlmadideblebs uwodebs abazgiisa da iberiis mTavrebs
(am sakiTxs Cven mivuZRveniT sagangebo.
maqsime aRmsarebeli, romelic mTel imperiaSi saxelganTqmuli iyo monoTelitebTan
brZoliT, 645 wels monoTelitebTan karTagenSi disputis Semdeg 662 wels kavkasiis
lazikaSi gadaasaxles, is cxadia marTlmadideblad ar moixseniebda aRniSnul
(abazgiisa da iberiis) qarTvel mTavrebs, mas Tavisi TvaliT rom ar enaxa maTi
sarwmunoebrivi saxe.
monoTelitoba aRiarebda, rom qristeSi ori bunebaa mocemuli, magram misi neba
da qmedeba RmerTkacuria. es dogmati Camoyalibda 620-ian wlebSi kavkasiaSi. kerZod,
lazikaSi herakle keisris, sergi konstantinopolelisa da kiros fasiselis
TaTbirisa da mimoweris Sedegad, xolo 633 wels gamoaqveyna aleqsandrelma
patriarqma kiros fasiselma (masidelma). CvenSi miiCneven `VII saukuneSi kavkasiis
eklesiebis oficialuri mrwamsi monoTelituri iyo (z. aleqsiZe, qse, 7, gv. 98).
am mosazrebas, rom VII s-Si kavkasiis eklesiebis oficialuri mrwamsi iyo
monoTelituri ar adasturebs maqsime aRmsareblis mier abazgiisa da iberiis
mTavrebis `keTilmorwmuneebad~ moxsenieba, magram monoTelitobis erT-erTi centri
namdvilad iyo istoriuli lazika. radganac, aq, lazikaSi, kerZod ki, trapezuntSi
Sexvda herakle keisari eresiaqebs. saerTod, trapezuntis regions herakle keisris
epoqaSive erqva `lazika~. cnobilia herakles sparseTSi laSqrobis savaraudo
34

marSrutebi, romelTa mixedviTac is pirvelad 627 wels Cavida lazikis mTavar

qalaq trapezuntSi, lazikas qarTveli wmida mamebi uwodebdnen `sofeli megrelTa~
da mis adgilmdbareobas gansazRvravdnen tarpezuntis regionSi. magaliTad, mivida
andria trapezuntSi `sofelsa Sina megrelTasa~ (eqvTime mTawmideli), maSasadame
maqsime aRmsareblis epoqaSic trapezuntis olqs lazika erqva, es lazika moicavda
dasavleT saqarTvelos erT nawilsac. lazikis is nawili, romelic dasavleT
saqarTveloSi Sedioda marTlmadidebluri iyo. amas mowmobs maqsmime aRmsareblis
werilebi, maSasadame, lazikis is nawili, romelic moicavda trapezuntis olqs iyo
monoTelituri. ai, aq unda veZioT Cven konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eparqiebi
lazikaSi, misgan gansxvavebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo marTlmadidebluri iyo.
yofil polemonis pontos miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda ramdenime samitropolito
olqi, maT Soris amasiis, neokesariis, fasidisa da sxva.
polemonis pontos provincias jer kidev iustinianes epoqaSi Seucvales saxelebi.
SemdgomSi aq armeniakonis Temi Camoyalibda. es iyo xalibebis, tibaranebis, mosinikebis,
kolxebis, drilebis, biZerebisa da sxva qarTuli tomebis miwa-wyali. konstantine
porfiregenetis cnobiT, miuxedavad imisa rom pontos es regioni qarTuli tomebiT
iyo dasaxlebuli, VII s-is Sua wlebSi, mas armeniakonis Temi uwodes, rogorc iTqva
imis gamo, rom `mis maxloblad armenielebi cxovrobdnen~.
824-863 wlebSi armeniakonis Temi daiSala da iq qaldeasa da sxva axali
administraciuli erTeulebi Camoyalibda. qaldeas Temis dedaqalaqi iyo trapezunti.
am Tems aseve meore saxeli erqva `lazika~. cnobil noticiebSi konstantinopolis
kaTedraTa nusxebSic kia es faqti asaxuli, magaliTad, 901-907 wlebiT daTariRebul
me-7 noticiaSi weria - `trapezunti lazikisa~. maSasadame, trapezunti lazikis
qalaqi iyo VII s-Si herakles laSqrobis dros da aseTad darCa is Semdgomac. p.
ingoroyvas rkveviT, trapezuntis kaTedras ase ewodeboda - `polemonis pontos
kaTedra~ (g. merCule, gv. 23 ). IX s-is dasawyisis noticiebSi (#3, #4, #5).
q. polemonionis Zveli saxeli iyo fasidi. mas dRes ewodeba fatsa, mdebareobs
trapezuntis dasavleTiT. es qalaqi (polemoni) dedaqalaqi iyo, amitomac mis
episkoposs fasideli ewodeboda, is samitropolito rangis mRvdelmTavari iyo.
TandaTanobiT dedaqalaqad gadaiqca trapezunti, ramac trapezunti gadaaqcia
samitropolito centrad.
CvenTvis cnobilia, rom VII msoflio krebis aqtebs (787 wels) xeli moawera
trapezuntelma mitropolitma qristeforem samjer, is mudam aRniSnavda, rom iyo
ara mxolod trapezuntis, aramed fasidis mitropolitic (episkoposi fasidisa
(nusxa ABE), episkoposi fasidisa, e.i. trapezuntisa (nusxa D), da episkoposi
trapezuntisa (nusxa F). e.i. is iyo rogorc trapezuntis, aseve kvlav missave
daqvemdebarebaSi darCenili fasida-polemonionis mitropoliti. Tavisi
xelmoweriT man daadastura, rom is kvlav rCeboda yofili polemonis
pontos vrceli olqis mmarTvel mTavar mRvdelmTavrad.
maSasadame, fadisa iyo ara foTi, aramed q. polemonioni, istoriul
lazikaSi. aqve iyo ziganas, rodopolisisa da lazikis sxva saepiskoposoebi.

35

II. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso

afxazeTis sakaTalikoso VIII-IX ss.-dan qarTuli eklesiis erT
n a w i ls

wa rm oa dge nd a,

ro mlis

m eor e

nawili

iy o q ar Tlis

sakaTalikoso.
zogad qarTuli eklesiis mTlianoba miiRweoda saerTo saeklesio
samarTliT, saerTo sjuliskanoniT, saerTo qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro
eniT,

saerTo tradiciebiTa da saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis

saerTo meTaurobiT.
afxazeTisa da qarTlis

pirvelierarqTa Soris erTs uxucesi,

xolo meores umrwemesi ewodeboda.

erTian qarTul eklesiaSi
b er Z n uli sa p a tr i a rq o e bi s

wodeba `kaTalikosi~ Seesabameboda

`m i tr o p oli tis ~ wo d e ba s . r o g or c

berZnuli sapatriarqos mitropolits uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen

Tavisi episkoposebi, aseve qarTlis kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, xolo afxazeTis kaTalikoss
dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, orive es sakaTalikoso erTiani
qar Tuli

eklesii s

mx olod

sae kles io

a dmin istr aciu li

er Teu leb i( sam itr opo lito olq ebi ) i yvn en . r ogo c i Tqv a, ma Ti
zemdgomi saeklesio instituti iyo saerTo sjuliskanonis
sa ekles io sam arT li s
kre bebi .

p atri ar q i s

sa qarT velo s

da

Sem muS av ebe li adg ilobr ivi sa ek les io

m ov ale o ba

ek lesi aSi

iyo

uzun veley o

(e.i .qar Tlis a

da

s ruli ad

afx azeT is

sakaTalikosoebSi) saerTo sjuliskanonis dacva.

afxazeTisa da qarTlis kaTalikosTa monawileobiT saeklesio
krebebis m ier gamocemul kanon ebs mTels saqarTveloSi(cxadia
afxazeTSic) savalddebulod aRsasrulebeli Zala eniWeboda (maT
S or i s

s am o q ala qo sa m a rT lis

sae kles io

s amar Tlis

s fe r oS i c ). Mma g .X V I

Zeg lSi, rome lsac

s au k u ni s

`sa marT ali

kaTalikosTa~ewodeba, naTqvamia:`q.saxeliTa da RvTisaTa:-me qristes

mier kurTxeulman yovlisa saqarTveloisa kaTalikozman-patriarqman
mala qia,me qristes mier kurTx eulman afxaze Tis ka Taliko zman
ma maTm Tava rma n ev demo n,- davs xedi T

d a Se vkri ben iT

y ovelni

ebiskopozni afxazeTisani .....davideviT sjuliskanoni da Cvenca

imisgan gamoviReviT....da sjuliskanonica asre brZanebs....~(qarTuli
samarTlis Zeglebi,t.I.1963,gv.393-397).
a f x a ze T i s

s ak a T a li k o s o s a m

s a e k le s i o kr e b a m

s r u li a d

saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis meTaurobiT gamosca 15 kanoni.

36

am k re bi s k an on eb i s av alde bulod a Rs asr uleb eli i yo m Te li

saqarTvelos teritoriaze,Tumca is afxazeeTSi iqna miRebuli da
isini afxazeTis sakaTlikosos episkoposebma

daamtkices,

eseni

iyvnen quTaTeli, genaTeli,Q Wyondideli, bedieli, moqveli, drandeli,

cagereli, xoneli, nikorwmideli, caiSeli(CiSeli) episkoposebi.
`uxuces~ pirvelierarqad anu `saqarTvelos patriarqad~,rogorc
we si , irCe vdne n

mcxeTe l ka Talikos s,ma gram

gan saku Treb ul

SemTxvevebSi biWvinTel anu afxazTa kaTlikoss gadaecemoda es

tituli(`saqarTvelos partiarqi~).
magaliTad Sah-abasis Semosevebis Semdeg (XVII saukunesa da XVIII
s. I n axe va rSi ) aR mos av le T s aq arT ve lo s s am ef oeb ma da ka rg es
suvereniteti (musulmanuri mmarTvelobis qveS

moeqcnen),xolo

dasavleT saqarTvelo Zveleburad marTlmadidebel mefe -mTavarTa

mier imarTeboda.
am faqtma gazarda dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTvelTa (mefeTa
da ka TalikosT a) avtor iteti, r ac maT titulatur aSic ais axaafxazeTis

kaTalokosTa

t i tu l a t u r a S i

gamoCnda

tituli

`saqarTvelos patriarqi~, magaliTad, XVIII s-is afxazeTis kaTalikosi

grigoli Tavis mier gamocemuli dokumentebs xels awers ase _
`grigol

mwyemsi

qri tes

mier

yov lisa

saq arTv eloi sa

kaTalikosi~(`qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~, III,gv.675); aseve zogierTi

sxva afxazeTis kaTalikosic Tavis Tavs saqarTvelos patriarqs
uwodebda XVII s-is bolosa da XVIII s-is dasawyisSi, anu is ara
m x o lo d

afxazeTis

pirvelierarqad
wyaroebSic.

a r a m e d s a r u li a d s a q a r T v e lo s

Tvlida

Tavis Tavs.

uxuc ess

es faqti asaxulia ucxour

ucxouri wyaroebis Tanaxmad am epoqaSi afxazeTis

kaTaliko si sruliad saq arTvelos (iber iis) uxuces (u pirates)

p i r v e li a r a r q a d i T v le b o d a , m a g a li T a d a n ti o q i a - i e r u s a li m i s
patriarqi dosiTeosi(XVII s.) amis Sesaxeb werda _
_ `i be ri aS i or i avtok ef alur i ar qi ep isk op os ia , ro me lT ac
qarTvelebi uwodeben kaTalikosebs. qvemo iberia, romelsac Zvelad
kolxeTs da

lazikas uwodebdnen, aqvs eparqiebi imereTSi, guriaSi,

samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTsa da mesxeTis nawilSi. zemo da

qvemo iberias Soris sazRvari aris qedi, romelic kavkasiis mTebSi
iwyeba, qarTulad qulfargi ewodeba, qvemo iberiis kaTalikosi
pativiT ufro metia zemo iberiis kaTalikosze, radganac is ukve
isavrosis dros, 720 wels, kaTalikosi iyo qvemo iberiisa ... iberebi
37

qvemo iberiis kaTalikoss miiCneven ufros kaTalikosad, radganac

mefe, e.i. imereTis Tavi, maTTan iwodeba mTeli iberiis mefeTamefed~ (dosiTeosi, ierusalimeli patriarqebi, Tavi V, gv. 510, wignidan:
`sardeli mitropoliti maqsimi, qarTuli eklesia da misi avtokefalia.
Teologia, aTeni, 1966 w.).
das. saqarTvelos eklesias ucxoelebi uwodebdnen `qvemo iberiis
eklesias~. ix. sardeli mitropoliti maqsimi, saqarTvelos eklesia da misi
avtokefalia `Teologia~, aTeni, 1966
saqarTvelos anu iberiis samefos mTlianoba daarRvia Tavdapirvelad
VI s.-Si sparsTa,xolo VII s.-Si arabTa Semoseveba, amis Sedegad VIII s-dan
saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi Camoyalibda regionaluri qarTuli saxelmwifoebi.
erTerTi aseTi iyo afxazTa samefo.
VIII saukunis II naxevarSi Seqmnil `afxazTa samefoSi~ Sevida
da misi ZiriTadi nawili gaxda iberiis samefos yofili teritoriebi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ egrisi, guria, Takveri, argveTi, svaneTi,
am itom ac a fx azTa sa me fo s VI II- X sa uk un ee bS i ` qv em o ib er ia s~
uwodebdnen. arsebobda ori iberia: zemo iberia _ anu aRmosavleTi
saqarTvelo da `qvemo iberia~ _ anu dasavleTi saqarTvelo. saerTod,
IV s-danve dasavleT saqarTvelo (qvemo iberia)
iberiis eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda

mcxeTis anu erTiani

IV s-danve.

amis Sesaxeb

wers ruis-urbnisis kreba: (wmida ninom moaqcia yoveli savseba

yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa mcxovrebni rogorc aRmosavleTSi
ise dasavleTSi, amave krebis gansazRvrebiT andria mociqulma
sa xar eba iq ada ga yo velsa qve yan asa sa qar Tve lo isa sa, so mxu ri
s a e kle s i o w ya r o e b i c a R n i S n av e n ,

r o m d a s a v leT

s a q a r Tv e lo

i my of eb od a m cx eT is sa ek le si o i ur is di qc i aS i. m ag a li Ta d, a m
wyaroebSi aRiniSeneba rom kirioni qarTlis kaTalikosi VI s-is
bolosa da VII s-is dasawyisSi marTavda dasavleT saqarTvelos
eparqiebsac. kirioni, `egrisis, gugarqisa da qarTlis arqiepiskoposad
anu kaTalikosad iyo nakurTxi `winandel wesTa Tanaxmad~ (ioane
drasxanakerteli, `somxeTis istoria~, gv. 10).
meore ierusalimeli patriarqi xrisanfi ambobs: `...saqarTveloSi,
romelsac adre iberia erqva, iyo ori avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposi,
ro melTac Cve ule bis Tan axm ad uwo deb en k aTa lik ose bs d a a ra
arqiepiskoposebs. ase maT marto qarTvelebi uwodeben. amaTgan
erTi, e.i. arqiepiskoposi qvemo iberiisa, iwodeba imereTis, oseTis,
guriis da sruliad qvemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, anu martivad,
38

sruliad iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, rogorc ufrosi zemo

iberiis kaTalikosze. xolo meore, e.i. zemo iberiisa, iwodeba
qarTlis, kaxeTis, alvaneTis da sruliad zemo iberiis unetares
kaTalikosad... romeli imperatoris dros, an romel krebaze gaxda
is saarqiepiskoposo, Cven zustad ver davadgineT, magram 26 ivnisis
svinaqsarSi vpoulobT, rom ioane, goTeTis episkoposi, xeldasxmuli
iqna iberiis kaTalikosis mier, radganac romaul qveynebSi batonobda
xatmebrZolTa eresi, ase rom, rogorc Cans, erekles Semdeg isavramde
qvemo iberia saarqiepiskoposo gaxda...~ (dosiTeosi, ierusalimeli
patriarqebi, Tavi V, gv. 510, wignidan: `sardeli mitropoliti maqsimi, qarTuli
eklesia da misi avtokefalia. Teologia, aTeni, 1966 w.).
es ierusalimeli patriarqebi XVII saukuneSi cxovrobdnen.
XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi aRsdga aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
sax elwi foeb rivi

suv eren iteti

m a r Tlm a d i de be lm a x e lm w if e e bm a

da

sam efo

dai W i re s , am

taxti

kv lav

fa q ta

Zv e l i

a vto ri te ti d au br u na mc xe T el ka T alik o ss , da i s Z v eleb u ra d

`uxuces~,pirvelpatriarqad iqca qarTul saeklesio samyaroSi.
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Camoyalibeba. vaxtang gorgaslis dros
qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi kidev ufro gaizarda md.klisuramde miaRwia,
Sesabamisad gaizarda qarTlis eklesiis(mcxeTis sakaTakikosos)
iurisdiqciac, romelic mTel qarTlis samefoze vrceldeboda, e.i.
klisuradan ior-alaznis SesarTavamde.
arabTa Semosavam qarTlis samefo daSala.
bolo farnavazian-xosroianma mefe mirma qarTlis samefo daunawila
Tavis qaliSvilebsa da Zmas- wm.arCils. MmTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo
(klisuridan lixis mTamde) arCilisa da erTerTi qaliSvilis -guranduxtis
gamgeblobaSi gadavida (sxva qaliSvilebs samxreT da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo xvdaT wilad).
male md.klisuras iqiT mdebare teritoria moeqca xazarTa interesis
sferoSi, riTac isargebla argilibrivma mTavarma, romelsac `afxazTa
erisTavis~ tituli hqonda da man bizantiis imperiisagan damoukidebloba
gamoacxada da man, Tavisi mdgomareobis ganmtkicebis mizniT, afxazTa
saerisTavo Seiyvana qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi(romlis sazRvari
md. klisuraze ido) nacvlad moiTxova guranduxtze, dasavleT saqarTvelos
mflobelze, daqorwineba.
am dinastiuri qorwinebis Sedegad afxazeTi da danarCeni das.saqarTvelo
gaerTianda.
kaxeTSi gadasuli arCil mefis arabTagan wamebis Semdeg aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo arabTa xelSi aRmoCnda, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi
guranduxtis ojaxis memkvidrem moi pova legitimuri ufleba etarebina
39

mefis tituli (guranduxti mefis qaliSvili iyo) da mas ewoda `afxazTa

mefe~ (radganac am ojaxis xelSi iyo afxazTa saerisTavo).
afxazTa samefo qarTlis samefos politikuri memkvidre iyo dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, misi mefeebi ki farnavazian-xosroian mefeTa genetikuri
STamomavlebi. is igive qarTlis samefod, mis daupyrobel nawilad miiCneoda,
amitomac mcxeTis sakaTalikosom iq Camoayaliba qarTuli saeklesio
administraciuli erTeuli `afxazeTis sakaTalikosos~ saxelwodebiT, rac
cno qarTulma samyarom IX s-Si- `aman ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~-wers
`qarTlis cxovreba~ bagrat `qarTvelTa mefis~ Sesaxeb.
praqtikuli Sedegebi am cnobisa iyo is, rom mcxeTam afxazeTis
sakaTalikosos iurisdiqciaSi gadasca iqamde mis xelSi myofi teritoriebi
md.klisuridan lixamde. am teritoriul iurisdiqcias daemata afxazTa
saerisTaos teritoria klisuridan nikofsiamde. Camoyalibda axali qarTuli
saeklesio administraciuli erTeuli, nawili erTiani qarTuli eklesiisa.
aseTia am sakiTxis Sesaxeb qarTuli wyaroebis analizis Sedegi.
Tumca, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna,sul sxvaa gabatonebuli saistorio
Sexeduleba- `das.saqarTveloSi afxaazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoqmnas
ak avSi rebe n ko nsta ntin opolis sapa tria rqod an f asis is
s am itro p olitos a d a mi s d aq ve md eb a re ba Si my of i 4 k aT ed ri s
(rodopolisis, saisinis, petrasa da ziganeis), aseve nikopsiisa da
a b a zg i i s s a m T a v a r e p i s k o p o s o e b i s g a m o s v la s T a n d a q a r T u l
eklesiasTan maT Semdgom gaerTTianebasTan, romlis politikur
saf uZve ls
afxazTa
( dasa vlur qarT uli)
sam efo
wa rm oa dg en da .. .Z ir iTa da d Sa vi zRv is s ana pi ro ze g an la ge bu li
berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTe drebi konstantino polisagan
gaTavsuflebis Semdeg gauqmdnen afxazTa(dasavleTqarT.) mefeebis
mier. maT nacvlad qarlulni daarsdnen. IX s.-dan das.saqarTveloSi
RvTismsaxurebisas berZnuli ena qarTuliT Seicvala, gamoCndnen
qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli pirveli epigrafikuli Zeglebi,maT
Soris SedarebiT adrindelia gudauTis raionis sofel msigxuas
e k le s i i s a s o m T a v r u l i w a r w e r e b i . . . ~ ( T . q o r i Z e , p r a v a s la v n a i a
enciklopedia, moskovi, t.13. 2006.gv. 203. rus. enaze)
arqeologiuri, geologiuri da sxva masalebis mixedviT SeuZlebelia
foTi saepiskoposo centri yofiliyo pirvel aTaswleulSi, aseve ar
da stu rde ba s aep isk opo so and a sa qalaqo cx ovr ebi s Se sab ami si
arqeologiuri da kulturuli fenebi noqalaqevsa, varcixesa da gudayvaSi.
sxva masalebTan erTad arcerTi Zveli wyaro ar adasturebs am punqtebSi
berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arsebobas.
saerTod qarTuli wyaroebiT ,,moqcevai qarlisai~, `qarTlis cxovreba~,
ruis-urbnisis ,,Zegliswerasa~ da sxva wyaroebisaTvis saerTod ucnobia
Tema dasavleT saqarTveloSi odesme berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arsebobis
Sesaxeb. Tumca, aRniSnuli mosazreba amJamad imdenad mtkicedaa
damkvidrebuli, rom, separatistul da sxva saeklesio jgufebs miaCniaT
TavianT dasayrdenad Teoriul mtkicebaTa dros.
40

magaliTad axlaxan dabeWdil ,,afxazeTis eklesiis istoriaSi~

(soxumi, 2005, rus. enaze)
naTqvamia, rom `dasavleT saqarTveloSi
qarTuli eklesia ZiriTadad gvian damkvidrda, iq adgilobrivi
eklesiebi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi adridanve
arseboben, kerZod ,,egrisis eklesia~ da ,,afxazeTis eklesia~.
ctgfhfnbcnek bcnjhbjuhfabfib uf,fnjyt,ekb t&o& #mfhsbpfwbbc@^ ufmfhsdtkt,bc
stjhbf mfhsdtksf [ctyt,fc fxfyfut,c kfvbc kb[bc mtlbc bmbs^ fqvjcfdkts lf cfv[hts
cfmfhsdtkjc lbl yfobkib& ctgfhfnbcnb bltjkjut,b vcjakbjib fdhwtkt,ty vjcfpht,fc^
sbsmjclf hbjybc [tj,f lf vstkb lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj fa[fpt,bc edtktcb cfw[jdhbcbf^
hfw sbsmjclf njgjybvbrbsfw lfcnehlt,f lf mesfbcbw fvbnjv b.j fa[fpsf cfvtajc
ltlfmfkfmb^ fa[fpsf fv mdt.fyfib mfhsdtkt,vf ~t&o& mfhst,vf` v[jkjl |+++-\ cfereytt,ib
itvjfqobtc^ uf,fnjylyty bm^ sfdbfysb tyf sfdc vjf[dbtc fa[fpsf trktcbfc^ cf,jkjjl rb
tsybrehb fa[fpt,b bekt,ekb uf[lyty vbtnjdt,byfs sfdbfysb cfvij,kj ~t&b& lfcfdktsb
cfmfhsdtkj` lf vsbfyb htubjybcfsdbc ittafht,byfs sfdb tyuehcf lf rjljhc bmbs
cfvoe[fhjl^ tc fhbc bcnjhbjuhfabfib cfrvfjl ufdhwtkt,ekb sdfkcfphbcb^ hjvtkvfw
/gjdf rbltdfw itcf,fvbcb fcf[df cfufyut,j kbnthfnehfib& vfufkbsfl^ #ghfdjckfdyfbf
tywbrkjgtlbf@-c + njvib fa[fptsbc vbvfhs ufvjsmvekbf bubdt sdfkcfphbcb _ hjv
sbsmjclf fhf,sf vg.hj,tkj,bc lhjc ~buekbc[vt,f |+++-\ cfereytt,b` mfhskbc vjcf[ktj,f
vfcbehfl uflfcf[klf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib lf bm reknehbcf lf cftrktcbj cathjib
sfylfsfy itbnfyf mfhsekb tyf^ hjvtkbw fm uflfbmwf qdsbcvcf[eht,bcf lf fubjuhfabbc
tyfl& itcf,fvbcb ntmcnb fctsbf% . , -
,
. ,
. . ()
, (
, T. I. . 2000, . 68).
hecek ef[kjtc tywbrkjgtlbfib ufvjsmvekb fv vjcfpht,bc sfyf[vfl^ mfhsekb tyf
vbbxytdf fhf cfthsj mfhsekb tsyjcbc tyfl^ fhfvtl v[jkjl fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc
vjcf[ktj,bc tyfl ~buekbc[vt,f t&o& mfhsbc njvb`^ hjvtkbw sbsmjclf fhf,j,bc lhjc
vfcj,hbdfl uflfcf[kt,ekf ~vbuhbht,ekf` lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib lf bm cftrktcbj lf
reknehbc cathjib itenfybf sfdbcb cfnjvj tyf^ hjvtkbw fm erdt cftrktcbj tyfl
uflfmwtekf&
tcff ufvjf[bkb wyj,bkb mfhsbpfwbbc stjhbbcf^ hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw |+++-\ cfereytt,ib
vj[lf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc t&o& mfhsbpfwbf^ lf fvbs lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,bc
mfhsdtkb [fk[bc j]f[ib itvjcdkf^ vfs vbth mfhsekb tybc itsdbct,f^ fvfdt cfereytt,ib
sbsmjclf vbvlbyfhtj,lf cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjc vrdblhb mfkrtljybnb cjv[t,bc
ufmfhsdtkt,f lf bmdt vw[jdht,b c[df njvt,bc mfhsbpfwbf^ fctdt vbbxytdf^ hjv sbsmjclf
sdbs fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc lbl yfobkibw fynbreh [fyfib w[jdhj,lf /thek-fk,fyehb
lf xtxyeh-lfqtcnyehb vrdblhb vjcf[ktj,f lf sbsmjclf mfhst,vf fvfdt tgjmfib vjf[lbytc
fv njvt,bc mfhsbpfwbf lf itcf,fvbcfl fv vjcf[ktj,bc mfhsdtkb [fk[bc j]f[ib itvjcdkf&
fb^ fct sfylfsfy xfvj.fkb,lf thsbfyb mfhsdtkb [fk[b^ vfuhfv vbcb xfvj.fkb,t,bc eahj
cfdfhfelj gthbjlfl vbbxytdty |+-\+ cfereytt,c& tc fhbc mfhsdtkb [fk[bc xfvj.fkb,t,bc
41

itcf[t, ths-thsb stjhbf^ xdty vfc itbkt,f deojljs cf,zjsf stjhbf^ hflufyfw cojhtl
cf,zjsf tgjmfib uf,fnjylf rbltw tc stjhbf bnjhbjuhfabfib& xdtyb [fk[bc xfvj.fkb,t,bc
itcf[t, cek c[df sdfkcfphbcb b.j `dtk mfhsek bcnjhbjuhfabfib^ hjvtkcfw mdtvjs
itdt[t,bs&
hectsib ufvfh]dt,bcsfyfdt ,jkitdbr-rjveybcnt,vf sfdlfgbhdtkfl bcnjhbf hjujhw
vtwybtht,f frhfktc^ vfuhfv vfktdt uflfo.dbntc bc sfdbc cfvcf[ehib xft.tyt,byfs^ itmvytc
f[fkb t&o& vfhmcbcnek-ktybyehb fye cf,zjsf bcnjhbjuhfabf& vbcb cf,jkjj vbpfyb b.j
bctsbdt^ hjujhw vtatsf lhjbyltkb hectsbc [tkbceakt,bcf _ gfnfhf tht,bc bcnjhbfsf
uf.fk,t,f vfsb cohfab fcbvbkfwbf-ufhect,bc vbpybs^ vfuhfv cf,zjehb bcnjhbjuhfabf
bybq,t,jlf t&o& vfhmcbpv-ktybybpvbs
xdtyb mfhsekb cf,zjsf tywbrkjgtlbbc sfyf[vfl^ #uf,fnjyt,ek ,eh;efpbfcsfy
,hjkfib ufydbsfhlf vfhmcbcnekb vbvfhsekt,f bcnjhbjuhfabfib@ ~MCT 5^ 243`&
dby b.dyty cfmfhsdtkjib #uf,fnjyt,ekb ,eh;efpbekb bcnjhbjuhfabbc@
ofhvjvflutykt,b^ hjvkt,sfyfw ,hjkfib #ufydbsfhlf vfhmcbcnekb bcnjhbjuhfabf@(
tc b.j lblb bkbf zfdzfdft lf vbcb sfyfvjfphtyb _ lblb mfhsdtkb bcnjhbrjct,b^ frfrb
othtstkb^ lbvbnhb ,fmhft^ bfrj, ujut,fidbkb lf c[dfyb^ hjvtksfw #bcnjhbrjcbc@
nbnekb w[flbf xfvjfhsdtc cf,zjsf tgjmfib&
1917 okbc ,jkitdbrehb uflfnhbfkt,bc itvltu #itbmvyf gbhj,t,b bvbcfsdbc^
hjv vfhmcbcnekb vbvlbyfhtj,f bcnjhbjuhfabfib bcnjhbekb vtwybtht,bc `bhbsflb
vbvfhsekt,f ufvj[lfhb.j vstk cf,zjsf rfdibhib& cf,zjsf bcnjhbekb vtwybtht,f
.fkb,lt,jlf ,eh;efpbek-vtvfvekehb lf vtyitdbrehb bcnjhbekb rjywtawbt,bc&&&
bcnjhbbc c[df lfvvf[by]t,tksf obyffqvltu vbvfhsek vfah blteh ,hjkfib@ ~MCT^ 5^
ud& 243`&
fctdt xfvj.fkb,lf mfhsekb cf,zjsf bcnjhbjuhfabfw^ hjvtkbw uffasht,bs t,hjlf
#htfmwbekcf lf bltfkbcneh@ vfvfgfgtek bcnjjhbjuhfabfc vfhmcbcnekb gjpbwbt,blfy@
~bmdt^ 244`^ hfsf fh vjv[lfhb.j #sfdbcb mdt.ybc hjkbc ufpdbflt,f vcjakbj bcnjhbfib
lhjvjzvek bcnjhbek ofhvjlutyfsf lfktdbc ghjwtcbcfc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 244`&
rjveybcnt,vf bcnjhbjuhfabfcsfy thsfl kbyudbcnbrfw sfdbcb bltjkjubbc
cfzbhjt,bcfsdbc ufvjb.tytc&
.dtkfcfsdbc yfstkbf lf `ytkb lfcf]tht,tkbf^ hjv cf,zjsf bcnjhbjuhfabbc evsfdhtcb
stjhbt,b lf ljuvt,b cfcfhut,kj b.j cfmfhsdtkjcfsdbc& rthjl^ mfhsdtkb [fk[bc
xfvj.fkb,t,bc ghj,ktvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs cfzjsf bcnjhbjuhfabfv bveifdf hfvltybvt
fstekb otkb
rjveybcnvf bltjkjut,vf sfdbfyssdbc cfcfhut,kjl vbbxybtc efht.js `dtkmfhsek
vfnbfytt,cf lf cfbcnjhbj `tukt,ib uflvjwtvekb rjywtawbf xdtyb thjdyekb atcdt,bc
itcf[t,^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj ~hjujhw lfcfdktsb^ bct fqvjcfdktsb yfobkb` edtktcb [fyblfydt
v[jkjl mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bs b.j lfcf[kt,ekb lf hjv fv fhtfkpt mfhsdtksf ufvjxtybc
itvltu c[df ew[j njvt,b fh w[jdhj,lyty&
.jdtk `dtk thc^ hjvtkbw ,b,kbehb [fyblfy xylt,f bcnjhbbc fcgfhtppt^ sfdbc edtktc
sfdlfgbhdtk cfvij,kjl iefvlbyfhtsb lf vfcsfy vbvlt,fht mdt.yt,b vbfxybf^ cflfw lfbhof
frdfyb rfwj,hbj,bcf& fctsbdt b.j `dtkmfhsekb sdfkcfphbcb cfmfhsdtkjib cflqfw
cfv[htsblfy mfhsdtksf uflvjcf[kt,bc se mfhsekb gjkbnbrehb wtynht,bc uflvjnfybc
42

itcf[t, cfv[htsblfy xhlbkjtsbc vbvfhsekt,bs& vfs fm mhbcntij,fvlt +|-+++ cfereytt,ib

itemvybfs thsbfyb cf[tkvobaj mfhskbc cfvtaj^ hjvkbc lfcfdkts cfpqdfhc ofhvjflutylf
ifdb pqdf lf vlbyfht tuhbco.fkb ~f[kfyltk fa[fptsib`^ [jkj fqvjcfdktsbs fv
cf[tkvobajc cfpqdfhb fqotdlf fk,fyts-cjv[tsfvlt& fv mdt.ybc vjcf[ktj,f b.j thsb [fk[b^
tuhbctkt,b^ vfhudtkt,b^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc c[df ]ueat,b^ fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc
vjcf[ktj,fcsfy thsfl thsb tybc vmjyt [fk[c ofhvjflutylf^ hjvtkvfw itmvyf rbltw tc
cf[tkvobaj&
#vjmwtdfb mfhskbcfbc@ fv sdfkcfphbcpt lf.hlyj,bs \++ cfereybc vjqdfot fhcty ,thb
othlf% #xdty idbkyb dfhs vfs fhbfy mfhskbs ufvjceksfyb lf tyfb vfsb deo.bs@ ~tuk& n&
+++^ ud& 47` fye fhcty ,thb uflvjcwtvlf `dtk mfhsek sdfkcfphbcc^ hjv tsyjcb^ vw[jdht,b
ifdb pqdblfy dblht cjv[ts-fk,fytsfvlt^ thsudfhjdfyb b.j lf fv [fk[bc ltlf tyf b.j
mfhsekb tyf^ sevwf fk,fs lbfktmnt,b bv;fvflfw fhct,j,lf^ vfuhfv w[flbf^ fv 2400-2300
okbc oby tc lbfktmnt,b ufwbkt,bs eahj f[kjc bluyty thsvfytssfy lf^ vfifcflfvt^ aet
mfhsek^ fye cf[tkvobaj tyfcsfy& fvbnjvfw itkj rbltw fv tybc ufdhwj,f afhyfdfpvf
bv;fvbyltk mfhskbc cfvtajib fye #.jdtk mfhskib@^ hjvtkbw afmnbehfl tvs[dtjlf
lqtdfyltkb cfmfhsdtkjc vbof-o.fkc lf vfcib fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjcsfy thsfl
lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjw itlbjlf& #ufyfdhwj tyf mfhsekb lf fhqfhf bphf[t,jlf c[df tyf
mfhskcf ibyf sdbybth mfhsekbcf lf fvfy itmvyf vobuyj,hj,f mfhsekb@ ~#mfhskbc
w[jdht,f@^ ud& 26`&
#mfhskbc w[jdht,f@ lf,t]bst,bs fvnrbwt,c^ hjv afhyfdfpbc cf[tkvobajib tuhbcb^
cdfytsb lf fhudtsb cfthbcsfdjt,c ofhvjflutylyty c[df cfthbcsfdjt,sfy thsfl& vfifcflfvt^
vstkb fv fhtfkbc vjcf[ktj,bc cf[tkvobaj lf reknehbc tyfc mfhsekb tyf ofhvjflutylf&
`dtkmfhsekb stjhbbs mfhsekb tyf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib ufdhwtklf fhf |+++-\
cfereytt,ib^ hjujhw vbbxytdc pjubthsb cf,zjsf stjhtnbrjcb^ fhfvtl sfdlfgbhdtkfldt
ofhvjflutylf cf[tkvobaj tyfc& fv cfrbs[c mdtvjs eahj ufvjodkbkdbs dt[t,bs& fmdt eylf
fqbybiyjc^ hjv xdtyc vfnbfytt,ib ufvjsmvekb rjywtawbbc sfyf[vfl^ gbhdtkb mfhsekb
cf[tkvobajc lhjbcfsdbc vstkb cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbf ufovtylbkb b.j bm flht
vw[jdht,b `fkpt vwbhthbw[jdfyb ew[jnjvtkt,bcfufy& ptvjs fqybiyekb cf,zjehb
stjhbbs rb cfmfhsdtkjib mfhsdtkt,sfy thsfl fhfmfhsdtkb rfdrfcbehb njvt,bw
w[jdhj,lyty^ hjvtksf mfhsbpfwbf fye ufmfhsdtkt,fw sbsmjclf [lt,jlf dblht \
cfereytvlt&
tuhbcb^ cdfytsb lf fhudtsb ~itvltulhjbyltkb bvthtsb` afhyfdfp vtabc cfvtajib
itlbjlf cfthbcsfdjsf cf[bs% afhyfdfpvf #vbcwf me]bc met.fyf _ tuhbco.fkcf lf hbjyc
ief &&& hjvtkcf ibyf fhc tuhbcb lf cefytsb lf lffvnrbwf bub thbcsfdfl vey@ ~bmd& ud& 24`&
#afhyfdfp vtat bmvyf .jdtkcf mfhskcf lf tuehcf ptlf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 24`& buekbc[vt,f tuhbccf^
cdfytscf lf fhudtsib mfhsekb tyf _ afhyfdfpbc lhjblfydt b.j ufdhwtkt,ekb^ afhyfdfpb
dthfdbsfhb bekt,bs itkt,lf fm mfhsekb tybc ufdhwtkt,fc^ tc tyf hjv fh .jabkb.j fm
vjcf[ktj,bc vij,kbehb^ ltlf tyf^ eylf dbuekbc[vjs^ hjv vtvfnbfybc lf cfthsjl `dtkb
mfhsekb bcnjhbjuhfabbc sdfkcfphbcbs bv tgjmfib^ fye mhbcntij,fvlt 400-300 okbs
flht t&o& mfhst,c lf vtuhtk-zfyt,c ijhbc tyj,hbdb ufyc[dfdt,f v[jkjl lbfktmneh ljytpt
fhct,j,lf^ fye aet mfhsekb tyf ]th cecnfl b.j lbathtywbht,ekb& bv[fyfl t&o&
mfhst,bcf lf tuhbctkt,bc rbkjt,b ]th rbltd fh b.dyty tyt,fl uflfmwtekyb lf thsvfytsbc
vbvfhs lbfktmnt,c ofhvjflutylyty^ fhct,j,lf pfyeh-mfhsekb tyj,hbdb thsj,f _ ]th
rbltd cfthsj^ cf[fk[j^ cfpjuflj tyf& bub ofhvjflutylf mfhskbc cfvtajc .dtkf res[bc
tyfc lf vfc eojlt,c vtvfnbfyt _ mfhsek tyfc&
43

fvfdt sdfkcfphbcc eahj lf,t]bst,bs fdbsfht,c \++ c-bc wyj,bkb bcnjhbrjcb fhcty
,thb^ hjvtkcfw ptvjs itdt[ts& f[kf rb ufydfuhjs xdty vtvfnbfytsf vnrbwt,fsf wbnbht,f^
hjv lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj eo.dtnfl itlbjlf thsbfyb mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc _ #mfhskbc
cfvtajc@ itvflutykj,fib% lfluf vjwbmeksf tgjmf^ mhbcntij,bc itvltu + cfereytf^
vjwbmekt,vf^ rthjl rb ovblf fylhbf gbhdtkojlt,ekvf vjofatt,bsehs bmflfuf
rkfh]tscf lf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib ~tuhbcib`^ fvbc itltufl vrdblhvf vjcf[ktj,fv
vbfnjdf `dtkb h]ekb^ vtvfnbfyt othc% #dbsfhwf tcvf vtatcf flthrbc vtuhtksfufy h]ekbcf
lfntdt,f^ ufyeo.hf lf ofhfdkbyf thbcsfdyb vbcyb lf bekt,bs refkfldt vjfmwbdyf
vtuhtkyb lf lfvfkytc [fnyb lf ]efhyb lf ithbc[f vtat flthrbv thbcsfdb rkfh]tsbcf
vidblj,bs ufyntdt,bcfsdbc vjwbmekbcf@ ~m&w& +& ud& 42`&
w[flbf^ mfhskbc vtat ew[j thbcsfdt,c dth lfc]blf^ cfv[hts lf lfcfdkts
cfmfhsdtkj bv;fvbyltkb cfmfhsdtkjc `bhbsflb yfobkt,bf&
samecniero siaxle. Cveni gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, berZnul-laTinur
wyaroebSi lazika ewodeboda ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed
Tavdapirvelad trapezuntis mimdebare mTianeTs, Semdeg ki erge-liganklarjeTs zRvispiriTurT.
vfiqrobT, rom es daskvna warmoadgens mniSvnelovan samecniero
siaxles, romelsac pretenzia aqvs Secvalos saqarTvelos istoriis
Sesaxeb is warmodgenebi da daskvnebi, romelnic Camoyalibda da
damkvidrda ZiriTadad XX saukunis sabWoTa saistorio skolis
mier.
myarad fesvgadgmuli amJamindeli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad lazika
ewodeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli saistorio Sexeduleba, rom lazeTia
dasavleT saqarTvelo, amJamad, warmodgenilia viTarca fundamenturi
samecniero sayrdeni saqarTvelos istoriisa. amitomac gvesmis, rom
SesaZloa Cveni axali Sexeduleba, saciloblad moeCvenos sazogadoebis
nawils, magram Cven am SemTxvevaSi gvamxnevebs TviT prokofi kesarielis
sityvebi, romelmac TiTqosda Cveni ambis Sesaxeb dawera: `SeCveuli
Sexeduleba miRebulia, xolo axali sasacilod Cans...~
yovel SemTxvevaSi Cven furcel-furcel da SeiZleba iTqvas sityvasityviT vixilavT prokofis Tu agaTias im naSromebs, romelnic lazikas
exebian da maTi analizis saSualebiT vcdilobT mkiTxvelic davarwmunoT
Cvens simarTleSi.
es kvleva TviTmizani ar yofila vinmes gansaqiqeblad mimarTuli,
sinamdvileSi Cven gvainteresebs qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sakiTxi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cems wina mraval naSromSia aRniSnuli,
qarTuli wyaroebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo
imTaviTve e.i. wmida mociqulebisa da gansakuTrebiT wmida ninos droidan,
e.i. IV s-dan Sedioda qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.

44

siaxle.
1) lazikis eparqia ar moicavda rionis xeobis SesarTavsa da
mimdebare sanapiros; gamovikvlieT, rom lazikis eparqia mdebareobda
ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed qaldea-iberiis Temebis regionSi;
mecnierulad dadgenil faqtad miaCniaT rom lazikis centrebi
mdebareobdnen rionis dablobSi.
gabatonebul Tvalsazriss, rom berZnuli wyaroebis lazika iyo
dasavleT saqarTvelo da is
erT periodSi ucxoeTis eclesiis
iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda - mec viziarebdi, magram imis gamo, rom Zveli
qarTveli mematianeebisaTvis sruliad ucnobia berZnuli saepiskoposoebis
arseboba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gadavwyvite gamomekvlia sinamdvileSi
Tu sad mdebareobdnen lazikis saepiskoposoebi. risTvisac, rogorc aRiniSna,
saWiro iyo garkveva imisa eTanadeba Tu ara lazikis prokofi
kesarieliseuli geografiuli aRweriloba Tanamedrove dasavleT
saqarTvelosas. aseve saWiro iyo kvleva imisa eTanadeba Tu ara prokofi
kesarielis mier aRwerili mdinare fazisis aRweriloba md. rionisas .
prokofis cnobiT lazikis umTavresi mdinarea fazisi, lazika mis
sanapiroebzea ganfenili. fazisi didi siCqariT Seedineba zRvaSi. maSasadame
berZen da laTin mceralTa aRweriT fazisi mTis mdinarea, misgan
gansxvavebiT zRvis SesarTavTan dablobSi gamdinare rioni baris mdinarea.
rionis SesarTavTan foTi-samtrediis Zalze vrceli vake TiTqmis zRvis
nulovan doneze mdebareobs, ufro meti, zogierTi nakveTebi zRvis doneze
dablacaa ganlagebuli, amitomac md. rioni ara mxolod qmnida uzarmazar
Waobebs am vrcel vakeze, aramed ikargeboda kidec am WaobebSi da is
Znelad uerTdeboda zRvas. sabWouri epoqis didi samecniero da samSeneblo
Zalebi SeeWida samuSaos, raTa SeeqmnaT kalapoti md. rionisaTvis, rac
TiTqmis saukunovani Sromis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli.
miuxedavad aseTi uzarmazari samuSaoebisa md. rionis siCqare marTalia
odnav gaizarda magram, amJamadac, TviTmxilvel damkvirvebelTa TqmiT, Znelad
uerTdeba zRvas: kerZod xan rioni Sedis zRvaSi didi gaWirvebiT, radganac
zRvis donezea misi delta, xan ki piriqiT zRva Sedis rionis kalapotSi,
anu Sedinebis am adgilas aris zRvisa da md. rionis miqceva-moqceva.
rioni zRvis SerTvis adgilas aris baris mdinare da is ar SeiZleba
iyos mTis mdinaris-fazisis ugemrielesi sasmeli wyali, romelsac
arianes TqmiT mezRvaurebi iRebdnen da inaxavdnen, radganac ar
ugemurdeboda da ar fuWdeboda. barSi
rionis wyali imTaviTve _
sasmelad uvargisi unda yofiliyo, radganac yovelTvis iyo Waobis
mdinaris wyali. magram sul sxva Woroxi _ esaa namdvilad zRvaSi
S em d i na r e m T i s w y alu x vi m di n a re . aR s a ni S n av i a , r o m r i on i s
qvemowelsa da foTSi mudam idga da axlac dgas sameli wylis
mwvave deficitis problema da is milebiT Seiyvanes foTSi 50-60
kilometriT daSorebuli mTiswineTidan.
45

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom rionis uzarmazari Waobebi iyo malariis

kera. Zvelad gavrcelebuli cieb-cxeleba aavadebda adamianebs, malaria ki
ar aZlevda adamianebs saSualebas ecxovraT da eRvawaT md. rionis qveyanaSi
anu zRvidan Tanamedrove samtrediamde da TiTqmis quTaisamde. malarias
yvela erideboda.
es cieb-cxeleba aiZulebda adamianebs mietovebinaT rionis pira dablobis
(anu Tanamedrove rionis vakis) teritoria da mTiswineTisa da mTagorakebisaTvis SeefarebinaT Tavi. garda amisa, aRniSuli daWaobebis gamo
rionis pira vake foTidan samtrediamde dafaruli iyo Waobis tyeebiT,
buCqnarebiTa da ekalbardebiT. miwa ki wyliT iyo gajerebuli, aq adamianebs
ar ecxovrebodaT. Sesabamisad arc ekonomika da aReb-micemoba iyo
ganviTarebuli, ar iyo gzebi da Sesabamisad, arc rionze gadebuli 120
xidi.
meore mxriv, teqnologiurad SeuZlebelia barSi rionze 120 xidis gadeba,
amJamadac, XXI s-Si, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pirobebSi md. rionze sul
ramdenime xidia gadebuli (igulisxmeba q. quTaisidan foTamde). saqme isaa,
rom md. rionis kalapoti Zalze ganieria, datotvilia, Zvelad arasdros
hqonda erTi kalapoti, radganac xSirad icvlida mas, magram md. rionis
dablobze md.rionze 120 xidis gadebeba SeuZlebeli iyo upirvelesad
teqnikuri mizezebis gamo:
foTidan TiTqmis quTaisamde rionis sanapiroebi xidis burjebisaTvis
ar SeicavsYmyar grunts, amitomac saWiroa xidis burjebis asagebad
mniSvnelovani sainJinro samuSaoebis Catareba. Zvel dros xidis burjebs
ayrdnobdnen kldovan qanebs anda myar grunts, romelsac garkveulwilad
aZlierebdnen, amitomac xidebis agebisaTvis Sesabamisi gruntis sanapiros
moZebna iyo saWiro.
rionis vake-dablobis Waobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki sanapiroebi arc axla
da miTumetes 2000-1500 wlis win, amis saSualebas ar iZleoda. Waobis lia
(`palia~) anu wyliT gajerebuli miwa _ ganieri mdinarisaTvis saWiro
grZeli xidis mZime burjebs ver daiWerda. amisaTvis Zvel dros, rogorc
iTqva, kldovan sanapiroebs iyenebdnen. kldeebze, rogorc wesi, Zveli
teqnologiebis Sesabamisad idgmeboda xidis burjebi. md. rionis
dablobze ki kldeebi ar aris.
iyo Tu ara md. fazisze asi an meti xidi? unda vigulisxmoT rom iyo,
magram ara md. rionze aramed md. Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze. prokofi
xSirad wers _ `md. fazisis orive sanapiro aris kldovani da amitom
misi kalapoti ucvlelia~, swored am mdinaris pira kldeebze idgmeboda
xidis burjebi, romelzec Zveli teqnologiebis Sesabamisad dgamdnen TaRovan
xidebs. marTlac md. Woroxis xeobaSi, Senakadebze, dRemdea moRweuli
aTeulobiT uZvelesi TaRovani xidi, gadebuli Rrma mdinareebze, magram
rionis barSi quTaisidan foTamde arc erTi aseTi Zveli TaRovani xidi
arc rionze da arc mis Senakadebze araa da es bunebrivicaa, aseTi xidebis
gadeba rionis barSi SeuZlebelia, Woroxis xeobaSi es SesaZlebelia

46

da agebdnen kidec.Eai, aq e.i. md. Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze, am arealSi

unda yofiliyo strabonis 120 xidi gadebuli.
md. rionis erTi sanapirodan meoreze gadadiodnen ara xidebiT, aramed
bornebiT _ gaWimuli iyo bagirebi, romelzec tivebi an navebi iyo gamobmuli,
romlebic erT sanapiros aerTebdnen meoresTan _ es iyo bunebrivi wesi
geografiuli garemodan gamomdinare. erTi sityviT, quTaisidan foTamde
rioni aris zRvis doneze mdebare uvrceles vakeze (e.w. rionis dablobze)
gamdinare baris wyali, xolo fazisi mTis mdinarea.
varcixe araa rodopolisi; es ukanaskneli mdebareobda md. kalapotamisis
xeobaSi,qarTvelTa istoriul miwa-wyalze of-rizesTan axlos.
gudayva araa zigana (e.w. ziganevi); zigana mdebareobda ara afxazeTSi, aramed
qaldeas (lazeTis) mniSvnelovan centrebTan axlos Tanamedrove gumuSxanes
regionSi.
noqalaqevi araa arqeopolisi; prokofisa da sxva avtorebis sejerebiT
gamovikvlieT,rom arqeopolisi unda moviZioT cixisZirTan axlos, xolo
petras simagre xofa- xufaTTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvagan mdebareobda
petras saepiskoposo kaTedra, savaraudod Tanamedrove bedromis(petronis)
cixe-simagresTan axlos. maSasadame, petras kaTedra trapezuntis regionSi
mdebareobda, xolo petras cixe-simagre samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi
2). q. fazisi gonios arealTan mdebareobda.
Cveni kvleviT Zveli avtorebis md. fazisi, ZiriTadad md Woroxia, xolo
q.fazisi md. fazisis marcxena napiras, zRvispirze mdebareobda, aseTi
ganlageba aqvs Tanamedrove gonios. q.faziss samxreTis mxridan tba
esazRvreboda. Woroxis xeobis ucxoeli mkvlevaris e. veidenbaumis cnobiT,
XIX s. bolosac ki md. Woroxis SesarTavis dasavleT napiris mxares
zRvispirze patara tbebi da guburebi idgnen, maTi naSTebi dResac iqvea,
Tumca ki am DCavardnil adgilze intensiurad yrian inertul masalasa da
samSeneblo narCenebs tba-guburebis amovsebis mizniT bolo 50 wlis manZilze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom cnobili arqeologi Slimani aq apirebda kolxeTis
centris moZiebas.
3) skandasa da sarapanas simagreebi mdebareobdnen ara imereTSi,
aramed arsianis qedze, artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebel saerTaSoriso
gzaze.
prokofis
mier aRwerili simagreebi skanda da sarapana imdenad
maRalmTianeTis zonaSi mdebareobdnen, rom iq ar modioda araviTari baris
zonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mosavali, maSin, roca magaliTad, imereTis
skande da Sorapani zRvis donidan mdebareoben sul raRac 100-170 metris
simaRleze, subtropikul zonaSi, irgvliv Caflulni arian baRebsa da
venaxebSi, maT are-mareze modis yovelgvari mosavali, maT Soris
subtropikuli xilic, aqvT SesaniSnavi da zomieri hava, xolo, rogorc
itqva, prokofi kesarielis mier gadmocemuli `sarapana~ da `skanda~
mdebareobdnen maRal-kldovan adgilas, sadac ar modioda araviTari
mosavali, iq arc venaxi xarobda da arc raimes moweva SeiZleboda. xarcxeniT asvlac ki gaZnelebuli iyo simaRlisa da kldovanobis gamo da
amis gamo adamianebs sakuTari mxrebiT ahqondaT sursaTi. cxadia, am niSnebiT
47

isini mdebareobdnen alpur anda subalpur zonaSi,e.i. zRvis donidan 15002000 metr simaRleze.am niSniT isini ar iyvnen Terjola-zestafonis skande
da Sorapani.. aseve iTqmis sxva punqtebis Sesaxebac.
s. yauxCiSvili sruliad samarTlianad wers _ `aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
Zveli da romelime axali punqtis saxelwodebaTa garegnul msgavsebas
SecdomaSi Sehyavs mkvlevari~ (georgika, III, 1936, gv. VII).
marTlac, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, Zveli da axali punqtebis saxelwodebaTa
garegnulma msgavsebam SecdomaSi Seiyvana TviTon s. yauxCiSvili, kerZod,
saxelwodebaTa garegnuli msgavsebis gamo gamocxadda imereTSi mdebare
punqti skande istoriuli lazikis cixe-simagre skandad, aseve garegnuli
msgavsebis gamo gaigivda Zveli berZnuli `sarapana~ da imereTis Sorapani,
aseve imereTis varcixe (TiTqosda vardcixe) _ berZnul `rodopolisTan~,
xolo noqalaqevi _ `arqeopolisTan~ da a.S.
albaT sayuradReboa,rom XX s.-is 30-ian wlebSi, komunisturi viTarebis
gamo, Tu ufrosobas ar daarwmunebdnen, rom Zvel berZen avtorTa mier
naxsenebi punqtebi mdebareobdnen `Cveni respublikis teritoriaze~
_mecnieruli muSaobisa da kvlevis uflebas ar miscemdnen. marTlac
s.yauxCiSvili wers _ `yvela es sakiTxi moiTxovs garkvevas, da rodesac am
sakiTxebis aRmZvreli geografiuli adgilebi Cveni respublikis
teritoriaze mdebareoben, danaSauli iqneboda gverdi agvevlo am
s ak i T xe b is T vi s . u n iv e rs i teti s r eq to ri s a m x. k . o ra g ve li Zi s
daxmarebiT Cven saSualeba mogveca adgilobriv Cagvetarebina kvleva~
(iqve, gv. VII). k. oragveliZe amasTanave partiis ck-s mdivani iyo, `Cveni
respublikis~ gareT imJamad TurqeTSi moqceulze mdebare punqtebis kvleva
SeiZleba saSinel danaSauladac CaTvliliyo.
4) Cveni kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb ZvelqarTuli wyaroebisa
da berZen-romael mweralTa
cnobebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebian. magaliTad cnobebi leonti
mrovelisa da prokofi kesarielisa dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT.
maSin, roca aqamde qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi dasavleT saqarTvelos
mimarT miuReblad da usargeblod iTvleboda.
magaliTad, iv. javaxiSviliseuli ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ uZvelesi
nawilebis Sefaseba kategoriulad uaryofiTia: ,,wyaroebi, romelic leonti mrovels moxsenebuli aqvs da sargeblobs,
TiTqmis yovelgvar istoriul Rirsebas arian moklebuli, amitom misi
T x zu l e b a , r o g o r c s a n d o m a s a la q a r T v e l i e r i s u Z v e le s i
istoriisaTvis axla TiTqmis srulebiT gamoudegaria~ (iv. javaxiSvili,
Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba, Txz. t. 8, 1977, gv. 187).
iv. javaxiSvils ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli nawilis istoriuli
informaciisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs, radganac, imJamindeli
TvalsazrisiT, leontisa da juanSeris cnobebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen berZenlaTini mwerlebis cnobebs.
Cveni kvleviT ki axal qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad Seiqmna
sistema, romelSic ZvelqarTuli wyaroebisa da berZen- laTini
mwerlebis cnobebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebian
48

5) fasidi-fadisaa anu polomenioni. Zalze mniSvnelovania axali

qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis qalaq fasidi-fadisas lokalizacia, saqme
isaa, rom VII msoflio krebis aqtebs samjer moawera xeli trapezuntis
episkoposma qristeforem, viTarca ,,trapezuntisa da fasidis episkoposi~.
fasidi(fadisa) erqva cnobil saeklesio da politikur centrs
trapezuntTan axlos, mas aseve polemonioni erqva. qalaqi polemonioni
imdenad cnobili iyo, rom misi saxelis mixedviT mis momcvel provincias
polemonis ponto ewoda. polemonioni (fadisa) samitropolito
centric iyo.
Cveni mecnierebi fiqrobdnen, rom fasidi-fadisa aris foTi, amitomac
miiCnevdnen, rom foTSi iyo berZnuli samitropolito kaTedra, cnobili
fasisis samitropolitos saxeliT. Cveni mecnierebis azriT Semdeg es kaTedra
foTidan gadatanili iqna trapezuntSi.
Cemi TvalsazrisiT ki `fasidis~ qveS igulisxmeboda trapezuntTan
axlos, mis dasavleTiT, ordusTan axlos mdebare qalaqi fadisa fatsa (Tanamedrove saxeli fatsa).
Cemi mosazreba, vfiqrob, faqtiurad daadastura 2001 wels vaSingtonSi
dabeWdilma wignma ,,Bizantine Seals~ aq 83-e gverdze ganxilulia q. polemonionis
monetebi da moyvanilia cnoba - ,,30. Polemonion. Polemonion,a twin town with
fadisane/fatsa, gave its hame the river Boliman~ (Catalogue of Bizantine Seals at dumbarton
oaks and in the Fogg Museum of art, volume 4, The East, 2001, gv. 83).
maSasadame fadisa meore saxelad erqva q. polemonions, romelic
trapezuntis dasavleTiT mdebareobda. saxelebis- fadisa, fasidi, fasisis
etimologiuri erTidaigiveoba TvianTi kvlevebiT daadastures m.
berZniSvilma da sxva mkvlevarebma. erT dros TviTon trapezunti, viTarca
rigiTi saepiskoposo Sedioda polemonionis eparqiaSi, xolo qristoforem
VII s-Si, Cans, samitropolito centrad gadaaqcia trapezunti, xolo fadisa
(anu q. poleminioni) daitova Tavissave samRvdelmTavro gamgeblobaSi,
amitomac ase iwoda - ,,qristefore trapezuntisa da fasidis episkoposi~.
aseve moawera kidev xeli krebis dadgenilebebs.
N#3 da #4 notaciebiT (806-815 wlebSi) da aseve #5 notaciiT (820-829
wlebi) p. ingoroyvas kvleviT, tra pi zon is ka Te d ra s e wo d eb a ,,polemonis pontos kaTedra~ me-8 saukuneSi (p. ingoroyva, gv. 237, SeniSvna
1), polemons - fadisa erqva, mis kaTedras ki ,,fasidisa~ erqva.
e.w. f oT-fazisisa da trapezu ntis kaTedr ebis erTman eeTTan
dak avSir eba Secdo maa, erTTm aneT s qar TvelT a Zve li q veyni s
lazeTis qalaqebis trapezuntisa da polemonionis (fasida-fadisas)
kaTedrebi ukavSirdeboddnen .
6) valaSkertsa, anissa, taosa, basiansa da mimdebare mxareebSi moxda ara
somxuri mosaxleobis `qarTizacia~ maTi gaqalkedonitebis Sedegad, aramed
es mxareebi warmoadgendnen nawils istoriuli iberiisa, imTaviTve iberebiT
dasaxlebulT, Zv.w. II saukunidan, strabonis cnobiT, mcxovrebT armeniis
sazRvrebSi. maTi armenizaciis miuxedavad armeniis iberebis nawilma SeZlo
erovnul-qarTuli identis Senaxva da VIII-IX ss.-dan maT daufaravad aRiares
TavianTi qarTveloba.
49

nawili I
Sesavali
Cvens Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi ganmtkicebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom qristianobis gavrcelebis xanaSi saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda ori erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebeli saeklesio iurisdiqcia. n. lomouri wers _ `rodesac moxda qristianobis damkvidreba, saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo ori politikuri erTeuliT:
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo (e.i. qarTlis anu iberiis samefo) da dasavleT saqarTvelo (e.i. egrisis anu lazikis samefo). am or saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi qristianobis gavrceleba da saboloo damkvidreba sxvadasxva gziT da sxvadasxva situaciaSi xdeboda~ (n. lomouri, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba, saq.
ek. kalendari, 2001, gv. 113).
n. lomourisa da sxva cnobil mecnierTa am aRiarebuli TvalsazrisiT, dasavleT saqarTvelo gaaqristiana ara wmida ninom, aramed iq qristianoba gaavrcela
bizantiam da amis gamo daarsda kidevac iq konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS
berZnuli saepiskoposoebi (fasisis samitropolito, saisinis (caiSis), rodopolisis (varcixis), ziganevisa (gudavis) da petras (cixisZiris) saepiskoposoebi).
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, n. berZeniSvilis aRiarebuli TvalsazrisiT, konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS arsebobdnen egrisisa da afxazeTis eklesiebi,
romelnic daaxloebiT VIII s-saTvis gaerTiandnen da Semdgom (IX-X ss-Si) gamoeyvnen konstantinopols da SeuerTdnen qarTul eklesias (saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebi, II, 1973, gv. 427).
afxazi saeklesio istorikosis d. dbaris mtkicebiT IX-X ss-Si `afxazuri eklesia
da afxazuri saxelmwifo qarTvelma agresorebma qarTuli eklesiis winamZRolobiT
dai pyres da afxazuri eklesia Cakles~ ( ().
, , 2005 .).
am afxazi separatistis mosazrebas win uZRvis Cveni mecnierebis msgavsi Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom, TiTqosda, saqarTvelos eklesiam qarTuli ena dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gaavrcela IX-X ss-Si, gandevna iqidan berZeni episkoposebi da iq
TviTon `gabatonda~: `konstantinopolidan gamoyofis Semdgom iwyeba berZnuli
kaTedrebis moSla da maT sapirispirod qarTuli saepiskoposo centrebis daarseba~ (narkv., II, gv. 427). `dasavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonda qarTuli eklesia da
mRvdelmsaxurebac qarTul enaze sruldeboda, ramac xeli Seuwyo dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTizaciis process~ (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia (qse), t. `saq. ssr~, 1981
w., gv. 61).
saeklesio kanonebis darRveviT, Turme qarTuli eklesia SeWrila sxva eklesiis
(konstantinopolis) iurisdiqciaSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), iq gauuqmebia berZnuli kaTedrebi da dauarsebia sakuTari, amis safuZveli yofila `qarTuli eklesiis
kulturul-ideologiuri prozelitizmi~ (d. musxeliSvili, qarTuli eklesia da
saxelmwifo teritoria Sua saukuneebSi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos qristianuli
kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri. II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, 24-26 noemberi. 2005, gv. 33).
Cveni Tanamedrove gamoCenili istorikosebis TvalsazrisiT, prozelituri
50

qarTuli eklesia ebrZoda konstantinopols. amis Sesaxeb T. papuaSvili wers _ `es

aris kanonikuri safuZvlebis dacviT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli brZola lixT-imereTis eklesiaze organizaciulad gabatonebis mizniT~
(saq. istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, 1973, gv. 586).
maSasadame, oficialuri TvalsazrisiT, dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebis
Semdeg TiTqmis 500 weli imyofeboda konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi da Semdeg
`prozeliturma qarTulma eklesiam~ gaauqma iqauri berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi, romelTa nacvladac sakuTari daafuZna.
es mosazrebani mTlianad ewinaaRmdegebian ruis-urbnisis krebis wmida mamebisa da sxva Zveli qarTveli istorikosebis mtkicebebs am sakiTxTan dakavSi rebi T.
rui s-ur bnisis krebi s RvTivganbr Zno bil mamaTa Tqmi T, saqarTvelo
erTiani qveyana iyo, rogorc wm. andria pirvelwodebulis, ise wm. ninos
dr os, amitom wm. andr ia da wm. nin o arian srul iad saqarTvel os da
mTeli qarTveli eris ganmanaTleblebi, e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianda ara konstantinopolis, ar amed wm. andr iasa da wm. nino s mi er,
amitomac isini werdnen: `pirvelwodebuli andria Cvendamdeca moiwia da
iqadaga sacxorebeli qadageba saxarebisa yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloisasa~ (didi sjuliskanon i, 1975, gv. 545), xolo wm. ninom `sarwmuno ebasa
mimarT Tvisi sa miizida yoveli savseba yovlisa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~
(iqve, gv. 546).
yvela Zveli qarTuli wyaros cnobiT, wm. andriam iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa
saqarTveloisasa~, xolo wm. ninom mTeli qarTveli eri (yoveli savseba) gaaqristiana. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTvelo gaqristianebisTanave iyo qarTuli (mcxeTis)
eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.
qarTul wyaroebSi (qarTlis cxovreba, moqcevai qarTlisai da sxva)
ar aris odnavi miniSnebac ki imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo rodesme
iyo konstan tinopolis iurisdiqcii s qveS. is imTaviTve, r ogorc iTqva,
mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda.
maS ratom ganmtkicda Tvalsazrisi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi? amis erT-erTi mizezi aris wyaroTa monacemebis araswori gaazreba. Cveni kvlevis umTavres sagans warmoadgens lazikis samefos adgilmdebareobis dadgena, anu sad iyo lazika geografiulad ganlagebuli: md.
rionis auzSi Tu md. Woroxis xeobaSi. saSuri sakvlevia aseve, berZnuli saepiskoposoebis ganlagebac. imTaviTve es sakiTxi sadavo iyo, magaliTad n. adonci da sxva
mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es saepiskoposoebi ganlagebulni iyvnen qarTvelTa uZveles samSobloSi, romelsac `qaldea~ (trapezuntis olqi, igive e.w. `sofeli megrelTa~)
erqva, da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
aRsaniSnavia iv, javaxiSvilis damokidebuleba aRniSnul da msgavs mosazrebebTan
dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, rogorc vTqviT, Cveni Tanamedrove istorikosebis azriT
wm. ninos ar uqadagia dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rac miuTiTebda imis Sesaxeb, rom
imTaviTve dasavleT saqarTvelo ucxo saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi iyo. erT ucxoel
patriarqsac (mixeils) wamouyenebia msgavsi Tvalsazrisi, riTac surda saqarTve51

los eklesiis mTlianobis darRveva da masze gabatoneba. am qmedebas ase afasebs iv.
javaxiSvili _ `giorgi mTawmideli da gansakuTrebiT efrem mcire, ruis-urbnisis
1103 wlis saeklesio krebis yvela sulisCamdgmeli da nikoloz kaTalikosi amtkiceben, rom andria mociqulma iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloisasa~, xolo
Semdgom qristianoba kvlav aRadgina wmida ninom, romlis saswaulTmoqmedebam da
qadagebam `miizida yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~, nikoloz kaTalikosic, wmida ninos saerTo mociqulad da ganmanaTleblad sTvlida _ `Cven
qarTvelTaisa~. erTi sityviT, andria mociqulic da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli
eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebs calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT,
radgan isini mTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis iRwvodnen. antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqi mixeili, swored am
qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa mier Seqmnilsa da mTeli qarTveli erisagan
Sesisxlxorcebul Semecnebas spobda~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txz. t. III, gv. 340).
samwuxaroa, rom Zvel qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa (iv. javaxiSvilis Sefaseba) Semecnebas spobs zogierTi axali qarTveli mecnieri imis
mtkicebiT, rom TiTqosda rionis auzSi mdebareobda lazika konstantinopol is saeklesio iur isdiqciis qveS myo fi ber Znuli saepi skoposoebi T.
qvemoT vaqveynebT erT nawils Cveni gamokvlevisa `konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi~, romelSic `Zvel qarTvel mecnierTa~ Sesabamisad vamtkicebT,
rom prokofiseuli lazika moicavda Woroxis auzs da `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispirs~,
xolo lazikis aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi trapezuntis mTianeTSi iyvnen ganlagebulni
da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, imTaviTve, dasavleT saqarTvelo mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi
iyo.

Tavi

berZnul-romauli wyaroebi kolxeTisa

da lazikis Sesaxeb
1. straboni kolxeTis Sesaxeb
T. yauxCiSvili wignSi ,,strabonis geografia~ (1957w.) wers - strabonis cnobiT ,,kolxebi moxsenebulni arian ara iberia - albaniis gayolebaze, aramed ufro
samxreTiT - armeniis gaswvriv (strab. 11.5.28).
amave mosazrebas, rom kolxebi cxovroben armenielebis gaswvriv da ara iberebisa, straboni sxvaganac imeorebs. T. yauxCiSvili wers (gv. 21) - ,,yuradRebas i pyrobs is garemoeba, rom iberielebi da albanelebi kolxebs zemoT mcxovreblebad
arian gamocxadebali~ (strab. VI, 4,2).
maSasadame, strabonis TvalsazrisiT kolxeTi mdebareobda ara dasavleT
52

saqarTveloSi, aramed mis samxreT-dasavleT mxares - trapezuntidan Woroxis mimarTulebiT. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeboda kolxeTi - armeniis gaswvriv, xolo
mis ,,zemoT~ ki aRmoCndeboda iberia da albania. anu kolxeTi - iberiis samxreTiT
(samxreT-dasavleTiT) mdebareobda da moicavda strabonis cnobiT regionebs trapezuntisa da Woroxis xeobisa, marTlac, straboni imitom imeorebs Tavis TxzulebaSi
dabejiTebiT, ramdenjerme, mdinare fasisis armeniaSi yofnis Sesaxeb, rom mas fasisad
miaCnia md. Woroxi. mxolod aseTi ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba kolxeTi iberiis samxreTiT, xolo iberia ki mis ,,zemoT~.
T. yauxCiSvili kvlav ubrundeba am sakiTxs da wers - ,,strabonis meore rigis
cnobebSi kolxida isea gansazRvruli, rom is aRmosavleTiTaa kapadokiisagan, erT
xazzea armeniasTan da iberia da albania masze ufro Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebareoben~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 283).
aSkaraa, rom strabonis am cnobebis mixedviT kolxida mdebareobda ara ,,iberiis gaswvriv~ e. i. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed ,,armeniis gaswvriv~ anu trapezunt-Woroxis regionSi, anu istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi.
radganac kabadokiasTan kavSirSic axsenebs straboni kolxeTs, Cans, misi erTi
nawili trapezuntis qvemoTac mdebareobda.
marTlac strabonis cnobiT kolxeTis ,,sanapiro vrceldeba pitiuntidan trapezuntamde~ (iqve, gv. 283).
pitiuntis adgilmdebareoba dRemde sadavoa, kerZod n. adonci da p. ingoroyva
pitiunts (pitias) aTavsebdnen rizesTan axlos punqt ofTan. sxva mosazrebebiT ki
aq igulisxmeba afxazeTis biWvinTa. zemoTaRniSnulidan rom kolxida - armeniis
gaswvrivaa, ufro savaraudoa, rom strabonis pitiunti aris of-rizes regionSi.
strabonis arapirdapiri cnobebidanac Cans, rom kolxidis gverdiT, mis gaswvriv,
mis uSualo mezoblad mdebareobda armenia da ara iberia. magaliTad, iazonma
kolxeTis Semdeg ilaSqra armeniasa da midiaSi. ratom? imitom, rom kolxebis
uSualo, gaswvrivi mezoblebi iyvnen armenielebi da mis Semdeg - midielebi. amitomac wers straboni Semdegs - ,,Zveli xalxebi Sua zRvaSi ki ar curavdnen, aramed
napir-napir, rogorc iazoni, romelmac dastova xomaldi, rodesac kolxebidan modioda da armeniasa da midiamde xmeleTiT ilaSqra~ (iqve, gv. 74).
strabonis TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiaSi iberebi gadmosaxldnen ,,dasavleTis iberiidan~ anu espaneTidan, da isini dasaxldnen ara kolxidis gaswriv mdebare adgilebSi, aramed - kolxidis zemoT, araqsTan da mis iqiT. - ,,dasavleTis iberTa
nawili gadasaxlda pontosa da kolxidis zemoT mdebare adgilebSi (iberebi, apolidores mtkicebis Tanaxmad, armenias esazRvrebian araqsiT, ufro ki mtkvriT da
mosxuri mTebiT). egvi ptelTa nawili eTiopiasa da kolxebSi gadasaxlda~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 81). maSasadame, aqac iberebi kolxidis zemoT
cxovroben md. araqsis mimarTulebiT. maSasadame kolxeTs straboni ar uwodebs
dasavleT saqarTvelos, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos ,,gaswvriv~ araa armenia!
straboni sxvagan wers - ,,amisodan aRmosavleTisaken jer Segvxvdeba kolxida~ (strab. II, 1, 3), maSasadame, kolxeTi - qalaq amisos aRmosavleT mxaresaa. q. amiso
(amJamad iwodeba samsunad) ase ganimarteba - ,,amiso - qalaqi pontoSi, exlandeli
samsuni~ (T. yauxC. dasax. naSr. gv. 270). maSasadame kolxida samsunTanaa, e.i. trapezuntis mxares da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
53

roca iberiaze saubrobs, straboni xSirad asaxelebs dasavleT saqarTvelos

zRvispireTSi mcxovreb tomebs - aqevelebs, zigebs, henioxebs da sxvebs (II, 5,31), magram
kolxidis gverdiT (gaswvriv) yovelTvis armenias asaxelebs, magaliTad, wers ,,hirkaniis zRvasa da pontos Soris aris didi nawili armeniisa, kolxida da mTeli
kapadokia evqsinis pontomde da tibarenTa tomebamde~ (strab. II, 5, 31). aRniSnul
tomebs ki kolxeTis CrdiloeTiT sazRvravs (e.i. zigebs, aqevelebs, henioxebs da
sxvebs).
strabonma, cxadia, kargad icis ras wers, magaliTad, iqve miuTiTebs geografiuli ,,paralelebis~ Sesaxeb - ,,erastosTenes mixedviT es paraleli gadis kariaze~
(II, 5, 39) anda ,,cota CrdiloeTiT aris paraleli, romelic gadis lisimaqiaze~ (II, 5,
40).
iberebis paralelze dasavleTiT henioxebi, svanebi da sxva tomebi cxovroben,
xolo kolxebis aRmosavleTiT ki - armenielebi, maSasadame qarTuli tomebi cxovrobdnen kapadokielebisa da armenielebis gverdiT (kolxeTSi) da aseve iberebis
gverdiT (svanebi, henioxebi da sxvebi) dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
straboni kidev erTxel ubrundeba sakiTxs, rom iberebi ara kolxebis gverdiT,
aramed maT maRla cxovroben da wers - ,,armenielebi da kolxidis zemoT mcxovrebni, albanebica da iberebic, saWiroeben mxolod mmarTvelTa yolas da kargad
morCileben mas~ (strab. VI, 4, 2). maSasadame, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kolxeTi erqva ara dasavleT saqarTvelos (strabonisTvis), aramed iberiis samxreTdasavleTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. is amitom kolxidis zemoT iyo moqceuli.
sxva adgils ki straboni miuTiTebs, rom kolxeTi - trapezuntTan mdebareobs
- is wers- ,,tavrebis mTianeTSi aris mTa trapezunti, Tanamosaxele im qalaqisa,
romelic mdebareobs tibaraniasa da kolxidasTan~ (strab. VI, 4, 3).
dasavleT saqarTvelos rionis deltis zRvispireTSi, rogorc cnobilia ar
arsebobs kunZulebi, da arc arasdros yofila, magram strabonis cnobiT kolxidis
sanapiros gaswvriv mis dros mdebareobda kunZulebi, isini ki imiT iyvnen cnobilni, TiTqosda aq mokla medeam Tavisi Zma - ,,mTeli sanapiros gaswvriv aris
afsirtidis kunZulebi, romlebTanac medeam mohkla Tavisi Zma afsirte, romelic
daedevna medeas~ (strab. VI, 5, 5).
strabonis azriT, iazonma ilaSqra armeniaSi da wers - ,,iazonis laSqrobas
mowmoben iazonis taZrebi, magaliTad abderaSi, iazonis taZari, parmenionis mier
agebuli~ (strab. XI, Tavi XIV, 12). iazonis Tanamgzavrebis pativsacemadac augiaT
armeniaSi taZrebi. strabonis azriT armenielebi da midielebi arian medeasa da
iazonis molaSqreTa STamomavlebi. saerTod straboni miiCnevs, rom medea iyo ara
egvi ptelTa STamomavali (aseTad ki mas miaCnda kolxebi), aramed Tesalieli, iseve,
rogorc iazoni iyo Tesalieli. Tesalielebi ki strabons miaCnia elinebad, amis
Sesaxeb wers - ,,yovelive amis mixedviT amsgavseben midielebsa da armenielebs,
romelTac raRaca naTesaoba aqvT TesalielebTan da maTTan vinc iazonisa da
medeas Camomavlebi arian~ (straboni XI, Tavi XIV, 14).
armeniaSi, araqsze mcxovrebi iberebic ki strabons armenielebad miaCnia, radganac isini armeniis politikur-kulturuli gavlenis sferoSi iyvnen moqceulni
imis gamo, rom armeniam iberiisagan miitaca maTi miwa-wyali.
armeniaSi iazonma, strabonis cnobiT, araqsis wyals gauWra axali kalapoti,
54

riTac mudmivi datborvisagan ixsna vrceli dablobi (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis

geografia, gv. 194)., aseve, strabonisaTvis Woroxi - fazisi - armeniis mdinarea,
armeniis mdinarea likosic. amitomac wers - ,,qveyanaSi (armeniaSi) bevri mdinarea,
gansakuTrebiT cnobilia fazisi da likosi~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia,
1957, gv. 190).
saerTod, strabonis TvalsazrisiT armenielebi Tesaliuri warmoSobis xalxia, iazonis laSqrobis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli, is wers - ,,Zveli istoria am xalxis
aseTia: armenosma armenionidan, Tesaliis qalaqidan, romelic mdebareobs ferasa da
larisas Soris, ilaSqra iazonTan erTad armeniaSi... vinc armenosTan erTad iyvnen,
zogi dasaxldnen akiliseneSi, romelic uwin sofenebis gamgeblobaSi iyo, zogic
sispiritisSi kalaqenemde da adiabenemde armeniis sazRvrebs gareT. amboben, rom
tansacmeli armenielebs Tesaliuri aqvT... xolo Tesalielebi grZel tansacmels
atareben, radgan elinTa Soris yvelaze ufro Crdilo da susxian adgilebSi
cxovroben~ (iqve, gv. 194).
fazisi armeniis mdinared miiCneva strabonis mier (strab. XI, Tavi XIV, 7). am
cnobidan ki aSkaraa, rom fazisi araa strabonisTvis dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinare.
ase rom ar iyos, maSin dasavleT saqarTvelo armeniis nawilad CaiTvleba, rac
cxadi uzustobaa. fazisi likesTan erTad armeniis mdinared imitom miiCneva strabonis mier, rom Woroxi moiazreba fazisis qveS. amitomac kidev ramdenjerme ambobs
straboni, rom ,,fazisis saTave armeniaSia~. (XI, II, 17). mas Semdeg, rac armeniam, strabonisave cnobiT, iberias waarTva vrceli olqebi, pariadres kalTebi, xorZene da
gogarena, cxadia, samxreT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mravali geografiuli
punqti da mdinare strabonis epoqaSi aRmoCnda armeniis xelSi. maT Soris Woroxis
saTavec. amitomac, rogorc iTqva, wers straboni, fazisi (e.i. Woroxi) armeniaSia
anda armeniaSi iRebs saTaves (strab. XI, II, 17).
strabonis sxva cnobebic ufro gasagebi xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kolxidis
miwa-wylad ganvixilavT teritorias trapezunts da Woroxs Sua. magaliTad, straboni wers - ,,trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxovroben tibaranebi, qaldebi da
sanebi, romelTac uwin uwodebdnen makronebs, aqvea mcire armenia, am adgilebis
axlos cxovroben apaitebi, uwindeli kerkitebi. am adgilebze gadaWimulia skilise
- kldovani mTa, romelic uerTdeba kolxidis zemoT mdebare mosxur mTebs. skidesis mwvervalebi uWiravT heptakometebs. pariadre sadenesa da TemiskirasTan mdebare adgilebidan mcire armeniamde vrceldeba da hqmnis pontos aRmosavleT napirs. yvela am mTebSi mosaxleni srulad velurebi arian, xolo aRematebian sxvebs
heptakometebi... Zvelebi maT mosinikebs uwodebdnen... exlandeli qaldebi Zvelad
xalibebad iwodebodnen. amaT Soris mdebareobs farnakia... saerTod am adgilebSi
sanapiro metismetad viwroa, radganac iqve aRmarTulia liTonebiT (aq igulisxmeba polimetaluri madnebi. red.) savse da tyiani mTebi... unda vifiqroT, rom am
adamianebs uwin erqvaT alibebi xalibebis nacvlad... homerosi aliZonebs uwodebs
xalibebs. zogni weren alaZonebs, zogni ki amaZonebs... amboben,rom am midamoebSi
zogi amaZonebis Tanamosaxele qalaqia, rogorc magaliTad efeso, smirna, kvime da
mirina~ (strab. XII, Tavi III, 18-21).
maSasadame, mosxur mTebSi anu Tanamedrove ziganas mimarTulebiT trapezuntis samxreTiT mTianeTSi cxovrobdnen qaldebi, tibaranebi, sanebi (makronebi), apaitebi
55

anu kerkitebi, mosinikebi. qaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen, am mTianeTis win

sanapiro ki viwroa. aqedan naTelia, rom saubari ar Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos.
mosxuri mTebi aris ara imereTis mTebi (rogorc amJamad miiCneva), aramed arzrumWaneT-sper-arsianis mTianeTi - prof. n. xazaraZis kvlevebis Sesabamisad.
imaves wers straboni sxvaganac - ,,farnakiisa da trapezuntis maxloblad
mdebare adgilebs zemoT arian tibarenebi da qaldebi vidre mcire armeniamde. es
ki sakmarisad mdidari qveyanaa. mas ganagebdnen sakuTari dinastiebi. eseni xan
emegobrebian danarCen armenielebs, xan damoukideblad moqmedeben~ (iqve, 26-27). am
armenielebis ,,qveSevrdomebi iyvnen qaldebi da tibarenebi, ise, rom trapezuntamde
vrceldeba maTi xelisufleba~ (iqve, 28).
maSasadame, trapezuntisa da farnakiis maxloblad cxovroben qarTuli
tomebi tibarenebi da qaldebi, maT mcire armenia esazRvrebaT, magram politikurad armenielebis xelqveiTebi arian, radganac armenielebis xelisufleba
trapezuntamde da farnakiamde vrceldeba - strabonis cnobiT (T. yauxCiSvili,
strabonis geografia, gv. 212).
miTridate evpatorma armenielebs CamoarTva am adgilebis e.i. kolxidis
mmarTveloba. ,,is gaxda kolxidisa da yvela amaTi batoni~ (iqve, gv. 212), ,,yvela eseni"
ki qaldebi da sxva naxsenebi tomebia.
qalaqi farnakia - pontoSi mdebareobda, trapezuntis maxloblad. ,,kolxida
da yvela eseni~ miTridatesaTvis dauTmia anti patros sisides Zes. mas latiSevi
miiCnevs mcire armeniis mefed (iqve, gv. 235). aRwerilia kolxeTis es adgilebi da
qalaqebi, romelTagan zogierTi iyo ,,didi armeniis sazRvarze~ (iqve, gv. 212), magaliTad aseTia qalaqi sinoria. ZiriTadad esaa pariadres kalTebi, daRaruli cicabo
xeobebi - vfiqrob da cxadia - esaa pontos mTianeTi da ara dasavleT saqarTvelo.
aq gamoiqca pompeusisagan devnili miTridite, aqve dai pyro dastirasTan akilisenes wyaluxvi mTa, evfratis maxloblad romelic akilisenes mcire armeniisagan hyofda, bolos is iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina Tavisi sadgomi akiliseneSi da
gaqceuliyo zRvis mimarTulebiT. jer is gadalaxavda arsianis mimdgom mTebs,
Sesabamisad Cavidoda Woroxis xeobaSi e.i. kolxeTSi, iqedan dasavleT saqarTvelos gziT gadasula bosforSi. ,,pompeusma am adgilebTan mcire armeniaSi aaSena
qalaqi nikopolisi~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 213). saerTod
mTeli es Txroba strabons aqvs TavSi, romelSic mimoixilavs ,,mcire armenias~. mas,
ese igi, mcire armenias, strabonis dros ganagebda arqelae. ,,tibarenebi da qaldeebi
kolxidamde, farnakiamde da trapezuntamde upyria piTodoross~, Wkvian qals, piTodore
traelis asuls, polemonis meuRleyofils, romlisganac miiRo taxti. misi Svili
daayenes didi armeniis basilevsad. Semdeg miTxovda mcire armeniis mmarTvel
arqelaes da daqvrivda. mas upyria aseve TemiskirasTan, pariadresTan mdebare adgilebi, kabeira amasiasTan, sadac idga miTridates sasaxle. ase, rom araferia naTqvami dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. riT aris yovelive es strabonis aRweriloba,
CvenTvis saintereso? saqme exeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqcias, aseve ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ viTarca saistorio wyaros avtoritets.
amJamindeli istoriografiis mier ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ viTarca saistorio
wyaros avtoriteti dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT mTlianad damcrobil-ugulebelyofilia. miuxedavad imisa, rom `qarTlis cxovreba~ dabejiTebiT mogviTxrobs
56

azon-farnavazis xanidan dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi

ueWveli yofnis Sesaxeb, mainc mtkiced miiCneva, rom farnavazi iyo mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefe. miT ufro ugulebelyofilia misi Semdgomi mefeebis
Zalaufleba dasavleT saqarTveloze. Sesabamisad SeiTxza usafuZvlo, sruliad
axali istoria dasavleT saqarTveloSi kolxeTis saxelmwifos arsebobis Sesaxeb.
am axal istorias afuZneben ZiriTadad strabonisa da prokofi kesarielis cnobebze. sinamdvileSi ki, Tu am wyaroebs obieqturad gavaanalizebT, wavikiTxavT swored
imas, rac uweriaT am avtorebs (strabons, prokofis da sxvebs), kargad davinaxavT, rom
dasavleT saqarTvelo aris sul sxva qveyana, xolo strabonisa da prokofis kolxeT-lazika sul sxva qveyana. erTi mdebareobda iberiis gaswvriv dasavleTiT, meore
ki - iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT. kolxeTis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda armenia da
ara iberia. mxolod ZaldatanebiT iqna miRebuli Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda strabonis fazisi aris rioni, maSin, roca straboni fasisis TiTqmis yoveli xsenebis dros
armenias axsenebs, radganac misi saTave (e.i. Woroxis da ara rionis saTave) armeniis
mier iyo dapyrobili strabonis dros.
armeniis ,,qveyanaSi bevri mdinarea, gansakuTrebiT cnobilia fazisi da likosi~ (strabonis geografia, iqve, gv. 190), ,,fazisi, didi mdinare, romelsac saTave
armeniidan aqvs~ (iqve, gv. 123).
fazisis saTave armeniaSia - ,,saTave armeniidan aqvs, romelic Rebulobs
glavkossa da hi poss, maxlobeli mTebidan gamomdinareT~ (iqve, gv. 123) - esaa erTi
mTliani, uwyveti winadadeba strabonisa, anu armeniis mTebidan gamodis ara marto
fazisi, aramed iqve, maxloblad, anu armeniis mTebis maxloblad gamoedineba glavkosi da hi posi. CvenSi gavrcelebuli azriT, glavkosi aris yvirila (iqve, gv. 275),
xolo hi posi - cxeniswyali (iqve, gv. 301). Tu es asea, anu radgan glavkosisa da
hi posis saTaveebi armeniis mTebis maxlobeladaa, maSin cxeniswylisa da yvirilas
saTaveebic armeniis maxlobel mTebSi unda veZioT. sinamdvileSi glavkosi da
hi posi arian fazisis anu Woroxis Senakadebi, romelTa saTaveebi arian sperarsianis mTebSi, romelTa maxlobeli miwa-wyali marTlac Sedioda armeniaSi,
radganac iberiisagan iyo mitacebuli.
,,fazisze aRma curva SeiZleba Sorapanamde, am simagres SeuZlia daitios mTeli qalaqis mosaxleoba~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 123). g.
grigolias kvleviT, Sorapani anu sarapana aris sparsuli sityva da niSnavs mniSvnelovan gzaze mdebare mgzavrebisaTvis gankuTvnil mosasvenebels, es SeiZleba
iyos raime simagre, qalaqi an punqti Sesabamisi dasasvenebeli adgilebiT da sawyobebiT. aseTi sarapanebi ki saerTaSoriso gzebze mravali iyo. saerTod ki ,,sarapana~ Tu is qarTulad gamoiTqmoda rogorc ,,Sorapani~, ar unda veZioT maindamainc
zestafonis SorapanTan. aseTi punqti, rogorc iTqva mravali SeiZleboda yofiliyo. erTi aseTi yofila Woroxzec (strabonis dros), xolo prokofi kesarielis
dros aseTi ,,sarapana~ yofila arsianis maRal mTaSi, sadac gadioda SemdgomSi
artanuj-artaan-dvinis damakavSirebeli gza.
SeiZleboda Tu ara ,,aRma curva~ foTidan zestafonis Sorapnamde? vfiqrob
es SeuZlebeli iyo, Tundac imitom, rom didi manZiliT arian bolo wertilebi
erTmaneTs daSorebulni. garda amisa, Sorapani Zevs ara yvirilas, aramed Zirulas
sanapiroze, sadac mdinare wyalmcirea da Zalze nela miikvlevs gzas yvirilasak57

en. saerTod, quTaisamde yvirila mdorea da ar hgavs Tavisi siCqariT im Zalze

swraf faziss, rogorc aRweren mas Zveli mwerlebi. ,,swrafi da xmaura miemarTeba
kolxidaSi, 120 xidiT gadaisvleba~ (XI, III, 4). rac Seexeba Woroxs, aq ZvelTaganve
iyo naosnoba da mravalma mkvlevarma, maT Soris e. veidenbaumma, g. yazbegma, d.
baqraZem da sxvebma aRweres naosnoba Woroxze. d. baqraZis cnobiT aq aRma-daRma
200 satvirTo da samgzavro navi dacuravda baTumidan arTvinamde. maSasadame, Cveni
azriT, strabonis ,,sarapana~ iyo Woroxispira romelime punqti, ,,sarapanidan saurme gziT, fexiT 4 dReSi miisvleba mtkvramde~ (iqve, gv. 123). aq igulisxmeba arTvinartanuj-artaanis saurme gza, romelic moqmedi iyo vaxtang gorgasalis drosac,
am gziT usargebliaT wm. mociqulebs da miTridate pontoelsac. e. i. arTvinidan
mtkvramde, fexiT 4 dRis savali gza yofila.
fazisis SesarTavTan yofila qalaqi ,,garSemortymuli mdinariT, tbiT da
zRviT~, amJamadac, da e. veidenbaumis aRweriTac, Woroxis SesarTavTan didi tbebia
da Cans aq yofila qalaqi fazisi.
Woroxis SesarTavTan, mis marcxena mxares, amJamadac erTi didi da ramdenime
momcro zomis tba aris. albaT aq mdebareobda Zveli qalaqi fazisi. SesaZloa aq
igulisxmebodes amJamindeli gonios axlos mdebare romelime punqti, anda, is
uSualod SesarTavTan mdebareobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom gonios win, adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis gadmocemiT, gaedineboda Woroxis erT-erTi didi toti, romelic
Semdeg gadaketes. am qalaq fazisidan q. amisomde da sinopamde yofila sami an ori
dRis zRviT samgzavro gza. asea strabonis Zveli gamocemebis mixedviT, ,,ukanasknel gamocemebSi es wakiTxva damajereblad Secvlilia ,,8 an 9 dRis samgzavro~ - wers T. yauxCiSvili (iqve, gv. 123). Cveni azriT, Zveli wakiTxva sworia,
radganac fazisi Woroxia da ara rioni, amitomac Woroxidan amisomde (samsunamde) ufro mokle gzaa. Woroxis SesarTavi iseTivea, rogorsac aRwers straboni
fazisis SesarTavs - ,,sanapiro rbilia~ e.i. Waobiania. xolo Woroxidan rizes
mimarTulebiT sanapiro dabali da qviSiania. straboni wers: kolxeTSi ,,kargi
nayofebi icis, garda Taflisa (metwilad mwarea) da moi poveba navTsaSeni yovelive masala, radgan izrdeba aq mravali tye da mdinareebiTac Camoitaneba, amuSaveben
blomad sels, kanafs, cvilsa da fiss. xolo selis damuSaveba ganTqmulic ki aris.
qveynis gareTac ki gaaqvT~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 124).
msgavsadve, Woroxis xeobaSi arTvinamde mSvenieri tyeebia. aseve mkvlevarTa
cnobiT Woroxze arTvinidan baTumSi didi raodenobiT CahqondaT navebiT daxerxili xis masala XIX saukuneSic. aq, erge-liganis xeobaSi, amuSavebdnen XIX s-Sic
ganTqmul selis qsovilebs, romelic liganis gareTac iyideboda.
,,moxsenebul mdinareebs zemoT mosxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobs levkoTeas
samlocvelo, friqses mier agebuli da misi samisno, sadac verZs ar swiraven
msxverplad. odesRac is mdidari iyo, xolo Cvens dros... gaZarcvuli~ (iqve, gv. 124).
e.i. es samlocvelo mosxebis qveyanaSia, moxsenebuli mdinareebis zemoT, romeli
mdinareebi axsena aq strabonma? - fazisi, glavkosi da hi posi.
Tu glavkosi da hi posi arian yvirila da cxeniswyali, maSin maT saTaveebTan
unda veZioT Cven ,,mosxebis qveyana~. mesxeTi viTom cxeniswylis maRla mdebareobda?
Zalze saeWvoa, magram, Tu ki Cven glavkosad vigulisxmebT ,,liganisxevs~ anu imerxevs, hi posad ki iqve gamdinare wyals, maT maRla, anu arsianis qedTan marTlac
58

mesxeTis qveyana - kola-artaania, iqve SavSeTi da samcxea, qvemoT ki taoa. ai, aq iyo
,,mosxebis qveyana~ prof. n. xazaraZis kvleviTac. aq unda veZioT (da ara imereTSi)
levkoTeas taZari. msgavsi toponimi marTlac amJamadac aris javaxeTSi, esaa sofeli ,,koTelia~.
mosxebis an mesxebis qveyana iyo aseve WoroxTan axlos mdebare klarjeTi anu
artanujis mxare. is, strabonis dros, kolxebis xelSi yofila gadasuli, arsianis
qedamde. marTlac straboni wers, rom mosxebis qveynis erTi nawili eWiraT kolxebs. kerZod ,,mosxebis qveyana, romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi
misi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs~ (iqve, gv. 125). sad
SeiZleba iyos ,,mosxebis qveyana~, romelic sam nawiladaa gayofili kolxebs, iberebsa da armenielebs Soris? cxadia, esaa istoriuli mesxeTi samcxe-javaxeTidan tao-basianamde da artanuj-klarjeTamde. am Tvalsazriss emxroba T. yauxCiSvilic
(iqve, gv. 258). arsianis qedamde anu Woroxidan arsianamde mesxeTis erTi nawili
(klarjeTi) kolxebis xelSi iyo. meore nawili - e.i. samcxe-javaxeTi-kola-artaani - iberiisa, xolo - koladan vrceli miwebi tao-TorTum-basianis CaTvliT
somxebs miusakuTrebiaT. amis gamo, mesxeTi sam nawilad aRmoCnda gayofili. maSasadame, sazRvari kolxidasa da iberias Soris aq, Semdgomdroindel SavSeT-klarjeTSi gadioda arsianis qedze. aq maxloblad unda yofiliyo iberiis qalaqi
friqsopolisi - ideesa. marTlac, p. ingoroyva fiqrobda, rom is taosTan mdebareobda. am mimarTulebiT zRvispirzea dioskuria, radganac straboni mosxebis
qveynis dayofis aRweris damTavrebis Semdegve ubrundeba mas. dioskuriasTan
Caedineba mdinare qaresi. dioskuriaSi savaWrod Cadiodnen svanebic, yvela tomze
aRmatebulni simamaciT da ZaliT (iqve, gv. 126). ,,floben isini irgvliv yvelafers,
upyriaT kavkasionis mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT aris. hyavT maT
basilevsi da sabWo 300 mamakacisagan Semdgari, rogorc amboben hkrefen laSqars
200 000 kacis raodenobiT, marTlac mTeli xalxi meomaria, magram araorganizebuli. amasTanave amboben, rom zamTris niaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo barbarosebi
agroveben oqros daxvretili varclebiT da banjgvliani tyavebiT. aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisian verZze... Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels
dasavlelebisas, romelTac aqvT oqros sabadoebi orive mxares~ (T. yauxCiSvili,
strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 126).
saubaria svanebze, magram ra kavSiri aqvT maT iberebTan? am kavSiris Sesaxeb
straboni wers garkveviT da gasagebad, magram gaugebaria misi qarTuli Targmani,
magaliTad, mTargmneli wers - ,,...Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels~ da a.S. ras
niSnavs ,,deben~? Semdgomi frazac gaugebaria, radganac qarTuli Targmani gaugebaria, amitomac gamoviyeneT strabonis rusulenovani gamocema, sadac aRniSnuli fraza
srulad gasagebia - ,, u
n, ~ e.i. zogierTebi
svanebs aseve, uwodeben iberielebsac - dasavleTis iberTa saxelis msgavsad, radganac orive qveyanaSi aris oqros marcvlebi, romelic mdinareebs CamoaqvT da maT
agroveben, ramac safuZveli daudo oqros sawmisis miTs.
maSasadame, svanebis qveynis saxelic - iberiaa, dasavleTis iberiis qveynis
saxelis msgavsad, radganac orivegan oqros marcvlebi CamoaqvT mdinareebs.
straboni pirdapir wers: `aseve svanebs zogierTebi iberebsac uwodeben~, es mar59

tivi fraza CvenSi gaugebrad iTargmna, amitomac Zvirfasi cnoba dasavleT da samxreT
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb gamouyenebelia dRemde.
svanebi didi tomia - 200 000 mebrZoli hyavT. esaa yvela brZolisunariani
mamakaci, rac SesaZloa iyo mTeli mosaxleobis mesamedi an meoTxedi Tu ase iyo,
maSin svanebis saerTo ricxvi naxevar milionze meti yofila,. aseTi mravalricxovani xalxi, cxadia mcire teritoriaze ver icxovrebda. sad cxovrobdnen svanebi?
dioskuriis maRla mdebare mTebidan mosxebisa da kolxebis maRla, aseve qveynis
siRrmeSi - mTieli tomebis mezoblad. Cans qaldebis, tibarenebis, mesxebis, kolxebis maRlac cxovrobdnen svanebi. Semdegdroindel SavSeT-aWara-guriis mTianeTSi
mcxovrebTac, Cans im dros, svanebis saxeliT icnobdnen. maSasadame, svanebi gagrZelebiT cxovroben rionis xeobidan vidre dioskuriamde. cxadia, naxevarmilioniani xalxi mcire teritoriaze ver moTavsdeboda. isini bunebrivia dasavleT
saqarTveloSic cxovrobdnen. maT qveyanaSi CamohqondaT mdinareebs oqros marcvlebi dasavleTis iberebis msgavsad, amitom maTac iberebi uwodeso, _ werda straboni. asea, Tu ise, iberia dasavleT saqarTvelosac ewodeboda, xolo iq mcxovreb iseT
did toms, rogoric iyvnen svanebi, zogierTi Zveli istorikosi iberebis saxeliTac
icnobda. strabonis es cnoba eTanadeba Cvens erovnul wyaros - ,,qarTlis cxovrebas~, romlis cnobiTac egrisi, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo, farnavazis Semdeg mudam
qarTlis samefos nawils Seadgenda, e.i. masac qarTli anu iberia ewodeboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos msgavsad.
kolxeTze subrisas, cxadia straboni axsenebs iazons da friqses. kolxeTidan gadasula iazoni armeniasa da midiaSi (iqve, gv. 124). rogorc iTqva, strabonis dros kolxeTs piTodoria marTavda, ,,mefobda kolxebze, trapezuntze, farnakiaze da zemoT mcxovreb barbarosebze~ (iqve, gv. 125). farnakia - pontos qalaqi
iyo, trapezuntis maxloblad (iqve, gv. 298) TemiskarasTan axlos, mis maRla cxovrobdnen tibarenebi, qaldebi da sanebi. miiCneva, rom farnakia ufro qaldebis
(e.i. xalibebis) miwaze mdebareobda (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv.
298).
maSasadame, dedofali marTavda pontosa da trapezuntis regionis miwas, maT
Soris kolxeTs, romelic fazisamde (e.i. Woroxamde aRwevda).
strabonis cnobiT, md. fazisis SesarTavTan, zRvis pirze mdebareobda qalaqi
fazisi, am qalaqidan amisomde da sinopamde iyo 2-3 dRis savali gemiT. asea yvelaze
uaxles rusul TargmanSic - ,, 2 3
- , ycx ~.
aq sainteresoa is, rom q. fazisi rom yofiliyo q. foTi, maSin gemiT mgzavrobas, cxadia,
meti dro dasWirdeboda, amitomac qarTvelma mTargmnelebma gazardes es ricxvi.
strabonis cnobili fraza, rom q. fazisis garSemo akravs zRva, mdinare da tba
Seesabameba ara mxolod foTs, aramed aseve Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavis adgilsac.
aq, e.i. Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavTan XIX saukuneSic iyo (e. veidenbaumis cnobiT)
da amJamadac aris (adgilobrivi turistuli rukebis mixedviT) sakmao zomis tba.
ase, rom paliastomis garda sxva tbac arsebobda, oRond Woroxis SesarTavis dasavleT (marcxena) sanapiros mxares.
rogorc aRiniSna, tomTa sacxovrisis mdebareoba mkveTrad Seicvala bizantiasparseTis omis dros da mis Semdeg VI-VII saukuneebSi. es omi jer lazikisaTvis,
60

Semdeg ki svaneTis gamo mimdinareobda. svanebi omis gadamwyvet momentSi sparselebs

miemxrnen, rac maT ar apatia am omSi sabolood gamarjvebulma bizantiam, rac
gamoixata imiT, rom svanebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gadasaxlebuliyvnen ufro CrdiloeTiT, miuaxlovdnen maT amJamindel sacxovriss.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi iberiis yofnas strabonic adasturebs, oRond arapirdapir magaliTad, is wers, rom kavkasiis erT-erTi qedi moemarTeba CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, hkveTs iberias da uerTdeba mesxeTis mTebs. romelia is qedi
saqarTveloSi, romelic miemarTeba CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken da uerTdeba mesxeTis (mcire kavkasiis) mTianeTs. esaa erTaderTi qedi lixisa anu - suramisa.
maSasadame, strabonis cnobiT, suramis qedi Suaze kveTda iberias, e.i. dasavleT
saqarTvelo iberiis nawilad moiazreboda mis mier.
sad iyo mosxebis mTebi? rogorc vTqviT, trapezuntis mxares, is wers kidec
,,mdebareobs kolxida kavkasionisa da mosxebis mTebis qvemoT~ (straboni, wigni XI,
Tavi II, 1). mosxebis mTebi ki arzrum-arsianis mTianeTia. strabonisTvis arsiankarCxalis mTianeTic _ kavkasionia.
straboni, rogorc iTqva, wers didi kavkasionis qedis Sesaxeb - ,,zogi toti am
mTisa moemarTeba samxreTisaken, gars ertymis Sua iberias da erTvis armeniis mTebs
da mosxebisad wodebulT, agreTve skidises da pariadres~ (straboni, XI, II, 15).
mosxebis mTebi - pariadres nawili iyo - ,,mis nawils uwodeben pariadres, misi
meore nawili aris mosxebis mTebi, gars ertymian armenias iberebamde~ (straboni, XI,
Tavi XII, 4).
sxvagan wers - ,,am tomebs gars artyia kavkasioni da aRwevs armenielebamde,
uerTdeba agreTve mosxebisa da kolxebis mTebs~ (XI, XIV, 1).
maSasadame, mosxebis mTebi da armeniis mTebi erT regionSi mdebareobdnen, maT
uerTdeboda Sua iberiidan gamomavali lixis qedi, romelic marTlac arsianis
mTaTa sistemas uerTdeba. rogorc iTqva, straboni wers - kavkasiis qedis ,,zogi
toti moemarTeba samxreTisaken, gars ertymis Sua iberias da erTvis armeniis mTebs
da mosxebisad wodebulT~. unda kvlav iTqvas, rom mxolod suramis qedi gamodis
didi kavkasiidan CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken. maSasadame, strabonTan laparakia
suramis qedze, romelic ,,Sua iberiaSi~ gadioda. kidev erTxel rom vTqvaT, straboni wers - es totebi gars ertymian Sua iberias da uerTdebian armeniis da mosxebis
mTebs. maSasadame, im qveyanas, romelsac axla hqvia ,,Sida qarTli~ straboni uwodebs
,,Sua iberias~, mas garSemo ertymian CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken mimarTuli mTebi.
erT-erTi aseTi ki, rogorc ramdenjerme iTqva - suramis qedia, meore ki SeiZleba
iyos TianeT-saguramos qedi, momarTuli CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, maSasadame
,,Sida qarTli~ strabonis mier iwodeboda ,,Sua iberiad~. hqonda Tu ara strabons
raime wyaro amis saTqmelad? am kuTxiT Zalze sainteresoa is, rom am termins
icnobs ,,qarTlis cxovrebac~. aq mas aseTi saxeli aqvs - ,,Sua qarTli~.
kerZod `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ naTqvamia - gaZlierda aleqsandre, movida ,,da
povna cixe-qalaqni ese Zlierni Sua-qarTl (wunda, xerTvisi... Tuxarisi... urbnisi,
kaspi, ufliscixe... sarkine... rusTavi da deda-cixe samSvilde da... xunani) da kaxeTisa qalaqni (q.c. I, 1955, gv. 18). azonma ,,dai pyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (q.c. I, gv. 19).
strabonis ,,Sua iberia" qarTlis cxovrebis ,,Sua qarTli unda iyos.
saerTod, straboni, dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiros da kolxidis
61

sanapiros erTmaneTisagan ganarCevs. is CamoTvlis tomebs qalaq batadan, romelsac

zogi mecnieri Tanamedrove novorosiskTan aTavsebs (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis
geografia, 1957, gv. 274) Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT - kerketebi, aqeelebi da henioxebi,
miTridates omebis aRmweri mwerlebi ki aseTi TanmimdevrobiT - aqeelebi, zigebi,
henioxebi, kvlav kerketebi, mosxebi, kolxebi, Semdeg amaT zemoT - fTeirofagebi,
svanebi da sxva patara tomebi (iqve, gv. 120).
am CamonaTvalidan Cans, rom kolxebi - erT-erTi tomia aRniSnulTa Soris da
isini cxovroben yvela tomis qvemoT, samxreTSi. Sesabamisad, kolxeTic samxreTiTaa,
Tu kerZod sad - amas manZilebiT adgens. straboni - misi TvalsazrisiT mdinare
fazisidan bosforamde aris 4000 stadioni (bosforSi mimavalma miTridatem fazisidan
es gza gaiara). Tu erT stadions vivaraudebT 178 metrad, rogorc miRebulia, maSin
md. fazisidan bosforamde aris 712 km. am monakveTis TiTqmis 482 kilometriani
zoli zRvispireTSi eWiraT zemoCamoTvlil qarTul tomebs. kerZod ,,batadan
kerketebis sanapiromde, romelzedac aris navTsayudelebi da soflebi daaxloebiT 850 stadionia, Semdeg aqeelTa sanapiro 500 stadioni, mere henioxTa sanapiro
1000 stadioni, xolo pitiuntis (sanapiro) dioskuriamde 360~ (iqve, gv. 120). maSasadame
batadan (e.i. miaxloebiT Tanamedrove novorosiiskidan) kerketebis toms eWira
sanapiros 151 km (850 stadioni), aqeelebs eWiraT 89 km (500 stadioni), henioxebs
eWiraT sanapiros 178 km (1000 st.), Semdeg iyo didi pitiunti saidanac dioskuriamde
iyo 64 km (360 st.), sul am tomebs eWiraT sanapiros 482 km. ramdeni kilometria
saqarTvelos Savi zRvis pireTi anda afxazeTis sanapiro zoli? qvemoT straboni
wers, rom es 64 km iyo kolxebisa _ dioskuriidan pitiuntamde.
aRniSnul kilometrebs Tu gadaviyvanT Cvens realurobaSi, maSin gamodis, rom
strabonis ,,didi pitiunti~ aris ara afxazeTis biWvinTa, aramed rize-ofTan mdebare pitiusa-pitiunti. swored aq miuTiTebdnen pitiuntis mdebareobas n. adonci
da p. ingoroyva. maSasadame, aRniSnul 482 kilometri bata-novorosiiskidan aris
ara manZili afxazeTis biWvinTamde, aramed reze-ofis pitiuntamde. aqve yofila
kolxida, strabonis cnobiT - kolxebis sacxovrisi.
strabonis orive wyaros cnobiT (erTia artemidore, meore ki miTridates
ambebis aRmwerni) Savi zRvis sanapiros didi monakveTi bata-novorosiiskidan TiTqmis
Tanamedrove oCamCiremde - 151 km - uWiravs kerketebis toms. kerketebi Cvenma istorikosebma etimologiurad daukavSires Cerqezebs (maSin, roca adiRe-Cerqezebi
SavizRvispireTsa da saerTod Crdilo kavkasiaSi gamoCndnen Zalze gvian, Temurlengis laSqrobebis Semdeg, sadac man volgispireTisa da stepebis tomebi gadmoasaxla). ,,Cerqez~ Turqul sityvad miiCneva. etimologiurad kerketi gacilebiT
axloa sityva ,,gergetTan~. gerg anu georg - qarTvelTa eTnikuri saxelia. Crdilo
kavkasiaSi ,,georg~ tomebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb sxva antikuri avtorebic weren. kerket - erT-erTi regionaluri saxeli unda yofiliyo georgebis qarTuli tomisa.
miT umetes, rom kerket-kerkitebi qaldea-WaneTTanac cxovrobdnen.
kerketebis Semdeg 89 kilometriani zoli eWiraT aqeelebs. esaa daaxloebiT
oCamCiridan foTamde. strabonis da sxva avtorebis cnobiT aqeelebi arian warmoSobilni Tesilielebisagan, isini argonavtebis razmis wevrTa STamomavalni
arian - ,,amboben, rom iazonis laSqridan fTielma aqavelebma daasaxles aqauri
aqaia, xolo lakonelebma - henioxebi, romlebsac marTavdnen rekasi da amfistrate
62

dioskurebis meetleebi. henioxebma amaTgan miiRes saxeli~ (iqve, gv. 118).

aqeelebi da henioxebi qarTveluri tomebi Canan, radganac pliniusis azriT
msgavsadve argonavtebisagan Camoyalibdnen iberebi, albanelebi, Crdilo somxebi
da midielebi - erTi `Tesaluri warmomavlobis xalxebi~ (ix. a. jafariZe, deda
RvTismSobeli Semwe qarTuli enisa, 2008, gv. 5-30). ramdenad marTalia pliniusi am
sakiTxSi - sakvlevia, magram aqeelebi da henioxebi, argonavtuli warmoSobis gamo
TanamonaTesaveni gamodian iberebisa. marTalia, strabonis TvalsazrisiT iberebi
gadmosaxldnen dasavleTis iberiidan (espaneTidan), magram sxva mwerlebis cnobebiT ise Cans, rom iberielebisa da albanelebis mmarTveli dinastiebi (da albaT
xalxebic) Camoyalibdnen kolxeTSi argonavtebis laSqrobis Semdeg. aseve, somexi
xalxis warmoSobas, rogorc aRiniSna, argonavtebis wevr armeniosTan akavSirebdnen
(iqve, gv.5-30).
n. adoncis Tanaxmad, somxeTis miwa-wyali armenielebis Semosvlamde qarTvelTa
tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. iq damkvidrebisas armenielebma qarTuli mosaxleoba
Suaze gakveTes da istoriuli somxeTis centralur nawilSi dasaxldnen. am
mizezis gamo, Crdilo (da aseve samxreT) somxeTis mosaxleoba eTnikurad qarTuli warmoSobisa iyo. pliniusis cnobiTac Cans rom Crdilo somxeTis mosaxleoba sxva, kerZod ki, Tesaliuri warmoSobisa iyo.
sanapiros yvelaze didi nawili 178 kilometri (1000 stadioni) eWiraT henioxebs (savaraudod foTidan - rizemde) henioxebis saxels etlTan, e.i. cxenosnobasTan
akavSirebdnen. aq SeuZlebelia ar gavixsenoT, rom cxens Zvel qarTulad hune erqva,
Tu es dakavSireba SesaZlebelia (hune - aqedan henioxi - ,,cxenosani~ gamodis).
strabonis meore wyaros Tanaxmad ki batadan - dioskuriamde e.i. henioxebis
teritoriaze cxovrobdnen ,,henioxebi, kerketebi, mosxebi, kolxebi. kolxebis sacxovrisi unda ganisazRvros dioskuriidan - 360 stadioni sanapiroTi (64 km). (e.i.
dioskuriidan pitiuntamde).
rizesTan Wanebis (e.i. kolxebis) tomebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda prokofi
kesarieli, romlis cnobiTac rizesTan Wanebs ebrZodnen romaeli jarebi Wanive
Teodores meTaurobiT.
dioskuria rogorc Cans mdebareobda pitiuntsa e.i. of-rizesa da trapezunts Soris. Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi rkalis moxriloba strabonis cnobiT
iwyeboda batadan da mTavrdeboda pitiuntTan da dioskuriasTan. marTlac, Tu
rukas davxedavT, vnaxavT, rom es rkali mTavrdeba sadRac rizesTan. straboni wers
- ,,es sanapiro miemarTeba aRmosavleTisaken da uyurebs samxreTs, xolo batadan
nel-nela brundeba, Semdeg Semobrundeba dasavleTisaken da sruldeba pitiuntTan da dioskuriasTan~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 121). es
pitiunti am mxriv rizes sanapiroa, radganac iq Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi nawilis sanapiros rkali mTavrdeba. straboni dioskurias trapezuntis regionSi
aTavsebs, roca ganagrZobs aRweras Savi zRvis sanapiro morkalulobisa - ,,dioskuriis Semdeg danarCeni sanapiro kolxidisa aris da mis momdevno trapezuntTan
qmnis mniSvnelovan moxrilobas, Semdeg pirdapir miemarTeba da qmnis marjvena
gverds pontosas, romelic uyurebs CrdiloeTs~ (iqve, gv. 121).
maSasadame kolxeTi iwyeba dioskuriasTan, trapezuntTan axlos, romelic
pitiuntidan, of-rizedan daSorebulia 64 km-iT. esaa strabonis kolxeTi da ara
63

dasavleT saqarTvelo. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb misi

pirveli wyaro - ,,artemidore~ saerTod ar axsenebs tomebis CamonaTvalSi kolxebs, xolo meore wyaro - ,,miTridates ambebis aRmwerni~ kolxebs asaxelebs tomebis CamonaTvalis boloSi, CamoTvla ki iwyeba bata-novorosiiskidan (axlandeli
novorosiiski) TiTqmis trapezuntamde. ase, rom strabonis kolxeTi mdebareobda
iberiis samxreT-dasavleTiT, anu iberiis qvemoT, iberia ki kolxeTis ,,zemoT~.
meore mxriv - md. fazisi kolxeTis mdinare, anu Woroxi kolxeTSi gaedineba,
dioskuriac - kolxeTis qalaqia. es adgili ,,kavkasionis qvemoTaa~. kavkasionis qveS,
am SemTxvevaSi, straboni, ise rogorc sxva mravali Zveli avtori, gulisxmobs e.w.
,,mcire kavkasions~, sadac aris arsian-karCxalis didi mTianeTi. aqvea istoriuli
provincia ,,sakavkasiZeo~ da amJamadac ki karCxalis ferdobzea punqti saxelwodebiT ,,kavkasori~. sityva-toponimi anu adgilobrivi saxeli ,,kavkasia~ Cven saqarTveloSi
arsad gvxvdeba. Tumca cxadia strabonisaTvisac ZiriTadi ,,kavkasia~ aris ,,didi
kavkasiis qedi~, erastosTenes TqmiT adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mier kaspiad wodebuli ,,zogi toti am qedisa moemarTeba samxreTisaken, gars ertymis Sua iberias da
erTvis armeniis mTebs da, mosxebisad wodebulT, agreTve skidises da pariadres.
yvela eseni arian tavris nawilebi, romelic hqmnis armeniis samxreT nawils~ (iqve,
gv. 122). armeniis xsenebisas aq kidev erTxel axsenebs straboni dioskurias _
,,dioskuria amisTana ubeSi mdebareobs da uWiravs ukiduresi aRmosavleTi punqti
mTeli zRvisa" (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 122). Tu dioskuria
soxumia, rogorc miCneulia amJamad (iqve, gv. 276), maSin gamodis rom soxumia ,,ukiduresi aRmosavleTi punqti mTeli zRvisa~, rac ase ar aris. dioskuria ufro
samxreTiT unda veZioT.
dioskuriasTan axsenebs straboni faziss (iqve, gv. 122), radganac miiCnevs, rom
qveyana fazisidan (e.i. Woroxidan) Temiskiramde - zogadad kolxeTia. ase gvesmis
Cven strabonis fraza, rom aRniSnuli mTianeTis nawilebi vrceldebian Temiskiramde
dawyebuli kolxididan (iqve, gv. 122). ,,dioskuria amisTana ubeSi mdebareobs" - wers
is, e. i. mis win Savi zRvis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi nawili mdebareobs, xolo ukan
ki kavkasiis mTianeTis Tu armeniis tavris mwvervalebia aziduli.
dioskuria 600 stadioniT anu 106 kilometriTaa daSorebuli faziss anu
Woroxs, xolo rogorc iTqva 360 stadioniT (64 km-iT) pitiunts. e. i. trapezuntis
mimarTulebiT ,,kaspiis mTidan 5 dRis saval manZilzea~. CvenSi miiCneva, rom ,,kaspiis
kari~ Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadasasvlelia, rukebze ki is mdebareobs armeniisa da
kaspis zRvis Sua, azerbaijanis samxreTiT. albaT sadme aqve iyo ,,kaspiis mTa~.
strabonis dioskuria da pitiunti, rom ar iyo afxazeTis soxumi da biWvinTa
(pitiunda), Cans TviT strabonis mier mocemuli daSorebiT. strabonis es cnoba am
mxriv Zalze Zvirfasia. kerZod, straboni, rogorc aRiniSna, wers _ `henioxTa sanapiro 1.000 stadioni, xolo pitiuntis sanapiro dioskuriamde 360~ (straboni, gv. 120).
maSasadame, pitiuntidan dioskuriamde aris 360 stadioni. amave dros, TviTon
strabonis cnobiT dioskuria faziss daSorebulia 600 stadioniT (iqve, gv. 276), anu
Tu gadaviyvanT kilometrebSi, aRmoCndeba, rom dioskuriidan fazisamde iyo 106 km.,
xolo dioskuriidan pitiuntamde _ 64 km. Sesabamisad, pitiuntidan fazisamde yofila 42 km.
Tu davuSvebT, rom sworia imJamindeli Sexeduleba da dioskuria iyo soxumi,
64

pitiunti _ biWvinTa, fazisi ki _ rioni, maSin soxumidan (dioskuriidan) biWvinTamde (pitiuntamde) iyo 64 km; biWvinTidan rionamde 42 km., xolo soxumidan rionamde
106 km; maSasadame, rionTan biWvinTa ufro axlos yofila, vidre soxumi. es arasworia.
maSasadame, kolxeTi mdebareobda ara iberiis dasavleTiT, aramed mis samxreTdasavleTiT. Sesabamisad iberia kolxeTis maRla mdebareobda.

2. prokofi kesarieli
(prokopios kaesariensis)
lazikis Sesaxeb
prokofi kesarielma, romelic moRvaweobda iustinianes dros (VI s-is I naxevari) dawera sami Txzuleba: `polemika~, `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~ da ,,anekdota~. Cven
vixilavT samive naSromidan im Tavebsa da nawilebs, sadac prokofi exeba lazikas.
maT Sorisaa `polemikis~ I-II Tavi _ `omi sparselebTan~, da V-VII Tavi _ `omi guTebTan~, es bolo ori Tavi s. yauxCiSvlma Targmna da dabeWda Tavis cnobil da SesaniSnav
,,georgikebis~ meore tomSi. j. SoSiaSvilma Targmna da gamosca prokofis wigni
`SenobaTa Sesaxeb~ (Tb., 2006), xolo n. efremiZem `saidumlo istoria~ (Tb., 1989 w.).
rogorc aRvniSneT, vixilavT samive naSroms, kerZod prokofis Sesabamisi wignidan
gverdebis mixedviT mogvyavs citatebi, romelTac vurTavT Cvens komentarebs.

`omi sparselebTan~
De Bello Persico (BP)
prokofi Tavis wignSi `omi sparselebTan~ wers: sparselTa azriT `kolxidas
axla lazike ewodeba, ZvelTaganve sparselTa qveSevrdomi iyo, romaelebs usamarTlod uWiravT~ (georgika, t. 2. 1965 gv. 47). sparselebma VI s-Si daiqvemdebares
da daepatronen istoriul saqarTvelos, mis erT-erT nawilad miiCnevdnen isini
lazikas, amitomac gaRiziandnen, roca lazika romaelebma daiWires.
`iberTa marcxniv, dasavleTiT mdebareobs lazike~ _ prokofis mier iberiis
qveS moiazreba mesxeTic (kola-artaaniT), romlis dasavleTiT _ marTlac iyo
lazike (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 48).
`iberT marjvniv, aRmosavleTiT cxovroben sparselTa tomebi~.
iberTa marjvniv mcxovrebi albanelebi nakleb savaraudoa, rom _ sparselebad
mieCniaT, Cans, prokofis mier iberiad moiazreboda, aseve miwa-wyali vanis tbis
mimarTulebiT, (e.i. tao basiani) romlis iqiTac iyo sparseTi _ Tavisi sparsuli
tomebiT (iqve, gv. 48).
`iberebi qristianebi arian da am sarwmunoebis wesebs yvela imaTze ukeT
icaven, romelTac Cven vicnobT, xolo ZvelTaganve sparselTa mefis qveSevrdomni
gamxdaran~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 48).
.prokofi erT-erTi pirvelia im mraval avtorTa Soris, romelnic qarTvelTa
uZvelesi marTlmadideblobis Sesaxeb miuTiTeben.
iberia-politikurad sparseTis xelTaa, amas cnobs bizantia.
iberTa mefe gurgeni `lazikeSi gaiqca iberTa yvela didebuliTurT, Tan waiy65

vana coli, Svilebi da Zmebi, romelTagan uxucesi iyo perani~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 50).
gurgenis samefoSi Sedioda kola-artaani, romlis dasavleTi klarjeT-Woroxis
xeoba imJamad laziked iwodeboda.
mefis Semdeg meore pirs _ anu `uxucess~ iberTa samefo saxlSi moixsenebs straboni.
iv. javaxiSvilis azriT `I-II ss-Si mefobis uflebis memkvidreobis rigi pirdapiri
ki ar aris, aramed, es ufleba ufrosobiT gadadis mTeli samefo sagvareulos ama
Tu im wevrze~ (qarTuli samarTlis istoria, I, 19, gv. 180).
`iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea lazebis miwa-wyalze ori simagre...
iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe, sxva adgilebidan risime
Semozidva, viwrobebis wyalobiT, SeiZleba, mxolod ise, Tu kacebi TviTon moitanen~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 51).
iberiis nawilad moiazreboda kola-artaani, saidanac klarjeTSi anu lazikaSi
Sesvlisas ori simagre _ sarapana da skanda mdebareobda. kvlevas Woroxis xeobaSi vidre arsianis qedamde lazikis ganvrcobis Sesaxeb VI-s-Si, eZRvneba Cveni
naSromis didi nawili.
SeuZlebelia skandasa da sarapanas qveS igulisxmebodes imereTis skande da
Sorapani, jer erTi, Sorapansa da skandes cixeebSi urmebi Tavisuflad Sedian,
TiTqmis vakeze arian, zRvis donidan 170 metri. iq modis yovelgvari mosavali,
rasac daTesav, meorec prokofisTan kargad Cans, rom prokofis mier aRniSnuli
ori simagre erT gzaze _ iberiidan lazikeSi mimaval Sesasvlelzea, xolo rac
Seexeba imereTis skandesa da Sorapans, maT Soris mTeli qveyana _ zemo imereTia
gadaWimuli. erTi akavSirebs zestafons _ xaSurTan, meore ki Terjolas _ muxuraxreiTis gavliT WiaTurasTan. prokofis mier aRwerili skanda - sarapanas geografiuli mdebareoba ar Seesabameba imereTis skandesa da Sorapnis realur garemos,
amitom isini sxvadasxva regionSi unda veZioT. skande da Sorapani sxva punqtebia,
xolo skanda da sarapana ki sxva.
armeniis mosazRvred cxovroben Wanebi mTagorian qveyanaSi, saidanac gamoedineba fazisi. Wanebi adre iwodebodnen sanebad. miwa maT arafers aZlevs sarCod. isini cxovroben mudam nisliT da TovliT dafarul mTianeTSi. romaelTa
mefe maT fuls ugzavnida, raTa maT ar gaeZarcvaT armenielebi da romaelebi _
`vidre zRvamde maTi mezoblebi~. VI s-is dasawyisSi bizantielma sardalma sittam daamarcxa isini, amis Semdeg Wanebi gaqristiandnen (e.i. VI s-Si) (georgika 2, 1965
gv. 53).
maSasadame fazisi _ Wanebis qveynidan gamoedineba.
aqedan Cans, rom prokofisaTvis fazisi aris ara rioni, aramed Woroxi, radganac fazisi gamoedineba Wanebis mTagoriani qveynidan. Wanebi cxovroben WanikaSi
da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi (VI s-is I naxevarSi)
sparseTis mefe kavadma romaelTa qveynis winaaRmdeg gaagzavna jari Semdgari
persarmenielebis. `da agreTve su(a)nTagan, romelic alanTa mezoblad cxovroben.
maTTan iyvnen hunebic, sabirebad wodebulni~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 55).
(gv. 56) `svanebi TavisTavadni (avtonomiurebi) iyvnen da arasodes kolxebis
Zalauflebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen~ (menandre, georgika, III, 1936, gv. 215).
aqedan Cans, rom kolxebi sxvaa, svanebi sxva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos xalxi (aRniSnuli svanebi)
66

emxrobodnen sparselebs, gasaneitraleblad bizantiam maT teritoriaze (ei. dasavleT

saqarTveloSi) Seiyvana alanTa meomari razmebi, gadasca maT mniSvnelovani cixesimagreebi VI saukuneSi. alanTa meomrebi dasavleT saqarTvelodan (kerZod afxazeTidan) mxolod bizantiis dasustebis Semdeg xazarTa SemweobiT gaaZeves VII s.
bolos.
md. boasis saTaves prokofi aCvenebs Wanebisa da persarmenielebis mezoblad,
e.i. boasi araa imereTis yvirila.
iustinianes mefobis me-6 wels sparseTsa da bizantias Soris daido `uvado
zavi~. sparselebma romaelebs daubrunes lazikis simagreebi, romlebic romaelebs
am omamde eWiraT (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 62).
`xosro didi jariT SeiWra kolxeTSi~. Cven qvemoT vamtkicebT, rom is SeiWra
ara suramis uReltexilis gziT, aramed persarmenia-mesxeTis gziT, arsianis qedis
gadamkveTi e.w. klarjeTis gziT (artaan-arTvin-zRvispiris gza). lazikasa da
sparseTs Soris mesxeT-persarmenia devs (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 63).
(gv. 64) prokofis nawerebSi sparseT-bizantiis omis dros xSirad, da SeiZleba
iTqvas mudam erTad, ixsenieba `armenia, WaneTi, lazika~. cxadia isini erTmaneTis
mezobeli qveynebia. esenia: persarmenia, mesxeTi, trapizonis mxare.
`ioane cibem (patrikiosma) imperatori iustiniane daajera lazebis qveyanaSi
zRvispira qalaqi aeSenebina saxelad petra~. is n. adoncis sityviT petra lazikis
CrdiloeTiT (da ara ,,samxreTiT") mdebareobda. monopolia (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 74).
strategiosma cibem iustinianes gaamagrebina cixe-qalaqi petra da SemoiRo
e.w. `monopolia~, rac gulisxmobda ZiriTadad mariliTa da pirveladi saWiroebis saqonliT vaWrobis centralizaciasa da strategios cibes xelSi Tavmoyras
(iustinianes dros monopolia bizantiis sxva adgilebSic arsebobda).
es namdvilad SeeZlo cibes, radganac cixe-simagre petra aris erTaderTi Camketi vrceli olqisa, romelsac qmnis md. Woroxis sanapiroebze ganlagebuli qveyana.
md. Woroxis auzi bunebrivad garSemortymulia yoveli mxriT uzarmazari `camde
aziduli~ (rogorc prokofi ambobda) mTebiT (3000 m. simaRlis), da xeobis bunebrivi gasasvleli gadis cixe-simagre petraze _ mdinare Woroxi iyo arteria
mTeli xeobisa.
mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos monopoliis xelSi Cagdeba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeeZlo bizantiel strategioss, radgan dasavleT saqarTveloSi zRva mTel
dasavleT sanapiros uvlis da misi gakontroleba ukve XX saukuneSi sabWoTa
kavSirsac ki uWirda. xolo Woroxis didi xeobis gakontroleba advili SesaZlebelia mis SesarTavSi mdebare cixe-simagriT, radganac es xeoba kldeebis bunebrivi sazRvriTaa Caketili. am xeobas akontrolebda cibe.
lazebi TavianT Tavs kolxebs uwodeben sparsi xosro mefis winaSe, TviTonac
hyavT mefe. mudam sparselebis mokavSireebi iyvnen, romaelebma jari Cauyenes, mefe
daumcires. iTxoven sparselTa jariT daxmarebas romaelTa winaaRmdeg (georgika
2, 1965, gv. 76).
mefe xosro ambobs: `lazebis qveyana sakmaod Znelgasasvlelia msubuqad Cacmuli kacisaTvisac ki, radgan is zomaze metad daqanebulia da xSirad uzarmazari
tyeebis Semcveli did manZilze~ (georgika 2, 1965, gv. 81).
dasavleT saqarTvelo-egrisi ar aris `Znelgasasvleli daqanebuli~ ferdobebi67

ani mTebis qveyana (suramidan Sorapnamde iberia iyo), e.i. egrisi vakea. lazika ki
`daqanebulia~, anu mTianeTis ferdia, amitom Cven qvemoT vamtkicebT, rom lazika da
dasavleT saqarTvelo sxvadasxva qveynebi arian.
`xosrom da midTa jarma iberiis gavlis Semdeg lazikis sazRvrebSi miaRwies,
maT daiwyes xeebis moWra... hyridnen mas Znelsaval adgilebSi... miaRwies Sua
kolxeTs... movida gubazi lazTa mefe, eTayvana xosros, viTarca batons da Tavisi
Tavi samefo ZalauflebiTurT da mTeli lazike gadasca mas. petra zRvispira
qalaqia kolxeTSi...~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 82, 83)
aqedan Cans, rom xosro petraSi Cqara movida mesxeTis (iberiis) e.w.klarjeTis
gziT, da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos grZeli gzis gavliT.
aq, `Sua kolxeTis~ qveS, igulisxmeba albaT arTvinis mxare xofas maxloblad.
`petra zRvispira qalaqia kolxeTSi~, is iustinianemdec arsebobda, magram
umniSvnelo iyo. iustinianem SemozRuda da gaamSvena (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 83).
petra dgas kldeze (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 85).
xosrom petra aiRo _ (meore SemoWris dros) (gv. 87).
`qristianTa mRvdelmTavarsac kaTolikoss uwodeben elinTa eniT, radgan is
erTi ganagebs yvela aqaur soflebs~. aqauri soflebis qveS igulisxmeba miwawyali Woroxis marcxena sanapirosaken _ of-rizes regioni (gv. 88).
saxeli `fisoni~ erqva cixe-simagres martiropolis raionSi (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 89).
Sdr. `fsoris cixe~ _ kaxeTSi (gomborze).
romis elCebi xosros Txoven romaelebs daubrunos lazika (gv. 91).
xosrom gadawyvita `lazikidan kolxebi yvelani gamoesaxlebina~ (gv. 92).
xosrom gadawyvita Sav zRvaze sazRvao flotis ageba, amitomac man gagzavna
`lazikaSi auracxeli xe-tye~. aqedanac Cans, rom lazikeSi ar igulisxmeba dasavleT saqarTvelo, radganac dasavleT saqarTveloSi xe-tyis gagzavna saWiro ar iyo,
radganac, imJamad mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo tye da WaobSi iyo, amasTanave, es
SeuZlebelic iyo ugzoobis gamo. xe-tye SeaqvT im qveyanaSi, sadac Znelad moi poveba saxomalde masala. xosrom lazikaSi Seitana xe-tye albaT Woroxis samdinaro gziT, radganac Woroxze navebiT daxerxili xis masala baTumisaken XIX s-Sic
gadahqondaT. xofa-petras regionSi Cans saWiro iyo garedan masalis Setana xomaldmSeneblobisaTvis, sadac xosrom saxomalde masalad Seitana _ `auarebeli xetye~ (gv. 93).
`lazike~ aris kapadokiis, galatiisa, biTviniis mezobeli, prokofi kesarielis
sityviT `lazikes SemoerTeba xosros undoda kapadokiis, galatiisa da biTviniis
dasamorCileblad (gv. 95), lazike _ dasavlT saqarTvelo rom yofiliyo misi
xelSi CagdebiT xosro kapadokias an galatias ver daimorCilebda, kapadokiasa da
dasavleT saqarTvelos Soris gadaWimuli iyo didi qveyana qaldea-WaneTi-trapizonis regioni _ am regionSive mdebareobda `lazike~ da is ar iyo dasavleT
saqarTvelos centraluri nawili (gv. 95).
lazebi da Wanebi prokofis sityviT sxvadasxva `xalxia, radganac lazebi
qristianebi arian yvelaze metad, sparselebis sarwmunoebrivi Sexedulebebi sruliad amaTi sawinaaRmdegoa~ (gv. 95)
prokofi aRniSnavs rom Wanebma, mTielma xalxma, qristianoba miiRo VI s-Si
mis dros, xolo misi drois lazebi `yvelaze ufro meti (kargi) qristianebi
68

arian~, maSasadame Wanebi sxva xalxia, xolo lazebi sxva.

Tumca lazebic da Wanebic erTi regionis, erTi mTianeTis xalxia. oRond
lazebis win _ zRvaa.
`lazikeSi arsad ar aris marili, arc xorbleuli modis, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram
sikeTe, yvelaferi SemoaqvT maTTan navebiT romaelTa sanapiroebidan~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv.
96).
aqedan Cans, rom `lazike~ _ zRvispira da mdinare fazisispira zolia. `lazike~
rom yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, vTqvaT Tanamedrove Terjolis raioni,
rogor unda SeetanaT iq Rvino, marili da xorbali zRviT ,,navebiT~ romaelTa
sanapiroebidan? saWiro iqneboda saxmeleTo an samdinaro gzebi, garda amisa iq
Rvinis Setana viTom saWiro iqneboda? cxadia, rom ara, amitom ,,lazike zRvispirze
da mdinarispirze ganlagebuli viwro qveyana unda yofiliyo, romelsac grZeli
sanapiro aqvs, da sadac produqti SeaqvT navebiT. aseTia magaliTad Woroxis xeoba,
sadac produqtis sanapirodan lazikis siRrmeSi Sesatanad grZeli gzebi ar
esaWiroebaT _ samdinaro gzac sakmarisia. Woroxis samdinaro gza aq iyo upirvelesi savaWro arteria, romelsac qvemoT vexebiT. Cans prokofis lazika ZiriTadad
Woroxis xeoba da erge-liganiaa, romelsac qvemoT vexebiT.
prokofi kvlav imeorebs: `iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar (lazikeSi), iqvea
lazebis miwa-wyalze ori simagre (skanda da sarapanisi), iq ar modis arc xorbali,
arc Rvino, arc sxva sikeTe~ (BP, I, 12) (gv. 96).
Cans es ori simagre mesxeTTan axloa, mesxeTis arsianis mTebis kalTebze
mdebare. isini e.w. klarjeTis gzis cixeebi unda yofiliyo, (am sakiTxs qvemoT
vexebiT). artaani _ iberiiis nawili iyo.
prokofi wers aseve: `amas garda lazikeSi arsad ar aris marili, arc xorbleuli
modis, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe~. (BP, II, 28).
aqedan Cans, rom lazike ar aris dasavleT saqarTvelo, sadac Tu saWiroa
xorblis da marcvleulis moyvana advilad SeiZleba (quTaisis, Terjolis, zestafonis, zugdidis da sxva regionebSi), miT umetes aq ZvelTaganvea gaSenebuli
vazi. Cans lazike aris mesxeTis mTiani mxare _ Woroxis xeobis momdgami mTianeTi. es dasturdeba prokofis kidev erTi cnobiT _ sparsTa mefis kidev erTi
laSqrobis Semdeg, lazeTSi sparselTa 20 000 cxeni daiRupa. mizezi iyo is, rom
maT ar hqondaT cxenis sakvebi balaxi samyofad
lazikis kldianobis gamo:
`rodesac lazikeSi iyvnen sakvebi arc Tu sayofad hqondaT, da amrigad SimSiliT
da daavadebiT Seviwrovebulni, mTlad davardnen~ (gv. 194). balaxi dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi cxenebisaTvis uamravia, e.i. lazike ar aris dasavleT saqarTvelo.
prokofi kesarieli dabejiTebiT amtkicebs, rom lazikeSi ar modis Rvino da
xorbali `da sxva sikeTe~. s. yauxCiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, prokofi cdeboda, magram riT unda avxsnaT cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom lazikeSi balaxi da cxenebis
sakvebi mcirea? kargad Cans, rom lazike aris kldovani qveyana, sadac namdvilad
ar aris aseTi `sikeTeebi~. Cven viciT, rom aseTi iyo mesxeTis mTianeTi, kerZod
klarjeTi (mamaTa cxovrebidanac Cans). Tumca, prokofis sityviT, mTel lazikeSi
erTaderTi regionia moxirisi, sadac `Rvinoc kargic gadis da sxva nayofnic iq
kargad xaroben, Tumca lazikis sxva adgilebze ar SeiZleba igive iTqvas~ (gv. 194).
moxirisi _ erTaderTi adgilia lazikeSi, sadac Rvino modis, danarCeni mousav69

liania imdenad, rom cxenebis gamokvebac Wirs. moxirisi erge-liganis nayofieri

regionia da ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, romlis yvela mxare aseve nayofieria
(georgika 2, 1965 gv. 96).
prokofis sityviT, rogorc iTqva, lazebi sxva xalxia, xolo Wanebi ki sxva.
`iustiniane mefem lazebis dasaxmareblad gaagzavna sardali dagisTe da 1000
Wani, isini kolxeTSi (kolxidaSi) mividnen da daibanakes~ (gv.99). maSasadame, aseve,
sxvadasxva qveynebia WaneTi da lazeTi.
,,mdinare boasi gamodis WaneTis sazRvris maxloblad armenielTa adgilebSi...
TavSi is karga manZilze... Txelia... im adgilamde, sadac marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebia, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba... mis Semdeg rac es mdinare miaRwevs im
adgils, sadac kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebia, aq radgan mas bevri wyali emateba,
is izrdeba Zalian da nacvlad boasisa amieridan fazisad wodebuli ganagrZobs
mdinarebas, naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi... zRvamde da mis orive mxriT lazike aris,
magram marjvniv mTeli is qveyana did manZilze, vidre iberiis sazRvramde dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT. lazTa soflebi, xom yvela mdebareobs
mdinaris aqeTa napiras da qalaqebic maT ZvelTaganve aq auSenebiaT, maT Soris
aris arqeopolisi, Zalian gamagrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec,
xolo skanda da sarapani _ iberiis sazRvrebisken~. WaneTidan gamomavali boasi,
cxadia, aris Woroxi, romelic boasad iwodeboda karCxalis mTebamde. prokofisaTvis karCxalTan mTavrdeboda kavkasiis mTa (e.i. mcire kavkasioni), amis qvemoT
Woroxs ukve fazisi erqva, aqvea kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebi. marTlac, arTvinis marjvniv, artanujis iqiT iwyeboda artaan-kolas regioni anu iberia. Woroxis marjvena sanapiro ,,adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT"-mesxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,
xolo marcxena anu prokofisaTvis ,,mdinaris aqeTa napiri" ki lazebiT. es asea
amJamadac ki - Tanamedrove mkvlevaris aRweriT, romelic qvemoTaa moyvanili,
arTvinTan Woroxis marjvena sanapiro qarTulad, xolo marcxena sanapiro-lazurad metyveli mosaxleobiTaa dasaxlebuli. maSasadame lazebis soflebi da
qalaqebi mdinaris ,,aqeTa napras" anu Woroxis marcxena sanapiros mxares mdebareobda. marTlac, pitiunti p. igoroyvas kvleviT iyo q. ofi, iqve iyo sevastopolisic. mis sapirispiro mxares, Woroxis marjvena sanapiros momcvel regionSi ,,iberiis sazRvrebisaken anu artaanisaken mimaval gzaze maRalmTaSi idga skandisa
da sarapanisis cixe-simagreebi (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 100).
`yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris rodopolisi da moxirisi. mdinaris marcxniv, erTi dRis manZilze msubuqad datvirTuli kacisaTvis lazikis
sazRvrebia. am mxaris mezoblad romaelebi cxovroben, romelTac pontoelebi
ewodebaT~. sad gadioda sazRvari lazikasa da romis imperias Soris? prokofi
Zalze gasagebad wers, rom sazRvari lazikisa imperiasTan gadioda mdinare fazisis ,,marcxniv erTi dRis manZilze. ramdeni kilometria erTi dRis gza? rogorc
cnobilia esaa daaxloebiT 20-25 km. maSasadame sazRvari gadioda md.fazisidan 30iode km-Si. sazRvari saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris xufaTTan gadioda, romelic
marTlac daaxloebiT am manZiliTaa daSorebuli Woroxs.
prokofis aRweridan SeiZleba SevityoT, rom romaelebs Savi zRvis napirebidan gauZevebiaT iberiis samefo, waurTmeviaT misTvis samxreTis mxare, kerZod
arianes dros ZidritebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria (gv. 25), Semdeg iberiis sazRvrebi
70

kvlav Semcirda, iberiam dakarga klarjeTi Tavisi zRvispiriT, rac eTanadeba

qarTul wyaroebs. prokofis fazisi _ Woroxia. pitiunti da sebastopolisi _
trapezuntsa da petras Sua mdebareobda.
`rodesac lazebi win miuZRvebodnen xosros, maT gadavles md. boasi da ise
mividnen petraSi, rom fazisi marjvniv hqondaT TiTqos imitom, rom maT winaswar
ganWvrites raTa mdinare fazisis gadasasvlelad arc dro da arc Sroma dasWirvebodaT, xolo namdvilad imitom, rom ar surdaT `sparselebisTvis eCvenebinaT
TavianTi sabinadro adgilebi~. (gv. 102).
`lazike yvelgan, mdinare fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze _ gauvalia.
qveynis orsave mxares uzarmazari kldeebia, romelnic iq did manZilze viwrobebs
qmnian. aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben elinuri gamoTqmiT~ (gv.102).
rogorc cnobilia, rionis sanapiroebze arsadaa msgavsi kldeebi, rogorc
prokofi aRwers, rac Seexeba Woroxs, misi sanapiro marTlac kldovania. maSasadame prokofis `fazisi~ araa rioni, garda amisa, rogorc aRweridan naTlad Cans
sparselTa mefem xosrom gadalaxa md. boasi (es Woroxis saxeli iyo am adgilebSi
Tanamedrove arTvinis maRla, xolo mis dabla vidre zRvamde Woroxs ukve fazisi
erqva) da q. petramde gahyva mdinare Woroxis marcxena sanapiros, ise rom, rogorc
prokofi wers `fazisi (e.i. Woroxi) marjvniv hqondaT. es aris Cveulebrivi gza,
anu xosro petraSi mivida ara suramis qedis gziT, aramed sparseTidan q. petramde
yvelaze mokle gziT _ sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, man gaiara Semdegdroindeli
klarjeTi da md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiros gziT mivida petraSi.
prokofi wers md. boasis Sesaxeb _ `Txelia da araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgens fonSi gasasvlelad vidre im adgilamde sadac marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebi
aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 106).
marTlac, CvenTvis cxadia, rom aq laparakia md. Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze,
md. Woroxi miemarTeba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, erT adgilas, sadac sxva
Senakadebic uerTdeba mas, eRobeba mesxeTis mTebi, esaa karCxalis qedi, romelic
warmoqmnilia aWara-SavSeT-mesxeTis mTebis erTobliobiT swored iq, sadac es
mTagrexili `Tavdeba~ (prokofis sityviT), mdinare Woroxi TiTqmis 900-iT uxvevs
marcxniv da wyalsavse miemarTeba zRvisaken. Cans, am mesxeTis mTagrexils prokofi
miiCnevs `kavkasiis mTad~, rac bunebrivia. saqme isaa, rom berZeni da laTini
avtorebi im qveyanas, romelsac rusebi `zakavkazias~ uwodeben, aRiqvamen ara CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, aramed piriqiT _ samxreTidan-CrdiloeTisaken, amitomac,
Tu rusisaTvis `kavkasiis~ mTebi _ aris didi kavkasionis mTagrexili, berZenlaTini avtorebisaTvis is arzrum-klarjeT-mesxeTis mTebiT iwyeba. s. yauxCiSvili am sakiTxs ganixilavs, ase vTqvaT, rusuli TvalTaxedviT. misTvis kavkasionis mTa _ didi kavkasionia. amitomac is wers: _ `kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebi
Woroxis xeobaSi saZiebeli ar aris~ (gv. 107), Cveni TvalTaxedviT ki piriqiT iberiis nawilad moiazreboda Semdegdroindeli artaani, romlis erTi bolo
kavkasiis qediT, kerZod ki karCxalis qediT Tavdeboda, da ase esazRvreboda
lazikas _ anu q. petrasken mimaval gzas. Cans swored aseTi TvalTaxedviT aRwers
prokofi meorejer sparsTa jaris gzas q. petrasaken. marTlac Woroxis xeobaSi
arsianis qedis bolosaken iyo kidec Zveli qarTuli saerisTavo, saxelwodebiT _
,,sakavkasiZeo.~
71

`xolo mermeroem, rodesac man midTa mTeli jariT ganvlo iberiis sazRvrebi,
win gaswia, ise, rom mdinare fazisi marjvniv hqonda. iman ar moindoma lazikis
soflebze gaeara sadme, raTa iq mas raime dabrkoleba ar Sexvedroda. is eSureboda gadaerCina qalaqi petra~ (gv.107).
Tuki sparsTa jarma gadmoiara suramis qedi da Sevida dasavleT saqarTveloSi, romelsac s. yauxCiSvilis azriT `lazika~ ewodeboda, q. petramde anu baTumis
sanapiromde mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gadalaxvas, rogor SeZlebda ise, rom
`lazikis soflebze ar gaiara~? es SeuZlebeli iyo, magram Tuki klarjeTis
gavliT Woroxis marcxena dausaxlebel sanapiros gauyveboda, is pirdapir moadgeboda q. petras. prokofi xSirad wers, rom Woroxis anu fazisis marcxena uSualo
sanapiro nakleb dasaxlebuli iyo.
s. yauxCiSvili prokofi kesariels Secdomad uTvlis, roca wers md. boass anu
md. faziss saTaveSi `adgilobrivi mcxovrebni uwodeben akamfsiss~, Cveni azriT,
bunebrivia, rom adgilobriv mcxovreblebs TavianT mdinarisTvis ara berZnuli
`boasi~, aramed TavianTi enis Sesaferisi saxeli daerqmiaT. radganac p. ingoroyvas azriT `fs~ _ TanxmovanT-kompleqsiT qarTvelebi wyals aRniSnavdnen bunebrivia TavianTi mdinareebisaTvis sufsa, akamfsisi da msgavsni ewodebinaT. erTi
sityviT `boasi~ erqva ara mdinare rionis Senakad `yvirilas~, aramed Woroxis
(fasisis) rogorc erTerT Senakads, ise amave mdinares saTaveSi. sxvaTaSoris md.
`yvirilas wyali~ gaedineba guriaSic, is sufsis Tu natanebis Senakadia. aseve md.
yvirila aris SavSeTSic (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 108).
s. yauxCiSvili wers, TiTqosda prokofi kesarielis azriT qalaqebi arqeopolisi,
pitiunti, skanda, sarapani, rodopolisi da moxirisi md. fasisis marjvniv imyofeboda. Cveni azriT, prokofi garkveviT wers, rom fasisis marjvniv imyofeboda
qalaqebi moxirisi da rodopolisi, aseve skandasa da sarapanis simagreebi, xolo
sebastopolisi da pitiunti marcxniv _ `aqeTa napiras~ (gv. 101). konstantinopolSi mjdomi kacisaTvis `aqeTa sanapiro~ Savi zRvis sanapiroa, md. Woroxis marcxena
mxare, rize-ofi-petras regionia. prokofisaTvis, rogorc iTqva, fasisi Woroxia
(xosrosTan omis aRwerisas), xolo qalaqebi pitiunti (ara biWvinTa, romelic
afxazeTSi iyo) da sebastopolisi (aseTi mravali qalaqi iyo) _ Woroxis marcxniv
mdebareobdnen.
skanda da sarapanisi safiqrebelia, rom arcTu didi manZiliT iyo daSorebuli q. petras. amas miuTiTebs prokofi kesarielis Semdegi mosazreba _ romaeli
sardali besa, roca q. petra aiRo, maSinve, unda misuliyo iberiis sazRvarTan da
daecva es adgilebi, rom iberiis (anu skanda-sarapanis) gziT sparselebi q. petraSi
ar dabrunebuliyvnen. _ prokofi wers _ `is rom maSinve, rodesac gaimarjva, da
petra aiRo, lazebisa da iberebis sazRvarze rom misuliyo da daecva iqauri
Znelsavali adgilebi, sparselTa jari, Cemi azriT, lazikeSi veRar Semovidoda~.
imereTis Sorapani Zalze Sorsaa petradan, xolo arTvin-artaanis gzaze mdebare
sarapana ki axloa.
xolo, q. rodopolisi namdvilad skanda_sarapanisTan axlos mdebareobda _
`dablobSi erTi qalaqi iyo, saxelad rodopolisi, romelic yvelaze uwinares
xvdeboda gzaze iberiidan kolxidaSi SemosulT~. es qalaqi rodopolisi unda
iyos dRevandeli arTvini an axlo mdebare adgili Woroxze (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 185).
Cveni azriT, prokofi kesarielis aRweriloba damajerebeli xdeba, Tu ki Cven
72

`fasisad~ CavTvliT md. Woroxs, xolo md. boasad _ md. Woroxs saTaveSi. mis
Senakad liganis xevs ki miviCnevT md. `glavkosad~, romelsac xSirad axseneben
Zveli avtorebi (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 108).
s. yauxCiSvili, radganac md. fasiss miiCnevs md. rionad, misTvis prokofis aRweriloba xSirad ar eTanxmeba realur suraTs, amitomac s. yauxCiSvili prokofis
akritikebs- `iberiidan momavali jari mdinareze gadausvlelad da mis marcxena
napiras svliT petraSi ver mividoda~ (gv. 108).
Cveni azriT, es SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi,UTuki fasisad miviCnevT Woroxs,
kerZod, WoroxTan axlos mdebare iberiis erTi kuTxidan _ artaanidan momavalma
sparselTa jarma fexiT an cxenebiT gadalaxa mdinaris foni sadRac arTvinis maRla,
(radganac aq boasad saxeldebuli fasisi wyalmcirea) gadavida mdinaris marcxena
sanapiroze, gahyva mas (e.i. md. Woroxs) da pirdapir miadga q. petras _ esaa sruliad
bunebrivi gza, xolo namdvilad arabunebrivi da SeuZlebeli gza iqneboda sparsTa
jarisaTvis Tu is suramis qedis gadalaxviT gaivlida uvrceles qveyana _ dasavleT
saqarTvelos, gaivlida rionis Waobebs da Semdeg mividoda md. WoroxTan axlos q.
petraSi _ ai, swored es gza iqneboda arabunebrivi. ase rom qarTuli sabWoTa
istoriografia am sakiTxs, vfiqrob, arasworad aSuqebs.
rusul jars XIX s-Si namdvilad suramis qedis gavliT uxdeboda md. Woroxamde misvla, xolo sparsul jars es gza ar esaWiroeboda, radganac sparsuli
qveyana persarmenia _ lazikis (e.i. Woroxis xeobis) gverdiT iyo, gzad persarmeniasa da lazikas Soris iberia (kerZod kola-artaanis Temi) iyo moqceuli,
romelic gadakveTa xosros jarma da md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiros gziT mivida
q. petraSi. ase, rom xosros jars am SemTxvevaSi dasavleT saqarTvelo ar gauvlia.
prokofi kesarielis aRweridan naTlad Cans, rom md. fazisi axloa q. petrasTan, kerZod Tu ara Zaladoba teqstze, prokofis monaTxrobidan naTlad Cans, magaliTad aseTi ram: romaelTa jaris erTi nawili akavebs mters zRvasTan axlos
fazisis kldovan `viwroebSi~ (aseTi kldovani viwroebi mxolod md. Woroxis
sanapirozea da ara md. rionisa), bolos siWarbis gamo sparselebi imarjveben, amis
gamo berZnebma (romaelebma) moxsnes q. petras alya da md. fasisisaken gaswies
TavianTi jaris nawilis dasaxmareblad, es rom dainaxes qalaqSi, iqamde alyaSi
myofma sparselebma karebi gaxsnes da upatronod mitovebul (e.i. fasisisken
ukandaxeul) romaelTa banaks Tavs daesxnen. Tavis mxriv, iqve dabanakebulma romaelTa momxre Wanebma sparselebs Seuties, ukuaqcies da TviTon daarbies upatronod mitovebuli romaelTa banaki, daitaces qoneba, amis Semdeg ukan dabrundnen TavianT samSobloSi rizesa da trapizonis gavliT. aqedan, garda imisa, rom
Cans fazisis da petras siaxlove (e.i. fazisi Woroxia), Cans isic, rom Wanebi da
lazebi sxvadasxva xalxi iyo. Wanebis samSoblo samxreTSia, WorxTan SedarebiT
axlo mdebare rizesa da q. trapizonis iqiT (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 110).
fazisi, rom petras siaxlovesaa es sxva adgilidanac Cans, prokofi wers Tu
ras fiqrobda gubazi _ lazTa winamZRoli: Tu mteri SeZlebda petraSi misvlas,
mainc `veras gziT ver gadalaxavdnen faziss, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom navebi ar
hqondaT, am mdinares xom siRrme aqvs sxvebze aranaklebi da siganiTac did manZilzea gadaWimuli, siswrafec mas iseTi aqvs, rom zRvaSi Casuli is karga manZilze calke mimdinareobs~ (gv. 113).
rioni zRvis SesarTavTan mdorea da ufro Waobidan mdored gamosul dinebas
73

emsgavseba, misi siswrafe umniSvneloa, Woroxi ki gacilebiT swrafia, amitomac,

swored Woroxia prokofis mier aRwerili `fazisi~, romelic axlosaa petrasTan.
mxolod Woroxi Sedis zRvaSi Zlieri dinebiT da ar ereva zRvis wyals _
siCqaris gamo, calke miedineba zRvaSi. amasTanave, mters (sparselebs) marTla
SeeZloT mdinaris marcxena sanapiros (petras) dapyroba, magram marjvena sanapiros mxare _ kvlav lazebs darCeboda.
kidev erTxel unda davubrundeT sparsTa mier ganvlil gzas lazikisaken.
qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografiis Tanaxmad VI s-is dasawyisSi sparselTa jari
lazikaSi, kerZod ki q. petraSi mivida dasavleT saqarTveloSi Semavali xaSurlixis qedis gziT da gaiara es vrceli qveyana. prokofis aRweridan ki Cans, rom
sparselTa jari lazikaSi Sevida persarmenia-klarjeTis gziT, kerZod gayva md.
Woroxis marcxena sanapiros da pirdapir miadga q. petras _ esaa umoklesi gza.
persarmeniis gziTve gavida es jari erT-erTi bolo damarcxebis Semdeg lazikidan,
kerZod prokofi wers _ sparselTa sardalma sursaTis naklebobis gamo gadawyvita jaris meti wili gaeyvana q. petradan, marTlac man q. petraSi datova 5 000 kaci,
`TviTon ki danarCeni jariT mivida persarmeniaSi da daisvena dvinis maxlobel
soflebSi~ (gv. 115). e.i. lazikaSi molaSqre sparsTa banaki dvinSia.
lazikidan persarmeniaSi gadis pirdapiri gza. lazikis qveS igulisxmeba ara
dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed istoriuli olqi klarjeTi `bolo klarjeTisa
zRvis piri~ _ am qveynis RerZuli umTavresi mdinarea Woroxi, romlis mTavari
cixec im dros petra iyo, aqedan persarmeniamde _ (dvinamde) gadioda pirdapiri
gza Woroxisa da misi momijnave kldovani mTebis gavliT. esaa arTvin-artanujartaan-dvinis gza. ase, rom dasasveneblad persarmeniaSi petradan Casul jars
xaSur-lixis qedi da Tbilisi ar gauvlia da arc iyo amis saWiroeba.
am cnobiT amTavrebs prokofi kesarieli Tavis wigns sparselebTan oms DDe
Bello Persico.

`omi goTebTan~
De Bello Gothico (BG)
prokofi kesarieli Tavis sxva wignSi DDDe Bello Gothico-Sic exeba lazikas.
wignSi `sparselebTan omi~ prokofi ufro gamowvlilviT da damajereblobiT
aRwers lazikas, vidre sxva wignebSi, `goTebTan omSi~ cnobebi lazeTis qalaqebis
adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb ufro naklebi informaciis mqonea. mizezi amis is unda
yofiliyo, rom wigni `sparselebTan omi~ bizantia-romis omis uSualo mizezs
lazikas aRwers. sxva wignebSi lazika ukve meorexarisxovania da albaT amitomac
lazeTis Sesaxeb Tavis cnobebs prokofi veRar aqcevs iseT yuradRebas, rogorc
`sparselebTan omSi~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 118).
wignidan `goTebTan omi~ vigebT Semdegs: qalaq moxirisTan (lazikaSi) Camodis
md. hi posi, e.i. cxeniswyali, unda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi ramdenime mdinare
atarebs am saxels, erTia samegrelo-imereTSi, meore ki afxazeTSi. iyo liganSavSeTSic. g. yazbegic aRwers erT-erT aseTs yvirilas SavSeTSi (gv. 119).
prokofis TqmiT, Wanebi zRvispireTs Zalze arian daSorebulni da armenielebis
gverdiT cxovroben, isini ar arian kolxebi (gv. 120).
74

mTel lazikeSi, erTaderTi moxirisia mosavliani regioni, `am mxares Camoudis

erTi mdinare saxelad reoni~ (gv. 194).
maSasadame, es `reoni~ moxirisis qveyanaSi Sedis: `mis sanapiroebTan kolxebs
augiaT cixe, romelic Semdeg xanebSi maT metwilad miwasTan gausworebiaT, radgan
is metad dabal vakeze mdebareobda da maTi azriT advili misasvleli iyo, maSin
am cixes kotaions uwodebdnen elinuri eniT, amJamad ki mas lazebi quTaTiss
eZaxian, berZnuli enis ucodinarobiT mosdiT, rom am saxelwodebis namdvili
saxe Seryvnes. ase aqvs es moTxrobili arianes~ (gv. 125). s. yauxCiSvilis cnobiT
`arianes Cvenamde moRweul TxzulebebSi amis Sesaxeb araferi moi poveba~ (iqv. gv.
125). maSasadame, kotaionis cixe metad dabal vakeze idga, rac Seexeba imereTis
quTaisis cixes, is amJamadac dgas imave kldeze, sadac aRmarTulia bagratis taZari.
`kot~ fuZiT, rogorc gamokvleulia, mravali qalaqi iwodeboda berZnul samyarosa da mcire aziaSi. amitomac, SesaZlebelia, amJamindeli quTaisis garda,
quTaTisi sxva romelime punqtsac rqmeoda. ligan-ergesa da aWariswylis xeobaSi,
romelic `dabali vakea~ (prokofis gamoTqmas Tu vixmarT), amJamad, iq aris sofeli
`kvatia~, rac igive `kot~ fuZis matarebelia. aseve `reoni~ SesaZloa rionis garda
sxva mdinaresac erqva (iseve rogorc fazisi an boasi). yovel SemTxvevaSi s.
yauxCiSvili ar eTanxmeba im azrs, rom `uqimerioni~ erqva quTaisis e.w. `arqielis
goras~, sadac cixe iyo aRmarTuli. misi azridan gamomdinare moxirisi mdebareobda md. rionis marcxena mxares, sadac aris sofeli `dablagomi~. (iqve, gv. 210).
`uqimerioni iyo quTaTisis maxloblad erTi metad magari cixe~ (gv. 196).
Cveni azriT, sityva uqimerionSi gamoiyofa fuZis nawili `meri~. aWarulSavSuri dialeqtiT, `mere~ ewodeba mdinarispira movakebul adgils, anu gaSlil
vakes. uqimerioni, marTlac, `gaSlil vakeze mdebareobda~ _ prokofis cnobiT,
iseve rogorc, kotaionis cixe idga `metad dabal vakeze~ _ aseT adgils amJamadac
ki `mere~ adgili hqvia. uki-meri SesaZloa aqedan iyos warmomdgari.
prokofis mtkicebiT, kolxebi SeuZlebelia ar iyvnen igive lazebi, vinaidan
mdinare fazisze mosaxleoben, xolo saxeli kolxi, rogorc sxva mravali tomisa
amJamad `lazTa saxeliT Seicvala~ (gv. 120).
aqedan naTlad Cans, rom ukve Zvel samyroSi ar icodnen, Tu konkretulad
romeli tomi SavizRvispireTisa iyo Zveli, legendaruli kolxebis pirdapiri
eTnikuri STamomavali. aseTebad zogs erTi, sxvebs ki sxva tomi miaCnda. prokofic
interesdeba am sakiTxiT da radganac cnobili iyo, rom kolxebi Zvelad md.
fazisTan cxovrobdnen, xolo mis dros am mdinareze lazebi mosaxleobdnen,
amitomac dawera _ `kolxebi igive lazebi arian~. ase, rom es cnoba eWvmiutaneli
ar iyo TviTon prokofisTvisac, Tanac saxeli `lazi~ am toms prokofis dros
Serqmevia, maTi Zveli saxeli `lazTa saxeliT Secvlila~.
prokofi kesarieli axsenebs lazTa episkoposebs: trapezuntelebsa da lazebs Soris cxovrobs erTi tomi, is arc romaelebs da arc lazTa mefes eqvemdebareba, magram `isini qristianebi arian, lazTa episkoposebi uweseben maT mRvdelmsaxurebs~. (gv. 125).
vfiqrobT, lazTa episkoposebis qveS, SesaZloa igulisxmebodes noticebSi
moxseniebuli petras, ziganas, saisinis, fasisisa da rodopolisis episkoposebi.
75

saeWvoa, rom prokofi kesarielis dros, an manamde, Woroxis petraSi episkoposi

mjdariyo, petra iyo daucvel mecixovneTa (xan sparselTa, xan ki romaelTa) cixesimagre. vfiqrobT, petras kaTedra sxvaganaa saZebni. ziganas episkoposi, n.adoncis
kvleviT, ijda punqt ziganaSi, trapizonis mxares, mdebareobda mniSvnelovan
gzajvaredinze, persarmeniisaken. iqve _ trapezuntis mxaresaa saZebni sxva kaTedrebic. q. fasisi unda yofiliyo ara mxolod mdinare WoroxTan, saWiroa misi
Zieba trapezuntTanac, sadac namdvilad iyo punqti `fadissa~ (amJamad fatsa). Cveni
dakvirvebiT, Secdomaa, saisinis _ caiSad, rodopolisis _ varcixed, ziganas _
gudayvad (ziginevad), fasisis _ foTad moxsenieba (ix. qarTizaciis Teoriis kritika da aseve sapatriarqos realuri istoriis damdgeni mudmivmoqmedi komisiis
daskvna e.w. qarTizaciis Teoriis Sesaxeb).
prokofi naTlad miuTiTebs Tu sad, romel qveyanaSi vrceldeboda aRniSnul
`lazTa episkoposebis~ gavlena _ es iyo ziganas mxare (trapezuntTan) da trapizonisken mcxovrebi erTi tomi, romelic persarmenielebs esazRvreboda, maTi
qveynis `marjvniT aRmarTuli metad cicabo mTebi... amis gadaRma cxovroben e.w.
persarmenielebi da armenielebi~. esaa rize-aTina-xofas regioni, esaa Zidritebis
(Zidritebi an zidritebi, Zveli qarTuli tomi, mcxovrebi Savi zRvis samxreTaRmosavleT sanapiroze md. Woroxis SesarTavTan ax.w. II s-Si. ivane javaxiSvili.
enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tsu 2002, gv. 734) tomis Zveli sacxovrisi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli wyaroebi zogjer dabejiTebiT iZlevian geografiul
miniSnebebs, Cveni zogierTi mkvlevari, mainc, am cnobaTa sawinaaRmdego daskvnebs
akeTebs. magaliTad, sruliad gasagebad wers Temistiosi, rom q. fasisis ritorikuli skola mdebareobda `md. TermodontTan, md. TemiskurasTan, armenielebisa da
kolxebis qveyanaSi~, mainc CvenSi damkvidrebuli azriT, fasisis qveS, TiTqosda, q.
foTi moiazreba, maSin, roca, foTs araferi akavSirebs arc armenielebis, arc persarmenielebis mxaresTan da mis siaxloves ar gaedineba md. Termodinti da arc md.
Temiskura. aRniSnuli qalaqi `fadissa~ axloa am mdinareebTan (q. `fadissa~ mdebareobda kolxebis Zvel samSobloSi) (gv. 125).
prokofi kesarieli axsenebs orive am mdinares q. amisiasTan da q. trapezuntTan axlos (gv. 122).
prokofi wers _`amisis maxloblad aris egreTwodebuli Temiskure da mdinare
Termodonti, sadac, rogorc amboben, amazonTa banaki iyo. trapezuntelTa sazRvrebi vrceldeba susurmenemde da egreTwodebul rizemde, romelic lazikaSi mimavalTaTvis ori dRis savali gziT aris daSorebuli trapezuntamde~ (gv. 122).
trapezuntis ,,marjvniv aRmarTulia WaneTis mTebi, romelTa gadaRma romaelTa qveSevrdomi armenielebi cxovroben. am WaneTis qveynidan Camodis mdinare,
saxelad boasi... adgilobrivi mcxovrebni mas akamfsiss uwodeben, imis gamo misi
damorCileba, zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas SeuZlebeli xdeba, vinaidan iseTi
siswrafiT da simwvaviT uerTdeba da iseTi didi xmaurobiT miiwevs win~... (gv. 123),
erTi sityviT boas-akamfsiis aRwerisas sityva-sityviTaa ganmeorebuli prokofis
mierve aRwerili fasisi, esaa Woroxi da araa rioni, romelic zRvasTan SeerTebis
adgilas ar qmnis msgavs suraTs.
prokofis sityviT, q. rizes axlosaa punqti `afsaru~ `afsurta~ - sadac iasonma
da medeam mokles aietis vaJi afsurte (gv. 124), aqaa lazebisa da sanigebis qveyana
76

(gv. 125). sxva adgilas prokofi am qalaqs _ `afsarunts~ uwodebs. Tu qalaqi

afsarosi rizesTan iyo, maSin q. fazisi SesaZloa erqva gonios an mis gverdiT,
Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze mdebare qalaqs Woroxis SesarTavTan. (georgika, II,
1965, gv. 126).
prokofi kesarieli da sxva Zveli avtorebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros
erT nawils aRniSnaven sagangebo terminiT _ `naxevarmTvaris msgavsi nawili~.
afsaruntidan petramde 20-25 km. manZili yofila.
prokofi wers: `q. afsaruntidan petramde (lazTa sazRvrebamde), sadac evqsinis ponto Tavdeba, erTi dRis savali gza aris. ponto rom Tavdeba, aq qmnis
naxevarmTvaris msgavs napirs. am naxevarmTvaris gadasavali udris 550 stadions
(daaxl. 100 km.), xolo mis ukan mdebare qveyana aris lazuri da asec iwodeba. amaT
Semdeg Sida xmeleTSi modis skvimnia da svania. es tomebi lazTa qveSevrdomebi
arian... am qveynis gverdiT, saxeldobr iberiis gaswvriv, cxovroben ZvelTaganve
iberTa qveSevrdomi mesxebi, romelTac mTebSi aqvT sabinadro adgilebi. mesxeTis
mTebi arc mwiria da arc nayofierebas moklebuli, aramed savsea yovelgvari
sikeTiT, radgan mesxebic marjve miwis muSebi arian da iq venaxebic aris. am
qveyanaSi mTebi metad maRalia, uzarmazari da saSinlad miuvali. da isini gavrcelebulia vidre kavkasiis mTebamde. amaT ukan aRmosavleTiT aris iberia, romelic persarmenielebamde aRwevs~. (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 127). Cveni xedviT, im qveyanas,
romelsac Cven vuwodebT kolas da artaans _ prokofi kesarieli uwodebs iberias, sadac mesxebi cxovroben, mis iqiTa qveyanas ki _ `persarmenias~ (armeniis
sparsul nawils), lazika qarTuli wyaroebis _ `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiria~
erge-liganTan erTad, xolo skvimnia-svanias Cans uwodebs im qveyanas, romelsac,
amJamad, SavSeT-zemo aWara ewodeba. aqauri mTebi, marTlac, maRali, uzarmazari da
miuvalia, miT umetes, rom am mTebis nawilia karCxal-arsianis mTianeTi, imereTis
mTebi ki _ dabalia. aq, samcxe-kola-artaan-taosken, marTlac, klarjeTisagan anu
lazikis gulisagan gansxvavebiT miwa nayofieria, aris baRebi da venaxebi. misi
mcxovrebni, anu mesxebi iberTa qveSevrdomebi arian. Tu am kuTxiT ganvixilavT
saqarTvelos istoriul geografias, prokofi kesarielis cnobebi eWvs naklebad
gamoiwvevs da metad sando xdeba. wignis am nawilSi `persarmeniis~ xsenebisas
prokofis kidev erTxel agondeba md. fazisi da kidev imeorebs _ mesxebis `ukan
aRmosavleTiT aris iberia, romelic persarmenielebamde aRwevs. am mTebiT romelic
aq aris, Camodis mdinare fazisi, romlis saTave kavkasiis mTebSia da pontos
erTvis naxevarmTvara napiris SuaSi~. (gv. 127). ,,kavkasia~ aq speris da arsianis
mTebia karCxalTan erTad. aq artaan-kola iberiis nawili iyo, imJamad ki is taoSi
persarmenias esazRvreboda.
lazikis umTavresi nawili swored xrioki da kldovani klarjeTia, romlis
miwa-wyalic ase moswondaT Semdegdroindel berebs, unayofobisa da Sromatevadobis gamo. prokofi kesarieli da giorgi merCule erTnairad aRweren lazikisa
da klarjeTis miwa-wylis unayofobas, oRond erTi mas `lazikas~, meore `klarjeTs~ uwodebs.
kidev erTxel unda iTqvas, rom VI s-is dasawyisSi, sparseTma Searyia qarTlis
saxelmwifoebrioba, Tavisi batonoba gaavrcela taosa da mis momijnave miwawyalze. es qarTuli qveynebi man eklesiurad dauqvemdebara imJamad prosparsuli
77

orientaciis somxur eklesias. amis gamo aq mcxovreb mosaxleobas ucxoelebic,

zogjer, persarmenielebad an armenielebd moixsenieben. am qveynidan gamodioda
md. fasisi, saTaveSi boasad, qarTvelTa mier ki `akamfsisad~ wodebuli (Woroxi).
`akamfsisi~ SeiZleba etimologiurad, qarTul `fsma~- sTan wylis denasTan iyos
dakavSirebuli, amitom prokofis es cnoba ar aris ugulebelsayofi rogorc
iTqva, p. ingoroyva `fs~-s akavSirebs wyalTan.
prokofi kesarieli wers, rom `fasisi~ pontos erTvis naxevarmTvara napiris
SuaSi, meore adgilas wers, rom fasisi `erTvis evqsinis pontos iq, sadac es
ukanaskneli Tavdeba~ (gv. 128), sad Tavdeba evqsinis ponto? q. petrasTan, `sadac
evqsinis ponto Tavdeba, aq qmnis naxevarmTvaris msgavs napirs~ (gv. 126), md. Woroxi
Sav zRvas erTvis petras maxloblad, aqedan gamomdinare, fasisi aris md. Woroxi.
_ `naxevarmTvaras im erT dasawyisSi, romelic aziisa aris mdebareobs qalaqi
petra, xolo mis pirispir meore napiras, evropis nawilSi _ afsilebis qveyanaa.
afsilebi lazebis qveSevrdomni arian da isini ZvelTaganve qristianebi arian~
(georgika, II, 1965, gv. 128).
vin arian afsilebi da sad cxovroben isini?
prokofis cnobiT md. fasisi orad hyofs qveyanas, misi marjvena
iwyeba evropa (marcxena aziaa), aq cxovroben afsilebi. aRsaniSnavia,
arianec am midamoebSi axsenebs _ fazisis marjvniv. etimologiurad
`fasisi~ SeiZleba erTmaneTs fuZeebiT `f(a)s~, `fas~ davukavSiroT.

sanapirodan
rom am toms
`afsili~ da
Cveni azriT,

afsilTa qveS igulisxmeba sufsis xeobis da momijnave miwa-wylis, SesaZloa

rionsa da Woroxs Sua mdebare dablobis mdinareebiT gajerebuli da farTod
gadaSlili vake adgilebis mcxovrebni. aqaa, Tanamedrove epoqaSic toponimebi
,,sufsa~, `baSi~
(`qvemo baSi~, `Sua baSi~, `zemo baSi~ isini rionis gaSlil vakeze
mdebareoben, Tumca abaSis raioni samegreloSia, meore samtrediis raionSi (Sua
baSi), foTis raionSia `qvemo baSi~ da quTaisis olqSi `zemo baSi~).
rogorc Cans, Zvelad `baSi~ erqva gaSlil vakes (aRsaniSnavia, rom XX s-is
dasawyisSi qarTvelebi i. gedevaniSvilis cnobiT `baSs~ uwodebdnen e.w. `brezents~,
anu gaSlil gadasafarebels. gaSlil sibrtyes). `faS~ (baS) wyalTanac unda
yofiliyo dakavSirebuli _ (fSa, fsori) am fuZiT aRniSnuli qveynis (afSilafsil) garda meore qarTuli qveyanac _ fSavic ixsenieboda.
maSasadme, Cveni azriT, `afsili~ is qarTuli tomi iyo, romelic VII-VIII saukuneebamde cxovrobda ZiriTadad sufsis an rionis xeobaSi, gaSlil adgilas vidre md.
Woroxamde. aq Cven unda gvqondes dakavSireba `fS~ `afs~ fuZesTan, romelic
winareqarTulSi rogorc avRniSneT wyals (gaSlil wyals) aRniSnavda. maSasadame
afSilebi _ gaSlili, wyliani adgilis tomi, dablobis mcxovrebi iyo, xolo mTiani
adgilebis mcxovrebni Cans `gr~ fuZiT (gora-mTa) aRiniSnebodnen (rogorc magaliTad slavebSi _ `tyis xalxi~, `Waobis xalxi~ da a.S.).
afsilTa mezobeli abazgebi, p. ingoroyvas kvleviT igive mesxebi iyvnen `bas-xi~,
`ba-sxi~, `me-sxi~ da maTi satomo saxelebi Cans msgavsi fuZiT iyvnen nawarmoebni.
eseni yvelani lazTa qveSevrdomebi arian, xolo maT Semdeg `xmeleTze~, `Sida
xmeleTSi~ (gv. 126) e.i. Waobis irgvliv mTebSi (aq guriis mTebic igulisxmeba)
skvimnia da svaniaa. rogorc Cans bizantia-sparseTis omebma VI saukunesa da VII-s
dasawyisSi, herakle keisris laSqrobebma, VII s. bolosaTvis bizantiis dasuste78

bam arabTa gamo, aseve amave dros xazarTa mier dasvleT saqarTvelodan alan
meomarTa gaZevebam Seqmna pirobebi qarTuli tomebis zedafenis samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT wasanacvleblad, kerZod, ufro CrdiloeTiT gadaweulan svanebi, afsilebi, abazgebi da Cans sxva qarTveluri tomebi. samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken maTi
moZraoba ufro adre iyo dawyebuli. samxreTidan mtris mowolis gamo, isini Tavs
afarebdnen TavianT Zvel istoriul samSoblos da moZraobdnen samxreTidan
CrdiloeTisaken.
iqamde, VI s-Si, prokofi politikuri TvalsazrisiT orad hyofda saqarTvelos: sparsul-iberiulad (mesxebi) da romaul-lazurad (afSilebi, abazgebi, skvimebi,
svanebi). prokofis, rogorc politikuri moRvawisaTvis mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos romauli (lazuri) nawili. es Tvalsazrisi aisaxeba kidec sparseTis samefo
karze bizantieli elCebis vizitisas gamarTuli kamaTis dros.
afsilebi Zveli qristianebi arian, abazgebi ki warmarTebi prokofis dromde
(VI s-is Sua naxevramde) _ `es barbarosebi Cvens dromdisac Tayvans scemdnen
Walebsa da tyeebs, xeebi barbarozs, raRac gulubryvilobis gamo RmerTebad warmoedgina~. (gv. 133). rogorc Cans, afsilebis da abasgebis zedafenebi, elituri
mxedroba, VI s. Semdeg, Cans VII s-Si, gadasaxldnen Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi,
radganac isini ukve VIII saukunisaTvis iq cxovrobdnen. prokofi erTnairad
aRwers Wanebisa da abazgebis warmarTobas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Wanebisa da
mesxebis mezoblobas samxreT saqarTveloSi, maTi eTnikuri siaxlovec ar mogveCveneba
ucxod. p. ingoroyvas abazgebi, rogorc iTqva mesxebad miaCnda. mesxebis cxovrebis
Sesaxeb Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi migviTiTebs strabonic, Tumca ki is saerTod
ar axsenebs sityva `abazgs~ (Cans imitom, rom ukve naxsenebi hqonda mesxebi, igive
mniSvnelobis eTnosaxeli). abazgebis qarTulenovnebas migviTiTebs sxvadasxva
faqti: pirveli is, rom maT TiTqmis gaqristianebisTanave gaaCaRes qarTulenovani
RvTismsaxureba e.i. gaqristiandnen VI s-Si, xolo maTi qarTulenovani samefo
ukve VIII s-Si Camoyalibda. abazgebis qarTulenovanebas migviTiTebs afxazeTis
toponimebic rac p. ingoroyvas cnobiT, xeebis TayvaniscemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. es toponimebi namdvilad adastureben prokofi kesarielis cnobebs _ `bzifi~ (bza), biWvinTa (fiWvi), cxumi (rcxila), gagra (kakali), soCa (soWi), wibeli
(wifeli), Wuberi (wabli), da a.S. am cnobidan marTlac Cans rom maT, am qarTulenovan toms `xeebi RmerTebad hqondaT warmodgenili~.
prokofis sityviT abazgebma iustinianes dros miiRes qristianoba. abazgebis
qveyanaSi RvTismSoblis taZaric aaSena.
g. CubinaSvilis azriT aq igulisxmeba noqalaqevis (da ara biWvinTis) Zveli eklesia (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 135).
abazgebis Semdeg alanebamde prokofis sityviT `bruqsebis~ (bruxebis, bruqebis) tomi cxovrobda, me vfiqrob, rom etimologiurad es sityva axloa `iberTan~
brug, brig, iber, rg, aseve `rg~ qarTvelTa TviToeul fuZesTan (gv. 135).
prokofis ,,saginebis~ tomi SavizRvispireTSi eguleba or adgilas (gv. 136),
erTi trapezuntis siaxloves, meore ki abazgebisken. orive adgilas Cans yofila
punqtebi sebastopolisi da pitiunti, amitomac abazgebis, bruqsebis, alanebisa da
hunebis (e.i. Crdilo kavkasiis misasvlelebis) aRwerisas kvlav ubrundeba trapezunts _ saginebis xsenebis gamo, iqve mdebare sebastopolissa da pitiunts da
aseve petras _ da wers `xosrom sparsTa mefem, lazebi rom warmouZRvnen mas
79

petrasken, gadawyvita iq sparsTa jaris gagzavna am simagreebis asaRebad~ (gv. 137),

e.i. sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis asaRebad. saeWvoa xosro afxazeTSi gamgzavrebuliyo maSin umniSvnelo simagreebis sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis asaRebad.
(gv. 137). petras siaxloves of-rizesken mdebareobda meore pitiunti.
guTebi iustinianes ugzavnian oTx mociquls da iTxoven maTTvis episkoposs,
radganac gaegoT, rom iustinianes abazgebisaTvis moZRvari gaegzavna. guTebma
meorejerac VIII s-Si gagzavnes mociquli episkoposis moTxovniT, amjerad afxazur anu iberiis eklesiaSi miiRo kurTxeva guTebis episkoposma ioanem. Cans,
guTebisaTvis abazgebi iberielebi iyvnen (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 138).

prokofi kesarielis sibrZne

prokofi wers _ `yvela adamians metwilad sCvevia, rom, Tu ki maT erTxel
SeiTvises raime azri, isini aRar cdiloben WeSmariteba gamoikvlion, arc raime
axal azrs iReben, aramed maT Zveli azri miaCniaT saRad da pativsacemad, xolo
Tanamedrove azrs saTakilod da sasacilodac ki Tvlian~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 139)
_ wers prokofi da misi sityvebidan gamomdinare, albaT, Cveni axali azri, rom
lazika erqva ara rionis xeobas, aramed Woroxisas, nakleb pativsacemad gamoCndeba,
radganac amJamad yvela darwmunebulia, rom lazika _ dasavleT saqarTveloa.
lazika kldovani qveyanaa, sadac zRvispira maRali kldeebia da ara dablobi
_ wers prokofi (gv. 142).
`lazikeSi ki miwa yovelgniT zRvidanaa warmoCenili da mis denas aferxebs,
qmnis zRvis sasruls, aq Semoqmeds zRvisTvis sazRvari daudgenia, radgan aq zRva
Tavis napirebs exeTqeba, is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas axerxebs,
aramed ukan ixevs da kvlav Tavis adgils ubrundeba, icavs miCenil sazRvars~ (gv.
142).
e.i. lazikis sanapiro aris kldovani, es kldeebi zRvis doneze maRlaa, amitomac ver axerxebs zRva ~maRla awevas~, cxadia da TvalnaTeli, rom es aris baTumtrapizonis sanapiro da ara rionisa, sadac rionis vake zRvis donezea, zRva mas
warsulSi tboravda da mudmiv Waobs qmnida, is ar iyo kldovani zRude zRvisaTvis. es vake rionis SesarTavidan TiTqmis quTaisamde vrceldeba.
md. fazisi am kldovani sanapiros mqone lazikaSi miedineba: `aSkarad misdevs
zRvisgan gamoWril xmeleTis nakveTs~. aRwerilisagan gansxvavebiT, rioni misdevs
ara `xmeleTis kldovan nakveTs~, aramed is mitortmanobs WaobSi da zantad aRwevs
zRvamde damyayebuli, xolo Woroxi `gamoWril, gamokveTil xmeleTSi~ anu Rrma
xeobaSi miedineba, zaTqiT da gruxuniT uerTdeba zRvas _ es iyo fazisi prokofis
mravalmxrivi aRweriT: TviTon prokofi, TiTqosda, Wvretda, rom momavalSi SesaZloa rionisTvis ewodebinaT fazisi, amis asarideblad da raTa samomavlod
mxolod WoroxisaTvis ewodebinaT es saxeli fazisi igi werda: _ `sxvaTa Soris
sakiTxi exeba ara raime moCvenebiTs an bundovan rasmes, aramed mdinares da
qveyanas, romlis Secvla da ramenairad dafarva SeuZlebelia, mxedvelobac sakmao
sabuTad gamodgeba da araferi SeuSlis xels imas, visac WeSmaritebis gamokvleva
aqvs ganzraxuli~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 140).
axlac ki XXI s-Si TvalnaTliv Cans, rom rioni Waobis mdinarea, xolo Woroxi
80

ki _ mTis, rogorc iyo fazisi yvela Zveli avtoris cnobiT.

`aziasa da evropas kolxeTis fazisi hyofs~ (gv. 140).
`marcxniv aziaa, marjvniv evropa~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 127).
`lazebs undodaT eCvenebinaT sparselebisaTvis TavianTi sivaJkace... Zalian
undodaT, rom pirvelni sZgerebodnen martoni mters~ mesxebis cnobili winambrZoloba _ `martod pirveli SebrZoleba~ _ aRwerili qarTul wyaroTa mier. lazebis es
qarTuli xasiaTi dafiqsirebulia prokofis mier (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 147).
s. yauxCiSvils moaqvs adgili qarTlis cxovrebidan (gv. 161).
iustiniane ,,brZoda kerZoTa ovseTisaTa, sazRvarsa avazgiassa naTesavsa xaskunTasa~. iustiniane ovseTSi (e.i. alaniaSi) afxazeTis sazRvarTan xaskunTa toms
ebrZoda da Txova iberiis mefe farsmans daxmareba. farsmani SebrZolebia xaskunebs da gaumarjvnia, misi mTavrebi Sepyrobili gaugzavnia iustinianesTvis.
prokofic aRwers abazgebis gandgomas da romaelTa mier maT damorCilebas.
Cveni azriT iberieli farsmani ver daexmareboda iustinianes jars, iberias
dasavleT saqarTveloSi rom ar hqonoda miwa-wyali da ar yofiliyo abazgiis
mezoblad.
xaskunebi unda iyvnen `baskunebi~ _ `basxebi~, `abasgebi~, igive mesxebi. asomTavrulis asoebi `x ~ da `b~ msgavsia, e.i.SesaZloa Zvel teqstSi ewera ,,baskuni~ da
gadamwerma asoTa aRrevis gamo dawera ,,xaskuni~.
sxva xalxia afsilebi, sxva kolxebi. `afsilebi kolxebs gadaudgnen da ambobdnen kolxebma ar isurves daxmareba aRmoeCinaT maTTvis~ (gv. 164).
afsilebi lazTa qveSevrdomebia _ isini, Cans, VII-VIII ss-Si abaSgebTan erTad
gadasaxldnen ufro CrdiloeTiT, cxumisaken da miitanes afxazeTSi qarTulenovani saxelmwifoebrioba da eklesia (gv. 162).
afsilebi da afxazebi iyvnen qarTulenovani xalxi (gv. 163). ratom?
abazgebs berZnebTan aqvT urTierToba, berZnebisagan iReben qristianobas da
rogor iqca maTi samefo qarTulenovnad, Tu es ena ar iyo maTi deda ena?
afsilebi eTnikurad kolxebisagan (lazebisagan) gansxvavdebian, afsileTi araa
lazika, aramed afsilebi arian `lazebis qveSevrdomebi~ (gv.165). afsileTi lazikis
CrdiloeTiTaa, zRvispirze, rogorc iTqva, Cans, esaa rionsa da Woroxs Sua moqceuli dablobi, romlis centri sufsis raionia. lazika _ mTiani mxarea, afSileTi
_ dablobia. afSilebis iqiT _ abasxebis _ abasgebis qveyanaa.
zogjer prokofi kesarieli md. faziss uyurebs sakuTari Txzulebis personaJis TvaliT. magaliTad aseTia sardali mermeroe. roca is Seityobs rom petra
romaelebma daikaves, gadawyvets lazikis sxva qalaqebisa da simagreebis daWeras.
prokofi wers: `man kargad icoda, rom mdinare fazisis iqiTa mxares lazebs,
petras garda, sxva arc erTi dasaxlebuli adgili ar moepovebodaT, is gabrunda
da daiWira iberiidan kolxidis qveyanaSi gadasasvleli adgilebi~ (gv. 182). aq
igulisxmeba, rom fazisi anu Woroxis marcxena (mermeroesaTvis `iqiTa~) mxares
lazebs petras garda sxva dasaxlebebi ar hqondaT. rac marTlac ase iyo -ufro
samxreTiT mdebare of pitiunti uSualod bizantielTa xelSi iyo. Woroxis
marcxena sanapiro goniodan q. xofamde mTa-goraa. gaSlilia da saqalaqo cxovrebisaTvis vargisia mxolod Woroxis marjvena sanapiros zRvispireTi (Tanamedrove qobuleT-baTum-erge-liganis vake). aq iyo kolxebis qalaqebi _ arqeopolisi
81

(igivea rac `portus altus~ _ `Zveli qalaqi~, mdebareobda baTumTan axlos, da

rodopolisi. moxirisi (muxurisi) _ erqva qalaqebiT (`xur~-ebiT, xulebiT, e.i.
saxlebiT dasaxlebul qveyanas), albaT, es iyo erge-ligani. Tanamedrove xelvaCauris raioni.
prokofi pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom sxvaa mdinare fazisi da sxvaa md. reoni, rom
isini ori mdinarea (s. yauxCiSvili maT erT mdinared miiCnevs). prokofi wers: _
mermeroem `sadac fazisis gadalaxva SeiZleba fonSi, gadalaxa es mdinare fexiT,
gadalaxa agreTve meore mdinarec, saxelad reoni _ arc es aris sanaosno da
fazisis marjvena mxares rom aRmoCnda, waiyvana jari erTi qalaqis _ arqeopolisis winaaRmdeg, romelic aris mTavari da udidesi qalaqi lazebis qveyanaSi~.
amJamad, sayovelTao TvalsazrisiT md. reonis qveS moiazreba md. rioni. Cemi
azriT, is unda iyos Woroxis romelime Senakadi, sadac gaiara klarjeTidan
arqeopolisisaken (baTum-Caqv-qobuleTis sanaxebisken) mimavalma sparsTa jarma,
romelic iq e.w. `klarjeTis gziT~ Sevida (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 182).
sparsTa jarma gaiara `iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza~, Cemi azriT, aq
igulisxmeba, rogorc iTqva, dvini _ artaan artanuj arTvin-Woroxis xeobis
damakavSirebeli gza, romelic gadadis arsianis mTis maRal uReltexilze. artaani _ iberiis qveyana iyo, artanuji _ klarjeTi, is imJamad lazikis nawili iyo.
Woroxis (fazisis) xeobaSi iberebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb wers sxva VI s-is avtoric
(gv. 182).
SeuZlebelia, rom iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza, romelic yvelgan daqanebuli napralebiTa da Znelsavali adgilebiT iyo daserili da ise dafaruli
uRrani tyeebiT, rom msubuqad datvirTul kacsac gauWirdeboda iq gavla _ ise
gaesworebinaT, rom ara Tu mTelma maTma cxenosanma jarma gaiara iq daubrkoleblad, aramed spiloebic gaatares _ wers prokofi.
maSasadame, iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza `gaaswores~. aqedan Cans, rom gza
aris mokle da ara grZeli. Tu ki kolxida aris dasavleTi saqarTvelo da iberia
ki aRmosavleTi, maTi SemaerTebeli gzis `gasworeba~ namdvilad araa advili,
radganac es gza grZelia, xolo artaanidan klarjeTSi (iberiidan-kolxidaSi)
gamavali gza, marTalia Zalze Znel, magram mxolod erT uReltexils gadis, romlis gasworebac simoklis gamo albaT SeiZleboda. aq unda yofiliyo (da ara
lixis qedze) `lazebisa da iberebis sazRvrebi~ (gv. 185), aqve, axlomaxlo unda
yofiliyo skandisa da sarapanisis cixeebi (e.i. arsianis qedze da ara lixis
mTaze).
Tu ki iberiidan lazikaSi Sesasvleli gza aerTianebda artaansa da arTvins,
SesaZloa swored am ukanasknels erqva _ rodopolisi. prokofi kesarielis
TqmiT, rodopolisi mdebareobda iberia_lazikis gzaze, dablobSi _ `dablobSi
erTi qalaqi iyo, saxelad rodopolisi, romelic yvelaze uwinares xvdeboda
gzaze iberiidan kolxidaSi SemosulT~.
rodopolisi iyo Woroxze (fazisze) mdebare qalaqi, zRvidan daSorebuli
daaxloebiT 50 km-iT. asevea arTvini. 600 wliT adre, strabonis dros mas `sarapana~ erqva.
arTvini klarjeTis qalaqi iyo, mdebareobda metad mniSvnelovani gzebis Sesayarze, erTmaneTTan akavSirebda erTi mxriv arzrums, artaans, artanujsa da meore
82

mxriv baTum-petras. iyo kolxeTis brinjaos metad mniSvnelovani `kera~ (qse, II. gv.
563) _ aRmoCenilia Zv.w. XII-XI ss mijnaze mniSvnelovani ganZi, kolxuri culebi,
Toxebi, zodebi, aseTive aRmoCnda mTel Woroxis xeobaSi.
arTvini VIII-IX ss-Si iyo `qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~ qalaqi. v. kotetiSvilis leqsikonis Tanaxmad `ard~ igivea, rac `vardi~.
`ard~ (vardkaWkaWa, vardi, ix. v. kotetiSvili, `karabadini~, 1936, leqsikoni)
arTvini _ ardvini _ vard-vani = vardovani anu rodopolisi.
iberia-lazikis gzaze mdebare qalaqis `arTvinis~ saxeli SeiZleba berZnis
yurs Casmenoda rogorc `vardaani~ anu `vardiani~, `vardebis qalaqi~ anu `rodopolisi~. arTvini = ardvani = vardvani = rodopolisi
prokofi ramdenjerme axsenebs arqeopoliss: sparsTa sardalma mermeroem
Seityo `mowinaaRmdegeni md. fasisis SesarTavTan dabanakebulano, gaemarTa maT
winaaRmdeg. is umjobesad Tvlida jer isini gaenadgurebina da ise Semoertya
alya arqeopolisisaTvis, raTa isini zurgSi ar moqceodnen~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv.
187).
marTlac, mermeroe gaemarTa fasisis SesarTavisken, gzad man gauara arqeopoliss. mis cixes icavdnen romaelebi. maT daemuqra, rom jer mdinare fasisTan
dabanakebul Tqvenianebs davamarcxeb da `male mogibrundebiT Tqveno~ (gv. 187).
aqedan Cans, rom arqeopolisi axloa zRvasTan fasisis SesarTavTan. esaa Woroxos
marjvena sanapiro. roca mermeroe miuaxlovda am mdinaris pirze dabanakebul
romaelebs, maT miatoves banaki da navebiT mdinaris meore napirze gadavidnen.
arqeopolisi `quS serzea, Camoudis mdinare~ _ marTalia noqalaqevis aRwerac
msgavsia, magram aseTivea baTumis da Caqvis sanaxebic, arqeopoliss hqonia ormagi
kedeli. marTalia asevea noqalaqevis kedeli, magram es qalaqi gamonaklisi ar
yofila, imdenad xSiri yofila orkeci (erTmaneTis paraleluri ori kedlis) ageba,
rom qarTulSi mas specialuri terminic ki hqonia: s. s. orbelianis sityviT `aseT
or kedels soxano erqva `orkeci kedeli zRudesTan, romelTa saSualebiT kacman
gaiaros folorcis msgavsad~ (iqve, gv. 189). savaraudod arqeopolisi mdebareobda
qobuleT-baTumis regionSi, sadac aRmoCenilia mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri naSTebi _ savaraudod tabula pevtingerianas rukaze aRniSnuli savaWro punqti _
`portus altus~ anu s. yauxCiSvilis sityviT `Zveli qalaqi~ (laTinurad), berZnulad `Zveli qalaqi~ aris arqeopolisi (gv. 22).
arqeopolisi noqalaqevi rom ar aris iqedan Cans, rom Turme arqeopolisTan
sparselebs cxenis sakvebis simciris gamo cxenebi daexocaT. aq _`daiRupa sparselTa
cxenebi ara nakleb oci aTasisa... - maT Sori gza gamoiares, romlis ganmavlobaSic
Zalian daiRalnen, Tanac rodesac lazikeSi iyvnen, sakvebi arc Tu ise samyofad
hqondaT, da amrigad, SimSiliTa da daavadebiT Seviwroebulni, mTlad davardnen
(gv.194). Tu lazika dasavleT saqarTvelos baria aq cxenis sakvebi Zalze bevria, aseve
noqalaqevSic, magram naklebia klarjeT-Woroxis xeobaSi, sidanac mividoda jari
arqeopolisTan, am sakiTxs qvemoTac vexebiT.
prokofi kesarieli, georgika 2, 1965 (gv. 194) sparselebi damarcxdnen arqeopolisTan da daixies moxirisisken. `moxirisi erTi dRis saval gzazea arqeopolisidan da Seicavs mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels~ (gv. 194). erTi
dRis gza, daaxloebiT, 20-25 km-ia.
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Tu arqeopolisi iyo baTumTan (portus Aaltus) aqedan moxirisamde yofila

20-25 mde km. anu `erTi dRis savali gza~, rac udgeba aseT Tvalsazriss, radganac
baTumic ,,erTi dRis savalzea~ erge-xelvaCauridan anu, Cveni azriT, moxirisidan,
xolo cixe-gojidan quTaisamde _ meti manZilia, prokofis cnobiT, arqeopolissa
da moxiriss Sorisi Seicavs `mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels~ anu baTumsa
da ligans Sua mravali kargi sofeli yofila VI s-Si. Cveni varaudiT es ase unda
yofiliyo, radganac teritoria baTumsa da ligans Soris SedarebiT maRlaa
zRvis donidan, magram arc ise maRlaa, rom mosavali ar modiodes, samagierod
Tavisi mTa-gorianobis gamo daculi `malariisagan~ anu cieb-cxelebisagan, rac
momxibvlels xdida am miwas dasasaxleblad. XIX s-Sic ki, rionis xeoba uvargisad
iTvleboda samosaxlod. aq iyo Waobebi, rac mosaxleobas afrTxobda, Tavisi ciebcxeleba-malariiT musrs avlebda, d. baqraZis cnobiT.
teritoria baTumsa da ligans Sua, anu arqeopolissa da moxiriss Soris
`kolxidis miwa-wyalze saukeTeso mxares warmoadgens, Rvinoc kargi modis da
sxva nayofnic iq kargad xaroben, Tumca lazikis sxva adgilebze ar SeiZleba
igive iTqvas~ (gv. 194) esaa erge-xelvaCauris qveyana.
prokofis es aRwera, Cemi azriT, gvixsnis Tu romel qveyanas uwodebda is
`lazikas~ anu `kolxidas~. esaa kldovani qveyana, romelsac qarTuli wyaroebi
uwodeben: `klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa zRvis-piri~, Semdegdroindel erge-liganTan erTad. maSasadame, klarjeTi, aWaris erge da zRvispiri odesRac qmnida erT
mTlian regions, romelsac qarTvelebi albaT `klarjeTs~ xolo ucxoelebi
`lazikasa~ da `kolxidas~ uwodebdnen. maSasadame prokofis lazikis sazRvrebi
CrdiloeTiT TiTqmis aRwevs md. sufsa _ md. rionamde, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT am
qveynis bunebrivi sazRvaria arsianis gadaWimuli uzarmazari, 3000 metrze ufro
maRali mTagrexili, samxreTiT ki misi sazRvari md. Woroxidan erTi dRis gzazea
anu xufaTTanaa. am qveynis umTavresi mdinarea Woroxi, fazisi rom Woroxia, es
iqedanac Cans, rom yvela Zveli avtoris aRweris Tanaxmad md. fasisis wyali
sakmaod swrafad, aCqarebulad Caedineba zRvaSi, mdinarisa da zRvis wylebi erTmaneTs ar ereva fazisis Cqari nakadis gamo. XIX-XX ss-Si sagangebo arxebis
gakeTebamde md. rioni zRvis SesarTavTan Zalze nela miedineboda, radganac is
uvrceles TiTqmis zRvis doneze mdebare vakes `rionis dablobs~ gaivlida, sadac
qmnida uamrav da dausrulebel Waobebs. am WaobebSi inTqmeboda da ikargeboda md.
rioni ise, rom zRvis SesarTavTan araviTar swraf nakads ar qmnida. sul sxva iyo
Woroxi, Tumca XIX-XX ss-Si misi mdinareba piriqiT, xelovnurad SezRudes sxvadasxva jebir-kaSxaliT da damWeri saSualebebiT, da mainc, axlac swrafi nakadiT
Caedineba zRvaSi. misi mdinareba emTxveva Zveli avtorebis aRniSnul mosazrebebs
fazisTan dakavSirebiT, amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom fazisi aris ara md. rioni,
aramed Woroxi.
yvelaze umTavresi, rac adasturebs, rom prokofis `lazika~ klarjeTia, is aris,
rom prokofis daJinebuli miTiTebiT, lazikaSi ar modis Rvino, garda erTi
regionisa _ moxirisisa. marTlac, Tu ki `lazika~ klarjeTia _ klarjeTSi namdvilad ar modis kargi mosavali da maT Soris Rvino maRalmTianobis gamo, garda
liganis zRvispirisa, romelic ergesTan erTad nayofieri adgili iyo da Rvinoc
modioda. es namdvilad asea iyo warsulSic da asea amJamadac. klarjeTi _
dabalmosavliania garda erge-liganisa. es ukanaskneli ki uxvmosavliani qveyanaa.
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ase, rom prokofis aRwera samarTliania da samwuxaroa, rom sabWoTa periodis

istorikosebi mis am cnobas araseriozulad miudgnen.
(moxiriss) `am mxares Camoudis erTi mdinare saxelad reoni. mis sanapiroebTan Zveladve kolxebs augiaT cixe, romelic Semdeg xanebSi maT metwilad miwasTan
gausworebiaT, radgan is metad dabalvakeze mdebareobda da maTi azriT advilad
misasvleli iyo, maSin am cixes kotaions uwodebdnen elinuri eniT, amJamad ki mas
lazebi quTaTiss eZaxian~ (gv. 194).
unda vifiqroT, rom prokofis mdinare reoni aris maradidTan Camavali md.
RremSi-Rele anu Rremis (Rreonis) wyali, da maszea Zveli `quTaTisi~, `metad
dabal vakeze~. sofel maradidSi (Woroxis piras|) axlacaa ubani saxelwodebiT _
,,quTureTi~ (ix. qvemoT|). quTaTisis axlos vakeze yofila `uqimerionis magari
cixe~. uqimerionis adgili ver gaarkvia s. yauxCiSvilma, SeiZleba gvefiqra rom
`uqimerioni~ saxeli dRes JRers viTarca `meria~. aseTi punqti namdvilad aris
liganSi da mis maxlobel kuTxeebSi. aWarul dialeqtSi `mere~ niSnavs mdinarispira vakes (ix. qvemoT).
TviTon s. yauxCiSvili mravaljer aRniSnavs, rom `kotais~, `qoTais~ saxelis
mqone qalaqebi yofila frigiasa da berZnuli samyaros sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
amJamad SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom liganSic iyo es saxeli, `berZnuli tradiciisaTvis sakmaod cnobili~ (georgika, 2, gv. 196).
lazebs `kotaioni~ saxeli SemdgomSi `quTaTisad~ uqceviaT.
`quTaTisi~ Zveli anu saliteraturo qarTulis enobrivi normebis mixedviTaa
nawarmoebi, magram prokofis daJinebuli miTiTebiT sityva `quTaTisi~ nawarmoebia lazebis enobrivi normebis Sesabamisad, maSasdame lazebis ena iyo qarTuli,
amis mizezi SeiZleba isic yofiliyo, rom qarTul-megruli enobrivi diferenciacia SedarebiT axali dawyebuli iyo da VI saukunisaTvis ar iyo dasrulebuli.
`quTaTisi~ Zveli qarTuli enis normebiTaa nawarmoebi iseve, rogorc `moxirisi~, `muxurisi~, rac unda daiSalos ase _ `mu-xur-is~, mo-mu winsarTi - gawarmoebulia, xolo `xur~ igivea rac saxli (sa-xl-i), xula, xuxula, aqedan xuro, xuroTmoZRvari, sa-xur-avi, m-sa-xur-i, mo-samsa-xur-e xur-xul. quTaTisi da moxirisi _
qarTuli enobrivi normebiTaa nawaroebi.
uqimerionis cixe sparselebs auRiaT, amiT maT gaukontrolebiaT `kolxidis
saukeTeso nawili~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 197).
kolxidis saukeTeso nawili iyo `moxirisi~, Cveni azriT, Tanamedrove aWaraliganis mTiswineTi, kolxeTi ki, rogorc iTqva, erqva ara Tanamedrove rionis
vakes, aramed erge, ligan - Woroxis xeobas.
lazikis qveSevrdomi svania da skvimnia unda yofiliyo, teritoria lanCxuTCoxatauris mTebidan aWara-SavSeTamde.
skvimnia da svania yofila iberiasa da moxiriss Soris - prokofis sityviT
(gv. 202). Cven vsvamT aseT kiTxvas - Tu ki leCxumi aris skvimnia, xolo `svanias~
qveS igulisxmeba Tanamedrove svaneTi, rogor unda yofiliyvnen isini moqceulni
moxirissa da iberias Soris?
moxirisad, amJamad, rogorc wesi, miiCneva Tanamedrove quTaisis sanaxebi, maSasadame quTaissa da iberias Soris leCxumi da svaneTi yofila ganTavsebuli, aseTi
gageba Seusabamoa. magram Tu moxirisi iyo erge-ligani, xolo lazikis sazRvari
85

ozurgeTTan gadioda, laCxuTi (skvimnia) maSin eqceva iberiasa da lazikas Soris.

skvimnia-svaniis nawili Cans aWara-SavSeTic iyo, esec iberias da erge moxiriss
Suaa.
prokofi wers _ `ase Caigdes xelSi sparselebma uqimerionis cixe da mtkiced
daepatronnen lazikes. magram marto es lazike ki ar Caigdes xelT sparselebma,
aramed skvimniaca da svaniac da amrigad moxirisidan iberiamde mTeli miwa-wyali
gamoecalaT xelidan romaelebs da lazTa mefes~. rogorc iTqva, skvimnia da
svania, SeiZleba SavSeT-aWaris mxaresac erqva _ guriis mTianeTTan erTad (gv. 202).
prokofis sityviT sparsTa mTavarsardalma uqimerionis siaxloves aaSena
lazTa cixe, romelsac ~sarapaniss eZaxian da romelic zed lazikis sazRvrebTan
mdebareobs~. esaa meore sarapana. g.grigolias sityviT (ix.qvemoT) - sarapana erqva
mniSvnelovani gzis dasacavad agebul cixes (sparsulad), amitomac iyo kolxeT
lazikaSi da saerTod saqarTveloSi mravali, sarapana (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 204).
saqarTvelos kuTxeebsa da lazikeSi mravali erTnairi toponimi da hidronimi iyo. magaliTad, egriswyali afxazeTSi (bediasTan) da `egres-su anu egriswyali trapizonis mxares (iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, t. II, gv. 123), klisura (cxumTan) da
`klasuri~ (trapizonisaken) (iqve, gv. 23). `pitia~ _ `trapizonTan~, `pitiunti~ cxumTan, sebastopolisi, trapizonis olqSi da abazgiaSi. `zegana~ (`zeganTa sofeli~) XI s-Si Sida qarTlSi (T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, gv. 33) da `zigna~ qaldiaSi
(trapizonis mxare), aseve ziginevi (afxazeTSi), zegani sof. kldeeTTan, zestafonSi.
q. fazari (igive fazisi), (Zveli aTina trapizonTan) (georgika II, 1965, gv. 102) da
fazisi. `boasi~ erqva Woroxs an mis Senakads prokofi kesarielis mixedviT, aseve
rogorc zogierTi fiqrobs md. yvirilasac. fazisi erqva Woroxsac da aseve
rionsac. magaliTad, prokofi kesarieli lazikas ase aRwers _ `lazike yovelgan,
mdinare fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares
uzarmazari kldeebia romlebic iq viwrobebs qmnian, aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben~ (georgika II, 1965, gv 102). md. rionTan dasavleT saqarTvelos
barSi kldeebi arsadaa, is aris Woroxis sanapiroebze, istoriul lazikeSi. prokofi
garkveviT wers _ `md. boasi gamodis WaneTis sazRvris maxloblad armenielTa
adgilebSi, romlebic farangionis garSemo cxovroben. TavSi is karga manZilze
marjvniv mimdinareobs. Txelia ... vidre im adgilamde, sadac marjvniv iberTa
sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba, mis Semdeg rac es mdinare
miaRwevs im adgils, sadac kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebia, aq, radgan mas bevri
sxva wyalic emateba, is izrdeba Zalian da nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fazisad
wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi, vidre evqsinad wodebul zRvamde, sadac misi SesarTavia da mis orive mxriT lazike aris ~ (georgika,
II, gv. 100). Woroxis SesaniSnavi aRweraa.

lazikas
kldiani sanapiro aqvs
prokofi kesarieli wers: `lazikaSi ki miwa yovelgniT zRvidanaa warmoCenili da mis denas aferxebs. amrigad, is erTaderTia, rac zRvis sazRvars qmnis da
cxadad mowmobs, rom Semoqmeds aq zRvisTvis sazRvari daudia, radgan aq zRva
86

Tavis napirebs exeTqeba. is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas axerxebs,
Tumca ki aq erTvis uricxvi mdinareebis nakadebi. zRva aq ukan ixevs da kvlav
Tavis adgils ubrundeba. is icavs miCenil sazRvars~ (prokofi kesarieli, georgika, tomi II, 1965, gv. 142).
prokofis am cnobidan Cans, rom lazikaSi zRvis sanapiro aris kldovani da
am kldeebs exeTqeba zRvis talRebi, xolo rionis SesarTavTan sanapiro, rogorc
viciT, aris zRvis doneze gadaSlili vrceli vake da kldovani ar aris. amitomac,
rionis vake lazikis aRweras ar eTanadeba. maSasadame, prokofisTvis lazika
aris trapizonis regioni aWara klarjeTTan erTad, sadac namdvilad aris metnaklebad kldeebi zRvis sanapiroze. axali Tanamedrove gzebi, romelsac avtobani
ewodeba, moiTxovs farTo gzebs. swored amis gamo dRevandel TurqeTis teritoriaze zRvis sanapiroze uaxlesi teqnikiT aris gaWrili kldeebi, aseve kldovania klarjeT-trapizonis zRvispireTi prokofis sityviT.
prokofi erTgan wers, rom mTagorianobis gamo lazikaSi ar modis xorbleuli, Rvino da sxva ram sikeTe (iqve, gv. 96). amis Semdgomac imeorebs prokofi:
`iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea lazeTTan ori simagre sarapanisi da
skanda, iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino da arc sxva ram sikeTe, xolo sxva
adgilebidan risime Semozidva viwrobebis gamo SeiZleba mxolod ise, Tu TviTon
kacebi moitanen. lazikis kldeebisa da viwro gasasvlelebis Sesaxeb prokofi
kesarieli sxvaganac laparakobs. magaliTad, mermeroes sparsuli jari romaelTa
petras mcvel razms viwroebSi daxvda (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 110).
petras aRwerisas viwroebis aRwera gasagebia, radganac es qalaqi kldeze iyo
agebuli, magram roca fazisisaken ukan daxeuli jari Tavs Svelis, prokofis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `iqauri mTebis mwvervalebiT gaqceviT~. (iqve, gv. 110). ismis
bunebrivi kiTxva, sad aris rionis dablobze mTebis mwvervalebi? am dablobze
aseTi mTebi ar arsebobs. aqedanac Cans, rom prokofi kesarieli rions ar uwodebda faziss, aramed is fazisad miiCnevda qalaq petrasTan axlos gamaval mdinares,
romlis xeobaSi mTebis mwvervalebi iyo. Cveni azriT, aseTi mdinare SesaZlebelia
yofiliyo mdinare Woroxi. rionis sanapiroze kldeebi arsad gvxvdeba (igulisxmeba
rionis dablobi zRvis sanapirosTan axlos), amitom aqedan cxadia, fazisi ar aris
rioni. garda amisa, aq laparakia zogadad lazikis qveyanaze da prokofi pirdapir wers, rom es kldeebi moicavs mTel lazikas da aq, lazikis qveyanaSi mdinare
fazisis orive mxares uzarmazari kldeebia. rogorc viciT, rionis dablobi ar
eTanadeba aseT aRweras, amitomac kidev erTxel SeiZleba iTqvas, rom lazika ar
erqva rionis dablobs, rionis xeobas.

prokofis `aqeTa~
`lazTa soflebi xom aq yvela mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras (mxares) da
qalaqebic ZvelTaganve aq auSenebiaT. maT Soris aris arqeopolisi, Zalian gamagrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec, xolo skanda da Sorapani
iberiis sazRvrebisken. yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi~ (georgika, II, gv. 101). aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamadac liganSi eTnikuri
lazebi cxovroben Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze, mesxebi ki marjvenaze.
87

Tu ra igulisxmeba `aqeTa mxared~ da `iqiTa mxared~, davas iwvevda mecnierTa

Soris, radganac, Tu Tanamedrove gagebiT mivudgebiT am gamonaTqvams, niSnavs, rom
mdinaris marcxena sanapiroze iyo yvela didi qalaqi, maSin, roca realurad
marjvena sanapiro aranakleb iyo dasaxlebuli, amitom s. yauxCiSvili fiqrobda,
rom `is adamiani, romlisganac prokofis auRia aRniSnuli cnoba, idga mdinaris
Crdilo mxares, mdinaris CrdiloeT mxares aris dabanakebuli~ (iqve, gv. 101. SeniSvna 2).

`viwroebi fazisTan~
prokofi kesarielis TqmiT md. fazisis sanapiroebis garkveul monakveTze
mdinaris rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena sanapiros Zalze uaxlovdeboda mTaTa
qedebi, ris gamoc mdinaris sanapiroze iqmneboda bunebrivi `viwroebi~, rac Zalze
mosaxerxebeli iyo strategiuli TvalsazrisiT. Tu am `viwrobebs~ daicavda jariskacebis Tund mcirericxovani jgufi, maT SeeZloT mtris ufro meti raodenobis
SeCereba. aseTi bunebrivi anu mTebisagan (kldeebisagan) Seqmnili viwroebi md.
rionis sanapiro dablobSi ar aris, magram mravali aseTi `viwrobia~ md. Wroxis
mTel sigrZeze _ zRvis SesarTavidan vidre borCxamde, arTvinamde da kidev ufro
maRla.
magaliTad, aseTi `viwrobebi~, romelsac karCxalisa da orjoxis qedebis gamonazardebi qmnian TiTqmis mdinaremde Cadian.
isini arian arTvinis maRla, aseve arTvinsa da Worox-berTas SesarTavs Soris
(arTvinsa da Sagairas Sua), aqve, marcxena mxridan mdinaresTn axlos Camodis
orjoxis qedis erTerTi gamonayofi qedi, am patara qedis mwvervali 1984 m. simaRlis mTaa. am or qeds Sua miemarTeba Woroxi. esaa bunebrivi viwrobi. amgvari ki
WoroxTan uamravia.

lazika
lazikas aqvs kldovani sanapiro _ (georgika, II, 1965 gv. 142). sazogadod lazika
aris mTagoriani, ar modis Rvino _ (iqve,gv. 96). md. fazisis sanapiroze aris
viwroebi. sazogadod, lazika daqanebulia, Zneli gasavlelia msubuqad Cacmuli
kacisTvis _ (iqve,gv. 81).
md. fazisis axlos arian mTiani mwvervalebi _(iqve, gv. 110).
fazisTan orive mxares gauvali kldeebia _ (iqve, gv. 102).
md. fazisis sanapirozea klisurebi.
fazisi _ miemarTeba gamokveTil xmeleTSi, wyali sufTaa, swrafad Sedis
zRvaSi (iqve, gv. 140).

boasi _ saTave aqvs persarmeniaSi.

boasi anu akamfsisi
1) `mdinare boasi gamodis sadRac WaneTis maxloblad armenielTa adgilebSi,
88

romlebic farangionis garSemo cxovroben... mas Semdeg, rac es mdinare miaRwevs im

adgils, sadac kavkasiisa da iberebis sazRvrebia... nacvlad boasisa, amieridan
fazisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisTvis gamosadegi... zRvamde...
mis orive mxriv lazika aris... marjvniv... iberiis sazRvramde dasaxlebulia
adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT. lazTa soflebi mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras (geo, II, gv. 101). mdinaris marcxena sanapiroze lazebi cxovrobdnen, marjvenaze
ki mesxebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu fazisi rionia, maSin mis marjvena sanapiroze
mcxovrebi egriselebi yofilan mesxebi, xolo marcxena sanapiroze mcxovrebi
gurulebi lazebi, rac arasworia, maSasadame rioni fazisi araa.
2) `maSin romaelebma daiWires persarmenielTa qveyanaSi... farangioni, sadac
sparselebi oqros Txrian... daimorCiles Wanebis tomi... TovliT dafaruli mTebi,
saidanac gamodis md. fazisi~ (georgika, II, gv. 52). e.i. boasi anu fazisi gamodis
Wanebis adgilebSi, persarmeniaSi, farangionis maxloblad. amis Sesaxeb samjer
wers prokofi kesarieli.
3) Wanebis mTebidan Camodis mdinare boasi~ (georgika, II, gv. 122).

monopolia
strategiosma cibem iustinianes gaamagrebina cixe-qalaqi petra (geo. II, gv.17)
da SemoiRo e.w. `monopolia~, rac gulisxmobda ZiriTadad mariliTa da pirveladi saWiroebis saqonliT vaWrobis centralizaciasa da strategios cibes xelSi
Tavmoyras (iustinianes dros monopolia bizantiis sxva adgilebSic arsebobda).
es namdvilad SeeZlo cibes, radganac cixe-simagre petra aris erTaderTi Camketi
vrceli olqisa, romelsac qmnis md. Woroxis sanapiroebze ganlagebuli qveyana.
md. Woroxis auzi bunebrivad garSemortymulia yoveli mxriT uzarmazari `camde
aziduli~ (rogorc prokofi ambobda) mTebiT (3000 m. simaRlis), da xeobis bunebrivi gasasvleli gadioda cixe-simagre petraze _ mdinare iyo arteria mTeli
xeobisa. mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos monopoliis xelSi Cagdeba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeeZlo bizantiel strategioss, radgan dasavleT saqarTveloSi zRva
mTel dasavleT sanapiros uvlis da misi gakontroleba XX saukuneSi sabWoTa
kavSirsac ki uWirda. xolo Woroxis didi xeobis gakontroleba advili SesaZlebelia mis SesarTavSi mdebare cixe-simagriT, radganac es xeoba kldeebis bunebrivi sazRvriTaa Caketili. am xeobas anu lazikas akontrolebda cibe.

3. prokofis wigni _ `saidumlo istoria~

lazikes Sesaxeb
(mimoxilva)
prokofi kesarielis Txzulebis `saidumlo istoriis~ mTargmneli n. efremiZe
Tavis komentarebSi wers _ `lazike _ Zveli kolxeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) saxel89

wodebaa IV saukunis Semdgom, igive `qarTuli egrisi~ (prokofi kesarieli, saidumlo

istoria, 1989, gv. 118). n. efremiZe ucvlelad imeorebs XXs. qarTul istoriografiaSi
sayovelTaod gabatonebul Tvalsazriss, rom lazika _ dasavleT saqarTveloa,
kerZod ki, rionis vrclad gadaWimuli veli _ vake, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawilia. es msjeloba saocaria im mxriv, rom warmoadgens wyaroTa
mtkicebebis ugulebelyofas. magaliTad, amave wignSi `saidumlo istoria~ (iseve,
rogorc yvela sxva Tavis TxzulebaSi), prokofi kesarieli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs _
`lazike, rogorc iTqva, kldovani da Znelsavali qveyanaa~ (prokofi kesarieli,
saidumlo istoria, 1989, gv. 27).
prokofi kesarieli Camoyalibebul azrs, rom lazike mTagoriani da kldovani
qveyanaa da am oRro-CoRroobis gamo ugzo da savalad Znelia, kidev erTxel imeorebs
am TxzulebaSi _ `lazikaSi Tavdatexili aTasi ubedurebiT gawamebulma sparselebma
es ambavic rom Seityves, SeSindnen, sadme mtris jars ar gadahyrodnen, col-Svilisa da
samSoblos unaxavad ar amowyvetiliyvnen am mTian da gauval qveyanaSi~ (iqve, gv. 28).
maSasadame, lazike aris `mTiani da gauvali qveyana~. amasTanave, `kldovani da
Znelsavali qveyana~, mTiani - kldovani - Znelsavali - gauvali _ am sityvebs prokofi
lazikis Sesaxeb, rogorc aRiniSna, yvela Tavis TxzulebaSi wers. arsad, arc erT Tavis
Txzulebasa Tu SeniSvnaSic ki, arsad ara aqvs naTqvami, rom lazika sadme mTeli
Tvalsawieris manZilze aris ukidegano vake (sinamdvileSi asea dasavleT saqarTvelo
foTidan wyaltubomde. mTeli rionis auzi Tvaluwvdeneli vakea da rogor aris is
mTian-kldovani?).
rogorc iTqva, prokofi kesarielis lazike aris is qarTuli miwa-wyali, romelsac erovnul saistorio wyaroebSi ewodeboda klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa, erge,
ligani, aWara, WaneTi da, saerTod, mTeli Woroxis xeoba. Tu vinme Seadarebs Woroxis
xeobis (klarjeT - SavSeTis) aRweras Zveli qarTveli istorikosebis mier aRwerils
(mag. grigol xanZTelis `cxovrebis~) da prokofis mier lazikes aRweras, mixvdeba, rom
isini erTsa da imave qveyanas aRwerdnen _ es iyo mTian-kldovani qveyana.

4. prokofis wigni _ `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~

(mimoxilva)
prokofi kesarielis traqtatSi `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~ gvxvdeba aTamde toponimi, `on~
sufiqsis da `art~ prefiqsebis Sesabamisi _ on sufiqsiT nawarmoebi saxelebi _
horononi, xartoni, sisilissoni, sqamaliniqoni, janzakoni, WanWakoni, barxoni, burgusnoisi _ WaneTSi, losorionis cixe _ lazeTSi, aq dasaxelebuli punqtebis saxelwodebani on-sufiqssian saxelwodebas warmoadgens. on-i ki Wanuri zedsarTavi saxelebisTvis damaxasiaTebel sufiqsad iTvleba~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb,
2006, gv. 22).
`on~ sufiqsiTY ara mxolod WaneT-lazeTSi, uamrav sxva qveyanaSi asaxelebs
prokofi saxelebs, magaliTad, mesopotamiasTan axlos armeniaSi _ kifariZoni, armeniis sxva mxareSi _ baiberdoni, areoni, germanufosatoni, kukarizoni, lisiormoni
90

da sxva. Tu `on~ namdvilad Wanuri (saerTo qarTveluri) sufiqsia, unda vifiqroT,

rom aRniSnul sufiqsiani saxelebi armeniis im mxareSi mdebareobdnen, sadac mkvidri mosaxleobis _ Wanebis armenizacia moxda. Aam Tvalsazriss TiTqosda ganamtkicebs is faqti, rom armeniis mxare xorZeneSi iyo sofeli saxeliT artalesoni,
`art~ prefiqsi ki damaxasiaTebeli iyo lazikes regionisTvis, aq iyo da aris _
ardaSeni, arTvini, artanuji, artaani da sxva. art (qarT, garda) saerTo qarTveluri
fuZe iyo (qaldea, qarTli).

klisurebi

lazikis SesasvlelSi

bizantielebisTvis lazikis `Sesasvleli~ mdebareobda Sav zRvasTan, xolo

misi `gasasvleli~ sparseTis mxarisaken iyo mimarTuli. prokofi kesarielis
cnobiT, klisurebi anu erTmaneTTan mijriT mdebare mTebis viwro xeobebi mdebareobda lazikis SesasvlelSi anu Savi zRvis siaxloves. is wers _ imperatorma
iustinianem `am qveyanaSi gaamagra xeobebic ki, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, klisurebs
uwodeben, raTa lazikes Sesasvleli mtrisTvis Caketili yofiliyo~ (prokofi
kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 107).
es aris mniSvnelovani cnoba, radganac sxva wyaroebSi prokofi wers, rom es
klisurebi lazikaSi md. fazisis siaxloves iyo. maSasadame, lazikis klisurebi
erTdroulad zRvisa da mdinaris piras mdebareobda. aseTi mdinare mxolod
Woroxia, romelsac Zveli avtorebi zogjer faziss uwodebdnen da ara md. rioni,
radganac md. rionis piras arasodes arsebula mijriT mdebare mTebis xeobebi
(klisurebi), romelnic amave dros zRvis siaxlovesac mdebareobdnen. Mmd. rionis
zRvispira nawili tafobi vrclad gadaWimuli velia.
borCxasa da md. aWariswyals Sua Woroxis marjvena Senakadia mdinare
`kliskurisu~, rac etimologiurad axloa `klisurasTan~ da aqvea mdinaremde
CaWrili qedebi, romlebic axloa zRvasTanac.

Wanebi
Wanebi iyvnen armenielTa mezoblebi (prokofi kesrieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006,
gv, 104), aRmerTebdnen Walebs, frinvelebs, zogierT cxovels, cxovrobdnen `camde
azidul uzarmazar mTebSi da miwas ki arasodes amuSavebdnen~. WaneTSi `umetesad
xrioki, sruliad mwiri da unayofo adgilebia, aq arc miwis moxvnaa SesaZlebeli,
arc naTesis momka da arc Tibva~ (iqve, gv. 105). maSasadame, WaneTSi cxovelTaTvis
sakvebi balaxi mcirea. prokofi sxva naSromSi aRwers, rom lazikeSi sparselebs
20 000-mde cxeni daexocaT SimSiliT, anu ubalaxobis gamo, maSasadame, lazikec
WaneTis msgavsi, umosavlo qveyanaa. aseTi ki SeuZlebelia iyos dasavleT saqarTvelo mTlianad da gansakuTrebiT ki rionispira bari, subtropikuli zona, sadac
balaxic da yovelgvari nayofic uxvad modis. Wanebi iustinianes dros gaqristiandnen da romaelebTan erTad laSqrobdnen. WaneTi yoveli mxridan kldovania,
Zneladsavali qveyanaa cxenosnisTvisac ki. iustinianem maT eklesia auSena sqamalixonSi; cixeebi aaSena horononSi, ganaaxla sisilisonSi. WaneTs CrdiloeTiT
esazRvreboda qalaqi trapezunti. WaneTsa da lazikes Sua prokofi asaxelebs
trapezunts da rizes.
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lazi mefeebis samefo Sesamoseli

lazi mefeebis suverenobisa da lazeTis, viTarca Zlieri saxelmwifos damamtkicebel erT-erT faqtad, zogierTi qarTveli istorikosis mixedviT, iTvleba
is, rom bizantiis imperatorebi lazeTis mefeebs samefo Sesamosels ugzavnidnen.
prokofi kesarielis cnobiT ki piriqiT, msgavsi Sesamoslebi egzavnebodaT
imperiisadmi daqvemdebarebul zogierT mmarTvelebs, e.w. `satrapebs~. prokofi
aRwers erT aseT magaliTs _ iustinianes epoqaSi `did armenias~ marTavda xuTi
satrapi. maT `mxolod zogierTi samefo niSani eniWebodaT romaeli imperatorisgan. Rirsi kia es niSnebi sityviT movixsenio, radgan adamianis Tvali maT verasodes ixilavs: esenia: qlamida, iqsoveboda zRvis cxovelis bewvisagan... porfiris
CamoSvebuli nawili iq, sadac mewamuli nakecebia, oqroTia nakeri, qlamidas hkravs
oqros balTa, romlis SuaSi Casmuli iyo romeliRaca patiosani qva, aqedan eSveboda sami iakinTis qva wvrili oqros ZewkviT. qitoni abreSumisaa, yoveli mxridan
oqromkediT Semkuli, romelsac plumiebs eZaxian, fexsacmeli muxlamde mewamuli
ferisa, romelsac mxolod romael imperatorebsa da sparsel mefeebs SeuZliaT
Caicvan~ (prokofi kesrieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 98).
maSasadame, romaeli imperatorebisa da sparseTis mefeebis msgavsad armeniis satrapebi (anu erisTavebic) icvamdnen wiTel (mewamul) fexsacmels, magram es faqti ar
gamodgeba imis samtkiceblad, rom isini Zlieri da suverenuli saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi iyvnen. safiqrebelia, rom lazeTis mefeebic armeniis aRniSnuli `satrapebis~
msgavsi mmarTvelebi iyvnen anu Seesatyvisebodnen qarTvel mTavars an erisTavs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli satrapebis garda, erT-erT armenias sakuTari mefec
hyavda, romaelTa gavlenis qveS myofi.

lazike
iustinianem lazikeSi aago cixe-simagre losorioni (SeiZleba SevadaroT,
rom armeniaSi arsebobda punqti lisiormoni), gaamagra lazikis SesasvlelSi
xeobebi (klisurebi), aRadgina lazikes Zveli, nangrevebadqceuli eklesia (klarjeTSi eklesiebi IV-V ss-Si aigo), aaSena q. petra. iq lazebma sparselTa jari
Seiyvanes, amitomac bizantielebma es qalaqi `miwasTan gaaswores, raTa barbarosebi kvlav ar mosuliyvnen~ (prokofi kesrieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 107).
`gadaRma xmeleTze, meotis tbis mimarTulebiT aris ori cixe-simagre _ sebastopolisi da pitiunti. isini `romaelebma daangries, roca Seityves, rom xosro
jaris gagzavnas apirebda am cixeebis asaRebad~ (iqve, gv. 107). iustinianem sebastopolisi aRadgina da aqcia RirSesaniSnav qalaqad (iqve, gv. 107).
Zneli saTqmelia, es sabastopolisi da pitiunti petras axlo, Woroxis marcxena mxaresaa, Tu afxazeTis qalaqebi igulisxmeba. ras niSnavs prokofis naTqvami:
`gadaRma, xmeleTze~.
`gadaRma~ albaT niSnavs md. fazisis iqiT, magram ras niSnavs `xmeleTze~. maS
zRvaze xom ar aagebdnen cixeebs. iqneb, `xmeleTze~ niSnavs `ara Waobze~, `Waobis iqiT,
xmeleTze~ _ Tu Waobis iqiTa mxare igulisxmeba, esaa rionis Waobebis iqiT, anu

92

oCamCiris mimarTulebiT. magram cnobili `pitia~ Tavisi saepiskoposo centriT iyo

rizesTan axlos, rac rukebzecaa aRniSnuli.

klisurebi
prokofi kesarieli Tavis naSromebSi sakmaod xSirad xmarobs sityvas `klisura~, `klisurebi~. klisura, misi ganmartebiT, aris viwro bunebrivi xevi or (TiTqmis paralelur) qeds Soris moqceuli. romaelebi (bizantielebi) Tu am qedTaSua
xevze gza gadioda, mis gasakontroeblad agebdnen (am xevSi) simagres.
prokofis cnobiT klisura (klisurebi) yofila ara marto lazikaSi, aramed
TrakiaSi (ae IV,11), armeniaSi (ae III, 3,2) da saberZneTSi (ae, IV,2,17). prokofis cnobiT,
imperatorma iustinianem lazikeSic `gaamagra xeobebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv
klisurebs eZaxian, raTa lazikes Sesasvleli mtrisTvis Caketili yofiliyo~
(prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 107).
prokofi kesarieli TviTonve ganmartavs, Tu ras warmoadgens `klisura~ (`klisurebi~) is wers:
`am mxareSi (e.w. `sofaneneSi~) rva milis manZilze aRmarTulia cicabo mTebi,
yoveli mxridan gauvali, erTmaneTTan mWidrod mijrili, qmnian or viwro xeobas,
romelsac klisurebs uwodeben. persarmeniidan sofanenisaken mimavali SeuZlebelia ar moxvdes am or xeobaSi. aqaurebi erT maTgans ilirisons, meores ki _
safxazs uwodeben. mtrebisaTvis gzebis gadaketvis TvalsazrisiT es adgilebi
metad sayuradRebo iyo... imperatorma am xeobebSi aRmarTa Zlieri simagreebi da
Caayena samxedro jari~ (p. kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, Targmna julieta SoSiaSvilma, 2006, gv. 100).
ase rom, klisuri ewodeba or erTmaneTTan mijriT mdebare mTaTa Sua xevs, anu
klisuris pirdapiri qarTuli Targmani xevia. romaelebis yuradRebas es xevi anu
klisura i pyrobda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu iq gadioda gza. am gzaze romaelebi cixesimagreebs agebdnen.
prokofi sxva naSromSi wers, rom lazikaSi aseTi klisuri mdebareobda petrasTan anu zRvasTan axlos md. fazisis sanapiroze. am SemTxvevaSi md. rioni
arafriT ar SeiZleba iyos fazisi, radganac zRvis siaxloves md. rionTan araviTari mTis xevebi (klisurebi) ar aris, esaa daWaobebuli gaSlili bari, xolo Tu
ki Woroxi aris fazisi, am SemTxvevaSi prokofis gageba advilia, Woroxze, zRvis
siaxloves artanuj-gonios (petras) gzaze uamravi mTis xeoba anu prokofiseuli
klisuraa. ase rom, cxadia, fazisi Woroxia prokofisaTvis da ara rioni.

Waobi prokofis cnobiT

rionis dablobis Waobi moicavs uvrceles regions da Seadgens mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobis mniSvnelovan nawils. Waobi iwyeba zRvispireTidan
da grZeldeba TiTqmis samtrediamde, siganiTac is Zalze didia da vrcladaa gadaWimuli urek-qobuleTidan vidre oCamCiremde. Waobi yovelTvis dausaxlebeli iyo,
Tu ar vigulisxmebT Zalze iSviaT gamonaklisebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc xmelTaSua zRvis, ise Savi zRvispireTi (uSualod zRvasTan mimdebare, zRvispira miwebi)
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qalaqebiT da soflebiT iyo da aris dasaxlebuli, xolo, rogorc vTqviT, urekidan

_ oCamCiremde zRvispiras qalaqebi da soflebi axlac ar mdebareoben (foTis
garda).
romaelebi eridebodnen Waobian adgilebSi qalaqebisa da soflebis daarsebas, saerTod eridebodnen Waobebs. amis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs prokofi kesarieli.
misi cnobiT, imperatori iustiniane, romelmac Tavis imperiaSi mravali qalaqi,
cixe-simagre da nageboba aago, moerida erT-erT SesaniSnav adgils misi daWaobebis gamo da iq araferi ar aago. prokofi gvixsnis amis mizezs:
`imis mizezi, Tu ratom araferi aaSena imperatorma bizanaSi, Semdegi ram iyo:
aq, vake adgilze gaSlilia cxenosnobisTvis xelsayreli vel-mindvrebi, bevria
daWaobebuli adgilebic. mtrisTvis es teritoria advilad dasapyrobia, aqaurebisTvis ki avadmyofobis saSiS keras warmoadgens, amitomac imperatorma uyuradRebod datova igi, qalaqi sul sxva mxares gaaSena da Tavisi saxelic uwoda... dgas
cicabo kldeze da SesaniSnavi klimatiT gamoirCeva~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa
Sesaxeb, 2006, Targmna j. SoSiaSvilma, gv. 104). (ae, III, V, 13-15).
maSasadame, romaelebi qalaq-soflebs agebdnen kldovan da kargi klimatis
mqone adgilze, eridebodnen Waobebs, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi iq, albaT, cixesimagreeebs Tu aagebdnen.

gza persarmeniidan bizantiisaken

imperatorma iustinianem WaneTSi romaelTa da persarmenielTa sazRvrebis
gasayarze aago mtkice cixe-simagreebi. maTi daniSnuleba iyo daecva gzebi. prokofi
wers _ `es qveyana sami gzajvarediniT aris danawilebuli. aqedan iwyeben gayras
romaelTa, persarmenielTa da TviT WanTa sazRvrebi. aq iustinianem aago Zalian
mtkice cixe-simagre horononi da amiT daadga Tavi zavis saqmes. pirvelad aqedan
gaxda SesaZlebeli romaelTaTvis WaneTSi Sesvla~ (prokofi kesrieli, SenobaTa
Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 106).
cixe-simagris daniSnuleba ZiriTadad iyo gzis dacva anu Zlieri cixe-simagre
mniSvnelovani gzis dacvis saqmes emsaxureboda. Sesabamisad, skanda da sarapana _
persarmeniidan romis miwebisken (bizantiisken) mimaval gzaze agebuliyo _ raTa
mtrisTvis gza gadaeketaT.
prokofi wers _ somxeTSi, martiropolisTan (sofaneneSi) erTmaneTTan mWidrod
mijrili mTebis xeobebSi (e.w. klisurebSi) gamavali gzebis Sesaxeb, romelnic
`mtrebisTvis gzis gadaketvis TvalsazrisiT metad sayuradReboni iyvnen~ (prokofi
kesrieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 100), sadac iustinianem `aRmarTa Zlieri simagreebi~
(iqve, gv. 100).
aqedan gamomdinare, CvenTvis saintereso skandas cixe-simagre, sadavo bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris, mniSvnelovan gzaze mdebareobda. aseTi gza, Tu ki iyo
suramis qedidan Tanamedrove SorapanSi Semavali gza, uSualod am gzispirze
unda yofiliyo aRmarTuli skandis cixec. magram sul sxva regonSi mdebareobs
Tanamedrove sofel skandes cixe. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi bizantielebi persarmeniasTan damakavSirebel gzazeve aagebdnen cixe-simagres, rogorc iqceodnen sxva
qveynebSic, magaliTad, Teodopolisis maxloblad xorzanes mxareSi gamaval gzaze: `sparselTa mefisaTvis aqedan advili iyo SeWriliyo romaelTa qveyanaSi,
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vidre imperatorma iustinianem gza ar Caketa. am kuTxis SuagulSi iyo sofeli

artalesoni. igi cixe-simagred iqca~ (iqve, gv. 101).
maSasadame, skandis cixe mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seasrulebda Tavis funqcias,
Tuki is `gzis Camketi~ simagre iqneboda, anu is uSualod gzaze unda mdgariyo.
imereTis skanda ki suram-Sorapanis gzaze ar dgas, anu ar dgas da arasodes
mdgara dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemaerTebel gzaze, xolo klarjeTis
kandridi, romelsac Cven prokofiseul skandad miviCnevT, namdvilad aseT saerTaSoriso gzaze idga.

5. agaTia sqolastikosi

lazikis Sesaxeb

agaTia sqolastikosTan, iseve rogorc sxva VI-VII saukuneebis berZen avtorTan,

lazika da armenia erT konteqstSi, erTad moixsenieba xolme. magaliTad, mTavarsardali iustine fazisTan sparselebis damarcxebis Semdeg iRebs `kolxidisa da
armeniis moqmedi jaris mTavarsardlobas~. ufro sworad, mas oficialurad ewoda `armeniis jaris mTavarsardali~. 557 wlisaTvis (georgika, t. III, gv. 30) ismis
kiTxva, ratom evaleboda armeniis mTavarsardals ewarmoebina omi kolxeTSi.
pasuxi is aris, rom kolxeTi da armenia, kerZod ki mcire armenia iyvnen erTmaneTis
mezoblebi, mdebareobdnen erT regionSi.agaTias kolxeTi mdebareobda Woroxis
xeobaSi, xolo md. Woroxis aRmosavleT

mTianeTs ukve armenias uwodebdnen.

amitomac, rogorc aRiniSna ara marto agaTia sqolastikosTan, aramed sxva avtorebTanac, kolxeTi da armenia erTad moixseniebian.
agaTia sqolastikosi lazikas, mis xalxs da mis mefes uwodebs keTilmorwmune qristianebs, kerZod, isini arian `romaelTa qveSevrdomi keTilmzraxveli da
erTmorwmune~ (georgika III, gv. 29). rogorc xSirad aRiniSna, bizantielebs ar
surdaT, rom sparselebs xelSi CaegdoT is saerTaSoriso gza, romelic lazikis
gavliT persaremenias, anu sparsul armenias aerTebda Sav zRvasTan. kerZod, radganac persarmenia ZiriTadad sparselebis xelSi iyo (igulisxmeba qalaq dvinisa
da sxva mimdebare qalaqebis sanaxebi), aqedan isini im gziT, romelic aerTebda
dvins artaanTan da Semdegdroindel artanujTan, Cadiodnen Woroxis xeobaSi
Semdegdroindel qalaq arTvinSi da Woroxispira gziT swrafad midiodnen zRvispira cixe-simagre `petraSi~, anu gadiodnen Sav zRvaze. es ki Zalze afrTxobdaT
bizantielebs, amitomac wers agaTia: `Tu sparselebi omSi gaimarjvebdnen da mTel
qveyanas (lazikas) aiRebdnen, aRaraferi daabrkolebdaT maT uSiSrad SemoecuraT
evqsinis pontoTi da Zalian Rrmad gaekvliaT gza romaelTa samefoSi~ (georgika, III,
1936, gv. 29).
aqedan Cans, dasavleT saqarTvelo rom yofiliyo lazika, maSin Zveli avtorebi
mas da armenias erTad ar moixseniebdnen, radganac armenia da dasavleT saqarTvelo
erTmaneTisagan Zalze daSorebuli regionebi arian da maT Soris imJamad sxva
mravali tomi cxovrobda da mravali qveyana iyo. xolo lazika da mcire, anu
romauli armenia namdvilad iyvnen erTmaneTis mezoblebi, erT saxelmwifoSi, bizantiaSi, Semavali, erTi mmarTvelobis, maT Soris strategiuli mmarTvelobis qveS.
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qarTul istoriografiaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda sparselebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadadiodnen iberiis gavliT Tanamedrove suramis
uReltexilebiT da TiTqosda am gzis gavlis Semdgom eweodnen e.w. lazikisaTvis
oms _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi. rionis dablobSi, romelic Zvel dros metismetad
iyo daWaobebuli,

gavrcelebuli iyo malaria, cieb-cxeleba, daavadebani. Waobiani

adgilebi ki saomari moqmedebebisaTvis uvargisi iyo. WaobebSi gavla uWirdaT

SeiaraRebul razmebs, miTumetes warmoudgeneli iyo aseT WaobebSi spiloebiT
omi. spiloebs ki lazikis omis dros iyenebdnen rogorc xosros uSualo xelmZRvanelobis, aseve mis mxedarTmTavar naxoraganis dros. agaTia sqolastikosis
sityviT WaobSi, Waobian adgilebSi da iseT tyeebSi, sadac tyes gaaCnia sakuTari
qve-tye, gavla uWirdaT ara Tu spiloebsa da cxenosan razms, aramed ubralo
SeiaraRebul razmsac ki. kerZod, agaTia sqolastikosi erT umniSvnelo Waobze
wers: `dablobebi metismetad Waobiani da Slamiania da maT gars akravs imdenad
xSiri buCqnarebi da tyeebi, rom araTu SeiaraRebul razmebs, aramed kacsac ki _
isic msubuqad Cacmuls, gauWirdeba iq gavla~ (georgika, III, gv. 31).
prokofi kesarieli da mTeli rigi sxva avtorebi, gamowvlilviT aRweren e.w.
lazikisaTvis omebs. isini xSirad axseneben kldeebs, sagangebo muSebis mier kldeebis
mongrevas, xramebis amovsebas, aRweren mdinarispira da zRvispira omebs, magram
arsad ar aRweren omebs WaobSi anda romelime samxedro razmis mier Waobis
gavlas. mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos udidesi nawili ki Waobiani dablobi iyo,
da Tuki qalaqi fazisi aris qalaqi foTi, qalaq fazisisaTvis omis dros ratom
ar axseneben Waobs, foTi xom mTlianad WaobebSi iyo Cafluli da misi Semogareni met manZilze.
bizantielebi, iseve rogorc sparselebi, asworebdnen, sagangebod amzadebdnen
gzebs jaris savlelad. kerZod ki, xeebiTa da qvebiT yoravdnen arasaimedo adgilebs da dauRalavad muSaobdnen. agaTia wers kidevac: `romaelebs araviTari
Sroma ar dauzogavT da Tu sadme arasaimedo da advilad misadgomi adgili
upoviaT, maSinve xeebiTa da qvebiT amouyoravT da dauRalavadac uSromiaT am
mxriv (iqve, gv. 31). xolo rac Seexeba sparselebs, maT jarTan erTad mravalaTasiani sagangebo muSebis razmebic hyavdaT, romlebic gzas amzadebdnen. kerZod ki,
agaTias sityviT, isini lazikaSi amtvrevdnen kldeebs da kafavdnen tyeebs. agaTia
wers _ sparselTa meTaurs fazisis omisas: `imedi hqonda, rom muSebis saSualebiT
gaWrida da gawmendda tyes da kldeebsac moamtvrevda da moacilebda xelis SemSlel
nawilebs~ (georgika, III, gv. 32). radganac agaTia kldeeebs axsenebs, Cans, rom klarjeTze laparakobs da ara Waobze, radganac foTis irgvliv WaobebSi, vfiqrob,
kldeebi ar unda iyos. sparseTis Sahic aRniSnavda, rom lazikaSi jaris momarageba
Wirda da `isic didi gaWirvebiT, mebarguli kacebisa da sakidari cxovelebis
saSualebiT xdeboda~, imitom, rom rogorc xSirad aRiniSneba, lazika kldovani
qveyana iyo da ara Waobiani. agaTia werda, rom q. fazisis irgvliv iyo daxeTqili
adgilebi, anu napralebiani adgilebi da ar axsenebs Waobs. MmagaliTad, is wers:
`sparseli muSebi karga xania Txrilis amosavsebad muSaobdnen da maT ukve mTlianad SeesworebinaT Camongreuli da daxeTqili adgilebi. ise rom, alyis Semosartymelad gagzavnili jari am adgils advilad gaivlida (iqve, gv. 106). fazisis
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irgvliv, agaTias TqmiT, 2000 sparsi muSa muSaobda (iqve, gv. 122). maTi saqmianobis
aRweris dros arsad sityva Waobi ar ixsenieba.
armenia da lazika, rogorc aRiniSna, xSirad erTad ixsenieba. aseve, arcTu
iSviaTad erTad ixsenieba Crdilo SavizRvispireTi da iberia. magaliTad, prokofi
kesarielis sityviT, imperatorma iustinianem `bosforSi gagzavna didZali fuliT probe patrikiosi, raTa hunebis jari fulis saSualebiT daeyoliebina da
iberTa dasaxmareblad gaegzavna~ Tu verwmunebiT qarTul wyaroebs, rom iberiis,
anu qarTlis samefos politikuri sazRvari gadioda md. klisuraze Tanamedrove
cxumTan, maSin iberia da bosforia namdvilad mezoblebi gamodian da maT Soris
arcTu ise Sori manZilia.
agaTias sityviT, lazTa mefe gubazi bizantielma strategiosebma xobiswyalTan mokles. Tu fazisi aris mdinare Woroxi, maSin agaTias aRniSnuli xobiswyali iqneba mis samxreTiT, daaxloebiT 30 km manZilze gamdinare xofis wyali.
lazikaSi yofila ramdenime cnobili taZari. kerZod, onogurisTan wm. stefanes saxelobisa. agaTias dros am adgils kidec ewodeboda wm. stefane. onogurisi ki ukve gadaviwyebuli Zveli saxeli yofila. TviTon onogurisi ki erTi
nawili yofila arqeopolisisa. meore, kidev ufro saxelganTqmuli taZari lazikaSi,
mdebareobda qalaq fazisis, anu Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavis samxreTiT. gacxarebul saomar moqmedebis win iq salocavad wasula bizantieli mxedarTmTavari,
romelsac Semdeg sastikad daumarcxebia sparselTa jari. aq qalaq fazisTan
axlos, rogorc aRwerilobidan Cans, iyo aseve petras cixe-simagre. Woroxis
SesarTavTan samxreTiT iyo afsarosi, sadac ganisvenebda mociquli mataTa, is
cnobili salocavi unda yofiliyo.
agaTia wers, rom iq, sadac fasiss uerTdeba mdinare dokonisi, mdebareobda
punqti nesosi. Tu fasisi Woroxia, dokonisi misi erTi Senakadi unda iyos, radganac, agaTias sityviT, qalaqi fasisi aRniSnul punqt nesoss sul daaxloebiT 2025 km-iT iyo daSorebuli. Qq. fasisi `nesoss sul mcire 6 farsangiT aris daSorebuli dasavleTiT~ (iqve, gv. 37). iqve ganmartavs, rom farsangi aris daaxloebiT 21
stadioni, erTi stadioni ki aris daaxloebiT 178 metri. ,,6 farsangiT~ anu zRvispira
qalaqidan nesosamde daSoreba yofila 22428 metri, radganac agaTia wers: `sul
didi 6 farsangi~, Cven SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es daSoreba iyo 20-22 km. axla
vnaxoT, romeli mdinare uerTdeba mdinare Woroxs zRvidan 20-22 km-Si. pirveli
aseTi mdinare aris aWariswyali da Semdgom, sul ramdenime km-is iqiT, maWaxliswyali. ase rom, dokonisi an aWariswyalia an maWaxliswyali. Cven rukebze sagangebod veZebeT xom ar iyo aRniSnuli mdinareebis xeobebSi raime punqti dokonisis
saxelwodebiT da, marTlac, Cvenda gasaocrad aRmoCnda, rom qarTul toponimikas
Semounaxavs TiTqmis 1500 wlis winandeli saxeli da qarTuli enciklopediis
tomSi, romelsac `saqarTvelos ssr~ ewodeba, TandarTul aWaris rukaze aRmoCnda
md. aWariswylis saTaveSi mdebare sofeli dioknisi. dokonisi da dioknisi etimologiurad identurni arian da am sofelma dioknisma Semoinaxa aWariswylis
Zveli saxeli anda piriqiT, mdinare aWariwyals Zvelad mis mixedviT erqva dokonisi, anu dioknisis wyali.
mdinare aWariswyalsa da qalaq borCxas Sua Woroxis napirebze gadaSlilia
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uxvmosavliani da baraqiani miwa-wyali, romelsac bolo saukuneebSi erge-ligani

anu livani ewodeboda. prokofic aRwers, rom lazika kldovani qveyana iyo da
erTaderTi moxirisis teritoria iyo uxvmosavliani. klarjeTic aseTivea. es
aris kldovani qveyana, sadac mxolod erge-liganis veli aris kargmosavliani.
amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom istoriul moxiriss erge-ligani daerqva da is
mdebareobda Tanamedrove xelvaCauris raionSi. aRniSnul vakeze, anu Tanamedrove
ligansa da Zvel moxirisSi, mdebareobda qalaqi kutaia. rogorc aRiniSna, aseTi
`kut~ fuZiT mdinare aWariswylis xeobaSi (da albaT sxva xeobebSic) amJamadac ki
arseboben soflebi. mag. aWariswylis xeobaSia soflebi kvatia da kvaStia. SesaZloa, kutaia mdebareobda iq, sadac amJamad mdebareobs borCxasTan axlos punqti
arliki, anda sof. maradidi.
yovelive aRniSnuli SesaZloa usafuZvlodac ki mogvCveneboda, rom qalaqebisa da mdinareebis aRniSnuli mdebareobani urTierTdaSorebebiT, manZilebiT,
mimarTulebebiT, adgilmdebareobebiT da sxva niSnebiT TiTqmis zustad rom ar
emTxveodes prokofi kesarielisa da sxva avtorebis monaTxrobs. Cven aRar gavimeorebT skandas da sarapanas cixeebTan dakavSirebul, SeiZleba iTqvas, Cvens istoriografiaSi gabatonebul lafsusebs. magaliTad, Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, skandasa da sarapanas kldovan mTagorian adgilze mdebare cixe-simagreebis irgvliv
ar modioda araviTari mosavali (arc xorbali, arc Rvino, sursaTic ki mecixovneebs cxenebiTac ver ahqondaT qveynis kldianobis gamo da mas zurgiT ezidebodnen) da, amave dros ki, Cvens Tanamedrove zogierT mecniers eWvmiutanel faqtad
miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli skanda da sarapana aris Tanamedrove zRvis donidan 100-170
metr simaRleze subtropikul zonaSi mdebare punqtebi skande da Sorapani, romelTa
irgvliv venaxebis plantaciebia gadaSlili. radganac aqve axlos zestafonis
raionis sofelSi var gazrdili, SemiZlia vTqva, rom aqaur mosaxleebs aTeulobiT fuTi Rvino hqondaT dayenebuli qvevrebSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sarapans sparseTis Sahi xosro uwodebs `sarapas~ (georgika,
gv. 222), xolo amave `sarapas~ uwodebs mas berZeni avtori menandre. amitomac
SegveZlo gvefiqra, rom es toponimi daculia Woroxis xeobaSi da erT-erT punqts
ewodeba kidevac sarfi. vfiqrob, sarapanasTan etimologiurad sarfi ufro axloa,
magram sarfisagan gansxvavebiT, Zveli sarapana mdebareobda ara zRvispiras, aramed
maRla mTebSi iberiasTan, vfiqrob Tanamedrove artaanTan axlos, sadRac artaanartanujis gzaze. Tanac sarapana unda yofiliyo ara erTi, aramed erTmaneTTan
axlos mdebare ramdenime cixe-simagre. amitomac moixsenieben mas zogjer mravlobiT ricxvSi _ sarapanebi. erT-erTi aseTi sarapani SesaZloa mdinare Woroxze
mdebare arTvinic iyo strabonis dros.
lazikis omebis ganxilvis dros Tanamedrove avtorebi berZnuli wyaroebis
`iberiad~ moiazreben mxolod Tanamedrove aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, suramis
qedis gadmoRma nawils, magram ar unda iqnas daviwyebuli, rom iberiis didi
nawili Tanamedrove samxreT saqarTveloSi mdebareobda, vrclad iyo samxreTiT
gadaSlili, vidre araqsamde.
sazRvari iberiasa da armenias Soris gadioda mtkvris saTavesTan. straboni
werda, rom mtkvris saTavesTanve iwyeboda iberia. amitomac kolas didi nawili da
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artaani iberiaSi Sedioda. magaliTad, roca agaTia wers, rom `sparsi sardali
naxoragani ukve iberiaSi iyo mosuli~ (iqve, gv. 54), gulsixmobs, rom naxoragani
kola-artaanis provinciaSi iyo misuli da emzadeboda, raTa Tavisi jariT daSvebuliyo mdinare Woroxis xeobaSi, saidanac umoklesi gziT mividoda petras
gverdiT mdgar qalaq fasisTan.
bizantielTa mier dapyrobil lazebs TavianTi mefe hyavdaT, romelic imperators mudam Tavis erTgulebas umtkicebda. maT bizantiidan ugzavnidnen samefo
niSnebs _ grZel mosasxamsa da qamars. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, rogorc cnobilia,
lazTa mefe gubazi berZenTa mxedarTmTavrebma mokles. sasamarTlo procesze,
romelic sparselTa SiSis gamo gamarTes bizantielebma, mkvlelebi brals sdebdnen gubazs, rom is bedavda saidumlo kavSiris gabmas iberebTan da svanebTan, ise
iqceoda, ise warmoidgina Tavi, TiTqos marTla mefe yofiliyo da mis xelT yofiliyos Tavisi nebisaebr emarTa, uari Tqva CvenTan erTad elaSqra cixis winaaRmdeg da
arc ki movida CvenTan: amayad da uxeSad mogvigo uari vidre es daqiravebul
qveSevrdoms Seefereboda~, _ wers agaTia sqolastikosi (georgika, III, gv. 149).
maSasadame, dampyrobeli berZnebis azriT, lazikis mefe mxolod garegnuli
niSnebiT iwodeba ase, sinamdvileSi ki iyo daqiravebuli qveSevrdomi, romlis
samefo Sesamoselsac zogjer ironiulad moixseneben xolme. magaliTad, ambobdnen: `mefis saxelwodeba abzindisa da qlamidis da, saerTod, garegnul samkaulebs
ar ganekuTvneba~ (iqve, gv. 142). erTi sityviT, dascinodnen im samefo niSnebs, romelTac
konstantinopolidan ugzavnidnen laz mefeebs. gubaz mefes yvelaze did danaSaulad CaeTvala is, rom `Sikrikebs afrenda xolme, rom cnobebi mietanaT iberiaSi
da svanTa tomisTvis, kavkasiis gadaRma mcxovreb gadamTielebze~ (iqve, gv. 147). aq
`kavkasiad~ igulisxmeba guria-aWarasa da karCxal-arsianis mTianeTi, sadac cxovroben svanebi da iberebi. gubazis mkvlelebi dasajes, magram Semdgom maleve
lazTa mefobis institutic gaauqmes. lazeTis samefo karis wevrebs bizantiur
titulebs aZlevdnen. magaliTad, vinme farsant kolxs

lazTa mefis karis razme-

bis ufross miniWebuli hqonda magistris tituli. agaTia wers, rom is `magistrosi
iyo TanamdebobiT. am barbarosebSic ase ewodeba am Tanamdebobas~ (iqve, gv. 156).
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, aq sainteresoa is, rom kurapalatisa da magistrosis
titulebi iberiis samefo karze miitanes swored im mefeebma, romlebic warmoSobiT klarjeTidan iyvnen, kerZod, pirveli aseTi iyo vaxtang gorgaslis siZe
guaram kurapalati, romelic Semdgom iberiis mefe gaxda. iberiis Semdgomi mefeebi daviT aRmaSeneblamde TiTqmis uwyvetad atarebdnen bizantiur titulebs.
safiqrebelia, rom isini, kerZod ki guaram kurapalati an misi winaprebi, naTesaur
an Tanamdebobriv kavSirSi imyofebodnen lazTa mefeebTan.
lazTa mefeebi oficialurad atarebdnen basilevsis tituls. mas da mis moxeleebsac hqondaT bizantiuri maRali samoxeleo titulebi, maSasadame, maT STamomavlebs gaaCndaT didi samefo legitimuri uflebebi. vaxtangis Zis, mirdatis
ojaxSi siZed, kerZod ki dis qmrad, wesiT maRali samefo legitimuri uflebebis
mqone piri unda SeeyvanaT da, radganac bagrationebi TavianT kerZo mamulad
klarjeTs Tvlidnen (romelsac isini Tavs afarebdnen yoveli didi saxelmwifo
katastrofis dros), unda vifiqroT, rom bagrationebi iyvnen lazikis, anu klar99

jeTis mefeebis legitimuri memkvidreebi VI saukunidan. marTlac, Semdgom IX-X

saukuneebSi bagrationTa sagvareuloSi warmoiqmna ganStoeba, romelTac klarji
da artanujeli xelmwifeebi ewodebodaT. cxadia, maTi legitimacia cariel adgilze ar moxdeboda.

lazeTis Zveli mosaxleoba

agaTia sqolastikosis monaTxrobidan Cans, rom mis dros mcxovrebi lazikis
mosaxleoba eTnikurad gansxvavdeboda lazikis Zveli mosaxleobisagan, kerZod,
misi TvalsazrisiT, misi drois lazikis mosaxleoba gamoirCeva `xasiaTis silamaziTa da sicqvitiT~ im dros, rodesac `winandel mcxovreblebs am mxarisas
sruliad ar scodniaT zRvis dadebiTi Tvisebebi, warmoidgineT arc ki gaegonaT
xomaldis saxeli manamde, sanam maTTan argos navi mividoda, exlandeli mcxovreblebi dacuraven kidec da vaWrobaSic naxulobdnen did sargebels (georgika, III,
gv. 51). aqedan Cans, rom lazikaSi, agaTias sityviT, Zvel dros cxovrobda `winandeli~ mosaxleoba, romelic `exlandelisagan~ sxvadasxva niSniT gansxvavdeba. aq
SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom herodotes sityiT, mis epoqaSi, anu agaTia sqolastikosamde TiTqmis 1000 wliT adre mcxovrebi mosaxleoba iyo Savgvremani da xuWuWTmiani, egvi ptelebis msgavsad. Semdgom ki sxva berZeni avtorebis, magaliTad, strabonis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, kavkasiis mosaxleoba Secvlila ZiriTadad balkaneT-Tesaliidan Semosuli mosaxleobiT. berZnul mwerlobaSi darCa nakvalevi
imisa, rom ara marto kolxeTis, aramed Savi zRvispireTis regionebis uZvelesi
mosaxleoba TiTqosda Savgvremani iyo. magaliTad, zaqarias saxeliT cnobili
avtori Savi zRvispireTis kavkasiis aRweris dros sxva tomebs Soris asaxelebs
sam Savgvreman tomsac. wers: `Semdeg aRmosavleTiT, CrdiloeTis ZirSi kidev sami
Savi tomi cxovrobs~ (georgika, III, gv. 20).

manZilebi

lazikis punqtebs Soris

agaTia sqolastikoss mohyavs oriode cnoba, Tu ra manZilebiT iyo daSorebuli erTmaneTs lazikis punqtebi. kerZod, is wers: `nesosi sul didi 5 farsangiT aris daSorebuli telefiss~ (georgika, III, gv. 36). iqve ganmartavs, farsangi
aris sigrZis erTeuli _ berZnebis azriT, erT farsangSi Sedioda 30 stadioni,
xolo iberebisa da sparselebis azriT _ 21 stadioni. TviTon agaTias azriT,
nesosi telefisis cixes daSorebuli iyo 150 stadioniT. maSasadame, misi azriT,
erTi farsangi moiTvlida 30 stadions, radganac erTi stadionis sigrZe aris
daaxloebiT 178 metri, nesosi telefiss daSorebuli yofila 26700 metriT, anu
26,7 km-iT. radganac wers, rom sul didi, maSasadame, amaze ufro naklebi manZiliT
iyo daSorebuli.
gvaqvs aseve meore cnobac, rom fasisidan nesosi eqvsiode farsagiT iyo daSorebuli da wers: `nesosi sul didi 6 farsagiT aris daSorebuli dasavleTiT~
(georgika, III, gv. 97). agaTia sqolastikosis erT-erT xelnawerSi nacvlad 6 farsangisa dawerili yofila 5 farsangi (iqve, gv. 97, SeniSvna). mkvlevarTa Soris
100

sadavoa aseve farsangis sigrZe. farsangis sigrZe aq lazur-iberiuli sazomiT

aris mocemuli Tu berZnuliT. erT farsangSi 30 stadioni vigulisxmoT Tu 21.
maSasadame, Tu nesosi faziss daSorebuli iyo 6 farsangiT, lazuri sazomiT maT
Soris manZili iqneboda 22428 m., xolo berZnuliT _ 32040 m.
Tu nesosi qalaq faziss daSorebuli iyo 5 farsangiT, maSin lazuri sazomiT
maT Soris manZili iqneboda 18690 m, xolo berZnuliT _ 26700 m.
maSasadame, maqsimumi nesossa da fasiss Soris aRmoCnda 32,4km, da minimumi
18,69km. erTi sityviT, saSualo manZili maT Soris iyo 25,545km, anu daaxloebiT 2526km. radganac qalaqi fasisi zRvis piras iyo, xolo nesosidan fasisamde gza
SesaZloa iyo garkveulwilad mixveul-moxveuli, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Savi
zRvidan nesosamde manZili iyo 20-25km. `nesosi~, Cveni azriT, mdebareobda WoroxaWariswylis (e.i. fasis-dokonisis) SerTvis adgilas.

saxelwodebaTa damTxvevebi
berZen avtorTa mier gadmocemuli kolxeTis punqtebis saxelwodebebi, bunebrivia, meordeboda sxva qarTul kuTxeebSi, magaliTad, lazikaSi iyo punqti telefisi. zogierTi mkvlevari mas aigivebda Terjolis raionis sofel telefasTan,
magram, vfiqrob, telefisi etimologiurad aranakleb axlos aris Tbilisis Zvel
saxelTan tfilisi. telefisisa da tfilisis gaigiveba, cxadia, ar SeiZleba. Aaqedan
Cans, rom saxelTa msgavsebam mkvlevari SeiZleba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos. magaliTad,
berZnuli

wyaroebis onogurisi TiTqmis identuria qarTul samyaroSi cnobil

saxelTan anaguri, romelic kolxeTis gareT sul sxva regionSia. aqedanac Cans,
rom saxifaTo iyo dakavSireba qarTuli Sorapanisa da berZnuli sarapanasi, miT
umetes, rom isini sul sxva regionebSi mdebareobdnen. sarapana maRal mTebSi,
kldeTa Soris, xolo Sorapani dablobSi, zRvis donidan sul raRac 100-170
metrze.
agaTias cnobiT, iberiaSi arsebobda qalaqi mesxiTa da miiCnevdnen, rom es aris
qalaqi mcxeTa. TviT wyarodan ki Cans, rom aq igulisxmeba iberiis is qalaqi,
romelic sparseTsa (persaremniasa) da lazikas Soris mdebareobda, radganac,
Cveni azriT, lazika es aris Woroxis xeoba, massa da persarmenias Soris moqceuli
iyo iberiis provinciebi artaani da kolas didi nawili. vfiqrob, swored aq,
artaanSi an kolaSi mdebareobda iberiis qalaqi mesxiTa. magram yovelive es ar
niSnavs, rom is Zveli toponimebi, da hidronimebi, romelTac berZeni avtorebi
axseneben, amJamad sabolood dakargulia. MmagaliTad, rogorc avRniSneT, mdinare
dokonisis Ziebis dros aRmoCnda, rom es saxeli dokonisi dioknisis formiT
SemorCenilia mdinare aWariswylis saTaveSi.

alanebi misimianTa qveynis winaaRmdeg

misimianTa qveyana uSualod esazRvreboda lazeTisa da aseve afsileTis qveyanas.
afsileTi lazeTis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda, xolo misimielebi cxovrobdnen afsilTa tomis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT: `isini am afsilTa tomze ufro Crdi101

loeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTisaken~ (georgika, III, gv. 83).

agaTias sityviT, misimielebi afsilebisagan gansxvavebul enaze laparakobdnen. lazeTisa da misimianTa qveyanas Soris sazRvarze aRmarTuli iyo cixe
buqloosi. monaTxrobidan Cans dampyrobelTa moqmedeba mkvidri mosaxleobis
winaaRmdeg. magaliTad, monRolebma saqarTveloSi jer Semoiyvanes osi molaSqreebi da Semdgom ki maT gadasces qarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani cixeebi da
mxars uWerdnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg omSi. ufro adre msgavsadve
iqceodnen bizantielebic, kerZod, maT surdaT misimianTa qveynis TavisTavadobis
gauqmeba da misi dapyroba. amis gansaxorcieleblad bizantielebs dasavleT
saqarTveloSi SemouyvaniaT sabirebTan erTad alani molaSqreebi da maTTvis
cixeebi da, irgvliv miwa-wyalic gadauciaT. amitomac misimielebi ar endobodnen
bizantielebs da alanebTan dakavSirebiT maT Soris daundobeli omi dawyebula.
kerZod, bizantieli strategiosi soteriqe mivida misimielTa qveyanaSi: `mas mefisagan fuli hqonda wamoRebuli, romelic mezobel, mokavSire barbarosTaTvis
unda daerigebina. ase iyo imTaviTve dawesebuli da yovelwliurad urigdeboda
fuli (georgika, III, gv. 85). roca soteriqe mivida misimielTa qveyanaSi, misimielebma istoriis warsuli magaliTebis

mixedviT gansajes, anda sxva arxebiT

Seityves, rom soteriqes bizantiidan waRebuli am didZali fuliT surda moesyida alanebi, raTa maT misimielebisaTvis waerTmiaT buqloosis cixe-simagre da
daeWiraT is. agaTia yovelmxriv malavs am veragul zraxvas, Tumca iqve amJRavnebs
da wers: `rodesac soteraqe maT qveyanaSi mivida, imaT ratomRac ifiqres, TiTqos
erTi maTi cixe zed lazeTis sazRvrebze aRmarTuli, romelsac buqloosi erqva,
alanebisaTvis surda gadaeca soteriqes~ (geo, III, gv. 86). Semdgomi monaTxrobidanac Cans, rom bizantielebi da alanebi mokavSireebi arian. bizantielebi uxdian
alanebs Tanxas da amave dros iyeneben maT (alanebs) qarTul tomebTan omis dros
(iqve, gv. 87).

bizantielTa omi misimianTa winaaRmdeg

misimianTa qveyana, rogorc iTqva, lazikas esazRvreboda Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mxridan. sparselebis winaaRmdeg lazikaSi gaCaRebuli omis dros bizantielebs gadauwyvetiaT Tavis xelSi aeRoT lazikis mezobeli es Zalze mniSvnelovani placdarmi. radganac misimielebs TavisTavadobis daTmoba eZnelebodaT, bizantielebs gadauwyvetiaT misimianTa winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebinaT TavianTi
momxre tomi alanebisa. strategios sotiriqes konstantinopolidan gamoatanes
didZali Tanxa, raTa maT moesyidaT alanebi, raTa maT waerTmiaT misimielebisaTvis lazeTis sazRvarze mdebare buqloosis cixe. Semdgom bizantielebs gadawyvetili hqoniaT gamagrebuliyvnen am cixe-simagreSi da Semdeg, alanebis daxmarebiT, aqedan moesyidaT kavkasiis sxva tomebi (georgika, III, gv. 87). Tu ase moxdeboda, misimielebi kargavdnen ara marto damoukideblobas, aramed Tavisuflebas
da mTel qonebasac. amitomac maT miugzavnes strategioss TavianTi elCebi, romelTac
sTxoves strategioss, ar gamoeyenebina alanebi maT winaaRmdeg da ganucxades:
`usamarTlobis moyeneba gangizraxavs CvenTvis, strategioso, arc sxvas unda misce
102

neba Cveni qoneba wagvarTvas, arc TviTon moindomo amis Cadena~ (georgika, III, gv. 87).
soteriqem elCebi joxebiT acemina, Seuracxyofilma misimielebma daRamebisTanave
mokles soteriqe da misi Svilebi. agaTia wers, rom misimielebis azriT, romaelebi maT samagieros gadauxdidnen usastikesad da misimielebi ambobdnen: `Cveni
bedi ukve gadawyvetilia. romaelebi movlen, Cven maT ver gavumklavdebiTo~. amitom isini aSkarad gadaudgnen romaelebs, sparselebis mxareze gadavidnen da elCebi gaugzavnes TxovniT: `migviReT, dagvexxmareT, rogorc Tqvens qveSevrdomebso~
(iqve, gv. 90). misimielma didebulebma amcnes iberiaSi Sesul sparsel mxedarTmaTavars naxoragans, rom soteriqe CvenTan movida ara TiTqosda mokavSireobisaTvis
fulis dasarigeblad, aramed mTeli Cveni modgmis asawiokeblad da gasanadgureblado, an sruliad unda movspobiliyaviT, anda dagveswro da qveynidan unda
gagveyarao: `romaelebi male Tavs dagvesxmian da gagvinadgureben yvelafers:
iRupeba tomi ara mciredi da ara umniSvnelo, aramed iseTi, romelsac SeuZlia
udidesi sargebloba moutanos sparseTis saxelmwifos; Cveni qveyana mdebareobs
kolxeTis zemoT, is Tqven gamogadgebaT mtris winaaRmdeg sasimagro safarad~
(georgika, III, gv. 155). male bizantielebma misimielTa winaaRmdeg gaagzavnes 4
aTasamde jariskaci, ramdenime strategiosi, aseve ufro adre dapyrobili Wani
mebrZolebisagan Seqmnili jari, romelsac Teodore meTaurobda (iqve, gv. 156). aq
iyvnen agreTve varaz armenieli, farsant kolxi TavianTi TanamolaSqreebiT. 555
wlis zafxulSi jari mivida afsilielTa qveyanaSi. maTi msvleloba SeaCera
cnobam, rom misimielTa dasaxmareblad wamosuli iyo sparsuli jari. sparselebs
Svelodnen maTi daqiravebuli sabiri hunebi. sparselebi male ukan dabrundnen,
radgan zafxuli gavida, zamTarSi ki isini ar ibrZodnen. romaelebma ganagrZes
winsvla misimielTa qveyanaSi, aiRes cixe, romelic mdebareobda misimielTa da
afsilTa qveynis sazRvarze, Semdgom aiRes kldeebze mdebare cixe-simagre Zaxare.
gamarjvebuli bizantielebi umowyalod xocavdnen misimielebs, maT Soris qalebsac. agaTia wers: ganrisxebulma romaelebma esenic ar Seibrales da umowyalod
gaJletilebma imaTac zRves mamakacTa mier Cadenili borotmoqmedebisaTvis. gadawves misimielTa bziT daxuruli xis saxlebi, iseTi cecxlis ali avardnila maT
qveyanaSi, rom is afsilTa qveyanaSic ki daunaxavT.

m isimielTa bavSvebis umowyalo daxocva bizantielebis mier

agaTia wers, rom misimielTa qveynis dapyrobis Semdeg aramarto daxoces mkvidri
mosaxleoba, aramed cecxls misces maTi saxl-kari. `am cecxlis dros ufro
mravlad daixocnen barbarosebi: zogierTebi saxlebSi iyvnen darCenilni da iq
daiwvnen, an nangrevebSi mohyvnen: zogierTebs kidev, romlebic gareT gamovardnen,
maxvilebisagan hqondaT gamzadebuli sikvdili. mravali bavSvi, romlebic mware
tiriliT uxmobdnen dedebs, datyvevebuli iqna. amaTgan zogierTebi kldeze dauSves
Seubraleblad da ase iqmnen daglejilni, xolo zogierTebi, TiTqos TamaSis
mizniT, haerSi iqnen asrolilni da rodesac Semdeg simZimisagan ukan daeSvnen,
aSverili Subebi daaxvedres da zed aages haerSive (georgika, III, gv. 171).

103

misimielebi qristianebi iyvnen

misimielTa winaaRmdeg mxolod erTi SebrZolebis dros bizantielebs 20
aTasi mSvidobiani mosaxleoba amouxocavT. TavianTi istorikosis agaTias azriT,
didZali nadavliT bizantielTa gamarjvebuli jari ukanve dabrunebula kolxidaSi. agaTia am jaris meTaurze wers: `dabrunda kolxidaSi Tavisi saxelmoxveWili da mamaci jariT~ (geo, II, 194). am jaris simamace ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
maT erTmorwmune qristiani mosaxleoba Seubraleblad dauxocavT. iqamde damarcxebul misimielebs mociqulebi miugzavniaT da uTxovniaT bizantielTa jaris
meTaurisaTvis `sabolood nu gagvanadgureb, Zirfesvianad nu aRmofxvri Cvens
modgmaso, ZvelTaganve xom romaelTa qveSevrdomni varT da erTmorwmuneni... vaJkacebi dagveRupa aranakleb 5 aTasisa, qalebi ufro meti, bavSvebi kidev ufro meti,
ise rom, lamis mTeli Cveni modgma aRigavoso~ (iqve, gv. 174). anda ar SevbRaloT
`marTlmorwmuneoba da wminda saidumloTa umwikvlooba~ (iqve, gv. 76), anda `uzenaesis Sesaxebac Tqvennairad (e.i. berZnulad) moazrovneni~ (iqve, gv, 130). aqedan
Cans, rom misimielebi VI saukunis Sua wlebSi ukve karga xnis qristianebi iyvnen.
msgavsi barbarosuli qmedebebiT bizantielebi qristianobas ver gaavrcelebdnen
iq da Cans, amis survili arc ki hqondaT. lazebi _ didi xnis qristianebi iyvnen
da amitom lazebi ambobdnen: `mTeli sparseTi SevierToT da sulebi ki waviwymidoTo?~ _ (iqve, gv. 77) _ esaa perifraza saxarebidan. misimielebi lazTa zemoT
cxovrobdnen, Cans, axlandel aWara-guriis mTianeTSi.

WanTa tomis damorCileba

miuxedavad imisa, rom Wanebi bizantielebis mokavSireebi iyvnen, bizantielebs
surdaT maTi sabolood damorCileba. rogorc Cans, damorCilebis is xarisxi,
romelsac iustinianem miaRwia, WaneTSi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda 556 wlisaTvis.
Wanebi, agaTias sityviT, cxovrobdnen qalaq trapezuntis qvemoT (georgika, III, 181).
maTi razmebi TareSobdnen pontos gaswvriv mdebare soflebSi. Zarcvavdnen mgzavrebs, Tavs esxmodnen armenias. Wanebis qveynis Crdilo-dasavleT mxares mdebareobda trapizonis qveyana, aRmosavleTiT ki armenia. maT winaRmdeg gaigzavna bizantielTa jari Wanive Teodores meTaurobiT. radganac man Turme zedmiwevniT
icoda Tavisi qveyana. agaTia wers: `is daiZra kolxididan didZali jariT fazisis gadaRma, mouara dasavleTiT Wanebis sazRvrebs da ucbad Sevida mtris maSindeli miwa-wylis SuagulSi. man daibanaka qalaq Teodoriadisa da e.w. rizes
garSemo~ (georgika, III, 182). aqedan Cans, rom fazisi gaedineboda qalaq rizesa da
trapizonis axlos, amitomac rizeSi rom Sesuliyo, Teodorem gars Semouara md.
faziss, anu is pirdapiri gziT ki ar wavida, qalaq rizesaken, aramed Semouara
Woroxs, anu gayva Woroxis xeobas `da, roca daupirispirda qalaq rizes, wavida
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT da uSualod miadga qalaqs. amitomac wers agaTia _
fazisis gadaRma mouara dasavleTiT da miadga qalaq rizes. aqedanac Cans, rom
mdinare fazisi namdvilad Woroxia. bizantielebma mokles 2000 kaci, Semdgom ki
daxarkes Wanebi da yvelani aRweres. Cans, isini TavianTi qveynidanac gaaZeves (iqve,
104

gv. 185). zRvis sanapirodan isini mTebSi arekes. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am omis win
Wanebis qveynis Suaguli yofila sadRac qalaq rizesTan. agaTia wers: `rom Teodore Tavis jariT Sevida~ mtris maSindeli miwa-wylis SuagulSi: rizes garSemo~
(georgika, III, gv. 82). aqedanac Cans, rom `maSin odesRac Wanebis qveynis Suagulad
rize iTvleboda, xolo Semdeg isini iZulebuli gamxdaran bizantielebisTvis
daeTmoT es SesaniSnavi zRvispira adgilebi, saidanac gadasaxlebulan TavianTi
qveynis im mTian adgilebSi, romlebic trapizonis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda. amasTanave, ewerebodnen bizantiur jarSi da safiqrebelia, rom maT axla
ukve viTarca bizantielTa nebis aRmsruleblebs, asaxlebdnen maTive monaTesave,
sxva qarTuli, jer kidev daumorCilebeli tomebis miwa-wyalzec.

6. menandre proteqtori
svanebis damorCileba bizantielebis mier
VI saukuneSi msoflios mpyrobeli ori imperia iseT did mniSvnelobas aniWebda svaneTsa da mis mosaxleobas, rom SeuZlebelia svaneTi yofiliyo patara
qveyana, moqceuli im farglebSi, romelTac dRes lentexisa da mestiis raionebi
ewodeba. piriqiT, svaneTi unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos baris momcveli,
gavleniani qveyana. Cveni fiqriT, radganac qarTveli mematiane dasavleT saqarTvelos aRweris dros TiTqosda erTmaneTTan aigivebs egrissa da svaneTs (`egrisi,
romel ars svaneTi~). SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom is qveyana, romelsac qarTuli
wyaroebi egriss uwodebdnen, ucxoelebisaTvis iwodeboda svaneTad.
marTlacda, erTgvar gaugebrobas badebs is sakiTxi, rom arcerTi berZeni da
romaeli mwerali, dasavleT saqarTvelos aRwerisas ar axsenebs sityvas gurias an
egriss. maSin, roca qarTuli wyaroebiT egrisi TiTqmis mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavda argveTTan erTad, jer kidev qristeSobamde. ucxour wyaroebSi arc
sityva argveTi ixsenieba, magram didi yuradReba eqceva svaneTs, svaneTis qveyanas,
mis saxelmwifoebriv da politikur mimarTulebas. Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos romaul xanaSi
ewodeboda kolxeTi da lazika, rom lazika igive egrisia da rom fazisi ewodeboda mdinare rions, Cveni gamokvleviT ki, prokofi kesarielis da agaTia sqolastikosis fazisi es aris mdinare Woroxi, rom maT dros kolxeTi, anu lazika
ewodeboda ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed im qveyanas, romelsac wyaroebSi
ewodeboda `klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~, anu Semdegdroindeli gonios, baTumis, borCxas, arTvinis, artanujis momcvel miwa-wyals, istoriuli kolaartaanidan Woroxis gayolebiT Sav zRvamde. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTvelo ar
iyo lazika. ufro Zveli, istoriuli lazika politikurad adridanve gayofila
or nawilad. erTi nawili (trapezuntis mxare) berZnebs daupyriaT. berZnuli
lazika moicavda trapizonis samxreTiT mdebare qveyanas, is Seiyvanes bizantiur
provincia I armeniaSi, xolo qarTuli lazika mdebareobda mis uSualod mezoblad da moicavda Woroxis xeobis aRniSnul monakveTs.
Tu dasavleT saqarTvelo ar iyo lazika, unda gairkves berZnuli wyaroebis
105

mimarTeba mis mimarT. Tu ras uwodebdnen berZnuli wyaroebi am mxares da romeli

tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli is. Cveni TvalsazrisiT (romelsac qvemoT ganvixilavT), gamomdinare iqidan, rom qarTuli wyaroebisaTvis egrisi da svaneTi TiTqmis identuri cnebebia, berZnuli da sxva wyaroebis svaneTi SesaZloa iyos dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili. amis gamo edavebodnen erTmaneTs bizantia da sparseTi.
maSasadame, berZnul-romauli wyaroebis `svaneTi~ aris dasavleT saqarTvelo
mTlianad.
562 wels xangrZlivi omis Semdgom, bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris daido zavi.
maT yvela sakiTxSi miaRwies SeTanxmebas svaneTis sakiTxis garda.
im sisastikis gamo, romlebsac bizantieli jariskacebi iCendnen misimianeTsa
da sxva qarTul kuTxeebSi, svanebs gadauwyvetiaT daaxloebiT 552-556 wlebSi
mimxrobodnen sparselebs. amave xanebSi bizantielebma sparselebi gaaZeves
lazikidan. sazavo molaparakebebis dros sparselebi aRiarebdnen TavianT marcxs,
rom lazika bizantielebis teritoriad gadaiqca, magram ar Tmobdnen svaneTs.
isini acxadebdnen `isini mogvekedlnen Cven Tavisi arCeviT da Tavisi nebiT~.
bizantielebs ki hqondaT Tavisi mosazreba. kerZod, isini Tvlidnen, rom svaneTi
iyo lazebis xeldebuli qveyana, damorCilebuli lazebis mier, amitomac, Tu
lazika ekuTvnis bizantielebs, misi xeldebuli qveyana _ svaneTic bizantielebs
unda darCenodaT. sparselebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom es ar iyo simarTle, rom
`svanebi TavisTavadni iyvnen da arasdros kolxebis Zalauflebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen~ (georgika, III, 215). sparselebi pasuxobdnen, rom lazikisadmi daqvemdebarebul tomebSi SeiZleboda egulisxmaT ara mxolod svanebi, aramed iberebic. iberias, lazikasa da svaneTs Soris umWidroesi kavSiri iyo da erT mTlianobad
ganixileboda. amitomac ambobdnen sparselebi, Cven rom svanebi gadmogceT, viTarca lazikisadmi daqvemdebarebuli tomi, maSin Tqven `saSualeba mogecemaT
iberiis Sesaxebac idavoT~ (georgika, III, gv. 215).

didi svaneTi _ istoriaSi dakarguli qveyana

s. yauxCiSvili menandre protiqtoris Sesaxeb msjelobis dros, rogorc iTqva,
sruliad samarTlianad wers, rom bizantia da sparseTi xangrZlivad edavebodnen
erTmaneTs svaneTis gamo, radganac svaneTs eWira geografiulad `moxerxebuli
mdebareoba~. rogorc cnobilia, 562 wels sazavo molaparakebebis dros bizantia
da sparseTi erTmaneTTan morigdnen, magram ver SeuTanxmdnen erTmaneTs svaneTis
gamo. miaCndaT, da erTi mxriv ambobdnen, rom marTalia svaneTi RirsSesaniSnavi ar
iyo da umniSvnelo qveyanaa da ar aris davis Rirsio, magram meore mxriv, svaneTs
erTmaneTs ar uTmobdnen masze gamavali gzebis mniSvnelobis gamo (georgika, III, gv.
205). svaneTi rom dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils, maT Soris barsac moicavda,
kargad Cans berZeni istorikosis sityvebidan, rom svaneTi `Tavisi moxerxebuli
mdebareobiT metad sasargeblo iyo romaelTa xelisuflebisaTvis, raTa am gziT
mozRvavebul sparselebs kolxeTis sazRvrebi ar aeoxrebinaT~. (georgika, gv. 229).
Tu svaneTis mdebareoba Tanamedrove mestiisa da lentexis raionebis mdebareobas emTxveoda, rogor unda Sesuliyvnen iqidan kolxeTSi iberiaSi dabanakebu106

li sparselebi? amJamindeli TvalsazrisiT kolxeTi iyo dasavleTi saqarTvelo,

xolo svaneTi moicavda svaneTis amJamindel teritorias, Tu ase iyo, maSin aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan kolxeTis gverdis aqceviT svaneTSi Sesvla sparsuli
jarisa SeuZlebelia. magram Tuki kolxeTi mdebareobda Woroxis xeobaSi, xolo
svaneTi moicavda Tanamedrove guriisa da imereTis mimdebare regionebis miwawyals, maSin aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan svaneTze, anu imereT-guriaze gamavali
gza namdvilad miadgeboda istoriul kolxeTs, anu erge-ligan-baTum-Caqvis regions. svaneTis am gzis gamo bizantielTa mier dapyrobili kolxeTi e.i. Woroxis
xeoba erge-ligani namdvilad mudmivi saSiSroebis qveS imyofeboda sparsTa mxridan. amitomac bizantielebi cdilobdnen TavianTi xeldebuli lazika daecvaT
CrdiloeTis mxridan. qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT guria, argveTi, egrisi erTobliobaSi iwodebodnen egrisad, magram, rogorc aRiniSna, qarTveli mematiane
iqve wers: `egrisi, romel ars svaneTi~ anu qveyana, romelsac qarTuli wyaroebi
egriss uwodebdnen, ucxoelebis mier SesaZloa svaneTad yofiliyo wodebuli. aq,
anu dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadioda ara mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
WoroxTan damakavSirebeli gza, aramed gzebi, romlebiTac Crdilo kavkasieli
tomebi ukavSirdebodnen bizantias, anu Crdilo kavkasia-bizantiis damakavSirebeli gza. sparseTis Sahi xosro sazavo molaparakebis dros, rogorc s. yauxCiSvili
miuTiTebs, aRniSnavda kidec, rom svaneTis qveyanaze gadioda skviTebidan samxreTSi Semomavali gza _ `es erTi im tomTagania, romelic kavkasiis garSemo cxovrobs,
hyavs mTavari da am qveyanaze skviTebi gadian~ (georgika, III, gv. 221). kavkasia Tanamedrove gagebiTY ewodeba e.w. didi kavkasiis mTianeTs, magram sparselebisa da berZnebisaTvis kavkasia pirvel rigSi unda yofiliyo mcire kavkasia, anu Tanamedrove
arsianis, karCxalisa da mesxeTis qedebi da mimdebare mTagrexilebi. magaliTad,
kavkasiaSi cxovrobs kolebis tomi stefane bizantielis geografiuli leqsikonis cnobiT (georgika, III, gv. 281). Cven ki viciT, rom istoriuli provincia kola
artaanTan mdebareobda. Kkavkasiidan Camodis mdinare fazisi _ Woroxi da dokonisi _ aWarisyali (iqve, gv. 37). mis garSemo da mwvervalebze cxovroben svanebi
(iqve, gv. 205-221-222). kavkasiidan Camomavali fazisi, Tundac, rom iyos md. rioni,
xolo mis garSemo da mwvervalebze mcxovrebni ki svanebad iwodebodnen, maT qveS
mainc dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba unda vigulisxmoT. rogorc Cans, xosro
svanebs uwodebda dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas, mxolod gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevaSi maT yofdnen calkeul tomebad, uwodebdnen misimianebs, abazgebs, afsilebs da sxvas.
marTalia agaTia wers, rom afsilielebsa da misimielebs sxvadasxva enebi
hqondaT, magram safiqrebelia, rom fuZe qarTuli enis diferenciacia-daSlis
xarisxi am 1500 wlis win gacilebiT naklebi iyo, vidre Semdgom. Aam tomTa wevrebs,
1500 wlis win, albaT, ufro esmodaT erTmaneTisa imJamad fuZe enis naklebi
diferenciaciis gamo, vidre, vTqvaT, 1000 wlis Semdeg, anu es tomebi V-VI saukuneebSi ufro gaugebdnen erTmaneTs, vidre XV-XVI saukuneebSi.
s. yauxCiSvilis sityviT, svaneTze gadioda e.w. abreSumis gzis erTi biliki.
berZen avtors, ioane epifaniels moepoveba cnobebi am marSrutis Sesaxeb, kerZod,
am gzaze mdgomi ukan dabrunebuli bizantieli elCebi jer misulan alaniis
qveyanaSi, aq bizantiisaken mimavali gza orad iyofoda. erTi svaneTis maxloblad
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misimianTa qveyanaSi Sedioda, meore ki e.w. darinis gziT Sedioda afsiliaSi,

Sedioda rogatorionSi, Semdeg midioda Sav zRvamde, saidanac navebiT mdinare
fazisamde eSvebodnen, Semdeg ki trapezuntSi.
safiqrelia, rom afsilia mdebareobda md. rionis momijnaved mis samxreTiT
da moicavda Tanamedrove guriis zRvispira regions, konkretulad ki, mdinare
sufsis xeobas. sufselebis saxeli unda yofiliyo sufsari da aqedan afsili.
maT Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, berZnuli wyaroebiT, cxovrobdnen misimielebi Tanamedrove guriisa da aWaris mTianeTSi.
rionis xeobis vake nawilSi, Tanamedrove abaSasa da samtrediis regionSi,
sadac am gaSlil velze mravali sofeli atarebs saxelwodebas baSi (zemo baSi,
qvemo baSi, gaRma baSi, sajavaxosTan quTaisis da samtrediis maxloblad da raionuli centri abaSa, iqve Zveli abaSa), safiqrebelia, rom dasaxlebuli iyo xalxiT,
romelTac am saxelis baSis-mixedviT abaSgebi, anu abazgebi ewoda.
rogorc aRiniSna VI saukunis meore naxevarSi da aseve, VII saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi herakle keisris gamanadgurebeli laSqrobis dros, yvela es qarTulenovani tomebi samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT iqna gadaadgilebuli an gadasaxlebuli.
Tanamedrove afxazeTs, anu teritorias mdinare egriswylis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, Cans, agaTia sqolastikosisa da menandres epoqaSi alania erqva. albaT im
mizezis gamo, rom is dapyrobili hqondaT bizantielTa mokavSire alanebs. sparselTa
mierac Crdilo kavkasiuri tomebi bizantielTa mokavSireebad ganixilebodnen.
qarTuli wyaroebiT, teritoria mdinare egriswylamde politikur iberiad, anu
qarTlad ganixileboda, egriswylis iqiT mdebare qveyana bizantiur saxelmwifoSi Semaval miwa-wylad iTvleboda vidre arCil mefemde, anu VIII saukunis dasawyisamde da Cans, VI s-Si alanebis (momTabare tomis) mier iyo xeldebuli.
am mdinare egriswylis iqiT bizantielebs alanebi gaubatonebiaT VI saukunis
meore naxevarSi. isini cdilobdnen aseve alanebisTvis gadaecaT ufro aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi misimianebisa da svanebis zogierTi cixe-simagre. magram mas
Semdgom, rac sparselebma gadawyvites fuliT moesyidaT alanuri tomebi, urTierToba bizantielebsa da alanebs Soris gafuWda. rogorc cnobilia, VII s-is
bolosa da VIII s-is dasawyisSi alanebi xazarebma gaaZeves da klisuras iqiTa
teritoria abaSgebis qarTulenovani tomis xelSi moeqca VIII s-dan.
sabolood, bizantielTa mier svanebis tomis sastiki dasjis Semdeg svanebic
da sxva aRniSnuli tomis zeda fena, mmarTveli ierarqia, Cans, iZulebulni gaxades
waweuliyvnen CrdiloeTiT, ufro metad ki iqamde bizantiur miwa-wyalze mdinare
egriswyal-klisuras iqiT. rogorc iTqva, baris, anu md. rionispirze mcxovreb
egriselebs saxel `baSis~ mixedviT Cans abaSkebi, abaskebi, abasgebi erqvaT.
AVIII saukuneSi gaCnda qarTuli termini afxazeTi, xolo cxumis qveyanas afSileTi ewoda. mosaxleni iyvnen qarTulenovani tomebi, rac iqidan Cans, rom VIII
saukunidanve qarTuli ena maTi saeklesio, kulturis, literaturis, samarTlisa
da saxelmwifo ena iyo. TavianT bunebriv samkvidreblad miaCndaT mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo. es iyo is tomebi, romelTac adre, rogorc aRvniSneT, ucxoelebi
svanebs uwodebdnen, xolo qarTuli wyaroebi egriselebs. fuZe qarTuli enis
naklebi diferenciaciis gamo qarTuli ena iqamde miaCndaT TavianT mSobliur
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enad, amitomac es ena maT saxelmwifo da saeklesio enad iqca. isini unda yofiliyvnen im kerketebisa da mesxebis STamomavlebi, romelTa Sesaxebac afxazeTis
teritoriaze, miuTiTebda straboni. VIII s-is Semdeg, Cans abaSgebis erisTavebi
iqcnen maT mmarTvelebad. xalxsac abasgebi daerqva.
eTnikuri svanebive unda yofiliyvnen afxazTa mefeebi. erTaderTi mefis gvari,
romlis sagvareulo saxelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, svanuri warmomavlobisa iyo _
afxazTa mefe ioane Savliani da misi dinastia. amis anarekli unda iyos, rom
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebis taxtze ayvanisa da xmlis Semortymis ufleba
svanebs hqondaT miniWebuli.
menandresa da agaTias epoqaSi svaneTi unda rqmeoda, rogorc aRiniSna, dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils.

svaneTis prosparsuli orientacia

562 wels dawyebuli xangrZlivi molaparakeba sparseTsa da bizantias Soris
gagrZelda ori imperatoris, iustinianesa da iustines dros.
bizantielebi Zalze cdilobdnen miemxroT da gadmoebirebinaT svanebi. menandre proteqtori wers: rodesac imperatori iustine mixvda, `rom svanebi ar moemxrnen
romaelebs, rasakvirvelia gajavrda da ioanes brali dasdes cudi elCobisTvis...
TviTmpyrobelma SeizizRa ioane da saxelmwifo saqmeebisTvis gamousadegarad
miiCnia. xolo TviTon fiqrobda, Tu rogor gamoesworebina Secdomebi~. ioane iyo
bizantielTa elCi sparseTSi da davalebuli hqonda svaneTis sakiTxis mogvareba.
sparseTis Sahi da sparsi elCebi mudam ucxadebdnen bizantielebs Semdegs:
TviTon TavianTi nebiT airCies svanebma, rom mimxrobodnen sparselebs, rom maT ar
surdaT bizantielebTan urTierToba. menandre wers, rom sparselebs `gamamarTlebel sabuTad hqondaT _ TviTon svanebi SeuZleblad Tvlian romaelebis
qveSevrdomobas Tumca ki Zalian cdiloben maT gadabirebaso~ (iqve, gv. 230).
rogorc iTqva, bizantiis imperatori Zalze gaajavra svanebis prosparsulma
orientaciam, imdenad, rom Tavisi upirvelesi saxelmwifo moxelec ki ar daindo
svaneTis saqmis mougvareblobis gamo. Tu ras niSnavda imperatorebisa da Sahebis
gajavreba mtruli tomebis mimarT, iqve aqvs aRwerili menandres da sxva avtorebs.
magaliTad, Semdegi imperatoris tiberi keisris dros, 576 wels, bizantiuri jari
SeWrila albaniaSi da ukan gamobrunebula ise, rom ar auyria mkvidri mosaxleoba da ar gadausaxlebia sxvagan. es `Secdoma~ maleve gamousworebiaT da kvlav
SeWrilan albaniaSi da iqauri mkvidri sabirebis tomi da albanelebi auyriaT
sakuTari miwa-wylidan da gadausaxlebiaT bizantiis imperiis siRrmeSi, raTa
isini sparselebs aRar mimxrobodnen, menandre wers am bizantiuri armiis Sesaxeb:
`kvlav SeiWrnen albaniaSi da aiZules sabirebi da albanelebi mTlianad gadmosaxlebuliyvnen mdinare mtkvris aqeTa mxares, raTa amieridan romaelTa miwawyalze ecxovraT~ (georgika, III, 238). meore magaliTic Seexeba persarmenielTa da
iberielTa gadasaxlebas, roca Semdgom 576-577 wlebSi bizantielTa da sparselTa Soris ukve sadavo iyo ara svaneTi, aramed iberia da persarmenia, sakiTxi Seexo
ukve imas, rom TavianTi miwa-wyali mietovebinaT iberielebs da persarmenielebs.
menandre wers _ `zavs ganamtkicebda mxolod im pirobiT, Tu msurvel persarme109

nielebsa da iberebs neba eqnebodaT daetovebinaT TavianTi miwa-wyali da wasuliyvnen romaelTa qveyanaSi... sparselTa mefes sasiamovnod miaCnda es... nebas
aZlevda, rom iqauri mcxovreblebi wasuliyvnen sadac undodaT~ (iqve, gv. 246). es
iberebi persarmenielTa gverdiT cxovrobdnen, anu iq, sadac Semdeg basiani, tao da
erzrumis qveyana iyo.
aqedan Cans, rom damarcxebuli da damorCilebuli ucxo tomebis mimarT bizantielebi da sparsi mmarTvelebi ulmobelni iyvnen, miTumetes, Tu imperatori
gajavrebuli iyo am tomis mimarT. rogorc avRniSneT, menandre aRwers erT-erT
Sedegs imperatoris gajavrebisa _ `keisari ukmayofilo da gajavrebulia, rom
isini (bizantieli jariskacebi) albaniaSi SeiWrnen da ar ahyares yvelani sabirebi da albanelebi~ (iqve, gv. 238).
imperatoris gajavrebiT SeSinebuli jari xelmeored SeiWra albaniaSi da,
rogorc iTqva, iqauri mcxovrebni bizantielTa xeldebul qveyanaSi gadaasaxla.
yovelive es zemoTaRwerili moviyvaneT imis dasamtkiceblad, Tu ra Sedegi
unda mohyoloda imperator iustines gajavrebas svanebis mimarT. zemoTmoyvanili
magaliTebidan Cans, rom Tu bizantielebi SeiWrebodnen svaneTSi, isini mkvidr
damarcxebul mosaxleobas gadaasaxlebdnen bizantielTa uSualo xeldebul qveyanaSi, raTa maT sparselTa momxreoba ver gaebedaT.
qarTuli wyaroebiT, rogorc aRiniSna, bizantielTa sakuTar, bizantielTa
saxelmwifoSi uSualod Semaval teritoriad miiCneoda mdinare klisuras, egriswylis iqiT mdebare miwa-wyali, romelsac Semdgom afxazeTi ewoda. swored aq unda
gadaesaxlebinaT dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobebSi mcxovrebi svanuri tomebi:
afsilebi, abaSgebi (abazgebi) da sakuTriv svanebi. aseve misimielebsac Seexeboda
gadasaxleba. maT unda daeWiraT dasavleT saqarTvelos kavkasionis maRali mTianeTi.
miTumetes, rom VI saukunis bolosaTvis sparseTma dakarga gavlena aramarto
dasavleT saqarTveloze, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos did nawilzec, da amis
gamo bizantielebs SeeZloT srulebiT Tavisuflad emoqmedaT dasavleT
saqarTveloSi yovelgvari SiSis gareSe.
kidev ufro daundobeli yofila imperatori herakle keisari saqarTveloSi.
620-ian wlebSi is lazikisa da iberiis gziT SeiWra sparseTSi. gamarjvebis
Semdeg daundoblad moeqca qarTul mosaxleobas. mematianis sityviT, morwmuneebi
da urwmunoebi SeurekavT eklesiebSi da ganurCevlad dauxocavT. `sisxli mdinareTani~ dioda eklesiebidano, masve saqarTvelodan gautania saeklesio, udidesi
mniSvnelobis udidesi siwmindeebi.

dava svaneTis gamo

lazikis anu erge-ligan-klarjeTis zRvispira qalaq fazisTan damarcxebis
Semdeg sparselTa Sahi mimxvdara, rom is ver SeZlebda lazikaSi jaris Senaxvas,
mis momaragebas sursaTiTa da sabrZolo saWurvliT. zRvispira portebi bizantielTa xelSi iyo, saidanac uxvad amaragebdnen TavianT nawilebs, xolo sparselebs
kldian da mTian qveyanaSi (klarjeTSi) ufro xSirad mebarguli kacebis zurgiT
uxdebodaT sursaT-sanovagis gadazidva. es maTTvis qmnida uimedo mdgomareobas,
rasac daemata is, rom lazikis mosaxleobam gadawyvita bizantielebs mimxroboda,
110

sparselebma sazavo molaparakebisas mTeli lazika bizantielebs dauTmes. rogorc

iTqva, maT Soris mxolod svaneTis sakiTxi darCa sadavo. ,,svaneTs~ isini dasavleT
saqarTvelos uwodebdnen.
svaneTis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad sparselebma elCad daniSnes saxelmwifoSi
udidesi pativis mqone mefis sawolTuxucesi, romelsac ziqes uwodebdnen. aseTive didi pativi hqonda bizantielTa elCsac, romelic amtkicebda, rom svanebi ar
iyvnen damoukideblebi, maT romaelebi mbrZaneblobdnen da imyofebodnen lazebis anu kolxebis gavlenis qveS, kerZod, dadgenili iyo wesi, rom svanebs puri
mieRoT lazTa mefisagan. Tavis mxriv lazebs svanebi ugzavnidnen tyavebs da sxva
produqts, rom `svaneTis sardali emorCileboda lazs da masTan iyo is aRricxuli~ saxarko siaSi da lazi kidevac iRebda misgan futkrebis nayofs da tyavebs
da sxva ramesac, xolo, rodesac svanebis mTavari gardaicvleboda, lazeTis meTauri axelisuflebda mas... es iyo ZalaSi Cveni mefis Teodosis droidan, vidre
Tqveni mefis perozisa da Cveni mefis leonis dromde, Semdeg petrem gamoiRo
erTi wignaki, sadac erTi meoreze cal-calke naCvenebi iyvnen lazTa mefeebi,
romlebsac gauxelisuflebiaT svanTa sardlebi~ (georgika, III, 1936, gv. 224).
am sabuTis gacnobis Semdeg sparsTa mefem ganacxada, rom warmodgenili sabuTebi
ar iyo ndobis Rirsi da Sedgenili iyo bizantiis saxelmwifos sasargeblod.
mianiSna, rom sparselebsac hqondaT sabuTebi, oRond sawinaaRmdegos damamtkicebeli, ganacxada, rom bizantielebi ver amtkicebdnen svaneTis maTdami kuTvnilebas. amitomac sparseTis mefem wamoayena axali Tvalsazrisi. gaeTvaliswinebinaT
TviT svanTa survili. `Tu maT surT romaelTa Zalauflebis qveS yofna, _ ganacxada Sahma, _ me araviTar SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegi ar viqnebi~ (iqve, gv. 226).
bizantielTa elCi petre winaaRmdegi iyo SekiTxva daesvaT svanebisaTvis Tu
romeli saxelmwifos Zalauflebis qveS yofna surdaT maT, radganac svanebi
kategoriulad uars ambobdnen ecnoT bizantielTa Zalaufleba svaneTSi da emxrobodnen sparselebs. safiqrebelia imitom, rom imJamad saqarTvelos udidesi (aRmosavleTi) nawili sparselTa Zalauflebis qveS imyofeboda da, Cans, svanebs
erovnuli mTlianobisaTvis erTiani Zalauflebis qveS yofna erCiaT.
bizantielebma TavianTi elCis warumateblobis Semdgom sxva axali elCi gaagzavnes svaneTis sakiTxis mosagvareblad, radganac sparsuli mxare Seucvlelad
amtkicebda erTsa da imaves _ `TviTon svanebi SeuZleblad Tvlian romaelebis
qveSevrdomobaso~. axalma elCma ioanem gabeda da imperatorTan SeuTanxmeblad
gaagzavna svaneTSi kacebi, raTa maT ekiTxaT svanebisaTvis, surdaT Tu ara maT
romaelebis qveSevrdomoba. svanebma bizantielTa am Suamavlebs mtkiced ganucxades, rom isini ar cnobdnen romaelTa xelisuflebas. svanebis am pasuxma, rogorc
aRniSnuli iyo sazavo molaparakebis dros, kidev ufro ganamtkica sparselTa
poziciebi. ioanes elCoba CaiSala da mas gajavrebulma imperatorma brali dasdo, `rom saxelmwifos sasargeblod ar imoqmeda~ (georgika, III, gv. 230).
Semdgom, rogorc iTqva, menandre proteqtori aRwers, Tu svaneTis sakiTxis
mougvareblobiT rogor ukiduresad iyo gaRizianebuli bizantiis imperatori,
Tu rogor udierad da ukadrisad eqceoda konstantinopolSi svaneTis sakiTxis
gamo Camosul elCs (iqve, gv. 233). erTi sityviT, svaneTis sakiTxi aRniSnul wlebSi
ver gadawyda. Semdgom maleve sparselebma aRmosavleT saqarTvelozec dakarges
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TavianTi gavlena, safiqrebelia, rom amiT xelgaxsnilma bizantielebma isargebles movleniT, SeiWrnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sparsTa momxreobisTvis sastikad dasajes iqauri tomebis xelmZRvanelebi, ayares TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilidan da gadaasaxles sparseT-bizantiis sazRvridan ufro moSorebiT, Tanamedrove svaneTsa da afxazeTSi.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, radganac svanebi da yvela sxva adgilobrivi tomi
qristiani iyo, maTi ZiriTadi da saukuno momxre bizantielebi iyvnen, xolo
sparselebi ki mtrebi, amitomac maleve, roca samxreT kavkasiaSi didi ajanyeba
moxda sparselTa winaaRmdeg, isinic sparselTa winaaRmdeg amxedrdnen.
istorikos Teofane bizantielis sityviT, 571 wlis ajanyebis dros `armenielebi CamoSordnen sparselebs da romaelebs miemxrnen, datoves qalaqi dvini,
sadac cxovrobdnen, romaelTa miwa-wyalze gadavidnen... sparselebs maSinve gadaudgnen iberielebic da miemxrnen romaelebs (572 weli)... armenielebis mxareze
ibrZodnen kolxebi, abazgebi da alanTa mefe saroe~ (iqve, gv. 258).
aRniSnuli abazgebi unda iyos is egrisul- svanuri tomi abaSgebi, romlebic
iqamde (560 wlamde) rionis sanapiroze abaSeTSi (abaSa, abaSebi) cxovrobdnen.
isini ayris Semdgom TavianTi qveynis sxva kuTxeSi, ufro dasavleTiT, Tanamedrove
afxazeTSi gadausaxlebiaT da imis Semdgom romaelTa mokavSireebi gamxdaran.

7. Teofilaqte simokata _ sparselebis

laSqroba svaneTSi

imis Semdgom, rac bizantielebma TavianTi Zalaufleba aRidgines dasavleT

saqarTveloSi da svanebi TavianT bunebriv, anu sarwmunoebriv mokavSiris bizantielebis mxareze mtkiced dadgnen, sparselebma gadawyvites elaSqraT svaneTSi.
VII saukunis istorikosi Teofilaqte simokata miiCnevs, rom svaneTis irgvliv mimdinare ambebi iyo bizantiis istoriis didi nakveTi, misi monaTxrobidan Cans,
Tu ra pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen bizantiaSi svaneTis sakiTxis
mogvarebas. is wers: `istoriis mindvris yvavilebSi CavuqsovoT isic, rac romaelebma
svaneTis garSemo moimoqmedes. mxatvrebic xom mniSvnelovansa da did nakveTebs rom
Semoxazaven, manamde ar uSveben xels yalams, sanam mTelis umcires nakveTebsac ki ar
gadaiReben suraTebze~ (georgika, IV, nakveTi I, gv. 21).
Teofilaqte wers, rom daaxloebiT 589-590 wels sparseTis mefes hormisdas svaneTis winaaRmdeg gaugzavnia Tavisi sardali barami. am dros sparseTi gaZlierebuli
yofila imdenad, rom hunebic ki dauxarkiaT.
amis Semdgom sparselebs moucliaT da maT mefes `svaneTis winaaaRmdeg aRumarTavs maxvili~ (iqve, gv. 30). sparsel sardals barams svaneTSi xelT ugdia
didZali nadavli, gaugzavnia is sparseTSi, TviTon ki araqsze dabanakebula. omi
hqonia kolxeTSi. `baramma omi kolxidis winaaRmdeg gadaitana~ (iqve, gv. 22). rogorc
vTqviT, amis Semdgom man Seutia svaneTs, xelSi Caugdia simdidre da is gaugzavnia
babiloniaSi (anu sparseTSi) _ `saxelganTqmuli barami svanebs mimarTavs da
xelT igdebs ra didZal nadavls, gzavnis mas babiloniaSi da daibanakebs mdinare
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araqsze, romelsac barbarosebi erass uwodeben~ (georgika, IV, gv. 123). rogor
moxvda barami svaneTidan araqsze ase swrafad?
aqedanac Cans, rom svaneTs ucxoelebi uwodebdnen mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos xolo kolxeTi ewodeboda Woroxis xeobas, istoriul klarjeTs.
svaneTSi, anu dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gamarjvebul sparsel sardals gauvlia
Woroxis xeoba, anu kolxeTi da Semdegdroindeli artaan-artanujis gziT swrafad
gadasula iqve maxloblad gamdinare araqsis xeobaSi.
es rom namdvilad ase iyo, Cans imave Teofilaqte simokatas monaTxrobidan,
roca svaneTSi sparsi sardlis baramis laSqrobisa da misi kolxeTis gziT
araqsis xobaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb Seityo, bizantiis imperatorma ukan daadevna
bizantieli strategiosi romanozi. is, Cans aRniSnuli artanuj-artaanis gziT,
anu kolxeTis gavliT gadasula araqsis xeobis im nakveTSi, sadac albanelebi
cxovrobdnen.
Teofilaqte agrZelebs: `xolo avtokratorma e.i. (mavrikem) rom gaigo es
ambebi, romanozi daniSna omis xelmZRvanelad. es strategiosi kolxidaSi rom
mivida, romelsac mdabiurma enam lazike daarqva da SeuTanxmda iqaur mmarTvelebs,
daiZra iqidan da dabanakda TviT albaniis winaaRmdeg~ (iqve, gv. 23). marTlac, es
ori jari erTmaneTs Sexvda albaniis dablobSi, araqsis piras (georgika IV, 126).
zemoT aRwerilidan Cans, rom svaneTi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo. aq gamarjvebuli sparseli sardali dasavleT saqarTvelos gziTve Sevida Woroxis xeobaSi,
gadalaxa arsianis qedi da miadga araqsis napirs. mas ukan daedevna kolxeTis, anu
Woroxisve gziT romaeli sardali, SeebrZola araqsis napiras, albanis dablobze
da daamarcxa sparsi sardali. ase mogviTxrobs Teofilaqte simokata.
kolxida, anu lazika rom yofiliyo mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo, xolo
svaneTi mis amJamindel farglebSi myofi Crdilo-dasavleTis erTi nawili, bunebrivia, aseTi adgilmdebareobis SemTxvevaSi svaneTTan araqsis xeobisa da albaniis dakavSireba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ra saerTo SeiZleba hqondes mestiisa da
lentexis raionebs mdinare araqsTan da istoriul albaneTTan? am sakiTxis
garkvevas cdilobda s. yauxCiSvili. Mman wamoayena mravali Teoria da fiqrobda,
rom SesaZloa Teofanes qronografis gadamwers, Secdoma mouvida da dedanSi ewera
ara svaneTi da albaneTi, aramed sxva saxelebi (georgika, IV, I, 34, SeniSvna). magram
imave ambavs aRwers sxva VIII saukunis bizantieli mwerali Teofane JamTaaRmwereli. is wers, sparselTa mefe hormisdam sardlad barami daniSna da didZali jariT
svaneTis winaaRmdeg gagzavna. barami moulodnelad daeca svaneTs... baramma am omSi
didi saxeli moixveWa. is mdinare araqsze dabanakda. mavrikim rom es gaigo, romanozi daniSna strategiosad da svaneTSi gagzavna jariT. romanozi mivida lazeTSi
da mdinare fazisze albaniis winaaRmdeg dabanakda~ (georgika, IV, I, 88).
marTlac, Tu lazikad vigulisxmebT mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, mdinare
fazisad ki - mdinare rions, aq misuli sardali romanozi rogor unda `dabanakebuliyo albaniis winaaRmdeg~? es SeuZlebelia. mdinare rionsa da albanias
Soris sxva uamravi qveyana aris gadaWimuli, magram Tu mdinare fazisi Woroxia,
WoroxTan albania gacilebiT axloa geografiuladac da araqsis xeobac axloa
arsianis qedTan.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rogorc zemoT iTqva, 560-ian wlebSi, iqamde sparselTa
momxre svanebi, ara mxolod dasajes bizantielebma, aramed maT iseve, rogorc sxva
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kavkasiur tomebs, gadasces Zalze didi Tanxa. magaliTad, iqamde misimianTa tomisa
da sxva kavkasiuri tomis mosasyidad misimianeTSi bizantielebs SeutaniaT strategios soteriqes xeliT 28800 xalasi oqros nomizma (georgika, III, gv. 174). Cans,
svaneTis sakiTxis sabolood gadasaWrelad bizantielebma gamoiyenes ara mxolod samxedro Zala, aramed oqroc _ svanebi ganudgnen sparselebs. maT dasasjelad
svaneTSi SeWrila, rogorc avRniSneT, sparsi sardali, xelT ugdia albaT aRniSnuli simdidre da, radganac svaneTSi ar daedgomeboda, ukanve dabrunebula. svaneTSi
sparselebis SeWris cnobis gagebisTanave bizantiis imperators svaneTSi sparselTa winaaRmdeg gaugzavnia Tavisi sardali. am ukanasknels ki Seutyvia, rom Woroxis,
anu kolxeTis gziT araqsis xeobaSi iyo gadasuli sparsuli jari da, Sesabamisad,
lazikaSi, anu Woroxis xeobaSi Sesuli armia ukan gaedevna sparselebs da arsianis
gadalaxvis Semdeg araqsis xeobasTan albaniis dablobze dabanakda mtris pirispir.
am ambis axsna, kidev erTxel vityviT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu
svaneTad dasavleT saqarTvelos CavTvliT, xolo lazikad _ Woroxis xeobas.
namdvilad svaneTze rom aris saubari iqidanac Cans, rom saqme Seexeboda sparsel sardal barams, qarTul wyaroebSi baram Cubinad cnobils, romelic araqsis
piras aRniSnuli omis Semdgom aujanyda sparseTis Sahs da Camoagdo taxtidan,
rasac Semdgom udidesi Zvrebi mohyva sparseT-bizantiis urTierTobebSi. rogorc
vTqviT, svaneTis eqspediciidan ukan dabrunebuli barami dabanakda araqsis xeobaSi,
mas wamoewia bizantieli sardali da sastikad daamarcxa, anu saboloo suraTi ase
daixata. sparsuli jari damarcxda svanuri eqspediciis gamo, es ambavi aseve ucnobebiaT sparseTis mefisaTvis. barams mTel jarSi gauvrcelebia cru cnoba, `TiTqos
mefe javrobda sparselTa jarze da yvelas sikvdiliT emuqreboda im damarcxebaTa
gamo, romlebic SeemTxvaT maT svaneTSi~ (georgika, IV, 1, 33).
sikvdilis SiSiT SeZrwunebuli sparsuli jari baramis meTaurobiT aujanyda
sparselTa mefes da Camoagdes is taxtidan. `ase waerTva xosros samefo Zalaufleba~ _ wers Teofilaqte (iqve, gv. 35). anu warumatebel svanur eqspedicias
Seewira sparseTis samefo dinastia. amitomac svaneTSi aRniSnuli laSqrobaeqspedicia didi da gamorCeuli movlena iyo. am movlenis Semdgom srulebiT
sxvagvarad warimarTa sparseT-bizantiis urTierTobebi, amitomac SeuZlebelia am
movlenaTa epicentris _ svaneTis saxeli SeSlodaT an avtor istorikosebs an
maTi Sromebis gadamwerebs.
marTalia qarTuli tomebi ganfenilni iyvnen da cxovrobdnen ara mxolod
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed vrclad ufro samxreTiTac da maT sakuTari
kerZoobiTi saxelebiT ixsenieben, magram zogadad isini mainc erTi saxeliT _
iberebad ixseniebodnen da maT aRniSnul miwa-wyalsac ZiriTadad iberia ewodeboda. magaliTad, VIII saukunis avtori epifane konstantinopoleli, romelic
kritikulad mimoixilavda Tavis wyaroebs da fexiTc moiara is adgilebi, sadac
andria mociquli moRvaweobda, wers, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi, did sebastopolisSi, afsaris cixesTan hisos navsadgurTan da mdinare fazisTan mosaxleobdnen
iberielebi, susebi, fustelebi da alanebi (georgika, IV, I, 57). misi azriT, trapezunti aris lazikis qalaqi, xolo trapezuntis zemoT mdebare qveyana ki ukve
iberiaa.
wmida andria mociquli `amisodan wamosvlis Semdeg mivida trapezuntSi, lazikis
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qalaqSi, iqidan is wavida iberiaSi, mas Semdeg, rac man zRvis piras mcxovrebni
mravalni gananaTla, is Cavida ierusalimSi~ (iqve, gv. 58).
epifane konstantinopoleli, Tavisi wmida andrias cxovrebis sxva adgilasac,
erTad axsenebs iberiasa da faziss, isini erT regionSi arian. `moiares qalaqebi,
iqadages da saswaulebi moaxdines da Cavidnen iberiaSi, bolo ramdenime dRis
Semdeg susaniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 58). susania (s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT ki suania) imyofeba, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, aWaris mTianeTsa da oZrxe-samcxeSi, sadac
andriam iqadaga trapizonidan mdinare Woroxis gadmokveTis Semdeg.
qarTuli wyaroebi aqve aRniSnavdnen punqt sosanigeTis arsebobas. Tu aseTi
mosazreba misaRebia, istoriuli svaneTis erTi nawili, Cans, moicavda Woroxis
SesarTavis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare mTian mxareebsac. berZnuli wyaroebic TiTqosda amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs.
amis gamo _ `keisari mzad iyo daeTmo sparselebisTvis persarmenia da iberia,
vinaidan kargad icoda, rom sparselebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daTmobdnen am
qveyanas... zavs ganamtkicebda mxolod im pirobiT, Tu msurvel persarmenielebs da
iberebs neba eqnebodaT daetovebinaT TavianTi miwa-wyali da wasuliyvnen romaelTa qveyanaSi~ (georgika, III, gv. 245).
sparselebma sruli Tanxmoba ganacxades aseT pirobaze, maT rCebodaT iberiis
miwa-wyali, Sahi ki `nebas aZlevda, rom iqauri mcxovrebni wasuliyvnen sadac
undodaT~ (iqve, gv. 246).
magram sinamdvileSi xalxis gareSe miwa-wyali misTvis momgebiani ar iqneboda,
mas imedi hqonda, rom iberielebi samSoblos siyvarulis gamo ar miatovebdnen
TavianT qveyanas da sparselTa xelisuflebas mxolod zeda fena gaecleboda _
`iman icoda, rom garda mcireodeni mmarTveli pirebisa, romelnic ajanyebas meTaurobdnen, arc erTi persarmenieli da iberi ar wavidoda ucxo qveyanaSi samSoblos siyvarulis gamo, romelic adamianebSi bunebiT aris Canergili da gamjdari~ (georgika, III, gv. 246).
msgavsadve unda vifiqroT, rom svanebis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg bizantielebma TavianT uSualo xeldebul teritoriaze md. egriswylis iqiT (Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi) gadaasaxles abaSgebis (abazgebis), afsilebisa da svaneTis
ara mTeli mosaxleoba dasavleT saqarTvelos baridan, aramed misi ajanyebuli
zeda fena, xolo mosaxleobis udidesi nawili adgilze darCa. am abaS-abazgebis
mmarTveli afxazeTSi ukve `berZenTa erisTavad~ iqca. mefeebis mirisa da arCilis
afxazeTSi Sesvlis dros ar Canan egrisisa da svaneTis erisTavebi _ imaTi memkvidre unda yofiliyo `afxazTa erisTavi leoni~ _ qarTuli kulturisa da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis amaRorZinebeli dinastiis meTauri, romelic savsebiT
miiRo dasavleT saqarTvelos xalxma Tanametomeobis gamo.

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Tavi II
tbebi da mdinareebi istoriul kolxeTSi
mdinare fasisi
Sesavali
XX s-is oficialuri istoriografiis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli eklesia iyo
`prozelituri eklesia, romelmac TiTqosda IX-X ss-Si dasavleT saqarTvelodan gaaZeva ZvelTaganve konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myofi berZnuli saepiskoposoebi da gaauqma fasisis (foTis) samitropolitoSi Semavali rodopolisis
(varcixis), ziganas (`ziginevi gudayvas~), saisinis (caiSis), petras (cixisZiris)
berZnuli kaTedrebi. aseve, TiTqosda Secvala iqamde dasavleT saqarTveloSi
damkvidrebuli berZnulenovani wirva-locva qarTuliT. maTi TvalsazrisiT, mecnierulad dadgenil faqtad miiCneva, rom berZnuli wyaroebiT lazika aris
dasavleT saqarTvelo.
am gabatonebul Tvalsazriss Cvenc viziarebdiT, magram imis gamo, rom Zveli
qarTveli mematianeebisaTvis sruliad ucnobia berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arseboba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gadavwyviteT gamogvekvlia sad mdebareobda sinamdvileSi lazika. saWiro iyo garkveva imisa eTanadeba Tu araprokofi kesarieliseuli
geografiuli aRweriloba lazikisa Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos. aseve saWiroa
kvleva imisa, prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili md. fazisi aris Tu ara md. rioni.
prokofis cnobiT lazikis umTavresi mdinarea fazisi, lazika mis sanapiroebzea ganfenili. fazisi imdenad Cqara Seedineba zRvaSi, rom karga xans zRvas ar
ereva da damoukidebeli Cqari nakadis saxiT yalibdeba. zRvaSi mcurav navebs am
nakadis gadacurva uWirT. maSasadame, fazisi mTis mdinarea, rioni ki dablobis,
baris mdinarea. rioni mTlianad gansxvavdeba am aRwerisagan.
rionis SesarTavTan foTi-samtrediis Zalze vrceli vake TiTqmis zRvis nulovan doneze mdebareobs, ufro meti, zogierTi nakveTebi zRvis doneze dablacaa
ganlagebuli, amitomac md. rioni ara mxolod qmnida uzarmazar Waobebs am vrcel
vakeze, aramed ikargeboda kidec am WaobebSi. misi delta ganfenili iyo WaobebSi
da is Znelad uerTdeboda zRvas, amitomac sabWoTa imperiis didi samecniero
Zalebi SeeWida samuSaos, raTa SeeqmnaT kalapoti md. rionisaTvis. marTlac es
TiTqmis saukunovani Sromis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli
miuxedavad aseTi uzarmazari samuSaoebisa, md. rionis siCqare, marTalia odnav
gaizarda, magram amJamadac, TviTmxilvel damkvirvebelTa TqmiT, rioni Znelad
uerTdeba zRvas: kerZod xan rioni Sedis zRvaSi didi gaWirvebiT, radganac zRvis
donezea misi delta, xan ki piriqiT, zRva Sedis rionis kalapotSi, anu Sedinebis
am adgilas aris zRvisa da md. rionis miqceva-moqceva. safiqrebelia, rom aseve iyo
prokofi kesarielis drosac. rioni zRvis SerTvis adgilas aris Waobis mdinare
da is ar SeiZleba iyos fazisis is ugemrielesi sasmeli wyali, romelsac, prokofis
TqmiT, mezRvaurebi iRebdnen da inaxavdnen, radganac ar ugemurdeboda da ar
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fuWdeboda. rionis wyali imTaviTve sasmelad uvargisi unda yofiliyo, radganac

yovelTvis iyo Waobis mdinaris wyali. magram sul sxvaa Woroxi _ esaa namdvilad
zRvaSi Semdinare mTis wyaluxvi mdinare.
Sua saukuneebSi saeWvoa md. rioni yofiliyo didi savaWro da saaRebmicemo
arteria ufro metad imis gamo, rom misi dablobis uzarmazari Waobebi iyo
malariis kera. Zvelad gavrcelebuli cieb-cxeleba aavadebda adamianebs, malaria
ar aZlevda adamianebs saSualebas ecxovraT da eRvawaT md. rionis qveyanaSi anu
zRvidan Tanamedrove samtrediamde da TiTqmis quTaisamde. malarias yvela erideboda.
es cieb-cxeleba aiZulebda adamianebs mietovebinaT rionispira dablobis
(anu Tanamedrove rionis vakis) teritoria da mTiswineTisa da mTa-gorakebisaTvis SeefarebinaT Tavi. garda amisa, aRniSuli daWaobebis gamo rionispira vake
foTidan samtrediamde dafaruli iyo Waobis tyeebiT, buCqnarebiTa da ekalbardebiT. miwa ki wyliT iyo gajerebuli, aq adamianebs ar ecxovrebodaT. Sesabamisad arc ekonomika da aReb-micemoba iyo ganviTarebuli, ar iyo gzebi da Sesabamisad, arc rionze iqneboda gadebuli 120 xidi (am sakiTxze qvemoT SevCerdebiT).
meore mxriv, foTidan TiTqmis quTaisamde teqnologiurad SeuZlebelia rionze 120 xidis gadeba. amJamadac, XXI s-Si, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pirobebSi
md. rionze sul ramdenime xidia gadebuli (igulisxmeba q. quTaisidan foTamde).
saqme isaa, rom md. rionis kalapoti Zalze ganieria, datotvilia, mas arasdros
hqonda erTi kalapoti, amasTanave xSirad icvlida Tavis kalapots, misi sanapiroebi xidis burjebisaTvis ar SeicavsYmyar grunts, amitomac saWiroa xidis burjebis asagebad mniSvnelovani sainJinro samuSaoebis Catareba. Zvel dros xidis
burjebs ayrdnobdnen kldovan qanebs anda myar grunts, romelsac garkveulwilad aZlierebdnen, amitomac xidebis agebisaTvis Sesabamisi gruntis sanapiros
moZebna iyo saWiro.
rionis vake-dablobis Waobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki sanapiroebi, arc axla da
miTumetes 2000-1500 wlis win amis saSualebas ar iZleoda. Waobis lia (`palia~)
anu wyliT gajerebuli miwa _ ganier mdinarisaTvis saWiro grZeli xidis mZime
burjebs ver daiWerda. amisaTvis Zvel dros, rogorc iTqva, kldovan sanapiroebs
iyenebdnen - kldeebze Zveli teqnologiebis Sesabamisad idgmeboda xidis burjebi. md. rionis dablobze ki kldeebi ar aris.
iyo Tu ara md. fasisze asi an meti xidi? unda vigulisxmoT, rom iyo, magram ara
md. rionze, aramed md. Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze. prokofi xSirad wers _ `md.
fazisis orive sanapiro aris kldovani, aq aris viwro kldovani gasasvlelebi~
e.w. klisurebi, swored am mdinarispira kldeebze anu xevis sanapiroebze idgmeboda xidis burjebi, romelzec Zveli teqnologiebis Sesabamisad dgamdnen TaRovan
xidebs. marTlac md. Woroxis xeobaSi, mdinaris Senakadebze, dRemdea moRweuli
aTeulobiT uZvelesi TaRovani xidi, gadebuli Rrma mdinareebze, magram rionis
barSi quTaisidan foTamde arc erTi aseTi Zveli TaRovani xidi arc rionze da
arc mis Senakadebze araa da es bunebrivicaa, aseTi xidebis gadeba rionis barSi
SeuZlebelia, Woroxis xeobaSi es SesaZlebelia da agebdnen kidec.Eai, aq e.i. md.
Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze, am arealSi unda yofiliyo strabonis mier aRwerili
120 xidi gadebuli.
117

md. rionis erTi sanapirodan meoreze gadadiodnen ara xidebiT, aramed bornebiT
_ gaWimuli iyo bagirebi, romelzec tivebi an navebi iyo gamobmuli, romlebic erT
sanapiros aerTebdnen meoresTan _ es iyo bunebrivi wesi geografiuli garemodan gamomdinare. erTi sityviT, quTaisidan foTamde rioni aris zRvis doneze
mdebare uvrceles vakeze (e.w. rionis dablobze) gamdinare baris wyali, xolo
fazisi mTis mdinarea.
wm. eqvTime mTawmideli da zogadad qarTuli saeklesio istoriografia md.
fazisad miiCnevda Woroxs da ara rions. berZen-romaeli avtorebis cnobebiT
zRvasTan SerTvis siaxloves Zalze swrafi fazisi miedineboda kldeTa Soris,
amitom misi kalapoti ucvleli iyo. mas saTave armeniaSi an WaneTSi hqonda,
miemarTeboda samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken.Aaq erT adgilas win xvdeboda kavkasiis
didi mTa, ris gamoc mkveTrad icvlida mimarTulebas da uxvevda dasavleTisaken.
am adgilebis axlos fasisis marjvniv iyo iberia da mis maRal mTebze mesxebi
cxovrobdnen.
.aseTivea Woroxi, is miedineba CrdiloeTisaken, sadac arTvinTan xvdeba karCxalis didi mTa, ris gamoc icvlis mimarTulebas da mkveTrad uxvevs dasavleTisaken, amiT emsgavseba Ffazisis aRweras, karCxalis mTaTa sistemas, Cans ,,kavkasiis did
mTas~ uwodebdnen Zveli avtorebi, aRsaniSnavia, rom aqve iyo Zveli saerisTavo
sakavkasiZeo, (amJamadac aris adgili `kavkasori~), iqve iyo artaanis olqi, Semavali
iberiaSi anu iqve ,,iyo iberia~, sadac mesxebi cxovrobdnen, ase, rom fazisis aRwera
identurad emTxveva Woroxisas.
CvenSi amJamad miiCneven ,rom fazisi raWaSi fasis mTidan gamomavali rionia.
amave dros miiCneva, rom fazisis zemo dineba Zirulaa yvirilasTan erTad. Tu,
vTqvaT, fasisis saTave WaneTi an armeniaa, da fasisi rionia, maSin raWa an lixis
qedi armenia-WaneTSi yofila, rac ase araa. am da sxva mravali niSniT fazisi
Woroxia.

md. fasisi arianes mixedviT:

,,CemTvis cnobil mdinareebs Soris fasisis wyali umsubuqesia da feric metad
gansxvavebuli. mis simsubuqes Seityobs kaci wonis gasinjviT da kidev imiT, rom
rodesac zRvas erTvis, zRvis wyals zed moeqceva, ar Seereva, rogorc homerosi
ambobs... zemoT mimdinareobs rogorc zeTi. da rodesac zRvaSi zemodan amoxapaven
wyals, is mtknaria, xolo Tu vinme siRrmeSi CauSvebs WurWels - mariliani.
...fasisis wyals tyviis Tu kalis feri gadakravs, magram, rom gaaCereb Zalian
wminda xdeba, amitom Cveulebaa aseTi, rom fazisSi Semsvlelebma ar unda Seitanon
iq sxva wyali, da Sevlen Tu ara mis kalapotSi, brZaneba icema, rom xomaldze
arsebuli Zveli wyali sul gadaiRvaros. amboben, vinc amas ar Seasrulebs, bednieri mgzavroba ar eqneba. fazisis wyali ar Smordeba da aT welze met xans
gaufuWebeli rCeba, ufro metadac tkbeba~ (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis
garSemo, 1961, gv. 38).
fasisis wylisagan kardinalurad gansxvavebulia md. rionis wyali. cnobil
mdinareTa Soris rionis wyali erT-erTi yvelaze mZimea, radganac ,,rioni msoflioSi gamoirCeva, rogorc naSali masalis (sila, Slamis da sxva) didi raodeno118

bis matarebeli da zRvaSi Semtani mdinare. mecnierebis mier araerTgzis dadgenilia, rom yovelwliurad mdinare rions zRvaSi Seaqvs 8-12 milioni tona naSali masala, risi didi nawili zRvis sanapiros Soriaxlo ileqeba da iwvevs
xmeleTis matebas zRvis xarjze~ (s. zaqaraia, literaturuli wyaroebis mimoxilva... krebuli ,,cotneideli~ II, 2008, gv. 70).
imaves wers meore mecnieri s. gvasalia - ,,specialistTa azriT rionSi 3-jer
meti lamia, vidre nilosSi. rions zRvaSi yovelwliurad, saSualod, 10-12 milioni tona sila Seaqvs, zogjer meti, naklebi ki iSviaTad~ (s. gvasalia, antikuri xanis
kolxeTi, krebuli ,,cotneideli~ II, 2008, gv. 57).
Tvalxiluli faqtia, rom rioni zRvis SesarTavTan wyaltalaxis moZravi masaa,
lamian-Slamiani, Savi feris WuWyiani wyali. maSasadame Cven gvaqvs md. fasisisa da md.
rionis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli cnobebi: fasisi msubuqia, radganac sila-Slamis naklebmatarebelia, maSin, roca rioni mZimea, sila-Slamis Zalze didi odenobis mqone,
Tanac es gansxvaveba aRmwerTa cnobiT ukiduresia, magaliTad arianes mixedviT misTvis cnobil mdinareTa Soris fasisis wyali yvelaze msubuqi iyo, ariane ki imJamindeli msoflios mraval mdinares icnobda, radganac is, viTarca maRali rangis
saxelmwifo moxele romis provinciaTa saqmeebs adgilebze warmarTavda, imperator
adrianes sagangebo reskri ptiT evaleboda ,,mSvidobis dacva provinciebSi~ - bosforidan romamde - II saukuneSi (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, 1961,
gv. 3).
maSasadame misTvis mravali mdinare iyo cnobili. is zogjer fexiTac ki
dadioda zRvaTa sanapiroebze da zomavda manZilebs mdinareTa Soris. misi aRweriT, rogorc iTqva imJamindeli kulturuli msoflios mdinareTa Soris fazisis wyali yvelaze msubuqi iyo, maSin roca Cveni Tanamedrove mecnierebi statistikuri monacemebis urTierTSejerebiT gvamcnoben, rom mdinare rionis wyali ,,msoflioSi gamoirCeva, rogorc naSali masalis (sila, Slamis) didi raodenobis
matarebeli~ (s. zaqaraia). aqedan Cans, rom fazisi da rioni sxvadasxva mdinareebi
iyo, erTi sasmelad vargisia da ara marto vargisia, aramed saukeTesoa, xolo
rionis wylis dalevas veravin gabedavs mis SesarTavTan, radganac simRvrivis
gamo is sasmelad yovlad uvargisia. maTi am Tvisebebidan aisaxeba kidec zRvasTan
Serevis suraTi, kerZod fasisi zRvas ar ereva, radganac zRvis wylis kuTri wona
ufro metia misi marilianobis gamo, msubuqi fazisis wyali zemodan moeqceva da
did manZilze calke miedineba zRvaSi, rogorc prokofi aRwerda kidec arianes
Semdeg. rionis wyali ki piriqiT, didi silian-Slamovnobis gamo is napirzeve
ileqeba. am process ,,sanapiros mosilvas~ uwodeben. sanapiro rionis SesarTavTan
gansakuTrebiT lamiania- ,,wvrili siliTa da lamiT Semdgari mosilvis saSualo moculoba 20 milion kubur metrs aRwevs~: amis gamo rionis SesarTavTan
zRvis sanapiro xmeleTad iqceva da misi farTobi yovelwliurad izrdeba ,,statistika rionis SesarTavTan xmeleTis matebisa aseTia 1804, 1892 wlebSi xmeleTma
saSualod 9 metri moimata. 1870 wlidan 1936 wlamde xmeleTma 190 metri moimata
e.i. nameti weliwadSi daaxloebiT 3 metrs udris. magaliTad foTis cixe romelic osmalTa sulTanma aago 1578 wels zed zRvis sanapiroze, 1858 wlisaTvis
daSorebuli iyo zRvis napirs 1,8 km-iT, am SemTxvevaSi xmeleTis matebam saSualod
6,5 metri Seadgina weliwadSi... XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi zed zRvis pirze agebuli
119

Suqura XX s. dasawyisSi napirs 2 versze iyo daSorebuli~ (s. gvasalia, krebuli

,,cotneideli~ II, 2008, gv. 57).
maSasadame mdinare rionis wyali Tavisi simZimis gamo ara Tu zRvas zed
moeqceva da masze gaedineba, aramed, piriqiT, zRvis sanapirozeve tovebs Tavis mZime
sila-Slams, anu zRvis wyals qveS moeqceva. am mxriv fazisi ar SeiZleba iyos
rioni. maTi wylebi sxvadasxva kuTri wonisaa. erTi msubuqia da meore mZime.
aqedan gamomdinare, erTi sasmelad vargisia, meore rogorc iTqva uvargisia.
rionis wyals, amis gamo, aravin inaxavs sasmelad, da Tu mas raime WurWelSi
SevagrovebT ara Tu 10 wlis Semdeg, 15-20 wuTis Semdeg WurWlis mesamedi silaSlami iqneba. fazisis wyali ki 10 wlis Semdegac kidev ufro ukeTes-ukeTesi
xdeboda sasmelad da is tkbeboda kidec. kolosaluri gansxvavebaa, imdenad, sakvirvelia kidec rogor SeiZleba am TvisebaTa gamo rionisa da fazisis gaigiveba.
berZnebi saxel ,,fasiss~ uwodebdnen ara yvela mdinares, aramed mxolod mas,
romelic iyo sasmelad saukeTeso. msubuqi imdenad, rom rogorc zeTi zemodan
moeqceoda zRvas, radganac n. fofxaZis kvleviT ,,fasisi jer kidev II aTaswleulis teqstebSi ewodeboda wmida zeTs, romelic ixmareboda mefis an sasuliero
piris mier sxva pirovnebis zeTiscxebis saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebis dros (ix.
sityva ,,fasisi~ g. fridrixis xeTur-germanul leqsikonSi), amitom fasisia is
sufTa mdinare romelic wmida zeTis msgavsad SeerTebis Semdeg zRvis wyals ar
Seereva, mis Tavze moeqceva xolme (n. fofxaZe, kolxeTis warsulis oriod sakiTxi,
krebuli, ,,cotneideli~, II, 2008, gv. 120). Cans, amis gamo berZnebma ,,fasisi~ uwodes
mraval Aankara, sufTa mdinares, maT Soris evfrats saTaveSi da yubansac ki. fasisi
- iyo ,,RmerTi~ okeanesa da Tetisis Svili hesiodes genealogiis Tanaxmad, amitomac iyo mdinare RvTaeba. berZnuli miTologiiT fazisi - ,,RmerTia~, konkretulad
aris ,,mdinare-RvTaeba~. Cven saeWvod migvaCnia, rom berZnebs saxeli ,,fazisi ~
ewodebinaT amRvreul, sila-lamian, sasmelad uvargisi wylisaTvis, fasisi - wminda, saamo garemoSi gamdinare (da ara WaobebSi) niav-qarian (da ara malariiT
ganTqmul) are-mares wyalia. aseTi garemo aqvs mTel sigrZeze Woroxs - mTis
saamo mdinarea, rioni ki WaobebSi Cakarguli, cieb-cxelebiT ganTqmul vakeze
miedineboda SlamiTa da siliT iyo gajerebuli. I saukunis mweral plutarqes
genealogiiT fasisi iyo heliosisa da okeanis asulis okores Ze, erTi sityviT
fasisi berZnuli samyaros, berZnuli azrovnebisa da miTologiis STagonebis
wyaroa, isaa wmida mdinare, sasmelad saukeTeso, aseTi ki araa mdinare rioni. ,,fs~ fuZe p. ingoroyvam qarTul samyaros daukavSira, rac SeiZleba marTalic iyos,
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli samyaros mdinareebi iyvnen evfrati zemowelSi, Woroxi,
rioni da albaT yubaniswyalic. ase, rom yvela maTgans SeiZleboda fasisi wodeboda, magram Cveni azriT, berZnebi aseT saxels ar uwodebdnen anu ,,RvTaebamdinared~ ar miiCnevdnen silian-Slamian sasmelad uvargis Waobis wyals, aramed
sufTas, wmindas, keTil garemoSi mimdinares - aseTi ki mTis ankara mdinareebi iyo.
ariane wers: `fasisis wyali msubuqia, zRvas zed eqceva zeTiviT~,
misi saTave armeniaSia
ufro srulad moviyvanoT arianes cnoba fazisis Sesaxeb - ,,mdinareebis wylebs
Soris fazisis wyali umsubuqesia da feric metad gansxvavebuli. mis simsubuqes
120

Seityobs kaci wonis gasinjviT an kidev imiT, rom rodesac igi zRvas erTvis
zRvis wyals zed moeqceva, ar Seereva, rogorc homerosi ambobs, rom ,,titaresi
peneosis wylis zemoT mimdinareobs, rogorc zeTi~ da rodesac zRvis zemodan
amoxapaven wyals, mtknaria is, Tu vinme siRrmeSi CauSvebs WurWels - mariliani...
fasisis wyals tyviis Tu kalis feri gadahkravs, magram rom gaaCereb, Zalian
wminda xdeba. amitom Cveulebaa aseTi, rom fazisSi Semsvlelebma ar unda Seitanon iq sxva wyali da Sevlen Tu ara mis kalapotSi, brZaneba icema, rom xomaldze
arsebuli Zveli wyali sul gadaiRvaros... fasisis wyali ar Smordeba, aT welze
met xans gaufuWebeli rCeba, ufro metadac tkbeba~ (flavius ariane, mogzauroba
Savi zRvis garSemo, 1961, gv. 38).
,,md. fasisi armeniidan momdinareobs. mis axlos cxovroben iberiidan armeniaSi gadasaxlebuli iberielebi. mdinaris SesavlelTan, fasisis marcxena napirze
moTavsebulia miletelTa mier daarsebuli elinuri qalaqi e.w. fazisi, romlSic
rogorc amboben Tavs iyris 60 sxvadasxva eri...~ (anonimi, iqve, gv. 86).
ariane wers _ `fasisis axlos cxovroben iberiidan armeniaSi gadasaxlebuli
iberielebi~, Tuki fazisi rionia, maSin arianes Sesabamisad gamodis, rom `rionis
maxloblad cxovroben iberiidan armeniaSi gadasaxlebuli iberielebi~. rionTan ra unda armenias? magram Woroxi gadmoedineboda qveynidan, romelic romaelebma mcire armeniis saxelmwifoebriv erTeuls miakuTvnes. am qveynis eTnikas
exeba ariane.

straboni mdinare fasisis Sesaxeb

gamokvlevis XIV TavSi, romelic `armenias~ eZRvneba, straboni wers _ am `qveyanaSi bevri mdinarea, gansakuTrebiT cnobilia fazisi da likosi, romlebic
pontos zRvas erTvian (eratosTene likosis magivrad asaxelebs Termodonts, rac
araa swori~) (straboni, XIV, 7) (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 190).
Tu ratom aTavsebs mdinare fasiss (anu Woroxs) straboni armeniaSi iqve
TviTve ganmartavs: `mogviTxroben armeniaze, rom pirvelad is patara yofila...
imiT gazardes, rom mezobel xalxebs CamoaWres nawilebi... iberebs (CamoaWres)
pariadres kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene, romelic mtkvris gadaRma aris~ (straboni, XIV, 5).
klarjeTi _ istoriuli xorzenes erT nawilad miiCneva. maSasadame, is istoriuli iberia iyo, romelic strabonis epoqaSi somxeTSi moeqca, amitomac Sesabamisad cxadia, klarjeTis mdinare Woroxi (fazisi) strabonisaTvis armeniis qveyanaSia moqceuli. s. janaSias azriT xorZene moicavda gumuSxanes Temis aRmosavleT nawils (s. janaSia, Sromebi, II, gv. 93) _ es ki istoriuli klarjeTis regionia.
yovel SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasis mixedviT xorZene _ klarjeTia. `saqarTvelos ssr atlasi~ (1964), gv. 245. rukaze `xorZena~ moTavsebulia
artanujis regionSi da iqve miwerilia, rom esaa `klarjeTi~.
sxvagan straboni wers _ `xolo danarCeni kolxida metwilad zRvasTan mdebareobs: momdinareobs masze fazisi didi mdinare, romelsac saTave armeniidan
121

aqvs, romelic Rebulobs glavkossa da hi poss, maxlobeli mTebidan gamomdinareT.

aRma curva SeiZleba Sorapanamde, simagres SeuZlia daitios mTeli qalaqis mosaxleoba. fexiT, saurme gziT 4 dReSi miisvleba mtkvramde. fazisze mdebareobs
misi mosaxele qalaqi, kolxTa savaWro adgili, garSemortymuli mdinariT, tbiTa
da zRviT~ (straboni, XI, II, 17. T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 123). aqac,
fasisi armeniidan momdinarebs.
strabonis sarapanas mdebareoba gansxvavdeba prokofis sarapanasagan. strabonis
sarapana _ md. fasiszea, xolo prokofisa _ maRalmTianeTSi. strabonis sarapana unda
iyos arTvini. qalaqi fazisi ki unda iyos Tanamedrove gonio an misi maxlobeli
punqti. cnobili Slimani aq apirebda arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dawyebas nebarTvis
SemTxvevaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Woroxis zRvasTan SerTvis adgilas, marcxena sanapiroze axlacaa tbebi da aseve (erTi didi da ramdenime mcire) yofila veidenbaumis
aRweriTac. am niSniT (marcxena sanapiroze tba da qalaqi) Woroxi miemsgavseba
faziss. kavkasiis mTas uwodeben sper-arsianis mTianeTs, romlis erT-erTi udidesi
mwvervalia karCxali, aq iyo Woroxis auzis vrceli qarTuli olqi - istoriuli
`sakavkasiZeo~.

agaTias mixedviT md. fasisi

md. Woroxia
mTisa da baris mdinareebs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad ganasxvaveben, mTis mdinareebis siCqare didia, gemrielia da sufTaa da aqvs Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebi,
xolo baris, miT umetes, Waobis mdinareebi (aseTia, magaliTad, md. rioni qvemowelSi da aseve zRvis SesarTavTan) aris mdore, wyali aqvs ugemuri, organoleptikurad uvargisi, wylis siCqare mcirea, mas zogjer faqtiurad ar SeuZlia
Tavisi dinebiT daZras adgilidan didi navi. rogori mdinarea Zveli berZeni
avtorebis aRweriT md. fasisi? is mTis mdinarea Tu baris (Waobis)? Zveli
berZeni avtorebis aRweriT, md. fasisi aris mTis mdinare, magaliTad is ise
Cqari dinebiT Sedis zRvaSi, rom mas didxans ar ereva, misi wyali Zalze
gemrielia da imdenad sufTa, rom WurWelSi Senaxvis Semdegac didxans ar
fuWdeba. igives wers agaTia sqolastikosi. magaliTad, is wers, rom Wanebis
tomi cxovrobs `qalaq trapizonis qvemoT, evqsinis pontos samxreTiT~ (georgika,
III, gv. 181), es tomi Tavs esxmoda mezobel mxareebs da maT Soris armeniasac, amitom
maT winaaRmdeg saomrad gagzavnes maTi Tvistomi Teodore _ samxedro meTauri
Tavisi jariT. `mefem mas daavala es saqme. is daiZra kolxididan didZali
jariT, fasiss gadaRma mouara dasavleTiT Wanebis sazRvrebs da ucbad Sevida
mtris maSindeli miwawylis SuagulSi. man daibanaka qalaq Teodoriadisa da
egreTwodebul rizes garSemo~ (georgika, III, gv. 82).
aqedan Cans Semdegi _ Wanebis damsjeli samxedro razmi gamovida kolxeTidan,
mouara dasavleTis mxridan WaneTis sazRvrebs da es dasavleTis mxare iyo fasisis gadaRma, anu fazisi iqvea, rizesTan axlos _ mTebs iqiT, iqidan Semouara
WaneTis sazRvrebs Teodorem. rizesTan axlos ki erT mxares zRvaa da mopirdapire mxares md. Woroxi gaedineba _ esaa agaTia sqolastikosis fazisi.
122

davuSvaT, fasisi aris md. rioni, WaneTis adgilmdebareoba ki cnobilia _

trapizon-rizesaken. dasavleT saqarTvelodan rize-trapizonisaken mimavali jari
md. rions Semouvlida irgvliv da ise mividoda WaneTSi? aseTi gza iqneboda
absurduli, fasisi _ rizes pirispiraa, mTebSi mas Semouara Teodorem da mivida
rizesTan, maSasadame fazisi _ Woroxia da ara rioni.
saerTod ki, trapizonisken midioda sacxenosno gza, xolo trapezuntidan konstantinopolamde `saxelmwifo cxenebiT~ mgzavrobdnen moxeleebi. menandre protiqtori wers: strategosi zemarqe alaniidan, darinis gziT mivida afsiliaSi (ise, rom
misimielTa qveyana marcxniv darCa), mivida rogatorionSi da Semdeg evqsinos pontomde da mere navebiT md. fasisamde, Semdeg trapezuntSi. aqedan saxelmwifo cxenebiT
bizantionSi mivida mefesTan (georgika, III, gv. 237).
alaniad aq igulisxmeba Semdegdroindeli afxazeTi, romelic e.w. darinis
gziT uerTdeboda afsilias anu sufsis xeobas (rionis marcxena sanapiros vakes).
aq yofila punqti rogatorioni, saidanac gasula zRvis sanapiroze da iqedan
zRviT, navebiT miucuravs Woroxamde anu fazisamde.
fasisi mTis swrafi mdinare romaa da swrafi siCqaris mqone, amis Sesaxeb
vityobT agaTia sqolastikosis naSromidan:
sparseli sardali malulad miiwevs q. fazisisken, miadgeba mdinares. q. fasisTan
axlos mdinares gadaxergavs navebiTa da SeSebiT (e.i. mdinare arc imdenad ganieria)
ise, rom berZnebis ocdaaTniCbiani ramdenime navi da trierebi darCa mdinaris aRniSnuli xergilis zemoT. es rom dainaxa menaveebis ufrosma, `maSinve moabruna saWe, rac
Zala da Rone hqonda, mousva niCbebs da gabrunda ukan, Tumca Zalian gauZnelda
fazisze ukan gacurva da pirispir SebrZoleba magar talRebTan, sparselebma mainc
ori navi Caigdes xelSi, magram umezRvaurebod. mezRvaurebma rom dainaxes mters
CavuvardebiT xelSio, gabedulad gadaeSvnen talRebSi... gadasWres mdinare iribad
da xmeleTiT gaswies meore gziT, raTa mters ar SeCexebodnen da Cavidnen im qalaqSi,
fazisis saxels rom atarebs~ (georgika, III, gv. 100).
aqedan Cans, rom zRvis sanapirosTan axlos q. fasisTan md. fasisi aris imdenad
Cqari mTis mdinare, rom mis talRebTan brZola uWirs 30-niCbiani navis 15 mezRvaurs. `magari talRebis~ gamo isini mainc qvemoT micuravdnen. didi mcdelobis
miuxedavad, am uZlurobis gamo, miatoves navi da wyalSi gadaxtnen. es 30-niCbiani
carieli navi sparselebs CauvardaT xelSi, sparselebma Sig Casxes TavianTi mebrZolebi da radganac daRamda kidec, mdinareSi Ruza CauSves da navebSive daiZines.
agaTias Semdegi Txrobidan Cans, rom md. fasisi namdvilad Cqari mTis mdinare iyo
zRvis SesarTavTanac ki: `rogorc zemoT vTqvi, romaelTa ori 30-niCbiani navi,
carieli sparselebma igdes xelT. es 30-niCbiani navebi midieli hoplitebiT iyo
savse da mdinareSi idga RuzaCaSvebuli da wvrili TokebiT napiras mibmuli. rom
daRamda, meomrebma navebSi daiZines, magram Zlieri talRebi wamosula da Tokebi
dauWimia tvirTis simZimis gamo, erT navTagans moulodnelad Toki gaswyvetia,
mowyvetili da gaTavisuflebuli navi talRas moutacia da radgan talRas niCbebiT ar uwevdnen winaaRmdegobas, navi swrafad gaeqana win da xelSi Cauvarda
romaelebs~ (iqve, gv. 103). e.i. fasisi swrafia. aseTi ki Woroxia, xolo rioni
gacilebiT mdorea. aqac fasisi _ Woroxia.
Tu fasisi Woroxia, mis sanapiroebze (mis xeobaSi) unda iyos yvela is cno123

bili qalaqi (fasisi, rodopolisi, arqeopolisi), romlebzec xSirad weren (maT

Soris muxirisic da kotaisis cixec).
Cven rom veTanxmebodeT s. yauxCiSvilsa da saerTod, XX s-is II naxevaris
qarTuli oficialuri istoriografiis Tvalsazriss kolxeT-lazikis mdebareobis Sesaxeb, cxadia, sakmaod rTul Sromasac ar gavwevdiT da am saqmes xelaxla ar
gamovikvlevdiT, amitomac, Cven s. yauxCiSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, vfiqrobT, rom
kolxeT-lazika mdebareobda Woroxis xeobaSi, kerZod, moicavda Woroxis zRvispira SesarTav mxares (Tanamedrove sarfi-gonio-baTumi da a.S.), e.w. istoriul `bolo
klarjeTisas~ anu Woroxis zRvispira mxares md. aWariswylis SesarTavis zemoTac da agreTve Woroxis xeobas arTvinisken, agreTve istoriul klarjeTs _ artanujiswylis xeobas vidre arsianis qedamde. aq q. artanujze X saukunemdec da
Semdgomac, porfirogenetis sityviTac, gadioda saerTaSoriso savaWro gza, romelic artanujs akavSirebda iberiasTan, armeniasTan da siriasTan, xolo, Tavis mxriv,
artanuji aRniSnuli Woroxispira gziT (da TviT WoroxiT) uerTdeboda
SavizRvispira savaWro portebs. ai, am saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaze mdebareobda
lazika, anu istoriuli erge, ligan, klarjeTi. rogorc vTqviT, lazika 553 wlisTvis orad iyo gayofili. frontis xazi sparseT-bizantias Soris gadioda
daaxloebiT iq, sadac md. aWariswyali uerTdeba md. Woroxs, zRvis zemoT 20-30 kmis manZilze (es zomebi, romelTac qvemoT ganvixilavT, gadmocemuli aqvs agaTia
sqolastikoss).
frontis xazi, etyoba, gadioda Savi zRvis sanapiros paralelurad. rogorc
agaTias monaTxrobidan Cans, mermeroem sparselTa jariT orjer Seutia arqeopoliss da ukuqceul iqna muxirissa da kotaisis cixeSi. maSasadame, arqeopolisi berZnebisaa, muxirisi da kotaisis cixe _ sparselebis, es punqtebi
erTmaneTTan axloa, Semdeg mermeroem gadawyvita berZnebis xelSi myofi sof.
telefisis cixis Znelsavali adgilebis gavliT mieRwia md. fasisamde. telefisis erT mxares miudgomeli cicaboa, meore mxares ki Waobebia. mermeroe
moulodnelad miadga telefiss, romelic berZnebma miatoves. telefisidan
zRvis mimarTulebiT 7 stadionis manZilze iyo sofeli ollaria, berZnulad
`qitropolia~ (qoTnebis savaWro), imave gzaze mdebareobs punqti `nesosi~ (nesosi sul 5 farsangiT aris daSorebuli telefiss. iberebis da lazebis
farsangi udrida 21 stadions) (georgika, III, 1936, gv. 37).
`nesosi 150 stadioniTaa daSorebuli telefiss. nesosi garSemortymulia mdinareTa morevebiT. fasisi da dokonosi cal-calke Camomdinareoben kavkasiis mTebidan. aq ki uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs~ (georgika, III, gv. 38).
Tu 1 stadions daaxloebiT 178 metrad CavTvliT, sofeli nesosi telefisidan
daSorebuli yofila 150X178 daaxloebiT 26,7 km-iT. amdeniTvea daSorebuli q.
fasisidanac, e.i. es qalaqebi erTmaneTTan axlos iyo. sof. nesosTan es ori mdinare
berZnebs erTmaneTisTvis SeuerTebiaT arxiT. iqve, maxloblad, uerTdeboda kidec
erTmaneTs bunebrivad es ori nakadi _ Cemi azriT, aWariswyali (dokonisi) da
Woroxi (fasisi). wers kidec agaTia, `TavisTavad erTvian da bolos erTmaneTs
Seerevian~ (iqve, gv. 38). mermeroem md. fasisze Tavisuflad gadaiyvana Tavisi jari
(e.i. mdinare viwroa, araa ise ganieri aq, zRvidan daaxloebiT 27 km-is daSorebiT,
xolo rioni zRvidan 27 km daSorebiT Zalze ganieria). man xidi gado _ ficrebiT
da tivebiT (gv. 39).
124

sazogadod jaris, da gansakuTrebiT ki didi jaris xidze gadasvla, saxifaTo

iyo, swored am dros esxmoda mas mowinaaRmdege. miT umetes, rom xidi saxeldaxelo
iyo _ tivebiT da ficrebiT gadebuli, amitomac mermeroes sagangebod daucavs
Tavisi jari, rogorc Cans, iqve mdgomi cixis _ onogurisis mecixovneTa meSveobiT.
agaTia wers: `Tavisuflad gadaiyvana mTeli jari, rom aravis aRmouCenia dabrkoleba~ (georgika, III, gv. 40). da iqve ganagrZobs Txrobas onogurisis cixis Sesaxeb.
onogurisi yofila TiTqmis erTi nawili arqeopolisis gareubnisa, ase rom, arqeopolisi berZnebis xelSi myofi da onogurisi sparselebisa, axlo iyvnen aRniSnul saxeldaxelo xidTan. 554 wels bizantielebma Seuties onoguriss (georgika, III,
gv. 52).
male berZnebma Seityves, rom iberiidan modioda mermeroes Semcvleli sparseli sardali naxoragani. Cans, isini fasisis anu Woroxis xeobaSi Sevidnen artaanidan (e.i. iberiidan) arTvinis gavliT. onogurisis cixesTan berZnebi damarcxdnen, ukuiqcnen da bevri daiRupa md. kaTariswylis xidis gadalaxvisas. agaTia wers _ `ormocdaaTi aTasi kargi mebrZoli gaeqca sami aTas sparsels~ (gv. 62),
miaCnia, rom es iyo RvTis risxva lazTa mefis mokvlis gamo.
naxoraganma waiyvana 60 000 sparsi jariskaci bizantielebis mier dakavebuli
nesosis asaRebad (Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavTan). aq idgnen berZenTa sardlebi
daqiravebuli huni sabirebis tomis meomrebiT. iqve axlos arqeopolisis dablobebis maxloblad iyo maTi ZiriTadi banakebi _ ase Cans agaTias monaTxrobidan
(georgika, III, gv. 91). aq apirebdnen gavlas sparselebi. male erTmaneTs pirispir
Sexvdnen sparseli da romaeli spasalarebi ara omis velze, aramed Tavdapirvelad mosalaparakeblad. naxoraganma martines SesTavaza _ `datove es adgilebi
da gadadi Seni jariTurT trapezuntSi, pontos qalaqSi~ (iqve, gv. 96). aqedan Cans,
rom am adgilebis axlo pontos provinciaa. es niSnavs, rom omi iyo pontos
mezoblad erge-liganSi, klarjeTis bolos da ara rionis piras.
molaparakebebis CaSlis Semdeg naxoraganma jari waiyvana q. fasisiken _ nesosidan 26-27 km. manZilze.
agaTias sityviT, md. fasisi Zalze axlos Camoudis qalaqs da qalaqTan
erTvis zRvas. `nesoss sul didi eqvsi farsangiT aris daSorebuli~ (georgika,
III, gv. 97). `mdinare CrdiloeTis mxridan Camoudis qalaqs~ (gv. 98). mteri mas
samxreTidan unda midgomoda, risTvisac mdinare gadakveTes. q. fasisTan axlos
samxreTiT iyo `qristianTa Soris ganTqmuli taZari~ (georgika, III, gv. 113). aq
iloca berZenTa jaris meTaurma da mteri saocrad daamarcxa. sparselebi ukan
muxirisSi dabrundnen. bizantielebma sparselTa xelSi myofi q. rodopolisi
aiRes. kotaisi sparselebs darCaT. amiT amTavrebs agaTia Tavis Txrobas, romlidanac Cans, rom aRniSnuli qalaqebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan da erTian
urbanistul sivrces qmnidnen. 562 wels daido e.w. ormocdaaTwliani zavi,
romelzec sadavo iyo svaneTis sakiTxi.
saerTod, svaneTi, berZeni avtorebis cnobebiT, iyo mniSvnelovani qveyana, romlisTvisac ori imperia erTmaneTs saukunis manZilze edaveboda. Tanamedrove
istorikosTa SromebSi svaneTis qveyana TiTqmis ar Cans, maSin, roca mas unda
sWeroda saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili. sad iyo svaneTi? cxadia, Tanamedrove ori mTiani raioni ki ar iyo is, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos
Zalze didi da mniSvnelovani nawili VI saukunisTvis.
125

sxvadasxva avtorTa cnobebi

fasisis saTavis Sesaxeb

md. fasisis saTave _ armenia

maqsime berZniSvilma gamoikvlia, rom Zvel avtorTa umravlesoba md. fasisis
saTaves armeniaSi aTavsebs. is wers _ `SevCerdeT im mwerlebze, vinc fasisis
saTaved armeniis mTebs Tvlida. amaTSi uwinaresad unda davasaxeloT eratosTene
(III-II ss. Zv. w. mwerali)... TviTon straboni, romelic sam adgilas mainc laparakobs fasisis saTaveze, orjer igi garkveviT asaxelebs armenias (wigni XI, I, 17 da
XI, XIV, 7). mesamejer ki am saganze ambobs iberiaSi kolxeTidan gadasaval gzasTan
dakavSirebiT (XI,III,4)... aq straboni agviwers sarapanis aRmosavleTiT mdebare da
iberiisaken mimaval gzas, romelic, misi sityviT, miimarTeba sarapanis mezobeli
xeobiT. am xeobazeo, _ ganagrZobs igi, _ gza gasavalia, vinaidan fasisze 120 xidia
gakeTebulio da swored aq dasZens, rom igi (e.i. fasisi) saTaves iRebs zemdebare
mTebSio. radgan avtors laparaki aqvs iberiaze, amitomac konteqstiT aSkarad
Cans, rom aq igi gulisxmobs iberias da mis Tavze mdebare mTebs~ (m. berZniSvili,
q. fasisis istoriisTvis, 1969, gv. 95) _ `strabonis cnobas fasisis armeniidan
momdinareobis Sesaxeb imeorebs straboniseuli qrestomaTiis avtoric, agreTve
dionise (II s.), arisciane (V-VI ss), stefane bizantieli (VI s.), estate Tesalonikeli (XII s.)~ (iqve, gv. 95).
amarantos mTebi _ `arian antikur mwerlebSi iseTnic, romelTac md. fasisis
saTaved miaCniaT amarantos mTebi. pirveli, vinc amarantos mTebs ukavSirebda
fasisis saTaves, iyo apolonios rodoseli. is Tavis `argonavtikaSi~ orjer
asaxelebs fasisis am mTebidan momdinareobas (II,399; III, 1220)... misi sqolasti
gadmogvcems, rom axali welTaRricxvis II saukunis gramatikosis herodianes
sityviT, amaranto qalaqia pontoSi. meore adgilas ki wers _ `amarantoi _ es
barbarosuli tomia kolxebs zemoT, xmeleTze. aqedan gamomdinareoben fasisis
wyaroebi _ an es mTaa kolxeTSi, amarantionad wodebuli, saidanac Camodis fasisi~ (iqve, gv. 96). amaranto miaCnia fasisis saTaved aseve Zv.w,. V-IV saukuneebis
avtors ktezia knidosels (iqve, gv. 95). amartanos mTebi igive mosxis anu mesxeTis
mTebia _ sperSi.
mesxeTis mTebi _ `pliniusi (gard. ax.w. 79 wels) da iuli soloni (ax.w. III s.) md.
fazisis saTaved miiCneven mosxebis, anu mesxebis (mesxeTis) mTebs. pirveli amaTgani
aRniSnavs, rom `fazisi saTaves iRebs mosxebis samflobeloebSi~, xolo meore wers
suraTovnad `mosxiis mTebi gadmoanTxeven faziss~ (iqve, gv. 96). vaxuStis kvleviT
`mosxis~ (mesxeTis) mTebi sper-arzrumis raionSia.
kavkasiis mTebi _ aristotele (382-322) wers _ `kavkasiidan sxva mraval (raodenobiT da sididiT) ganTqmul mdinareebs garda, modis fazisi~ (iqve, gv. 97). wmida
basili didi (IV.) aRniSnavs _ `fazisi gamomdinare kavkasionis mTebidan~. wm.
ambrosi mediolanumeli ambobs _ `fazisi gamoedineba CrdiloeTis mxriT kavkasiis
mTebidan da sxvebTan erTad erTvis evqsinis zRvas~. amave azrs imeorebs iulius
honori (V s.) _ `fazisi saTaves iRebs velSi, kavkasiis mTis ZirSi, uerTdeba
126

pontos zRvas, momdinareobs 805 mili~ (iqve, gv. 97).. prokofi kesarieli wers _
`fazisi mdinarea, kavkasiis mTebidan Camoedineba~ (iqve, gv. 89).
wm. ambrosi mediolanumeli gasagebad wers, rom ,,fazisi gamoedineba CrdiloeTis mxriT kavkasiis mTebidan", maSasadame jer kavkasiis mTebia da misgan gamomdinare fazisi CrdiloeTiT miemarTeba-,,gamoedineba CrTiloeTis mxriT". e.i. fazisi
samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT miedineba. romeli mdinare miemarTeba kavkasiaSi asesamxreTidan CrdiloeTiT? aseTia mxolod Woroxi, is gamoedineba mcire kavkasiis
Crdilo ferdebidan da miemarTeba CrdiloeTiT, ase dis ramenime aseuli kilometri da mxolod Semdeg uxvevs dasavleTisaken. rioni ki gamoedineba didi
kavkasionis samxreT ferdidan da dis ara CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, aramed
dasavleTiTa da samxreTiT. maSasadame cnobili avtorebi ,,kavkasiis mTebs" uwodeben
mcire kavkasiis mTianeTs-sper-WaneTis mxares, romelic yovelTvis qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

prokofi kesarieli fasisis Sesaxeb

Woroxi kavkasorTan (prokofis kavkasia, sakavkasiZeo,
kavkasori)
prokofi kesarieli md. fazisTan dakavSirebiT axsenebs sityva kavkasias. is
wers, rom armeniis mTebidan gamomavali fazisi kavkasiis mTasTan mkveTrad uxvevs
marcxniv. Cveni kvleviT ,,kavkasiis mTis~ qveS prokofi gulisxmobs karCxalis mTas,
romelic aiZulebs mdinare Woroxs mkveTrad mouxvios marcxniv.
dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Cven ar gvxvdeba toponimi ,,kavkasia~.
es saxeli saerTod ucxod aRiqmeba iqaur mcxovrebTaTvis, magram gansxvavebuli
viTarebaa mesxeT-liganSi - Woroxis auzis mxareebSi, aq istoriulad arsebobda
vrceli olqi ,,sakavkasiZeo~, romelic mniSvnelovani regioni iyo saqarTvelosaTvis.
aRmoCnda swored karCxlis mTis raionSi, e.i. liganis (livanis) xeobaSi toponimi ,,kavkasori~ amJamad cocxalia da xalxur metyvelebaSia asaxuli.
,,kavkasori~ aris adgilis saxeli arTvinidan rva kilometris daSorebiT (r.
malaymaZe, liganis xeoba, 2008, gv. 139)-karCxalis mTaze.
karCxalis mTa axloa liganTan, sadac, rogorc iTqva, erT-erTi adgilis saxelia ,,kavkasori~. unda vifiqroT, rom prokofis dros kavkasiis mTis saxelis mqone
masivi, romelic aiZulebda fasiss marcxriv gaexvia, aris karCxalis mTa Woroxis
xeobaSi. swored misi mwvervalis saxelia kavkasori. internetSi dadebulia am
mwverval ,,kavkasoris" mravali xedi, aq xalxi ikribeba sadResaswaulod da cnobili adgilia, aq imarTeba e.w. ,,kavkasoris festivali". es mTa imiTaa aRsaniSnavi,
rom mis ferdTan samxreTidan momdinare Woroxi mkveTrad uxvevs dasavleTisaken,
ise, rogorc wers fasisis Sesaxeb prokofi.
aqve SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom Woroxis xeobaSi dResac zogierTi toponimi
emsgavseba prokofis mier moxmobil saxelebs, magaliTad, misi ,,quTaTisi~ SesaZloa areklili iyos Tanamedrove ubnis saxelSi ,,quTureTi~, romelic maradidTan mdebareobs. arc Tu moSorebiT sofel SoubanTan axlos Caedineba mdinare
127

,,katafxias wyali~ (Woroxis marjvena Senakadi). am sityvaSic gvaqvs Ziri ,,kat~, rac
msgavsia ,,quT~ ,,kut~ Zirisa, romelsac prokofi xmarobs. aqve, mis mezobladaa
,,klaskuris wyali~, SeuZlebelia misi saxeli ar mivamsgavsoT prokofis mier
naxseneb ,,klisuras~.

fasisi
Woroxs saTaveSi erqva `akamfsisi~, Sua wels boasi vidre imerxevis SesarTavamde, md. imerxevidan Woroxs erqva `fasisi~, anu erT mdinares sxvadasxva monakveTebSi erqva sxvadasxva saxeli (akamfsisi, boasi da fasisi). amitom prokofi roca
wers _ xosrom gadalaxa boasi da moeqca fasisis marcxniv niSnavs imas, rom
xosrom gadalaxa Woroxi, Semdeg gaagrZela gza petrasaken Woroxis marcxena
sanapiroTi, magram am monakveTze Woroxs ukve erqva _ fasisi, e.i. fasisi mis
marjvniv moeqca.

md. fasisi

swrafia

`am mdinares siRrme aqvs sxvebze ara naklebi, siganiT did manZilzea gadaWimuli.
siswrafec mas iseTi aqvs, rom zRvaSi Casuli is karga manZilze calke mimdinareobs
ise, rom mas ar uerTdeba, amitom iq menaosneTaTvis mosaxerxebelia Sua zRvaSi miiRon
sasmeli wyali~ _ wers prokofi kesarieli (georgika, II, gv. 113). md. fasisis siCqarisa
da siswrafis Sesaxeb igives wers arianec, is aseve aRwers Sav zRvaSi SerTuli
fasisis wylis calke mdinarebas (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 3738).
prokofi sxvaganac wers, rom fasisi, saTaveSi boasad, xolo adgilobrivi
mkvidrebis mier akamfsisad wodebuli, zRvas uerTdeba Zalze didi siCqariT:
`misi damorCileba zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas SeuZlebeli xdeba, vinaidan
iseTi siswrafiTa da simwvaviT uerTdeba da iseTi didi xmaurobiT miiwevs win,
rom zRvis karga moSorebiT momdinarec SeuZlebels qmnis zRvaSi Securvas. ase
rom, pontos am adgilas mcuravni verc Sig lazikeSi axerxeben Senavebas (naviT
Securvas) da verc iqidan gamosvlas da verc axlos gacurvas, vinaidan arsad ar
SeuZliaT daimorCilon wylis mdinareba, aramed Sors unda gavidnen zRvaSi,
sadme Sua pontoSi mividnen da ise aicdinon mdinaris SesarTavi. ai, rac mindoda meTqva boasis Sesaxeb~ (georgika, II, gv. 123).
aq unda SevniSnoT, rom SesarTavTan rioni ara Tu swrafi, aramed Zalze mdore
mdinarea. am niSniT -SesarTavTan siswrafiT-Woroxi ufro miagavs fasiss.

fasisi da boasi
prokofi kesarielis sityviT, mdinare fasisi gamoedineba WaneTis qveynidan. is
wers - ,,armeniis mosazRvred cxovroben Wanebi, mTagorian qveyanaSi, saidanac
gamoedineba fasisi~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 53). saTaveSi md. fasiss boassac uwodebdnen, prokofi mis Sesaxeb wers, rom md. boasi Wanebisa da persarmenelebis mezoblad gamoedineba (iqve, gv. 60). es mdinare (boasi) WaneTis mTebidan gamosvlis
Semdeg wyalmcirea, mis marjvniv iberiaa, pirispir ki kavkasiis mTa. ,,kavkasias~
128

ucxoelebi qarTul qveyana ,,sakavkasiZeos~, anu mcire kavkasias uwodebdnen. kerZod berZnebi TavianTi mogzaurobis dros jer samxreT kavkasiis mTianeTs xvdebodnen. boasi Tu Woroxia, mis marjvniv namdvilad iyo mesxeTis qveyana, kerZod ki
artaani (es iyo iberia), xolo mis win aRmarTuli iyo karCxlis qedi (es iyo
berZnebisTvis kavkasia), sadac boasi ukve wyaluxvi xdeboda da saxelic ecvleboda - mas ukve fasisad moixseniebdnen. prokofi wers - ,,is izrdeba Zalian da
nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fasisad wodebuli ganagrZobs mdinarebas~ (iqve, gv.
100).

fasisi Woroxia eqvTime mTawmindelis TvalsazrisiT

istorikosebisaTvis cnobilia, rom Zvel qarTvel mTargmnelebs, saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida mamebs ,,fasisi~ Woroxad aqvT gadmocemuli, rasac miuTiTebs s. janaSia (s. janaSia, Sromebi, VI, gv. 254). marTlac, eqvTime mTawmideli
wmida mociqulis andrias cxovrebis aRmwereli berZnuli teqstis Targmnisas sityva ,,fasiss~ Woroxs ufardebs. magaliTad Sesabamisi adgili ase Targmnes - ,,xolo didebuli andrea sxvaTa maT Tana movidodes qalaqiT-qalaqad
da sofliTi-soflad, aswavebdes erTa da iqmodes saswaulTa da esreT moiwines qveyanad qarTlisa da vidre mdinaredmde Woroxisa daucxromlad qadagebdes saxelsa RmrTisasa~ (mimosvla andria mociqulisa, 2008, gv. 189).
eqvTime mTawmindels ,,iberia~ gadmoaqvs viTarca - ,,qarTli~, ,,abazgia~ - afxazeTi, ,,alanike~ - `ovseTi~, ,,lazike~ - sofeli megrelTa anda samegrelo, am
wyebaSia sityva ,,fasisi~, romelic iTargmna - Woroxad (iqve, gv. 108).

naosnoba Woroxze g. yazbegis mixedviT

Tavisi drois gamoCenilma mkvlevarma giorgi yazbegma XIX s-is 70-ian wlebSi
ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis davalebiT imogzaura da gamowvlilviT
aRwera ,,TurqeTis saqarTvelo~ anu klarjeT-lazeTi. man sakuTari TvaliT ixila Woroxze naosnoba.
Woroxze misi cnobiT dacuravda 80 navi. ,,arTvinis xidis qveS aqauri navebis misadgomia. es navebi veneciur gondolebs waagavs da wablis xisgan mzaddeba. maT brtyeli fskeri aqvT, sigrZe 25 nabijia, sigane sami nabiji. navebis es
forma gamocdilebiT gamomuSavda da Zveli kolxeTis droidan modis. Zvel
mwerlebs aRwerili aqvT es navebi, axali mecnierebic amas eyrdnobian da
askvnian, rom fasisi rioni ki ara, Woroxia. rogoradac ar unda iyos, am Zvelma
monapovarma kargi samsaxuri gagviwia - 2,5 saaTSi Cven gaviareT TiTqmis 30
versi arTvinidan borCxamde, maSin, roca Zveli gziT gagzavnilebma Cvenma sapalneebma 9 saaTi dahyves. arTvinis xidTan wylis siCqare 1 wuTSi 200 nabijs
129

udris ...wylis dinebis nebaze miSvebuli navi saaTSi 8 verss gaivlis, magram
sami xofis ZaliT es siCqare mniSvnelovnad izrdeba... Woroxis locmanebi
imdenad daxelovnebulebi arian, rom maT sruliad SeiZleba endoT. isini
navSi 200 fuTamde tvirTs aTavseben da TiTqos carieliao ise mihyavT farvateris zigzagebSi. gamoucdeli TvalisaTvis gaugebaria, rogor SeiZleba mZimed
datvirTuli navi aseT winaRobebSi, kldeebs Soris gaataro... ubeduri SemTxvevebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba da es aris arTvineli menaveebis saukeTeso rekomendacia~ (giorgi yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, 1995, gv. 114).
giorgi yazbegis azriT, arTvinidan baTumamde naviT mgzavrobas esaWiroeboda
4-5 saaTi, Tumca iqve eTanxmeba erT-erTi evropeli mecnieris Tvalsazriss, rom
amisaTvis saWiroa 9 saaTi (iqve, gv. 154). magram ukan dabrunebisaTvis baTumidan
arTvinSi, navebs esaWiroebodaT 4 anda zogjer 5 dRe - ,,am SemTxvevaSi baTumSi
datvirTuli navebi dinebis sapirispirod saWapano lafetebiT miaqvT~. Woroxis
samdinaro-sanaosno gzas XIX s-Sic ar daukargavs Tavisi saerTaSoriso savaWro
mniSvneloba. g. yazbegi wers - ,,meore welia, rac ingliseli vaWrebis kompaniam
daiwyo yarsis da SavSeTis puris Sesyidva da baTumSi tvirTis Woroxis gziT
gagzavna~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, 1995, gv. 115).
ingliseli vaWrebi puris marcvals yidulobdnen ZiriTadad yarsis olqSi,
iqedan saxmeleTo gziT gadahqondaT q. arTvinamde, aqedan ki ukve samdinaro gziT,
anu Woroxis navebiT CahqondaT baTumSi - ,,arTvinamde puris didi nawili qurTebs
gadmoaqvT sapalne jorebiTa da cxenebiT, Semdeg ki navebiT miacureben. mimdinare
1874 wels erTi kompaniis agentma arTvinidan (baTumSi Woroxis gziT) - 44 aTasi
fuTi xorbali gagzavna. yarsidan baTumamde erTi fuTi xorblis Catana mis
fasTan erTad erTi maneTi jdeba~ (iqve, gv. 115).
XIX s-Si q. ribinskSi (ruseTi) yofila puriT vaWrobis centri. g. yazbegi
arTvins am mniSvnelobiT adarebs ribinsks da miaCnia, rom ,,arTvins puriT vaWrobaSi
ruseTis ribinskis mniSvneloba aqvs~ (iqve, gv. 115). puriT vaWrobis garda, arTvinidan aseve samdinaro gziT baTumSi gadahqondaT regionis xili, gansakuTrebiT ki
zeTisxili. amasTanave, amave Woroxis gziT navebiT ezidebodnen baTumisaken daxerxil xe-tyis masalasa da aseve meTuneobis nawarms - agursa da kramits ,,arTvinidan borCxamde Woroxi miedineba kldovan kedlebs Soris, romelTa gverdiT moCans kargi tyeebi da mravali sofeli. mdinaris napirze Cven davTvaleT 6
saxerxi da 6 agur-kramitis da erTi kiris qarxana. am masalebis mTel marags
baTumi liganidan Rebulobs~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. gv. 116).
Woroxis samdinaro gzaze gaCaRebuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gamo, mTeli
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba - Woroxis sanapiro qalaqebis - arTvinisa da borCxas
mcxovrebni - faqtiurad mxolod menaveobas misdevdnen. ar amuSavebdnen miwas, ar
mohyavdaT mosavali, amasTanave arc mecxoveleobas misdevdnen, isini ojaxebs mxolod menaveobiT arCendnen - g. yazbegi wers q. borCxasTan dakavSirebiT:
,,rqiani pirtyvi da cxeni aq sul ar aris. yvela mcxovrebi navTmSeneblobas,
menaveobas da Tixis WurWlis damzadebas misdevs. mcxovrebTagan aravin Tesavs da
mkis, ris gamoc puris mTel marags fuliT yiduloben. yvela ojaxs aqvs Tavisi
navi, romelic pirutyvs cvlis~ (iqve, gv. 116).
g. yazbegi eTanxmeba azrs, rom arTvinidan baTumamde samdinaro gziT aris 82
130

versi. Woroxis sigane aWariswylis qvemoT wyaldidobis dros 400-mde nabijia

(iqve, gv. 254).

sanaosno mdinare Woroxi (fasisi)

d. baqraZis mixedviT

sabWoTa epoqis mkvlevarebis mtkicebiT md. Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno, radganac

,,Woroxi miuwvdomeli iyo zRvidan navis Sesacureblad" (o. lorTqifaniZe `argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, 1986, gv. 46). Cveni arqeologebi da istorikosebi
darwmunebiT weren, rom Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno da TiTqosda mxolod rioni iyo
aseTi (e.i.sanaosno). es aris mniSvnelovani Secdoma, romelic ukan swevs lazikis
Seswavlis saqmes. sinamdviles mecnieruli siRrmiT gvamcnoben gamoCenili mkvlevarebi.
d. baqraZe wignSi `mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi~ (1987 w.) wers: `baTumidan
oTx-xuT versze gaedineba mdinare Woroxi. is aris mdore da uxmo. masze aRmadaRma mimodian datvirTuli navebi. mdinare Woroxis marjvena napirs mihyveba
lazistanSi yvelaze saukeTeso gza. es gza dolognis qvemoT gadadis Woroxis
marcxena napirze da gasdevs mdinare Woroxs maradidamde da gadava kvlav marjvena napirze, gaivlis sof. borCxas da Sedis qalaq arTvinSi, Semdeg qalaq baiburTSi, Semdeg SeuerTdeba did Saragzas, romelic aerTebs arzrumsa da yarss erTmaneTTan.
mdinare Woroxi saTaves iRebs mTebSi lazistansa da arzrumis safaSoebis
sazRvarze. Woroxis auzi qmnis uzarmazar tafobs, romelic yoveli mxridan
SemozRudulia maRali WiuxebiT.
Woroxis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Senakadebi marjvena mxridan aris TorTomiswyali, olTiswyali, artanujiswyali, aWariswyali da sxvebi. mdinare Woroxi
mniSvnelovani sanaosno arteriaa. masze arTvinisa da zRvis SesarTavSive dacuravs orasamde brtyelZira navi anu kaiuki. naosnoba mTel weliwads SeiZleba,
garda gazafxulisa, roca dineba Zalze swrafia. navebi axlomaxlo mcxovrebT
ekuTvniT. akeTeben naZvis an fiWvis xisagan, Rirs 1500 yuruSi. navis sigrZe 50
futia, gani 4-5 futi. Woroxze navebiT asvla zRvis SesarTavidan borCxamde 3-4
dReSi SeiZleba, xolo qveviT zRvamde naviT mgzavroba SeiZleba 8-10 saaTi. erTi
navi itevs 300 baTmanamde tvirTs. am navebiT ezidebian yovel adgilobriv nawarms
_ erbos, xils, tyavs, daxerxil ficrebs, Tixis WurWels, kramits. Tixis WurWeli da
kramiti miaqvT borCxadan baTumSi, xofaSi da trapizonSic (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri
mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 36).
d. baqraZis am Canaweridan Cans, rom Zveli avtorebis mdinare fazisi ZiriTadad aris ara mdinare rioni, aramed mdinare Woroxi, radganac Zveli avtorebis
cnobebiT mdinare fasisi iyo sanaosno da masze mdinariT gadahqondaT mniSvnelovani tvirTebi. marTlac, rogorc zemoT moyvanili aRweridan Cans, Woroxis xeobis mosaxleobas Tavisi savaWro produqcia brtyelZira navebiT gadahqonda baTumSi, rizesa da trapizonSi, xolo rac Seexeba mdinare rions kalapotis
xSiri cvlis gamo, ufro mouxerxebeli iyo naosnobisaTvis da mas adgilobrivi
131

mkvidri mosaxleoba faqtiurad ver iyenebda. xolo mdinare Woroxi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis aReb-micemobis sasicocxlo arterias warmoadgenda. amitomac migvaCnia, rom Zveli avtorebis mixedviT mdinare fasisi ufroa mdinare
Woroxi. mdinare Woroxze borCxis xevTan axlos mdebareobs mdinare liganis
xevi.
gansakuTrebulad avRniSnoT, rom Zveli berZeni da romaeli avtorebis cnobiT, mdinare fazisis erT-erTi Senakadi aris mdinare glavki. Cveni azriT, mdinare
liganis xevi SeiZleba iyos igive mdinare glavki etimologiuri msgavsebis gamo.
SeiZleba SeniSvnis saxiT aRvniSnoT: samxreT saqarTveloSi mdinare mtkvarze
aris adgili saxelwodebiT likani.
sityvebis likanisa da liganis xevis etimologiuri msgavseba gvavaraudebinebs, rom mdinare glavki fasiss uerTdeboda swored samxreT saqarTveloSi da
ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rac kidev erTxel gvafiqrebinebs, rom fasisi Woroxs
erqva da ara rions. garda amisa, Woroxis xeobaSi, kolasa da artaanis gverdiT,
mdebareobda qveyana, romlis saxeli iyo livani. d. baqraZis cnobiT, livanis
saxeliT cnobilia Woroxis xeoba aWaris wylis SesarTavidan ispiris sazRvramde. es unda iyos vaxuStis liganis xevi anu qarTuli matianeebis ligani. am
sityvebTan liganis, nigalis an likanis etimologiuri msgavseba udavoa, amitomac aseTi etimologiuri damTxvevebi uyuradRebod ar unda iqnas datovebuli
Woroxisa da fasisis igiveobis mtkicebis dros.
Zveli avtorebisa da maT Soris strabonis cnobiT, mdinare fasisze gadebuli
iyo asze meti xidi. visac Tavisi TvaliT uxilavs mdinare rioni da icis masze
gadebuli xidebis raodenoba, warmoudgenlad miiCnevs, rom mdinare rionze odesme asi xidi yofiliyo gadebuli. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia is, rom mdinare rioni
mudmivad icvlida kalapots, is miedineba vakeze, romelic nulovan anu zRvis
donezea gadaWimuli. amis gamo rions uWirda Tavisi wylis zRvaSi Setana da
mudmivad icvlida kalapots, narionalebi amis Sedegia. md. rions aqvs ganieri
kalapoti da icis Zalze didi adideba, romelic did winaaRmdegobas warmoadgenda Zvelad xidebis mSeneblobisTvis, miT umetes im periodis mSeneblobisaTvis.
mdinare rionisTvis ufro iyo damaxasiaTebeli masze gadebuli boranebi, riTac
xalxi ukavSirdeboda erTi napiridan meores. strabonis cnoba, rom mdinare
fasisze 120 xidi iyo gadebuli, ar gvaeWvebs. amis safuZvels warmoadgens is, rom
d. baqraZem marTlac naxa Tavisi TvaliT mdinare Woroxis mimdebare mquxare
mdinareebze gadebuli uZvelesi saocari xidebi. es is xidebia, romelsac Cveni
xalxi uwodebs Tamaris TaRovan xidebs. aseTi xidebis gadeba SeiZleboda viwro
kldovani kalapotis mqone im mdinareebze, romelTa sanapiroebi maRla iyo aziduli, xolo TviT mdinare Rrma xevSi miedineboda. amitomac erTi kldovani napiridan meore kldovan napirze konstruqciulad SesaZlebeli iyo TaRovani xidis
gadeba. d. baqraZe wers, rom aseTi xidebi mas yvelgan xvdeboda. aWaraSi, kerZod, mas
TaRovani xidebi Sexvedria qedaSi, cxmorisSi, dandaloSi, Wvanasa da furtioSi.
aseTive xidebi, misi cnobiT, agebuli yofila TurqeTis, e.i. SavSeT-klarjeTis
sxvadasxva adgilas. saqarTvelos maxloblad erTi aseTi xidis saSualo zoma
yofila 40 arSini. d. baqraZis cnobiT, aseTi xidi konstruqciulad warmoadgens
wesier TaRs, gadebuls erTi napiridan meore napirze uburjod, SeduRabebulia
kiriT da saukuneebis manZilze dganan.
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aRsaniSnavia, rom d. baqraZem TaRovani xidebi naxa kintriSis xeobaSi xulosa

da cxenmolaSi. am xidis sigrZe yofila 35 nabiji da sigane 5 nabiji. ase rom,
fasisis 120 xidi gadebuli yofila ara mdinare rionze, aramed mdinare Woroxis
xeobis piras gamavali gzis sxvadasxva monakveTebze. es uflebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT,
rom mdinare fasisSi ar igulisxmeba mdinare rioni.
Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, mdinare fasisis erT-erTi Senakadi iyo md. boasi.
CvenSi gavrcelebuli TvalsazrisiT, berZnuli sityva boasi aRniSnavs yvirilas
da amitomac am sityvas ucxoelebi uwodebdnen md. yvirilas. marTlac, imereTis
mdinare yvirila uerTdeba md. rions, mdinare yvirilas axlos Zirulas napirze
mdebareobs Zveli cixe-simagre Sorapani. miuxedavad aseTi damTxvevebisa, Cveni azriT,
Zveli avtorebis boasi anu yvirila erqva ara imereTSi gamaval mdinares, aramed md.
Woroxis Senakads. guriaSic gaedineba mdinare, romlis saxeli aris `yviriliswyali~. es mdinare uerTdeba mdinare sufsas da aRsaniSnavia, gansakuTrebiT isic, rom
mdinare sufsaze Sua saukuneebSi arsebobda cixe-simagre, romlis saxeli iyo `Sorapani~, igive gurianTa. ase rom, Cven mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvqonda ori
mdinare yvirila da ori cixe-simagre Sorapani., prokofis sityviT, md. boasi iyo
fasisis saxeli saTaveSi. md. Woroxis marcxena Senakadebia mquxare mTis mdinareebi
forCxas wyali, murRuli an xatilas wyali, romlebic arTvinidan goniomde uerTdebian md. Woroxs. SavSeTSic iyo md. yvirila.
Zveli avtorebi, gansakuTrebiT prokofi kesarieli, aRweren lazeTis gzebs.
maTi cnobebiT, gzebi lazeTSi gadioda mTebsa da miuval Wiuxebze Znelad
gasavlel adgilebSi, sadac zogjer venaxica da xexilic ki ar iyo gaSenebuli.
Tu lazeTi aris igive rionis xeoba da misi dablobi, maSin Zneli asaxsnelia, Tu
romel gzebs moixsenieben Zveli avtorebi, radganac gzebi rionis dablobze
ZiriTadad gadioda WaobebSi. dablobSi mdinare rionTan Cven arsad ar gvxvdeba
kldovani adgilebi da iseTi adgilebi, romelsac aRwers prokofi kesarieli.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rionis dablobze Zvel dros gzebi nakleb iyo gayvanili. amis mizezi unda yofiliyo rionis xeobis daWaobebis gamo iq gavrcelebuli
cieba da malaria. es daavadeba musrs avlebda adgilobriv mosaxleobas. amis
Sesaxeb icodnen ucxoelebmac, amitomac yovelnairad Tavs aridebdnen rionis
dablobSi moZraobas.
zemoTmoyvanilis gamo, rionTan gzebi gadioda ara dablob-vakeSi, aramed mTebsa da miuval adgilebSi, magaliTad, visac misvla undoda quTaisSi Tu vanSi, is
ara zRvis mxridan miadgeboda aRniSnul punqtebs, aramed gadaivlida aWaraguriis qedebs da ise mividoda iq. ase moiqca, magaliTad, d. baqraZe, romelmac
aRniSnuli mTis gzebi ganvlo, raTa moexila guriis cnobili cixe-simagre vaSnari. d. baqraZe kidevac aRniSnavs amis Sesaxeb. is, magaliTad, wers: `uReltexilze
avediT Tu ara, Tvalwin gadagveSala rionis xeoba misi gauvali WaobebiT, malarias rom avrcelebs mTels rionispira guriaSi~ (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, 1987, gv. 210). ai, swored am malariis gamo gzebi ar
gayavdaT rionis xeobaSi. maSasadame, rionis xeoba ar aris is qveyana, romelsac
Zveli avtorebi lazeTs uwodebdnen, radganac lazeTSi gzebi kldeebze gadioda,
rogorc es aRvniSneT. d. baqraZe Tavis wignSi sxvaganac aRniSnavs rionis mavne
havis Sesaxeb, is wers: `guriaSi mavne haviT gamoirCeva rogorc Savi zRvis sana133

piroebi, aseve gansakuTrebiT Coxatauris qedis Crdilo mTiswineTebi, romelic

savsea liebiTa da WaobebiT da xels uwyobs ciebis gavrcelebas. guriis danarCeni nawili aWara-guriis qedis mTiswineTia, amitom Waobs ar aCerebs Tavis niadagSi.
dro da dro mZvinvarebs cieba, ar ician rogor daicvan Tavi metismetad teniani
haerisagan. visac aqauri wvimebi ar unaxavs, ver warmoidgens maT Zalasa da xangrZlivobas. kokispiruli wvimebi grZeldeba DdReebiTa da kviraobiTac~. (iqve, gv.
89). aseve iyo vake imereTsa da samegreloSi.
ciebas sxva regionSic ver aridebdnen Tavs, miTumetes, rionis xeobaSi, sadac
Waobisa da mudmivi talaxis gamo gzebis gayvana SeuZlebeli iyo Zvel epoqaSi. aq
gzebi, faqtiurad, axlac ar aris gayvanili. foTi-senakisa da foTi-urekis damakavSirebeli gzebi mxolod XIX-XX saukuneebSi iqna gayvanili ruseTis imperiisa da
sabWoTa kavSiris, msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifoebis ZalisxmeviT. ase rom, arc
prokofi kesarieli da arc Zveli avtorebi lazeTis gzebis aRwerisas ar gulisxmoben rionis xeobas. maTi lazeTi, rogorc iTqva, klarjeT-aWara-guria da trapizonis regionia.

strabonis aRwerili fasisis

120 xids mogvagonebs
d. baqraZis aRwerili xidebi
`2 saaTze sxalTaSi mivedi, sadac Zeli TaRovani xidiT gadavediT, romelic
sxalTiswylis orive napirs akavSirebs. unda aRvniSnoT, rom aseTi xidebi aWaraSi yvelgan gvxvdeba, saxeldobr: saRoreTTan, qedaSi, cximorisSi, dondaloSi, WvanarTasa da furtioSi da garda amisa, gvxvdeba Curuqsus mTian nawilSic. aseTive
xidebi aRniSnulia Turquli aziis sxvadasxva adgilas... yvela maTganis konstruqcia friad originaluria: es sxva araferia, Tu ara lamazi, wesieri TaRebi,
gabedulad gadatyorcnili erTi napiridan meoreze umoajirod da uburjod...
SeduRabebuli kiriT... isini kargadaa Senaxuli, saukuneebis manZilze dganan,
rogorc Cans, sruliad SeukeTeblad (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa
da aWaraSi, 1987, gv. 53).

Woroxi sanaosnoa
`baTumidan 4-5 versze gamoCnda mdinare Woroxi, romelic mdored da uxmod
miagorebda mRvrie wyals da romelzec datvirTuli navebi aRma-daRma mimodiodnen. gza, romliTac Cven mivdiodiT, saukeTesoa lazistanis safaSoSi~. (d. baqraZe,
arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, 1987, gv. 35).
`yvelaze mniSvnelovan Senakadebs Woroxi marjvnidan ierTebs, es aris TorTomiswyali, olTiswyali,. artanujiswyali, aWariswyali da sxva.
md. Woroxi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom, rogorc amboben, masSi 200-mde
brtyelZira navi anu kaiuki dacuravs arTvinsa da Woroxis SesarTavs Soris.
naosnoba mTel weliwads SeiZleba, garda gazafxulisa, roca Tovli dneba da
dineba Zalze swrafia. navebi axlo-maxlo soflebis mcxovrebT ekuTvnis. maT
naZvis an fiWvis xisagan akeTeben, navis sigrZe 50 futamdea, gani _ 4-5 futi. zeviT
134

svlas (arTvinamde) 3-4 dRe sWirdeba, xolo qveviT navmisadgomamde _ 8-10 saaTi,
itevs 300 baTmanamde tvirTs. am navebiT ezidebian yvela adgilobriv nawarms:
erbos, xils, tyavs, ficrebs, WurWelsa da kramits. Tixis WurWeli miaqvT baTumSi,
xofasa da trapizonSi (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi,
1987, gv. 36).
`livanis saxeliT cnobilia Woroxis xeoba aWariswylis SesarTavidan ispiramde. esaa, vaxuStis mixedviT liganisxevi, anu qarTuli matianeebiT _ nigali.
livanis dasaxlebuli punqtebia: maradidi, borCxa, arTvini, artanuji, berTa,
anCa, parxali~ (iqve, gv. 41). `es xidi TaRiviTaa gadebuli aWariswyalze~ (gv. 43).
albaT, aseTi iyo is 120 xidi, romlebic md. fazisze iyo gadebuli.

naosnoba, navTmSenebloba da navmisadgomebi

md. Woroxze e. veidenbaumis mixedviT
sabWouri epoqis samecniero wreebSi gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, TiTqosda
mdinare Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno misi Cqari dinebis gamo. mkvlevari wers ,,cnobilia, rom mdinare rioni Sorapanamde sanaosnod gamosadegi iyo da misi
meSveobiT xorcieldeba satranzito saqonlis gadazidva, rasac ver gaviziarebT
mdinare Woroxze, misi Cqari dinebisa da maRali mTebidan qva-RorRis Sav zRvaSi
Cadinebis mizeziT~ (krebuli ,,cotneideli~ t. II, 2008, gv. 98). sinamdvileSi Woroxi
iyo TiTqmis erTaderTi arteria misi auzis mimdebare regionebisaTvis, saidanac
am mdinaris saSualebiT navebiT gadaizideboda xorbali, produqtebi, zeTisxili,
samSeneblo masala (kramiti, aguri). aseve xis daxerxili masala baTumisaken, xolo
baTumidan isev navebiT arTvinisaken gadaizideboda ZiriTadad qsovilebi da
fufunebis sagnebi. amis Sesaxeb kargad aRweren d. baqraZe, e. veidenbaumi da sxvebi.
ase rom mdinare Woroxi iyo sanaosno, masze arsebobda navmisadgomebi, adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba ki saukeTeso navTmSenebelni da menaveni iyvnen. sabWoTa epoqaSi
sazRvris Caketvis gamo aikrZala navebiT curva arTvinidan baTumamde da iseTi
STabeWdileba Camoyalibda, TiTqosda Woroxi saerTod ar iyo sanaosno. amitomac
sainteresoa e. veidenbaumis monaTxrobi amasTan dakavSirebiT. es sakiTxi CvenTvis
imiTaa saintereso, rom ukavSirdeba saeklesio iurisdiqciis sakiTxs. am kuTxiT
iyo Tu ara naosnoba mdinare Woroxze mniSvnelovani momentia, radganac mdinare
fazisze namdvilad iyo naosnoba SesarTavidan 30 km. manZilze, punqt sarapanamde.
sad iyo sarapana, romeli mdinarea fazisi, am sakiTxis kvlevisaTvis, rogorc
vTqviT, sainteresoa e. veidenbaumis monaTxrobi.
1878 wels ruseTis xelisuflebis davalebiT, Tavisi drois dakvirvebulma
mecnierma evgeni veidenbaumma naviT (kaiukiT) imogzaura arTvinidan baTumamde.
samdinaro gza, romliTac iqamde mniSvnelovani tvirTebi gadahqondaT inglisel
da somex vaWrebs, regionis SemoerTebis Semdgom rusebis interesis sagnad iqca. e.
veidenbaumi ase aRwers am samdinaro gzas Woroxze:
,,zustad 8 saaTze gavudeqiT gzas. navSi eqvsni viyaviT, Tu ar CavTvliT sam
meniCbes. navi brtyelZiriania, misi Ziri or saJens udris, cxviri da kiCo erTnair135

ad msxvilwveriani aqvs da konstruqciiT arafriT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

navebi mzaddeba wablis xisagan, sofel maradidSi. erT navs SeuZlia zidos 100
fuTiani tvirTi da imisdamixedviT, Tu ra raodenobisaa igi fraxti arTvinidan
baTumamde Rirs 10-dan 15 maneTamde. Cven gadavixadeT 12 maneTi. imis gamo, rom navi
mTlad myari ar aris - mgzavrebi Tavsdebian mis ZirSi mjdomare an dawolil
mdgomareobaSi. mis samarTavad oTxi adamiania saWiro - sami zis navis cxvirze,
mokle niCbebiT xelSi, romlebic damagrebulia palubze lafnis rgolebiT.
niCbebis daniSnulebaa, ara imdenad navis moZraobis aCqareba, ramdenadac misTvis
saTanado mimarTulebis micema. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi wyali Semoabrunebs mas
dinebis gardi-gardmo. niCbebis mosmas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs im adgilebSi, sadac viwrobi, an Cqeria da sadac wyali mkveTrad uxvevs. navi mkveTrad
miemarTeba gamoSverili kldisken, romelsac dineba exeTqeba. marjve mesaWe kldisagan garkveuli manZilis daSorebiT swrafad abrunebs saWes. meniCbeebi mTeli
ZaliT awvebian niCbebs da navi mieqaneba dinebis mimarTulebiT ise, rom kldes
odnav aacdens kiCos. zogjer es fandebi sakmarisi ar aris, dineba iseTi swrafia
da iseT mkveTr Semobrunebas akeTebs, rom navi aucileblad Seejaxeboda kldes
Tu ara meniCbeebi. isini WokebiT, romlebic dawyobilia qimis gayolebiT, moxerxebulad aicdenen xolme Sejaxebas.
mesaWe dgas kiCoze xelSi niCbebiT, romlebic amyofebs navs saTanado mdgomareobaSi, an exmareba moxvevebis dros. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi ori niCabi aucilebelia, raTa navi ufro swrafad mobrundes. mesaWe erTi niCbiT usvams win, meoreTi
ki ukumoZraobas akeTebs. navis marTva aseT swraf da mixveul-moxveul mdinareebze did gawafulobas moiTxovs, zogjer iseTi adgilebic ki gvxvdeba, rom warmoudgenelia gavla safrTxis gareSe, magram mesaWis moxerxebulobis, simamacisa
da misi Tvalis sizustis wyalobiT aseT Cqerebs isini mSvidobianad uvlian
gverds. amboben rom ubeduri SemTxvevebi aq Zalian iSviaTia.
zogjer saWesTan navis mepatrone dgas, xan daqiravebuli piri, iseve rogorc
meniCbeebi. yvelas erTnairi anazRaureba aqvs. mesaWes mTeli upiratesoba ki is
aris, rom mas ar uwevs saWmlis momzadeba, es meniCbeTa movaleobaa.
baTumSi mimavali mgzavrebi iSviaTad gaivlian mTel gzas WoroxiT, e.i. ar
gadian zRvaze, radgan es gza grZelia da Tanac navs zRvaSi cota uWirs. isini
gadmosxdebian kopandibis sazRvarTan, sofel elgis cota qvemoT da baTumamde
rCeba raRac 10 versis manZili. am gzis gavlas navi andomebs Svid saaTs. Cveni
menave, romelic warmoSobiT borCxadan aris, gvimtkicebda, rom wyaldidobisas, e.i.
aprilsa da maisSi is gadis am gzas mxolod saaTnaxevarSi. aman Zalian gagvakvirva,
magram ar gvqonda araviTari mizezi ar dagvejerebina misi naTqvami. did wyalSi
navebi aseve dadian imerxevis xididan arTvinamde, imerxevis xidis zemoT sanaosno
kavSiri ar aris. Cveni mogzaurobis dros wylis done Zalian dabali iyo, magram
miuxedavad amisa, wylis fskers mxolod or adgilas Cqerze Seexo.
Woroxze daRma mogzauroba did siamovnebas gvgvris, TiTqos gahyureb swrafad
moZrav panoramas. navi xan isris siswrafiT miqris Cqerebze da iseTi grZnoba
geufleba, TiTqos cigiT eSvebi yinulovani mTidan, xan ki nela midis wyalze,
samagierod mdinaris aRma mogzauroba Zalian momqancvelia, igi grZeldeba (imisda
mixedviT Tu ra raodenobiTaa wyali mdinareSi da rogoria tvirTis moculoba) 4136

5 dRes, wyaldidobisas ki mogzauroba saerTod SeCerebulia, radgan warmoudgenelia am dros mdinaris daZleva. menaveebis Sroma aRma curvisas, marTlac rom
katorRulia - ori-sami fexSiSvela adamiani, muxlebamde wyalSi miaTrevs navs. ori
an erTi awveba navs WokiT, rom ar misces mas napirze amovardnis saSualeba. Cven
bevri eseTi navi Segvxvda gzaze. maT danaxvaze gagvaxsenda burlakebi, oRond im
gansxvavebiT, rom ar gaismoda maTi sevdiani simRera. oTxisnaxevarze gaviareT
aWariswylis SesarTavi, oTx saaTze marcxena mxridan sofeli simorisi (rukaze,
ahmed-efendis TqmiT - simoneTi), Semdeg sofeli elga da 4 saaTsa da 20 wuTze
mivadeqiT napirs kopan-dibis maxloblad, sadac winaswari SeTanxmebiT cxenebi
unda dagvxvedroda... da bolos gamoCnda ganaTebuli baTumi da Svidis naxevarze
mogzauroba davasruleT. manZili arTvinidan kopan-dibamde, wyliT rom gaviangariSoT, rukis mixedviT udris 42 verss. Cveni mogzauroba mdinariT, Tu ar CavTvliT
SeCerebebs, grZeldeboda 6 saaTs. aqedan gamomdinare Tu manZilze rukaze swored
aris naCvenebi, navi mcirewylian mdinareSi gaivlis daaxloebiT 7 verss~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 72-78).
e. veidenbaumis cnobiT arTvinis garda kidev ramdenime adgilas mdinare
Woroxze arsebobda navmisadgomi (navsadguri) da aseve aSenebdnen navebs. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba navTmSeneblobiT iyo dakavebuli. aseTi punqtebi arTvinis
garda yofila borCxasTan da maradidTan. is wers: ,,sofeli borCxa mdebareobs iq,
sadac Cair-su Caedineba mdinare WoroxSi. adgilobrivebi am Senakads Cxalis
wyals uwodeben. sofeli Woroxis napiridan, sadac mdebareobs kaiukebis (navebis)
navmisadgomebi, amfiTeatriviT miemarTeba mTaSi. borCxelebis mTavari saqmianoba
aguris, kramitis da doqebis keTebaa. am nakeTobebiT amarageben Woroxisa da
baTumis sanapiroebs. xvna-Tesvas naklebad etanebian... xnulebi pataraa, mdebareobs
cicabo maRlobze...
borCxaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT aris kaiukebis (navebis) navsadguri. yvelani Woroxze
zemoT da qvemoT dasasveneblad mimavalni aq Cerdebian. amasTan dakavSirebiT aq
duqnebic ki aris sasmelebiTa da nugbariT... navebi (kaiukebi) borCxidan baTumamde
iReben 10 maneTs, xebadan borCxamde navebi (kaiukebi) andomeben 4 saaTs (iqve gv. 58).
e. veidenbaumis TqmiT, kldovanebis gamo Woroxis auzSi urmis an etlis saxeobebi
ucnobia, radganac ,,warmoudgenelic ki iqneba maTi gamoCena viwro, cicabo da
maRal bilikebze, romlebic gzebis rols asruleben~ (iqve, gv. 60). amitom aq yvela
mgzavrobs fexiT an naviT (kaiukiT) (iqve, gv. 61). arTvinSi ar iyo etli, samagierod
hqondaT katarRebi.
Woroxis auzis erT-erT umTavres qalaq arTvinSic ki ,,imis gamo, rom quCebi
viwro da cicaboa, etliT gavlaze laparakic ki zedmetia, urmebic ki ar Cans arTvinis quCebSi. samagierod didi gasavali aqvT katarRebs, romlebic Zalian Zviri
fasobs~ (e. vedenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 67).
Woroxis auzSi, rogorc iTqva, gadaadgileba SeiZleboda fexiT an naviT. cxenebic ki g. yazbegisa da e. veidenbaumis dakvirvebiT aq Zalze cota, SeiZleba
iTqvas arc ki iyo kldianobis gamo, cicabo da maRal bilikebze (gzebze) ,,cxenebic ki TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba arc cxenosnobisaTvis da arc sapalned, Cvens
mier gavlil gzaze baTumidan arTvinamde kaxaberTan mxolod erTxel Segvxvda
ori cxeni da erTi saxedari sapalniT aWaridan, saerTod yvela fexiT dadis,
137

zurgze mogdebuli kalaTebiTa da TofiT... isini SesaniSnavi fexiT mavalni

arian... yvela maTgani raRacnairad, Taviseburad dadis, TiTqos odnav Caimuxleben
siarulisas~ (iqve, gv. 61). g. yazbegi imasac aRniSnavs, rom kldovanebis gamo Woroxis auzis regionebSi naklebia cxenebis sakvebi balaxi. amis gamo (e.i. kldianobis
da ubalaxobis gamo) e. vedenbaumis cnobiT aq mesaqonleobac ar aris ganviTarebuli (iqve, gv. 63). es momenti CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom eTanadeba prokofi
kesarielis cnobas - sparselebs fazisTan, kerZod ki arqeopolisTan 20 000 cxeni
daeRupaT ubalaxobis anu cudi kvebis gamo. rogorc viciT rionis xeobaSi Zalze
kargi balaxi izrdeba, Woroxis xeobaSi ki e. veidenbaumis cnobiT piriqiT balaxi cotaa da mecxeneoba nakleb ganviTarebulia ubalaxobisa da kldianobis
gamo.
Woroxze navsaSeni da navmisadgomi e. veidenbaumma daafiqsira sofel maradidSi, is wers - ,,CavuareT mTels qvemo maradids, Woroxis marcxena mxares, sanapiros gaswvriv. aq Sendeboda navebi (kaiukebi). aqve navmisadgomi~ (iqve, gv. 49).
Woroxis Zalze vrceli auzis tvirTebi, rogorc aRniSna, mdinariT gadaizideboda baTumisaken, kerZod kramiti, sxvadasxva produqtebi, xorbali, zeTisxili, aguri
da sxva. winaT xe-tyis masala, koWebi da ficrebic gadaizidebodao wers is, magram
axla - ,,Woroxis auzis mTeli tye, romlis moWrac ki SeiZleboda, didi xania
moWrili da dacurebulia... amitomac Zalian Zviria~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, gv. 38).
Cans, ara mxolod XIX s-Si, aramed VI saukuneSic xomaldmSeneblobisaTvis
anu sazRvao gemebisaTvis saWiro xis masala Znelad moi poveboda Woroxze
(SesaZloa kldeebidan moWrisa da gadmogdebis dros xis tani ibzareboda da
xomaldmSeneblobisaTvis uvargisi xdeboda). prokofis cnobiT sparselebs Savi
zRvis xomaldebisaTvis saWiro masala petrasaken Sori gzidan miuzidavT. am
mxriv veidenbaumisa da prokofis monaTxrobi erTmaneTs emsgavseba, iseve, rogorc
sxva sakiTxebis aRweris drosac. ase, rom Woroxi samdinaro-savaWro didi magistrali iyo XIX saukuneSic, rogorc fazisi I-VI saukuneebSi strabonisa da
prokofi kesarielis cnobebiT.

n. adonci: boasi Woroxia

`mdinare boa saTaves iRebs farangiasTan axlos, armeniis qveyanaSi, WanikasTan
axlos. boa Seesityveba somxuri geografiis Woroxs, mis zemo dinebas, Woroxis
SesarTavebi ispirSi Zevs. Zveli cnobebiT, spiriditSi iyo oqros sabadoebi, romlebiTac TviT aleqsandre makedoneli dainteresda. am niSnebiT, farangia Seesabameba spers, anu sispiriss~ (n. adonci ,,armenia iustinianes epoqaSi",gv. 26).
prokofi kesarielis cnobiT boasi erqva faziss saTaveebSi. n. adoncis sityviT boa Woroxia. aqedan gamomdinare fazisi Woroxs Seesabameba.
n. adoncis TvalsazrisiT, boasi _ erqva Woroxs artanujiswylamde, anu rac
igivea mdinare imerxevamde. mis qvemoT zRvis mimarTulebiT boass ukve ewodeboda
fazisi, xolo saTaveebTan imave boass adgilobrivi saxeli erqva _ akamfsisi.
roca sparselebma gadakveTes boasi, dauyvnen mis marcxena sanapiros petrasak138

en. am adgilebSi boass ukve fazisi erqva da is jariskacebis marjvniv moeqca. ise
gadakveTes is, rom fazisi marjvniv hqonda

fazisi s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT

amiane marcelines Txzulebis komentirebisas s. yauxCiSvili wers, rom fazisad
zogjer antikur wyaroebSi moixseniebdnen ara mxolod md. Woroxs saTaveSi,
aramed faziss uwodebdnen donsa da yubans (georgika, I, gv. 81).
amiane marceline faziss uwodebs `xmaurians~, romelsac aqvs didi siCqare,
anu `xmauriani dena~ da im monakveTze, sadac faziss aqvs didi siCqare (xmauriani
dena) cxovroben kolxebi _ egvi ptelebis Zveli modgma. is wers _ `fazisi
xmauriani deniT Camoudis kolxebs, egvi ptelTa Zvel modgmas~ (georgika, I, gv. 112).
amianes TvalsazrisiT zRvis SesarTavamde fazisi xmauriania anu fazisi saTavidan SesarTavamde aris Cqari mTis mdinare da mis napirebze kolxebi cxovroben saTavidan SesarTavamde. s. yauxCiSvili komentirebisas wers, rom aq
amiane fazisis qveS gulisxmobs md. rions. am SemTxvevaSi Znelia daveTanxmoT s.
yauxCiSvils Semdegi mizezis gamo. md. rioni Camoedineba mTebidan, quTaisis
Semdgom is gaivakebs da foTamde miedineba mdored, mZimed da nela, amasTanave
xmauris gareSe, anu uxmaurod da aseTi saxiT gadaWris mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, anu rionis vakes. maSasadame, amianes Sefasebis (fasisis xmaurianobis) gamo
SeuZlebelia md. rioni fazisad iwodebodes. aq `xmaura~ fazisis gverdiT TiTqosda cxovrobdnen egvi ptelTa modgmis kolxebi. s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, aseTi
Sefaseba mwignobruli tradiciis gavlenaa, magram prokofi kesarieli fazisis
aRwerisas wers, Tu siCqaris gamo rogor gaitaca jariskacebis navebi fazisma.
arianes mixedviT xmauriani fazisis SesarTavTanaa q. fazisi (iqve, gv. 112) da
dioskuria.

fasisi p. ingoroyvas mixedviT

`saxelwodeba mdinarisa fasisi qarTuli warmoSobisaa. Zvel qarTul dialeqtSi sityva `fasi~ niSnavda wyals. amitom fasisi erqva rions, Woroxs (akamfsisi, anu
kakam-fasisi, igive kakam mdinare), aseve fasisi rqmevia agreTve araqss, misi mdinarebis
zemo nawilSi, sadac qarTuli mosaxleoba iyo~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv.
519).
araqss fasisi erqva rogorc qristemde V s-Si qsenofontes dros, aseve X
saukuneSi konstantine porfirogenetis dros. amasTanave, `fasisi~ araqsis saxeli
yofila ara mxolod ucxoelTaTvis, aramed mkvidrebisTvisac, mis gantotebebsa da
iq mdebare punqtebs es sityva dRemde SemounaxavT. `konstantine porfirogeneti
(X saukune) fasiss uwodebs md. araqsis zemo nawilis dasavleT tots, romelic
iwyeba deveboinus qedTan, gaivlis daba fasinlers da SeuerTdeba araqsis ZiriTad tots. dasavleT tots amJamad ewodeba fasi-dere, e.i. fasis-xevi~ (iqve, gv. 519).
saxeli ,,fasoni" gvxvdeba wm. daviT da konstantines cxovrebaSi-nawamebi Zmebi
,,STayarnen mdinaresa mas fasonsa, romel ars eniTa qarTuliTa rioni~ (wm. daviT
da konstantines wameba, 1979, gv, 157). avtoris sityviT rions ucxourad erqva ara
139

fazisi, aramed fasoni. yovel SemTxevaSi orive sityvas (fasoni, fazisi) erTi fuZe
aqvs - ,,fas~.
pavle ingoroyvam gaarkvia: _ `md. fasisis anu araqsis xeobaSi mdebare basianis
mxareSi mosaxle tomi `fasianni~ warmoadgendnen mesxebis toms~ (iqve. gv. 520).
p. ingoroyva wers _ `fasisi aris araqsis Zveli saxelwodeba misi mdinarebis
zemo nawilSi. es saxelwodeba dRemde aqvs SerCenili araqsis zemo nawilis dasavleT tots, romelic momdinareobs daba fasinleris seqtorSi. mas amJamad ewodeba
fasis-xevi, fasi-dere. araqsis am Zveli saxelwodebidan (fasisi) momdinareobs TviT
saxelwodebac am mxarisa _ fasiani~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 66,
SeniSvna 1).
qsenefontedan konstantine porfirogenetamde araqss fasisi erqva, xolo qveyanas _ fasiani. VII msoflio krebis (787 wlis) aqts xels awers `qristefore
episkoposi fazisisa anu trapezuntisa~ (p. i. gv. 212).Qqsenefonte md. araqss uwodebs
`fasiss~ (anabazisi, VI, 6,4). maSasadame, antikur xanaSic md. araqss fasisi erqva (iqve,
gv. 519). mis xalxs `fasianebs~ uwodebs (qsenefonte, anabasisi, IV, 6,5, VII, 8,25).
`saxelwodeba mdinarisa fasisi qarTuli warmoSobisaa. Zvel qarTul dialeqtSi sityva `fasi~ niSnavda wyals (Sdr. `fasi~ da `fSa~, `fSani~, `foso~,
`fseli~), amitom aris rom es saxelwodeba `fasisi~ miemarTeba mTel rig mdinareebs saqarTveloSi. fasisi rqmevia _ araqss, misi mdinarebis zemo nawilSi, sadac
qarTuli mosaxleoba iyo. fasisi araqss ara mxolod antikur xanaSi erqva,Aaramed
Semdgomac. magaliTad, konstantine porfirogeneti (me-10 saukune) `fasiss~ uwodebs
md. araqsis zemo nawilis dasavleT tots, romelic iwyeba devaboinis qedTan,
gaivlis daba fasinlers da SeuerTdeba araqsis ZiriTad tots sofel iaganis
qvemoT. araqsis am dasavleT tots amJamad ewodeba fasi-dere, e.i. fasis xevi.
mxaris (basianis) mTavari mdinaris am saxelwodebasTan (`fasisi~) dakavSirebulia mxaris saxelwodeba `fasiani~ da satomo saxelwodeba `fasianni~, `fasianelebi~ (iqve, gv. 519). ix. agreTve (iqve, gv. 184-186).
p. ingoroyvas azriT, fuZe-sityva fsi (fsa)=fsisi, igive fasi=fasisi gvxvdeba
afxazeTSi da mTels dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aseve zemo araqsis xeobaSi, spersa
da klarjeTSi. afxazeTSi _ nikofsisa, nikofsia (mdinareebis saxelebia), md. lagumfsa,
md. rionis istoriuli saxelwodeba p. ingoroyvas mixedviT, aris fasisi. Woroxs
ki namdvilad erqva fasisi. ZvelqarTuli saistorio cnobiT, magaliTad, andria
mociqulis mimosvlis ZvelqarTul TargmanSi berZnuli dednis fasisi qarTulad gadmocemulia rogorc Woroxi (berZnuli teqsti, georgika, IV, 1. gv. 58, qarTuli teqsti _ saqarTvelos samoTxe, gv. 35). Woroxs aseve erqva akamfsisi (akamfasisi), guriaSi igive fuZisaa _ sufsa. p. ingoroyvas etimologiiT `sur-fsa, anu
surebis wyali (fsa _ wyali). zemo araqsis xeobaSi _ `basiani~-s saxelwodeba
warmoSobilia md. araqsis saxelidan `fasisi~. fasisi erqva araqss zemowelSi. ase
rom `fasisi~ erqva uamrav mdinares Crdilokavkasiidan _ fsoudan evfratis
xeobamde, p. ingoroyvas azriT, amis mizezia is, rom fasisi-fsi aRniSnavda cnebas
`wyali~, aqedanaa `fSa~, `fSani~ da sxva (iqve, gv. 185). `fas~ sityvas zogjer daerToda brunvis nawili `isi~ da miiReboda fasisi an basisi. aseve zogjer erTvoda
naTesaobiTi brunvis mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani `Ta~ _ `fsTa~.

140

fuZe `fas~
n. mars miaCnda, rom dasavleT saqarTvelosa da basianSi cxovrobda xalxi `fas~
saxelis mqone. es fuZe `fasi~ gamoiyofa sityva `fazisidan~, JRers istoriuli
olqebis saxelebSi `basiani~, romelTagan erTi taos samxreTiT, meore ki didi
kavkasiis mTianeTSi mdebareobda. orive basianidan gaedinebodnen mdinareebi `fazisis~ saxelis mqoneni. erTis maxloblad araqsi, meorisa ki rioni (m.berZniSvili, q.
fazisis istoriisTvis. gv. 86).
p. ingoroyvas dakvirvebiT, basxi igive mesxia, basxi da fasxi erTi warmoSobis
sityvebia. basxisaganaa miRebuli `abasxi~ anu `abasgi~, abasgi. maSasadame, igive
mesxia (mesRi) (sx=sR=sg). kolxebi _ mesxuri tomia hekatos miletelis mixedviT.
SesaZloa sityva mesxisganac iyo miRebuli fasiani _ basiani, maSin misi Tavdapirveli forma iqneboda fasxiani-basxiani-mesxiani. Tu mesxebis migracia marTlac moxda CrdiloeTiT, rogorc fiqroben da, vTqvaT, `mcxeTa~ saxeli mesxisaganaa miRebuli, maSin ar SeiZleba gamoiricxos, rom mesxebi am migraciis dros
rionis xeobaSic dasaxldnen da misces Tavsi saxeli _ fasi-basxi, amas gvafiqrebinebs agreTve VI saukunis cnoba, rom qarTlis mefes iustinianes epoqaSi brZola hqonia dasavleT saqarTveloSi taskunTa tomTan, vfiqrob, dedanSi ewera ara
taskuni, aramen baskuni (`t~ da `b~ Zvel qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi
identuri asoniSnebia erTnairi TavebiT, mxolod fexis vertikaluri xazebi aqvT
wanacvlebuli). baskunebi igive basxian, basx-on, basx-unebi, anu mesxebi unda iyvnen,
albaT, romelnic, Cans, am epoqaSive rionis xeobidan Tanamedrove afxazeTSi gadavidnen sacxovreblad _ basxi-basgi-abasgi sityvebi mesxi da fasisi rogorRac
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tumca, berZnebis azriT, `fasisi~ berZnuli sityvaa
da erqva heliosis vaJs, romelic daixrCo md. arqturaSi, romelsac Semdeg md.
fazisi ewoda am movlenis aRsaniSnavad (m. berZniSvili, iqve, gv. 85).

m. berZniSvili: `fazisi rionia,

yvirila ZirulasTan erTad~
strabonis cnobiT, Sua aziidan indoeTis saqoneli mdinare amu-dariiT (oqsusiT) CahqondaT kaspiis zRvaSi, iqidan ki mtkvris gavliT Sav zRvaSi. mtkvars
(kirsa) da faziss erTmaneTs akavSirebda `oTxi dRis saxmeleTo gza~. kerZod, es
gza sarapanis cixidan Sedioda iberiaSi mtkvarTan. `es gza yofila farTo Saragza, Cveneburi gamoTqmiT _ saurme gza~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, gv.
99).
iberia-kolxeTis am makavSirebel gzaze 120 xidi yofila gadebuli m. berZniSvilis azriT. marTlac, straboni wers _ `iberTa qveyanaSi erTi Sesasvleli
aris kolxeTis cixe sarapanaze da mis mezobel xeobaze. am xeobaze fazisi,
romelic mixveul-moxveulobis gamo gasavali Seiqmna 120 xidis meSveobiT, mZafrad
da gaqanebiT miemarTeba kolxeTSi, xramavs ra wvimian darSi am midamoebs mravali nakadiT. mas saTave aqvs (iberiis) zemdebare mTebSi. aseTia gasavali kolxeTidan iberiaSi, Sebrkolebuli kldeebiT, simagreebiT da mdinareebiT, xevebs
rom warmoqmnian (iqve, gv. 100).
141

Cveni epoqis mecnierebma ueWvel faqtad miiCnies, rom strabonis sarapana aris
Sorapani zestafonTan, magram maT am rwmenas win eRobeba is, rom strabonis
mixedviT sarapana md. fazisze mdebareobda (`fazisi gemsavalia, aRma vidre sarapanas cixemde~). magram Sorapani sakmaodaa daSorebuli Cveni mecnierebis mier
fazisad miCneul mdinare rions. amitomac daadgines, rom yvirila, romelic Camoudis
Sorapans, mdinare fazisis zemoweli iyo, Tumca didi eWvi imisa, rom odesme md.
yvirilaze Sorapnamde Savi zRvidan gemebi amodioda _ uyuradRebod darCa. md.
yvirila md. fazisis zemoweli marTlac rom yofiliyo, rogorc aRiniSna, strabonis cnoba mainc Zalze gaurkveveli darCeboda, radganac yvirilas saTavea
WiaTura-saCxeris regioni da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gadasavleli misgan Zalze
daSorebulia. amitomac mkvlevrebma gamosavali moZebnes imiT, rom fazisad miiCnies `jer yvirila, Semdeg ki Zirulas xeoba~. wers kidec berZniSvili _ `straboni iberiaSi kolxeTidan gadasaval gzasTan dakavSirebiT ambobs cota ar iyos
gaurkvevlad. saqme isaa, rom aq straboni agviwers sarapanis aRmosavleTiT mdebare da iberiisken mimaval gzas, romelic misi cnobiT, miemarTeba sarapanis
mezobeli xeobiT. am xeobazeo, ganagrZobs igi, gza gasavalia vinaidan fazisze _
faqtiurad nagulisxmevia, Cveni fiqriT, jer yvirilas, mere Zirulas xeoba _ 120
xidia gakeTebulio~ (m. berZeniSvili, gv. 94). maSasadame, Sorapnidan Sida qarTlis gzaze yvirilasa da Zirulas xeobaze odesRac 120 xidi yofila gadebuli.
maTgan Tundac erTi xidis naSTi mainc xom unda darCeniliyo, aseTi ki ar
iZebneba. samagierod, Zveli qvis TaRovani xidebi mravladaa darCenili amJamadac Woroxis Senakadebze, ligansa, aWarasa da SavSeTSi. Cans, ara Sorapans erqva
sarapana strabonis dros, aramed Tanamedrove arTvins, romlis aRmosavleTiT
artanujis da SavSeTis ori gza miemarTeba artaanSi, anu Zveli iberiis olqSi.

fasisis Senakadi md. reoni g. grigolias mixedviT

(petra, sebastopolisi, kutaia)
prokofis cnobidan Cans, rom md. reoni iyo erTerTi Senakadi md. fasisisa.
wyaro sruliad naTlad aCvenebs, rom fasisi da reoni aris ori sxvadasxva
mdinare. araTu Cans, prokofi kesarieli wers kidevac amis Sesaxeb, - cnoba exeba
sparseTis jarebis msvlelobis marSruts, mermeroes sardlobiT. is iberiis mxridan
Sevida lazikaSi, magram gzaSi acnobes, rom petra ukve aiRes romaelebma (besas
mTavarsardlobiT) da maT 551 w. petras cixis kedlebi miwasTan gaaswores, rom
,,mters kvlav ar gaeWirvebina saqme romaelTaTvis... mermeroem gaigo yvelaferi,
rac moxda da sruliad Secvala is gza, radgan icoda, rom mdinare fasisis iqiTa
mxares lazebs petras garda sxva arc erTi dasaxlebuli adgili ar moepovebodaT. is gabrunda da daiWira iberiidan kolxidis qveyanaSi gadasasvleli adgilebi, sadac fasisis gadasvla SeiZleba foniT, gadalaxa es mdinare fexiT, gadalaxa agreTve meore mdinarec, saxelad reoni - arc es aris aq sanaosno - da
fasisis marjvena mxares rom aRmoCnda, waiyvana jari erTi qalaqis arqeopolisis
winaaRmdeg, romelic aris mTavari da udidesi qalaqi lazebis qveyanaSi~ (georgika II, gv. 180-182).
maSasadame prokofi wers - ,,md. fasisis Semdeg mermeroem gadalaxa agreTve
meore mdinarec saxelad reoni~.
142

g. grigolia wers, rom prokofis Sromis es adgili didi xania mecnierTa

Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. kerZod ki akritikebs s. yauxCiSvils, romlis
azriTac iberiidan gadmosulma sparselebma jer md. yvirila gadalaxes, romelic
mas fasisad miaCnia da Semdeg md. rioni - ,,rogorc vxedavT mkvlevari ewinaaRmdegeba adre gamoTqmul Tavissave mosazrebas boas-fasisTan dakavSirebiT, romlis
mixedviT yvirila boasia da ara fasisi~ (g. grigolia ,,egris-lazikis samefos
saistorio geografiis problemebi, 1994, gv. 53).
TviT grigolias TvalsazrisiT ki sparsel-romaelTa omebis I etapze petrasTan dakavSirebiT, fasisad igulisxmeba md. Woroxi, petra mdebareobda wyaroTa cnobebiT fasisTan axlos. petra fasiss prokofis cnobiT erTi dRis savali
(daaxloebiT 30 km) manZiliT iyo daSorebuli da mdebareobda lazikis sazRvarTan md. fasisis marcxniv dausaxlebel adgilas, pontoelTa mezoblad". petras simagre iyo im adgils sadac adamianebs arasdros ucxovriaT. ukacriel
adgilas saepiskoposo kaTedra ver daarsdeboda, Tanac aq mudam omebi iyo. g.
grigolias TvalsazrisiT ara kaTedra, aramed petras simagre - xufaTTan mdebareobda Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze. es mdinare Woroxi (fasisi) gadaulaxavs
mermeroes Tavisi sparsuli jariT da Semdeg ki iqve gamdinare ,,meore mdinare
reoni~ anu Woroxis Senakadi gadaulaxavs da kvlav fasisis anu Woroxis marjvena mxares gadasula (,,fasisis marjvena mxares aRmoCnda~) da jari wauyvania qalaq
arqeopolisisaken, romelic rogorc Cans, isev iqve, maxloblad, Woroxis marjvena
sanapirozeve mdebareobda. Cveni mecnierebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT arqeopolisi
aris noqalaqevi. Tuki fasisi Woroxia, xolo reoni aris ara mdinare rioni,
aramed Woroxis erTerTi Senakadi, maSin arqeopolisic iqve unda veZioT. marTlac Tu ki arqeopolisi iyo noqalaqevi, romelsac Cveni mecnierebi ,,lazikis
dedaqalaqs~ uwodeben, ratom ar Sedioda tabula pevtengerianas rukis sagzao
magistrali noqalaqevSi? saxelmwifos dedaqalaqs gana gverds auvlida savaWro
da samxedro gza? amasTan dakavSirebiT g. grigolia wers - ,,Zneli warmosadgenia,
rom gzas gverdi aevlo dedaqalaqisaTvis da kastoriuss igi gamorCenoda~ (g.
grigolia egris lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi, 1994, gv. 108).
g. grigolia wers, rom kastoriusis rukis anu tabula pevtengerianas mixedviT
(segmenti XI-XII) mniSvnelovani gza somxeTis Zvel dedaqalaq artaSatidan miemarTeboda sebastopolisisaken... tabula pevtengerianas rukis aRniSnuli magistrali ar Sedis noqalaqevSi, romelic ,,egrisis dedaqalaqi~ iyo rukis Sedgenis
dros (III-IV saukuneebSi). aseve gza ar Sedis foTis mxares (romelic q. fasisad
miiCneva), da rac aseve Zalze sainteresoa - gzaze ar Cans kutaia - quTaisi~ (iqve,
gv. 109).
rogor SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom romis imperiis umTavres sagzao rukaze ar
daetanaT noqalaqevi, quTaisi da foTi, Tuki isini namdvilad iyvnen Zvel samyaroSi Zalze cnobili arqepolisi, kutaia da fasisi. magram radganac am Zvel mTavar
qalaqebSi ar Sedis am rukis gzebi, unda vifiqroT, rom Zveli arqeopolisi ar
aris noqalaqevi, kutaia - Tanamedrove quTaisi da q. fasisi ar aris foTi. g.
grigoliam ase gadaWra es sakiTxi kastoriusis rukis aRniSnuli segmentis umTavresi gza artaSatidan miemarTeba q. sebastopolisisaken, da saerTod gzis damamTavrebeli qalaqi aris sebastopolisi, xolo g. grigolias kvleviT es qalaqi
143

sebastopolisi aris ara afxazeTis qalaqi cxumi, aramed baTumTan axlos mdebare
cixisZiri. maSasadame artaSatidan gza miemarTeba cixisZirSi - erT-erT saporto
qalaqSi. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia es gza ver gaivlida quTaiss, foTsa da cixegojs.
sebastopolisi Tu aris cixisZiri, maSin sxva qalaqebi mis samxreTiT unda
mdebareobdnen, radganac cnobilia Zveli wyaroebiT, rom sebastopolisi ufro
CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda, Sesabamisad, g. grigolias kvlevidan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom cixisZiris axlos iyo qalaqi arqeopolisi. sad SeiZleboda yofiliyo
is? unda vifiqroT, rom arqepolisi berZnulad igivea rac laTinurad ,,portus
altus~ (portus altus), rac Rrma anu Zvel ports niSnavs Cveni mTargmnelebis
azriT. Zvelad albaT mas ,,Zveli portis~ an ,,Zveli qalaqis~ mniSvneloba hqonda,
rac berZnulad - arqepolisia. es qalaqi mdebareobda Tanamedrove baTumTan axlos. sebastopolisi - cixisZiris axlos unda yofiliyo.
g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT arsebobda ,,ori sebastopolisi~ (g. grigolia,
dasax. naSr. gv. 81), erTi- afsarossa da fasiss (Woroxs) Sua (iqve, gv. 83), meore ki
iyo cxumi (iqve, gv. 83). misive azriT iyo ori piTia (pitiunti), erTi iyo rizesTan
(iqve, gv. 89) da sxva albaT msgavsadve, SesaZloa Tanamedrove quTaisis garda sxva
punqtsac erqva ,,kutaia~, romlis regionSi Caedineboda mdinare ,,reoni~ (da ara
rioni). is, rogorc wyarodan Cans, mdebareobda lazikis qveynis mdidar regionSi,
romelsac ,,moxirisi~ erqva. Cveni mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT aseTi gamorCeulad
mdidari regioni dasavleT saqarTveloSi aris quTaisis sanaxebi cxeniswylamde.
am mosazrebas ver gaviziarebT, radganac dasavleT saqarTveloSi sxva regionebic
aranakleb mosavliani da ufro uxvmosavlianebic kia, xolo Tu ki fasisi aris md.
Woroxi, misi xeoba marTlac Tvalxilulad viwroa, kldovania, naklebmosavliania
da mxolod erTi gamorCeuli mxarea erge-ligani, romelic Seudareblad uxvmosavliania. erge-liganis uxvmosavlianobis da gamorCeulobis Sesaxeb vaxuStic
miuTiTebs. swored es unda yofiliyo ,,moxirisis~ mxare, Tavisi ,,reoniT~ da
kutaia-quTaTisiT. prokofi kesarielis ,,quTaTisi-kutaia~ unda iyos punqtebi
Woroxis xeobisa, romelic SedarebiT axlo iyo zRvasTan vidre rionis quTaisi.
zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas prokofi miuTiTebs ,,fasisis kldeebis~ Sesaxeb, es
cxadia ar aris rioni (iqve, gv. 31), radganac uzarmazari kldeebi da klisurebi
rionis xeobaSi ar gvxvdeba. prokofis sityviT ,,kavkasiis~ mTasTan fasisi mimarTulebas icvlis, g. grigolias azriT - ,,gaugebrobaa ,,kavkasiis~ Zieba yvirilarionis SesarTavTan~ (iqve, gv. 39). g. grigolias daskvniT, kavkasia erqva klarjeTis
mTebs, herodotes cnobiT, kavkasia vrceldeba armeniidan kolxTa mxaremde (iqve, gv.
39). rogorc iTqva, aq iyo (klarjeTSi) - ,,sakavkasiZeo~, amitomac ,,prokofis fasisi
rioni araa~ (iqve, gv. 50).
prokofis sityviT, fasisi kldeTa Soris miedineba, amitomac misi kalapoti
ucvlelia, xolo ,,rioni meandrebad daxveuli danavardobs vakeze~ (iqve, gv. 49). wers g. grigolia. maSasadame, prokofis fasisi aris md. Woroxi - kldeebSi
CaWedili. winaaRmdegobas imaSi xedavdnen Cveni mecnierebi, rom Zvel avtorTa
cnobiT fasisi iyo sanaosno, xolo Woroxs ratomRac ar Tvlian sanaosno mdinared.
g. grigolias sityviT ki Woroxi ,,forCxidan mainc~ vidre zRvamde sanaosnoa (iqve,
gv. 49). misi msjelobidan Cans, rom WoroxTan iyo arqeopolisi, sebastopolisi,
144

pitiunti, q. fasisi, moxirisi, rodopolisi, skande da sarapani (iqve, gv. 51). misi
daskvniT, petras omebi ar Sexebia yvirila-rionis xeobas (iqve, gv. 50). g. grigoliamac miaqcia yuradReba prokofis cnobas, rom cxenis sakvebis simciris gamo
sparselebi iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan gaebrunebinaT lazikidan 25 000-iani jari.
dasavleT saqarTvelo da rionis xeoba rom igulisxmebodes prokofis ,,lazikis~
qveS, cxadia ubalaxobis gamo sparselebs cxenebi ar daexocebodaT, radganac
dasavleT saqarTvelo swored Waobisa da balaxis qveyanaa. magram Woroxis kldianeTSi ki namdvilad cota balaxia - cicabo, dakidebuli kldeebis gamo aq
namdvilad gaWirdeboda 25 aTasi cxenis gamokveba. amitomac prokofis lazike Woroxis xeobaa (iqve gv. 54). aseve yuradReba unda mieqces, rom SavSeT-klarjeTSi
mravali toponimi Seicavs fuZe ,,mer~-s. erT-erTi aseTi unda yofiliyo ,,uqimerioni~. is mdebareobda ara rionis quTaisTan, aramed Woroxis erges qveyanaSi, sadac
vvaraudobT ,,kutaias~ arsebobas. sparselebs lazikis omebis dros TavianTi
cnobili rva saomari spilo unda SemoeyvanaT artaan-arTvinis gziT, romelnic
rogorc cnobilia aomes arqeopolisTan da fasisTan, anu sadRac Woroxis
SesarTavTan mdebare qalaqebTan. Sesabamisad unda vigulisxmoT, rom cnobili
qveynebi - svania, skvimnia da afSileTi mdebareobdnen Woroxis CrdiloeTiT, anu
Woroxis marjvena sanapiro mxares, Cans moicavdnen Tanamedrove qobuleTs, gurias
da maT mTianeTs. marTlac, wm. mociqul andria pirvelwodebulis cxovrebis
mixedviT, rac mociqulebma gadalaxes Worox-fasisi, isini, wyaros cnobiT, Sevidnen svaneTSi. Zveli qarTveli avtorebi, maT Soris mTawmidelebi, fasisad yovelTvis
md. Woroxs miiCnevdnen. sparsel-romaelTa omi imas gamouwvevia, rom sazRvari
xofa-xufaTidan iustinianes ufro CrdiloeTiT gadautania (iqve, gv. 71). g. grigolia, rogorc aRiniSna, petrad miiCnevs Semdegdroindel xufaTs. aq gaedineba md.
petroRali. petra 551 wels daurbeviaT, amitomac petronis cnobili episkoposi,
romelmac Teodore fasisel episkoposTan erTad xeli moawera VII (692 wlis)
krebas, Cans ijda ara simagre petraSi, aramed romeliRac sxva, maxlobel qalaqSi,
romelsac aseve petroni, petra erqva. aseTi qalaqi araerTi iyo. p. ingoroyvas
cnobiT cnobili piTia rizesTan mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 89). g. grigolias daskvniT
baTum-cixisZir-urekis regioni iyo mniSvnelovani ekonomikur-politikuri regioni, Sesabamisad misi momcveli iyo Woroxis xeobasTan erTad lazika (gv. 93). lazikaSi
klarjeTic Sedioda. Cans klarjeTs miiCnevdnen mesxeTis erT-erT nawilad. Zveli
avtorebis cnobiT mesxeTi sam nawilad iyo gayofili - erTi nawili ekava iberias,
meore armenias, mesame ki lazikas. Cans, igulisxmeba is, rom mesxeTis mxareebi
samcxe-artaan-kola Sedioda iberiaSi, tao da basiani _ armeniaSi, xolo klarjeTi
_ lazikaSi. g. grigolia ar eTanxmeba iqamde arsebul, ZiriTadad
s.
yauxCiSvilis mier Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss, rom magaliTad zigane iyo gudayva,
piTia - biWvinTa, sebastopolisi ki dioskuria _ cxomi, moxora _ muxurisi, mas
miaCnia, rom IV saukunis bolosaTvis afxazeTis pitiunti _ biWvinTa aRar warmoadgenda samxedro-strategiul punqts (arqeologiuri masalebis mowmobiT), radganac,
magaliTad iq sadac iyo garnizonis mTavari sadgomi, SemdegSi, kerZod IV saukuneSi,
gaumarTavT keramikuli qura. amis gamo g. lorTqifaniZe saerTod gamoricxavs V
saukuneSi biWvinTaSi bizantiuri garnizonis yofnas (iqve, gv. 121). g. grigolias
TvalsazrisiT IV-V saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi saerTod ar idga bizan145

tiuri garnizonebi (iqve, gv. 122), rom noticias Sedgenis dros afxazeTis pitiunti
da sebastopolisi ar ekuTvnodaT romaelebs (iqve, gv. 122). grigolia eTanxmeba n.
adoncs, rom noticias zigana mdebareobda trapezuntis regionSi ziganas uReltexilTan, maSasadame iqve iyo ziganas saepiskoposo, iqve iyo moxora (gv. 122). saerTod
ki lazika da armenia erTmaneTs emezoblebodnen, saerTo sazRvari hqondaT. amitomac gadioda lazikaSi e.w. ,,armeniis gza~, romelic am or qveyanas aerTebda.
cxadia, igulisxmeba artaan-arTvinis gza, romelic armeniaSi gadioda.
amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom g. grigolia, ase vTqvaT, zogjer gaorebulia.
magaliTad, is miiCnevs, rom sparseT-romaelTa omebis pirvel etapze md. fasisi aris
Woroxi (petrasTvis omebisas), xolo meore etapze ki md. rioni (arqeopolisis
omebisas). Sesabamisad fiqrobs, rom arqeopolisi, kutaia, skanda da sarapana mdebareobdnen iq, sadac amJamad maT mdebareobas miuTiTeben sxvebic. magram am SemTxvevaSi
g. grigolia Cveni TvalsazrisiT cdeba, radganac am omebis dros, md. fasisad
yovelTvis igulisxmeboda md. Woroxi, da mis marjvena sanapiroze unda veZioT
dasaxelebuli punqtebi, kutaia - ergeSi, skanda da sarapana ki klarjeT-artaanis
sazRvarze, radganac klarjeTi im epoqaSi lazikas ekuTvnoda.

Woroxis xeoba o. didmaniZis mixedviT

borCxadan - aWariswylis SesarTavamde qveyanas ergve - ,,livana~ erqva, aWariswylis qvemoT ki _ erge. borCxaSi saqoneli Sedioda arTvinis bazrobidan. arTvinSi imarTeboda bazroba, vaWrebi yidulobdnen saqonels, romelic borCxaSi gadahqondaT, borCxadan ki ukve maradideli menaveebi agrZelebdnen tvirTzidvas maxos xidamde. moxuci maradideli, navis ukanmTrevelis sityviT, navs ukan miaTrevda
3-4 muSa ,,joxebiT~, safiqrebelia, rom mas surda eTqva, rom es 3-4 kaci mdinaris
dinebis miyolisas iyo navze.
o. didmaniZe miiCnevs, rom strabonis fasisis zRvasTan SesarTavis aRwera
Seesabameba Woroxis zRvasTan SerTvis adgils - strabonis cnoba - ,,miwa zRvis
sanapiroze Slamiania da mdinareTa SeerTebis adgilebSi Waobiani~ (straboni,
geografia, l., 1964, gv. 472) Seesabameba Woroxis SesarTavs, radganac mkvlevaris
sityviT - ,,marTlac, Cvens mxareSi (gulisxmobs aWaras) miwa zRvis sanapiroze
Slamiani da Waobiani iyo koleqtivizaciis periodamde (o. didmaniZe, sofeli
maradidi, baTumi, 2006, gv. 21). ,,qveyana ganTqmuli nayofiT garda Taflisa, romlis
didi nawili mwarea~ - strabonis es cnobac o. didmaniZis azriT Seesabameba
Woroxis deltis qveyanas. marTlac Woroxis zRvasTan SerTvis qveyana (e.i. qvemo
aWara) didad nayofieri qveyanaa, rasac ver vityviT md. rionis SesarTavis qveynis
mimarT. samtrediidan - foTamde ara Tu warsulSi, axlac ki daWaobebis gamo
mosavali modis mxolod xelovnurad daSrobil miwebze. strabonis cnobiT
fasisis qveyana aseve ganTqmuli iyo gemTmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro yvela masaliT.
aq awarmoeben bevr xe-tyes da acureben mdinareebiT~ (straboni, dasaxel. naSromi,
gv. 472). am cnobasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari wers - ,,es mxare (e.i. Woroxis xeoba)
ganTqmuli iyo navTmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro yvela masaliT, amitomac aqve amzadebdnen navebs, TiTqmis yvela mogzaur-mkvlevari amas sagangebod aRniSnavda, rasac
eTnografiuli sinamdvilec adasturebs. maradidi xom mTel saqarTveloSi ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi navTmSeneblobiT, isini dacuravdnen afxazeTsa da ruseTis mijnam146

de, xe-tyes rom acurebdnen mdinareebiT, gansakuTrebiT aWariswyalsa da Woroxze

amas araerTi avtori aRniSnavs~ (o. didmaniZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 21).
savaraudod, rionze xe-tyes ar acurebdnen misi neli dinebis gamo, agreTve
kalapotis xSiri cvlis gamo.. Semdeg straboni ganagrZobs fasisis xeobis daxasiaTebas, is damatebiT ambobs Semdegs: mosaxleoba amzadebs bevr selis tilos,
sabawre masalas. amuSaveben Taflis sanTels da fiss. adgilobrivi warmoebis
selis qsovili sargeblobs agreTve farTo moTxovnilebiT. namdvilad maT gahqondaT selis qsovilebi sxva qveynebSi~ (straboni, geografia, l. 1964, gv. 472).
me ar vicnob selis qsovilebis raionis dablobSi damamzadebelTa pirad
saubrebs TavianTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. aseTni ki Woroxis xeobaSi sul axlaxans
saqmianobdnen arc Tu Soreul warsulSi. am kuTxis mkvidri wers - ,,maradidi da
saerTod livanis xeoba ganTqmuli iyo selis moyvaniT, romelsac adre iyenebdnen qsovilebis dasamzadeblad. amzadebdnen agreTve sabawre masalas, rac navisaTvis aucilebeli iyo. navTmSeneblobisaTvis gamoiyeneboda agreTve fisi. ase,
rom straboni roca mogviTxrobda yovelive zemoTqmuls, rogorc Cans mxedvelobaSi hqonda maradidi da misi Semogareni~ - weren adgilobrivi mkvlevarebi,
romelnic TavianTi TvaliT xedavdnen zust identurobas TavianTi soflis eTnografiul yofasa, maTTan Camaval mdinaresa da strabonis mier aRweril fasisTan dakavSirebiT (ix. o. didmaniZe, s. gogitiZe, sofeli maradidi, 2006, gv. 21).
maT cnobebs ufro adre adastureben ucxoeli mkvlevarebi. magaliTad, ,,ingliseli j. palgrevis monacemiT, Salisa da selis qsovilebi didi raodenobiT mzaddeboda borCxaSi, maradidsa da wiTureTSi. qsovilis naWeri 50 piastri Rirda~ (iqve, gv. 36).
d. baqraZis daxasiaTebiT, livanis xeobaSi mohyavdaT saukeTeso jiSis seli:
,,aqauri seli fuTi maneTad gadis~ (iqve, gv. 36) ase, rom selis qsovilis warmoeba
Woroxis xeobaSi realuri, Tvalxiluli faqtia. rionis xeobaSi misi warmoebis
Sesaxeb mxolod mosazrebebi arsebobs. strabonis cnoba fasisis xeobaSi selis
warmoebis Sesaxeb ufro Woroxis auzs Seesabameba. sxvaTa Soris livanSi modioda zeTisxili, igi navebiT gadahqondaT baTumSi, xolo moxirisis uxvmosavlianobis Sesaxeb cnoba ufro livan-erges regions Seesabameba. rogorc mravaljer
aRiniSna, o. didmaniZis cnobiT - ,,livanis soflebSi, dablob adgilebSi mohyavdaT brinji, simindi, yurZeni, TuTa, Tafli, Romi, Wvavi, lobio~ (iqve, gv. 36). kaklis
xeebic _ avejis masala - aseve navebiT gadahqondaT, Tumca ki livanSi ,,xeobis
siviwrovisa da cicabo mTebis simravlis gamo, baTumis olqSi sxva xeobebTan
SedarebiT saxnav-saTesi miwa - cotaa~ (iqve, gv. 36). es aRwera mTlianad identuria
prokofiseul lazikis aRwerasTan.
z. WiWinaZis cnobiT, baTumis olqis maradidis mazraSi Sedioda gonio, erge,
kaxaberi, maxo, jojo da sxva (iqve, gv. 35). maradidSi amzadebdnen saxelganTqmul
Woroxis brtyelZira navebs. iyo 10-mde saxelosno, aqve imarTeboda didi bazrobebi (iqve, gv. 38). ase, rom maradidis mazra didi raioni iyo, masSi 1914 wlisaTvis
sarfic Sedioda (iqve, gv. 40). e. veidenbaumma baTumidan arTvinamde fexiT imogzaura, xolo ukan naviT dabrunda. n. Savrovis cnobiT, sofeli qveda maradidi
iTvleboda baTumis olqis mniSvnelovan soflad. igi mdebareobda Woroxis marcxena mxareze, farTo sanapiro dablobze. aWariswylidan 5 versze (iqve, gv. 45). Cemi
azriT, mas prokofi ,,quTaTiss~ uwodebs, radganac, misi ubania ,,quTureTi~, romelic
etimologiurad ,,quTaTisis~ identuria, radgan orive sityvis Ziri - ,,quT~, miT
147

umetes, rom iqve vakeze yofila cixe ,,uqimerioni~. am sityvaSic fuZe - ,,mere~
adgilobrivia da niSnavs ,,mdinarispira vake adgils~. aseTi iyo swored qveda
maradidi da misi vakis cixesac Cans es saxeli ,,vakis~ (ukis) cixe e. i. ukimereuqimerioni erqva. ,,Woroxis navebi Zlier gansxvavdeba rionSi mocurave navebisagan~ (iqve, gv. 45).
g. yazbegis cnobiT, baTumidan maradidamde ormocamde versis gzaa, xolo maradididan arTvinamde 30 versi. mis dros ,,gonios mudiris rezidencia maradidSi iyo
gadatanili. maradidis dablobSi miedineba mdinareebi breveTi da RremSiRele~
(iqve, gv. 55).
mdinare ,,RremSiRele~, marTalia, mxolod asociaciurad, magram mainc gvagonebs
mdinare ,,reonis~ saxels, romelic quTaTisTan gaedineboda prokofi kesarielis
cnobiT. Cveni TvalsazrisiT, prokofis quTaTisi Woroxis xeobaSi mdebareobda,
rasac TiTqosda adasturebs maradidis erT-erTi ubnis saxeli ,,quTureTi~. quTaisTan
gaedineboda md. reoni. saxeli ,,RremSiRele~ SeiZleba iyos ,,Rremis Rele~ anu misi
Ziria ,,Rremi~, ,,mi~ aris sufiqsi iseve, rogorc ,,oni~. odesRac SeiZleba mdinare
,,Rrems~ erqva ,,Rreoni~ anu amRvreuli anda myvirala wyali (Rreva an Rriali). Tu
es ase iyo da misi saxeli iyo ,,Rreoni~, fuZeSi marTlac gvaqvs ,,Rre~ an ,,re~, iseve,
rogorc prokofis ,,reonSi~. saerTod ki maradidis ,,soflis dablobi mdinareebis
breveTis da RremSiReles WoroxTan SeerTebisas warmoqmnil deltebs ekava~ (iqve,
gv. 55). aq, am dablobSi, Woroxis piras unda yofiliyo prokofis ,,uqimerionis~ cixe,
radganac saerTod adgilobriv dialeqtSi ,,mere~ mdinarispira vakes ewodeba, rogorc
iwodeba amJamad soflis dablobi.
adgilobrivi mkvlevari wers: ,,warsulSi yvela ojaxi misdevda selisa da
kanafis moSenebas, romelic iZleoda ZiriTad nedleuls (boWkos) adgilobrivi
tansacmlis warmoebisaTvis~ (o. didmaniZe, s. gogitiZe, sofeli maradidi, 2006, gv. 59).
ase, rom ojaxebi sadac seli mohyavdaT, amJamadac cocxalia, rac adasturebs strabonis cnobas fasisis xeobaSi selis moyvanis Sesaxeb. seli ki Woroxis soflebSi
mohyavdaT, rionis soflebSi amJamad misi xsenebac ki araa. maradidelebs aseve
cocxali ekonomikuri kavSiri hqondaT zRvispireTTan, magaliTad ,,kirnaT-maradidis mosaxleoba Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavis marcxena sanapiros dablobSi, gonioSi, sasiminde yanebs ijariT iRebdnen~ (iqve, gv. 62), Cveni TvalsazrisiT, amJamindeli
gonio aris prokofisa da sxva avtorebis qalaqi fasisi, Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze, anu fasisis marcxniv.
o. didmaniZis mier Sekrebili eTnografiuli monacemebiT navTmSenebloba Woroxis
xeobaSi ZvelTaganve iyo dawinaurebuli. navebs agebdnen specializebul centrebSi _ arTvinSi, borCxas da qveda maradidSi. maradiduli navebi sididiT da tvirTamweobiT aRemateboda borCxuls.
imis gamo, rom Woroxi ar aris Rrma mdinare da Tanac misi siRrme mdinaris
sxvadasxva adgilas cvalebadia, amitom agebdnen sagangebod am mdinareze gamosadeg
brtyelZira navebs. es iyo rTuli da usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT saimedo, erTgvari unikaluri mcuravi saSualeba (iqve, gv. 74).
navebis sigrZe damokidebuli iyo weliwadis droze, kerZod, mdinaris adidebis
dros gamoiyeneboda 18-20 metriani sigrZis navebi, xolo mdinaris minimaluri
donis dros 13-15 metri sigrZisa. mdinarem adideba icis 3-4 metriT. gadmocemiT
dReSi mdinareze 25-30 navi dacuravda intensiuri naosnobis dros XVIII-XIX ss-Si.
148

mdinaris sapirispiro mimarTulebiT navebs miacurebdnen WapaniT. g. yazbegis

cnobiT, navis saSualo sigrZe iyo 25 nabiji, sigane 3 nabiji. kavkasiis kalendris
cnobiT navis sigrZe iyo 50 futi (1 futi aris 30,5 sm), sigane 4-5 futi, aseTi naviT 68 tona tvirTi gadahqondaT. arTvinidan baTumamde navis Cayvanas sWirdeboda 8-10
saaTi, ukan navis WapaniT ayvanas - 4 dRe (iqve, gv. 76). navs aseve kaiuki ewodeboda. misi
zoma odnav gansxvavdeboda - sigrZe 15 metramde iyo, sigane ki 150-180 sm-mde, gverdis
simaRle 1,4 m.
navis mesaWes reizi erqva, menaves - taifi. es ukanasknelni ukana gzaze navs
napiridan, mxriT miaTrevdnen. navis marTvas didi ostatoba esaWiroeboda, ubeduri SemTxvevebi TiTqmis ar xdeboda (iqve, gv. 84). sofel maradidSi iyo ramdenime navTsaSeni, maTi ricxvi 20-mde aRwevda.
TurqeT-ssrk-s sazRvris Caketvam Cakla naosnoba. sofel mirveTSi Woroxze
xidis agebam es procesi daasrula XX s. 50-70-ian wlebSi.
saerTod, Woroxze naosnoba iwyeboda arTvinidan da grZeldeboda baTumamde,
sadac XIX s. dasasrulamde arsebobda Woroxis navebis navTsayudeli. ugzoobis
gamo mdinare iyo Woroxis xeobis mTavari arteria, pirvel rigSi savaWro, es iyo
erTaderTi samimosvla gza. 1903 wels dasrulda Woroxispira kldeebSi gzatkecilis gayvana, iqamde mis funqcias mdinare asrulebda. Jan muries cnobiT arTvinidan Woroxis SesarTavamde daaxloebiT 75 versia (1 versi aris 1 km da 67 metri
anu 500 saJeni anu 1500 arSini), sxva monacemebiT ki arTvinidan Woroxis SesarTavamde 60 versia (iqve, gv. 91). damkvirvebeli werda, rom menaveebi icnobdnen Woroxis
yvela wyalqveSa qvas, yvela morevs, amitom navebi ostaturad dahyavdaT da maTTvis
naosnoba araviTar saSiSroebas ar warmoadgenda. arian daxelovnebulni. navi
itevda 300 fuTs (1 fuTi aris 16,4 kg). roca Woroxi adidebuli iyo, arTvinidan
kapandibamde 3-4 saaTSi Cadiodnen (esaa daaxloebiT 50 km). navebis ukan svla
kapandibadan iwyeboda da umetesad RamiT xorcieldeboda. am dros navSi mxolod
reizi rCeboda, taifebi ki napiridan navs sabliT eweodnen. d. baqraZis cnobiT
Woroxze 200-mde navi dacuravda. navebiT baTumSi mihqondaT SavSeTidan puri,
liganis xileuli. veidenbaumis cnobiT ki arTvinidan baTumSi navebiT gadahqondaT yarsisa da javaxeTis xorbali. ukan mihqondaT umetesad marili da navTi. Jan
muries cnobiT Woroxze 300-mde navi dacuravda (iqve, gv. 98). dinebis mimarTulebiT
navs 5-7 tona tvirTi gadahqonda. kapandibidan baTumamde mgzavrebi navs tovebdnen. veidenbaumis cnobiT, es manZili iyo 10 versi. tvirTebi arTvinSi Sedioda
ZiriTadad artanujidan. Tavis mxriv ki artanujSi tvirTebi sxvadasxva gzebidan
Semodioda. arTvinis tvirTi ZiriTadad baTumSi an gonioSi Sedioda. saerTod
gonio - maradidis gzatkecili arsebobda, rasac adasturebs s. maxos teritoriaze Semonaxuli qvis xidi (TaRovani). xidi iyo aseve mdinare ,,didReleze~ s.
mirveTisaken. S. varSaniZis azriT, aseTi xidebi VI-VII saukuneebSia agebuli (iqve,
gv. 103). am xmeleTis gzebze mgzavrebisaTvis arsebobda ,,sasveniebi". es termini
,,sasvenia" Zalze mniSvnelovania, adgilobrivi saxelwodebaa da Seesabameba prokofis
cnobas lazikis gzebze mgzavrTa SesaCerebel-Sesasvenebeli adgilebis Sesaxeb.
prokofi axsenebs aseT dasasveneblebs da maT ,,anapavlas~ uwodebs. Woroxze am
gzisaTvis arsebobda saborne gadasasvlelebic. maT Soris maradidTan da mirveTTan.
qveda maradidi, romelic Cven migvaCnia prokofiseul quTaTisad, Tavisi uqime149

rionis (e.i. mdinarispira vake adgilis) cixiT-,,warmoadgenda TavSeyris, gacvlagamocvlis xalxmraval adgils Woroxis xeobaSi~ (iqve, gv. 104). aq amodioda gza
goniodan da aWariswylidan. XIX s-Si am gziT ,,briCkiT~, e.i. oTxcxenSebmuli
furgoniT, ergeSi ezidebodnen spilenZis madans. kerZod, spilenZis madani moipoveboda soflebSi kvarcxanaSi, merisSi, uCambaSi, ZansuliSi da xodaSi. aqedan
madans adre ezidebodnen navebiT, Semdeg ufro briCkiT erges spilenZsadnob
qarxanaSi. mas qarxnis saxe miuRia 1890 wels (iqve, gv. 105). aqedanac, e.i. spilenZis
madnebis simravlidanac Cans, rom fasisi Woroxia (da ara rioni, romlis dablobSi quTaTisidan zRvamde spilenZis madnebi, Sesabamisad, oqroc ar moi poveba).
adgilobrivi mkvlevarebis dakvirvebiT maradidSi zRvidan Sedioda ori gza erTi iyo uZvelesi Tavis TaRovani xidebiT, meore gza baTumidan (kerZod Zveli
baTumis Tamaris cixis midamoebidan) Sedioda ergeSi. Semdeg aWariswylis gamovliT Sedioda Woroxis xeobaSi. Tavdapirvelad miuyveboda Woroxis marcxena
sanapiros zeda maradidamde, Semdeg isev marjvena napirze gadioda arTvinamde.
maradidSi iyo sastumroebi anu sastumro odebi. erTi aseTi ,,meidan oda~ yofila
quTureTis ubanSi. am toponimis Ziri ,,quT~ Zalze mniSvnelovania imiT, rom
prokofis ,,quTaTisis~ fuZec aris igive ,,quT~.
d. baqraZis cnobiT, mis dros gza gadioda aWariswylidan maradidamde Woroxis marjvena sanapirozec. saerTod ki Tanamedrove satransporto saxmeleTo gzebi Woroxis xeobaSi gakeTda mxolod XIX saukuneSi. iqamde ki kldianobis gamo
Woroxispira gzebi ufro bilikebs miagavda, Tumca ki xeobaSi iyo aseulobiT
xidi. g. yazbegis dakvirvebiT kldianobis gamo baTumidan artanujamde 300 qvis
xidis aSeneba iyo saWiro da mis dros Sendeboda kidec isini. Tumca ki STambeWdavi iyo Zveli, istoriuli xidebis raodenobac, magram isini Cans ukve viwro iyo
axali transportisaTvis. isini Seadgendnen albaT strabonis cnobil 120 xids.
am Zvel xidebze ufro sapalniani saqoneliT gadahqondaT tvirTi, anda fexiTmosiaruleTaTvis gamoiyeneboda. axla ki ukve furgonebis gamoyeneba daiwyes. Tumca,
unda iTqvas, rom tvirTis gadazidvis istoriuli saSualeba - navebi - ufro iafi
ujdeboda momxmarebels, amitomac mTel XIX saukuneSi ufro navebi gamoiyeneboda
tvirTzidvisaTvis arTvinidan baTumamde da ukan. puri anu xorbali esaWiroeboda baTumSi dabanakebul rogorc rusis jars, ise ufro adre osmalos jars, aseve
ukve qalaqebad qceuli adgilebis mosaxleobas Svi zRvis pirze. puris namdvili
beRlebi ki imdroisaTvis iyo yarsi, axalcixe da axalqalaqi. am regionSi mohyavdaT Zalze iafi puri. am mazriT isargebles rusma, ingliselma da frangma sovdagrebma. isini purs ezidebodnen yars-axalcixe-axalqalaqidan artaanSi, iqedan saxmeleTo
gziT arTvinSi, aqedan ki, ZiriTadad Woroxis samdinaro gziT, baTumisaken. maTTvis
es vaWroba Zalze sarfiani da momgebiani iyo. aRmoCnda, rom samdinaro gziT
mTeli am simdidris gamotana Zneldeboda. amitomac jer osmaleTis imperiam
daiwyo XIX s-is Sua wlebSi Woroxis pirze saxmeleTo gzis mSenebloba, rac
Semdeg gaagrZela ruseTis imperiam, romlis sazRvrebSic aRmoCnda Woroxis xeoba. g. yazbegi werda am gzis saWiroebis Sesaxeb - ,,livanis, SavSeTisa da arTvinis
simdidre, baTumis gzis gareSe, vaWrobisaTvis mkvdar kapitalad iqca. yarsi, axalcixe da axalqalaqi puriT muqTad amaragebda rus, inglisel da frang sovdagrebs.
es gza (e. i. baTum-arTvin-artaan-yarsi) sparseTsa da evropas Soris SesaZloa
satranzito magistralad gadaiqces. am gzaze baTumidan artanujamde saWiroa 300
qvis xidisa da gvirabis aSeneba~ (iqve, gv. 107).
150

g. yazbegis mier Woroxis gzis saWiroebisaTvis dasaxelebuli 300 xidi, Cven

gvagonebs strabonis mier naxseneb mdinare fasisis 120 xids. ram gamoiwvia xidebis aseTi kolosaluri raodenobis dasaxeleba? saqme isaa, rom realurad arsebuli kldianoba moiTxovda xidebs Woroxis xeobaSi, xolo rionze, ara Tu I saukuneSi, dResac ki, xidebis raodenoba umniSvneloa. vfiqrobT, foTidan quTaisamde
rionze 10 xidic araa gadebuli. g. yazbegis mier naxsenebi ,,sparseTis gza~ Cven
aseve gvagonebs imperator basili bulgarTmmusvrelis sityvebs, mimarTuls saqarTvelos mefis giorgi I-isadmi: ,,nu meRobebi sparseTis gzaze~. qarTuli provincia
tao flobda miwebs, romelzec realurad gadioda bizantia-sparseTis damakavSirebeli gzebi. erTi umTavresi gza trapezuntidan - Teodosiopolis (arzrumis) gavliT miemarTeboda vanis tbisaken (e.i. sparseTisaken), meore aranaklebi
mniSvnelobis gza swored Woroxis xeobaze gadioda da arTvin-artanuj-artaanis
gziT ukavSirdeboda dvin-sparseTs. am gzebis gakontroleba surda bizantias,
Semdeg osmaleTs, bolos ki, g. yazbegis dros, ruseTs. g. yazbegis dros baTumarTvin-artanuj-artaan-yarsis gzis mSeneblobisaTvis gaRebuli kolosaluri
Tanxebi emsaxureboda ideas, rom am gziT SavizRvispireTi sparseTs daukavSirdeboda. am gzis kontroli iyo mizezi VI saukuneSi bizantia-sparseTis omisa, romlis saboloo mizani petras cixis daufleba anu gzis bolo wertilis kontroli iyo. 1896 wels daiwyo baTum-arTvin-ardagan-yarsis mimarTulebiT gzis mSenebloba (1903 wels gaiyvanes baTum-arTvins Soris, iqve, gv. 108). xmeleTis gziT gayvanamde,
rogorc iTqva, es gza mainc funqcionirebda ZiriTadad samdinaro saxiT, da aseve
saWapano cxovelebis da fexiTmavlebisaTvis kldeebSi gamoWrili saxmeleTo
gzebis saxiT.
o. didmaniZe da s. gogitiZe sxvadasxva wyaros da eTnografiul masalis
urTierTSejerebiT mividnen daskvnamde, rom ,,uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli
mdinare Woroxze gaivlida abreSumis saqaravno gza. indoeTidan momavali vaWrebi gamoivlidnen Woroxis auzis uZveles qalaqebs: banas, olTiss, artanujs, Semdeg
arTvinisa da maradidis gamovliT baTumsa da gonioSo gamodiodnen, aqedan ki
trapizonis gavliT evropis qveynebs ukavSirdebodnen. zogjer amave gziT gaivlidnen Sav zRvaSi evropidan Semosuli vaWrebi~ (iqve, gv. 110).
Woroxis xeobiT vaWrobas Turme xels uwyobda masSi didi qalaqebisa da
mZlavri metalurgiuli kerebis arseboba (iqve, gv. 110). qalaqebSi igulisxmeba
gonio, baTumi (baTusi), arTvini, artanuji, Warnalis metalurgiuli centri. Zveli
kolxuri brinjaos nivTebi aRmoCnda ergeSi, maxoSi, kirnaTSi da sxvagan. vaWrobis
ganviTarebisaTvis umTavresi iyo samdinaro-sanaosno arteriis arseboba md.
Woroxze. imperiidan movlenili moxele ariane aRniSnavda, rom md. akamfsisi iyo
sanaosno. aseve akamfsiss sanaosnos uwodebs prokofi kesarieli (iqve, gv. 110).
akamfsisi igive fasisia, oRond am mdinares adgilobrivi mosaxleoba akamfsisad
icnobda, berZnebi ki fasisad. sityva akamfsisi isevea nawarmoebi, rogorc sufsa.
,,fs~ - gamdinare wyals erqva. uZveles qarTlSi moxerxebuli navmisadgomebi iyo
mowyobili arTvinSi, naRvrevSi, borCxaSi, xebaSi, maradidSi, mirveTSi, kapandibSi.
isini aseve aReb-micemobis, e.i. savaWro centrebs warmoadgendnen.
Jan muries cnobiT baTumidan livanaSi Sedioda sxvadasxva saqoneli, inglisidan da Sveicariidan SemohqondaT bambis, xolo, damaskodan abreSumis qsovili, ruseTidan rkineuli, Salis qsovilebi, danarCeni saqarTvelodan (iqve, gv.
111).
151

gasayidad baTumSi CahqondaT wablis yavari (saxuravi), Tixis milebi, kecebi da

sxva, umetesad borCxadan. ukan gahqondaT tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, navTi, marili da
sxva.
herodotes (V s.) cnobiT, kolxuri seli saukeTeso iyo, qsenefontes gadmocemiT ,,Woroxis xeobis samxreTiT mosaxle qarTvelur toms muclamde selis abjari hqondaT~ (iqve, gv. 122). is aseve aRniSnavs, rom ,,sanadiro badeebi keTdeba
fasisuri (kolxuri) an karTagenuli wminda selisagan~. strabonis cnobiT kolxeTSi blomad amuSavebdnen sels da saeqsporto saqonels. mosaxleoba amzadebs
bevr selis tilos, sabawre masalas. am cnobebs adgilze, Woroxis xeobis eTnografiaze dakvirvebiT, adasturebs ingliseli mkvlevari j. palgrevi. misi cnobiT
livanis xeobis soflebSi amzadebdnen didi raodenobiT selis qsovilebs saukeTeso xarisxisas. am cnobas adasturebs d. baqraZe. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba selkanafis narTisagan (kedi) qsovdnen tilos, romlisaganac ikereboda mamakacis da
qalis Casacmelebi - perangi, sacvlebi, Cubuni (mamakacis zeda Casacmeli), Sarvali,
forka (kaba) da sxva (iqve, gv. 123). sofel maradids saxeli miuRia sityva ,,meresagan~ rac mdinarispira vakes niSnavs, (sadac mdebareobs qveda maradidi). rogorc
aRiniSna, iqvea ,,quTureTi~ _ ubani, ,,quT~ Ziris mqone termini. ,,quTureTSi~ ,,quT~
Ziria ,,ur~ da ,,eT~ ki sufiqsebi. ,,quT~ Ziriani toponimebi saqarTveloSi sxvaganac gvxvdeba, magaliTad Woroxis xeobaSi _ kvitaura, kvitauri, kvitamere, kvitieTi
da sxva (iqve, gv. 132).
md. Woroxis sigrZe 400 kilometrze metia, misi xeoba moicavs spers, taos,
klarjeTs, livanasa da aWaras, moedineba 439 km-is manZilze da adliasa da gonios
Soris zRvas uerTdeba (iqve, gv. 134). Woroxi berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi moixsenieba sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT _ fasisi, harpasosi, afsarosi, akamfsisi, fsare da
sxva. qarTul wyaroebSi mas speriswyali da Woroxi ewodeba. vaxuStis azriT,
sityvebs Woroxsa da Woroms erTi fuZe aqvT - rac erTad Sekrebil anda mravalqvianobas an riyianobas unda aRniSnavdes. T. saxokia, j. palgrevi, fransua gamba,
tomaSeki da sxvani am saxels ukavSireben - ,,Woroxis swraf dinebas~. Turqebs
misTvis ,,deli~ e.i. giJi (Zalze Cqari) mdinare uwodebiaT (iqve, gv. 135). n. maris
varaudiT, kolxebi Woroxis xeobaSi cxovrobdnen da TavianTi saxeli uwodes
mdinares, radganac kolxebs adgilobrivad ,,koroxebi~ erqvaT (iqve, gv. 135). e.
gabelianisa da T. mibCuanis TvalsazrisiT - ,,termini Woroxi svanuri warmoSobisaa,
igi erT-erTi xeobis saxelad svaneTSic gvxvdeba~ (iqve, gv. 136). o. didmaniZis azriT,
saerTod, Woroxis xeobaSi svanuri tomi cxovrobda. erT-erT toponims ase ganmartavs - ,,lespara - rogorc Cans igi Woroxis xeobis dasaxlebuli punqtis ,,speri~
da am midamoebSi mosaxle uZvelesi qarTul-svanuri tomis sasperis prototi pia.
masSi gamoiyofa TavsarTi ,,le~ da fuZe ,,sper~-i. amgvari toponimia (lespara)
svaneTSic dasturdeba~ (iqve, gv. 142).
aRsaniSnavia, rom toponimi onagira gvxvdeba aWaris xeobaSi, kerZod s. maradidSi.
aseve, onagira _ unagira _ aris qedis saxeli noqalaqevTan. aman ubiZga s.
yauxCiSvils efiqra, rom prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi ,,onagur~ _ onagurebis
Turqulma tomma, romelic lazikaSi moqmedebda, saxeli misca unagiras mTas. magram
es toponimi aRmoCnda maradidSic. am toponimis mixedviT s. yauxCiSvils noqalaqevi
arqeopolisad miaCnda. am svlageziT Cvenc albaT SegviZlia arqeopolisi veZioT
md. Woroxis zRvispireTSi SesarTavTan, radgan, es saxeli am xeobaSic dadasturda.
152

prokofiseul md. reons, rogorc aRiniSna Cven vakuTvnebT md. ,,RremSiReles~, ,,Rremis Rele~. misi Ziria ,,Rremi"- Cans aqedan ,,Rreoni~ (sufiqsebi omi-umi-emi da oni
- identuria). RremSiReles erTvis md. CildiriRele quTureTis ubanSi (iqve, gv.
156).

Woroxis xeoba r. malaymaZis mixedviT

fasisis oqro, iberiis gza, xidebi, naosnoba, seli da kanafi
strabonis, prokofi kesarielis, sxva Zvel avtorTa mosazrebani fasisis xeobasTan dakavSirebiT gacilebiT ufro eTanadeba Woroxis xeobas, vidre rionisas.
magaliTad, rionis xeobaSi, zRvis sanapirodan vidre TiTqmis raWamde, CvenTvis
ucnobia oqros raime sabado, maSin, roca fasisze, Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, oqros
moi povebdnen, aseve oqros qviSrobebi sxvadasxva adgilze arsebobs md. Woroxis
xeobaSi, oqrosa da spilenZis mdidari sabadoebi SesarTavidan arc Tu Sors,
ramdenime aTeul kilometrze mdebareobs. r. malaymaZe wers - ,,xeoba mdidaria
wiaRiseuliT, aq gvxvdeba sxvadasxva saxis madneuli, vercxli, TuTia, oqros qviSrobebi (sofel cxiasTan da aseve berTas wylis sanapiroze). regioni gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva spilenZis madnebis siuxviT, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara Woroxis
auzSi spilenZ-brinjaosa da rkinis metalurgiuli warmoebis Casaxva-ganviTarebas~ (r. malaymaZe, liganis xeoba, 2008, gv. 29).
liganis xeoba (e.i. teritoria ergedan - arTvinamde) amJamadac samTamadnowarmoebis Zlieri keraa (iqve, gv. 159).
murRulis xeobaSi (TurqeTi), sofel ZansulSi, ganlagebulia spilenZis sadnobi qarxana, (aRsaniSnavia, rom aq sakmaod xSiria ,,agr~, ,,ereg~ Ziris saxelebi,
magaliTad Zansulis erTerTi ubania ,,agari~, murRulis xeobis erTerTi sofelia
_ ,,ereguna~ (iqve, gv. 130). murRulis xeobaSi arsebobs mTa saxelwodebiT ,,egrisu~
(iqve, gv. 101), amasTanave isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom aqve maxloblad amJamadac arsebobs
sofeli saxelwodebiT ,,qarTla~ (iqve, gv. 107). murRulis xeobis (Zansulis) spilenZis
mdidari sabado ,,mTel kavkasiaSi i pyrobda yuradRebas~, amasTanave spilenZis
sabadoebi arsebobda liganis xeobaSi, maT Soris arTvinis zemoT xodis, agreTve
sofel kvarcxanas sabadoebi. XIX s. bolos mopovebuli madani Woroxis navebiT
(samdinaro gziT) CahqondaT ergeSi mdebare spilenZis sadnob qarxanaSi. maleve
agebuli iqna aseve Woroxis sanapiroebze saxmeleTo gzebi. Semdeg qarxnebi mopovebis adgilebzec aigo. 1910 wlisaTvis ZansulSi adnobdnen 1200 fuT spilenZis
zods. sabolood isini ruseTis putilovis qarxanaSi CahqondaT (iqve, gv. 44),
kvartaanSi 1000 muSa Sromobda.
I msoflio omis dros ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris brZolis obieqtad iqca
arTvinis spilenZiT mdidari raionebi (iqve, gv. 48), 1914 wels spilenZis sadnob
qarxanas (WinkaTxev-ZansulSi) 500 Turqi mebrZoli miadga. erTxans Turqebma xelSi Caigdes spilenZis warmoeba da baTum-arTvin-artaan-yarsis damakavSirebeli
saerTaSoriso gza (iqve, gv. 48). sabolood 1915 wels rusebma q. arTvini ukan
daibrunes. SemdegSi es qarxnebi TurqeTis xelSi aRmoCnda. 1972 wlisaTvis Zansu153

lis spilenZis qarxana TveSi amuSavebda 280 tona madans (iqve, gv. 54).
arTvini zRvidan sul ramdenime aTeul kilometrSia, misi spilenZiT mdidari
sabadoebi miuTiTebs, Tu istoriuli fasisi ratom izidavda ucxoel dampyroblebs, romelnic madnisa da saerTaSoriso gzebis xelSi Casagdebad ibrZodnen.
iazonis epoqaSi spilenZisCliqebiani xaris ambavs mogvagonebs liganis xeobaSi dResac arsebuli gadmocema ,,wylis xarebis~ Sesaxeb. ,,gadmocemis mixedviT
xari xSirad wylidan amodioda, Sinaur buRebs eWidaveboda, Zroxebs anayofierebda da isev tbaSi brundeboda~ (iqve, gv. 138).
spilenZis madnidan, rogorc cnobilia, oqros mcire raodenobasac moi povebdnen. amitomac SesaZlebelia, rom Woroxis anu fasisis xeobaSi spilenZTan erTad
oqroc moi poveboda, razedac miuTiTebs straboni. arqeologiuri masaliT Woroxis
auzSi Caeyara safuZveli spilenZ-brinjaosa da rkinis metalurgias (iqve, gv. 106).
ruseTsa da osmaleT-TurqeTs Soris gansakuTrebiT sadavo yofila saerTaSoriso gza, romelic, rogorc iTqva baTums akavSirebda yarsTan da Sesabamisad
aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, esaa arTvin-artaanis gza. am gzis uZvelesobis Sesaxeb
miuTiTebs Zveli qvisTaRiani xidebis saocari simravle - ,,isini ZiriTadad
ganlagebulia xatilas, murRulis, Cxalas, beRlevanis, devsqelis, qlasquris, Woroxis
mdinareebze da maTze gamaval samimosvlo-saqaravno gzebze. amgvari xidebiTaa
mofenili aWariswylisa da maWaxelas xeobebi. liganis xeobaSi 18 Zveli qvisTaRiani xidia dafiqsirebuli. maTi nawili dangreulia, nawilic kargadaa Semonaxuli. amaTgan aRsaniSnavia banaknas, sanaTisis, taiaxros, meres (mdinare oTongos
wyali), xatilas, gevlis, murRulis, duzqois, qlaskuris, qvemo qlaskuris, beRlevanis, mirveTis, arTvinis xidi 1893 wels aufeTqebiaT rusebs... qvisTaRiani xidebis
mSeneblobis teqnika erTnairia, agebulia Tlili da riyis qvebiT, isini ZiriTadad gankuTvnili iyo qveiTi da cxenosani mgzavrebisaTvis. qvisTaRiani xidebis aseTi simravle ganapiroba xeobis savaWro-ekonomikurma da strategiulma
mniSvnelobam. xidebi erTmaneTTan akavSirebda rogorc Sida, ise gare samyarosTan
damakavSirebel gzebs. sofel mirveTTan dRemde SemorCenilia Woroxis marcxena
sanapiroze gamavali savaWro-saqaravno gzis naSTebi~ (iqve, gv. 125).
sofel mirveTTan dRemde SemorCenili Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze gamavali
saqaravno gzis naSTebis arseboba Cven gvaxsenebs prokofi kesarielis cnobas, rom
VI saukuneSi sparsi sardali swored fasisis marcxena sanapiros gziT mivida
petraSi, es gza dRemdea SemorCenili!
artefaqtebi aSkarad miuTiTebs Woroxis xeobaSi saerTaSoriso gzis arsebobis
Sesaxeb, rasac wyaroebic adastureben. sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli gza Woroxis
xeobaSi gadioda da ara suramis uReltexilze.
r. malaymaZis kvleviT, liganis xeoba, savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos erT-erT dawinaurebul regions warmoadgenda (iqve, gv. 125).
strabonis mier naxsenebi fasisis 120 xidis naSTebi dResac arsebobs, isini
Woroxis xeobaSia.
Woroxis xeobis Zvel mkvlevarTa mier dasturdeba strabonis cnoba, rom es
mdinare (Woroxi anu fasisi) namdvilad iyo sanaosno ramdenime aTeuli kilometris manZilze.
154

axali mkvlevarnic imaves adastureben - ,,liganis xeoba warmoadgenda erTerT ZiriTad samdinaro centrs saqarTveloSi, naosnoba xorcieldeboda mdinare
Woroxis meSveobiT, Woroxi iyo istoriuli tao-klarjeTis SavizRvispireTTan
damakavSirebeli umoklesi samdinaro gza. md. Woroxi naosnobisaTvis TiTqmis
weliwadis yvela dros gamoiyeneboda, garda gazafxulisa, roca dinebis siCqare
da wylis done matulobda. am dros Woroxis siRrme 15-20 futs aRemateboda,
sigane 10-12 saJens. naosnoba da navTmSenebloba liganis xeobis soflebis mosaxleobis Semosavlis mTavar wyaros Seadgenda. navTmSeneblobis centrebi iyvnen
borCxa, maradidi da xeba. amaTgan mainc qveda maradidi gamoirCeoda. cnobebis
mixedviT XIX s. bolosaTvis maradidSi 14 navsaSeni saxelosno yofila. navebi
grZeli da brtyelZiriani keTdeboda. samgzavro navebis sigrZe 2-5 saJens aRwevda,
Tumca arsebobda ufro didebic. naosnoba arTvinis xididan baTumamde Seuferxeblad grZeldeboda. Relvis dros navebi sofel kapandibTan Cerdebodnen. wyaluxvobis dros arTvinidan baTumamde navi manZils faravda 5-6 saaTSi, wyalmcirobis dros 8-15 saaTSi. mdinaris sapirispiro mimarTulebiT navi manZils
baTumidan arTvinamde 2-3 dReSi faravda. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki 4-5 dRe sWirdeboda,
zamTris periodsa da uamindobaSi ki 6-7, xSirad 8 dRe~ (r. malaymaZe, liganis
xeoba, 2008, gv. 116).
Jan muries, n. wereTlis, g. yazbegis, d. baqraZisa da sxvaTa monacemebiT XIX s.
Sua periodSi Woroxze 80 navi dacuravda. sxva monacemiT - 200, romelTac 300-mde
menave emsaxureboda da maTi ricxvi XIX s. bolosaTvis kidev ufro izrdeboda.
arsebobda menaveTa amxanagobebi, romelnic konkurencias uwevdnen erTmaneTs.
tvirTis gadazidva am periodisaTvis gaZvirda - menave 1 baTman tvirTze 5 kapiks
iRebda, magram mdinaris sapirispirod ki 5-6 Saurs axdevinebdnen (iqve, gv. 117).
Woroxze naosnoba Sewyda 1921 wlis Semdeg ssrk-TurqeTis sazRvris gadaketvis
gamo. menaveobis intensivobaze imoqmeda aseve, 1899 wels, baTum-arTvin-argaan-yarsis
mimarTulebiT gzis amoqmedebam.
vfiqrobT sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli, anu sparseli Sahebisa da sardlebis jarebis da maTi proviantis gadaadgilebis gzis ZiebisaTvis sainteresoa r.
malaymaZis daskvna Woroxis xeobis saerTaSoriso gzis Sesaxeb: ,,mdinare Woroxze
naosnobam udidesi roli Seasrula istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da SavizRvispireTis provinciebis dakavSirebis, vaWrobisa da aReb-micemobis ganviTarebaSi.
es iyo erT-erTi mTavari sanaosno gza, romlis saSualebiTac yarsis, artaanis,
SavSeT-imerxevis da arTvinis soflebidan CamohqondaT gasayidad adgilobrivi
warmoebis samrewvelo da soflis meurneobis nawarmi, rac didi mowonebiT sargeblobda ucxour bazarze~ (iqve, gv. 118).
miT umetes, rom am mSvenier samdinaro-savaWro gzas gverdiT miuyveboda saxmeleTo gza, romelic erge-ligan-arTvins akavSirebda artaan-yarsTan. ratom dagvWirda Cven mravali narkvevi migveZRvna mtkicebisaTvis imisa, rom Woroxze namdvilad
arsebobda sanaosno gza? saqme isaa, rom XX s. qarTveli istorikosebis umetesoba
saerTod ignorirebas ukeTebs mis arsebobas. vTqvaT iseTi udidesi mkvlevari
qarTuli arqeologiisa da kolxeTmcodneobisa, rogoricaa oTar lorTqifaniZe,
pirdapir dabejiTebiT werda: Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno mdinare, radgan ,,Woroxi
miuwvdomeli iyo zRvidan navis Sesacureblad" (o.lorTqifaniZe,argonavtika da
155

Zveli kolxeTi, 1986, gv.46), amitomac is ar SeiZlebao iyos fasisi.

prokofi kesarieli mravalgzis aRniSnavs, rom lazika aris kldovani, naklebmosavliani qveyana, miwamcire, mxolod erTi misi regioni moxorisia nayofieri. aseve, TiTqmis amave sityvebiT afaseben vaxuSti da ivane javaxiSvili taoklarjeT-erges. SavSeT-klarjeTTan, da saerTod aRniSnul regionTan dakavSirebiT iv. javaxiSvili werda - ,,aseT rTul geografiul pirobebSi adamians xeli
unda aeRo iseT sameurneo dargebze, rogoricaa memtileoba anda raime eRona, rom
bunebrivi pirobebis wyalobiT Seqmnili dabrkoleba gadaelaxa da daeZlia, rasac
qarTvelma kacma miaRwia daqanebul ferdobebze xelovnuri niadagis SeqmniT, qvayorisagan patar-patara manZilis amoSenebiT. baR-venaxebisaTvis amnairad xarisxebr movakebuli adgili keTdeboda~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. V, 1986, gv. 147).
prokofis lazikis kldeTa da iv. javaxiSvilis klarjeTis ,,daqanebul ferdobTa~ aRwera msgavsia. aseT kldovan niadags esaWiroeboda sagangebod damzadebuli iaraRebi, aseTebi yofilan - ,,wvera Toxi, Cafa anu viwro Toxi, safxeki
(saCerknavi) Toxi, specialuri cul-najaxebi da sxva (r. malaymaZe, iqve, gv. 77).
vaxuStis daxasiaTebiT liganis xeobaSi miwis simcire sagrZnobi yofila, rac
iwvevda meurneobis ama Tu im dargis Seviwroebas (iqve, gv. 83). miuxedavad amisa
liganis xeobaSi mohyavdaT SesaniSnavi xili, maT Soris zeTisxilic. magram erge
- Tavisi nayofierebiT namdvilad waagavs prokofis mier daxasiaTebul moxoriss.
aq aris SesaniSnavi miwac da klimatic.
erge-liganis aRweriloba dResac ki msgavsia strabonis mier aRwerili kolxeTisa. kerZod, strabonis cnobiT kolxeTSi mohyavdaT kargi seli qsovilebisaTvis. ,,d. baqraZis daxasiaTebiT livanaSi mohyavdaT saukeTeso seli, romelic
livanuri selis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili~ (iqve, gv. 110). j. palgrevis cnobiTac selis qsovilebi didi raodenobiT mzaddeboda q. livanaSi (arTvini). selisa
da kanafis narTisagan, romelsac kedi (aqedan oqromkedi) ewodeboda, qsovdnen
mamakacisa da qalis Cacmulobas, tilos, jvalos tomrebs, Tokebsa da sxva nawarms
(iqve, gv. 111).
strabonis aRwerilobas sxva mxrivac eTanadeba livan-klarjeTis mxare. kerZod, strabonis aRweriT istoriuli mesxeTi sam nawilad iyo gayofili iberielebs, lazebsa da armenielebs Soris. amJamindeli enobrivi viTareba Woroxis
xeobaSi gvafiqrebinebs, rom mesxeTis is nawili, romelic iyo lazebis xelqveiT,
iyo Woroxis marjvena sanapiro, Tavisi qalaq artanujiT, vidre arsianis qedamde,
anu is teritoria, romelsac axla klarjeTs vuwodebT. kerZod, enobrivi TvalsazrisiT, amJamindel liganSi Woroxis marcxena sanapiro dasaxlebulia lazurenovani xalxiT, xolo marjvena sanapiro mesxur (qarTul) enovniT.
mkvlevari wers - ,,qarTuli enis gavrcelebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba liganis sazRvargareTul nawilSi, kerZod, borCxis, murRulisa da arTvinis raionebSi,
Semdeg suraTs gvaZlevs: mdinare Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze mdebare Cxalisa da
beRlevanis xeobebis adgilobriv mcxovrebTa ricxvs ZiriTadad lazur enaze
molaparakeni Seadgenen (Tumca, maTma garkveulma nawilma icis qarTuli enac),
xolo md. Woroxis marjvena sanapiroze (q. borCxa, devsqeli, qlasquri, zemo maradidi) mcxovrebTa Soris yvelaze kargadaa daculi qarTuli ena. isini ojaxebSi
umTavresad qarTul enaze laparakoben~ (iqve, gv. 52).
strabonis dros mesxeTi (Cveni azriT, samcxe, SavSeTi, artaani, kola, tao da
156

klarjeTi) sam nawilad iyo gayofili. rogorc aRvniSneT, iberiaSi Sedioda samcxe,
SavSeTi, artaan-kola, armeniaSi tao-basiani, xolo lazikaSi ki klarjeTi an SeiZleba SavSeTic. am SemTxvevaSi klarjeTia mesxeTis is mesamedi, romelic kolxeTis xelSi iyo, anu es iyo Woroxis marjvena sanapiros qveyana Tavisi mTavari
centriT artanujiT vidre arsianis qedamde: is yofila mesxebis (anu mesxuri
tomiT dasaxlebuli) mxare strabonis dros, xolo lazuri tomiT dasaxlebuli
iqneboda vrceli teritoria zRvispireTidan vidre Woroxis marcxena sanapiromde.
e.i. Woroxis marcxena sanapirodan - zRvispireTis CaTvliT iTvleboda lazebis
qveyanad, romelTa xelSic imJamad yofila aseve klarjeTic. oriveni ki bizantiis
mier iyvnen mitacebulni.
ase, rom ara imereTi iyo mesxebiT dasaxlebuli, rogorc warmoudgenia Tanamedrove sabWour istoriografias, aramed liganis xeobis axlos mdebare klarjeTi. aq gamavali saerTaSoriso gzis Sesaxeb wers r. malaymaZe - ,,liganis xeoba
mdebareobs md. Woroxis qvemo dinebaSi. aq gadioda saxmeleTo da samdinaro gzebi,
romliTac antikur xanaSi da ufro adre istoriul, SavSeT-tao-klarjeTis mxareebi SavizRvispira raionebs ukavSirdeboda~ (iqve, gv. 20), am gziT uvlia andria
mociquls - ,,aWarisa da nigalis gavliT klarjeTsa da artaan-kolaSi gadavida.
,,andria Sevida qveyanasa qarTlisasa, niglas, klarjeTsa da artaan kolas, sada
dayo Jami mravali~ (q.c. I, 1955, gv. 38).

eqspedicia Woroxze, 2009 wlis 27 ivliss

Cveni mizani iyo Woroxisa da aWariswylis SesarTavis naxva. Woroxs, Cveni
azriT, prokofis epoqaSi erqva fasisi, xolo aWariswyals dokonisi. am mdinareebis SesarTavSi yofila samkuTxedis msgavsi kunZuli Zvel punqt nesosTan. am
kunZulze romaelTa (bizantielTa) da sparselTa jarebi ibrZodnen, romelsac
aRweren prokofis epoqis mwerlebi. Cveni mizani iyo gvexila es kunZuli Tu
naxevarkunZuli da daaxloebiT gagvezoma is, raTa Segvedarebina Zvel cnobebTan.
am adgils moxvedra SeiZleba, xelvaCauris raionis gavliT. raioni aris vake,
uxvmosavliani, kargad gaSenebuli, es unda iyos cnobili moxirisi Tu moxurisi
da ara quTaisis sanaxebi. marTlac fuZe sityvisa SenarCunebulia sityvaSi-,,xelvaCauri~ -misi fuZea ,,xelvaCi"an ,,xelvaxelo- xulo" Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
,,el~ xSirad gadadis ,,ur~-Si, maSin ,,xulo~-dan SeiZleba miviRoT ,,xuru~. - winsarTis ,,ma~ da ,,bolosarTis ,,si~-s darTviT albaT miviRebT mu-xur-iss. amJamadac
am regionSi fiqsirdeba toponimrbi _ `maxo~, `maxos xidi~, `maxvilauri~, `maxinjauri~ da sxva. maTi fuZea _ `maxo-maxvi~, aqedan etimologiurad sityva `moxirisis~
fuZesTan `mox~-Tan dakavSireba (mox-ir-isi).
aRsaniSnavia, rom kuTxe ,,erge~ axlac arsebobs xelvaCauris raionSi, is aq hqvia
amJamindel sofels, romelic yvelaze axlosaa Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavTan.
am mdinareTa SesarTavSi namdvilad arsebobs qvSisagan da riyisagan Seqmnili
samkuTxedis formis naxevarkunZuli. misi saerTo farTobi sakmarisi iqneboda
patara razmebis ganlagebisaTvis, magram ufro mTavaria is, rom kunZulidan SesaZlebeli iyo ori strategiuli gzis gakontoleba _ erTi amJamadac miuyveba md.
aWariswyals, meore ki Woroxs. kunZulidan SeiZleba mTeli mTiani aWarisa da
157

ligan-klarjeTis xeobaTa sruli kontroli, gzaTa Caketva an gaxsna. aRsaniSnavia,

rom am adgilas XIX s.-Sic idga rusis jari.
kunZulze jaris ganlageba midamos kldianobiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli.
am SesarTavis irgvliv mTebis ferdebze Cans patara dasaxlebebi da TiToorola saxlebi. mivemarTebiT am soflebisaken, raTa maTi saxelebi gavigoT.
gvainteresebs darCa Tu ara am adgilebSi sadme toponimi ,,nesosi~, romelsac
axsenebs prokofi. aseTi ar ician, aris soflebi CxuteneTi da sxva. nesoss yvelaze
ufro uaxlovdeba toponimi ,,nestori~, romelic aq erT-erT adgils hqvia. mivemarTebiT amave gziT sofel maradidisaken, raTa CaviweroT Woroxis menaveTa
Sesaxeb SemorCenili cnobebi. marTlac, maradidTan axlo sofelSi CaviwereT
Temur xasanis Ze jixaZis (ZixoRlis) naambobi, rom mamamisi, romelic 1970 wels
gardaicvala, axalgazrdobis wlebSi TviTon marTavda Woroxze satvirTo navs,
igi yofila ,,reizi~ anu kapitani satvirTo navisa. is ase saqmianobda - mas
daiqiravebda xolme romelime vaWari, romelsac undoda tvirTis gadatana borCxadan baTumSi, es ,,reizi~ anu kapitani gaamzadebda Tavis navs, TviTon Tavis mxriv
daiqiravebda 2-3 TanaSemwe - menaves, borCxaSi navze dadebdnen tvirTs (ZiriTadad
es iyo zeTisxili, Ciri, kramiti) da mdinariT gauyvebodnen gzas baTumisaken.
baTumTan axlos ZiriTadad kapandibSi an sxva adgilas, tvirTs gadmoclidnen. am
gzis gavlas borCxadan baTumisken naviT Wirdeboda TiTqmis 12 saaTi. ukan aseve
naviT brundebodnen, axla ukve navi ukan TokebiT unda waeTriaT wyalze srialiT,
amitomac WirdebodaT meti xalxi, am xasanis sityviT navis ukan Trevas Wirdeboda
10-15 kaci. am Temur xasanis Ze jixaZis (jixoRlis) gamokiTxvis Semdeg, Cven gviTxres
rom aqve, amave sofel maradidSi jer kidev cocxalia navis mTreveli kaci (e.i.
visac navi ukan miyavda), marTlac gavemarTeT mis sanaxavad. soflis viwro gzebiT,
Woroxis napirTan erT-erT saxlTan gviTxres, rom saxlis patronma WoroxSi
i povna didi zomis Ruza, daaxloebiT 1 metri simaRlis, xeliT gakeTebuli (gamoWedili rkina), woniT daaxloebiT 70-80 kg. am axalgazrda kacma gviTxra, rom Ruza
erTi Tvis win miuyidnia baTumis erT-erTi muzeumisaTvis. Ruzis zomebiT navic
didi zomisa unda yofiliyo. amis Semdeg Cven migviyvanes ,,navis mTrevelis~
ezoSi. gamogviyvanes moxuci brge kaci, romelic mogviyva igives, oRond ar daadastura bolo cnoba, rom navis ukan borCxaSi wasaTrevad 10-15 kaci iyo saWiro.
misma colma ganacxada - moxucda da bevri raime aRar axsovso. iqve Tqves, rom
navis ukan mTrevels erqva aseTi saxeli - ,,muSa~ anda ,,mZRoli~. ufro adre
xasanma gviTxra, rom navis ukan Treva mZime saqme iyo, amitomac arsebobda navis
muSebis dasasvenebeli sagangebo punqtebi md. Woroxze, kerZod navis mTrevelebi
kapandidian borCxas gzaze isvenebdnen: 1) Tanamedrove sofel aWariswyalTan
(sadac aWariswvali uerTdeba Woroxs); 2) sofel minveTTan; 3) maradidTan; 4)
xebasTan; 5) iyo ukve borCxa. albaT dasvenebis qveS igulisxmeba Ramis gaTeveba.
ukana gzaze navi gansakuTrebiT msubuqad itvirTeboda, ZiriTadad navTiT da
mariliT, aseve qsovilebiT. TviTon maradidSi iyo saqsovebi da aqve ikereboda
damzadebuli tansacmeli. borCxa-kapandibis gzas maradidelebi emsaxurebodnen
ZiriTadad. kapandibSi navebi dgeboda iq, sadac aris e.w. ,,maxos xidi~. aqedan
borCxamde navis ukan Trevas 2-3 dRe undoda. navis reizi anu kapitani ,,idga
kiCoze~. aqve maradidSi amzadebdnen navebs, erT-erTis saxli gvaCvenes, is yofila
158

vinme CerqeziSvili. maxos xidi aris ,,erges qvemoT~. erT dReSi, am mTqmelis
TqmiT Woroxze sul 4 navi moZraobda (magram albaT adre meti iyo). Woroxis
satvirTo sanaosno gza daiketa 1926 wels mTavrobis gankargulebiT. amis Semdeg
menaveebs da tvirTis gadamtanebs uwodebdnen ,,kontrapandistebs~ da isjebodnen. amitom es saqme da xeloba gaqra.
borCxadan _ aWariswylis SesarTavamde qveyanas erqva _ livana, aWariswylis
qvemoT _ erge. borCxaSi saqoneli Sedioda arTvinis bazrobidan. arTvinSi imarTeboda bazroba, sadac, rogorc iTqva, vaWrebi yidulobdnen saqonels, romelic
borCxaSi gadahqondaT, borCxadan ki ukve maradideli menaveebi agrZelebdnen
tvirTzidvas maxos xidamde. moxuci maradidelis sityviT, navs ukan miaTrevda ara
10-15 kaci, aramed 3-4 muSa ,,joxebiT~. safiqrebelia, mas surda eTqva, rom es 3-4 kaci
mdinaris dinebis miyolisas iyo navze.
rogorc aRiniSna, `maxo~ unda iyos is mxare, romelsac wyaroebSi moxirisi
erqva (xelvaCaur-xulos regioni).

borani (,,poromi~) md. rionze

borani iyo xidis magieri damakavSirebeli saSualeba or sanapiros Soris.

magaliTad, sof. baSsa da vans erTmaneTTan akavSirebda borani. TviTmxilvelis
monaTxrobi: ,,omis Semdeg XX s. 50-60-ian wlebSi babuaCemi datvirTavda urems da
kviraobiT (kvira dRes) savaWrod gahqonda produqti vanis bazarze baSidan boranis (iq ,,poroms~ eZaxdnen) saSualebiT.
borani didi tivia, baSis borani iqneboda daaxloebiT sigrZiT 5-7 metri,
siganiT odnav naklebi. masze eteoda ramdenime uremi Tavisi xarebiT da aseve
cxenebi da 10-mde adamiani. borani gadaadgildeba napirebze gabmuli magari TokiT, bagiriT. am bagirs ikaveben Zelebi. meborne didi niCbis saSualebiT borans
xels uwyobda rom gadaadgilebuliyo erTi napiridan meoreze. borani iyo
oTxkuTxedi, bagirs borani exeboda grZeli boZis saSualebiT.
baSsa da vans Sua daaxloebiT 4 kilometria mdinare rionis kalapotis sigane.
am oTx kilometrian manZilze moedineba sami nakadi (ganStoeba) mdinare rionisa.
am sami ganStoebidan sof. baSTan axlos moedineboda ,,patara rioni~, patara
rionis Semdeg iyo ,,Wala~, Walis Semdeg moedineboda rionis I Senakadi _ ,,Sua anu
didi rioni~ _ aq iyo borani.
boranis centrSi damagrebuli iyo sqeli boZi daaxloebiT or metriani, romelic
misrialebda bagirze sasurveli mimarTulebiT. bagiri (Toki) am Zelze TamaSobda _ Zelze adioda da Cadioda. rogorc iTqva boranze misasvlelad jer xaruremi gadalaxavda patara rions (anu erT-erT Senakads sof. baSTan axlos).
baSidan wamsvleli jer patara rionis gaivlida, Sevidoda e.w. ,,WalaSi~, Wala
iqneboda daaxloebiT 300-500 metri, mas gaivlida da datvirTuli uremi miadgeboda xis ficarnags didi rionis sanapiroze. am ficarnags moadgeboda borani, amis
Semdeg ficarnagis saSualebiT xalxi da xar-uremi Sedioda boranze. borani
gaivlida e.w. ,,did rions~, misi sigane iqneboda 40-60 metri. misi gadacurvis
159

Semdeg borani miadgeboda meore sanapiros. iqedan iwyeboda mdinaris riye. am

riyes iqiT iyo kidev erTi ,,rioni~ da amis sanapiroze iyo vani da sxva soflebi.
iqve iyo rionis meore mxares sofeli WyviSi, qalaqi vani da sxva soflebi.
xalxi boranis saSualebiT baSidan vanSi sakmaod Cqara moZraobda. magaliTad,
erT dReSi baSel adamians advilad SeeZlo baSidan vanSi misvla, saqmis moTaveba
da ukan dabruneba. amas dasWirdeboda albaT naxevari dRe.
daaxloebiT erTi napiridan meore napirze gadasvlas 1,5-2 saaTi dasWirdeboda.
soflebi baSi, ianeTi, farcxanayanebi, sayulia da sxva soflebi samtrediis
aqeT am borniT ukavSirdeboda vanis soflebs. mTavari bazari iyo vanSi da amitom
am bazrobaze kviradRes borniT mimodioda xalxi."
mTxrobeli Tamaz nacvli Svil i.
28.07.08
q. wyaltubo
e.i. baSsa da vans Sua rioni sam totad iyo gayofili. erTi toti sofel
baSTan ufro patara iyo, meore - Sua - mdinaris mTavari ZarRvi iyo, mesame ki
vanTan ,,iqeTa rioni~ iyo baSelebisTvis. Sua totze gadebuli iyo borani. vani da
baSi erTmaneTs am gziT ukavSirdeboda.

paliastomis tbis

legenda

afxazeTis kaTalikoss zaqaria qvarians daudasturebia ruseTis elCebisaTvis

1651 wels, rom Zvel wignebSi moTxrobili yofila Tu rogor CaiZira cixe-qalaqi
palistomis tbis adgilze da rogori saswaulTqmedebiT ineba paliastomis yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xatma gadasveneba axal adgilas. am ambavs hyveboda xatis
mcveli pativcemuli mRvdel-monazoni, romlis sagvareulo movaleoba saukuneTa
manZilze yofila am wmida xatis Tanxleba da msaxureba. isini paliastomidan
gadmohyolian quTaisSi xats. 1651 wels ruseTis elCebma ievlievma da toloCanovma moiloces bagratis taZari. ievlievi wers aq dacul paliatomis RvTismSoblis xatis Sesaxeb. ,,am xatis Sesaxeb sakrebulo saydris xucesma, mRdelmonazonma gabrielma da misma Svilebma sexniam da simonma gviambes: winaT es xati
guriaSi imyofeboda da cixe-qalaq paliastomis sakrebulo taZarSi idga. saydris mTavar xucesma silibistrom im xatis STagonebiT Cveneba ixila (silibistro gabriel xuces-monazonis Soreuli winapari iyo), TiTqos sizmarSi mas RvTismSobelma uTxra, Sesuliyo sakrebulo taZarSi, misi yovladwmida xati aeRo da
cixe qalaq paliastomidan gamoetana, radgan cixe-qalaqs wyalSi CaZirva moeliso.
mTavar-xucesma sizmars ar daujera amis Semdeg RvTismSobeli mTavar-xucess
orjer gamoecxada da igive auwya, rom cixe-qalaqi CaiZireba da xati gamoitaneo.
mTavar-xucesma arc amjerad daijera da arc sxvas gaagebina amis Sesaxeb rameo. es
mTavar-xucesi cixe qalaqis gareT cxovrobda sxva saydris maxloblad. RvTis
neba aRsrulda am cixe-qalaqze da igi xalxiTurT CaiZira, xolo yovlad wmida
RvTismSoblis xati RvTis brZanebiT am warRvnisgan dacul iqna TavisTavad,
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uxilavad, RvTis gangebiT cixe qalaqidan haerze modioda - da roca maTma am

winaparma mTavar-xucesma aseTi saocari da eniT gamouTqmeli saswauli ixila,
daeca saswaulebrivi xatis winaSe da cremliT iwyo vedreba mowyalebis misaRebad da codvebis misateveblad da roca miuaxlovda, yovlad wmida RvTismSoblis
xati haeridan daiZra da mis xelebSi miesvena. kvlav gamoecxada RvTismSobeli
mTavar-xucess da misi gamosaxulebis quTaisis cixe-qalaqSi gadasveneba ubrZana.
marTlac am mTavar-xucesma xati quTaisSi miasvena da sakrebulo taZarSi moaTavsa. im droidan moyolebuli aqamde, im yovladwmida RvTisSmoblis maxloblad,
mudam cxovrobs silibistros modgma. yovlad wmida RvTismSoblis es xati quTaisis
cixe qalaqSi giorgi mefis dros ariso mitanili. daviT mefis SviliSvilis
droso~ Cans igulisxmeba mefe giorgi brwyinvale.
a. ievlievis 1650-1652 wlebis imereTis samefoSi elCobis saangariSo aRweriloba. gamocemuli i. cincaZis mier 1968 w. gv. 139.
rogorc am ambidan Cans, paliastomis cixe qalaqSi yofila mravali eklesia.
erT-erTi, SedarebiT patara eklesiis win cxovrobda Turme mTavari anu sakrebulos xucesi silibistro. rogorc Cans sxva eklesiebidanac gautaniaT wmida
xatebi. magaliTad, xalxuri gadmocemebiT erT-erTma diakvanma paliastomis eklesiidan mTavarangelozis xati gadaasvena jumaTis mTaze. es ambavi Cauweria 1891
wels egnate ninoSvils: ,,axla rom paliastomis tbaa, im adgilas Turme xmeleTi
yofila, zed xalxi idga da am xalxs pavlias toms eZaxdnen. erT dRes xmeleTma
Zirs daiwia, erT adgilas miwa gairRva, ucbad wyali amovarda dedamiwidan da
mTeli sofeli daifara. iqauri xalxic da yovelive suldgmuli daixrCo, xolo
erTma diakvanma moaswro, gaitaca mTavarangelozis xati, aitana jumaTis mTaze da iq
am xats eklesia auSenes. es diakvanic, gvarad darCia, dekanozad daayeneso. jumaTis
mTaze eklesia-monasteri dResac arsebobs. xalxi gvarad darCia dResac cxovrobs
sofel jumaTSi da bevri maTgani sasuliero wodebisaa~.
paliastomis tbis ambavs gadmogvcems vaxuSti batoniSvili. igi wers... ,,amas
ityvian naqalaqevsa da Semdgomad moculsa wylisagan~ (qarT. cxovreba, me-IV gv.
790).
paliastomis tbis gaCenis ambavi aRuweriaT me-17 saukuneSi 1651 wels, me-18
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi da me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi. paliastomis es ambavi
Cawerili yofila kidev ufro Zvel wignebSi. magaliTad 1651 wels afxazeTis
patriarqma zaqaria qvarianma ganacxada, rom es ambavi Zvel wignebSi WeSmaritad
ase aris moTxrobili. (m. nikoleiSvili, quTaisis da paliastomis RvTismSoblis
xati, quTaisis muzeumis Sromebi, krebuli me-15. 2006 weli). maSasadame, Zveli qarTuli istoriografis am cnobebiT paliastomis tba warmoiSva Sua saukuneebSi da
is ar aris strabonis mier aRwerili tba qalaq fasisis gverdiT. me-19 saukunis
rusi da evropeli mogzaurebis cnobiT sakmao sididis tbebi iyo da axlac aris
mdinare Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze mis zRvasTan SesarTavis axlos, amitomac
sabWoTa epoqis mecnierTa mtkiceba, rom TiTqosda straboni aRwers paliastomis
tbis arsebobas foTis gverdiT usafuZvloa.
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom paliastomis fskeris wyalqveSa arqeologiuri
Seswavla adasturebs xalxis mier Semonaxuli ambis simarTles. paliastomis
tbis gaCenis Sesaxeb monaTxrobebi dasturdeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.
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(iqve gv. 29). arqeologebis mier paliastomis tbaSi aRmoCnda Sua saukunis soflis naSTebi da eklesiis kedlebic ki. amitomac gvakvirvebs Cveni Tanamedrove
mecnieris msjeloba, rom TiTqosda gulubryviloba aris zemoT xsenebul xatebTan paliastomis tbis warmoSobis dakavSireba, rom TiTqosda am xatis Semqmnelebs
surdaT xatisaTvis raRac gansakuTrebuli Zala mieniWebinaT misi dakavSirebiT
ucnaur ambebTan da legendebTan. kerZod, mkvlevaris fiqriT- ,,xats TavisTavad
araviTari Zala ar aqvs, magram Tu raime ambavs SeuTxzaven, is avtoritetuli
gaxdeboda". TiTqosda ase moi pova avtoriteti paliastomis saxelis miniWebiT
quTaisis bagratis RvTismSoblis xatma. vfiqrobT, piriqiT, sabWouri epoqis mecnierTa aRniSnuli mosazreba aris srulyofili kvlevisaTvis Tavis arideba, raTa
naklebi SromiT akviatebuli azrebi ganamtkicon da ueWvelad miiCnion Tvalsazrisi, rom foTSi uTuod mxolod da mxolod berZnuli fasisis samitropolito iyo, yovlad dauSveblad miaCniaT Zveli eklesiis ierarqebisa da xalxis mier
dabejiTebiT gadmocemuli Tvalsazrisi, rom foTTan qarTuli cixe-qalaqi arsebobda, romelic gaqristianebis Semdeg daitbora da wyalSi CaiZira. xolo morwmune mrevli ar miatova paliastomis wmida xatebma - yovladwmida RvTismSoblisam da mTavarangelozisam.
es Zveli ambebi, rogorc iTqva, Zvel wignebSi yofila Cawerili, magram ramdenma
qmnilebam ar moaRwia Cvenamde? paliastomis xatis Tavdapirvel moWedilobaSi
iqneboda miniSneba mis wmida ambavze, magram meored moWedvis dros albaT adgilis simciris gamo oqromqandakebelma aRniSnuli ambavi ver amotvifra viwro
arSiaze. am xats amJamad muzeumis muSakebi uwodeben ara ,,paliastomis xats~,
aramed ,,quTaisis xats~, aTariReben XVI saukuniT. marTlac, xatzea warwera - ,,Sen
caTa mobaZavs deda qalaqisa quTaisisa RvTismSobelo adide orTave Sina cxovrebasa... pirvelmoWedili daZvelebuliyo da Cven meore ganvaaxleT~ (quTaisis muzeumis
Sromebi, krebuli XIII, 2001, gv. 34).
maSasadame, paliastomis xatis adrindeli moWediloba daZvelda, axliT moWedes
XVI s-Si. es xati Tavis saswaulTmoqmedebebis gamo quTaisis mfarveli siamaye iyo,
rac aisaxa axal moWedilobaSi.
Cveni drois mkvlevrebis TvalsazrisiT, paliastomis xatis saswaulqmedebiTi
ambavi aris SeTxzuli legenda. kerZod, TiTqosda xats aseTi saxelwodeba sagangebod daarqves, raTa xalxs mis Sesaxeb Seqmnoda Sexeduleba, TiTqosda is aris
saswaulTmoqmedi. erTi sityviT, TiTqosda TviTon xats araviTari Zala ar hqonda,
misi Semqmnelebi ki cdilobdnen iseTi legenda moegonebinaT misTvis, rom xalxs
daejerebina misi Zliereba. mkvlevari wers-,,aseTi saxelwodebis Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT xatisTvis gansakuTrebuli siZliere, saswaulTmoqmedebis Zala mieniWebinaT, rom mas meti darwmunebis Zala hqonoda. cxadia, im droisaTvis savsebiT
SesaZlebeli iyo xalxs aseTi Zala daenaxa xatSi. paliastomis daqcevisa da
xatis saswaulebrivi gadarCenis ambavi, romlis namdvili mizezi maSin aravin
icoda, cxadia, yvelaze gamosadegi iyo RvTismSoblis xsenebuli xatis saeklesio
cxovrebaSi Casayeneblad... paliastomis tbasTan dakavSirebuli Tavgadasavali
STamagonebel Zalas aniWebda morwmuneTa azriT maT salocav xats~ (m. nikoleiSvili, quTaisisa da paliastomis RvTismSoblis xati~, quTaisis muzeumis Sromebi,
krebuli XV, 2006, gv. 24).
162

roca aseTi winaswarganzraxuli mosazrebiT ixilavs mkvlevari xatis istoriasa da mis warwerebs, vfiqrobT, Sesabamisad araswor daskvnebsac akeTebs. xatebis saswaulTqmedebaTa Sesaxeb albaT ufro meti pativiscemis gamoxatvaa saWiro.
iveriis (portaitisas) RvTismSoblis xatis saswaulTqmedeba safuZvlad daedo
iveriis monasters da saswaulTmoqmedi xatebi mravlad iyo da aris eklesiaSi.

tba fasisis SesarTavTan

paliastomis tba miiCneva erT-erT dadasturebad imisa, rom fasisi iyo rioni,
radganac Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, iq, sadac fazisi erTvis zRvas, iyo tba.
aRmoCnda, rom tba Woroxis SesarTavTanac arsebobs da geologiuri SefasebiT
Zvel drosac arsebobda. amis Sesaxeb wers cnobili mkvlevari da mecnieri e.
veidenbaumi.
,,baTumi mdebareobs umniSvnelo, magram SesaniSnavi ubis dasavleT mxares.
ubesTan simaRleebi ukan ixevs napiridan, qmnis brtyel sanapiro zols, romlis
nawilic baTums ukavia... baTumis ube warmoqmnilia, albaT Woroxisa da dasavleTis qarebis Tanamoqmedebis Sedegad. meCeCi, romelic ubes zRudavs dasavleTis
mxridan da mTel sivrcesac Woroxsa da ubes Soris, Sedgeba nayarisagan e.i.
Slamis, qviSisa da mdinaris kenWebisagan... aRmosavleTis qarebis dros Woroxis
dineba zRvaSi miemarTeba aRmosavleTisaken da ejaxeba im meCeCs, romelzedac
vsaubrobdiT. aq tovebs mis mier Camoziduli masalis nawils, romelic iwvevs
meCeCis dagrZelebas... Camdinare wylebs ara aqvT zRvaSi Tavisufali Casadeni da
grovdebian ZirTan, sadac qmnian did Waobs. Tavisufali Cadineba SeuZlebelia
zRvidan zvirTcemis gamo, rac napirTan warmoqmnis erTgvar miwayrils. qalaqis
dasavleTiT mdinare Woroxis delta dafarulia WaobiT da Waobiani tbebiT,
romelic garSemo buCqnaria. amgvarad, qalaqi sami mxridan garSemortymulia WaobebiT (mxedvelobaSi ara gvaqvs xelovnuri Waobebi brinjis velis mosarwyavad).
amJamad, Waobis daSrobis mizniT, mimdinareobs qalaqis Semogarenis nivelireba~
(e. veidenbaumi, arTvinidan baTumamde, 2005, gv. 41).
aRwerilidan Cans, rom tba bunebrivad idga Woroxis SesarTavTan da iq ara
erTi, aramed tbebi da Waobebic bunebrivi iyo.

paliastomis tba
xalxuri gadmocemiT, romelic Zalze mtkiced iyo daculi da gavrcelebuli
dasavleT saqarTveloSi XIX da XX saukuneebSic, paliastomis tba gaCnda
saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, roca xalxma gaiTavisa qriatianuli adaT-wesebisa da saeklesio moTxovnebi. `am gadmocemis mixedviT, paliastomis tba gaCnda xarebis dResaswaulis dReebSi, anu gazafxulze. kerZod, am tbis
adgilas yofila sofeli Tavisi eklesiiT. erT-erT patarZals xareba dRes auRia
xelsaqme da akvnis win muSaobda. am dros misTvis SeuxsenebiaT, rom uqme dRes
muSaoba ar SeiZleba. miT umetes, xareba dReso. mas uTqvams: `xareba da xarxareba,
Cems qmar-Svilsa gaxareba~. amis Semdeg sofeli daZirula wyalSi ise, rom Cans
akvani da eklesiao. `foTSi miwa Cavarda~. es iyo SiSis momgvreli ambavi, romel163

sac XX saukunis Sua wlebSic ki bebiebi gviyvebodnen SviliSvilebs. ,,aqac miwa

ar CairRveso" _ SeSinebulebi ityodnen isini. ase rom, paliastomis tbis ambavi
jer kidev Cems bavSvobaSi axsovdaT winaprebs. maSasadame, es tba gaCnda ara
uxsovar dros, aramed mas Semdeg,rac xalxSi qristianuli wesebi Rrmad dainerga
da eklesiebi aSenda.

md. Termodonti da Temiskira arianes mixedviT

md. Termodonts xSirad axsenebs II saukunis cnobili avtori flavius ariane

Tavis TxzulebaSi `peri plusi, anu mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~ (Tb, 1961). es
naSromi Targmna naTela keWaymaZem da gamosca 1961 wels s. yauxCiSvilis redaqtorobiT. is aRniSnavs am mdinaris Sesaxeb _ `Termodonti _ mdinarea Savi zRvis
samxreT sanapiroze, axlandeli Termesu, TermodontTan amaZonebi cxovrobdnen
(ariane, peri plusi, 1961, gv. 108).
arianes cnobiT, IIs.-Si Termodontis xeobaSi xalibebi binadrobdnen (iqve, gv.
80).
herodotes cnobiT TermodontTan cxovrobdnen kolxebi (herodote, istoria,
II, gv. 104). amis Sesaxeb wers n. keWaymaZec (dasax. naS. gv. 10). maSasadame, kolxebis
gansaxlebis qveda sazRvari trapizonis qvemo mxare yofila TermodontTan. Termodonti mdebareobda trapizonidan daaxloebiT 350 km-ze Tanamedrove samsunTan.
qsenofontes dros kolxebis samkvidrebeli aRar yofila trapizonis qvemoT.
strabonis azriT, kolxebi trapizonis aRmosavleTiT iyvnen (XII, 31,17), strabonis droindel kolxeTis mefeebs Zala aRar aqvT. maT qveyana skeptuqiebad dayves
(XI, 2,18) _ wers n. keWaymaZe (dasax. naSr. gv. 10).
maSasadame, kolxebis sacxovrisi iyo ara dasavleTi saqarTvelo, aramed trapezuntis mimdebare mxareebi.
ariane wers _ `kolxebi trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT arian, rogorc qsenefontec ambobs~ (n. keWaymaZis Targmani, ariane, `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~ 1961, gv.
10).
aRsaniSnavia, rom n. keWaymaZe sxva adgilas odnavi gansxvavebiT Targmnis arianes am winadadebas, romlis mixedviTac mainc kolxebi trapezuntTan cxovrobdnen.
ariane wers _ `Semdegi tomebi, trapezuntebis mosazRvreni, rogorc qsenefontec ambobs, arian kolxebi~ (iqve, gv. 42).
arianes gamoTvliT, md. Termodonti mdebareobda trapezuntis samxreTiT, daaxloebiT 350 km manZilze. is iyo iqamde kolxebis qveyana. arianes mixedviT mis
dros kolxebi trapezuntis mezoblad (marjvniv) cxovrobdnen.
herodotes cnobiT, mis wina xanebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, kolxebi samxreTiT md.
Termodontamde iyvnen gavrcelebulni. svida ambobs: `Termodonti mdinarea kolxeTSi~. qsenefontis mixedviT ki, (IV, 8,22-24) kolxebi trapizonTan cxovrobdnen,
xolo TermodontTan xalibebi. (ariane, mogzauroba, 1961, gv. 72).
`ptolemesTan kolxeTis mosaxleobaSi Semaval tomebSi kolxebi ar moixseniebian~ (iqve, gv.72 ). rionis auzis areSi kolxebis saxelis xsenebac ki aRaraa
164

arianes da ptolemes dros~ _ wers iv. javaxiSvili (qarTveli eris istoriis

Sesavali, I, Tb., 1950, gv. 13). `kolxebi mosxebi arian Hecat, fr, 185, 188, kolxi mesxia,
koraqsia, kolaa~ (iqve, gv. 73).
Temiskira iyo qalaqi da qveyana Termodontis (Terme-su) pirdapir, qalaq
amisosis maxloblad, aq kolxebisagan gaduRiaT winadacveTis Cveuleba maT mezobel asurebs (sirielebs) (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, komentari,
gv. 80).
ivane javaxiSvili wers _ `winaT kolxebs Termodontisa da md. parTenionis
sanaxebis maxloblad unda ecxovraT~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarT. eris ist. Sesavali, I,
1950, gv. 10). Termodontis midamoebSi berZeni da romaeli avtorebis cnobiT, kolxebis garda xalibebic cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 80).
trapezunti, viTarca sinopelTa axalSeni, daarsebuli iqna `kolxeTis qveyanaSi~ (ariane, dasax. naSr. gv. 63).
herodotes aRniSvniT, md. Termodontze berZnebma daamarcxes amorZalebi. stefane bizantielis leqsikonSi naTqvamia, rom md. Termodontze amorZalebi cxovrobdnen. strabonis cnobiT, iqve cxovrobda xalxi _ gargareebi, gargarelebi.
sityva gargari etimologiurad axloa `gugarelTan~. Teodore sicilielis TxrobiT,
amorZalebis mefes md. TermodontTan auSenebia didi qalaqi Temiskuru. amorZalebi daumarcxebia herakles, maTi naSTebi ki SemdgomSi troas mxareze ibrZodnen
(s. WanturiSvili, eTnologia, gv. 220-224).
maSasadame, Termodonti da Temiskira mdebareobdnen kolxebis istoriul qveyanaSi q. trapizonidan dasavleTiT 350km manZilze, zRvispiras, Tanamedrove samsunTan, Zvel amisosTan axlos. iustinianes epoqaSi Sedioda elenopontos provinciaSi,
romelic Semdeg I armeniis diocezSi gaaerTianes. amitomac Termodonti da Temiskira
erTdroulad iyvnen kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi. rogorc Temistiosi
ambobs, aq mdebareobda fasisis ritorikuli skola, e.w. `fasisis akademia~ da ara
foTSi.

fasisi, Temiskira da Termodonti

strabonis mixedviT

erTi cnobiT fasisis ritorikuli skola mdebareobda kolxeTSi md.

TemiskirasTan da TermodontTan axlos. maTi mdebareoba cnobilia strabonis da
sxva avtorebis cnobebiT. strabonis cnobiT, Temiskiras anu amazonebis dablobi
moicavda pontospireTis olqs, romelsac rwyavda mdinareebi Termodonti da
irisi (strab. I, III, 6). am dablobis erTi nawili Savi zRvis piras iyo, xolo meore
nawili emijneboda pontos mTebs (XII, III, 15). es iyo trapezuntis samxreTiT.

165

Tavi III.
gzebi da xidebi istoriul kolxeTSi
mTavari savaWro arteriebi
1. `gza klarjeTisa~

wm. andria pirvelwodebuli arTvin-artaanis gzaze (I s.)

I saukuneSi `andriam moaqcivna megrelni da warvida gzasa klarjeTisasa~
(qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 38). es gza aerTianebda Woroxs artaanTan.
,,qarTlis cxovreba~ wers: andria pirvelwodebuli ,,Sevida qveyanasa qarTlisasa,
nigalas, klarjeTsa da artaan-kolas, sada igi dayo Jami friad mravalni~.
sad iyo nigala? - nigalas xeoba mdebareobs istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreTdasavleT nawilSi (amJamad TurqeTSia). moicavs md. Woroxis Sua da qveda wels.
vaxuStis cnobiT - ,,Woroxis mdinaris aRmosavleTis kidezec aris arTvini, qalaqi mcire, mosaxleni arian vaWarni, da am arTvinis sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges
sazRvramde, Woroxis xeobis imieri da amieri iwodebis liganis xeobad~, saxeli
nigalis xevi osmalebma Secvales livanad (e. beriZe, qristianuli salocavebi
nigalis xeobaSi, tbeloba, 2008, gv. 322).
nigalis areali CrdiloeTidan isazRvreba karCxalis mTaTa sistemiT, romelTa iqeTac aWara da maWaxelaa, aRmosavleTiT - klarjeTi da artanujia, samxreTiT
tao, xolo dasavleTidan isazRvreba lazeTis qediT.
nigalis qveyana amJamadac qarTulenovania im TvalsazrisiT, rom misma mkvidrebma TurqulTan erTad met-naklebad ician es ena. es regioni ,,qarTlis qveynad~ iwodeba qarTlis cxovrebaSi klarjeTTan da artaan-kolasTan erTad.
maSasadame, nigalis anu livanis mTavari qalaqi arTvinia. aqedan wmida mociquli andria Sesula klarjeTSi, romlis mTavari qalaqi amJamadac aris artanuji, iqedan ki gadasula artaan-kolaSi. yvela am regionSi dayo, rogorc iTqva
,,Jami friad mravalni~.
maSasadame, wmida mociquls uvlia im gziT, romelic aTasi wlis Semdegac
konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSic mniSvnelovani iyo da romelmac artanuji
did savaWro centrad gadaaqcia. es gza, rogorc iTqva, iwyeboda arTvinSi, Sedioda
artanujSi da gadadioda artaanSi. arTvin-artanuj-artaanis gza, maSasadame, I
saukuneSic Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo wmida andrias cxovrebis mTargmnelTa cnobiT. am gziT, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna V s-Si usargeblia vaxtang gorgasals
da Cveni azriT, am gziT Sevida sparseTis mefe xosro lazikis cixe petraSi.
maSasadame, man gadalaxa ara suramis qedi da dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed
isargebla iqamde arsebuli sparseT-dvin-yars-artaan-artanuj-arTvinis gziT. am
punqtebs, cxadia VI saukuneSi sxva saxelebi SeiZleboda hqonodaT. sxva cnobiT
petraSi mimaval Sahs gauvlia TeodosiopolSi, iqedan is pirdapiri gziT Sevido166

da artaanSi, aqedan ki artanujis gavliT arTvinsa da petraSi. esaa kolxeTisa da

iberiis makavSirebeli strabonis ,,4 dRiani~ gza anu gza klarjeTisa.

qristes samsWvalTa da ferxTa ficris gza (IV s.)

`qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqcevaB qarTlisas~ mixedviT, wmida ninos nebiT
mefe mirianma qarTvelTa gaqristianeba axara imperator konstantines. man Tavis
mxriv saqarTveloSi gamogzavna samRvdeloeba xalxis mosanaTlad, romelTac
gamoatana agreTve didi Tanxa eklesiaTa asaSeneblad. mas Semdeg rac dedofalma
elenem 326 wels ierusalimSi aRmoaCina cxovelmyofeli jvari, imperatorma konstantinem meorejerac gamoagzavna saqarTveloSi sasulieroTa jgufi, romelTac
iberiis qveyanaSi unda CaetanaT wmida nawilebi cxovelmyofeli jvrisa, kerZod
ki ferxTa ficari da is lursmnebi, romlebiTac miamsWvales jvarze ufali.
aRniSnuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, cnobilia is gza, romliTac bizantiidan _
saqarTveloSi Semoasvenes siwmideebi. kerZod maT gamoiares eruSeTsa, wundasa da
manglisSi (sadac daasvenes es siwmideebi) da mividnen iberiis mefesTan mcxeTaSi.
xufaTi-Worox-eruSeTi-wunda-manglisi-mcxeTis saerTaSoriso gza aerTianebda bizantiasa da saqarTvelos am gzis udidesi mniSvnelobis, kerZod am gzis
kvanZis _ artanujis (arze-klarjeTis) Sesaxeb werda Xs. imperatori konstantine
porfirogeneti. qarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT, es gza arsebobda IV s-Sic da is
akavSirebda erTmaneTTan bizantia saqarTvelos. es, anu eruSeT-manglis-mcxeTis
gza, arsebobda X-XI ss-Sic, mas Zalze didi Semosavali mohqonda. am gzas icavda
kldekaris cixe. TrialeTis erisTavebis baRvaSebis finansuri siZliere am gzasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. safiqrebelia, swored finansuri sargeblis,
gzis baJis misaRebad gadmosaxldnen argveTidan kldekarSi baRvaSebi (argveTSi
rom yofiliyo aseTi mniSvnelobis saerTaSoriso gza, baRvaSebi SesaZloa iqve
darCeniliyvnen).

vaxtang gorgaslis `gza klarjeTisa~ (V s.)

Cveni mematianeni sakmaod xSirad xmaroben sityvas _ `gza klarjeTisa~. magaliTad, Is-Si `andriam moaqcivna megrelni da warvida gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (q.c. I, gv.
38). Vs-Si _ `warmovida vaxtang gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (q.c., I, gv. 177).
vaxtang gorgasali Tavisi jariT SeiWra saberZneTis (bizantiis) miwa-wyalze,
`moadga laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q.c., I, gv. 160). zRvispira
did qalaqad Cans igulisxmeba trapizoni. keisarTan sazavo molaparakebis Semdeg,
vaxtangi ukan dabrunda: `warmovida vaxtang gzasa klarjeTisasa da spani misi
ganutevna gzasa somxiTisasa da viTar moiwia Tuxarisad mixedna da Seuyvarda
cixe... ixila klde Sua klarjeTisasa, romelsa erqva artanuji da mouwoda artavazs ZuZumtesa missa da daadgina igi erisTavad da ubrZana, raTa aagos cixe
artanujisa da ubrZana raTa gamonaxos xevsa mas Sina adgili samonastre da
aRaSenos eklesia da qmnes monastrad, viTar exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani
da rqua artavazs: `ukeTu ganZlierdnen sparsni Cven zeda, sayudeli Cueni aqa
yofad ars~, xolo artavaz aRaSena cixe artanujisa da monasteri, romel ars
167

opiza da samni eklesiani: daba merisa, Sindobisa da axizisa da ganaaxla cixe

axizisa da qmna igi quabad da viTar warmovida vaxtang da movida qalaqad Tvisad
mcxeTad, iyo sixaruli didi da madlisa micema RmrTisa, rameTiu movida igi
mSvidobiT~ (q.c. I, gv. 177-178).
am aRweridan Cans gza, romliTac vaxtang gorgasali saberZneTidan dabrunda
mcxeTaSi. kerZod, es gza gaivlida klarjeTs, artanujs, artaans, javaxeTs da
Sedioda mcxeTaSi, mas mematiane uwodebs `gza klarjeTisa~. am gzas artaanSi
uerTdeboda `gza somxeTisa~ (esaa artaani-kola-tao-dvinis SemaerTebeli gza. am
`somxeTis gzis~ meore toti taodan Sedioda saberZneTSi _ am gziT dabrunda
ukan vaxtangis spa).
nana xazaraZis kvlevis Tanaxmad `klarjeTis gziT~ vaxtang gorgaslamde usargeblia pompeusisagan devnil miTridate pontoels. istorikosis cnobiT, pontos mTebis gadalaxvis Semdeg miTridate Cavida kolxeTSi afsarosTan (goniosTan).
kerZod, mas jer usargeblia `somxeTis gziT~, Semdeg ki `klarjeTis gziT~ Casula
Woroxis xeobaSi da misula afsarosTan.

qalaqi artanisa da farnavazis klarjuli gza (Zv. w. III s.)

ptolemaiosis sityviT, iberiaSi mdebareobda qalaqi `artanisa~. Cveni mecnierebis kvleviT, misi adgilmdebareoba araa dadgenili. aq sainteresoa, rom
Cveni mematianeebi swored ase moixseniebdnen artaanis qalaqs, mas ewodeba saxeli
`qalaqi artanisa~, an `naqalaqevi artanisa~. maSasadame, artanisa TviT qalaqis
saxelia, Tumca, cxadia, imavdroulad `artaanis qalaqsac~ niSnavs.
`javaxos aRaSena orni cixe-qalaqni: wunda da qalaqi artanisa, romelsac
maSin erqva qajTa qalaqi, xolo aw hqvia huri~ (q.c. I, gv. 10).
farnavaz mefem, roca egrisSi Sekriba `mxedarni qarTlisani~, gaemarTa azonTan
sabrZolvelad _ `miegeba naqalaqevsa Tana artanisasa, romelsa erqva maSin qajTa
qalaqi, romel ars huri~ (q.c.I,gv.23). azonis damarcxebis Semdeg farnavazi Sevida
saberZneTSi, iqidan `movida klarjeTs da dai pyro klarjeTi da warmovida mcxeTad sixaruliTa didiTa~ (iqve, gv. 23). saqme isaa, rom azoni iqamde klarjeTSi iyo
gamagrebuli da mas berZenTa jari exmareboda. azonis sabolood dasamarcxeblad farnavazma klarjeTic SemoierTa da mcxeTaSi dabrunda, TiTqosda cxadi
unda iyos _ im erTaderTi gziT, romelic klarjeTs artaanTan aerTebda da
javaxeTis gavliT mcxeTaSi Sedioda. esaa is gza, romelic Semdgom gamoiyena
vaxtang gorgasalma, romelzec aago artanujis cixe-simagre.

klarjeTSi murvan yrus laSqrobis gza (VIII s.)

d. musxeliSvilis 2003 wels gamocemuli `saqarTvelos istoriis atlasis~
mixedviT, murvan yrum urbnisis dalaSqvris Semdeg SorapanSi misasvlelad airCia samxreTis gza. is Sevida samcxeSi da samcxidan SorapanSi. urbnisidan gahyva
mtkvris xeobas da oZrxe-dimnas gziT Sevida argveTSi, dimnas Semdeg is wavida
aRmosavleTiT Sorapan-svirisken. rom arsebuliyo suram-Sorapanis pirdapiri
gza, is aseT urTules manevrs ar gaakeTebda. Cans, es gza arc ki arsebobda. yovel
168

SemTxvvevaSi wyaroebSi suram-Sorapnis gza naklebad Cans. CvenTvis mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom murvan yrum artaan-Woroxis xeobis makavSirebeli
gza gaiara, e.i. es gza VIII saukuneSic arsebobda.

bagrat IV-is gza xufaT-klarjeTisa (XI s.)

bagrat IV afxazeTSi ibrZoda anakofiis cixis asaRebad. am dros masTan
mividnen `tfilelni berni~ da amcnes, rom gardaicvala tfilisis amira, amitomac
saswrafod unda Casuliyo TbilisSi da is SeerTebina saqarTvelosTvis _ `uqades
qalaqi da uxmes saswrafod~. marTlac, mefe saswrafod gaemarTa Tbilisisaken, man
gadaiara ara lixi-suramis mTa (Cans ar iyo Sesabamisi gza laSqrisTvis), aramed
quTaisidan Cavida xufaTSi, Sevida Woroxis xeobaSi da klarjeTis tradiciuli
gziT Cavida TbilisSi. mefis gza aseTia: anakofiidan `amoiara da movida quTaTiss da moiyena quTaTisisa samoqalaqos laSqari... moiyvana xufaTsa... amoiara
mefeman da movida qarTls... waremarTa tfilisad~ (q.c. I, 299). e.i. quTaisi-xufaTiartanuji-javaxeTi-Tbilisis gziT gadaiyvana laSqari dasavleT saqarTvelodan
mtkvris pirze da daamarcxa mteri (q.c. I, 338). e.i. masac `klarjeTis gza~ gauvlia.

artanujis saerTaSoriso gza (X s.)

konstantine porfirogenetis (X s. bizantiis imperatoris) cnobiT `artanujis
cixe Zalian mtkicea da aqvs didi rabatic da daba-qalaqic, da iq modis saqoneli
trapezuntisa, iberiisa, afxazeTisa, armeniisa da siriis yvela qveynidan da am
saqonlidan mas uamravi baJi Semodis. artanujis miwa-wyali _ ese igi arzeni,
didia da nayofieri da warmoadgens iberiis, afxazeTisa da mesxTa qveynis gasaRebs~
(georgika 2, nakveTi II, gv. 278-279).
maSasadame IX-X ss-Si artanuji iRebda saqonels SavizRvispireTidan (ZiriTadad trapezunti) da es saqoneli gadahqonda armenia, iberiasa da siriaSi, da
piriqiT armenia, iberia, siriis saqoneli gahqonda SavizRvispireTis qveynebSi _
trapezuntsa da afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi).
cxadia, ara qalaqi artanuji, aramed is saerTaSoriso gza, romelzec es cixeqalaqi mdebareobda, aerTebda Woroxis auzis meSveobiT zRvispira qveynebs, iberiis qalaq artahanTan. artaan-arTvinis gza ZvelTaganve aerTebda somxeTsa da
iberias SavizRvispireTTan md. Woroxis meSveobiT. magaliTad somxeTidan (dvinidan) Semosuli saqoneli, romelic zRvis portTan unda misuliyo, arTvin-ardagnis gziT gadaivlida kandridis uReltexils arsianis qedze da gadavidoda
Woroxis xeobaSi, Sevidoda q. artanujSi, aqedan amave gziT Sevidoda q. arTvinSi,
arTvinidan saxmeleTo an samdinaro gziT Sevidoda q. petraSi anda SavizRvispireTis navsadgurSi. artahan-arTvinis gziT gahqondaT Tbilisuri saqoneli
zRvaze, anda piriqiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos saqonels Woroxisa da arTvin-artanis gziT miitandnen TbilisSi, dvinSi Tu sxva aRmosavleTis mxareSi. es gza
iyo ZvelTaganve arsebuli. es iqidan Cans, rom, marTalia, VIII s-Si artanuji da
misi mxareebi arabebma aaoxres, magram ukve X s-Si am gzas mainc saerTaSoriso
mniSvneloba hqonda, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT. is rom ar yofiliyo
169

ZvelTaganve arsebuli saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis mosaxerxebeli gza _ X s-Si

ar aRdgeboda.
`artanuji tao_klarjeTis samTavros politikuri centri gaxda. es qalaqi
VIII_IX saukuneTa mijnaze unda warmoSobiliyo (saq. ist. narkv. II, 1973. gv. 347).
artanujSi jer kidev vaxtang gorgasals augia cixe, misi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo.
`artanujis dawinaurebis mTavari momenti misi strategiuli mdebareoba unda
yofiliyo (iqve,gv. 347), artanuji mdebareobda mniSvnelovan savaWro gzaTa Sesayarze. masze gadioda trasa, romelic Tbiliss bizantiis qalaqebTan akavSirebda:
samSvilde-faravani-axalqalaqi-artaani-artanuji (iqve, gv. 80)
`artanujis meSveobiT ukavSirdebodnen somxeTis qalaqebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT
sanapirosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos~ ( . , , gv.
233-234).
e.i somxeTi SavizRvispireTis savaWro punqtebs ukavSirdeboda artanuj-arTvinSavi zRvis meSveobiT. arTvinidan SeiZleboda saxmeleTo aseve samdinaro gziT
(Woroxis meSveobiT) Savi zRvis sanapiroebamde tvirTis mitana, rogorc trapizonis, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT.
artanujis ayvavebas X s. Sua wlebisaTvis am gzam Seuwyo xeli. is iqca saqarTvelos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes qalaqad. amitom roca es qalaqi misma erT-erTma
bagrationma mepatronem bizantielebs gadasca da artanujis cixeze bizantielTa
droSa aRimarTa, bagrationebis yvela ganStoebis meTaurebma bizantielebs ganucxades, rom Tu ar daTmobdnen da ar daclidnen artanujs, yvelani gadavidodnen
arabebis mxares da erTiani ZaliT ibrZolebdnen artanujis gasaTavisufleblad.
konstantine porfirogenetis TqmiT, artanujSi Sedioda trapezuntis, iberiis,
afxazeTis, armeniisa da siriis saqoneli. artanujis qveyanas, misive TqmiT, `arzeni~ erqva, etimologiurad arzeni igive alz_ena anu `alz~-is qveyanaa. `alz~ igive
`laz~-ia, lazivi _ lazikaa.

baRvaSebi mcxeTa-klarjeTis gzis (XII s.) TrialeTis monakveTze

klarjeTis gza (artanujis gza) imiT iyo mniSvnelovani, rom igi aerTebda
SavizRvispireTisa da bizantiis savaWro centrebs. konstantine porfirogenetis
sityviT, iberiasTan, armeniasTan da siriasTan. petradan, xufaTidan an Semdegdroindel goniodan, es gza gauyveboda Woroxs, Sevidoda artanujSi, iqidan arsianis
qedis gavliT artaanSi. artaani iyo gzajvaredini, CrdiloeTiT gza miemarTeboda
iberiisken, samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT ki _ somxeTisaken, siriisken da mcire
aziis punqtebisaken. CvenTvis saintereso CrdiloeTis gza artaanidan Sedioda
javaxeTSi da TrialeTSi. aqac, daaxloebiT kldekaris cixe-simagresTan, gza kvlav
orad iyofoda, erTi atenis xeobis CavliT Cadioda Sida qarTlSi, meore ki
manglisis xeobis gavliT uerTdeboda Tbilis-qvemoqarTl-somxeT-ransa da movakans. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samxreT kavkasiis da Crdilo sparseTis savaWro-saerTaSoriso gza gadioda kldekarze da iqidan ki klarjeTis gziT uerTdeboda
SavizRvispira portebs.
gzis aseTi didi mniSvnelobis gamo kldekaris cixe-simagre daiWira baRvaSe170

bis cnobilma sagvareulom X saukunis bolos, konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi. man, rogorc iTqva, aRwera am gzaze mdebare artanujis cixe-simagris savaWro
mniSvneloba.
mematiane wers _ `iyo mas Jamsa erisTavad kldekarTa rati da hqonda cixe
atenisa _ TrialeTi, manglis xevi da skvireTi~ (q.c. I, gv. 276).
TrialeTidan Sida qarTlSi Camaval gzaze mdinareebis gadakveTisas agebuli
iqna mravali TaRovani xidi, ase rom, artanujis TaRovani xidi da atenTan mdebare
mdinareebis TaRovani xidebi erTi gzis Semadgeneli teqnikuri saSualebebia.
klarjeT _ TrialeTisa da samcxis laSqari (kaxeT-hereT-Tbilisis SemoerTebamde) _ qveynis saxelis mixedviT iwodeboda `zemo laSqrad~ (anu zemo qveynis laSqrad).
sxva iyo qvemo qveynis anu dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis) laSqari. kaxeTis
qorepiskopos daviTTan brZolisas taoSi myofma bagrat III afxazTa da qarTvelTa
mefem da kurapalatma `awvia spaTa afxazeTisa da qarTlisaTa, TviT waremarTa zemoT
laSqriTa, gaiara TrialeTi, gavlo xidi mcxeTisa da mierTnes Tana afxazni da
qarTvelni, dadga TianeTs~ (q.c. I, gv. 279).
aqedan Cans, rom am laSqarma gaiara artaan-javaxeT-TrialeTis aRwerili
gziT da kldekaridan (walkidan) atenis xeobis gziT mcxeTaSi Sevida.

xosro klarjeTis gzaze (VI s.)

Cven davadgineT, rom sparsuli jari jer Sah xosros, xolo Semdgom misi
mxedarTmTavrebis meTaurobiT lazikasa da q. petraSi Cadiodnen Tanamedrove
artaanidan arsianis qedis gadamkveTi gziT. amJamadac yarsidan wamosuli gza,
romelic artaanSi Sedis, uerTdeba arTvins da Woroxis sanapiroze gamaval im
gzas, romelic mgzavrs miiyvanda q. petrasTan. Zvel dros q. artaansa da q. dvins
aerTebda mniSvnelovani gza, ase rom, dvini q. petras aRniSnuli gziT uerTdeboda.
dvini _ persarmeniis is qalaqi iyo, romlis sanaxebSic isvenebda lazikis omebis
Semdeg daqanculi sparsuli jari.
q. dvinidan anu persarmeniidan petrasken mimavali jari jer, rogorc iTqva,
gaivlida artaans (es iyo iberiis miwa-wyali), aqedan ki arsianis qedis gavliT
Sedioda klarjeTSi, romelsac berZnuli wyaroebi lazikas uwodebdnen. am qveynis
(anu lazika-klarjeTis) mTavari mdinaris fasisis anu Woroxis sanapiroze gadioda saerTaSoriso gza, romelic Savi zRvis sanapiromde midioda (q. petrasTan, mis
gverdiT mdebare q. fasisTan, Semdeg q. arqeopolisTan da a.S.).
artaansa da arTvins amJamad aerTianebs ori gza. erTi gza SavSeTis gavliT
uerTdeba arTvins, meore artaanidan gamosuli gza ki artanujis gavliT uerTdeba arTvins. romeli gziT imgzavra xosrom? man gaiara albaT prokofis mier
dasaxelebuli iberiis cixeebi skanda da sarapana. skandis cixe _ arsianis qedze
mdebare qinZotamalis cixe unda iyos (iqvea sofeli kandridi da qinZis cixe),
xolo sarapana unda iyos SavSeTTan mdebare `arpalis~ cixe, romelsac aseve hqvia
`qvaTeTrisi~. am or cixes savele gza amJamadac aerTianebT. ix. saqarTvelos
`zogadgeografiuli~ ruka, 1998.
sparseTis Sahma xosrom Tavisi laSqriT, (Semdeg ki misma mxedarTmTavrebma)
gaiara lazika persarmeniidan petramde da piriqiT. am laSqrobebs aRwers prokofi.
171

es gza, Cveni azriT, gasaRebs warmoadgens lazikisa da md. fasisis mdebareobis

gansazRvrisaTvis.
persamenia anu q. dvinis sanaxebi warmoadgenda sparsuli laSqris dasavanebel da Zalebis mosakreb adgils lazikisaken laSqrobisas. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT persarmeniidan dasvenebuli sparsuli laSqari Sedioda lazikaSi,
iRebda monawileobas petrasa da misi mimdebare adgilebis laSqrobaSi, amis
Semdeg ki es laSqari ukanve brundeboda dasasveneblad da Zalebis mosakrebad q.
dvinis sanaxebSi. amaze prokofi wers:
`mermeroem lazikaSi 5.000 kaci datova, xolo danarCeni 25.000 kaciT somxeTSi
gadavida da dvinis axlos daibanaka~. mermeroe petradan `danarCeni jariT mivida
persarmeniaSi da daisvena dvinis maxlobel soflebSi" (georgika, II. gv.115).
XX s-is istorikosTa amJamad sayovelTaod miRebuli azriT petrasaken mimavali laSqari gaivlida q. Tbiliss, Semdeg suramis qedis gadalaxviT Sedioda
yvirilas xeobaSi, gadavidoda md. rionis vakeze, Semdeg ki gaivlida Tanamedrove
guriasa da aWaras da Sevidoda petras simagreSi. aseTi gza ar eTanxmeba prokofis
aRweras, radganac prokofis cnobiT petras brZolebSi daRlili laSqari Zalebis
mosakrebad midioda q. dvinSi anu persarmeniaSi, Tu ki petradan ukan mimavali
laSqari gaivlida aseT ugrZeles gzas: _ mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, Semdeg ki
TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, Semdeg somxeTs da mividoda dvinSi, es
laSqari sruliad Zala gamoclili iqneboda. samxedro TvalsazrisiT aseTi
gzis gavla dasasveneblad araefeqturia da SeuZlebelic aris. maSasadame xosros da misi sardlis mermeroes mier gavlili gza dvinidan petramde ufro
mokle unda yofiliyo. amasTanave Cven viciT, rom es gza gaivlida iberiis erT
nawils, gadalaxavda Zalze maRali qedis uReltexils da Cavidoda fasisis xeobaSi. iq sadac fasisi wyalmcirea. aq jari fexiT gadavidoda mdinareze da
gauyveboda petrasaken mimaval gzas, ise, rom md. fasisi marjvena mxares hqonodaT.
amasTanave am gzaze isini ar gaivlidnen arc erTYlazur sofels. marTlac arsebobda iseTi gza, romelic dvinidan Sedioda petraSi iberiis gavliT. es iyo _
dvini-artaani-artanuji-arTvini-petras gza, romelic gadadis arsianis qedis erT
maRal uReltexilze. es aris uZvelesi gza, amasaTanave umoklesi da advilad
savali petradan _ dvinamde.
arTvin-artaanis (ardaganis) SemaerTebeli es gza arsebobs amJamad da arsebobda wina istoriul xanaSic.
dvinidan (persarmeniidan) gamavali gza Tavdapirvelad Sedioda iberiaSi (anu
artaanSi), aqedan ki gadioda lazikaSi anu klarjeTSi liganasa da ergeSi, e.i.
fasisis anu Woroxis xeobaSi, kerZod ki klarjeTis qalaq arTvinSi. arTvinis
maxlobeli fonis gadalaxvis Semdeg, laSqari gadioda md. Woroxis marcxena
sanapiroze (maSasadame maT marjvniv miedineboda mdinare fasisi anu Woroxi _
prokofis TqmiT) da umoklesi gziT mdinaris gayolebiT pirdapir Sediodnen
petraSi. erTaderTi maTi dabrkoleba am gzaze iyo arsianis qedis uReltexili.
esaa TiTqmis 3.000 metri simaRlis uReltexili. am uReltexilis geografia Cven
gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT Tu sad iyo skandas cixe simagre.
petraSi salaSqrod wamosulma sparsulma jarebma sagangebo samuSao Seasrules, raTa gaesworebinaT iberiidan kolxidaSi mimavali gza. sparseTis mefem
172

aRniSna am gzis uvargisobis Sesaxeb, magram is daarwmunes, rom xeebs moWridnen da

napralebs amoavsebdnen. marTlac, am gziT gamoiara sparseTis cxenosanma jarma
da mebrZolma spiloebma. prokofi wers: `iberiidan kolxeTSi mimavali gza yvelgan daqanebuli napralebiT da Znel savali gzebiTaa daserili, dafarulia uRrani tyeebiT, ise, rom msubuqad datvirTul kacsac gauWirdeboda siaruli, axla ise
gaesworebinaT, rom ara Tu maTma cxenosanma jarma gaiara iq daubrkoleblad,
aramed spiloebic gaatares, ramdenic surdaT da ise ilaSqres (iqve, georgika, II, gv.
182).
am gzis qveS, rogorc iTqva, unda igulisxmebodes artaanidan anu iberiidan
lazikaSi anu Woroxis xeobaSi Semavali arc Tu grZeli gza, romelic iqamdec
arsebobda, da saWiroebis SemxvevaSi misi gasworebac iyo SesaZlebeli. marTlac,
prokofis aRweridan Cans, rom xosros jari ise Sevida lazikaSi, rom maT fasisi
marjvena mxares darCaT. am adgilas prokofi md. fasisSi mdinare Woroxs gulisxmobs da iqve asaxelebs meore mdinares _ reons. prokofi wers: `mdinare fasisis
iqeTa mxares lazebs petras garda sxva dasaxlebuli adgili ar moepovebodaT.
is gavida da daiWira iberiidan kolxeTSi gadasasvleli adgilebi, sadac fasisze
gadasvla foniT SeiZleboda. es mdinare, aseve meore mdinarec fexiT gadalaxa,
saxelad reoni (arc es aris sanaosno) da fasisis marjvena mxareze rom aRmoCnda,
waiyvana jari erTi qalaqis _ arqeopolisis winaaRmdeg, romelic aris mTavari
qalaqi lazikis qveyanaSi (gv. 182). Cans, reoni VI s.-Si erqva aseve Woroxis
SesarTav mdinaresac.

lazikaSi mimavali sparselTa gzis marSruti

g. grigolias mixedviT
berZen-romaeli avtorebis cnobebis gaanalizebis Semdeg, CvenTvis cxadi gaxda,
rom VI saukuneSi sparselebma petrasaken ilaSqres artaan-artanuj-arTvinis
gziT. es CvenTvis iyo axali azri da ar eTanadeboda oficialur istoriografiaSi damkvidrebul Tvalsazriss, magram aRmoCnda, rom igive Tvalsazrisisaa batoni guram grigolia, romlis naSromsac gavecaniT 2009 wels.
oficialuri istoriografiis TvalsazrisiT petrasaken laSqrobis marSruti Semdegi iyo - aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, lixis qedi, dasavleTi saqarTvelo,
petra. g. grigolias azriT ki sparsTa jari Woroxis xeobis gavliT Sevida
petraSi. is wers - ,,raTa ufro ioli gaxdes am gzis mimarTulebis garkveva,
prokofi kesarieli detalurad aRwers gzaze damxvedr mdinareebs, mogviTxrobs
maT fizikur Tvisebebze, mimarTulebaze, saidan iReben isini saTaves, sad aris maTi
SesarTavi, romel qveynebsa Tu tomebis dasaxlebaTa maxloblad miedinebian da
sxva. yovelive es fasdaudebel informacias iZleva lazikis samefosa da qalaq
petras lokalizaciisaTvis~ (g. grigolia, egris-lazikis samefos saistorio
geografiis problemebi, 1994, gv. 29). Semdeg mkvlevari ganagrZobs - ,,xofa umoklesi
gziT ukavSirdeba Woroxis xeobas borCxasTan. Woroxis zemo welisaken mimavali
gza arTvinTan iyofa orad, erTi Woroxis gayolebiT miemarTeba yarsi, ardagani
da somxeTisaken, xolo meore imerxeviT, SavSeTis yvirilas xeobiT da arsianis
uReltexiliT gadadis focxovis xeobaSi, saidanac axalcixe-axalqalaqi, walka173

manglisis gziT Cadis TbilisSi. safiqrebelia, rom swored am gziT waiyvanes

lazebma mefe xosro anuSirvani petras winaaRmdeg, kerZod, rogorc prokofis
cnobidan vgebulobT, sparselebma gadalaxes boasi (Cveni gagebiT Woroxis zemo
weli - wers g. grigolia) da ,,ise mividnen petraSi rom fasisi marjvniv hqondaT~
(iqve, gv. 64). g. grigolia Tvlis, rom is mdinare fasisi, romelic sparselebma am
dros gadalaxes aris md. Woroxi, xolo petra ki erqva xofas (Zvel xufaTs). g.
grigolias azriT xofadan Woroxisaken da aqedan iberiisaken, armeniisa da persarmeniisaken mimavali gza ZvelTaganve arsebobda (iqve, gv. 65). am gzaze zamTriTac ki
moZraoba ar wydeboda - ,,gza xufaTidan da iberiidan Woroxisaken imdenad yofila
gakvaluli, rom zamTris periodSic ki ar ferxdeboda masze xalxTa didi masebis
moZraoba~ (iqve, gv. 65).
g. grigolias mosazrebas isic adasturebs, rom sparsTa laSqris mosasvenebeli mTavari banaki mdebareobda persarmeniaSi - dvinSi. aqedan miemarTebodnen
isini petrasa da lazikaSi, iqedan ki ukan brundebodnen mosasveneblad - prokofi
kesarielis cnobiT. dvinidan ki pirdapiri gza arsebobda Woroxamde da Sesabamisad petramde. amasTanave, prokofis cnobiT erT-erTi laSqrobisas - ,,sparselebi
maT winamZRol lazebTan erTad swrafad gaCndnen petraSi~ (georgika II, gv. 100102).
Tu ki laSqari gaivlida Tbiliss, lixis qeds, mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos
da Semdeg movidoda petraSi (sadRac baTumTan) cxadia is ,,swrafad ver gaCndeboda petraSi" - didi gzis gamo. maSin laSqars mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo unda
gaevlo, rasac mosaxleoba da mowinaaRmdege advilad Seityobda da ,,swraf marSs~
Tavisi mniSvneloba daekargeboda. aseTi siswrafe ki artaan-arTvinis SemaerTebel,
Tanac gakvalul gzaze SesaZlebeli iyo. amitomac g. grigolias mosazreba misaRebia. is wers - ,,boas-fasisi rom namdvilad md. Woroxia da ara yvirila-rioni,
rogorc es adre iyo gagebuli, amas kidev erTxel mowmobs prokofi kesarielis
Sromis araerTi adgili. es exeba lazebisa da misi mezobeli tomebis gansaxlebas,
lazebis qalaqebisa da cixeebis daxasiaTebas Tu sparseTis jaris salaSqro
marSrutebis aRwerilobas petrasTan dakavSirebiT~ (iqve, gv. 42). Semdeg g. grigolias mohyavs prokofis cnobebi lazikis gansaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT: - ,,prokofi
kesarieli Sromis im nawilSi, sadac saubaria xosros mier q. petrasa da Semdeg
romaelTa (dagisTes xelmZRvanelobiT) da sparsTa (mermeroes sardlobiT) jarebis axali koncentraciis Sesaxeb, iZleva cnobebs mdinare boasis, lazTa dasaxlebuli adgilebis (maTi qalaqebisa da cixe-qalaqebis) Sesaxeb: ,,...boasi, amieridan
fasisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi vidre evqsinad wodebul zRvamde, sadac misi SesarTavia, da mis orive mxriT lazike aris.
magram marjvniv mTeli is qveyana did manZilze, vidre iberiis sazRvrebamde,
dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT, lazTa soflebi xom aq yvela mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras da qalaqebic maT ZvelTaganve aq auSenebiaT, maT
Soris aris arqeopolisi Zalian gamagrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pituintis simagrec, xolo skanda da sarapani-iberiis sazRvrebisaken, yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi. mdinaris marcxniv, iseT
manZilze, romelsac erT dReSi gaivlis msubuqad datvirTuli kaci, lazikis
sazRvrebia, xolo es mxare mosaxleobas moklebuli Cans, am mxaris mezoblad
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romaelebi cxovroben, romelTac pontoelebi ewodebaT, lazikis miwa-wyalze, im

adgilas, sadac adamianebs arasodes ar ucxovriaT, iustiniane mefem Cems dros
qalaqi petra gaaSena~- wers prokofi kesarierli. g. grigolia ganagrZobs - md.
fasisis napirebze lazebis disproporciuli gansaxlebis aseTive suraTs iZleva
prokofis Sromis sxva adgilic, sadac saubaria evqsinis pontospira xalxebsa da
maT mezoblebze: ,,...zogierTebi amboben (gulisxmoben esqiles, herodotes), rom aq
fasisi orad hyofs xmeleTs. Camomdinare wylis marcxniv aris azia, xolo marjvniv evropad iwodeba. evropis nawilSia lazTa yvela sabinadro adgili, xolo
meore nawilSi moxseniebis Rirsi arc raime qalaqi aqvT lazebs, arc simagre da
arc daba, garda imisa, rom romaelebma iq petra aaSenes winaT~, rogorc vxedavT,
prokofis Sromis aq moyvanili orive adgili Sinaarsobrivad erTgvarovania da
Zalze saintereso, mravalferovan informacias iZleva lazikis istoriisa da
gansakuTrebiT, istoriuli geografiisaTvis. aq saubaria lazikis samxreT sazRvarze, cixe-qalaqTa gvarobaze, maT ganlagebaze, mosaxleobis gansaxlebaze da sxv.
magram, samwuxarod, rogorc fiqroben, swored Sromis es nawilia e.w. ,,SecdomebiTa~ da urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebiT savse, rac prokofisadmi da saerTod,
berZen mweralTa cnobebisadmi skeptikurad ganawyobs mkvlevarTa did nawils.
akad. s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, ,,es cnobebi bevrgan areulia, erTimeores ar eTanxmeba,
an Cvens Tanamedrove saistorio mwerlobaSi Semowmebuli araa~. akad. n. berZeniSvili misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli siRrme-siganiT ixilavs adrebizantiuri
xanis lazikis istoriis sakiTxebs da saerTod, ndobas ucxadebs prokofis cnobebs
saqarTvelos rom exeba, magram sakamaTo adgilebis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs, rom, rogorc
,,Cans (prokofi) StabSi warmodgenil moxsenebis safuZvelze adgens Tavis moTxrobas
da erTimeoreSi urevs cnobebs...~ da iqve migviTiTebs, rom meti sifrTxiliT
movekidoT berZen mweralTa cnobebs. CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs
d. musxeliSvilis, rogorc istoriuli geografiis wamyani specialistis, Sexedulebas prokofi kesarielis cnobebis raoba-Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro, rom
igi sagangebod Cerdeba moyvanili cnobebis saCoTiro adgilebze da mas Semdeg,
rac ndobas ucxadebs prokofi kesariels, rogorc kompetentur istorikoss, iqve
dasZens, rom ,,rionis marcxena napiris sruli dausaxleblobis Sesaxeb misi azri
Secdoma unda iyos~-o, rasac faqtiuri masaliT adasturebs. Tumca iqve dasZens,
rom ,,prokofi kesarielis zemoxsenebul Cvenebebze damyarebuli warmodgena marcxena rionispireTis dausaxleblobis Sesaxeb adrebizantiur xanaSi, faqtiurad,
SesaZlebelia am CvenebaTa araswori interpretaciis Sedegi iyos~-o, raSic SeuZlebelia ar daveTanxmoT pativcemul avtors wers g. grigolia da ganagrZobs:
rogorc ukve iTqva, Cveni azriT, mTavari Secdoma is aris, rom prokofiseuli boasfasisi arasworadaa gaigivebuli rion-yvirilasTan. prokofis cnobiT, fasisis
marjvena napirze ,,mTeli is qveyana did manZilze vidre iberiis sazRvrebamde
dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT~, Tuki fasisi rionia, rogorc es
amJamad aris miRebuli, sruliad gaugebaria, ra unda rionis marjvniv iberiis
sazRvrebs; rogorc antikuri, ise bizantiuri da momdevno xalxebisaTvis aseTi
sazRvrebis Zieba rionis marjvena napirze uazrobaa. ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda
wavideT, ramdenic ar unda viaroT, rionis marjvena sanapiroze, verc erT wertilSi iberiis sazRvrebs ver mivadgebiT, miT ufro, viciT, rom prokofisave araerTg175

zisi CvenebiT aseTi sasazRvro xazi, xsenebuli droisaTvis, skanda-SorapanTan

gadis. es pirdapir aris miTiTebuli prokofis cnobis im nawilSi, sadac saubaria
fasisis marjvena napiras gaSenebul qalaqebze da cixeebze: ,,maT Soris aris
arqeopolisi, Zalian gamagrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec,
xolo skanda da sarapani - iberiis sazRvrebisaken, yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi
ki mainc aq rodopolisi da moxirisia~. rogorc cnobilia, rodopolisi Tanamedrove varcixea rionisa da yvirila-xaniswylis SesarTavTan, moxiriss ki dablagomTan varaudoben. e.i. orive es qalaqi rionis marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobs,
rom araferi vTqvaT skandasa da Sorapanze. prokofis cnobis mixedviT ki, isini
md. fasisis marjvena sanapirozea miTiTebuli. aqac aSkara Seusabamobaa fasisrionis mimarT. jer kidev iustinianes novelebis avtormac icis, rom arqeopolisi da rodopolisi, udidesi da Zveli simagreebia~, xolo Semdeg prokofi kesarieli pirdapir miuTiTebs da xazs usvams, rom yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki
mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi~. yovelive es icis prokofim, ufro
sworad, misma informatorma, magram, Tu es fasisi rionia, maSin Secdomas uSvebs,
roca maT mdinaris marjvena napiris qalaqebad miiCnevs, rac naklebad sarwmunoa.
aqac iseTive daskvna unda gakeTdes, rogoric lazika-iberiis sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT miviReT: kerZod, am etapze prokofis fasisi rioni ar aris wers g.
grigolia. is agrZelebs - sakiTxiT dainteresebul mkvlevarebs gansakuTrebiT
aRelvebT prokofis cnobis is adgili, sadac saubaria md. fasisis marcxena
sanapiroze, romelic ,,mosaxleobas moklebuli Cans da am nawilSi arc raime
qalaqi aqvT lazebs, arc simagre da arc daba moxseniebis Rirsi~. Tu prokofiseuli fasisi Tanamedrove rionia, saqme exeba imereTis did nawils, mTel guriasa da
aWaras, e.i. istoriuli kolxeTis saukeTeso nawils, sadac, rogorc ukanaskneli
drois arqeologiuri Ziebis Sedegebi mowmoben, aRmocendnen adreantikuri da
elinisturi xanis qalaquri centrebi: vani, dabla gomi, fasisi, fiWvnari da afsarosi~ (g. grigogolia, egris-lazikis samefos saistorio problemebi~, 1994, gv. 32).
g. grigolias am vrceli amonarididan Cans, rom is am SemTxvevaSi ar eTanxmeba
gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss, rom varcixe aris rodopolisi, radganac, prokofis
cnobiT rodopolisi mdebareobda fasisis marjvena sanapiroze (iseve, rogorc
skanda da sarapani, xolo varcixe rionis marjvena sanapiroze ar mdebareobs,
maSasadame rodopolisic sxvaganaa saZebni, albaT Woroxis xeobaSi). Sorapanzec
igive iTqmis. prokofis sarapana fasisis marjvniv mdebareobda, rac Seexeba zestafonis Sorapans, is rionis Senakad yvirilas marjvnivac ki ar mdebareobs,
aramed Zirulas marjvniv.
g. grigolia daaskvnis - ,,erTi sityviT prokofis yvela cnoba, rac gaugebari
da urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa rion-fasisTan kavSirSi, savsebiT naTeli da logikuria
fasis-WoroxTan mimarTebaSi~ (iqve, gv. 53).
xolo sparseT-petras gzasTan dakavSirebiT wers - ,,prokofi kesarieli petras yovelTvis md. fasisTan kavSirSi ixseniebs da misi niSandoblivi lokalizacia mxolod da mxolod fasisTan mimarTebaSi aris SesaZlebeli...~ (iqve, gv. 55).
md. fasisi ki Woroxia, sparselTa omebi mis xeobaSi imarTeboda. aq gadioda is
mniSvnelovani gza, romelic petras dvinTan akavSirebda.

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sparseTis Sahi klarjeTis gzaze

mefe xosro ramdenjerme gaemarTa lazikaSi petras cixe-simagris asaRebad,
aseve sparseTidan petrasaken ramdenjerme gaemgzavra sparsTa jarebi sxva mTavarsardlebis meTaurobiT. prokofi kesarieli aRwers maT gzas, rogorc erTi, ise
meore mimarTulebiT, magaliTad sparsTa jarebma petrasTan cxare SebrZolebis
Semdeg ukan daixies da dabrundnen TavianT dasasvenebel qveyanaSi (banakebSi),
sadac saerTod isini izamTrebdnen, aRidgendnen Zalebs da ukanve, petrasTan
brundebodnen. aseTi adgili yofila persarmeniaSi q. dvini da maT garSemo
soflebi, romelTac CamoTvlis kidec prokofi. saerTod is wers sparsTa gzis
Sesaxeb, kerZod isini sparseTidan jer Sediodnen persarmeniaSi, Semdeg ki iberiis
raRac nakveTis gavlis Semdeg _ lazikaSi.
SebrZolebebi petrasTan iyo pirvelxarisxovani saqme sparsTa mefisaTvis, amitomac is brZolisunarianobis SenarCunebis mizniT sparseTidan petrasaken yvelaze mokle da amave dros uxifaTo gziT waiyvanda Tavis jarebs, es bunebrivia,
jari dasvenebuli unda yofiliyo. da amave dros axlos momaragebis wyarosTan,
e.i. persarmeniasTan da aseve iberiasTan, romelic sparsTa mier iyo dapyrobili.
maSasadame xosrom Tavisi jarebi dvinidan petrasken waiyvana yvelaze mokle
gziT. romelia es gza? Tu Zvel rukebs davxedavT, SevamCnevT, rom dvini-petras
SemaerTebel yvelaze mokle gzebs unda gaevloT qarTlis provinciebi kolaartaani, klarjeTi, Woroxis xeoba, Semdegdroindeli arTvini da Woroxis gayolebiT uSualod miadgebodnen petras. es gzebi, amJamadac ki, erTaderTni arian am
mxareSi. saqme isaa, rom dvin-kola-artaansa da klarjeTs Soris zRvis donidan
2500-3000 metrze aRmarTulia qedi arsiani. amJamadac, arsianis qedze gadis ori
mTavari gza _ romelic q. artaans aerTebs q. artanujTan (klarjeTSi) da q.
arTvinTan (Woroxze), erTi ufro CrdiloeTiTaa, meore samxreTiT.
vfiqrobT, rom xosrom isargebla artaan _ artanujis dakavSirebuli gziT, radganac es ufro moklea pirvelTan SedarebiT, Tanac ufro naklebi dabrkolebebia
masze.
q. artaani da artaanis provincia uSualod emezobleba eruSeTs da samcxis
provinciebs (e.i. iyo istoriuli iberia) da is marTlac Zevs persarmeniasa (anisdvinis qveyanasa) da klarjeT-lazikas Soris.
artaan-artanuj-arTvinis SemaerTebeli gza, rogorc vTqviT, gaivlida arsianis qeds, romlis uReltexili mdebareobs zRvis donidan 2687 m. simaRleze. mis
axlos axlac mdebareobs sofeli `kandridi~. es sityva `kandr~ Zalze gvagonebs
prokofi kesarielis mier aRweril cnobas, rom iberiasa da lazikas Soris
mdebareobda `skandas~ cixe (kand _ skand). aRsaniSnavia, rom arsianis am uReltexilTan axlo Zveli cixe-simagrea, romelsac, amJamad, `qinZis cixe~ ewodeba. Cveni
azriT fuZe `qinZ~ da `skand~ aseve etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan (kind(Z) _
skand). prokofis aRweridan viciT, rom skandas cixis axlomaxlo ar modioda
mosavali, iyo Zalze mTiani imdenad, rom aq venaxi ar xarobda da Rvinoc ar
hqondaT. cnobilia, rom sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebi prokofis mier aRweril
skandas cixed miiCnevdnen Terjolis raionSi amJamadac arsebul `skandes~. sakuTari TvaliT gvinaxavs, rom Terjolis skande mdebareobs samiwaTmoqmedo ubanSi,
177

radgan modis yovelgvari saxis mosavali da cxadia xarobs venaxic, xolo arsianis qedze 2600 metrze mdebare qinZotamalis anu `qinZis cixe~ namdvilad identuria prokofis mier aRwerili umosavlo da pirquS regionTan. rogorc Cans
aqve iyo meore cixec _ sarapana. T. xuciSvilis mier gamocemuli `tao-klarjeTis
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis~ rukis mixedviT aRniSnul artaan-artanujis SemaerTebel gzaze mdebareobda arpali, romelic Cveni azriT etimologiurad waagavs
sarapan-Sorapans. saerTod, qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul qveynebSi toponimebi xSirad meordeboda. magaliTad, aRniSnul rukaze, TurqeTSi parxalTan axlosaa qalaqi `wiTeli wyaro~ (Sdr. saqarTvelos `wiTelwyaro~) cixe `muxurguli~ (spersa
da kavkasiZeebis cixis Sua, Woroxze). `muxurguli~ etimologiurad Zalze axloa
prokofis mier mravalgzis aRniSnul `muxurisTan~. aqvea `orjoxis mTa~, romelic
gvagonebs `orjoni~-s. aqedan `orjoniki~ (orjoneli) _ orjonikiZeTa sagvareulos adgili. aqvea `vanis xevi~ (Sdr. vani), `dazugeTi~ (Sdr. `zugdidi~) da sxva
uamravi. imis gamo, rom prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi `skanda~ da Tanamedrove Terjolis raionSi mdebare `skande~ etimologiurad identuria, ar iZleva
maTi igiveobis safuZvels. `skanda~ uamravi SeiZleboda yofiliyo saqarTvelos
yvela kuTxeSi. (Srd. strabonis `skandisis mTebi~). aseve unda yofiliyo mravali
`sarapana~ (Sorapani). me vfiqrob Tanamedrove `sarfi~ da `sarapana~ etimologiurad
axloa erTmaneTTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove ozurgeTsac XV s-Si (da ufro
adre) Sorapani erqva. amitomac, imis gamo, rom zestafonTan gvaqvs punqti `Sorapani~ ar aris safuZveli misi `sarapanad~ gamocxadebisa. aseTi sarapana _ rogorc
vTqviT _ mravali unda yofiliyo.
maSasadame Cveni azriT, sparsuli jari petraSi Cavida ara Tbilisis, lixis
qedisa da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT (am gziT jari Zalze daiqanceboda
da brZolisunarianobas dakargavda), aramed sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli umoklesi gziT, romelic rogorc prokofi xSirad aRniSnavs: gaivlida persarmenias
(dvinis qveyanas), Semdeg iberias (Cveni azriT es iyo kola-artaani) da md. Woroxis
gayolebiT swrafad Sevidnen petras regionSi.
Tvalxiluli faqtia, rom SeuZlebelia prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili
lazika iyos dasavleT saqarTvelo mTlianad, radganac prokofi mudam xazgasmiT
miuTiTebs, rom `lazika~ aris kldovani regioni, sadac aris maRali mTebi, moedineba Cqari mdinareebi. magaliTad imdenad Cqari fasisi, rom zRvis wyalsac ki
ar ereva SesarTavSi. imdenad kldovania lazika, rom zRva mis kldeebs exeTqeba
da es kldeebi uSualod zRvas gadahyurebs. mravaljer aRwers amas prokofi da
imeorebs yvela TxzulebaSi. magaliTad is wers, rom skandasa da sarapanis cixeebTan ar modis mosavali, aris maRali mTebi, ar xarobs venaxi. Terjolis skanda
zRvis donidan sul raRac 100-200 metrze mdebareobs da rogorc iTqva am regionSi uxvi da yoveli saxis mosavali modis. sarapanac msgavsadve umosavlo kldeebSi mdebareobs, zestafonis Sorapani ki zRvis donidan 170 metrzea da uxvmosavliania. saerTod, rogor SeiZleba iTqvas dasavleT saqarTveloze, rom is saSineli camde awvdili kldeebis qveyanaa maSin, roca dasavleT saqarTvelos vrclad
gaSlili vake zRvis donidan sul ramdenime metria da vrclad gaSlili uzarmazari
dablobia! es araa prokofis `lazika~! magram, sakmarisia fasisad miviCnioT md.
Woroxi, umalve mivxvdebiT Tu romel qveyanas uwodebs prokofi lazikas. cxadia
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esaa trapizonis sanaxebi da amis Semdeg qveyana, romelsac qarTuli wyaroebi

uwodeben `zRvispiri bolo klarjeTisa~ da saerTod klarjeTi Tanamedrove
aWara-guriasTan erTad. klarjeT-lazikis mTebia arsianis TiTqmis 3000 metri
simaRlis qedi, karCxalis 3000 metrze ufro maRali masiuri mTebi, pontos aseve
3000 metrze maRali qedi, misi Sto orjoxi, aseTive simaRlis mTebis masivi, saerTod esaa Woroxis xeoba, Tavisi kldeebiT da maRali mTebiT, esaa uvrcelesi
regioni, romlis farTobi metia md. rionis auzze. ai, aq ki unda veZioT Cveni
skanda, sarapanisi, arqeopolisi, muxurisi, rodopolisi, fasisi da sxva qalaqebi. aq
arqeologebs didi aRmoCenebi eliT.
prokofis `lazika~ iyo ZiriTadad `klarjeTis qveyana~. SesaZloa, lazTa
mefeebis Semdegdroindeli memkvidreebi iyvnen `klarjTa xelmwifeebi~ legitimuri TvalsazrisiT, aqedan iyo VI s-Si guaram kurapalati, Semdeg qarTlis
xelmwife bagrationebi TavianT warmoSobasac aRniSnul (lazikis) regions, kerZod, spers ukavSireben, TavianT sagvareuloSi gamoyofdnen `klarj~, `artanujel~
da sxva mefe-xelmwifeebs. SesaZloa `klarji xelmwifeebis~ Sto Tavis legitimur uflebamosilebas ukavSirebda lazTa mefeebs (mag. VI s-Si aseTebi iyvnen
waTe, gubazi, da sxvebi). Tumca maT ZiriTadi legitimurobis sayrdenad miaCndaT
farnavazian _ xosroanTa memkvidreoba (vaxtang gorgasalis qaliSvili SeirTo
guaram bagrationma). SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom waTe, gubazi da sxva lazi mefeebi
gvariT bagrationebi anda maTi monaTesaveni iyvnen.

klarjeTis gza skandadan

sarapanamde

qinZis cixe, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, mdebareobs arsianis qedze, artaanartanujis SemaerTebeli gzis marjvena mxares (gzidan 3-4 km-Taa daSorebuli),
sofel qinZotamalTan axlos (qinZotamals Turqulad `bagdeCen~ hqvia). iqve (qinZotamalidan samxreTiT 4-5 km-Si) mdebareobs msgavsi saxelis mqone sofeli _
kandridi (Turquladac es saxeli __ `kandriti~ hqvia, iqvea eklesiis nangrevi).
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rogorc aRiniSna, erTi da igive etimologiis sami punqtis
erTmaneTTan TiTqmis mijriT arseboba (qinZis cixe, qinZotamali, kandridi) miuTiTebs, rom arsianis qedis am monakveTze `kand~ , `qind~ (qinZ) fuZis mqone raRac
mniSvnelovani punqti arsebobda. esaa, Cveni azriT `skanda~ _ saxelganTqmuli
lazuri cixe iberiis sazRvarTan. misi naSTia saxelebi _ kandriti, qinZotamali
da qinZi (ix. dimitri dunduas 2007 w. ruka `SavSeTi~ da T. xuciSvilis 2004 w.
ruka tao-klarjeTi).
rogorc viciT, skandas cixesTan axlos mdebareobda meore lazuri cixe, aseve
iberiis sazRvarTan _ sarapana. Cveni azriT, am saxelis Tanamedrove saxecvlilebaa `arfali~, romelic mdebareobs SavSeTSi axlos artaanTan, anu Zvel istoriul iberiis mxaresTan axlos. arfalis meore saxelia zendaba, qalaq SavSeTidan
ramdenime kilometriTaa daSorebuli. amJamindeli qinZis cixe da arfali erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gziT, rogorc aRiniSna. arfalidan gza jer midis sofel xanTuSeTSi (esaa Turquli hanli), xanTuSeTidan ki
ori aseve adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gza miemarTeba arsianis qedisaken. erTerTi, samxreTiT arsebuli, gaivlis mdinareTa (nakadulTa) saTaveebs da adis
179

arsianis qedze qinZis cixesTan axlos. Cveni azriT, SesaZloa am gziT, anu skanda
(qinZis cixe) sarapana (arfalis) gziT gaiara petraSi mimavalma sparseTis Sahma
xosrom. marTlac, es gza Sedis SavSeTSi, saidanac arTvin-borCxas gziT, anu Woroxis xeobis gziT Sediodnen petraSi, Tumca, SesaZloa xosro artanujis gziTac
Sevida petraSi.
rogorc iTqva, Cveni gamokvleviT skanda aris Tanamedrove arsianis qedze
(istoriuli artaanis provinciaSi) klarjeTisken (artanujisken) mimaval gzaze
sofel `kandridTan~ mdebare erT-erTi Zveli cixesimagre. sof. `kandridis~ saxelwodeba aRniSnulia `tao-klarjeTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis~ rukaze, romelic 2004 wels daibeWda T. xuciSvilis, k. Sengelias, S. maWavarianisa da v. silogavas
mier. sof. kandridTan arsianis qedzeve aris sof. qinZotamali da cixe-simagre
`qinZis cixe~. etimologiurad `kandridi~, `qinZotamali da `qinZis cixe~ Zalze
axloa `skandasTan~ (kandrid _ skanda). sof. qinZotamalsa da qinZis cixes Soris
gadis gza, romelic aerTebs artaans artanujTan. es gza longoTxevis axlos
artanujiswylis xeobaSi gadis.
arsebobs meore gzac, romelic sxva xeobaSi gadis da aseve aerTebs artaans
arTvinTan. es gza gaivlis SavSeTs, aq qalaq SavSeTis axlos aris sofeli `arfali~, SeuZlebelia ar aRiniSnos, rom arfali etimologiurad Zalze axloa `sarapanasTan~ (sarapan-arfal). Cven viciT, rom gza, romelic aerTebda iberias
lazikasTan, gadioda cixe-simagreebze skandasa da sarapanze (sofel arfalTan
mdebareobs Zveli cixe-simagre `qvaTeTrisi~).
sofeli kandridi da sofeli arfali erTmaneTs uerTdebodnen Zveladac.
amas mianiSnebs is, rom 1998 w. dabeWdili saqarTvelos `zogadgeografiuli rukis~
mixedviT (redaqtori m. razmaZe) es soflebi erTmaneTs amJamadac uerTdeba e.w.
`savele gziT~ anu Zalze ubralo, uxarisxo gziT, kerZod, artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebel gzaze, iq, sadac aris 2657 m simaRlis uReltexili. erT-erTi gverdiTi
gza miemarTeba CrdiloeTisken, romelsac daaxloebiT 6-7 km-Si dasavleTidan
uerTdeba aRniSnuli savele gza, romelic 25-28 km-is Semdeg Sedis arfalSi. Cans,
am gziT Sediodnen iberiidan lazikaSi sparselebi.

skanda-kandridi klarjeTis gzaze

(mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, namonastrali `kandridi~, cixe `qinZi~ _
erTad Tavmoyrilni _ istoriul `skandas~ regionSi)
Tanamedrove artanuji artaans uerTdeba saavtomobilo gziT, romlis Sua
monakveTs, arsianis qedis gadakveTis adgils, warmoadgens uReltexili ialnizCam
zRvis donidan 2657 metr simaRleze. TviTon gza artanujidan uReltexilamde
faqtiurad gadis uzarmazari qedis ZirSi, romlis mwvervalis simaRle aris 3068
metri zRvis donidan. Aamave uReltexils artanujidan uerTdeba aseve yamiri
sasoflo gza, romelzec amJamadac mdebareobs sofeli `longoTxevi~. aRniSnul
uReltexils sxvadasxva rukebze ewodeba `kandridi~, `qinZotamali~, iqve axlosaa
mwvervali `kandilis~AsaxelwodebiT.
kandridi, qinZ (kand) iZleva safuZvels vifiqroT, rom berZeni mwerlebis mier
naxsenebi cixe-simagre `skanda~, romelic ise maRla da miudgomel adgilas mdebareobda unayofo regionSi, rom masze mxolod zurgiT ahqondaT sursaTi, aris ara
180

imereTis `skande~, aramed arsianis qedis aRniSnuli uReltexilis gzaze mdebare

`kandridi~. artanuj-ardaganis saavtomobilo gzaze mdebare arsianis qedis uReltexil `ialnizCam~-is maxloblad, rogorc aRiniSna, arsianisave qedze mdebareobs
erT-erTi 2412 m simaRlis mTa (mwvervali) saxelwodebiT `kandili~ (gzidan 20-30km
daSorebiT), xolo TviT gzaze mdebareobs sofeli `karadjasu~. etimologiurad
imiTaa saintereso es saxelebi, rom isini axloa prokofis mier naxseneb `skandasTan~ _ `skanda~, `kandili~ (fuZea skand-kand), amave fuZeTa wres uaxlovdeba
`karad~ (karadJasu), amitom safiqrebelia, rom `skandas~ cnobili cixe-simagre swored
Tanamedrove artanuj-ardaganis gzaze mdebareobda. miT umetes, rom es gza konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, Xs-Sic saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisa iyo da is Sav
zRvasTan akavSirebda ara mxolod iberias, aramed armeniasac. artanujSi, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, am gziT siriis saqonelic ki Sedioda. artanujidan
Woroxis gziT am saqonels advilad Caitandnen Savi zRviT bizantiaSi. Aam azrs
amtkicebs isic, rom am uReltexilis siaxloves aseve mdebareobs cixe `qinZi~ da
sofeli `qinZotamali~, aqvea namonastrali `kandridi~; e.i. gvaqvs mTa `kandili~,
sofeli `qinZotamali~, cixe `qinZi~ yvela sityva_ `kand-qind~ fuZiT, etimologiurad
axlo sityva ,,skandas" fuZesTan.

pirveli saepiskoposoebi klarjeT-mcxeTis gzis pirze

bizantia-iberiis damakavSirebel gonio-arTvin-artanuj-mcxeTis saerTaSoriso
gzis piras SedarebiT ganviTarebuli iyo adgilobrivi ekonomika, warmoqmnila
qalaquri ti pis dasaxlebebi. amiT unda iyos gamowveuli is, rom IV-IX saukuneTa
qarTuli saepiskoposoebis erTi nawili am gzis piras iyo ganlagebuli. saeklesio wesebis Tanaxmad episkoposi qalaqSi ijda, mas kaTedra qalaqSi unda hqonoda.
Cans, aRniSnuli gzis piris qalaquri ti pis dasaxleba iZleoda saSualebas saepiskoposo kaTedrebis daarsebisa, kerZod, am gzis pirzea Semdegi saepiskoposoebi: _
1. axizisa;
2. anCisa;
3. eruSeTisa;
4. wyarosTavisa;
5. kumurdosi;
6. wundis;
7. manglisisa;
8. walkisa;
saerTod safiqrebelia, rom ZvelqarTuli saepiskoposoebi ganlagebulni iyvnen
ara marto administraciul (saerisTavo) centrebSi, aramed mniSvnelovani gzebis
pirasac. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc erTi saepiskoposo ar iyo quTaisidan urbnisamde. aq
saerTaSoriso gzis arseboba ki am vakuums Seavsebda.

lazika-iberia-persarmeniis makavSirebeli mokle gza

e. veidenbaumisa da g. yazbegis aRwera saerTaSoriso gzisa

VI saukuneSi bizantiisa da sparseTis imperiebi erTmaneTs daundoblad ebrZodnen kavkasiaSi kuTxisaTvis, romelsac lazika ewodeboda. prokofi kesarielisa
181

da sxvaTa aRweriT is iyo zRvispiras mdebare kldovani qveyana, ZiriTadad nakleb

mosavliani, magram lazika yuradRebas iqcevda Tavisi samxedro-stategiuli mdebareobiT, masze gadioda sparseT-evropis damakavSirebeli gza. misi xelSi CagdebiT ki orive mxare iyo dainteresebuli.
TiTqmis 1500 wlis Semdgom ruseTis imperiac dainteresda am gziT me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. imJamad osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval lazikaaWara-SavSeTSi ruseTis imperiam samxedro dazvervis mizniT Seagzavna oficeri
giorgi yazbegi, romelmac aRwera kidec e.w. ,,TurqeTis saqarTvelo~ da wignis
saxiT gamosca 1875 wels. g. yazbegma Tavisi ZiriTadi yuradReba miapyro ZvelTaganve arsebul baTum-arTvin-ardaganis gzas, romelsac imJamad osmaleTis imperia
awesrigebda. aRniSnuli gza baTumidan arTvinamde miuyveboda mdinare Woroxs,
arTvinidan ardagans uerTdeboda arsianis qedze gadamavali uReltexiliT. ardaganidan anu artaanidan es gza uerTdeboda yarss, arzrumsa da axalcixes. rogorc
giorgi yazbegi, aseve mis Semdgom lazikaSi ruseTidan gagzavnili mecnieri e.
veidenbaumi TavianT mTavrobas arwmunebdnen, rom aRniSnul baTum-ardaganis gzas
gaaCnda udidesi saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba, radganac is sparseTs evropasTan
aerTebda umoklesi gziT.
g. yazbegi pirdapir werda, rom gafarToebis Semdgom SesaZloa ,,es gza sparseTsa da evropas Soris satranzito magistraladac gadaiqces~ (g. yazbegi, 3 Tve
TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, 1995 w. gv. 108). is am gzasTan dakavSirebiT wers, rom baTumartaan-yarsis gzatkecilis samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad jer kidev osmaleTis
imperiam Seqmna komisia, romelmac praqtikulad ucvlelad datova saukuneebis
winaT arsebuli marSruti. es iyo ,,erTaderTi xazi mdinare Woroxze artanujisaken,
Semdeg yarsisaken an artaanis gavliT, artanuj-Cais gayolebiT, an kidev Tavskerisa
da giolis gavliT... samuSao daiwyo erTdroulad baTumsa da artanujSi... vxedavdiT axalma gzam rogor gamoacocxla es mxare. cxenebi uwyvetad miemarTebodnen arTvinisaken, maT yarsis puri gadahqondaT. puri aq cxenebiT gadmoaqvT arTvinis navmisadgomTan, aqedan ki WoroxiT baTumSi CaaqvT (iqve, gv. 104-106).
rogorc g. yazbegi, ise e. veidenbaumi TavianT naSromebSi gamoxatavdnen im
interess, romelic ruseTis imperias gaaCnda aWara- lazistanSi. kerZod, yazbegi
pirdapir werda: ,,am interess aZlierebs Woroxis auzis istoriuli mniSvneloba
warsulSi da rac mTavaria is roli, romelic mas SeuZlia Seasrulos momavalSi
(g. yazbegi. 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, gv. 29).
Tu ra istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda Woroxis auzs warsulSi, amis Sesaxeb g.
yazbegis azriT evropelebma icodnen strabonisa da arianes monaTxrobis mixedviT,
xolo samomavlod gzis SesaZleblobaTa Sesaxeb TviTve werda (iqve, gv. 29). esaa,
cxadia, Woroxze gamavali saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza, romlis xelSi CagdebiTac ruseTis imperia gaakontrolebda erzrumis, yarsisa da mimdebare regionebis
ekonomikas.
marTalia, yazbegis dros es regioni osmaleTis xelSi iyo da aRniSnul
gzasac osmaleTi aRadgenda, magram g. yazbegi Zalze iyo dainteresebuli am gzis
mdgomareobiT da Tavis naSromSi aRwers kidec am gzis sxvadasxva monakveTebs.
mag. erT adgilas wers: ,,saWiroa baTumidan artanujamde aSendes samasi qvis xidi
182

da gvirabi~ (iqve, gv. 108). rogorc yazbegi, aseve veidenbaumi gaocebiT aRweren
Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze gadebul uamrav Zvel xidsa da maT nangrevebs. Zveli
qvis TaRovani xidebis da maTi naSTebis raodenoba marTlac STambeWdavi iyo.
veidenbaumi aRniSnavda kidec rom xidebis es raodenoba, aseve kldeebze gayvanili Zveli gzatkecilebis naSTebi miuTiTeben Woroxis auzSi gamavali gzis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da wers kidevac, rom ara mxolod Woroxis
marjvena sanapiroze gadioda didi mniSvnelobis gza, aramed marcxenazec da wers:
,,murRulis wylisa da xatila-sus xidebis narCenebiT Tu vimsjelebT, unda vivaraudoT, rom Zvelad Woroxis marcxena napirze arsebobda gza da masze sakmaod
gacxovelebuli vaWroba unda yofiliyo, Tuki saWiro gamxdara ori xidis aSeneba
marcxena napirze, arTvinisa da murRulis-wyals Soris. erT adgilas, SeimCneoda
kedlis narCenebi, romlebsac eyrdnobda gza kldis cicabo ferdobze. xidebisa
da kedlis aSenebis TariRi, samwuxarod, ucnobia, magram Tu imis mixedviT vimsjelebT, rom yvela xidi konstruqciiT arTvinis xidis msgavsia (es ukanaskneli
aSenebulia didi xnis winaT), unda vivaraudoT, rom es sagzao nagebobebi Zalian
Zvelia da im dros unda miekuTvnebodes, rodesac Woroxis auzSi wesrigi da
simSvide iyo, aqedan gamomdinare - TurqeTis batonobamde~ (evgeni veidenbaumi,
baTumidan arTvinamde 2005, gv. 76).
xidebis kolosaluri raodenoba mdinare Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze cxadia
mogvagonebs strabonis cnobas, rom mdinare fasisze iberiisaken mimaval gzaze 120
xidi iyo gadebuli. Cven SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom am qvis TaRovani xidebis
naSTebis didi nawili jer kidev SemorCenili iyo me-19 saukuneSi yazbegisa da
veidenbaumis dros da maTi garkveuli raodenoba dRemde arsebobs. marTlac, es
gza adioda albaT Zveli petradan anu istoriuli baTumis regionidan Woroxis
gavliT artaanSi. artaani, Semdegdroindeli ardagani, mudamJam aramxolod qarTuli,
aramed somxuri wyaroebis mixedviTac ki iberiaSi Sedioda, anu iberiis erT-erT
ZiriTad nawils warmoadgenda. Tuki Woroxis xeoba miiCneoda lazikad, maSin
cxadia lazikidan iberiaSi (artaanSi) Semavali istoriuli gza swored isaa,
romelsac yazbegi da veidenbaumi aRwerdnen da, romelsac osmaleTis mTavroba
didi danaxarjebiT afarToebda, raTa xeli Seewyo evropa-sparseTis damakavSirebeli aRniSnuli gzis mimdebare regionebis ekonomikis gamococxlebisaTvis. marTlac yazbegis aRweriT am gziT ukve sargeblobdnen ,,rusi, ingliseli da frangi
sovdagrebi~ (g. yazbegi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 108).
g. yazbegi wers - ,,arTvinis vaWrobis gamococxlebis erTaderTi saSualeba
Woroxis samdinaro gzaa. mimdinare wels am gzam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
SeiZina. meore welia, rac ingliseli vaWrebis kompaniam daiwyo yarsisa da SavSeTis puris Sesyidva da baTumSi tvirTis Woroxis gziT gagzavna. arTvinamde puris
didi nawili qurTebs gadmoaqvT jorebiTa da cxenebiT da Semdeg ki navebiT
miacureben. mimdinare 1874 wels erTi kampaniis agentma arTvinidan 44 aTasi fuTi
xorbali gagzavna. yarsidan baTumamde erTi fuTi xorblis Catana mis fasTan
erTad erTi maneTi jdeba~ (iqve, gv. 115).
veidenbaumic aRniSnavs baTum-ardaganis gziT ucxoelebis mier gaCaRebuli
vaWrobis Sesaxeb. am gzasTan dakavSirebiT is wers: ,,baTumi mTebze gadamavali
sapalne gziT dakavSirebulia qalaq ardahanTan. gzis sigrZe 191 verss Seadgens.
183

igi Tavdapirvelad Woroxis marjvena napirs miuyveba mdinare imerxevis SesarTavamde, Semdeg mdinare artanuj-Cais xeobiT adis ialanusCamis uReltexilze (8442
futi zRvis donidan) - esaa qedi, romelic erTmaneTisagan hyofs mtkvrisa da
Woroxis auzebs. ialanusCamis uReltexilidan gza ardahanisaken miemarTeba.
am gzaze yuradRebis Rirsia Semdegi dasaxlebuli punqtebi:
arTvini, TurqTa batonobis periodSi mas liganes uwodebdnen. esaa mdinare
Woroxis marcxena napirze gaSenebuli patara qalaqi, baTumidan 80 versSi. aq aris
arTvinis okrugis ufrosis rezidencia... baTumsa da arTvins Soris kavSiri upiratesad mdinare Woroxze mocurave kaiukebis (brtyelZira navebis) meSveobiT
myardeba. artanuji mdebareobs artanuj-Cais (Woroxis Senakadi) marcxena napirze. amJamad umniSvnelo sofelia... ardahani sapalne gzebiT dakavSirebulia
baTumsa da yarsTan. ardahanis samxreT-dasavleTiT 99 versSi, mdebareobs olTisi.
am dasaxlebul punqtebs erTmaneTTan safosto gza akavSirebs, romelic gaivlis
zRvis donidan 7728 fut simaRleze mdebare panJureTis uReltexils (es ukanaskneli erTmaneTisagan yofs Woroxisa da mtkvris auzebs) da kanli-sus xeobiT
eSveba olTu-Cais velze. ardahan-olTisis gzaze araerTi Zveli cixesimagrisa da
eklesiis naSTia SemorCenili~ (e. veidenbaumi. baTumidan arTvinamde 2005. gv. 7986).
baTum-ardaganis gza strabonisa da prokofis mier aRwerili fasis-iberiis
SemaerTebeli gza rom unda yofiliyo iqidanac Cans, rom am gzis monakveTebze
dasturdeba im Zveli saxelebis arseboba, romlebTac aRwerdnen es avtorebi, mag.
,,maT Soris SeuZlebelia yuradReba ar mivaqcioT, rom Woroxis erT-erTi maRali
Senakadis saxeli iyo yvirila~. g. yazbegi wers: `mdinare yvirilam saxelwodeba
miiRo qarTuli sityvisagan yvirili da Seesityveba mdinaris xasiaTs, zemo welSi
ki xmauriT mieqaneba qvian fskerze, Tanac recxavs Tixovani qanebis fenebs~ (g.
yazbegi, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 75).
Cvens mecnierTa azriT, mdinaris berZnuli saxelwodeba boasi yvirilas Targmani unda yofiliyo. es yvirila SavSeTSi imerxevis Senakadia. SesaZloa erT
dros imerxevsac yvirila erqva. es mdinare Tavis mxriv imerxevis wyali berTawylis Senakadia, romelic Woroxs uerTdeba arTvinTan, arTvinis maRla, liganis
provinciasTan. SesaZloa berTawyali igive liganis xevia, moxsenebuli qarTul
wyaroebSi. CvenTvis es imiTaa saintereso, rom ligani da glavki etimologiurad
erTmaneTis msgavsia. fasisze mdebareobda sanaosno qalaqi sarapana 37500 nabijze
zRvidan, Cveni azriT, es iyo qalaqi arTvini. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, veidenbaumis
cnobiT ardahan-baTumis SemaerTebel gzaze uReltexilTan gza kanlisus xeobiT
eSveba velze. Tanamedrove rukebis mixedviT artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebel gzaze,
arsianis uReltexilTan amJamadac arseboben punqtebi, kandridi, aseve sofeli
qinZotamali da iqve qinZis cixe. SeuZlebelia kandridis, qinZotamalis, qinZiscixis da veidenbaumis mier naxsenebi kanli-sus fuZeebma etimologiurad ar mogvagonos
Zveli avtorebis mier naxsenebi skanda (skanda - qinZotamali - kandridi - qinZis
cixe - kanli-su). yvela aRniSnuli sityvebis saerTo Ziria kand. - qinZ- -kan.
orive sityvaSi saerTo Ziri, rogorc aRiniSna, aris kanda. ase, rom Cven, skanda,
sarapana da yvirila SeiZleba movZebnoT saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic. Cven
SemTxvevaSi Woroxis xeobaSi. Tumca, igive msgavsi saxelebi Cven guriaSic gvxvde184

ba. mag. mdinare yvirila surebis xeobaSi, iqvea askana, xolo Sorapani ozurgeTs
erqva me-15-16 saukuneebSi. prokofis mier aRwerili lazika Cven mxolod yazbegis,
veidenbaumisa da sxva mkvlevarTa mier aRweril lazista-ligan-artanujs
mogvagonebs, Tavisi kldianobiT da masze gamavali saerTaSoriso-savaWro gzis
uamravi xidebiT.
e. veidenbaumi, iseve, rogorc g. yazbegi, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs baTum-arTvinartaan-yarsis gzis did saerTaSoriso savaWro mniSvnelobas. mag. aRniSnavs, rom
arTvinis mosaxleoba misdevda sagareo vaWrobas. ucxoeTidan SemohqondaT saqoneli
baTumis navsadgurSi, iqidan ki navebiT Woroxis gziT SehqondaT arTvinSi. Semdeg
ki ardagansa da yarsSi es saqoneli gadahqondaT satvirTo cxenebiTa da jorebiT:
,,arTvineli somxebi ZiriTadad sagareo vaWrobas misdeven, maT mohqondaT sazRvargareTidan da konstantinopolidan sxvadasxva saxis ucxouri saqoneli, baTumidan navebiT gadahqondaT arTvinSi da Semdeg sapalniT - ardaganSi, yarsSi da
sxva adgilebSi~ (e. veidenbaumi 2005. gv. 68). kerZod veidenbaumis cnobiT arTvinel
vaWrebs erTi mxriv SehqondaT artaansa da yarsSi ucxouri saqoneli, magram
samagierod iqedan ,,gamohqondaT puri da mdinare WoroxiT acurebdnen baTumSi~
(gv. 69). am faqtis gamo saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gaumjobesebis mizniT veidenbaumi
urCevda mTavrobas gaekeTebina gza TurqeTis gzatkecilidan arTvinis xidamde,
sadac iyo mdinare Woroxis navmisadgomi: ,,eWvic ki ar mepareba - werda is, rom
yarsidan baTumamde gzatkecilis saboloo gayvanis Semdegac saqonlis gadazidva
navebiT Woroxze araTu Sewydeba, piriqiT, gaizrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare gzatkecilidan mdinarisaken daRmarTis gayvana metad mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia
savaWro mimosvlis gazrdisaTvis. ra kargic ar unda iyos gzatkecili, iseTi
saqonlis miwodeba, rogoricaa xorbali, qeri da a.S. mosaxerxebeli iqneba navebiT,
vidre oTxTvalaTi. amboben, rom yarsis olqs sakmaod mniSvnelovani raodenobis
puris mocema SeuZlia. Tu undaT am produqtis gatana, gza arTvinis navsadguramde
aucilebelia, radganac QWoroxiT gadazidva gacilebiT momgebiania droisa da
miwodebis Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT~ (iqve, gv. 69).
xorblis garda arTvinidan baTumSi Woroxis samdinaro gziT navebiT gadahqondaT 30 tonamde zeTis xili (iqve, gv. 70).
Woroxis saerTaSoriso gza arTvins artaanTan aerTebda X saukuneSic, ramac
aayvava artanuji. es gza VI s-Si lazikas, anu Woroxis xeobis zRvispireTs,
iberiis (artaanis) gavliT sparseTTan aerTebda.

2. `gza qarTlisa~

basianis omis Semdeg ukandaxeul qarTul jars imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvreli gahyva olTisis gziT, romelic artaanis gavlis Semdeg Sevida javaxeTSi. es marSruti saukuneTa manZilze ucvleli iyo. am gzas erqva kidec Tavisi
saxeli _ `qarTlis gza~, gurji-boRazis (anu qarTlis yelis uReltexilis gavlis Semdeg gza Sedioda basianSi, aqedan taoSi) da artaanis gavliT saqarTvelos
kuTxeebSi.
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imave gzas aRweren osmaleTis saxelmwifo moxeleebi: 1520 wlis osmalur

`dokumentSi fiqsirebulia ZiriTadi samarSruto gza karaamididan axalcixemde...
bingoli (1000 tba) _ basiani _ avniqis cixis marcxniv _ Comanis xidi... tao _
Seqerli _ mamirvani _ olTisi, bana (fanaki) _ yalnus mTa _ artaani _ mgelcixe
_ Tmogvi _ awyuri _ axalcixe~ (Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisTvis, 1983, gv. 30).
mokled, es gza, anu `ZiriTadi samarSruto gza~ aseTia: basiani _ tao _ olTisi _
bana _ artaani, mas dokumentis mTargmneli c. abulaZe uwodebs arzrum-taos gzas, anu
esaa, misi azriT, `juanSerTan moxseniebuli `gza qarTlisa~. vaxuStis `saqarTvelos
yeli~ aris igive gurji-boRazi; meore gza gadis artaanidan marcxniv artanujis
gavliT mdinare Woroxis gayolebiT aWarisa da murRulis tertoriamde (iqve, gv. 32).
aRniSnuli meore arzrum-artaan-artanujis gziT unda Sesuliyo xosro petraSi,
anu Teodosiopoli-artaani-petras gziT, radgan n. adoncis cnobiT, xosrom petrasken
laSqrobisas Teodopolisi gaiara.
prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, lazikaSi uxvad balaxic ki ar modioda da
ubalaxobis gamo cxenebi daixoca, magram iqve, arsianis qedis gadaRma, `artaanis
dablobi~ umSvenieresi adgilia saqarTveloSi. Tmogvis cixemde aris 300 sofeli,
mindvrebi balaxiani, wyliani, saTibi vake adgilebia~ (Turquli wyaroebi, 1983, gv.
55).

imperator basili
bulgarTmmusvrelis gza
saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-is mefobis meSvide wels `gamovida basili, mefe
berZenTa... giorgi mefe ganvida spiTa didiTa winaaRdgomad missa da daibanakes
orTave qveyanasa basianisasa... moirida giorgi mefeman, movida da dawva qalaqi
olTisi da muniT movida kolas... iqmna brZola didi sofelsa, romelsa hqvian
Sirimni... mouwia laSqarman artans... warvida giorgi mefe TrialeTs, warmoudga
ukana, aswyvida qveyana javaxeTisa da gardavida TrialeTs... Seiqca basili mefe
TrialeTiT, ukumoiara javaxeTi da artani... warvida da daizamTra qveyanasa xaldiisasa, maxlobelad qalaqsa trapizonTasa~ (q.c., I, gv. 285).
maSasadame, keisris gza aseTia:
basiani-olTisi-kola-artani-javaxeTi-TrialeTi, ukan mas gamouvlia javaxeTi-artani-xaldia-trapizoni.
keisarma gaiara cnobili ZiriTadi samarSruto gziT, romelsac juanSeri
`qarTlis gzas~ uwodebs _ basiani-tao-artani-javaxeTi, ukana gza ki odnav gansxvavdeba, is ukan dabrunebisas amave gziT Sesula artaanSi, iqidan ki SavSeTis gziT
Sevidoda `xaldeaSi~ _ WaneTSi.

herakles `qarTlis gza~

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT herakles marSruti sparseTSi laSqrobisas aseTi
iyo:
trapezunti-eruSeTi-manglisi-Tbilisi da piriqiT, Tbilisi-manglisi-eruSeTi-trapezunti.
sparseTidan konstantinopolSi am gziT gadaasvenes jvari da aseve misi nawilebi _ manglissa da eruSeTSi daculi.
186

3. iberia - sparseT - bizantiis gzaze

taos, arzrums, basiansa da qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul qveynebs bizantielTa
jarebi piradad imperator basil bulgarTmmusvrelis meTaurobiT ebrZodnen.
SemdgomSi aq imperatorebi konstantine, romanosi da sxvebi SemoiWrnen. bizantielebi ebrZodnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifo meTaurebs, maT Soris erT-erTi
pirveli iyo giorgi I - gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefe.
basils, mematianeTa cnobiT, marTalia Zalze didi jari hyavda wamoyvanili,
magram erCia molaparakebis gziT sakiTxis gadaWra, kerZod, ra surda imperators?
misi survili kargad aqvs gadmocemuli mematianes - basili ase mimarTavs giorgi
I-s: ,,nu gadameRobebi sparseTisaken mimaval gzaze~. aristakes lastiverteci ase
wers amis Sesaxeb - ,,basilma elCebi gaagzavna giorgisTan da tkbili sityvebiT
miwera, rom ,,is, rac ar aris Seni samamulo memkvidreoba, daTme da mSvidobiT
icxovre Sen wilSi da nu gadameRobebi gzaze, romelic sparseTisaken midiso~ (a.
lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 51).
,,qarTvelTa samefoSi~ aRmoCnda is saerTaSoriso pirvelxarisxovani gza,
romelic trapezunts aerTebda sparseTTan arzrumisa da vanis tbis sanaxebis
gavliT. am gzaze, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalaqi valaSkerti iyo, Tavisi qarTuli mosaxleobiT. mimoweridan, Cans, rom bizantia apirebda sparseTisaken mimavali trapezunt-valaSkertis gzis gakontrolebas Tavisi strategiuli
miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, magram gzis didi nawili giorgi I-is xelSi iyo,
amiT is ,,gzaze eRobeboda~ sparseTisaken molaSqre imperators.

saepiskoposoebi
trapezunt-Teodosiopolisis anu trapizon - erzrumis gzaze
bizantiis imperiis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvarTan axlos mdebareobda mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri regioni, romlis ganviTarebasac imperatorebi aqcevdnen
sagangebo yuradRebas. magaliTad, imperatori iustiniane, romelmac aq, prokofi
kesarielis cnobiT, mniSvnelovani mSeneblobebi awarmoa. es regioni mdebareobda
trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da masze gadioda imperiisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani trapezunt-Teodosiopolisis anu trapizon-erzrumis SemaerTebeli
gza. es gza amJamadac erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi. masze mdebareobs qalaqi gumuSxane. Zvelad am gzispira ekonomikur regionSi
arsebobda mravali qalaqi da, Sesabamisad, mravali saepiskoposo _ konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS. somxuri dasaxelebebis mixedviT, maT erqvaT _ lerioni,
Sariani, gaili, kerCanisi, xaxi, bizana, xorZene da sxva. am gzasTan axlos iyo
pai pertis (baiberdis) da sxva saepiskoposoebi. erT dros isini qmnidnen `fasianis samitropolitos~ (radganac fasiani erqva vrcel qveyanas _ baiberdidan da
Teodosiopolisidan vidre TiTqmis manaskertamde da xlaTamde (anu mdinare
Woroxis, evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebis momcvel mxares _ isini erT regionSi
mdebare mTaTa sistemidan gamoedinebian).
am gzaze _ Tanamedrove giumiSxanesTan axlos Zvelad, adoncis cnobiT, mdebareobda ziganas cnobili saepiskoposo. imave cnobiT aqve yofila rodopolisis,
187

saisinisa da petras saepiskoposoebi. rac Seexeba fasianis samitropolitos CamoTvlil saepiskoposoebs, maTi adgilmdebareoba dadgenili da mocemulia rukaze `somexqalkedonitTa kaTedrebi~, romelic Tan erTvis statias `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ wignSi `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia, t. III, gv. 328).
noticiebis anu konstantinopolis sapatriarqos kaTedrebis nusxebis mixedviT es saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen `lazikis qveyanaSi~.

herakle keisris gza

(i. manandianis marSruti)
herakle keisris marSruti sparseTSi laSqrobisas i. manandianis azriT aseTia: `somxur geografiaSi~ Waniki (e.i. Wanebis, anu, rac igivea, lazebis qveyana
trapezuntis olqSi mdebare), iyo egeria-kolxidis Semadgeneli nawili, amitomac
is `egeria-lazika~, saidanac herakle Sevida TbilisSi, iyo ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed `lazebis miwa trapezuntis olqSi~ (d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IVVIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv. 338).
i. manandianis azriT, herakles marSruti aseTi iyo: trapezunti _ erzingiani
_ bizana (evfratze) _ karini _ vanandi _ Siraki _ Tbilisi.

herakle keisris gza

(v. goilaZis marSruti)
v. goilaZis azriT, herakle keisari trapezuntidan TbilisSi Sevida e.w. `ranis
gziT~, romelic qarTls akavSirebda bizantiasTan.
`627 w. zafxulSi herakle trapezuntidan ziganis uReltexiliT jer satalaSi, Semdeg TeodosiopolSi (karnu-qalaqi) movidoda, iqidan ki Zveli `didi samefo
gzis~ Semadgeneli `ranis gziT~ qarTlSi Semovidoda~ (v. goilaZe, abreSumis didi
savaWro gza, gv. 61). maSasadame, misi azriTac egeria aris trapezuntis mxare.

aRmosavleT-dasavleTis damakavSirebeli
savaWro gza
sarapanas, skandas, fasisis da saerTod lazikis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania Zieba im savaWro saerTaSoriso gzisa, romelic erTmaneTTan
akavSirebda aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs, Cvens SemTxvevaSi bizantiasa da sparseTs.
dadgenilia, rom bizantia-sparseTis damakavSirebeli erT-erTi umTavresi gza
trapezuntidan Teodosiopolisis da dvinis gavliT uerTdeboda jer vanis tbis
mimdebare qalaqebs, Semdeg ki sparseTs da mimdebare qveynebs. am gzaTa Soris
arasodes moiazreba wyaroebSi Tanamedrove foTi surami Tbilisis gza. Sav
zRvas Tbilisi ZiriTadad ori - TrialeT-klarjeTisa da somxeT-trapezuntis
gziT ukavSirdeboda. rogorc wesi aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gza trapezuntis regionSi iwyeboda. misi erT-erTi Sualeduri savaWro qalaqebi iyo dvini, urha,
naxWevani, Tavrizi. savaWro garemos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani punqti iyo edesaurha. saxeldobr igi warmoadgenda qalaq dvinis xuT mTavar gzaTagan ori gzis
188

punqts. erTi gza samxreT-dasavleTiT dvinidan urhaSi, damaskoSi da ierusalimSi

miemarTeboda, meore gza dvinidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT naxiWevanSi da TavrizSi,
_ wers a. cagareiSvili (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria 1974, gv. 167).
dvini erTmaneTTan akavSirebda ara mxolod aRmosavleT-dasavleTs, aramed
saqarTvelosa da albaneTsac rTavda saerTaSoriso aReb-micemobis qselSi. dvinidan erTi gza artaan-artanujis gavliT Woroxis xeobiT zRvas ukavSirdeboda.
V-XI saukuneebSi dvini jer somxeTis dedaqalaqi iyo, Semdeg ki umsxvilesi
centri. Zlierebis xanaSi masSi asi aTasamde mosaxle cxovrobda.
aRmosavleTis dasavleTTan damakavSirebeli savaWro gzis aranaklebi mniSvnelobis centri iyo qalaqi Teodosiopoli maRalmTiani somxeTis karinis gavarSi. 387 wlidan somxeTis romaul nawilSi moeqca, ganaaxla imperatorma Teodosi mcirem (408-450), iustiniane keisarma qalaqSi aago TavdacviTi nagebobebi. XI
saukunidan ewoda erzrumi. Teodosiopoli sparseT-bizantiis Semdeg arabTa saxalifosa da bizantiis sazRvarze iyo.
aRsaniSnavia, rom karinis anu Teodosiopolis miwa-wyali Tavdapirvelad istoriul iberiaSi Sedioda. cnobili mitacebis Semdeg, rac iberias somxeTma uvrcelesi teritoriebi CamoaWra (xorzene, gogarena da pariadris kalTebi) - karinic
somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom karinis olqis
(gavaris) mkvidri mosaxleoba e.i. qarTvelebi swrafad asimilirdnen somxebad. IXX saukuneebis aRwerebidan Cans, rom Teodosiopolis da misi garSemo soflebis
mosaxleobis udidesi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen. rogorc iTqva ,,karinis gavari
Tavisi momijnave teritoriiT did somxeTs pirvelad SeuerTa artaSes I-ma (189-160)~
(iqve, gv. 164). karinSi (TeodosiopolSi) gamaval saerTaSoriso gzaze mdebareobda
lazikis saepiskoposoebi - ziganasi, saisinisa da pai pertisa (baberdisa). baberdSi
(baiburdi) Semavali gza trapizonidan sparseTisken miemarTeboda.

4. vani-quTaisis SemovliTi gza

dasavleT saqarTvelos iseTi ori umTavresi regioni, rogoricaa samegrelo
da guria amJamadac ki, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTs uSualod ver emezoblebian. aq
igulisxmeba is, rom pirdapiri gza, vTqvaT senakidan ozurgeTamde warsulSi
arasodes arsebula, radganac samegrelosa da gurias erTmaneTisagan hyofs uzarmazari Waobi gawolili rionis xeobaSi. Zvelad, vTqvaT, Wyondididan SemoqmedSi
mimaval adamians jer unda gaevlo qvemo imereTi, anu samtredia-quTais-vanis
regioni da Sori, SemovliTi gziT unda misuliyo guriis centrSi. raionis
uzarmazari Waobi dasavleT saqarTvelos bunebrivad hyofda or regionad - erTi
iyo afxazeTisaken mimarTuli egris-imereTis mTiswineTi, meore ki iyo aWarisken
mimarTuli imereT-guriis mTiswineTi.
unda iTqvas, rom samegrelosa da gurias Soris ganfenilma uzarmazarma Waobma bolo ori saukunis manZilze saxe Seicvala, aq gaiyvanes arxebi, nawilobriv
daaSres, gaiyvanes gza foTamde da bolo wlebSi foTi-grigoleTis gzac, magram,
amis miuxedavad, mgzavri mainc iZulebulia, senakidan - ozurgeTSi anu samegrelo189

dan - guriaSi imereTis gavliT imogzauros. esaa geografiuli garemos realoba,

romelsac, vfiqrobT, Tbiliseli istorikosebi did mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben da
prokofiseul lazikas erTian mWidro ekonomikur regionad warmoadgenen, romelic TiTqosda moicavda dasavleT saqarTvelos. unda iTqvas, rom qarTul wyaroebs
es geografiuli realoba ufro aqvT gaTvaliswinebuli, amitomac Cveni wyaroebis mixedviT Tanamedrove imereTi - yovelTvis qarTlis samefos nawiladaa
warmodgenili. aseve misi bunebrivi geografiuli gagrZeleba, afxazeT-samegrelos mTiswineTi, qarTlis samefos nawiladaa warmodgenili, vidre mdinare egriswylamde anda mdinare klisuramde.
qarTul wyaroebSi rionis uzarmazar Waobebs angariSs uwevdnen, amitomac
imereT-guriis mTiswineTi - aWarisaken mimarTuli qarTlis samefos sxva
geoekonomikur erTeulad moiazreba Tavisi saerisTavoebiT.
rogorc vTqviT dasavleT saqarTvelos guli rionis dablobis daWaobebis
gamo ar SeiZleba warmovadginoT ekonomikur centrad. dasavleT saqarTvelos
dablobi, romelsac amJamad ,,kolxeTis dablobs~ uwodeben arasodes iZleoda
winapirobas imisaTvis, rom iq qalaqebi anda saqalaqo cxovreba warmoqmniliyo. am
mizezis gamo aq ar unda veZioT qalaqebi fasisi da rodopolisi da aseve sxva
saqalaqo cxovrebis centrebi.
Cveni mecnierebis nawili ki ise warmoadgens saqmes, TiTqosda rionis daWaobebuli dablobi iyo Zveli kolxeTis centri, misi ekonomikuri guli, romelic
periferiebsac asazrdoebda. sinamdvileSi dasavleT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
guli arasodes yofila teritoria samtrediidan - foTamde da ufro aqiT.
,,antikuri xanis kolxeTis qalaqebis~ mimoxilvis dros mkvlevari ise warmoadgens,
TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTvelos es nawili brinjaos kulturis ayvavebis centri
iyo, sinamdvileSi ki, arqeologTa mier faqtobrivad araferi ar iqna mopovebuli
rionis dablobSi, maSin, roca cnobili e.w. kolxuri metalurgiis mZlavri kerebi
ganlagebulni iyvnen Woroxis xeobaSi (g. gobejiSvili, o. jafariZe, gvianbrinjaos
Zeglebi, saqarTvelos arqeologia, 1969, gv. 129).
brinjaos metalurgiuli kerebis arseboba dasturdeba mTis raWaSi da leCxumSi (iqve, gv. 41) da ara rionis dablobSi. aseTi kerebis arseboba ivaraudeba
afxazeTSic (iqve, gv. 142-146). es kerebi, erTmaneTisagan Zalze daSorebulni erT
ekonomikur regions - qveyanas ar qmnidnen. isini ufro iberiis nawilebi iyvnen,
vani da quTaisi realurad idgnen savaWro gzaze rionis SesarTavis daWaobebis
gamo.

5. xidebi
`XI-XII saukuneebis qarTuli xidebi (dondalo, rkoni, besleTi, artanuji da
a.S.) satransporto sistemis sakvanZo elementebs warmoadgendnen, xidebis savali
nawilis sigane 2-5 metrSi meryeobda (v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba,
Tb., 1974, gv. 246).
qarTuli xidebidan yvelaze ganieri besleTis xidia, romlis savali nawilis
sigane 4,7 metrs Seadgens, yvelaze viwro ki md. TeZamze rkonis xidi, savali
nawilis sigane 2,2 metria.
190

`daviT aRmaSenebelma xidni aRaSena mdinareTa sastikTa zeda~ (q.c. I, 353).

Woroxis xeobaSi SesaniSnavi da mtkice xidi iyo agebuli (idga XIX s-Sic) md.
artanujze. es Zveli TaRovani qarTuli xidi asec iwodeboda _ `artanujis xidi~.
misi Canaxati gaakeTa grafinia uvarovam. xids XI-XII ss-iT aTariReben.
SesaniSnavi xidi amJamad dgas md. dondaloze. `dondalos xidic~ XI-XII ss-iT
TariRdeba. artanujis xidi, rogorc misi Canaxatidan Cans, dondalos xidze ufro
grZelia. Canaxatis mixedviT misi sigrZe unda iyos 20-30 metri an cota meti. (s.
margiSvili miTebi da realoba aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 83).
qarTuli enciklopedia wers: `ssrk-s teritoriaze pirveli qvis xidebi aSenda saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da Sua aziaSi Zv.w. sxvadasxva periodSi. strabonis
cnobiT, (I s.), md. rionze 120 xidi yofila. Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod XI-XII ss qvis
xidebma (mag. xidi md. besleTze soxumTan, md. TeZamze rkonTan, 2 xidi md. aWariswyalze). am xidebis RirSesaniSnaobaa damreci TaRebiT SedarebiT didi malebis
(13-20m) gadaxurva (qse,11.gv. 479). miuxedavad imisa, rom md. rionze ara gvaqvs qvis
xidebis arcerTi Zveli naSTi, mainc miiCneva, rom Zvelad rionze 120 xidi iyo
gadebuli, rac arqeologiurad dausabuTebeli mtkicebaa.

lazikis qvis xidebi veidenbaumis mixedviT

prokofi kesarieli strabonis msgavsad miuTiTebs fasisis auzSi xidebis
simravlis Sesaxeb. rogor gaxda xidebis ageba fasisze SesaZlebeli? rogorc
cnobilia Znelia rionis vakeze xidebis ageba. mizezi isaa, rom jer erTi rioni
Zalze xSirad icvlida kalapots, amasTanave Waobianobis gamo gruntis nacvlad
xreSis da torfis aTeulmetriani fenebia dalagebuli niadagis qveS. ra Tqma
unda sagangebo teqnikis gareSe rionze xidebis ageba SeuZlebeli iyo. Zveli
xidebis arc erTi naSTi araa napovni rionis vakeze, radganac isini ubralod ar
arsebobdnen.
rac Seexeba Woroxis xeobas, aq mdinareebs, TiTqmis zRvamde, aqvT maRali kalapotebi, kldeTa Sua miedinebian, kldeebze ki advilia xidis burjebis ageba.
veidenbaumi wers - ,,Woroxi miedineba iseT viwroebSi, rom Tavis garSemo ar
tovebs sakmao adgils dasaxlebisaTvis. misi napirebi cicaboa, flateebiani da
araxelsayrelia kulturebis mosayvanad~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, gv.
63).
yovel SemTxvevaSi, xidebis ageba Woroxze gacilebiT ufro SesaZlebelia,
vidre rionis vakeze. marTlac, veidenbaumma uamravi Zveli xidis naSTi naxa da
aRwera - magaliTad, Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavTan (iqve, gv. 48). maWaxliswyalze
(iqve, gv. 49), maradidTan da xebasTan (gv. 50), devis wylis Senakadze, arTvinis
maxloblad, romelzec wers - ,,gavediT erTTaRian qvis xidze, romelic riyis qviT
iyo mokirwyluli, xidi viwroa, albaT, gaangariSebulia mxolod fexiT mosiaruleTa da cxenosnebisaTvis~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, gv. 60). aseve
erTTaRiani qvis xidi naxa, rogorc aRvniSneT, sof. xebasTan. xidis naSTi naxa
murRulis wylis WoroxTan SesarTavTan - ,,marcxena napirisaken gadarCenilia
erTi TaRi da qvis ori burji~ (iqve, gv. 62). axali xidebic naxa man - sof. irsasTan
- ,,aSenebuli qvis xidebi, cicabo adgilze, sadac gza gars uvlis kldeebs~ (iqve, gv.
191

64). arTvinis siaxloves ,,unda CavsuliyaviT 2000 futi simaRlidan Woroxze

gadebul xidamde da iqedan isev unda avsuliyaviT 1500 fut simaRleze~ (iqve, gv.
65, futi udrida 0,3048 metrs). TviTon arTvinSi iyo ,,lamazi erTTaRiani xidi~
(iqve, gv. 66). SesaZloa sxva iyo ,,arTvinis xidi~ - ,,igi gadaWimulia Woroxze erTi
TaRiT kldidan kldeze. agebulia uxeSad naTali qvebisgan da mokirwylulia
filaqnebiT. misi sigane gaangariSebulia mxolod fexiT mosiaruleTa da cxenosnebisaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 71). es xidi, misi azriT, mravalsakunovania.
veidenbaumma naxa Woroxis Senakadebze erTmaneTTan axlo mdebare qvis xidebi,
anu erTmaneTTan Zalze axlos mdgomi qvis xidebi, ramac afiqrebina, rom ara
mxolod Woroxis marjvena, aramed marcxena sanapirozec arsebobda gzebi da
maTze ,,gacxovelebuli vaWroba unda yofiliyo, Tuki saWiro gamxdara ori xidis
aSeneba~ (iqve, gv. 75).
erTi sityviT strabonis mier aRwerili, fasisze agebuli 120 xidis naSTi jer
kidev arsebobda veidenbaumis dros Woroxze. xolo rionze _ mis vakeze, SeuZlebeli iyo da verc aagebdnen araTu qvis xidebs, aramed xis ubralo nagebobebsac ki,
erTi napiridan meoreze gadasasvlelad. Woroxis kldiani napirebi ki amis saSualebas iZleoda.

192

nawili II
Tavi IVL
lazika-klarjeTi
lazikis geografiuli aRwera
prokofis mixedviT

lazika _ kldovani qveyanaa,

biT da kldeebiT dafaruli mxare,

uzarmazari mTe-

romlis umetes nawilze mTianobisa

da kldianobis gamo ar modioda iseTi mosavali, rogoricaa xorbali da

Rvino, mxolod erTi SedarebiT nayofieri mxare hqonda lazikas _ moxirisi,
danarCeni ki mTian-kldovani iyo. kerZod,
aferxebd nen zRvis md inarebas,

laziki s kldo vani sanapiroebi

l aziki s kldeebi qmnid nen zRvisaTvis

bunebriv dabrkolebas _ ase aRwers prokofi. am niSnis mixedviT lazika ar

aris rionis dablobi, miTumetes vake teritoria foTidan quTaisamde. Tu fazisad
miviCnevT Woroxs, maSin lazika aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed ergeligan-klarjeTi. geografiuli aRweriT lazika gacilebiT ufroa

ligan-

klarjeTi vidre dasavleT saqarTvelo.

klarjeTis aRwera,

romelic ekuTvnis qarTvel wmida mamebs eTanadeba

prokofiseul lazikis aRweras. kerZod, wmida mamebis cnobiT klarjeTi imdenad

mTian-kldovani qveyana iyo,
mxaleuliT,

rom aq TiTqmis ar modioda mosavali. mxolod

mxolod sufTa wylebiT da haeriT iyo jansaRi es mxare. orive

aRwera erTnairia.
prokofi kesarieli wers _ `l azi keSi ar sad ar aris mar ili ,
xorbleuli modis,

arc Rvino,

arc sxva ram sikeTe,

maTTan navebiT romaelTa napirebidan~ (georgika,

`lazikeSi Znelsavali gzebia,

radganac

II,

arc

yvelaferi SemoaqvT
gv. 96).

lazike saerTod Znelsava-

lia da mTlianad kldiani... daqanebuli da kldiani adgilebiT~ (georgika,

II, gv. 224-225).
`lazike sakmaod Znelgasavlelia msubuqad Cacmuli kacisTvisac ki,
r ad gan is zo maze metad daqan ebul ia da xSir ad uzar mazar i tyeebi s
Semcveli did manZilze~ (georgika, II, gv. 81).
`lazikeSi miwa yovelgniT zRvidanaa wamoCrili da mis denas aferxebs...
aq zRva Tavis napir ebs exeTqeba,

is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro

maRla awevas axerxebs, aramed ukan ixevs da kvlav Tavis adgils ubrundeba.
is icavs Tavis kuTvnil sazRvrebs~ (georgika, II, gv. 142).
(sul sxva suraTia rionis dablobze, aq zRvis denas mTebi ver aferxebn, vake
regionia, Tveebis manZilze zRvidan uberavs qari, romelsac ukan miaqvs mdinaris
wyali, romelsac zRvis wyalic uerTdeba da itboreba uzarmazari dablobi _ e.w.
`rionis dablobi~).
193

qarTveli mecnierebis azriT,

lazika erqva miwa-wyals Sorapanidan rionis

SesarTavamde. es teritoria (Sorapnidan zRvamde) aris vrceli gaSlili vake

zRvis donidan 100m simaRlemde. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ismis kiTxva _ rogor aris
is (e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelo) aq `zomaze metad daqanebuli, anda `kldovani~, anda
sadaa aq zRvasTan `kldovani~ sanapiro? rionis dablobis am monakveTze

uxvad

modis subtropikuli nayofi. magram sul sxvagvaria da gansxvavebulia prokofismieri

aRwera lazikisa: -`lazi ke yvelgan mdinare fazisis rogor c aqeTa,
iqi Ta mxareze,

ise

gauval ia. qveyni s or save mxares uzarmazari kldeebia,

romlebi c iq did manZ ilze `viwrobebs~ qmnian,

aseT gzebs ro maelebi

`klisurebs~ uwodebdnen elinuri gamoTqmiT~ (georgika,

II,

gv. 102).

e.i. fazisis orive mxares uzarmazari kldeebia. isini qmnian e.w. `klisurebs~.
klisura erqva or qeds Sua xeobas. es klisurebi ki zRvasTan axlos iyo. md.
rionis dablobSi _ quTaisidan foTamde araviTari kldeebi mdinaris sanapiroze,
miT umetes,

`did manZilze~ gadaWimuli _ ar arsebobs,

amitom prokofis mier

aRwerili lazike ar aris rionis xeoba.

prokofis sityviT `viwrobi~ da `klisura~ iyo md. fasisis sanapiros _
`did man Zilze~ (zRvasTan axlos).
qalaq petras uSualo siaxloves sparsi mTavarsardali `movida viwrobebSi~,
romelsac icavda asi romaeli jariskaci: `vi wr obSi Sesvl is mcdel obas
igeriebda... maT ukan daixies da Tavs uSveles iqauri mTebis mwvervalebze
gaqceviT. rodesac es gaigo dagisTem (romaleTa sardalma), maSinve moxsna
alya (petras alya moixsna) da ise gaswia mdinare fazisisken ~ (georgika, II,
gv. 110).
e.i. dagisTem petras alya Semoartya,
wroebebSi~,

sparselTa jarma ki fazisis `vi-

anu klisurebSi romaelebi daamarcxa. es rom gaigo dagisTem,

moxsna qalaqis alya da gaswia md. fazisze Tavisi 100 kaciani razmis dasaxmareblad.
aqedan Cans, rom md. fazisi imdenad axloa petrasTan, rom 100-kaciani razmis
dasaxmareblad petradan fazisisken TviT sardali miemgzavreba. `klisurebi~ anu
viwrobi md. fazisze axlo iyo zRvasTan da mTis mwvervalebTan da isini lazikis
omis dros erTobliobaSi qmnidnen erT-erT sabrZolo raions. aseTi viwrobebi
ki mxolod md. Woroxzea da ara rionis qvemowelze. dagisTe imperatorma daapatimra,
radganac fazisis `viwroebi~ anu kldovani klisurebi ver daicva.
prokofis fazisi aris Woroxi da ara rioni,

radganac rions araviTari

kldovani sanapiro ara aqvs Tavis vrcel dablobSi.

prokofis sityviT, fazisis viwrobebis axlos iyo qalaqi petra _ sparselebio,

ambobs is,

gavlas,

`Tu daZlevdnen romaelebs md. fasisTan da viwrobebis

SeZlebdnen petraSi misvlas~ (georgika, II, gv. 113).

sparselTa jari petraSi midioda persarmenia-dvinidan. amis mizezi yo is,

rom

persarmeniaSi,

kerZod ki dvinis sanaxebSi isvenebda sparsuli jari

lazikis omebis SesvenebaTa periodebSi. magaliTad, prokofis sityviT, mermeroe

kolxeTidan gayvanili jariT `mivid a persar meni aSi d a daisvena d vi ni s
maxlobel so felSi~ (georgika,

II,

gv. 115). am jaris raodenoba 5000 kaci

194

yofila. dasvenebis Semdeg `es xuTi aTasi lazi kis sazRvrebi s maxloblad
mivida da yvelani d aban akdnen md . fazisi s gaswvr iv~ (georgika,

II,

115).

Tuki es xuTi aTasi jari dvinidan gaemgzavreboda dasavleT saqarTvelosken

Tbilis-suramis gavliT, isini Zalze daiRlebodnen, radganac dvinidan suramamde
Zalze didi gzaa, magram dvinidan Woroxis xeobamde gacilebiT axloa. saqme isaa,
rom klarjeTs dvinis sanaxebi TiTqmis uSualod esazRvreba, maT Soris ganfenili
iyo iberiaSi mdebare kola-artaanis mcire provincia. iberiis am nawilSi arsianis
maRali qedis uReltexilze 2600 metr simaRleze klarjeTis anu imJamad lazikis
sazRvarze ganlagebuli iyvnen skandasa da sarapanas cixe-simagreebi.
lazTa cixeebi skanda da sarapanisi mdebareobdnen mkacr da metad Znelgasaval adgilebSi da Znelad Tu miudgeba maT kaci,

iq sazrdo sruliad

araferi modioda da adamianebs zurgiT uxdebodaT iq sursaTis mitana. amJamad

aseT mkacrsa da Znelsaval adgilebSi mdebareoben zRvis donidan 2000 m. simaRleze aziduli kandridis (anu skandis) da arfalis cixeebi artaan-SavSeTSi.
aq gadioda da amJamadac gadis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza, romelic artaan-yarsis regions akavSirebs Woroxis xeobasTan da zRvispirTan, am gzazea
is viwr obebi ro melsac pr okofi axsenebs, r omel Ta daZlevis Semdegac
jari mivido da zRvispirze mdebare petrasTan.

lazika-Radoni
prokofi kesarielis mravalgzisi cnobiT, lazika iyo kldovan-Rrantoebiani qveyana, sadac mosavalic ki naklebmiwianobis gamo mcire iyo.
qarTul qveyanaTa Soris aseTi iyo klarjeT-SavSeTi, mimdebare regionebTan
erTad. ilia abulaZis marTebuli daskvniT msgavs mTian, qvian, napralebian da
Rreebian geografiul garemos qarTulad uwodebdnen sityvas - `Rado ni~ (i.
abulaZe, Sromebi, II, gv. 134).
geografiuli identobis Sesabamisad prokofi kesarielis lazikas Seesabameba teritoria `zRviTgan vi dre arsianamd e da xevni, romelni mosdgmanan
RadoTa~ (q.c. I,

gv. 242). mas aseve erqva `kl ar jeTi da zRvis piri klarje-

Ti sa~. anu miwa-wyali Tanamedrove Woroxis xeobisa (xofa-rizes CaTvliT)

vidre arsianis qedamde.
lazika anu qarTuli wyaroebis klarjeTi (zRvis piris CaTvliT) mudam
sadavo bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, iseTi mxare, sadac Zalze naklebad iyo
`saTe savi y an a d a saTi bel i qvey an a~,

Rado Ta ficxeli mwvervalebis

RirRlovanebis gamo.
ase aRwers g. merCule xanZTis bunebas - `xolo saTesavi yana da saTibeli
queyana raiTurT ara ar s,

arca i qmnebis Ri rRlovanTa maT ficxelTa

mwverval Ta maT Rad oTaisa~.

iv. javaxiSvilis daskvniT `Radoni~ erqvaT mTebs samcxesa,
klarjeTSi (iqve,

SavSeTsa da

gv. 136). sumbat daviTis Zis cnobiT - `yruman baRdadelman

Semusra cixeni yovelni, movlo SavSeTica da Radoni~. klarjeTSic iyo Radoni

195

- grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis mixedviT klarjeTis savaneebi Rados mTebSi

iyvnen ganlagebulni ~ es aris qveyana `ugzo da miuval raiTurT soflisa wesiTa
mcxovrebelTagan,

rameTu RadoTa mTaTa Sina ars mkvidroba maTi~. i. abulaZis

daskvniT RadoTa mTebi anu Radoni erqvaT mTebs samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva mxareSi,

(iqve,

gv. 137). Rado-Radoni,

i. abulaZis kvlevis Tanaxmad,

rogorc aRiniSna, erqva mTian, qvian, napralebian da Rreebian adgils, romelsac

imereTSi Rranteebic erqva (iqve, gv. 138). magram klarjeTSi namdvili kldovani,
napralebiani,

qvis namtvrevebiT dafaruli maRali mTebi iyo da axlacaa Savi

zRvis piridan - arsianis qedamde,

ris gamoc iq mxolod adgil-adgil Tu

gamoCndeba mcire saxnav-saTesi miwa. erTaderTi nayofieri adgili am qveyanaSi

aris erge-liganis vake, Woroxis pirze.

klarjeTisa da

lazikis aRwera msgavsia

(klarjeTi lazikis msgavsad kldovani da umosavlo qveyanaa)

klarjeTi kldovani xevebiT daserili mTiani kuTxea, rTuli reliefi da tyis

masivebi xels uSlida sameurneo cxovrebis gaSlas - wers mkvlevari klarjeTis
wesaxeb imaves, rasac prokofi kesarieli lazikis Sesaxeb werda.
giorgi merCule ramdenjerme aRniSnavs klarjeTis kldeebis `sificxles~,
magaliTad, xanZTis erT-erTi eklesiis mSenebloba gaWianurda adgilis mosworebisas warmoqmnili siZneleebis gamo: `friadiTa SromiTa da qviTkiriTa myariTa
mravalTa JamTa daavakes~,

_ sapalniani saqonlisaTvis monasteri miuvali iyo,

saSeni masala muSebs `friad SoriT~ zurgiT (Sdr. prokofi) mohqondaT~.

sityvasityviT TiTqmis imaves werda prokofi kesarieli saukuneebiT adre-lazikis
skandasa da sarapanas cixeebSi aseve zurgiT ezidebodnen produqts.
klarjeTi kldovani qveyanaa qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, xolo lazika
kld ovan i qveyan aa berZn uli wyar oebi T.
`vervin Sevidoda mavne klarjeTs, rameTu Seuvali da magari iyo

kldiTa

da mkvidrni klarjeTisani iyvnes kacni mkvircxlni da mxedarnica~ (q.c., 1955, gv.

48).
qarTuli wyaroebiT kldovani klarjeTi nawilia qarTlisa, qarTlosis SviliSvilis oZrxosis wilxvedria - `tasiskaridan vidre zRvamde sperisa,
kldovani~ (q.c. I,

qveyana

gv. 9). amitom klarjeTi qarTlosis SviliSvilma oZrxosma

aaSena `aman oZrxos aRaSena orni cixe-qalaqni _ oZrxe da Tuxarisi~ (q.c. I, gv.9),
Woroxis xeobaSi mdebare klarjeTis erisTavTa rezidencia da eklesia.
klarjeTi moicavs mdinare Woroxis qvemo dinebis auzs arsianis qedidan Sav
zRvamde,

mdinareebis imerxevisa da artanujiswylis xeobis CaTvliT. ar-

tanujiswyali - liganisxevia. `ligani~ _ erqva vrcel qveyanas Woroxis qvemowelze

196

vaxuStis cnobiT,
spers,

klarjeTi ufro didi qveyana iyo,

imier taosa da karnu-qalaqis qveyanas,

kerZod,

moicavda

moqceuli iyo evfratis,

araqsisa da mtkvris saTaveebis Sua.

lazikis qveynis nawilad xSirad berZen-laTini avtorebis mier moiazreba
klarjeTi anu arzena (konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT artanujis qveyanas
anu klarjeTs ar zena erqva). SesaZloa etimologiurad sityvebi arzena da
lazika erTmaneTTan iyos dakavSirebuli- arzena-alzena-lazena-lazika. SesaZloa
prokofi arzenas (alzenas) - `lazikas~ uwodebs. sityvebSi arzena da lazika
`ena~ da `ika~ sufiqsebia, fuZeebi arz-alz da laz aSkarad identurebia.
farnavaz mefem klarjeTis erisTavs dauqvemdebara SavSeTi da amier tao.
Zv.w. II s-Si somxeTis gaZlierebis gamo qarTlis samefos provinciebi somxeTis
farglebSi Sevida.
klavdios ptolemaiosis (ax.w. 100-178) `geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi~ (wigni 5,
12, $9) naTqvamia, rom armeniis is nawili, romelic mdinareebs evfrats, kirossa
(mtkvarsa) da araqss Soris mdebareobs, sxva olqebTan erTad moicavs katarZenes,
mosxur mTebTan e.w. boxebis zeviT. ptolemaiosis cnobiT, katarZene _ somxeTSi,
xolo artanisa iberiaSia. Cans aq qalaqi artanisi aris ara artanuji,

aramed

artaanis (iberiaSi Semavali kuTxis) erTi qalaqi. arsianis qedi erTmaneTisagan

hyofda romaul klarjeTs da iberiis artaans (artanisas).
T. yauxCiSvilma yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas,

rom romaeli avtorebi ko-

raqsebis mTebs samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTTan miuTiTeben da aRniSna,

rom `romaeli avtorebis koraqsTa mTebi arsianis mTebia, sadac mdinare mtkvari
iRebs saTaves~. T. yauxCiSvili aristoteleseul koraqsebis adgils samxreTaRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi gulisxmobs~ (a. kaxaZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, 1989, gv 40).
`artanisa~ erqva arsinis qedis gadaRma artanis provinciis qalaqs iberiaSi.
marTalia, lazeTi (klarjeTi) qarTvelTaTvis iberiis nawili iyo, magram Zv.w. II
s-dan mowyvetili politikur iberias (qarTlis samefos) da somexTa da romaelTa
mir xeldebuli mxare,

katarZenes zogierTi mkvlevari ufro samxreTiT miu-

TiTebs. katarZene iyo mosxur mTebTan (ptolemaiosis cnobiT).

strabonis cnobiT ki mosxuri qveyana samada iyo gayofili: `erTi misi nawili
aqvT kolxebs,

meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs~. aq,

unda igulisxmebodes

klarjeTi, artaani da tao. imJamad mesxeTis erTi nawili, e.i. tao somxeTis
kontro lSi iyo moqceuli,

mesxeTis meor e nawili e.i. kola-artaani -

kvlav qarTlis samefoSi iyo darCenili,

mesame ki e.i. klarjeTi,

imJamad

romaelebisa (kolxebis) xelSi moqceula.

axali welTaRricxvis I saukuneSi iberiis samefo kvlav ibrunebs somxebisa
da romaelebis mier okupirebul Semdegdroindel klarjeTis zRvispira nawilsac, radganac jer kidev farnavazis dros es miwebi qarTls ekuTvnoda.
flavius arianes (daaxl. 95-175) `peri plusis~ cnobiT,

131 wels SavizRvi-

spireTSi mcxovrebi Zidritebis tomi iberiis mefe farsman II-s emorCileboda~

(berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, V, 1983, gv. 158). Tumca qarTveli (sabWoTa)
197

mecnierebis azriT, piriqiT, am dros `iberia i pyrobs kolxeTis nawils~ (cxadia,

iberiis mier kolxeTis `dapyroba~ qarTizaciis Teoriis gavleniT iTqmis).
qarTuli wyaroebiT I s-Si klarjeTi qarTlis samefos nawilia (aderki mefem
Serisxa klarjeTis erisTavi andria pirvelwodebulis gamo). aseve III s-Sic
klarjeTi qarTlSia (III s-Si klarjeTis erisTavi dasavleTis oTx sxva erisTavTan
erTad aujanyda mefe amazasps (q.c. I, gv. 57). `dasavleTis erisTavebSi~ egriseli
erisTavebic moiazreboda.
`wmida ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan dawyebuli vidre alanTa da kaspiis
karamde~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 172).
klarjeTSi pi rvel i ekl esiebi aago da `mo ZRvarn i daadginn a~ varazbaqaris mamam mefe mirdatma (q.c. I,

gv. 131).

mefe mirdatma eklesia `Tuxarisis cixesa Sina~ aago ( q.c. I,

gv. 131). vaxtang

gorgaslis dros aq esvena wm. giorgis saswaulmoqmedi xati. VI s-dan klarjeTis

centrad Tuxarisis nacvlad iqca artanuji.
klarjeTis istoria aCvenebs, rom is Zalze xSirad bizantiis imperiis mier iyo
xeldebuli da mis nawils Seadgenda, magaliTad.
368 wels `gandges klarjni varaz-baqarisagan da mierTnes berZenTa da dai pyres
berZenTa Tuxarisi da yoveli klarjeTi zRviTgan arsianamde~ (q.c. I, gv, 136-137).
amis gamo klarjeTi zRvidan arsianamde _ `berZnebis~ mier iyo xeldebuli, xolo arsianis iqiT artaani _ kvlav iberiis samefoSi Sedioda.
imJamad sazRvari iberiasa da `berZnebs~ Soris iyo arsianis qedi.
V s-Si, vaxtang gorgasalma qarTlis samefos daubruna klarjeTi. klarjeTis
saeklesio centrad iqca axiza (saepiskoposo kaTedra) da opiza (I monasteri).
klarjeTSi vaxtang gorgasalma Seqmna saepiskoposo _ `dasva erTi episkoposad
klarjeTsa, eklesiasa axizisasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 198). aqedan saepiskoposo kaTedra anCSi
gadavida, Cans, IX s-dan.
vaxtangma ubrZana artavazs `raTa gamonaxos xevsa mas Sina adgili samonastre
da aRaSenos eklesia da qmnes monastrad, viTarca exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani... xolo artavaz aRaSena... monasteri, romel ars opiza~ (q.c. I, gv. 178). aseve
- `dabamerisa da Sindobisa~

_ vaxtang gorgaslis epoqis eklesia-monastrebi.

VI s. dasawyisSi (523 w.), roca qarTlSi mefoba gauqmda da qveyana sparselebma

dai pyres, juanSeris cnobiT, mxolod ori mxare gadaurCa sparsTa mmarTvelobas
_

1) kaxeTis mTiuleTi, sadac Tavi Seafares bakur mefis Svilebma; da

2) bizantiis xeldebuli klarjeTi,

sadac `kldeTa Sina klarjeTisaTa

mTavrobda vaxtang gorgaslis STamomavali guarami,

`dediT xosroiani,

mamiT

bagrationi~ (q.c. I, gv. 217-218). Cveni azriT, klarjeTi iyo bagrationebis samSoblo
da bagrationebi iyvnen e.w. `lazTa mefeebis~ gubazisa da waTes memkvidreebi
(legitimurad anda geneologiurad).
am guarams ewodeboda `mama bagrationTa~. guarams exmarebodnen bizantielebi.
iustine II-m (565-578) mas qarTlis mmarTveloba Caabara da kurapalatis tituli
uboZa.
klarjeTi _ bagrationebis mamuli rom iyo,
198

iqidanac Cans,

rom guaramis Ze

stefanoz bagrationi sparseTis momxre,

roca gadaayena herakle keisarma miuxe-

davad, amisa mainc ara sparseTs, aramed bizantiis xeldebul

klarjeTs Seafara

Tavi, iq misi mamuli iyo.

654 w. qarTlis erismTavari arabebs danebda. arabebs danebda qarTlis calkeuli
mxareebi, maT Soris klarjeTic.
`serapion zarzmelis cxovrebiT~ klarjeTi kldovani mxarea. wm. Sios mowafe
miqaeli Cavida klarjeTSi da `aRaSena adgilsa kldovansa da uvalsa kacTagan~ Sesakrebeli ZmaTa,

romelsa `parax uwodian~ (wm. serapionis cx-

ovreba, gv. 322).

ratom gvainteresebs Cven klarjeTis kldianoba? imitom, rom prokofi
kesarieli s cnobiT

lazikac aseTi e.i. kl dovan mTiani qveyana iyo da

ara baris qveyana, rogoricaa dasavleT saqarTvelo.

klarjeTi _ `adgil i kldoani d a uvali kacTagan~ _ jer kidev bagrationebis sayvareli TavSesafari iyo arabebis gamoCenamde. rogorc iTqva,

aq

gadavida sacxovreblad herakle keisris mier qarTlis taxtidan gadayenebuli

stefanoz bagrationi,

guaramis Ze,

imitom,

rom klarjeTi maTi sagvareulo

mamuli iyo. Cans, bagrationebi lazTa mefeebis legitimuri memkvidreebi iyvnen,

amitomac miecaT ufleba qarTlis samefo taxtze asvlisa (viTarca mefobis
legitimuri uflebis matareblebs).
aqve winaparTa mamulSi gadmovida arabobis dros qarTlis taxtis memkvidre
aSot bagrationi.
735 w. ajanyebuli kavkasiis dasamorCileblad xalifam gamogzavna murvan-yru.
sumbat daviTis Zis cnobiT, man `Semusra cixeni, movlo SavSeTic da Radoni~ (q.c.
I, gv. 234). `Radoni~ _ klarjeTis nawilia, gviandeli `saqarTvelos sinas~ teritoria
_ imerxevis marjvena sanapiro. artanujis ci xe `aoxrebuli baRd adel isa
miT yruobiTgan~,

aSot bagrationma ganaaxla. aqedan (Cans, samcxis gavliT)

murvan-yru dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida (oZrxis gziT) (saq. samoTxe, 1882, gv.
234).
opizis monasteri daicala, aRsdga 750-760-ian wlebSi. 780-ian wlebSi klarjeTSi
grigol xanZTeli Cavida.
taoSi, iSxanSi saepiskoposo saydari aago qalkedonitma somexma kaTalikosma
nersem radganac VII s-Si tao moqceuli iyo qalkedonuri somxuri eklesiis
iurisdiqciaSi, rac xels uwyobda taos mkvidri qarTvelebis armenizacias.
n. maris TvalsazrisiT,

VI-VII ss-Si klarjeTis somxuri emigraciis didi

talRa moawyda, ramac Sedegad mTeli mxaris armenizacia gamoiRo.

opizis aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT VIII s-is SuaxanebSi n. mari werda: `pirveli
qarTuli samonastro kolonia klarjeTSi dafuZnda erT-erTi somxuri savanis
axalTaxal naferflarze~ (n. mari,

`Jitie...~,

gv.15). imaves werda k. kekeliZe _

`somxebs gauSenebiaT monastrebi, rogoricaa opiza, xanZTa, iSxani, miZnaZori,

Satberdi da sxva,

sadac kulturul-SemoqmedebiT da

ruli moRvaweoba duRda da gadmoduRda~ (k. kekeliZe,

istoria, 1941. t. I, gv. 84).
199

literatu-

Zv. qarTuli

lit.

sinamdvileSi, werilobiTi cnobebiT, ar dasturdeba somxebis mier klarjeTSi

Tundac erTi monastris ageba.
mosaxleoba klarjeTSi da taoSic iyo eTnikurad qarTuli,

magram VII s.

SuaxanebSi herakle keisris mier somxur qalkedonur eklesiasTan `uniis~ dadebis

Semdeg,

taoca da SesaZlo a, naw ilobri v klar jeTic moeqcn en somxuri

qalkedonuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi. radgan somexi ierarqebi qalkedonitebi,

e.i. marTlmadideblebi iyvnen, qarTveli mosaxleoba Seegua amgvar iurisdiqcias
(ise, rogorc XIX s-Si saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Seegua rusuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis iurisdiqcias da es

iurisdiqcia marTlmadidebluri erTobis gamo

mosaTmeni iyo garkveul dromde). magram roca 726 wels manaskertis krebaze
gaerTianda somxuri eklesia da qalkedoniti somxebi SeuerTdnen monofizitebs,
amis Semdgom taosa da klarjeTis qarTvelebma gadaigdes somxuri eklesiis
uReli, daubrundnen deda-eklesias.

guram grigolia egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis

problemebis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnografiis institutis grifiT 1994 wels

gamoica guram grigolias naSromi `egr i s-l azi ki s samefo s sai sto r i o
geografii s pro bl emebi ~.
unda iTqvas,

rom aRniSnuli naSromi Zireulad cvlis im Sexedulebebs,

romelic damkvidrebuli iyo saistorio geografiis sakiTxTa mimarT me-20 saukuneSi.

am mxriv g. grigolias naSromi namdvili mosabrunia,
xedavs da Wris im problemebs,

romelic axali TvaliT

romelic idga CvenSi saistorio geografiis

sferoSi, prokofi kesarielis, agaTia skolastikosisa da sxva pirvel xarisxovani

wyaros mimarT CvenSi arsebul erTgvar nihilistur damokidebulebases naSromi
abaTilebs.. g. grigolias namdvilad sagulisxmo mignebebidan TvalnaTeli xdeba,
ro m Zvel avtor Ta mier moxseni ebul i faqtebi d a cn obebi iyvn en ara
`urTierTsawinaaRmdegoni,

aRreulni,

SecTomaTaSemcvelni~,

aramed sruliad

sandoni.
g. grigolia arkvevs rom am wyaroebs unda gamoucxadoT meti ndoba - `SeiZleba
moxdes didi cvlilebebi xalxTa politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, droTa
ganmavlobaSi moispos da gaCndes axali saxelmwifoebi, dadgindes axali sazRvrebi,
`magram sruliad ucvleli rCeba geografiuli erTeulebi, mTebi, zRvebi, mdinareebi
da sxva, romelTa lokalizacia utyuari amosavalia misamarTdakarguli punqtebis
adgilmdebareobis dasadgenad~ (g. grigolia, egris-lazikis samefos saistorio
geografiis problemebi, 1994 w., gv. 31).
g. grigoliam Zvel wyaroTa mimoxilviT daadgina, rom mdinare fazisi ZiriTadad aris ara mdinare rioni,

aramed mdinare Woroxi. magaliTad is ixilavs

200

prokofis naSroms da mdinare fazisTan dakavSirebiT da wers,

mdinare Woroxs uwodebs boass,

romelic mis dros gamodioda WaneTis axlo

mdebare `armenielTa adgilebidan~,

saTaveSi yofila Txeli wyali,

rom prokofi

iqve yofila punqti farangioni. es mdinare

fonebis mqone,

vidre im adgilebamde,

`sadac

marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa mTavrdeba. g. grigolias
azriT saTaveebidan Woroxis kalapoti farToa da dinebac SedarebiT mdorea did
manZilze. arTvinTan ki igi eqceva viwroebSi,

mTebTan - ajiraxsa da mezlasTan

icvlis mimarTulebas Crdilo aRmosavleTidan Crdilo dasavleTisaken da didi

siswrafiT mieqaneba zRvisaken~ (iqve, gv. 33).
g. grigolias azriT prokofis mier naxsenebi boas-fasisis marjvniv mdebare
iberia aris klarjeT-kola-artaani da wers `rogorc Cans swored arTvinTan
gulisxmobs prokofi iberiis sazRvrebs da swored aqedan moyolebuli Rebulobs
fazisis saxels Woroxi anu boasi. igi wyaluxvia da arTvinidan qvemoT mdinareze
mTeli wlis manZilze mimodian didi zomis navebi anu kiukebi, garda zafxulis
damdegisa, rodesac iwyeba wyaldidoba~ (iqve, gv. 33).
maSasadame prokofis mier naxsenebi kavkasiis mTa aris karCxalis mTianeTi
da aqve mdebareobda prokofis azriT kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebi. maSasadame
igulisxmeba arTvinis sanaxebi, `aq faziss sxva bevri wyalic emateba da nacvlad
boasisa, amieridan fazisaTaa wodebuli~-wers is.
maSasadame arTvinamde Woroxs erqva boasi, xolo arTvinis qvemoT fazisi.
`naosnobisaTvis gamosadegia vidre zRvamde da mis orive mxriT lazike aris,
magram marjvniv is vidre iberiis sazRvrebamde dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobiT. lazTa soflebi xom aq mdebareobs mdinarisaqeTa napiras da qalaqebic
maT ZvelTaganve aq auSenebiaT. maT Soris aris arqeopolisi, sebastopolic aris
aq da pitiuntis simagrec,

xolo skanda da sarapani iberiis sazRvrebisaken.

yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki aq aris - rodopolisi da moxirisi. mdinaris

marcxniv erTi dRis savalze lazikis sazRvaria. es mxare nakleb dasaxlebulia
da am mxaris mezoblad romaelebi cxovroben, romelTac pontoelebi ewodebaT~
(georgika II, gv. 100-102).
g. grigolias kvleviT mdinare akamfsisi ewodeboda zRvasTan Woroxis
SesarTavTan aRmosavleT tots, dasavleT tots ki afsarosi. kerZod is ganixilavs
prokofis meore cnobas am mdinaris Sesaxeb: `saxelwodebas is Tavis mimdevarTagan
iZens, mas sxvaTa Soris adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi akamfsiss uwodeben imis gamo,
rom misi damorCileba zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas SeuZlebeli xdeba, vinaidan
iseTi siswrafiTa da simwvaviT uerTdeba da iseTi didi xmaurobiT miiwevs win,
rom zRvis karga moSorebiT gamdinare SeuZlebels xdis zRvaSi Securvas. ase,
rom pontos am adgilas mcuravni lazebi verc Sig axerxeben Senavebas da verc
iqidan gamosvlas, da verc axlos gacurvas. vinaidan arsad ar SeuZliaT daimorCilon wylis mdinareba, aramed Sors unda gavidnen zRvaSi, sadme Sua pontoSi
unda mividnen da ase aicdinon mdinaris SesarTavi. ai is rac mindoda meTqva
mdinare boasis Sesaxeb~ (georgika II, gv. 122-123).
g. grigolia wers,

rom prokofismieri fasis-boas-akamfsisis aRweriloba

201

savsebiT waagavs me-19 saukunis mogzaurebis osman beisa da d. baqraZis cnobebs

Woroxis Sesaxeb (g. grigolia egris-lazikis samefo, gv. 32). aqve imowmebs baqraZis
cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom Woroxsa da mis Senakadebs adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi
ar moixseniebdnen erTi romelime gansazRvruli saxeliT,

aramed mdinareebs

saxelebs uwodebdnen sakuTari soflebisa da adgilebis Sesabamisad. g. grigolia

miiCnevs, rom Woroxis marjvniv mdebare adgilebi anu prokofis sityviT fasisis
aqeTa napiras mdebare adgilebi iberiamde moicavs dasavleT saqarTvelos siRrmeebs,
magram TviTonve wers,

rom prokofi am aRweris SemTxvevaSi iberias uwodebda

Semdegdroindel arTvin-artanuj-artaanis mimdebare mxareebs. aqedan gamomdinare

lazikis is cnobili soflebi da qalaqebi, romlebic mdinare fasisis marjvniv
iberiamde iyvnen ganlagebulni mdebareobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTvelos
siRrmeebSi, aramed aRniSnul kola artaanisaken, Sesabamis prokofis mier aRwerili
cnobili qalaqebi rodopolisi da moxirisi mdebareobdnen Woroxis xeobaSive
erge-livan-klarjeTis teritoriaze,

aseve,

prokofis mier naxsenebi `iberiis

sazRvrebisaken~ mdebare skanda da sarapani unda veZioT ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

aramed artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebel gzaze. es gza Woroxis anu fasisis SesarTavs
akavSirebda iberiis (anu artaanis) gavliT somxeTsa da sparseTTan. swored am
gzis dasacavaT iyo agebuli aRniSnuli cixeebi skanda da sarapana.
g. grigolias kidev sxva mravali realurad arsebuli faqti umtkicebs
Tvalsazriis imisa, rom prokofiseuli fazisi aris mdinare Woroxi, magaliTad
prokofis cnoba, rom `lazike yvelgan mdinare fasisis, rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa
mxareze gauvalia, radgan qveynis orsave mxares uzarmazari kldeebia, romlebic
iq did manZilze viwroebs qmnian~ afiqrebinebs,

rom am cnobaSi namdvilad

Woroxi igulisxmeba da ara rioni. radganac rionis sanapiroebze mdinaris mTel

perimetrze vidre zRvamde kldeebi ar aris,

xolo Woroxis napirebze did

manZilze namdvilad warmomarTulia uzarmazari kldeebi,

romlebic iq namd-

vilad qmnian viwroebs. prokofis cnobiT aseT gzas romaelebi klisurebs uwodeben.
Tavisi naSromis meore nawilSi g. grigolia saubrobs qalaqebis pitiapitiuntis, arqeopolisis, sebastopolisisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. axsenebs prokofis
cnobas, rom `afsaru~ mdebareobda aTinasTan, xolo afsarus (afsarosis?) gverdiT
arqabi mdebareobda. arqabi dResac ewodeba punqts rizesTan. prokofi axsenebs
kidec rizes, `trapezuntelTa sazRvrebi vrceldeba daba susarmenamde da rizemde,
romelic ori dRis sazRvao gziTaa daSorebuli trapezunts... rizes mosdevs
miwa-wyali erTi xalxisa, romlebic romaelebsa da lazebs Soris mosaxleoben.
iq mdebareobs aTina, arqabe da afsaru (sami dRis gziTaa daSorebuli rizes), is
Zvelad afsurtad iwodeboda~ (georgika, II, gv. 121-123, iqve, gv. 58).
g. grigolia eTanxmeba p. ingoroyvas, rom piTia-pitiunti romelsac xSirad
moixsenieben berZen-romaeli avtorebi,

sinamdvileSi mdebareobda rizesTan (g.

grigolia, egris-lazikis samefo. gv. 89). xolo petra erqva ara cixisZirs, aramed
xofas (xufaTs). eTanxmeba ptolemaoss,

rom sebastopolisi iyo afsarossa da

faziss (Woroxs) Sua (iqve, gv. 96), amave azrisa iyo p. ingoroyvac (iqve, gv. 96).
202

g. grigolia ar eTanxmeba dRemde arsebul, ZiriTadad s. yauxCiSvilis mier

Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss, rom zigana (ziganeosi), pitia, sebastopolisi da
sxva punqtebi mdebareobdnen cxumTan, moxora - quTaisTan. g. grigolia eTanxmeba
n. adoncs, rom noticiis zigana trapezuntidan ardasSi mimaval gzazea, ziganas
uReltexilTan (6640 fut simaRleze),

romelsac dResac ase ewodeba. xolo

moxora-zigans aRmosavleTiT mdebare sofelia dResac (iqve, gv. 122, uTiTebs n.

adonci, armenia, gv. 100). aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, berZnuli saepiskoposoebic
ar unda veZioT dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesabamis punqtebSi. ziganas saepiskoposo,
romelsac s. yauxCiSvili ziganevisas uwodebs, maSasadame mdebareobda ara cxumTan
(gudayvaSi),

rogorc miCneulia s. yauxCiSvilis Semdeg,

aramed trapezuntTan.

lazikis samitropolitos sxva cnobili saepiskoposoebic iqvea saZebni,

Soris piTia-pitiunta. petras saepiskoposo,
mdebareobda ara Tanamedrove,

maT

g. grigolias kvlevis Tanaxmad

aramed istoriul saqarTveloSi,

grigolia kvlav ubrundeba p. ingoroyvas Tvalsazriss,

xofasTan. g.

rom piTia rizesTan

mdebareobda da eTanxmeba mas - `damajereblad gamoiyureba p. ingoroyvas varaudi

piTias Sesaxeb, rom ptolemaiosis mixedviT piTia mdebareobda trapezuntsa da
rizes Sua da erqva pitiusi - igi ofis navsadgurs unda emTxveodes~ (iqve, gv. 122).
g. grigolia ixilavs cnobil notitia dignitatum-s romelsac qarTulad
ewodeba - `nusxa yvela Tanamdebobisa da mmarTvelobisa, rogorc samoqalaqo, ise
samxedrosi,

aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis mxareebSi~ (iqve,

saukunis Zegli,

gv. 120). es aris V

romlis mixedviTac `armeniis sardals eqvemdebareba pontos

sasazRvro xazi - trapezunti da piTia, isulmeni, kene parambole, sebastopoli,

zigane, moxora~. g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT armeniis sardals eqvemdebareboda
ara afxazeTis sebastopolisi, piTia da zigana, aramed trapezuntis olqisa. g.
grigolia imowmebs n. adoncs, p. ingoroyvas, v. leqvinaZes, n. lomours da askvnis,
rom noticiis 11 punqtidan aTi mdebareobda ara Tanamedrove dasavleT
saqarTveloSi,

aramed trapezuntTan. kerZod,

mdebareobdnen zigana,

xaZana,

siluana,

trapezuntsa da satalas Sua

moxora da aviZa,

xolo trapezuntis

CrdiloeTiT Woroxis SesarTavamde - hisis navsadguri (surmene), piTia (pitiusi),

kene parambole (axali banaki), valentia (afsarosi), xolo meTerTmete - sebastopolisi ki, misi azriT, aris cixisZiri (iqve, gv. 123).
maSasadame, g. grigolias daskvnebiT, Zireulad icvleba warmodgenebi dasavleT saqarTvelos saistorio geografiis Sesaxeb, es daskvnebi Zalze mniSvnelovania
eklesiis istoriisaTvis, imiT, rom ewinaaRmdegeba XX s-Si CvenSi gabatonebul
Tvalsazriss, rom konstantinopolis fasisis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi
TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdebareobdnen. g. grigolias daskvniT aRniSnuli,
amJamad gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisi eyrdnoba prokofi kesarielisa da sxva Zveli
avtorebis cnobebisadmi nihilistur damokidebulebas da ar Seefardeboda sinamdviles. kerZod,

Tu ki zigana romelzec weren Zveli avtorebi mdebareobda

trapezuntTan, cxadia ziganas (`ziganevis~) saepiskoposoc iqve iyo da ara dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, aseve petras cixe-simagre ara Tanaemedrove dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
aramed iqneboda iq,

sadac g. grigolia am qalaqis mdebareobas miuTiTebs 203

xufaTTan. n. adonci lazikis sxva saepiskoposoebis mdebareobas trapezuntisaken

miuTiTebda. amiT g. grigolias Tvalsazrisi eTanadeba Zvel qarTul istoriografias, romelic saerTod ar icnobs dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arsebobas, ar gvawvdis araviTar cnobebs maT Sesaxeb.
g. grigolia wers, rom `petras kaTedra pirvelad s. yauxCiSvilma daukavSira
petras cixe-qalaqs~ (iqve, gv. 15). aseTi dakavSirebac safuZvliani ar iyo. saqme isaa,
rom bizantiur samyaroSi, rogorc wesi saepiskoposo kaTedrebi arsdeboda mxolod xalxmraval, mniSvnelovan qalaqebSi (da ara cixe-simagreebSi, miT umetes
iseT qveyanaSi,

sadac iyo mosaxleobis simcire). petras cixe,

TviT prokofis

cnobiT iustinianamde ukacur, dausaxlebel qveyanaSi mdebareobda (fasisis marcxena

dausaxlebel sanapiroze),

aq cixe-qalaqi daaarsa iustinianem 530-ian wlebSi,

magram ramdenime weliwadSi TviTon berZnebma daangries, amitomac, bizantiuri

wesebis Sesabamisad, is ar iyo saepiskoposo kaTedrisaTvis Sesaferisi adgili.
petras cixe-simagre Cven ar unda miviCnioT petras saepiskoposo kaTedrad, aramed
es kaTedra unda veZioT sul sxvagan,

lazikis sxva,

mWidrod dasaxlebul

mxareSi. lazikad bizantiur samyaroSi vrceli mxare moiazreboda mimarTuli

trapezuntidan Teodosiopolisaken da aseve ise trapezuntidan fasisisaken. petras
kaTedris mdebareoba ar aris savaldebulo zRvis piras, radganac wyaroebi amis
Sesaxeb ar miuTiTebs, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom bizantiasa da lazikaSic mravali
petra, petroni Tu petroRali arsebobda.
marTalia boboyvaTSi, cixisZirTan axlos, aRmoCnda samnaviani bazilikis
saZirkveli, magram es ar iZleva uflebas cixisZiri petras kaTedris adgilad
miviCnioT, ara Tu saZirkveli, aramed mTeli, STambeWdavi kaTedralebi, saepiskoposo eklesiebi dResac dganan ziganas uReltexilis regionSi, maT amJamadac
aseve awodeben kidec `samitropolito kaTedrebi~ (aseTi sul oria) da dResac
iq turistuli marSrutebi gadis,
daSi,

ziganas uReltexili ki istoriul kolxi-

lazikaSi mdebareobda Tavis droze, trapezuntidan 70 km daSorebiT.

safiqrebelia, rom iustinianes novelaSi 535 wels naxsenebi petra iyo

mxolod cixe-simagre da ara saepiskoposo centri (maSasadame petras simagre
sxvaa, xolo petras kaTedra sul sxvagan mdebareobda). rogorc vTqviT petras
cixe-simagre mxolod oriode aTeuli weli arsebobda.
iustiniane werda - polemonos pontos qalaqebia - neokesaria, komana, trapezunti,

kerasunti,

polemonioni,

pitiunti da sebastopolisi - `maT Semdeg

mdebareobs Cveni lazike, sadac aris qalaqi petra, romelic Cven vaqcieT
qalaqad da davarqviT Cveni saxeli - iustiniane~ (georgika II,

gv. 33-35). e.i.

`Cveni lazike~ mdebareobda pitiunt-sebastopolisis Semdeg, jer aris sebastopolisi da Semdeg lazika, prokofis mixedviT ki sebastopolis - pitiunti
lazikaSia (g. grigolia, dasax. naSr. gv. 30) -fazisTan axlos.
cixe-simagre petra - bizantiis imperiis CrdiloeTis kari yofila (iqve, gv.
25), mdebareobda saSinel kldovan-qarafovan adgilas, romelsac kargad aRwers
g. grigolia prokofi kesarielze dayrdnobiT. amitomac miiCnevs, rom petra ar
aris cixisZiri, misi azriT, rogorc iTqva, petra xofaa - Zveli xufaTia, romlis
204

kl d eebi er Tgvar i geo gr afi ul i sazRvar i a tr apezun ti d an dasavl eT

saqarTvelosaken mimarTul dadablebuli aresaken. amitomac, am bunebriv Camket
sazRvarTan ijda ioane-cibe - savaWro monopolisti,

romelmac petras

meSveobiT xelSi Caigdo mTeli Woro xis xeobis (imJamindeli berZnuli

lazikis) mo nopoli a. rogorc viciT kolxidas Zveli avtorebi samxreTiT
miuTiTebdnen, maTi Semdgomni ki ufro CrdiloeTiT. Cans, berZnuli kolonizaciis
iZulebiT kolxuri centrebi inacvlebdnen ufro CrdiloeTiT. magaliTad,
qsenefonte kolxeTs trapezuntTan miuTiTebda, straboni ki ufro CrdiloeTiT,
prokofis dros, radganac kolxeTs lazika daerqva, kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT
gadasula misi centrebi,

cxadia bizantiuri iZulebiT. iustinianes naTqvami

`Cveni lazika~ albaT ase unda gavigoT, rom arsebobda `Cveni~ e.i. bizantiuri
lazika da `araCveni~ e.i. arabizantiuri lazika. trapezuntis mxareebi,
kolxeTad miCneuli,

axla ukve pontos provinciis nawilad iqca,

iqamde

magram mis

CrdiloeTiT e.i. Woroxis xeobaSi mdebare kolxeTi anu lazika, romelic bizantielTa xeldebuli gaxda, jer kidev ar iyo pontos nawili, Tumca ukve bizantielTa
xeldebuli iyo da amitomac miaCndaT Tavisad anu is iyo `Cveni~ lazika, romelsac petras cixe-simagris saSualebiT akontrolebdnen. petra - gadaiqca ori
imperiis sparseTisa da bizantiis sadavo qalaqad. mis mpyrobels ara mxolod
lazikis marTva SeeZlo,

aramed gzac exsneboda bizantiuri centrebisaken. Cans

arsebobda `araCveni~ anu sparsuli lazikac, albaT dasavleT saqarTvelo Tu

moiazreboda Tavisi svanebiT, afSilebiT da abazgebiT, magram sxva iyo istoriuli,
Z v el i

l a z i ka , so m x ur i

ge o g r a f i i T - l az i v i , i s

t r ap e z un t s a

da

arzrums(Teodosuopols) Sua mdebareobda da is erT-EerT bizantiur provinciaSi Sedioda, amitomac misi Zveli saxeli miviwyebuli iyo.
garda strategiuli mdebareobisa, petra unda yofiliyo savaWro gzis Camketic,
ara ubralo, aramed saerTaSoriso gzisa. is akontrolebda `Cven lazikas~, romlis
aTvisebis Semdeg `araCveni lazikis~ dapyrobis droc unda damdgariyo, es Cans
marTlac ase moxda bizantielebis svanebSi laSqrobaTa dros.
g. grigolias daskvni T petras omebi imarTeboda ara yvirila-rionis, aramed Woroxis xeobaSi, xufaTTan (g. grigolia, dasax. naSr. gv. 56). `Cven
lazikaSi~ Sedioda mesxeTis erTi nawilic - istoriuli klarjeTi.
strabonis cnobiT mesxebis miwa-wyali samad iyo gayofili. erTi nawili
iberielebs ekuTvnodaT, meore lazebs, mesame ki somxebs. mesxeTis miwa-wylad
unda vigulisxmoT istoriuli mesxeTi- samcxe, kola-artaani, klarjeT-SavSeTi
da tao-basiani. marTlac,

istoriulad samcxe-kola-artaani iberiis samefoSi,

tao-basiani somxeTSi iyo moqceuli, unda vigulisxmoT, rom klarjeT-SavSeTi

lazikaSi iyo moqceuli, Tu SavSeTi ara, klarjeTi mainc. am teritoriis gavliT
SeWrilan kidec sparselebi Sah xosrosa da mermeroes xelmZRvanelobiT petraSi.
maSasadame, rogorc Cans, arsebobda ori lazika, erTi iyo bizantiuri, amitomac
mas isini `Cven lazikas~ uwodeben, xolo meore, rogorc iTqva, albaT iyo `sadavo
lazika~, romelzec sparselebis gavlena ufro metxarisxovani iyo.
bizantiur anu `Cven lazikaSi~ Sedioda mesxeTis nawili klarjeTi e. i.
205

artanuj-arTvini. imis Sesaxeb, rom kolxeTSi mesxeTis erTi nawili Sedioda,

rogorc iTqva,

straboni miuTiTebda. `Cveni

lazike~ Sesabamisad moicavda

Woroxis SesarTavis orive sanapiros, erges, ligans Tanamedrove arTviniTurT,

Tanamedrove artanuji da misi mimdebare mxareebi vidre arsianis qedamde.
marTlac am monakveTze gadioda saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza,

romelic

Woroxis xeobas da mis SesarTavs anu Sav zRvas - aerTebda arTvin-artanujis

gziT artaan-yars-dvinTan. es gza bizantiur samyaros aerTebda sparsulTan.
gza Sedioda xofa-xufaTTSic,

romelsac g. grigolia petrad miiCnevs. g.

grigolia wers - `am bunebrivi zRudis erT TavSi aTina da rize mdebareobs,
meore nawilis Camketi ki Tanamedrove patara savaWro qalaqi da navsadguri
xofaa,

romelic erTpirovnulad batonobs CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken mi-

maval rogorc saxmeleTo, ise sazRvao gzaze. garda amisa, xofa umoklesi gziT
ukavSirdeba Woroxis xeobas sof. forCxasTan. Woroxis zemo welidan mimavali
gza arTvinTan iyofa orad, erTi Woroxis gayolebiT miemarTeba yarsi, ardagani
da somxeTisaken, xolo meore imerxeviT, yvirilas xeobiT da arsianis uReltexiliT gadadis focxovis xeobaSi, saidanac axalcixe, axalqalaqi, walkamanglisis gziT Cadis TbilisSi. am gziT waiyvanes lazebma mefe xosro-anuSirvani petras winaaRmdeg. rogorc prokofis cnobidan vgebulobT,

spar-

selebma gadalaxes boasi (Cveni gagebiT, Woroxis zemo weli) `...da ise mividnen
petraSi, rom fasisi marjvniv hqondaT. TiTqos imitom, rom maT (lazebma - g.
g.) winaswar ganWvrites, raTa mdinare fazisis gadasasvlelad arc dro da arc
Sroma dasWirdebodaT meti, xolo namdvilad imitom, rom ar surdaT sparselebisaTvis eCvenebinaT TavianTi sabinadroebi~. wers g. grigolia da agrZelebs rogorc Cans,

iberiidan lazikis am nawilSi sxva gzac Semodioda (albaT,

qvablianis xeviT goderZis uReltexilze da aqedan aWariswylis xeobaSi), magram

lazebs Segnebulad auvliaT misTvis gverdi da iranelebi mdinare fasisis
zemo welisken anu boasisaken wauyvaniaT, rogorc ukve iTqva, Woroxs ase unda
rqmeoda arTvinidan saTaveebamde. Cveni varaudiT,

sparselebs Woroxi unda

gadaelaxaT arTvinis zemoT, 10-15 km moSorebiT, iq sadac imerxevisa da Woroxis

SesarTavia. Semdeg fasisis marcxena napiriT qvemoT eSvebian forCxamde da
aqedan, umoklesi gziT (40-45 km), Cadis uReltexilis gadavliTa da m. xofas
xeobiT, midian petraSi.
Cans, rom igive gza gaiares lazikaSi meored Semosulma sparselebma, amJamad
ukve mermeroes mTavarsardlobiT rom miemarTebodnen romaelebis mier alyaSemortymuli petras dasaxmareblad. prokofis cnobiT,
moindoma lazikis soflebze gaeara sadme,

`iman (mermeroem - g. g.) ar

raTa mas raime dabrkoleba ar

Sexvedroda~, da ise iara petramde, rom `fasisi marjvniv hqonda~.

amrigad yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Woroxis saxiT gagvaCnia is
myari, saimedo niSansveti, romelic saZiebo qalaq petras arsebobas xofas sanaxebSi
migviTiTebs.
xofadan Woroxisaken da aqedan aRmosavleTiT iberiisaken, samxreTiT da
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT armeniisa da persarmeniisaken mimavali gza rom ar aris
206

axali da ZvelTaganve arsebobda, amis Sesaxeb araerT cnobas vxvdebiT qarTlis

cxovrebaSi, magram gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa erTi maTgani, sadac moTxrobilia 1116 w. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier basianSi TurqTa didi jaris ganadgurebis
Sesaxeb: `taos Camodges didni Turqni xargebiTa, rameTu zamTrisa sificxesa da
mTaTa simagresa miendvnes. xolo mefeman moixelovna esreT,

rameTu spaTa

qarTlisaTa mzaoba ubrZana, da TuiT quTaTiss wamovida, romliTa ueWuel yuna

igini,

da Tuesa Tebervalsa acnoba qarTvelTa da mesxTa,

daxuden paemansa,

raTa klarjeTs

da TuiT SuidiTa spiTa xufTiTa Woroxis piri wavlo. da

Sekrbes erTad ugrZnaulad daesxa maT zeda,

uSiSad gul-debiTa msxdomareTa

basianamde da mTad karmiforisad~.

udavod niSandoblivi miTiTebaa xufaTis gzaze,

romliTac mefe daviT

aRmaSenebeli gadavida Woroxis xeobaSi da klarjeTSi Sexvda qarTlidan da

mesxeTidan mosul

laSqars. rogorc Cans,

Woroxisaken imdenaT yofila gakvaluli,

gza xufaTidan da iberiidan

rom zamTris periodSic ki ar

ferxdeboda masze xalxTa didi masebis moZraoba. aseTia igi ganviTarebul Sua
saukuneebSi da aseTive unda yofiliyo ufro adrec, prokofis drosac. am gzis
erT boloSi mdebareobs xofa,

sadac Cven petras arsebobas vvaraudobT~ (g.

grigolia, egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi, 1994, gv.

65).

g. grigolias Tvalsazrisi tabul

pevtengerianas Sesaxeb

g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT kastoriusis rukis anu tabula pevtengerianas

mixedviT (segmenti XI-XII) mniSvnelovani gza somxeTis Zvel dedaqalaq artaSatidan miemarTeboda sebastopolisaken. i. manandianis mixedviT es gza gaivlida
faravnis tbasTan sofel fokas (pagas),

aqedan abulis mTas (apulum),

xospios (Caspia) Semdeg ucnob punqt `ad mercurium~-s,

sof.

Semdeg A`ad fonten

felicem~-s, da Sedioda sebastopolisSi. (g. grigolia, `egris-lazikis samefos

saisto ri o geo gr afii s pro bl emebi~., gv. 106).
daSoreba aseTi iyo: Aad fonten felicemidan sebastopolisamde iyo 90 km
anu 60 romauli mili ( iqve, gv. 106).
Cveni qarTuli istorikosebis daJinebuli miTiTebiT Aad fonten felicem - aris varcixe (rodopolisi),

magram varcixe sebastopolisad miCneul

cxums ara 90 km-iT aramed samjer meti manZiliTaa 165 km daSorebuli! - wers
g. grigolia.
e.i. varcixis gansazRvreba ar aswo ri a - aqedan gamosavals i. manandiani
xedavs imiT, rom emxroba prof. eremianis azrs (ki pertze dayrdnobiT) _ `q.
fasisi traianes droidan (98-117) sebastopolisad iwodeba~ - gv. 107.
fasi si - sebasto po li si a (eremiani) (iqve,
207

gv. 107)

tabula pevtengerianas rukis aRniSnuli magistrali g. grigolias sityviTar Sedis noqalaqevSi,

dros (III-IV s.-Si),

romelic `egrisis dedaqalaqi~ iyo rukis Sedgenis

g. grigolias azriT `Z neli w ar mo sadgeni a,

ro m gzas

gver d i aevl o d ed aqal aqi saTvi s da kasto r i uss i gi gamo r Cen o d a~ (i qve,

gv. 108).

g. grigolias TqmiT rukaze foTSic ar Sedis gza da aseve gzaze ar Cans

kutaia - quTaisi - (iqve,

gv. 109).

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare-tabul a pevtenger ianas ruki s gzebi asaxavs

ara dasavleT saqarTvelos monakveTs,

aramed gzas artaSatid an - arTvi n-

W or o xis SesarTavi s qal aqebisaken .

g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT sebastopolisi aris cixisZiri, aq Sedioda
tabula pevtengerianas (misi avtoria kastoriusi) gza (`egr is-l azikis samefo s saisto ri o geo gr afii s pro bl emebi~. iqve,

gv. 113).

NV s. Zeglis noticia dignitatumis (`nusxa yvela Tanamdebobisa da

mmarTvelobisa, rogorc samoqalaqo, ise samxedrosi, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis mxareebSi~)

mixedviT -`ar men i i s sar dal s eqvemdebar eba pontos

sasazRvro xazi - trapezunti, pi Ti a, isulmeni, kenie, parambole, sebastopo li si da sxva~ (iqve, gv.120).
Tu piTia biWvinTaa, xolo sebastopolisi-cxumi (rogorc amJamad miiCneva)
- maSin isini (biWvinTa da soxumi) armeniaSi yofilan moqceulni am wyaros
mixedviT.
g. grigolia ar eTanxmeba s. yauxCiSvilis mier Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss,
rom magaliTad zigana iyo - gudayva,

piTia - biWvinTa,

sebastopolisi da

dioskuria cxumi, moxora ki muxurisi.

mas miaCnia,
bi Wv in Ta

a Ra r

rom IV saukuni s bo l osaTvi s afxazeTi s pi tiunti w ar mo ad ge nd a

s am xe dr o-strateg iu l

(arqeo lo gi ur i masal ebis mow mo bi T,

sadgami,

iq,

punq ts

sadac iyo garnizonis mTavari

IV s-Si gaumarTavT keramikuli qura) amis gamo g.

l or Tqi fani Ze

saerTod gamor icxavs V saukun eSi bi Wvin TaSi bi zantiuri gar ni zo ni s

yo fn as - gv. 121.
g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT IV-V ss-Si dasavleT saqarTveloSi saerTod
ar idga bizantiuri garnizonebi - gv. 122.
g. grigolia imowmebs n. adoncs,

rom no ti ci as Sed gen isas afxazeTis

pi ti un ti d a sebasto po lisi ar ekuTvn od aT r omael ebs,

afxazeTis piti un ti d a sebasto po li si d a sxva,
sebastopo li si (iqve,
g.

gr i gol i a

saerTod sxvaa

no tatia-s piTia d a

gv. 122).

eTan xm eba

n.

adoncs,

rom

no t i c i as

zi gan a

tr apezun ti dan ar dasSi mimaval gzazea-esaa ziganas uReltexilis (6640

futi) samxreT gverdze mdebareobs zigana,

romelsac dResac ase ewodeba.

xolo moxora - ziganas aRmosavleTiT mdebare sofelia dResac (iqve, gv. 122,
n. adonc, A`armenia...~ gv. 100).
g. grigolias azriT -zigana da moxora istoriul WaneTSia (iqve, gv. 122 da
ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi).
208

sad mdebareobda piTia? g.grigolia wers- ` damajereblad gamoiyureba p.

ingoroyvas varaudi piTias Sesaxeb,

rom ptolemaiosis mixedviT pi Ti a md e-

bareobda trapezun tsa d a ri zes Sua d a er qva

pi ti usa (pitiusi) - igi

ofis navsadgurs unda emTxveodes (`egr is-l aziki s samefos sai stor io
geografi is pro bl emebi~. gv. 122. (p. ingoroyva,

g. merCule,

gv. 253).

`am varaudis siswores mxars ubams IV s. avtoris amiane mar celi nes
cnoba: tr apezun ti s gverd iT ar sebo bs saxelo vani q. pitiunti~ - (`egr islazi ki s samefo s sai stor io geo gr afi is pro bl emebi~. iqve,

gv. 123).

maSasadame am pitiuntidan iyvnen miwveulni episkoposebi I msoflio krebaze da ara afxazeTidan, biW vi nTis saeklesi o si di ad e mxo lo d qarTul
ekl esi asTanaa d akavSi r ebuli da ar a berZ n ul Tan .
g. grigolias daskvna aseTia: _ `amrigad,

armeniis samTavarsardloSi

noticiis mixedviT dasaxelebuli 11 punqtidan xuTi - zigana, xaZana, siluana,

mo xo ra d a avaZa - Tavsdebi an trapizon is samxreTi T,

trapi zo nsa da

satalas So ris. danarCen i xuTi - tr api zo ni , h isi s navsad guri (sur mene),
pi Ti a (pitiusi),

ken e parambo le ( axal i ban aki) d a valenti a (afsar osi)

- tr apizon id an Cr di lo eTiT - samxreT SavizRvispi rze (iqve gv. 123).

g. grigolias mixedviT sebastopolisi ars cixisZiri, trapzonidan 150 kmiT daSorebuli (`egr is-l aziki s samefo s sai stor io geografi is pro blemebi ~. gv. 123).
Cemi azriT sebastopolisi gonioa.
g. grigolia imowmebs n. adoncs, p. ingoroyvas, v. leqvinaZes, n. lomours da
askvnis,

rom no taciis 11 punqtidan aTi mdebareobd a ara Tan amedro ve

dasavleT saqar Tvelo Si,

aramed samxr eT SavizRvi spirze. tr apezun tsa

da satalas Sua mdebareobdnen zigana,

xaZana,

siluana,

moxora da avaZa,

tr apezun ti s Cr d i l oeTi T W o r o xi s Sesar Tavamde Tavsd ebi an Tvi To n

trapezunti,

hisis navsadguri (surmene),

(axali ban aki) da valen ti a ( afsar osi ),

piTia (pitiusi),

kene parambole

xol o meTerTmete - sebasto-

polisi ki aris cixisZiri (iqve gv. 123).

g. grigolia imowmebs ax.w. V s. avtors pr iske pani on el s da askvnis, rom
so mxeTsa d a l azikas Sor is ar sebo bd a umo kl esi gza -

iqve. gv. 126.

g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT somxeTsa da lazikas Sua arsebuli umoklesi gza somxeTidan Sedioda varcixeSi,
Cveni azriT ki,

es gza umoklesi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda Tu is

erTmaneTs ar taan sa d a ar Tvin s daakavSirebda, marTlac aseTi gza arsebo bda

da mas saer TaSo ri so mn iSvn el oba h qo nd a,

xolo

lazika ki ewodeboda

Woroxis auzis qveyanas - erge-ligana, zRvispirs.

priske panioneli Tavis istoriaSi 433-474 wlebis ambebis aRwerisas, wers,
rom romaelebma ilaSqres lazikaSi,

magram Sedegs ver miaRwies,

runebisas gadawyvites daegegmaT axali Tavdasxma - `bWobaSi iyvnen,

gziT elaSqraT: imave gziT Tu sparseTis mezobeli qveynis,

ukandabTu ra

armeniis gziT

daewyoT omi, zRviT ki SeuZlebeli iyo curva, radgan kolxida unavsadguro

iyo da Znelsavali adgilebi hqonda misadgomad (iqve gv. 127).
209

priske panionelis cnobidan Cans,

gziT~ uerTdeba armenias. 2)

rom 1) kolxeTi (lazika) `umoklesi

lazika da armenia mezoblebi arian,

saerTo

sazRvari aqvT, 3) kolxeTis zRvispiri kldovan-qarafovania, amitomac radganac

aseTi araa dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispiri, kolxeTis qveS priske panioneli
ar gulisxmobs Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos.
g. grigolia wers - `romaelebi marSrutis SerCevisas uars amboben sazRvao gzis gamoyenebaze, im mizeziT,
iyos,

TiTqos kolxeTis sanapiro unavsadguro

rac ar Seefereba realur viTarebas. arianesagan viciT,

rom kolxeTs

navsadgurebi gaaCnia afsarosSi da fasisSi, romelsac armadiT Seafara Tavi

arianem. aSkaraa, aq sxva unavsadguro kolxeTi,

ufro sworad kolxeTis

unavsadguro sanapiro igulisxmeba...~ - iqve. gv. 51.

vfiqrob Zvel epoqaSi samxedro gemebs ar esaWiroebodaT gansakuTrebuli
navsadguri,

maTi mcire moculobis gamo, oRond im SemTxvevaSi Tu isini

Sediodnen gaSlil, vake, zRvis donidan TiTqmis nulovani simaRlis sanapiroze,

rogoricaa dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispiri,
kldovan-qarafovani,

magram,

Tu ki sanapiro iyo

romelsac versaiT miudgeboda gemi,

maSin saWiro iyo

gansakuTrebuli navsadguri. TavianTi eqspediciebis dros dasavl eT saqarTveloSi bizantielebi da osmalebi sagangebo navsadgurebs arc ki iyenebdnen, aseve kazakebic. aRniSnulis gamo, priske panionelis cnoba ise unda
gavigoT,

rom mis epoqaSi anu V saukuneSi

lazika mdebareobda kldovan-

qarafovan sanapiroze trapezuntidan - xofamde. safiqrebelia,

rom am teri-

toriis dapyrobis Semdeg lazTa samefo ufro CrdiloeTiT gavrcelda da

xofa mis samxreTad iqca.
priske panionelis mier naxsenebi lazikis e.w. `armeniis gza~ unda iyos
arTvin-artanuj-artaanis damakavSirebeli gza, romelic artaanidan uSualod
Sedioda somxeTSi da miemarTeboda dvinisaken. mis erT monakveTs qarTul
wyaroebSi `gza klarjeTisa~ erqva.
esaa dvini - arTvinis damakavSirebeli umoklesi magistrali (iqve gv. 127).
klavdios atolemaiosis - `geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo~ wigni V, Tavi
VI - CamoTvlilia kabadokiis adgilebi kerZod - md. afsarosisa da misi
Senakadi likosis Semdeg dasaxelebulia sebastopolisi. is dasaxelebulia
qalaqebis CamonaTvalTa boloSi - is,

Cans iTvleba kabadokiis ukidures

sasazRvro punqtad (g. grigolia-`egr i s-l azi ki s samefo s sai sto r i o

geografi is pr oblemebi ~. iqve, gv. 128). cxumis sebastopolisi SeuZlebelia
yofiliyo kabadokiis sasazRvro punqti.
ptol emai osis mi xedviT md. afsaro si araa md. fazisi,
erTidaigive dasaxelebis Senakadi aqvs,

Tumca orives

is afsaro ssa da fasi ss Sor is

aTavsebs q. sebasto po liss (i qve, gv. 141).

ptolemaiosis mixedviT kabadokiis pontos aRmosavleT sazRvari iyo `mosxuri mTebi~. mo sxur mTebad mii Cn eva pon to s mTagr exil is n awi li W or oxis
qvemo weli dan trapezunt-bai bur di s xazamd e (gv. 128). n. xazaraZis mixedviT `mosxuri mTebis~ nawilia guria-aWaris mTagrexilic, (iqve, gv. 128).
210

ptol emai o sis mixedviT ko l xeTi mdebar eobd a kabad o kii s Semd eg,
mi sgan Cr d i lo eTi T,

misi aRwera iwyeba dioskuria-sebastopolisiT da

mTavrdeba md. fasisi T. maSasadame misi sebastopolisi ufro samxreTiT

mdebareobda:
kolxeTs `samxreTidan esazRvreba kabadokiis ponto da misi momdevno
didi armeniis nawili~.
g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT II

saukuneSi r o mi s i mper i am

lazi kas

Camo aW r a ter i to r i a samxreTi d an d a i s Sei yvan a kabad o ki is po n to s

Semadgen lo baSi (iqve, gv. 130). kerZod,

ki zosimes cnobiT (georgika I)

imperi is sazRvari aRw evda md . fasi samde, aqve mdebareobda g. gri go li as

Tval sazr i si T sebasto pol i si .
daniel mesvetis cxovrebis mixedviT V saukuneSi sazRvrad imperator
leon I-is (457-474) dros bizantiasa da lazikas (`megrelTa afxazeTis samefos~)
Soris cixe xufaTi iyo dadgenili (iqve,

gv. 138). (mefe gubaz I-is dros).

xufaTi d Revan deli xofaa, maSasad ame aq gadi od a sazRvar i lazi kasa
da bizan ti as Sor is. am dros lazikas gamoeyo svaneTi (iqve, gv.138).
g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT swored xufaTSi auSenebiaT bi zantielebs
(VI-saukun eSi )

q. petr a.

artaani iberiaSi
qveyana anu xevi artaanisa mdebareobda javaxeTis samxreTiT. mas erqva `artahanic~, amJamad TurqeTSia da dasavleTiT arsianis qedi sazRvravs. artaanis qveynis
Sua nawilSi gaedineba md. mtkvari, romelzec mdebareobda qalaqi, aseve `artaanis~
saxelis mqone. qalaqi artaani, anu `artaanis qalaqi~, cnobili iyo ptolemaiosis
mier, amitomac moixseniebs ase _ `iberiis qalaqi artanisa~. artaanSi iyo `sofeli
mglivani~ (sumbat daviTis Zis cxovreba da uwyeba), artaanis qveyanas samxreTidan
kola esazRvreboda, romelSic mtkvars aqvs saTave.
artaani cno bili iyo imiT,

rom masze gadioda `gza artanujisa~,

sadac `gardavals gza artanujs~ (vaxuSti). artaanze gadioda aseve bizan ti id an (d a aseve persar men ii dan,

anu spar suli ar meni id an) Sid a

qar Tl -T bi l i s -bar d avi s aken mi mav al i saer T aSo r i so g za,

artaanidan javaxeTSi Sedioda. ase rom,

r o me l i c

artaani akavSirebda Savi zRvis

sanapiros portebs Tbilisi-bardavTan artanujis gziT,

xolo sparseT-

bizantias koladan Semosuli gziT. artaani TiTqmis yovelTvis iberiis

nawili iyo kolasTan erTad, tao ki I aTaswleulis umetes saukuneTa manZilze
da VI-VII saukuneebSi persarmenias miakuTvnes.
`qalaqi artanisa~ male naqalaqevad qceula da mas hurs uwodebdnen (igive
qajTa qalaqi). `sofeli mglivani~ mogvagonebs `livans~, `ligans~.

211

klarjeTi- `berZenTa qveyana~ _ `saberZneTi~

`qarTlis ukanaskneli erismTavari, aSot bagrationi, arabebTan konfliqtis
gamo samxreT saqarTveloSi gadavida _ `i vltoda maTgan waremarTa raTa
warvides saberZneTad~ (sumbati,

`cxovreba bagrationTa~ gv. 376) dasaxlda

artanujSi, es mxare politikuri `saberZneTia~- `ganmtkicda xelmwifoba misi

nebiTa berZenTa mefisaTa~ (iqve),

da `berZenTa mefeman miuboZa kuropalatoba

aSots~. am cnobebSi `SavSeT_klarjeTi axla ukve `saberZneTia~,

bizantiis

savasal o qveyan aa.

aSoti SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mkvidrdeba da rezidenciad artanujs irCevs
`pova klarjeTs tyeTa Sina klde erTi,

romelic vaxtang gorgasals cixed

aReSena, saxelad artanuji da aoxrebul iyo baRdadelisa mis yruobiTgan. igi

ganaaxla aSot da aRaSena cixed, wina-kerZo misa qveSeT aRaSena qalaqi da aRaSena
cixesa mas Sina eklesia wmidaTa mociqulTa petresi da pavlesi da Seqmna mas Sina
saflavi Tvisi~ (sumbat daviTis Ze, gv. 376).
aSotis dros samefoSi Sediodnen klarjeTi, nigali, aWara,

tao, speri,

samcxe, javaxeTi, artaani (saq. ist. narkv. II. gv. 449).

`q. artanuji iyo `artanujeli _ klarji xelmwifeebis~ rezidencia, `qarTvelTa
mefeebisa~ ki bana unda yofiliyo~ (saq. ist. narkv. II. gv.445, p. ingoroyva, giorgi
merCule, gv. 54).
`klarji_artanujeli xelmwifeebi~, rogorc iTqva, SesaZloa iyvnen legitimuri memkvidreebi (e.i. TavianTi Tavi miaCndaT legitimur memkvidreebad) lazi
mefeebisa, romelTac xelmwifobas aniWebda bizantiis imperatori VIs-mde, Semdeg
es Sto Sewyda, magram mis mamulze mosul axal xelisuflebas Cans es memkvidreoba
Tavis xelSi auRia aSotis memkvidreebs an naTesauri qorwinebis gziT anda
mamulis memkvidreobis faqtis gamo( `lazTa mefoba~,

igivea rac `klarjTa

xelmwifeoba~?).
ras niSnavda `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli,

is niSnavda memkvidereobas

arian-qarTleli Tu mcxeTeli mefeebisa? iqneb am tituls legitimaciis sxva

wyaro hqonda? mcxeTa arabebs eWiraT,
samxreT saqarTveloSi iyo gadmosuli,
(qarTveli,

xolo samefo (saerismTavro)

ojaxi

isini iyvnen memkvidreebi iberieli

mcxeTeli) mefeebisa, amitomac TiTqosda maT `qarTvelTa mefis~

tituli unda

hqonodaT, magram maT `klarjTa xelmwifeebs~ uwodebdnen.

`qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli am ojaxSi mogvianebiT Sevida.

lazika _ somxeTis mosazRvre qveyana

p. ingoroyvasa da m. CxartiSvils ganxiluli aqvT is areali, sadac iqadages
wmida grigol ganmanaTlebelma da wmida ninom. kerZod,

grigolis cxovrebaSi

moxazulia areali, sadac iqadaga wmida grigolma taodan _ kaspiis karamde, aseve,
movses xorenacis mier moxazulia wmida ninos qadagebis areali _ klarjeTidan
212

masquTebamde,

anu kaspiis karamde (`kaspiis kari~ _ mdebareobda md. araqsis

samxreTiT kaspiis zRvasTan). es ori areali erTmaneTs ar kveTs, Tumca erTmaneTs

uSualod emijnebian, kerZod, gansazRvrulia wmida ninos samwyso. esaa klarjeTis
CrdiloeTiT, ufro sworad, im xazis CrdiloeTiT moqceuli mxare, romelic
iqmneba klarjeTisa da masquTeTis SeerTebiT,

xolo mis samxreTiT mdebare

areali, anu taodan igive masquTeTamde, anu kaspiis karamde _ grigolis arealia.
ase rom, gansazRvruli samwyso qarTuli eklesiisa _ CvenTvis amJamad sainteresoa, rom klarjeTis CrdiloeTiT an Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare mxare, dasavleT
saqarTvelo visi moqmedebis arealSia, wm. ninosi Tu wmida grigolisa. am sqemis
mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelo ar SeiZleba iyos wm. grigolis moqmedebis arealSi,
radgan is mdebareobs klarjeTis CrdiloeTiT (Crdilo-dasavleTiT),

e.i. is

wmida ninos arealia. am SemTxvevaSi dgeba sakiTxi: wm. grigolis cxovrebis

mixedviT,

wmida grigolma lazeTSi

gaagzavna Tavisi espikoposi,

maSasadame,

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, es lazeTi aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed

klarjeTis samxreTiT anda samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare mxare, anu Wanika-trapezuntis regioni,

romelic somxuri tradiciis Sesabamisad Sedioda e.w. `did

armeniaSi~, an uSualod somxeTSi da es mxare iseve miiCneoda armeniis xeldebul

qveynad, es iyo grigolis areali. aq mdebareobda is lazeTi, sadac grigolma
gaagzavna Tavisi episkoposi. marTlac, somxuri wyaroebis egrisis qveyana mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed moicavda trapezuntis mxareebs. egri,
QWanivi, manrili da lazivi _ Teodosiopolis-trapezunts Sua mdebareobda da
ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
dasavleT saqarTvelos egrisi da armeniis, anu bizantiis egri ori sxvadasxva qveyana iyo. armeniis egri trapezunt-Wanikaa, qarTlis egrisi ki dasavleT saqarTveloa, pirveli wmida grigolis samoRvaweo arealia, meore ki ara,
radganac klarjeTi da misi CrdiloeTiT mdebare mxareebi,

anu dasavleT

saqarTvelo aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad wm. ninos arealia. toponimebi

da hidronimebi `egri~ mravladaa md. araqsis zemowelSi.

movses xorenaci lazikis Sesaxeb

(bagrationebi sperSi)

xorenacis cnobiT,

qristeSobamde II saukuneSi gaZlierebuli parTia Tavs

iTavisuflebda makedonelTa mbrZaneblobisagan, parTiis mefe arSakma somxeTis

`CrdiloeTisa da dasavleTis~ qveynebis mefoba gadasca Tavis Zmas valarSaks, man
Seqmna somxuri sanaxararoebi. man `uwinares yovlisa Rvawli daufasa Zlevamosilsa da gamWriax kacs,

warmomavlobiT ebrael Sambat bagrats. bagratis

saxelis mixedviT misi STamomavlebi bagratunebad unda wodebuliyvnen... valarSakma erisTavad, aTaseulTa da bevreulTa mTavrad daniSna igi dasavleT nawilSi,

romlis iqiT somxurad aRar

213

laparakoben (m. xorenaci,

somxeTis

istoria, 1984, gv. 102). igulisxmeba speri. a. abdalaZis komentariT, xorenaci spers
somxur provinciad miiCnevda. `saqme isaa, rom qarTuli modgmis tomiT dasaxlebuli es mxare saukuneebis manZilze politikurad dakavSirebuli iyo
somxeTTan~ (iqve, gv. 261).
amis Semdeg valarSaki Tavisi jariT gaemarTa xaltiqis, anu qaldeas, anu
WaneTis sazRvrebisaken. amis mizezi iyo is, rom speris iqiT mdebare WaneTi da
misi mezobeli mxareebi,
saxelmwifosTan~ (iqve,

`mtkiced icavdnen erTobis pirobas makedonelTa

gv. 102). eseni iyvnen xorenacis dasaxelebis mixedviT _

`lazika, ponto, frigia da maJaqi~ (iqve, gv. 102), ori jari erTmaneTs Seejaxa,
sadac somxebma gaimarjves. aRniSnuli mxareebi somexTa mefis mbrZaneblobis qveS
moeqcnen. xorenaci wers _ `saqmis amgvarad daboloebis Semdeg somexTa mefem
moawesriga maJaqis, pontoelTa da egerelTa mxareebi. mere mibrunda igi CrdiloeTSi,
parxalis mTebis ferdobebisaken,
`adgilebSi,

taoSi (iqve,

gv. 103). amis Semdeg gadavida

romelTac Zvelebi anfaitsa da zemo basians eZaxdnen... iqaurobas

vanandi ewoda~ (iqve, gv. 104).

mematianem Semoxaza Tavis mier naxsenebi qveynebi. esenia speri, lazika, egeri
da basiani. isini yvelani erT regionSi mdebareobdnen, yvelani moqceulni arian
parxalis mTebis samxreTiT, anu maTi Crdilo sazRvari taos mimdebare mxarea.
m. xorenaci Tavidan wers dasavleTis koaliciis Sesaxeb, rom isini Sedgebodnen `lazika- ponto- frigia da maJaqisagan~, gamarjvebis Semdeg azustebs, rom
esenia igive `maJaqi,

ponto da egeri~. frigia da maJaqi _ samxreTis mxareebia,

ponto da lazika _ dasavleTis mxareebi, Semdeg

lazikas is uwodebs `egers~.

maSasadame, egeri Sedgeba lazikisagan da sul TavSi naxsenebi xaltiq-WaneTisagan.

marTlac, xorenacis msgavsad, somxuri geografiac wers, rom egeri Sedgeboda
imave WaneT-lazikisagan,

anu egeris nawilia lazika da is mdebareobda ara

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed armeniis dasavleTiT da mas marTavda somexTa

mefe valarSaki. eger-lazika-WaneTis CrdiloeTiT ki parxalis mTebi da tao
mdebareobda. maSasadame,
pontos,

`lazika~ namdvilad erqva speris mimdebare mxares _

anu trapezuntis mimarTulebiT. amave Tvalsazriss adasturebs

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos noticiebi. lazikis eparqiaSi Sedioda lerionisa da pai pertis (baiberdis) eparqiebi.
unda davaskvnaT, rom m. xorenaci icnobda lazikas da mis mdebareobas gansazRvravda speris mimdebare trapezuntis momijnave mxares da ara dasavleT
saqarTveloSi. es cnoba imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom amJamad aRiarebuli saistorio
TvalsazrisiT VIII saukunemde lazika ar erqva trapezuntis momijnave mxares,
aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos da TiTqosda wyaroebi ar aCvenebs lazikis mdebareobas VIII s.-mde trapezuntTan. maT am mxriv, vfiqrob, xorenaci ara aqvT
Seswavlili.
maSasadame, xorenacis mixedviT, lazika VIII s.-mdec, V da wina saukuneebSi
trapezun tis mxares mdebareobda.

214

lazikis baRebi anu moxirisis Zieba veidenbaumisa

da yazbegis mixedviT

prokofisa da sxva Zvel avtorTa aRweriT lazika kldiani qveyana iyo,

amitomac nakleb mosavliani da mkacri bunebisa,

magram aq zogierT adgilas

SesaniSnavi xilic da mosavalic modioda. erTi aseTi mxare lazikaSi yofila

moxirisi, romelic kldeTa Soris gadaSlili baRnari iyo, aseTaT Cven migvaCnia
Woroxis xeobaSi erge-livani anu ligani,

romlis nayofierebac SesaniSnavad

aRwera vaxuStim.
e. veidenbaumi prokofis msgavsad aRwers aRniSnuli regionis kldovan miwawyalsa da zogierT adgilas gadaSlil mSvenier baRebs. mag. is wers: - murRulis
wylis xeoba SesarTavTan farToa da aris vaSlis baRebiT ganTqmuli adgilebi,
Tesen xorbals (e. veidenbaumi baTumidan arTvinamde, gv. 62). msgavs noyier miwawyals is aRwers arTvinTanac. magaliTad `terasebze gaSenebulia baRebi da
zeTis xilis nargavebia~ (iqve, gv. 66).
g. yazbegis aRweriT ki artanujis xeobis kldovanebasTan SedarebiT SavSeTSi
soflis meurneobac ki aris ganviTarebuli,

rac am regionSi didi iSviaToba

aris. is wers `SavSelebi soflis meurneobasac misdeven... mezobel mxareebTan

SedarebiT SavSeTis buneba gacilebiT mdidaria. mwarmoeblobis igive saxeebia,
rac zemo aWaraSi. mesaqonleoba da mexorbleoba aq SeiZleba ganviTardes. SavSeTi
awarmoebs xorbals,

romelic baTumis bazarze yarsisas jobnis. miwis zRa-

pruli nayofierebis pirobebSi SavSeTi SesaZloa gaxdes xorblis warmoebis

centri da albaT artanujidan baTumamde gzatkecilis gayvaniT tbeTis vake
SesaZloa am portis beRlad gadaiqces `1873 wels inglisis puriT vaWrobis
kompaniam sacdelad Seisyida SavSeTis puri. am kompaniis erT-erTi agentis
TqmiT aqauri puriT vaWrobas kargi momavali aqvs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
mesaqonleobaze. kulturuli mcenareulobidan aq kargad xarobs TuTis xe.
magram abreSumis Wia mxolod nuri-begis mamulSi - SindobanSi vnaxeT~ (g.
yazbegi. 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, gv. 97).
moxiriss albaT ufro Seesabameba g. yazbegis mier aRwerili livani `Cven
gadavediT imerxevis wyalze gadebul droebiT xidze, TiTqmis zustad im adgilze,
sadac es mdinare uerTdeba artanuj-Cais da wavediT zemoT imerxevis xeobaSi. gza
inarCunebs iseTive xasiaTs, rac Cven fxikiuris SemogarenSi vnaxeT. magram mdinaris napirebi ufro damrecia, tyeebi mcire. TiTqmis yvelgan garSemortymulia
SiSveli kirqvebiT, mcenareuli cotaa, magram samagierod im adgilas, sadac qvebs
Soris xelisgulisodena miwaa, naxavT yurZens, broweuls, nuSs, xurmas, zeTisxils,
leRvs da sxva jiSis xeebs. nayofiereba gansacvifrebelia. Cven aq pirvelad
davrwmundiT,

rom livanis gaxmaurebuli dideba damsaxurebulia. Wvavisa da

xorblis mosavali ukve aRebulia da mindvrebSi axali simindi iTeseba. sam TveSi
axali samkali iqneba. sofel opizamde Cveni gza 3,5 saaTs grZeldeba,
pirveli saaTi cxeniT,

aqedan

danarCeni 2,5 saaTi fexiT unda viaroT. mxolod amiTac

215

SeiZleba imsjelo, Tu ra sazizRari gzaa. am midamoebis mcxovrebTaTvis cxeni ar

arsebobs. samagierod maTs erTgul msaxurad morCili saxedari rCeba. cxenebiT
Cven avediT sofel kapariamde,
napirze,

romelic mdebareobs imerxeviswylis marjvena

Savi zRvis donidan 1217 futze. cxenebi aq davtoveT,

Cven ki viwro

bilikiT sofel opizaSi avediT. gza karCxalis qedis ganStoebaze, imerxeviswylis

moSiSvlebul da kldovani xramis gayolebiT midis. mdinare Cvens fexebs qvemoT,
sadRac Sors Caikarga. opizis monasteri 1500 futze zemoT mdebareobs, karCxalis
erTerT ganiv gasayarze da Cvens cnobismoyvare Tvalwin gadaiSala maSin, roca
sofelSi SevediT. me mwyuroda naxva Zveli saqarTvelos am uwmindesi adgilisa,
romelsac umRera vaxutim da romelic jerjerobiT arcerT evropels ar unaxavs.
Cveni jafa saTanadod dafasda~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, gv.
100).
g. yazbegi sxvaganac aRwers kldeTaSoris mwir magram mSvenier adgilebs,
sadac kargi mosavali modioda `Woroxisa da artanuj-Cais SeerTebis wertilSi
gza mkveTrad uxvevs CrdiloeTisaken da Woroxis marjvena napiris gayolebiT
midis. Cvens fexebs qvemoT artanuji mosCans. Woroxi aq muxls qmnis,

romelic

aRmosavleTisakenaa mimarTuli. igi wydeba maRali SiSveli kldeebiT, romlebic

pirdapir mgzavris Tvalwinaa wamowvdili. Sors mdinaris marcxena napirze,
midamoebis nacrisfer fonze medidurad mosCans mwvane mindorSi - esaa soflebis
- ariasa da orjoxis baRebi. gamcilebelma agvixsna, rom am soflebSi livanis
saukeTeso yurZeni xarobso~ (iqve, gv. 107).
prokofis aRweriT skandasa da sarapanas cixesimagreebis teritoriebze ar
modioda mosavali, ar xarobda vazi. g. yazbegic msgavsad miuTiTebs, rom SavSeTis maRlobebSi,

sadac administraciuli centrebi da cixeebi iyo gan-

lagebuli vazi ar xarobda da mosaxleoba mxolod qersa da Wvavs Tesavda.

is wers `maSin,

roca garylobaSi Tesva mxolod iwyeba,

ajejilebulia; maSin,

tbeTSi yanebi ukve

roca pirvelSi gamoCnda msxlis kukuli,

meoreSi ukve

saxezea nigvzis mozrdili nayofi, romelic zemo terasze saerTod ar xarobs.

Tavad naTesebic sxvadasxvanairia. zemoT mxolod qers,
Tesaven. vazi s

Wvavsa da xorbals

ler wi ar c iq da ar c aq ar ar is~ (iqve,

gv. 78). nakleb

mosavlianobis mxriv uvenaxeobis gamo g. yazbegis mier aRwerili SavSeTis cixisZiri emsgavseba prokofis mier aRweril sarapanas. qeris da Wvavis naTesebiTac,
miTumetes, rom am cixisZirTan axlos gadioda artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebeli
gza,

romelic uRel texil i al zni -Camis axlo s mdebareo bd nen d a iqve

arian kandridis da qinZotamalis cixeebi,

romlebsac etilologiurad

emsgavseba skanda. maxlobladaa mTa `kandili~.

ori lazika
bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris sazRvari istoriulad gadioda xufaTTan
(xofTan),

mis qvemoT (vidre trapezuntis mTianeTis/WaneTis/ CaTvliT) - mdebar-

eobda `Zveli

lazika~ Tavisi saepiskoposoebiT,

216

romelTagan erTerTi zigana

trapezuntidan 70-iode kilometriT iyo daSorebuli da Teodosiopolis gzaze,

mTian regionSi mdebareobda. administraciulad is pontos olqSi Sedioda,
amtomac saxelmwifo moxeleebi da mwerlebi mis saxels arc ki ixseniebdnen .
saxeli

lazika kvlav wamotivtivda mas Semdeg rac iustinianem mis mier

axal dapyrobil teritoriasac uwoda es saxeli-lazika.

WaneTis lazika `Zveli~ iyo im mxriv, rom roca VI s-Si bizantiis imperatorma
iustinianem daarRvia xelSekruleba sparseTis SahTan da xufaTis maRla - Woroxis
SesarTavamde dai pyro axali miwa-wyali - masac saxeli lazika daarqva, radganac,
Cans Tvlida Wanikis lazikis gagrZelebad. maSasadame am axaldapyrobil miwawyalsac lazika ewoda, mizezi amisa iyo is, rom es `axali
emezobleboda, misi geografiuli gagrZeleba iyo,
Tadad md. Woroxis xeobaSi. is arsebobda,

lazika~Zvels

is mdebareobda Ziri-

rogorc TavisTavadi adminis-

traciuli erTeuli /samefo/-`laziki s~ saxelwodebiT.

Woroxis auzi uzarmazari miwa-wyalia, romelic didi kldeebiT bunebrivadaa SemosazRvruli. sul ori,
zRvaze,

erTmaneTTan axlo mdebare gasasvleli aqvs Sav

erTia mdinare Woroxi da mis napirze gamavali viwro gza-bilikebi.

meorea xufaT-Woroxis gza. amitomac bizantiisaTvis sakmarisi iyo ramdenime

cixe-simagris ageba am gzebis sakontoleblad. amitomac md. Woroxis zRvasTan
SerTvis siaxloves aigo petras cixe-simagre. mis mpyrobels advilad SeeZlo
mTeli uzarmazari Woroxis xeobis anu lazikis umTavresi nawilis aReb-micemobisa da vaWrobis kontroli aRniSnulis gamo.
marTlac iustinianes mier dasmulma petras mcvelma SeZlo ekontrolebina
mTeli

lazikis vaWroba.

lazika faqtiurad moicavda `klarjeTsa da bolo

klarjeTis zRvis pirs~ iberiis nawils, magram radganac iberia sparseTma dai pyro,
sparseTs miaCnda,

rom es miwa-wyali sparseTs ekuTvnoda. amis gamo atyda omi

sparseTsa da bizantias Soris. axali lazikis gziT TviT Sahma xosrom ineba Sav
zRvamde misvla. es gza dvinidan Sedioda artaanSi anu iberiaSi, romelic Woroxis
xeobas /petras/ arsianis qediT uerTdeboda.
artaanidan gza Sedioda Semdegdroindel artanujSi, iqedan ki arTvinSi da
Woroxis anu fasisis gavliT Sedioda petraSi. klarjeTi bizantiam miitaca da is
seiyvana Tavis administraciul olq-lazikaSi, magram misi mezobeli artaani kvlav
iberiad iwodeboda, anu iberia-lazikis SemaerTebeli saerTaSoriso gza gadioda
ara lixis, aramed arsianis mTaze.
SemdgomSic am gzaze mdebare artanuji (X saukunisaTvis) did saerTaSoriso
savaWro centrad iTvleboda. artanujis qveyanas konstantine porfirogenetis sityvebiT ewodeboda `arzes qveyana~.
fuZe unda iyos,

rogorc iTqva `arze~ anu -alze-alz~ is

romlisganac sityva

lazika iqna miRebuli - `alz-laz-

lazika~.
aRsaniSnavi a, rom lazebs uwodebd nen ara mxolod zRvispireTis mcxovrebT, ar amed mTiani r egionis, ar zr umis mcxovrebTac. `arz-laz~ aseve
erTi fuZea. maSasadame l azi ka Z vel Tagan ve
sp i reTs

t r a pi z o n i s m x a r e s ,

er qva ,

ar am xo l o d z Rvi -

a r a m e d m T i a n r a i o n s ac g u n u S xa n e -

ar zrums.
217

Zveli lazika-qaldiis Temi

(`sofeli megrelTa~)
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi trapezuntis CaTvliT iustinem VI s-Si Seiyvana
bizantiis imperiis im provinciaSi, romelsac `I armenia~ ewodeboda. maleve VII s-Si
am miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda axali bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli _ `armeniakoni~, sabednierod maleve, bizantiam am provincias anu Zvel lazikas (lazivs)
aRudgina Zveli saxeli da mas uwoda `qaldeas Temi~. eklesiurad qaldeas Tems
iqamde da mis Semdegac moicavda konstantinopolis lazikis eparqia, romlis samitropolitoSi Sedioda fazisis, rodopolisis, petras, ziganas da saisinis saepiskoposoebi. n. adoncis azriT, yvelani isini mdebareobdnen trapezunt-arzrumis SemaerTebeli gzis piras. eseni iyvnen cnobili qalaqebi, romelTa met nawilSi romauli
kohortebi idga, amitomac am qalaqebSi daarses saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. isini Wanikalazikis eparqiaSi mdebareobdnen. WaneTi vrclad iyo gadaWimuli parxalis mTianeTSi
da nawilobriv Woroxisa da md. kelkitis xeobebSi. `qaldiis Temis~ saxelwodebis
aRdgeniT bizantiam faqtobrivad aRiara, rom am miwa-wylis mkvidri mosaxleoba iyo
qalduelebi anu qarTveloba _ Wanebisa da lazebis saxelwodebiT, maTi armenizacia
miuxedavad imperiuli xelSewyobisa VI-VII ss-Si somxurma eklesiam ver SeZlo,
radganac eklesiurad konstantinopols eqvemdebarebodnen. ufro maTi gaberZnebis
procesi iyo dawyebuli.
qaldeas Temi moicavda Zvel, istoriul lazikas, romelic adre, diokletianemdel epoqaSi am mTianeTSi mdebareobda da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi. es
iyo e.w.`Zveli lazika~ (Cans mimdebare zRvispiriT), xolo axali lazika, romelsac
iustiniane `Cvens lazikas~ uwodebda mdebareobda mis gverdiT iustinianesmierve
dapyrobil miwa-wyalze-rizedan Woroxamde. am axal qveyanas, romelSic aseve
Sedioda Woroxispira xeoba arsianis qedidan arTvin-ligan-erges CaTvliT Tanamedrove baTum-xelvaCauris raionebTan erTad ewoda lazika. maSasadame lazika
moiazreboda aseT sazRvrebSi - samxreTiT zRvispiras xofa, mTebSi ki WaneTi,
aRmosavleTiT arsianis qedi, CrdiloeTiT Tanamedrove sufsas xeoba da guriis
mTianeTi.

ratom `qaldea~?
WaneTs anu Semdegdroindel lazistans Zvel berZnul mwerlobaSi erqva
`qaldea~. es saxeli cocxali iyo mkvidrTa Sorisac, amJamad lazebis erTi mcire
jgufi Tavis Tavs `qaldebs~ uwodebs. ras niSnavs sityva `qaldea~ da ratom unda
wodeboda es saxeli istoriul WaneTs.
qaldea,

rogorc viciT erqva lursmul epoqaSi,

qristeSobamde mravali

aseuli wliT adre SuamdinareTis erT saxelmwifos, berZen avtorTa mtkicebiT

trapezuntis mimdebare qaldeas mosaxleoba SuamdinareTidan iyo gadmosaxlebuli da amitomac erqvaT maT es saxeli, xolo konstantine porfirogenetis
218

mtki cebiT qal deas mezo bl ad mcxo vr ebi iberebi pal esti ni d an iyvnen
gadmosaxlebulebi. maSasadame qarTvelebis samxreTidan gadmosaxlebis Teorias
berZnuli istoriografia X saukuneSic icnobda. saxeli `qaldu~ JRerda qarTvelTa
TviTsaxelwodebaSi - `qarTu-eli~ da aseve wan-lazebsac es saxeli qaldebi
erqvaT. es saxeli cnobili da mSobliuri iyo im frigielebisa da keltebisaTvisac,
romelnic mcire aziaSi damkvidrdnen qristeSobamde VIII-III saukuneebSi. maTSi es
saxeli ufro ase JRerda - gorde,

gardu,

qarTu - qaldu. Cans vanis tbi-

spireTidan pontoszRvispirze gadmosaxlebulma iberebma /karduxebma/ es saxeli

- qald Tan moitanes.
frigielebis erTerTi eTnojgufi yofila mesxebi zogierTi istorikosis
azriT. mesxebi ki hekatos miletelis cnobiT kolxuri tomi iyo. maSasadame
mesxebi da kolxebi erTi xalxi yofila. frigielebis erTi nawili, maTi Sida
satomo saxeli ki qaldu igive qarTu yofila. es,

cxadia,

ufro samecniero

varaudebia, magram faqtia, rom WaneTs - qaldea erqva.

lazika farTo politikuri gagebiT

n. adonci wers - gageba abasgiisa farTo politikuri terminis mniSvnelobiT,

romelic iWerda miwebs kaspiis zRvamde,

warmoiqmna arabobis Semdeg.

iqamde, kerZod VIs-Si aseTi farTo po li ti kur i mn iSvn el obi T ixmarebo da

lazi ka, o Ron d Savi zRvispi reTSi ( n. ado nci, gv. 219). rogorc wyaroebidan
Cans, Tavdapirvelad lazika erqva trapizonis mimdebare miwa-wyals.
IV-V s-Si romis sazRvari gadioda q. rizes sanaxebSi. mimdebare miwa-wyals
(Tavis Zalze vrcel mTianeTTan erTad) lazikas uwodebdnen, magram Semdeg misi
mniSvneloba gaizarda, kerZod, iustinianem romis sazRvari gadaitana CrdiloeTiT. md. Woroxis SesarTavi moeqca bizantiis saxelmwifos SigniT. am axal
miwasac lazika ewoda.
VIII-IX-X ss-Si arabTagan gaTavisuflebul speris,

basianis,

vaspurakanis

nawilis marTlmadideblur eparqiebs _ `eparqiebi lazikaSi~ ewodaT. ase rom,

lazika eklesiurad moicavda teritorias TiTqmis

vanis tbidan trapezuntamde,

xolo politikuri mniSvnelobiT rizedan _ Woroxis SesarTavamde, klarjeTis

CaTvliT!

WaneTi (sisilisi/saisini/zigana)

prokofi kesarielze dayrdonobiT,

n. adonci aRwers Wanikas _ is mdebareobda

TeodosiopolisTan axlos, romelic, misi sityviT, iyo dasavleT armeniis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani qalaqi, sadac ijda komiti (amis sapirispirod, sparselTa Sahma q.
219

dvinSi (erTerT umTavres qalaqSi), dasva Tavisi marzpani). `Wanebis tomi emezobleba
somxebs, maT miwazea adgili, sadac iustinianem aaSena axladmoqceuli WanebisaTvis
pirveli eklesia. aqedan iwyeba romaelTa, persarmenielTa da TviT Wanebis sazRvrebi.
aqve iyo iustinianes mier agebuli pirveli cixe-simagre, misgan ori dRis gzazea
sofeli xarti,

okeniti Wanebis miwaze. misgan aRmosavleTiT aris cixe barxi,

Semdeg zagonas mTebis kalTebia, sadac Wanebi saqonels aZovebdnen, mTis ZirSia
sofeli kena _ vake adgilze da misgan marcxniv cixe-simagre sisilisia, aSenebulia
longinis xevTan (romaeli sardali longini aq gaCerebula), aq auSenebia iustinianes
simagre burgi _ sisilisidan erTi dRis gzaze.
Semdeg aris koksiloni Wanebis simagreebi.
Wanebis miwis Semdeg aris qalaqi trapezunti, misi sazRvrebi midis susarmenamde da rizemde (ori dRis gzaze). misgan aRmosavleTiT WanTa mTebia,
iqiTac somxebi cxovroben,

romlis

romaelTa qveSevrdomebi. Wanebis mTebidan moedineba

mdinare boasi.
Wanebis razmi, romelic monawileobda 550 wlis petras alyaSi, ukan dabrunda
zRvispira gziT rizes gavliT, saidanac aTinasa da trapezuntis gavliT samSobloSi dabrunda.
rizes Semdeg cxovrobda lazTa tomi (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi,
1908, gv. 65). Woroxze, WanikeSi, saidanac gamodis istoriuli md. boasi, mdebareobs
istoriuli qalaqi baiberdi da aseve satala,

md. kelkidze. maT prokofi arme-

nielebs miakuTvnebs.
satalasa da baiberdis maRla zRvis paralelurad miemarTeba grZeli qedi,
Zvelad mas erqva parxali anu pariadres qedi (amJamad lazistanis qedi). Wanuri
sofeli xarta baibertis maRlaa, Woroxis marcxena Senakadze. aqedan Cans, rom
lazebi da Wanebi sxvadasxva tomi iyo. lazebi rizes Semdeg cxovrobdnen.

xaldea _ qaldea _ xalibi

strabonis dros aliZonebi anu Zveli xalibebi iwodebodnen qaldeebad.
misi azriT,

homerosis alibebi igive xalibebi iyvnen. sityva `xalib~-Si,

n.

adoncis azriT, `ib-bi~ qarTuli mravlobiTobis niSania.

prokofis dros qaldebi _ Wanebi iyvnen.
pliniusi asaxelebs _ `armenoxalibebs~ _ isini, n. adoncis sityviT, somxebisa da
xalibebis urTierT SereviT miRebuli xalxia. sxva azriT, xalibebis saxeli miRebulia berZnuli `xalifs~ __ spilenZidan. ase uwodebdnen pontoel tomebs, spilenZis
mawarmoeblebs. n. adoncis azriT, SeiZleba iyo piriqiT da berZnuli sityva aRniSnuli xalxis TviTsaxelwodebidan iqna miRebuli (n. adonci, gv. 59). Cans, xalibebi /
qalduelebi/ da karduenebi erTi xalxis tomebi iyo.

220

qaldea _ qarTea
n. adonci wers _ `Wanika anu qaldea, qveyana Wanebisa anu qaldebisa, iyo mTiani
olqi, warmoqmnili parxalis mTebisa, Woroxisa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolisagan trapezuntamde, Woroxis velze Wanika esazRvreboda taos olqsa da sparsul samflobeloebs, Semdeg gugarenas kantons, klarjeTsa da artanujis mdinares, Semdeg ki md.
Woroxi Sedis egrSi, anu egeriaSi, rogorc aRgviwers `somxuri geografia~ (n. adonci,
somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 26).
n. adoncis mier naxsenebi tuxarisis cixe albaT Tuxarisia. is erT-erTi
sasazRvro wertili yofila Wanikisa.
WaneTs meore saxeli qaldea erqva. qaldea _ Zveli saxelia, naxsenebi wmida
werilSi, SuamdinareTsa da araratis qveyanaSi mdebareobda qristeSobamde mravali
saukuniT adre, magram WaneTis qaldeas saxeli mas ar ukavSirdeba.
safiqrebelia,

rom WaneTs qaldea Tu xaldea uwodes,

albaT,

Wanebis

eTnikuri TviTsaxelwodebis gamo. ra unda yofiliyo Wanebis TviTsaxelwodeba?

is iyo erTi nawili didi xalxisa anu didi eTnikuri jgufisa _ qarTvelebisa,
albaT, Wanebis TviTsaxelwodebac es iyo-qarTueli, aqedan qaldueli. marTlac,
sityvebis- qald ea-qal duel isa da qar Tuel is etimologiuri identuroba
udavoa.
sityvaTa fuZe-qald igivea, rac qarT.
g-k-q d d-t-T TanxmovanTa jgufebSi gvaqvs Tanxmovnebis urTierTmonacvleoba.
amitomac qald _ mogvcems qarT-s. qarldu ki_ qarTus.
qald aseve gvaZlevs `gard~-s. `gard~-is fuZe-Ziria- gar-gr-egr (aq `d~-mravlobiTobis niSania).
saerTod gard (qarT) anu `gr~ fuZe _ mTeli qarTveli xalxis da misi
qveynis TviTsaxelwodebaSi JRerda: esenia- gugarqi, egrisi, guria, argveTi da
sxva. gugarqi somxuri wyaroebiT, erqva ara mxolod qvemo qarTls, aramed mTel
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos,

sazogadod qarTvelTa vrcel qveyanas _ anu iberias

erqva aseve `gurzan~ (n. adonci, dasax. naSr. gv. 219).

SeuZlebelia etimologiurad erTmaneTs ar davukavSiroT gurzan da `egri~,
anu `egeria~.
aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos saxeli gugarqi,

gogarena, aseve

saxelebi dasavleTSi _ argveTi, guria. identuria qald, gard, eger, argveTi,

guria, gurazan, gugarq, gogarena _ isini saerTo fuZes Seicaven _ esenia: `gr~
an `rg~. qarTvelTa eTnoTviTsaxelwodebis fuZe-Ziria _ `gr~ _ `qr~.(sityva
gugarqSi fuZe-Ziria _ `ggr~ da ara _ `gug~, rogorc miiCneva).

Wanebi
prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, Wanebi adre sanebad iwodebodnen. isini mraval
tomad iyofodnen III-VI saukuneebSi,

mosaxleobdnen md. Woroxis saTaveebTan.

axlandel baiberTisa da ispiris mazrebSi. bizantielebma daimorCiles imp. ius221

tinianes dros, WaneTi am dros dai pyro armeniis magistrma Witam, daiwyes gaqristianeba. saxelwodeba Wani Semdeg Seicvala laziT. WaneTi Semdgom, Wanuri tomebis aqtivobis Sedegad, ewoda axlandel arTvinis, rizesa da trapizonis vilaieTebs.
WaneTs berZnul wyaroSi aseve ewodeba Tianike.
XIII saukunidan Sedioda trapizonis imperiaSi.
XIVs-dan WaneTis aRmosavleT nawili samcxis samTavros SemadgenlobaSia.
1461 wlidan 1547 wlamde osmalebma dai pyres. 1878 wels TurqeTma daTmo aRmosavleT WaneTis nawili, romelic Sevida ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
(axlandeli sarfis aRmosavleTi regioni).

xaltiq xaldia (qaldia) 950 wlisTvis

bizantiuri administraciuli dayofa aCvenebs, rom xaldias Temi moicavda

SavizRvispireTs

Termodontidan fazisamde,

rukebzecaa

aRiniSnuli,

rom

misi CrdiloeTis sazRvari TiTqmis Tan emTxveoda md. Woroxis ASesarTavs

(anu fazisi Woroxs ewodeboda X saukunisaTvis).
X s. bizantiur dapyrobaTa kvaldakval, xaldias Tems 950 wlisaTvis aRmosavleTis mxridan Semomatebuli hqonda olqi `mesopotamia~,
vesTan,

evfratis saTa-

es olqi Teodosiopoliss ar moicavda, radganac is jer kidev ar iyo

bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi, fiqroben, rom im droisTvis bizana da xorZenac xaldiaSi Sedioda. xaldiasa da mesopotamiis Temebs esazRvreboda kolonias Temi.
masSi, Cans, im droisaTvis Sedioda lerioni, Sariani, gaili da kerCanisi. xolo
pai perti, anu baiberdi, Cans, xaldeas TemSi Sedioda.
iqamde,

saukuneebiT adre,

kerZod ki VII s-dan,

aRniSnuli Temebi

Sediodnen ar men iako n i s vrcel TemSi mesopotamiis gamoklebiT,

radganac

es ukanaskneli arabebs eWiraT. wyaroTa mixedviT armeniakonis Temis Crd il o

sazRvar i aRw evd a md . fazi samd e ,

xolo yvela rukis mixedviT,

aRwevda md. W o r o xi s SesarTavamde, maSasadame,

Woroxs uwodebdnen. unda aRiniSnos,
araqssac,

es Temi

faziss VII-IX saukuneebSic

rom X s-Si fazisi erqva aseve md.

rogorc konstantine porfirogeneti gadmogvcems. fasisi araqss

jer kidev qristemde aswleulebiT adre rqmevia, qsenofontes mis mxareebSi

Sexvda fasianTa tomi, xaldiis Temis mTavari qalaqi iyo trapezunti. VII s.
msoflio krebis damswre trapezunteli eposkoposi krebis aqtebs xels
awerda viTarca `episkoposi fazisisa~. maSasademe, q. trapezuntsac erqva es
saxeli. ase r o m,

xal d i i s Te mi Cr d i l o eTi d an d a aRmo s avl eTi d an

md i n ar ee bi T _ `f az i s eb i T ~ i y o Se mo w e r i l i ,
centralur qalaqsac rqmevia,
yofila. kidev ufro adre,

maSasadame,

IV s. bolos,
222

xol o `fazi si ~ TviT

iq sityva `fazisi~ popularuli

xaldiis Temis adgilas iyo `po-

lemonis pontos~ provincia, masSi Sedioda qalaqebi komana, polemonioni,

kesaria, trapezunti da rize. pr o vi nci a aRw evd a md . W o r o xamd e,

kerZod

q. afsarosamde. polemonis pontos provincias daefuZna jer armeniakonisa

da Semdgom xaldiis Temebi.

tibarenebi da Wanebi erT miwazea

WaneTs ucxoelebi qaldeas uwodebdnen. iv. javaxiSvilis daskvniT sityvis

fuZe - Ziri `qald~,

`qaldu~ aRniSnavda qarTvelTa samive jgufis qarTe-

bis, zanebisa da svanebis saerTo samSoblos saxels (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli

eris istoria, 1951, gv. 403-404) is qarTul qaldeas (anu WaneTs) ar akavSirebda
SuamdinareTis `qaldeasTan~ da arc urartus `qaldTan~).
berZen-romael avtorTa cnobebiT qaldea - WaneTSi

erTad cxovrobdnen

tibarenebi da Wanebi. sityva tibarenSi fuZe-Ziri `tibar~ identuria sityva `iberisa~.

provincia armeniakoni

n.adoncis sityviT, VII s-Si WaneTsa da mis mosazRvre mxareebs `armeniakoni~

daerqva. is gadaSlili iyo sinopidan fazisamde. Sedgeboda yofili kapadokiis, I,
II armeniisa da pontosagan. saxeli ewoda mis mezoblad mcxovrebi somxebis gamo
(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 203).
Woroxis xeobas xaldea, xaldoZori erqva. aq barxonTan _ parxaris qedTaniyo sadgomi okenitebis Wanebisa,

xartas maRla vake adgilze

ki

mdebareobda

dasaxleba kena, okena (o _ prefiqsia, qarTuli sa-s fardi), e.i. okena-kenebis anu
okeniti Wanebis sacxovrisi. okenis dasavleTiT punqti sisilisi
ziziola). ziziola _ nikopil _ satilas gzazea,

(sisilisi _

sataladan 18 milze. gza

gadioda gail-kelkitis mdinaris gaswvriv, e.i. ziziola _ amJamindel kelkitTan

iyo. prokofis cnobiT, sisalisi da kena parxalis qedze iyo. Notatia Digntiatum
(1839) Tanaxmad, ziziolaSi idga romauli razmi didxans _ iustinianemde. Wanebi
dai pyro iustinianem taxtze asvlisTanave. sisilisi Wanikis gare sazRvarze
mdebareobda parxalis qedze. okenitebis centri _ xarti _ samxreT mTiswinebSi
iyo, baiberdis da satalis gaswvriv. rogorc Cans,

saisinis kaTedra sisil-

isSi idga.
sisilisidan erTi dRis gzaze mdebareobda burgi _ longinos adgilTan
axlos,

aqedan koksilonTa tomis olqi iwyeboda da aq iyo qalaqebi sxima-

lanixoni da WanWakomi (iqve, gv.65).

223

Wanebis saxeli Semoinaxa janikma. aqedan gandevnili Wanebi SemdegSi cxovrobdnen md. xarSutTan. ardasis CrdiloeTiT Zevs zigana, romelic mniSvnelovani punqti iyo _ lazikis xuTi episkoposidan erTerTis rezidencia. eklesiurad Wanika lazikas ekuTvnoda,

Wanebs ufro adre qaldebi erqvaT. Wanebis

politikuri mniSvnelobis gazrdis gamo mTel qveyanas VI s-Si WaneTi daerqva.

VIII s-Si gacocxlda Zveli dasaxeleba _ armeniakonis Temis daSlis Semdeg da
erT mis nawils qaldea daerqva (gv. 65). e.i. am miwa-wyals iustinianes mefobis
dasawyisSi erqva ponto, Semdeg I armenia, VI saukuneSi WaneTi, VII
Si _ armeniakoni, VIII-dan qaldea. eseni iyvnen oficialuri,

s-

imperatorTa

mier Serqmeuli saxelebi. misi Tavdapirveli saxeli ki _ lazika/qaldea

unda yofiliyo,

bolomde SemorCa kidec es saxelebi mas.

klarjeTi anu

lazika

klarjeTs, vaxuStis cnobiT, Tavdapirvelad marTavdnen mTavrebi (mefeebi),

romelTa gvari iyo `mirdatovani~ (vaxuSti klarjeTis qveS, rogorc iTqva, gulisxmobs WaneTs, taos, spers, Woroxis xeobas da, aseve, mimdebare regionebs. mas
Semdeg, rac klarjeTi berZenTagan gaaTavisufla vaxtang gorgasalma, klarjeTis
saerisTavo aRmoCnda vaxtangis vaJis mirdatis xelSi. mirdatma sakuTari da miaTxova `daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomaval~ guaram I bagrations,

romlis

winaprebi filistimidan yofilan wamosulni, mas aseve gadasca `samkvidrebeli

tao~. am guarams `taos erisTavi~ ewoda. guaram I taos erisTavs mirdatis disgan
eyola bagrati. sparselTa qarTlSi gabatonebamde klarjeT-taos erisTavebi emorCilebodnen `qarTvelTa mefes~, e.i. mcxeTel mefes, xolo sparsTa Semosevis Semdeg
`Zeni mirdatisani gandgnen farsman mefisagan da mierTvnen berZenTa~ (iqve, gv. 693).
klarjeTSi (masSi Sedioda taoc) warmoiSva ori samTavro saxli,
vaxtang gorgaslis Zis mirdatis STamomavlebi,

erTi iyo

meoreni ki am mirdatis disa da

aRniSnuli guaram I-is STamomavlebi. SemdgomSi mir datis Zeebi uSvilo bis
gamo amowydnen. am mizezis gamo sagvareulo saxeli `mirdatovanebi~ ewodaT
guaramis STamomavlebs. mis SviliSvils erqva aseve saxeli guarami (maSasadame
is iyo zemoT aRniSnuli vaxtang gorgaslis Zis mirdatis dis Svilis bagratis
vaJi). vaxuSti wers,

rom am meore guaramma `Seicvala saxeli mirdatovnobisa

bagrationad mamisa Tvisisa saxelisaTvis~ (q.c. IV, gv. 694).

guaram II mirdatovani iqca bagrationad, male is avida mcxeTis samefo taxtze.
es ase momxdara _ `mievlto es guaram umetes berZenTa... amisTvis keisarman
mosca sigeliT... kurapalatoba guarams, xolo welsa 575 TxovniTve qarTvelTaTa
mosca am guaram kurapalats mefoba saqar Tvelo si keisarman iustine da
gamefda. amiT kualad SeerTda samcxe-klarjeTi da yoveli saqarTvelo erT
samefod~ (iqve, gv. 694).
maSasadame, somxuri geografiiT egrad (samxreT egrisad) wodebul qveyanaSi,
224

anu qarTuli wyaroebiT klarjeTSi (romelSic tao da WaneTic Sedioda),

igive berZnul

lazikeSi mTavrobda mirdatianebis sagvareulo,

romlis

pirvelma pirma VI s-Si mcxeTis (qarTlis) samefo taxti daikava. qarTuli

wyaros aRniSnuli cnobebi garkveulwilad eTanadeba berZnulsa da somxurs _
yvela wyaroSi miTridat-mirdatianebi ixsenieba: miTridate VI evpatorma daaarsa
e.w. `kolxeTis samefo~,

romlis pirveli mefe misi Ze miTridate iyo. Semdeg mas

miTridates Ze farnaki marTavda (es kolxeTi igive egri _ lazikaa), mihrdatianebi,

somxuri wyaroebiT,

marTavdnen pontospireTis qarTvelebs.

pontoszRvispireTis qarTvelTa mirdatiani (mihrdat-miTridatiani) mefeebis

mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb wers rogorc berZnul-laTinuri, ise somxuri da qarTuli
wyaroebi. berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebi am miTridatianebis ZiriTad samefod miiCneven pontos qveyanas, somxuri wyaroebic weren, rom mihrdatianebs samefod miecaT
rogorc pontos, ise kavkasiis mxares pontoszRvispireTis qveyana, qarTuli wyaro
maT sapirispirod miiCnevs, rom mirdatianebma saxeli miiRes vaxtang gorgaslis
vaJis _ mirdatisagan (Tumca ki aRniSnavs,

rom maTi ZiriTadi,

Tavdapirveli

samarTavi qveyana iyo klarjeTi, anu pontoszRvispireTi Woroxis xeobis mxares).

am mxareebidan (speridan) bagrationebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxva wyaroebic arsebobs,
bagrationebs,

Cans,

zogierT wreebSi akavSirebdnen

lazikis mefeebTan.

arsebobs SesaZlebloba varaudisa, rom erTerTi am mefeTa STamomavalTagani,

sruliad saqarTvelos taxtze asula,

Tu,

rasakvirvelia,

klarjeTsa da

lazikas gavaigivebT.
qarTuli wyaroebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, vaxtang gorgaslis siWabukisas,
misi mefobis pirvel aTeul wlebSi klarjeTi (anu lazika) miitaces berZnebma,
marTlac, berZnuli wyaroebi ixsenieben lazikas im momentTan dakavSireT, rom 456
wels romaelebma, e.i. bizantielebma `daiwyes omi lazebTan~ (,
, . II, 2 . 347).
qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, berZnebma V saukunis aRniSnul periodSi marTlac miitaces klarjeTi, radganac, Cveni azriT, qarTuli wyaroebis klarjeTi
igivea,

rac berZnuli wyaroebis

lazeTi,

`lazebTan omi~ unda gulisx-

mobdes berZnebis SemoWras klarjeTSi. am dros berZnuli wyaroebiT, lazeTis

mefe iyo gubaz I,

is albaT qarTuli wyaroebis klarjeTis erisTavia.

klarjeTi, rogorc vTqviT, sxva miwebTan erTad moicavda Woroxis xeobas

egris CaTvliT, romelicaa

`bolo klarjeTisa _ zRvispiri~. SeiZleba Tu

ara mimsgavseba saxelebisa `gubazi~ da `guarami~- es sakiTxavia. sagvareulo saxelebi gubazi da guarami werisas (mTavruli aso-niSnebiT) erTmaneTs emsgavseba.
kolxeTis anu lazeTis mefe gubaz I iZulebuli gamxdara daxmareba eTxova
parTiis mefisaTvis, romelmac es ver SeZlo. gubazi kvlav iZulebuli gamxdara
bizantielebTan elCebi gaegzavna. am dros lazikis samefo taxtze ori mefe mjdara,
TviTon gubazi

da misi Ze. es bizantielebs miuRebel wesad miuCneviaT da guba-

zisTvis SeuTvliaT _ `aRar geomebiT,

Tu an TviTon Sen, anda Seni Svili uars

ityviT mefobaze, radgan orives batonoba ar SeiZleba, ewinaaRmdegeba ZvelisZvel

wesso~.es momxdara imperator markianes (450-457) dros. gubazma mefoba dauTmo
Tavis Svils da konstantinopolSi Cavida imperator leon I-is (457-475) dros.
225

gubazi male ukan gamoistumres (am leon I-is dros, Cans, aSenebula samSvildis
sioni), xolo misi Ze lazikis taxtze auyvania bizantiis imperators.
gubaz I klarjeTis suvereni mmarTveli rom ar yofila (omis dawyebamdec),
iqidan Cans, rom bizantielebi mas karnaxoben, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo kanonebi
misi qveynis SigniT.
omis Semdgom bizantiaSi Casuli lazikis mefe arwmunebda saimperatoro kars,
romQis WeSmariti qristiani iyo, raTa kidev erTi mizezi ar mieca bizantielebisaTvis lazikis asaoxreblad.
marTlac,
klarjeTSi

450-ian wlebSi lazika ukve Zveli qristianuli qveyana iyo, aq, e.i.

V saukunis istorikosis xorenacis

sityviT,

iqadaga wmida ninom

(`klarjeTidan masquTebamde~), klarjeTi ki igive lazikaa (samxreT egrisi. `egri~,

rogorc iTqva,

klarjeTSi mdebareobda) da,

saerTod,

trapezuntis

lazikas

qarTvelebi Targmnidnen ase -`sofeli megrelTa~, an pirdapir `samegrelos~. andria

pirvelwodebuli Tavdapirvelad movida trapizonSi, romlis qveyanasac `sofeli
megrelTa~ erqva. saerTod, sityva `samegrelo~ qarTul mwerlobaSi Tavdapirvelad
nasxsenebia ara rionis egrisis, aramed trapizonis egrisis aRsaniSnavad, radganac,
rogorc aRiniSna, berZnul mwerlobaSi naxsenebi `lazika~ (trapizonis sanaxebi)
iTargmneboda `sofeli megrelTa~, amitomac lazikis episkoposebsac qarTul
mwerlobaSi `megrelTa episkoposebi~ erqvaT. magaliTad, trulis krebis kanonebSi,
sadac konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis episkoposebi aweren xels, qarTulad ase iTargmna _ `Teodore uRirsman episkoposman fasoisaman,

sofelsa Sina

megrelTasa ganvsazRvren da warvweren, iovane episkoposman qalaqisa petronisagan

qveynisagan megrelTaisa xeli movawere~.
V saukunisaTvis Cvens mier `samxreT egrisad~ wodebuli qveynebis erTi didi
nawili ukve dapyrobili iyo bizantiis mier da mimdinareobda omi meore nawilis
dasapyrobad, romelsac, cxadia, Tavisi etapebi hqonda. dapyrobili nawili bizantias
ukve aRar ainteresebda, mas saxelic Seucvala-pontosa da bizantiur, anu romaul
armeniaSi Seiyvana administraciulad,
hyavda Tavisi `mefe~,

mxolod dasapyrobad gamzadebul lazikas

bizantiis gavlenis qveS myofi piri,

Cans,

omi Tavisufal

lazebTan arc ise advili aRmoCnda, amitomac bizantia wasula daTmobaze da molaparakeba dauwyia gubaz I-Tan, raTa dadgeniliyo sazRvari dapyrobil da daupyrobel

lazikas Soris,

anu bizantiasa da Tavisufal

sazRvrad dadgenila xufaTis cixe,

lazikas Soris. aseT

romelic Woroxis SesarTavsa da trapizons

Soris zRvispiras arqabes siaxloves mdebareobda. xufaTsa da Woroxs Sua qveyana

gansazRvrulad lazika iyo. xufaTis cixe _ viTarca sazRvari saberZneTsa da qarTul
qveyanas Sua ixsenieba `daniel mesvetis cxovrebaSi~,
stumrobaa aRwerili. aq aRwerilia is molaparakeba,

sadac gubaz I-is wmidanTan

romelic gaimarTa imperator

leonsa da gubaz mefes Soris. m. berZniSvili wers _ `daniel mesvetis cxovreba~ axal
Strixebs hmatebs kolxeT-bizantiis urTierTobas. aq Cven Semdegs vkiTxulobT _
`aqunda orTave amaT mefeTa sauravi raime qveyanaTa dawynarebisaTvis da zRvarTa
ganyofisa: sadamdis ars saberZneTisa anu megrelTaTa, afxazeTis samefoisa... dadves
sazRvar cixe xufaTi da aRuTqves urTierTas mSvidoba da siyvaruli amisiTa (daniel
mesvetis) sityviTa~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fasisis istoriisTvis, gv. 82).
226

imperator leonsa da gubaz I-s Soris molaparakebebis Sedegad sazRvrad

bizantiasTan dadgenila cixe xufaTisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom gubazs am `cxovrebaSi~
ewodeba `mefe afxazTa Robazion~. ratom afxazTa? albaT, am cxovrebis qarTulad
Targmnis dros `lazTa mefis~ Sesaxeb informacia ar arsebobda, magram radganac
saqme exeboda `xufaTs~,

romelic imJamad afxazeTis samefoSi Sedioda,

gubazi

miiCnies `afxazTa mefed~. gubazs da leons erTmaneTis samefoTa Soris jer

gaurkveviaT `sadamdis ars (sazRvari) saberZneTisa anu megrelTa da afxazTa samefoisa~.
xufaTis adgilsamyofeli cnobilia. is trapizonsa da Woroxis SesarTavs
Suaa. aq gadioda sazRvari `saberZneTis, anu megrelTa afxazTa samefoisa~, sazRvari
gadebulia `megrelTa~ qveyanaSi, romelic xufaTTan mdebareobda, radganac lazikas
`megrelTa sofeli~ erqva, Sesabamisad, xufaTTan mdebareobda lazika, anu gubazis
samefo da misi samxreTi sazRvari, xolo Crdilo sazRvari imJamindeli Tavisufali lazikisa unda vivaraudoT md. Woroxis SesarTavis regionSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mefe gubazi yofila Rrmad morwmune qristiani, is roca
imperatorma leonma miiyvana daniel mesvetis winaSe _ `ixila ra ucxo igi xilva
da moqalaqeoba angelozebrivi,
gmadlob Sen meufeo caTao,

Robazianos davarda pirsa zeda Tvissa da Tqva:

rameTu qveyanisa mefisa mier,

didTa sakvirvelTa

xilvad Rirs myav me, mona Seni da maCvene, romel ara sada menaxa qveyanasa zeda~ (iqve,
gv. 83).
ase rom, xufaTi imJamad gadaiqca sazRvrad Tavisufal da bizantiur lazikas
Soris, xufaTis qvemoT trapezuntisaken iyo ukve imperiis mier aTvisebuli lazika,
xolo mis zemoT Woroxis SesarTavisaken Tavisufali lazika. xufaTi gadaqceula
saqarTvelo-bizantiis sazRvrad. is WaneTis arqabes CrdiloeTiT,

zRvispiras

aSenebuli cixe-simagre yofila.

vaxuStis cnobiT imperators klarjeTis erisTav guaramisaTvis kurapalatis
didi bizantiuri pativi miuniWebia. klarjeTis erisTavi Semdgom imperators iberiis
samefo taxtze auyvania, berZnuli kulturis gavlenis qveS myof klarjeTidan
Camosul qarTlis axali mefe Tavis uzenaes `mefed~ cnobda bizantiis imperators, Tavis Tavs ki mis `kurapalatad~,

vaxuStis azriT, is taxtze keisarma

iustinem aiyvana. mas safuZveli Cauyria mcxeTis jvrisTvis (samSvildis saZirkveli,

adreve Cayrila, am guarams albaT kedlebi amouzidavs).

d. xoStarias wignis `klarjeTis eklesiebi

da monastrebi 1 ~ mimoxilva
n. maris azriT, VI s-Si klarjeTSi masiurad Casaxlda somxuri mosaxleoba,
ramac gamoiwvia adgilobrivi qarTuli (e.w. ivero-Wanuri) mosaxleobis armenizacia
_ gasomxeba. am Tavisi mosazrebis damadasturebel wyarod miiCnia somexi mema-

2005 we ls g amom ceml oba artan ujma mzi s Suqze gamo itana xel ovne baTm codn e daviT

xoStarias monografia klarjeTis xuroTmoZRvrebas rom Seexeba - ~klarjeTis eklesiebi

da monastrebi~.

227

tianis hovan mamikonianis Txzuleba, romelSic VII s. dasawyisis ambebia aRwerili.

pavle ingoroyvam gamoikvlia es naSromi da daaskvna, rom klarjeTi (da tao) am
naSromebSi moixsenieba rogorc `iverTa qveyana~ da misi mTavaria `iverTa mTavari~,
xolo `somexTa e.w. migraciuli moZraobis Sesaxeb~ aq arc pirdapir da arc
iribad araferia naTqvami (p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 422-426).
d. xoStarias Secdoma,

romelzec Semdgom agebs mTel Tavis wigns,

esaa

Semdegi:
d. xoStaria faqtobrivad eTanxmeba n. mars, klarjeTSi somxuri mosaxleobis
cxovrebis Sesaxeb (Tumca aseTi Tvalsazrisi uaryo p. ingoroyvam). d. xoStaria
miiCnevs,

rom klarjeTis somxuri mosaxleoba

`gaqarTvelda~ (n. maris azriT,

somxebis gaqarTveleba klarjeTSi daiwyo VIII-IX s-dan,

misgan gansxvavebiT,

d.

xoStarias azriT, klarjiTis somxebis gaqarTveleba daiwyo VI s-dan). d. xoStarias

Teoriuli sayrdenia e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria, ufro sworad, am gabatonebul
Teorias d. xoStariam Tavi ver aarida,
koreqtirebas. misi azriT,

Tumca cdilobs n. maris msjelobaTa

TiTqosda klarjeTSi migrirebulma somxurma

mosaxleobam mTeli klarjeTis qarTveloba ki ar gaasomxa VI-VII ss-Si (rogorc

fiqrobda n. mari), aramed piriqiT, es somxebi (klarjeTSi migrirebulebi VI sSi) _ gaqarTveldnen. rogorc n. mari,

ise d. xoStaria klarjeTSi eZeben da

pouloben somxur nakvalevs. Tavis wyarod d. xoStaria asaxelebs prokofi kesariels (d. xoStaria -klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi,

2005 w. gv. 21).

sinamdvileSi is cdeba.
prokofi kesariels araferi uweria klarjeTSi somxuri mosaxleobis
cxovrebis Sesaxeb. d. xoStaria, ise, rogorc sxva zogierTi mkvlevari, arasworad aanalizeben prokofi kesarielis cnobebs. Tumca iqve aRniSnaven,
maincadamainc kargad arc esmiT prokofis cnobebi, kerZod,
`und a i Tqvas,

rom maT

d. xoStaria wers:

ro m pro kofis cn obebi samxreT kavkasiis mo saxleobis

Sesaxeb zogjer cota bundovania da Zneli gasagebia,

romeli tomi sad

cxovrobs~ (d. xoStaria, gv. 21).

prokofi kesarieli baton d. xoStariasTvis `Znelad gasagebia~, miuxedavad
amisa TiTqosda prokofize dayrdnobiT gaakeTa Zalze mcdari daskvna _ `garkveul
periodSi klarjeTSi, rogorc Cans, marTlac gaCnda somxuri mosaxleoba,
maT aq yofnas 530-40-ian wlebSi adasturebs prokofi kesarieli,
`go TebTan o mSi~ wer s,

rom aTin as,

aRmarTuli mTebis gadaRma,

romelic

arqabesa da afsarosis marjvniv

iberiis sazRvramde,

persarmenebi da armenebi cxovroben (georgika,

bizantiis qveSevrdomi
II,

1965,

gv. 123-125),

(d.

xoStaria -klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, 2005gv. 21).

sinamvileSi, prokofi kesarieli gulisxmobs Woroxis xeobis marjvniv,
arsianis qedis gadaRma ZiriTadad dvinis sanaxebisaken mcxovreb armenebsa da
persarmenebs. ase rom,

isini cxovrobdnen ara klarjeTSi,

aramed klarjeTis

marjvniv mTian platoze.

prokofis cudad gagebis Sedegad miRebuli sakuTari daskvna klarjeTSi
somxebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb iqca d. xoStarias wignis erT-erT laitmotivad.
228

magaliTad,

igi wers: _ `me mgonia,

rom somxebi klarjeTSi ZiriTadad

Casaxldnen IV s-is bolosa da gansakuTrebiT V saukuneSi,

safiqrebelia,

isini wamovidnen centraluri da aRmosavleT somxeTidan~ (d. xoStaria,

gv. 22). Tavis am araswor Teorias d. xoStaria araferze agebs, mas amis damamtkicebeli
araviTari wyaro ar gaaCnia. mxolod varaudobs, rom Tuki somxebi Znelbedobis
Jams, somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT, afarebdnen `taos, klarjeTis mezobel mTian
mxares~,

amitomac isini klarjeTSic masiurad cxovrobdnen. es n. maris

Tvalsazrisis damtkicebis mcdelobaa (d. xoStaria -klarjeTis eklesiebi

da monastrebi,

2005 w. gv. 22).

d. xoStaria kidev erT usafuZvlo daskvnas akeTebs prokofi kesarielis

araswori gagebis gamo: `somxebi aqtiurad Candnen klarjeTis politikur cxovrebaSi,
rac aisaxa kidec prokofi kesarielis zemoTmotanil cnobaSi~ (d. xoStaria klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi,

2005 w. gv. 22) araferi msgavsi prokofis

ar uweria.
d. xoStaria prokofis vergagebis Sedegad mainc mivida daskvnamde, TiTqosda
arsebobda aseTi mosaxleoba _ `klarjeTis somxoba~ da wers: _ `ueWvelia, V-VI
ss-Si intensiurad mimdinareobda klarjeTis somxobi s mkvidr mosaxleobasTan daaxloebis procesi~ _ d. xoStarias es azri arafers eyrdnoba. is
ganagrZobs: `mcirericxovanma somxebma ki ar gaasomxes klarjeTis mTeli
qarTveluri mosaxleoba, aramed Tavad ganicades misi eTnokulturuli gavlena~
(d. xoStaria, gv. 22).
maSasadame, misi azriT, klarjeTSi moxda somxebis gaqarTveleba.
oh, es tkbili `qarTizacia _ gaqarTvelebis ~rusul-komunisturi Teoria! qarTveli mecnierebi Tavs ver ixsnian da ver gamodian niko maris
SemuSavebuli sqemebidan. d. xoStarias somxebis `gaqarTvelebis~ (oRond VVI ss-Si) Teoria prokofis cudad gagebis Sedegia.
d. xoStaria sabolood akeTebs aseT grandiozul daskvnas: `n. maris mosazreba,
TiTqos klarjeTis somxo bis qarTizacia mxolod VIII saukunis SuaxanebSi
daiwyo da lamis XI saukunemde gagrZelda, aSkarad mcdaria. sinamdvileSi, es
procesi daiwyo Zalian adre da arsebiTad dasrulda ukve VII s. bolos.
ra Tqma unda, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom calkeul soflebSi Tu TemebSi
somxebs amis Semdgomac karga xans SeenarCunebinaT eTnikuri warmomavlobis
mimaniSnebeli elementebi (Tundac sasaubro ena),
sxvebi miiCnevdnen maT ucxo tomad,

magram amis gamo arc

arc TviTon aRiqvamdnen Tavs gansx-

vavebulad, maTi TviTidentifikacia igive iyo, rac sakuTriv qarTvelebisa~

(d. xoStaria, gv. 23).
aseTi msjeloba absurdis msgavsia, e.i. klarjeTSi somxebi saubroben somxuri
eniT, ician, rom somxebi arian, magram `qarTvelebs~ uwodeben TavianT Tavs. d.
xoStarias mier mowvdili es TiTqosda `axali azri~ igivea, rac n. maris gavleniT
gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi Tanamedrove somxur istoriografiaSi, rom TiTqosda
qarTveli moRvaweebi samxreT saqarTvelodan, vTqvaT, Tornike erisTavi, ioane da
eqvTime mTawmindelebi da sxvebi eTnikuri somxebi iyvnen,
229

oRond TavianTi

Tavi `qarTvelebad~ miaCndaT. Sesabamisad,

arqiteqturac somxuri warmomavlobisad

klarjeTisa da taos kultura da

miaCniaT.

ase rom, d. xoStaria Tavisi kvleviT, warmoCnda, rogorc n. maris mowafe,

magram man, wyaro ver moZebna mosazrebebis dasadastureblad. d. xoStarias mier
wyarod dasaxelebuli prokofi kesarieli, cxadia, arafers wers klarjeTSi
somxebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb. ase rom, prokofis damowmeba am SemTxvevaSi vfiqrob,
arasworia.

Tavi V
(dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio
iurisdiqciisaTvis)
sarapana da skanda
sad mdebareobda straboniseuli sarapana (Sorapani)

sarapanas adgilmdebareobis garkvevas upirvelesi mniSvneloba saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis gamorkvevisaTvis.
XX s. 20-30-iani wlebis Semdeg qarTul istoriografiaSi Camoyalibda
Tvalsazrisi,
Sorapani,

rom strabonisa da berZnuli wyaroebis `sarapana~-aris punqti

amJamindel q. zestafonTan axlos ZirulasTan,

miCneva rom aqve

gadioda iberiis sazRvari. Sesabamisad, qarTuli (mcxeTis) eklesiis iurisdiqcia

(uZvelesi xanidan vidre IX-X ss-mde) TiTqosda mxolod aqamde aRwevda.
aseT Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli wyaroebis,

aseve saeklesio

krebebis (mag. ruis-urbnisis krebis) Tvalsazrisi, rom daarsebisas, wmida ninos

epoqidanve qarTuli eklesi is iur isdiqcii s sazRvari aRwevda ar a Tu
Sor apnamde, ar amed Sav zRvamde da md . egrisw ylamde, sadac amave qarTuli
wyaroebis cnobiT mefe mirianis dros aRwevda qarTlis (iberiis) samefos
Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari.
berZnul-romauli wyaroebis cnobiT lazikisa da iberiis sazRvari gadioda
cixe-simagreebze skandasa da sarapanaze.
strabonis sarapana,

rogorc kvlevam aCvena,

sinamdvileSi mdebareobda

Woroxis xeobaSi, xolo skanda iyo arsianis qedis uReltexil kan dridTan
mdebare cixesimagre (misgan arc Tu daSorebiT mdebareobs mTa `kan dili~).
prokofi kesarielis sar apan a d a skand a gan lagebul i i yvn en i seT
maRalmTian adgil ebSi ,
mosaval i

sadac arc venaxi

modio da.
230

xarobda d a arc sxva raime

SevadaroT _ rogorc iTqva, Tanamedrove Sor apan i ar is zRvis doni dan

170 m si maRleze,

misi cixis garSemo vrcel regionSi ayvavebuli baRebi da

venaxis plantaciebia, yvela aqaur mosaxles aqvs ezoSi vazi da xexili, aq modis
yvelanairi mosavali. sabWoTa epoqaSi, enciklopediis mixedviT, SorapanSi iyo
mevenaxeobis kolmeurneoba, xolo, rac Seexeba skandas, is miCneul iqna Terjolis
sofel skanded. skande,

so feli Terjolis rai onSi zRvi s do nidan imave

170 metr simaRlezea. esaa vake ad gili . aqac yovel gvar i mo savali mod i s.
prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, `sarapanisi da misi mezobeli skandis cixesimagre lazebma didi gaWirvebiT aaSenes~ (omi goTebTan, VIII, 13). maSasadame,
sarapanisi da skanda erTmaneTTan axlos mdebareoben,
iyvnen,

magram,

rogorc viciT,

urTierTmezoblebi

Terjolis raionSi mdebare skande da ze-

stafonis Sorapani _ erTmaneTisagan sakmao manZiliT arian daSorebulni.

amasTanave,

isini erT gzaze ar mdebareoben. aRsaniSnavia, rom Terjolis

sofel skandes araferi akavSirebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gadasasvlelebTan

imereTis skande da Sorapani `saqarTvelos geografiuli

atlasis~ (1992) mixedviT `subtropikebis zonaSi~ mdebareoben
imereTis Sorapani mdebareobs q. zestafonTan, xolo skande Tavisi cixiT,
Terjolis raionSia. `saqarTvelos geografiuli atlasis (1992)~ orografiuli
rukis mixedviT (gv. 7), Terjolisa da zestafonis raionebi mdebareoben `mTaTaSoris vake-dabl obze~ zRvis donidan 200 metr amde simaRleze.
amave, saqarTvelos geografiuli atlasis `soflis meurneobis~ rukis mixedviT
(gv. 21) imereTis skande da Sorapani mdebareoben `specializebul zonaSi~,
r omel Si c gan vi Tar ebul i a - `mevenaxeoba _ mexi leoba,

mesimi nd eo ba,

nawilobriv meCaieoba~ (gv. 21).

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Cveni TemisaTvis,

vfiqrob,

aris am atlasis

ruka _ `bunebrivi zonebi~ (saqarTvelos geografiuli atlasi, 1992, gv.16).

am rukis mixedviT imereTi s skande da Sorapani mdebar eobs `no tio
subtropikebis~ zonaSi,

romelic asea daxasiaTebuli _ `gorak-borcviani

mTiswinebi, farTofoTlovani tyeebiT~, (gv. 16).

ase, rom imereTis skande da Sorapani zRvis donidan daaxloebiT 200 metr
simaRleze mdebareoben, notio subtropikul zonaSi, mevenaxeobis, mexileobis,
mesimindeobis regionSi. es suraTi ki saerTod ar Seesabameba prokofi kesarieli s mier aRweril cnobas,
mTa_kldovan regionSi,
maRla,

romlis skan d a da sar apan a md ebar eo ben

Zalze maRal simaRleze zRvis donidan,

rom iq ar modioda araviTari marcvleuli,

imdenad

Sesabamisad iq arc

meven axeoba d a mexileo ba iyo ganviTarebuli.

daskvna _ sxvaa imereTis skande da Sorapani da sul sxvaa prokofi
kesarielis skanda da sarapana. isini sxvadasxva regionebSi mdebareobd231

nen. pirvelni notio subtropikebis mTiswinebSi,

meoreni ki maRalmTis

alpur an subalpur zonebSi

straboni wers _ `armeniaSi erTis mxriv bevri mTaa, meores mxriv _ zegnebi,
romlebzedac vazic ki ar xarobs advilad~ (straboni XIV, 4).
maSasadame vazi, ar xarobs maRalmTianeTis zegnebSi, amitom prokofis aRwera,
rom sarapansa da skandeSi vazi ar xarobs, imas miuTiTebs, rom isini maRalmTianeTis
regions da ara subtropikul zonas miekuTvnebodnen samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

venaxis plantaciebi SorapanTan

prokofis aRweriT, rogorc iTqva, sarapanaSi ar xarobda venaxi, maSasadame
es punqti maRal mTianeTSi mdebareobda.
zestafonis Sorapani,

SeiZleba iTqvas, meRvineobisa da Rvinis kulturis

erTerTi centria. me bedniereba mqonda TiTqmis mTeli bavSvoba iqve axlos s.

kldeeTSi gametarebina da vici Tu rogor asxamdnen `sapalneebiT~ Rvinos qvevrebSi
aqauri meRvineebi da smisa da Rvinis moxmarebis ra didi kultura hqondaT da
aqvT.
ara mxolod zRvis donidan 170 metr simaRleze mdebare Sorapani, romelic
venaxebSia Cafluli, aramed sagangebod davaTvaliere suramis uReltexilis soflebi yvelaze maRla mdebarenic ki,

SroSidan vertyviWalamde da ufro maRla,

yvelgan SesaniSnavad xarobs venaxi, amis TvaliT naxva advili SesaZlebelia, miT
umetes TiTqmis vakeze,

odnav SemaRlebulze mdebare SorapanSi,

aq Tu daTesav

xorbalic mova da sxva nebismieri kultura. prokofi aseT sarapanas ar aRwers. misi
sarapana mkacri kldovani masivebis qveyanaa, aseTi ki klarjeTia, rogorc iTqva,
qarTveli sasuliero mamebis aRweriT nakleb mosavliani,

magram wyaluxvi da

havamargebeli. sarapana unda yofiliyo sadRac artaan-arTvinis gzaze.

lixis qedze, Sorapan-xaSuris gzaze, yvela sofelSi xarobs venaxi.
venaxi xarobs sof. saqasriaSi lixis qedis maRal sofelSi,

aseve,

mimdebare

gzispira soflebSi _ vertyviWalaSi, gedsamaniaSi, ufro maRla, xuneTSi, xevSi da

maRla.
ase,

rom Sorapnis irgvliv maRali mTebis soflebSic ki venaxi xarobs,

maSasadame, Sorapanis realoba ar Seesabameba prokofis mier aRweril sarapanas.

sarapana da Sorapani g. grigolias mixedviT

Cvens mecnierebaSi damkvidrebulia Tvalisazrisi, rom strabonisa da prokofi

kesarielis mier naxsenebi punqti `sarapana~ aris dRevandeli Sorapani zestafonTan, rac g. grigolias kvlevis Tanaxmad saeWvoa. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc aRmoCnda
`sarapana~ erqva mniSvnelovan gzaze arsebul mgzavrTa mosasvenebel pun232

qts,

TavSesafars,

romelic saWiroebis mixedviT SesaZloa cixe-simagrec

yofiliyo an ubralo nageboba,

zogjer ki sofelic. Tu es asea,

maSin

saqarTvelos gzebze ara erTi, aramed ramdenime `sarapana~ unda yofiliyo.

erTerTi, magaliTad, XV saukunis monacemebis mixedviT iyo guriaSi da mas saxelad
erqva `Sorapani~. g. grigolias dakvirvebiT

`pan~ fuZis mqone aseTi saxelebi

ramdenime yofila. is wers - Sorapani (sarapana) aris sparsuli warmomavlobis

sityva, rac niSnavs damcvels (pana) `pana~, da miRebulia Ziridan pa - `pa~ - dacva,
romelsac emateba sufiqsi ana - `ana~. amgvarad nawarmoebi sparsuli sityvebia:
asapana (cxenis damcveli), kaurapana (saqonlis damcveli), karapara (xalxis, jaris
damcveli) da sxva. is uTiTebs Teo CxeiZis wigns `narkvevebi iranuli onomastikidan~ (1984). v. goilaZis mosazrebiTac Sorapani - sparsuli saxelia - `Sahraban~,
rac niSnavs qveynis damcvels. maSasadame, sarapan-Sahraban - qveynis damcveli, anu
adgilis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, gzis damcveli cixe-simagrea. rogorc aRiniSna, g.
grigolias kvleviT `pan~ Ziriani toponimebi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad `mTavari
sagzao magistralebis gaswvriv arian ganlagebulni, rac am adgilebSi odesRac
mgzavrTa mosasvenebeli TavSesafrebis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs (g. grigolia, egrislazikis samefo,

gv. 102). aseTi adgilebia japani (lanCxuTis raionSi),

ispani -

(qobuleTTan), pantura - (cixisZirTan), pantura - (sarfTan), pantura - (xofasTan)

da panuri rizesTan (iqve, gv. 102).
maSasadame, ar aris savaldebulo, rom strabonis mier naxsenebi sarapana
is punqti iyos, romelsac miuTiTebs prokofi kesarieli, radganac `sar apan e bi ~ mr aval i y o fi l a ( Tv i T Sua sau kun eeb i s saq ar T vel o Si c r a md en i me `So r apan i ~ i yo ). prokofis sarapana fasisis marjvena sanapiros
qveyanaSi mdebareobda iberiis sazRvarTan. sparsel-romaelTa omebis dros
mniSvnelovani cixe-simagre,
fazi si er qva md . W o r oxs,

radganac am periodSi,

g. grigolias azriT

sar apan ac mi s mar jvn i v - i ber i i s sazRvar Tan

un d a veZ i o T ar taan -ar Tvi n i s gzaze r ad gan ac pr oko fi s mi er n axsen ebi

i ber i a - ar taan - ko l as qvey an asac mo i cavd a.

sarapanebi

darios I-is dros mowesrigda gzebi, sadac `mefis SikrikebisaTvis yovel 30 kmSi specialuri safosto sadgurebi daidga~ (darCiaSvili)
am `safosto sadgurebs~ _ CvenSi moixsenebdnen sparsuli sityviT- `sarapana~Sorapani.
sparseTis imperiis gzebze sarapanebi (Sorapanebi) unda mdgariyvnen yovel 30
km-Si. aRsaniSnavia, rom sigrZis sazomi erTeuli `erTi dRis gza~ udrida 20-30
kilometrs, maSasadame yoveli erTi dRis gzis gavlis Semdeg mgzavrs daxvdeboda
sastumros msgavsi TavSesafari anu `sarapana~.
amJamindeli suram-baTumis gzaze istoriulad unda yofiliyo ramdenime `sa233

rapana~ _ Sorapani, aseve artaan-baTumis gzaze unda yofiliyo ramdenime sarapana

_ Sorapani. Aam mizezis gamo saqarTveloSi iyo ramdenime `Sorapani~:
1) zestafonTan;
2) XVI s-Si guriaSi ozurgeTTan. es kargad Cans `saqarTvelos istoriis
atlasis~ (2003 w.), gv. 45-is mixedviT (`saqarTvelo XVI s. meore naxevarSi~). punqti
Sorapani atlasis 45-e gverdze dabeWdil rukaze moTavsebulia ozurgeTsa da aWs
Soris.
3) Sorapani iyo aspinZasTan - `aspinZis xevis saTavezed,

mTis ZirSi,

ars

Sorapanis monasteri srulad sofiis kenWiT aw calieri~ (vaxuStis geografia,

1842, broses gamocemuli, gv. 385).
4) amave fuZis matarebelni unda iyvnen sityvebi - `sarfi~ /punqti baTumTan/ da
`arfali~/punqti arTvin artaanis gzaze/.
`arfali~ _ sofeli Tanamedrove SavSeTSi artanujis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT
20-25 km manZilze, arsianis qedTan axlos q. SavSeTisa da q. artaanis SemaerTebel
gzasTan 3-4 km. manZilze.
Sorapani (zestafonTan) da strabonis sarapana ori sxvadasxva punqti unda
yofiliyo, ara Tu isini, sxvadasxva punqtebi unda yofiliyvnen strabonis sarapana
da prokofis sarapana: YOF
1) strabonis mixedviT, fasisi sanaosno iyo sarapanamde, maSasadame strabonis
sarapana mdinaris pirzea, misgan gansxvavebiTprokofis sarapana ara mdinaris napiras aramed maRal mTaSi mdebareobda.pirveli iberias oTxi dRis savali gziT iyo
daSorebuli, meore ki iberiis sazRvarTan idga.
2) plinius ufrosis mixedviT `md. fasisi sanaosnoa 38 500 nabijis manZilze~
(ix. Cemi `ena~, gv. 25). esaa daaxloebiT 30Hm; maSasadame strabonis sarapana zRvas 30
kilometriT iyo daSorebuli. Tu sarapana Sorapania zestafonTan, maSin Sorapani
zRvas daSorebuli unda yofiliyo H"30 km-iT.
straboni wers: -`kolxeTis gamagreba _ sarapanebi~; is mravlobiT ricxvSi
axsenebs `sarapanebs~. marTlac,

g. grigolias kvleviT `sarapana~ iyo mgzavrebi-

saTvis gankuTvnili TavSesafari punqti, romelnic mravlad iyvnen did gzebze.

sarapanebi strabonTan erT SemTxvevaSi aris cixe-simagre, romelsac SeuZlia
mTeli qalaqis mosaxleobis dateva (XI, II, 17), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, aris xeobagamagreba iberiaSi gadasasvleli.
e.i. strabonTan erT SemTxvevaSi sarapana cixe-simagrea,
rapanebi~ ki gamagrebaa iberiis uReltexilTan,

meored _ `sa-

am meore sarapanas axsenebs

pr okofi.
strabonisa da prokofi kesarielis `sarapana~ (Sorapani) aRniSnulis gamo, ar
unda daukavSirdes erTmniSvnelovnad zestafonis axlos mdebare punqts Sorapans.
garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia pliniusis cnoba, rom afsarosTan axlos _
`aqve mTebs iqiT aris iberia~. amitomac lazikidan iberiaSi gadasasvleli, romelic
gadioda cixe-simagre sarapan-Sorapanze, SesaZloa iyos afsarosTan axlos mdebare
klarjeT artaans Soris mdebare arsianis qedi (olqi iberiaSi Semavali) da ara
afsarosidan Zalze daSorebuli zestafonis Sorapani.

234

straboni (XI,

II,

17) sarapanas Sesaxeb

`rac Seexeba danarCen kolxidas,

misi didi nawili zRvazea ganlage-

buli. kolxidaze gadis fazisi - didi mdinare, romlis saTave

armeniaSia is

iRebs mdinareebis glavkisa da hi ppis wylebs romelTa saTaveebic mezobel

mTebSia. fasisi gemTmavalia

sarapanamde - simagremde,

romelsac SeuZlia

mTeli qalaqis mosaxleobac ki daitios. aqedan gamavali gziT midian kiramde

(mtkvramde) 4 dReSi.
md. fazisze aris imave saxelis qalaqi - kolxebis savaWro centri,

erTi

mxridan SemozRuduli mdinariT, meoridan - tbiT, mesamidan ki - zRviT. aqedan

amisamde da sinopamde curvas 2-3 dRe sWirdeba imis gamo,

rom zRvispirze miwa

rbilia da mdinareebis SesarTavebSi Waobiania.

qveyana SesaniSnavia ara mxolod nayofiT (Taflis garda (romelic ZiriTadad mwarea).savsea yovelive imiT, rac gemTmSeneblobisaTvis aris saWiro). is
amzadebs bevr xe-tyes da acurebs mdinareebze.
mcxovreblebi amzadeben bevr selis tilos... adgilobrivi selis qsovilebi
farTodoac kia cnobili, marTlac maT qsovilebi gaaqvT ucxo qveynebSic... mosxebis qveyanaSi aRniSnuli mdinareebis maRla aris friqses mier dafuZnebuli
levdoTeas samlocvelo da frikses orakuli, sadac ar iwireba cxvari.~ (straboni, XI, II, 17)
Cveni kvleviT strabonis fazisi Woroxia, romlis saTave imJamad armeniis mier
iyo xeldebuli, sarapana imJamad SesaZloa arTvins erqva. aqedan artanuj-artaanis
gziT iberiamde anu kola-artaanis regionamde (e.i. mtkvaramde) misvla fexiT oTx
dReSi amJamadacaa SesaZlebeli. kola-artaan-SavSeTi amave dros mesxeTis mTiani
regionia, romlis qvemoTac Woroxi miedineba Tavisi SenakadebiT. maSasadame am mdinareebis maRla mesxeTia. Aaqedac

Cans, rom strabonis cnobebi Woroxis regions

Seesabameba.

sarapanasTan fazisi swrafi da xmauraa, xolo SorapanTan

mdinareebi mdore da uxmauroa

strabonis cnobiT, sarapanasTan fazisi aris swrafi da xmaura (straboni, XI,

III,

4). is wers iberiaSi aris oTxi Sesasvleli - `erTi aris kolxur cixe-

simagre Sorapanze da masTan arsebul viwroebze,

momdinareobs,

romlebzedac fazisi

swrafi da xmaura miemarTeba kolxidaSi,

romelzedac 120

xidiT gadaisvleba~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 128).

straboni garkveviT miuTiTebs,

rom sarapanasTan fazisi aris `swrafi da

235

xmaura~, rom iqve e.i. SorapanTan axlo-maxlo masze 120 xidia gadebuli, radganac
`es adgilebi sul daxrulia mravali nakadulebiT~ (iqve,

gv. 128).

aris Tu ara realurad Tanamedrove Sorapanadan mdinare rioni `swrafi da

xmaura~,

anda aris Tu ara es adgilebi `daxruli mravali nakadulebiT~,

ara,

msgavsi araferia zestafonis SorapanTan. masTan gaedineba ara rioni,

anda

yvirila aramed Zirula. amJamad miiCneva, rom Zirula iyo saTave md. fazisisa,
vTqvaT, es marTlac asea da straboni Sorapnis Zirulas miiCnevda mdinare fazisad,
aris Tu ara is `swrafi da xmaura~? ara, SorapanTan mdinare Zirula arc Cqaria da
arc xmaura, ara Tu Cqari, SorapanTan Zirula aris mdore, sarkuli zedapiris mqone,
sruliad uxmauro, radganac SorapanTan is vake adgilze mimdinareobs. amasTanave,
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom SorapanTan Zirula aris wyalmcire,
denad Txeli mdinarea,

im-

rom masze navi ver imoZravebs. kargi gagebiT is

nakadulia. Sorapnis qvemoT zestafonis Tavze Zirula yvirlas uerTdeba

aseve vake adgilas. iqneb yvirilaa swrafi da xmaura iq? ara,
uxmauro,

mdore,

yvirilac

vakis wyalia am mdgilas da saerTod zestafonidan

r io namd e md o red da uxmaur od mied in eba. pli n iusi s cn o bi T fazi si s

SesarTavi dan sar apanamde 37500 n abijia anu 30-40 km iyo. realurad ki
Tanamedrove Sorapnidan foTamde 137 kilometria. saerTod rionis yvela
Senakadi quTaisidanac foTamde mdorea!

strabonis sarapanidan oTxi dRis gzaa

fexiT iberiamde

sxvaa strabonis mier aRwerili sarapana da sxvaa prokofi kesarielis mier

aRwerili.
pirvelis (strabonis) mixedviT md. fasisis SesarTavidan vidre sarapanamde
(fasisze mdebare qalaqamde) aRma curva SesaZlebela (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis
geografia,

gv. 123). sarapanadan iberiamde oTxi dRis gzaa fexiT. maSasadame

strabonis sarapana daSorebulia iberias da mdinareze mdebareobs.

prokofi kesarielis sarapana

iberiis sazRvarzea,

maRal mTaSia,

sadac

mosavali ar modis, sasapalne saqonliTac ver axval, aramed fexiT.

ratomaa Zvel avtorTa Soris aseTi gansxvaveba sarapanas mdebareobasTan
dakavSirebiT? rogorc iTqva, amis mizezs gvixsnis g. grigolia. man gamoikvlia,
rom sityva `sarapana~ sparsuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs gzaze mdebare sagangebo
adgils mgzavrebis mosasveneblad, is garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad, erT SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba iyos gzaze mdebare cixe-simagre, qalaqi anda punqti.
maSasadame saerTaSoriso gzaze mravali sarapana SeiZleba yofiliyo. strabonis dros is mdinarispira qalaqs erqva,
gzaze mdebare cixes.
236

prokofis dros ki iberia-lazikis

Cveni kvleviT md. fazisi istoriul xanaSi erqva mdinare Woroxs.

Woroxi sanaosno mdinare iyo uZvelesi xanidan XX saukunis 20-ian
wlebamde. g. yazbegi,

d. baqraZe,

e. veidenbaumi da sxvani dabejiTebiT

mi uTiTeben mdi nare Wo ro xze savaWr o-sasaqonl o naosn obis Sesaxeb. am

mdinariT yarsidan da javaxeTidan xorbali CahqondaT SavizRvispira portebSi,
da piriqiT baTumidan arTvinisaken navebiT mohqondaT navTi,

marili da

farTleuli qsovilebi. am mdinariT arTvinidan baTumamde aseve CahqondaT

xe-tyis daxerxili masala, kramiti, selis nawarmi da sxva. Woroxze arsebobda
navmisadgomebi, navTsamSeneblo sawarmoebi, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi xeloba
naosnoba iyo, amitomac vfiqrob rom strabo ni seul i sarapana ari s ar Tvin i,
xo l o pr o ko fi seul i sar ap an a md ebar eo bd a ar Tvi Tn -ar taan i s Semaer Tebel saer TaSo r i so gzaze ar si an i s uRel texi l ze. unda vifiqroT
da masStabebic amas aCvenebs,

rom fexi T ar Tvi n i d an ( str abo n i s sar a-

pan i d an) vi d r e i ber iamd e an u ar si an i s qed i s gavl i T mtkvr amd e o Txi

d Ri s saval i gza i yo .
sigrZis erTeuli saxelwodebiT-`erTi dRis gza fexiT~ iyo daaxloebiT
17-20 km. Sesabamisad 4 dRis gza daaxloebiT 80 kilometria. marTlac daaxloebiT amdenivea manZili arTvinidan artanujamde,

romlis siaxlovesac

mtkvari miedineba.

straboni (XI,

II,

18) mesxeTis sam nawilad dayofis

Sesaxeb

`es qveyana Tu raoden cnobili iyo Zvelad gviCveneben miTebi...iasonis laSqrobis Sesaxeb, romelmac midiamde miaRwia, da kidev, friqses ufro adreuli laSqrobis
Sesaxeb. friqsesi,

romlis mefe - memkvidreebi uflobdnen qveyanaze,

romelic

`skeptuxiebad~ iyo dayofili, magram maTi keTildReoba didi ar iyo. roca miTridate evpatoris xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda,

qveyana mis batonobas

daemorCila. mefe mudam agzavnida iq Tavis `megobarTagan~ vinmes Tavis nacvlad an

`mmarTvelad~,

am nacvlebis ricxvSi iyo moaferni - dedaCemis biZa mamamisis

mxridan. am qveynidan mefe iRebda yvelaze met daxmarebas flotis aRsaWuravad.

miTridates Zlierebis damxobis Semdeg mTeli misi saxelmwifo daiSala da dainawila
bevrma mmarTvelma. sabolood kolxida daimorCila polemonma,
Semdeg marTavda misi coli pifodorida,

misi sikvdilis

romelic dedofali iyo kolxebisa,

trapezuntis da farnakiis qalaqebisa da maT zemoT mdebare barbarosTa olqebisa,

romelTac Semdeg SevexebiT. mosxebis qveyana, romelSic siwmide inaxeba iyofa sam
nawilad,

erTi nawili kolxebis xelSia,

meore iberielebisa,

xolo mesames

floben somxebi. iberiaSi aris aseve patara qalaqi (frikses qalaqi) - Tanamedrove
edessa, kargad gamagrebuli punqti kolxidas sazRvarTan. dioskuriadasTan miedineba
mdinare xaresi~.
237

daskvna:

mosxebis is qveyana, romelic sam nawilad iyo gayofili (kolxTa, iberTa da

somexTa Soris) aris istoriuli mesxeTi (samcxedan-basianamde) da ara

imereTi

(argveTi), rogorc amJamad miiCneva istorikosTa mier. kolxur mesxeTSi anu kolxebis
nawil mesxeTSi mdebareobdnen sarapana da skanda (da ara zestafonTan).
danawil ebuli mo sxebi s qveyan a ase iyo d ayofi li : artaan -ko la iberi as ekuTvnod a, klarjeTi kolxeTs, xolo tao-basian i armenii s mier i yo
mi tacebuli . sarapan a d a skanda kl ar jeTSi ar sianis maRal qed ze iberi is
sazRvar Tan (e.i.ar taanTan) md ebareobd a.

sarapana _ sarapali,

arfali

s. yauxCiSvilis sityviT, prokofi kesarielis xelnawerebSi `sarapanisis~

nacvlad weria `sarapali~ (georgika, II, gv. 204), s. yauxCiSvils es CauTvlia
Secdomad da mis nacvlad xelnawerebSi aRadgina, misi azriT, swori varianti
`sarapani~. kerZod, prokofi wers _ `radgan ukve zamTris Jami iyo, mermeroem
xis kedeli aago kotaisSi da Caayena iq sparsel meomarTagan sami aTasi kaci.
uqimerionSic datova sakmao xalxi, TviTon ki aaSena lazTa meore cixe, romelsac sarapals eZaxian, romelic zed lazikis sazRvarTan mdebareobs (georgika,
II, gv. 204).
aq yauxCiSvilma, Tavisive ganmartebiT, Secvala sityva `sarapali~ sityviT sarapanisi (gv. 204,

SeniSvna 1). CvenTvis es sityva `sarapali~ imiTaa

saintereso, rom klarjeTSi dResacaa punqti `arfali~, `arpali~, sarapali

da arfali _ TiTqmis erTnairad gamoiTqmeba, mxolod `s~ prefiqsi aris win
damatebuli. Cveni azriT,

klarjeTi iyo is qveyana,

`lazika~-s uwodebdnen. `arfali~,

romelsac berZnebi

dResac sofelia SavSeT-klarjeTSi da

aqvs Tavisi cixe.

skanda

prokofi, rogorc iTqva, aRwers, rom skandas cixe-simagreSi asvla SeiZleba

mxolod fexiT,

aq sakvebi mecixovneebisaTvis ahqondaT ara satvirTo saqonliT,

aramed zurgiT. aq ar modioda arc xorbali da arc Rvino. marTlac Tu rukas

davxedavT artaan-ar Tvi ni s SemaerTebeli gza gadis 2.600 metr simaRlis
uReltexilze, Tanamedrove rukaze aRniSnulia, rom amJamadac aq aris soflebi
kandidi, qinZotamali, rac etimologiurad es dasaxelebebi axloa `skandasTan~.
gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi,

rom sofel qinZ otamalis (igive bagdasenis)

238

sanaxebSi, mis samxreTiT DdaaxloebiT 10 kilometrSi mdebareobs mTa saxelwodebiT `kandili~.misi simaRlea 2412 metri.misi saxelis mixedviT unda
erqvas mTel regions es saxeli-kand,

skanda.

XX s-is istoriografia, rogorc mravaljer iTqva, miiCnevs, rom prokofis

`skanda~ aris imereTSi, Terjolis raionSi mdebare cixe `skande~ _ is mdebareobs
dablobSi,

vakeze,

odnav SemaRlebul adgilze (zRvis donidan 170 m.),

Tanac

aRsaniSnavia, rom skandes cixes mcire borcvs garSemo akravs ayvavebuli venaxebisa
da xexilis plantaciebi. aq modis ara mxolod Rvinis mosavali, aramed naxevrad
subtropikuli mcenareuloba, magaliTad dafna. esaa uxvmosavliani mxare _ maSin
roca arTvin-artaanis `kandidi~ da `qinZotamali~ mdebareoben zRvis donidan
rogorc iTqva TiTqmis 2000-2500 m. simaRleze,

sadac cxadia ar modis yurZeni

RvinisaTvis da xorbali. amitomac daujerebelia,

rom imereTis `skande~ iyos

prokofis skanda, miT umetes rom prokofis skanda mdebareobda lazika-persarmeniis

saerTaSoriso gzaze, suram-Sorapanis damakavSirebel gzasTan imereTis `skandes~
araferi akavSirebs, is am gzidan aTeulobiT kilometriTaa daSorebuli, Tanac
is mdebareobs sul sxva meorexarisxovan gzaze da ara dasavleT-aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos SemaerTebel gzaze. ase,

rom `skandes~ miCneva `skandad~ es aris

xelovnuri mcdeloba.
mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, namonastrali `kandridi~, cixe `qinZi~
_ erTad Tavmoyrilni _ istoriul `skandas~ regionSi
Tanamedrove artanuji artaans uerTdeba saavtomobilo gziT, romlis Sua
monakveTs, arsianis qedis gadakveTis adgils, warmoadgens uReltexili `ialnizCam~ zRvis donidan 2657 metr simaRleze. TviTon gza artanujidan uReltexilamde
faqtiurad gadis uzarmazari qedis ZirSi, romlis mwvervalis simaRle aris 3068
metri zRvis donidan. aRniSnul uReltexilis mimdebare punqtebs sxvadasxva
rukebze ewodeba `kandridi~, `qinZotamali~, iqve axlosaa mwvervali `kandilis~
AsaxelwodebiT.
aRniSnul sityvaTa fuZeebi (kandridi, qinZ, kand da sx.) iZleva safuZvels
vifiqroT, rom berZeni mwerlebis mier naxsenebi cixe-simagre `skanda~, romelic
ise maRla da miudgomel adgilas mdebareobda unayofo regionSi,

rom masze

mxolod zurgiT ahqondaT sursaTi, aris ara imereTis `skande~, aramed arsianis
qedis aRniSnuli uReltexilis gzaze mdebare `kandridi~,

kerZod,

artanuj-

ardaganis saavtomobilo gzaze mdebare arsianis qedis uReltexil `ialnizCam~is maxloblad, rogorc aRiniSna, arsianisave qedze mdebareobs erT-erTi 2412 m
simaRlis mTa (mwvervali) saxelwodebiT `kandili~ (gzidan 15-20 km daSorebiT),
xolo TviT gzaze mdebareobs sofeli `karadjasu~. etimologiurad imiTaa
saintereso es saxelebi, rom isini axloa prokofis mier naxseneb `skandasTan~ _
`skanda~,

`kandili~ (fuZea skand-kand),

amave fuZeTa wres uaxlovdeba `karad~

(karadJasu), amitom safiqrebelia, rom `skandas~ cnobili cixe-simagre swored

Tanamedrove artanuj-ardaganis gzaze mdebareobda,
konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT,

miT umetes,

rom es gza

Xs-Sic saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisa iyo

da is Sav zRvasTan akavSirebda ara mxolod iberias, aramed armeniasac. artanujSi,

239

konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT,

am gziT siriis saqonelic ki Sedioda,

artanujidan Woroxis gziT am saqonels advilad Caitandnen Savi zRviT bizantiaSi.

Aam azrs amtkicebs isic, rom am uReltexilis siaxloves, rogorc iTqva, mdebareobs
kargadSemonaxuli cixesimagre `qinZi~ da sofeli `qinZotamali~, aqvea namonastrali
`kandridi~; e.i. gvaqvs mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, cixe `qinZi~ _ `kandqind~ fuZiT.
artanuj-ardaganis gzaze

2657 metr simaRleze uReltexili ialnizCami

Riaa ivnis-oqtombris TveebSi.

rogorc iTqva,

ialnizCamis axlos,

samxreTiT aris sofeli karadJasu

(daaxloebiT daSorebulia am uReltexilidan 30 km-iT). iqve mdebareobs mwvervali

(zRvis donidan 2412 m) saxelwodebiT

kan dili. es mwvervali ufro axloa

uReltexilidan (misgan odnav samxreT-aRmosavleTiT) daSorebuli daaxloebiT

aseve 20-30 km-iT.
skanda da `kandili~ etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan. `skanda~ erqva arsianis qedze 2700 m. simaRlis mTaze agebul cixe-simagres, romlis mezoblad axlac
arian:

1) qinZis cixe, 2) qinZotamali (sofeli) da 3) monasteri `kandridi~.

kand ridi
skand isi
kinZ otamali
skand a
kand ili
sityvebi s `skand asa~,

`kan dr i di s~ d a `kan d i li s~ fuZ eebi s Ti Tq-

mi s i gi veo ba i Z l eva saSual ebas gamo iTqvas mosazr eba,

r o m skan d a

er qva ar si an i s qed i s ci xes _ ar taan sa ( e.i . i ber i asa) d a ar tan ujs

( e.i .

l azi kas) Sua,

sadac er Tad aa Tavmoyr i li pun qtebi : qi n Zi s ci xe,

so f. q i n Z o tamal i ,

so f. kan d r i d i ( ska n d a). i si n i md ebar eo b en er T

r egi on Si ar taan-artan uji s gzi s gaswvr iv 2700 m. (maRl o bze ar si ni s

q ed z e) .

skandis

cixe-simagre saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gzaze

skanda mdebareobda persarmeniidan anu sparseTis armeniidan bizantiaSi

mimaval gzaze, iseve, rogorc sarapani, amitomac bizantia-sparseTs Soris dadebul
532 wlis saukuno zavis pirobebis Tanaxmad, sparselebs moeTxovebodaT skandis
da sarapanas cixe-simagreebis dacla,

ris sanacvlodac bizantielebi TavianT

mcvel razms gaiyvandnen sxva regionSi mdebare sasazRvro q. daradan.

arTvin-artanuj-artaanis damakavSirebeli gza namdvilad mdebareobda persarmeniidan xofa - goniosken (Zv. petrasken) mimaval saerTaSoriso gzaze, romelic
erT-erT mTavar punqts artanuji warmoadgenda. artanujis,
240

viTarca savaWro

centris Sesaxeb, anu aRniSnuli gzis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Xs-Si werda konstantine
porfirogeneti. artanujSi,
si rii dan da iberi idan,

rogorc iTqva,

ar tan uji dan ki Wo roxis gzi T gadi oda Savi

zRvis navsadgurebSi anu bizantiaSi.

am gzaze,

md ebar eo bd a skan di s ci xe-simagre,

n am dv i l ad

saqoneli Sedioda armeniidan,

kerZod ki arsianis qedze,

d aaxl oebi T 2600 m simaRleze. is

ak o n t r o l e b d a a Rn i S n u l s a e r T a So r i s o

mn i S v n e l o b i s

realur ad arsebul gzas.

rogorc ramdenjerme iTqva, imereTSi, Terjolis raionSi mdebare skandes
cixe ar mdebareobs saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gzaze, mis siaxloves gadioda
umniSvnelo,

adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gza,

romliTac SesaZlebeli iyo

Tanamedrove Terjolis raionis mezobel umniSvnelo raionTan dakavSireba. amis

gamo SeuZlebelia imereTis `skande~ sparseT-bizantias Soris 532 wels dadebuli
saukuno zavis pirobebis erT-erTi umTavresi sakvanZo punqti yofiliyo.

eqspedicia kandridsa da askanSi

prokofi kesarielis sityviT, rogorc cnobilia, skandas cixe-simagre iseT

adgilas mdebareobda, sadac ar modioda mosavali cnobili kulturebisa, kerZod
xorblisa da yurZnisa.
prokofis mier xSirad naxsenebi mdinare faziss Cven Woroxad miviCnevT,
Sesabamisad skandis cixis Zieba daviwyeT arsianis qedze, iq sadac artaan-artanujarTvinis SemaerTebeli gza gadis. aq, ialnizCamis uReltexilze mdebare qinZotamalis cixisa da iqve mdebare nasoflar kandridis sanaxavad sagangebod gavemgzavreT ramdenime kaciani jgufiT TurqeTSi 2008 wlis seqtembris TveSi. valedan
SevediT ardaganSi, iqedan ki gavemgzavreT SavSeTSi. artaanidan SavSeTSi Semavali
gzis uReltexili 2600 metr simaRlezea, artaani TiTqmis 2000 metrian simaRlis
zeganzea gaSlili farTo velebiT,

SavSeTi ufro dablaa,

misi buneba qalaq

SavSaTamde borjomisas miagavs, wiwvovani tyeebiT, amwvanebuli mTebiT, romelnic

swrafad dabldebian q. SavSaTamde, am qalaqidan gavemgzavreT arTvinisaken, am
midamoebSi SavSeTis regionis buneba mkveTrad Seicvala, mdinare imerxevi moeqca
uzarmazar kldeTa Soris, romlis TiTqmis vertikalur napralSi mdinaris pirs
gauyvaniaT gza. es gza araa Zveli droisa, aramed axali XIX-XX saukuneTa nakveTia.
arTvinidan meore dRes gamovemgzavreT ukan arsianis anu ialnizCamis qedisaken,
artanujamde miemarTeba meore gza,

romelic kvlav uzarmazar kldeTa Soris

miemarTeba. aq gasagebi xdeba Tu ras uwodebda prokofi kesarieli klisurebs uzarmazari kldeebi mdinaris rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena sanapiroze mxolod
Zalze viwro napraliT arian daSorebulni erTmaneTs. am adgilebSi namdvilad
SeuZlia kldekaris maRla ganlagebul mcire razms xeobaSi mimavali jaris
SeCereba. aseTi kldekari grZeldeba TiTqmis artanujamde, antanuji gacilebiT
241

farTo tafobSi mdebarebs. aqedan gza miemarTeba arsianis qedisaken,

uReltexilTan axlosac gveguleba

romlis

qinZotamalis cixe da sofeli kandridi.

marTlac, gavyeviT am gzas, kldeebi TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba gzis pirze, aqauri
buneba imereTisasac ki miagavs, gza adis da adis maRla, avediT uReltexilze da
SevediT Zveli artaanis sazRvris siaxloves. aq gzispiras davinaxeT Zveli cixesimagre,

romelic Cveni azriT iyo qinZotamalis cixe,

iqve,

cixesTan Canda

sofeli, amitomac gadavwyviteT SevsuliyaviT sofelSi da dagvedgina misi saxeli.

SevediT sofelSi, romlisTvisac TurqeTis mTavrobas sxva saxeli daurqmevia - `bagdasen~. mosaxleoba araa qarTuli,
cxovroben,

Semogvegeba uamravi bavSvi,

meCeTTan mamakacebi adastureben,

jansaRebi,

qoxmaxebSi

gvesalmebian gaocebulni,

rom varT sofel qin ZotamalSi,

ci xes ewo deba `ki ndzotamal yal a~,

sofel kandridis Sesaxeb,

Rarib-Ratakebi arian,

rom

es Cven Tvi s miRwevaa. vekiTxebiT

ori kaci gamogvyva kidec 3-4 km manZilze,

n aso fl arze r o mel sac `kan d reTi~ ew o deba,

i sin i gamo Tqvamen ase -

`kandreTi~. ramdenjerme gavameorebineT es saxeli. esec warmatebaa,

arebuli bolos vbedav da vekiTxebi - `skanda,

erT
gax-

skanda Tu aris aq sadme~.

Cvenda gasaocrad erTerTi ambobs sityvas `askan~. oriveni adastureben,

rom punqti Tu nasoflari `askan~ mdebareobs am kandreTidan ramdenime
ki lometrze. es kid ev ufro did i gamarjvebaa,

am sityvis mosasmen ad

CamovediT Tbilisidan da gamoviareT grZeli gza. marTlac etimologiurad

`askani~,

`kandridi~,

`kandreTi~`qinZotamali~ Zalze axloa sityvasTan

- `skanda~. am arealze yvelafers kandr -askan-qi nZ ew od eba. aq sadRac

un da yofi li yo pr okofis mi er naxsen ebi skandas ci xe,
arsebobs Tu ara dRes,

ro mel ia i s?

iqneb es qinZotamal is (qindzotamali s) yalaa,

romelic mSvenivradaa Senaxuli,

mas Cvenis TvaliT vxedavT da viRebT fo-

tokameriT, an iqneb iqve mdebare meore cixea, romelzec gvesaubreba aRniSnuli

ori kaci. maT vTxoveT gagvyolodnen am meore cixis sanaxavad,

marTlac `kan-

dreTidan~ davbrundiT sofel kindzotamalSi, gavemarTeT meore cixis sanaxavad,

gzaze vekiTxebi ician Tu ara ra aris `qinZi~, ar ician, vuxsniT, rom es saWmeli
balaxia, maT msgavsi araferi unaxavT da arc ician, saeWvoa am simaRleze, zRvis
donidan TiTqmis 2000 metrze da metze qinZi xarobdes, maSasadame saxeli qinZotamali
ar unda ukavSirdebodes sityva qinZs, aramed unda ukavSirdebodes sityva `skandas~
(askans, kandreTs). agviyvanes soflis maRla mdebare erT gorakze, yvelganmavali
manqanebi gaCerdnen,

wavediT fexiT,

aq marTlac vnaxeT raRac Zveli cixis

nangrevi, ufro `gmirTnakveTs~ hgavs, qinZotomalsa da am cixes Sua artanujisagan

midioda Zveli gza, axali gza ufro maRla kldezea gayvanili.
Cveni varaudiT, sadRac am mxareebSi iyo skandas cixe, radganac adgilobrivi
ramdenime toponimi etimologiurad skandas msgavsia - esenia kandreTi, askani da
kindzotamali. ori maTgani Cveni TvaliT vnaxeT, miRebulma STabeWdilebam kidev
ufro gangvimtkica azri,

rom skanda ara Terjolis raionSi,

aramed artaan-

artanujis SemaerTebel Zvel gzaze mdebareobda. iqve unda yofiliyo sarapanas

cixe da ara zestafonTan,

radganac,

rogorc Terjolis,
242

aseve zestafonis

aRniSnul punqtebSi amJamad venaxebis plantaciebia gaSenebuli da Terjolis

skandesa da Sorapanis cixeebi subtropikul zonaSi mdebareoben,

maTi

adgilmdebareoba da mosavlianoba arafriT eTanadeba prokofis mier aRwerils,

maSin roca arsianis qedis askan-kandridis punqtebi prokofis aRwerils Zalze
miagavs.
SavSeTSi mdebare punqti arfalis saxeli aseve etimologiurad miagavs sityva `sarapanas~. q. SavSeTis mimdebare arfalis cixec aseve mdebareobs arsianis
qedidan q. SavSeTSi Semaval erTerT gzaze.
saerTod, prokofis mier aRwerili lazikis TvaliT naxva SeiZleba arTvinSavSeTis da arTvin-artanujis gzaze - esaa,
maRali kldeebis qveyana,

rogorc prokofi aRwers saocrad

romlis napralebSi gamavali mdinareebi da gzebi

TiTqosda asuraTxateben prokofis mier aRwerili lazikis saxes. prokofi yvelgan

wers lazikis saocrad maRali kldeebis Sesaxeb, rom zRvis sanapirosTan axlos
gamavali md. fazisi miemarTeba uzarmazar kldeebs Soris. marTlac, Cven Semdeg
SevediT TurqeTis siRrmeSi,
iusufelSi,
oSki,

sofel qindzotamalidan kolas gziT SevediT q.

iqedan kidev ufro samxreTiT movinaxuleT da moviloceT iSxani,

xaxuli,

oTxTa eklesia,

gavyeviT Woroxis xeobas,

Semdeg ukan wavediT sxva gziT arTvinisaken,

d a unda iTqvas,

vnaxeT Cven i sakuTar i Tvali T,

Tu rasac werda prokofi

md. W or o xi TiTqmi s mTel sigr Z eze

mi emarTeba uzarmazar TiTqmi s Sveul kl deTa Sua,

ro m ami to m `mi si

kal apotis Secvl a SeuZlebeli a~.

es kldeebi aris grandiozuli,

mdinaridan TiTqmis Sveulad aRmarTulni

albaT 200-300 metris simaRleze. ase grZeldeba kldianoba arTvinamde, romelic

zRvidan 30 km-iT Tu iqneba daSorebuli,

aqedan kldeebi SedarebiT dabldeba,

magram mainc uzarmazar mTebad iqceva borCxamde da mis Semdeg TiTqmis maradidamde,
saidanac,

ufro dadablebuli Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazRvarTan midis da

grZeldeba. aqedan gasagebi xdeba prokofis sityvebi,

Woroxi miedineba kldeTa Soris,

rom zRvasTan axlos

Cvens mier xiluli Woroxis buneba da

prokofis mieri md. fazisis aRwera Cven kidev erTxel gvidasturebs rom
md. fazisi prokofisaTvis aris md. Woroxi,

marTlac araviTar kldovan

napirTa Soris md. rioni ar miedineba zRvasTan axlos! zRvasTan axlos

rioni Waobis mdinarea uzarmazar vakeze mimdinare, yovelgvari kldovani sanapiros
gareSe maSasadame misi buneba ar eTanadeba prokofis aRwerils. prokofisa da
sxva Zveli avtorebis mier aRwerilia md. fasisis Cqari dineba,

imdenad Cqari,

rom zRvaSi Sedinebis Semdeg is zRvas ar uerTdeboda, eqceoda mis zedapirze da

calke nakadis saxiT miedineboda zRvaSi. Cven dagvidastures,
axlac swrafad Seedineba Woroxi zRvaSi,

rom marTlac,

Tumca mas Semdeg rac Woroxze

wyalsacavebi gaakeTes mardididan borCxamde da borCxidan arTvinamde Woroxis

siCqare Semcirda.
Woroxze naosnobis Sesaxeb gviambobdnen arTvineli da borCxeli qarTvelebi,
mkvidri mcxovreblebi, romelTac SevxvdiT am mogzaurobis dros. erTi arTvineli
gvimtkicebda,

rom darCenilia erTaderTi Zveli kaiuki (navi) da isic dalpa

243

siZvelis gamoo. Woroxze gacxovelebuli naosnobis Sesaxeb weren e. veidenbaumi

da g. yazbegi romelTac XIX s-Si imogzaures Woroxze.
vnaxeT uamravi qvis xidi, yvelgan gzaze artanujisaken, borCxasTan, maradidis
gzaze, adgilobrivebi gviyvebodnen, rom isini arian dResac uamravni.
strabonis mixedviT md. fazisze iyo 120 xidi. md. rionze SeiZleba 120
xidis gadeba? igulisxmeba foTidan vidre quTaisamde gaSlili vake. es SeuZlebelia da SeuZlebeli iyo gansakuTrebiT Zvel dros, radganac es teqnologiurad
warmoudgeneli problemebi iqneboda Zveli drois mSeneblisaTvis md. rionis
didi gaSlilobis, misi mravalnakadianobis, napirebis daWaobebisa da flatianobis
gamo,

xolo md. Woroxis Senakadebze aseTi xidebis ageba Seudareblad

advili saqmea,
kl d ee bi ,

aq,

rogorc vTqviT sanapiroebi aris maRali da viwro

r o m l i s er Ti n api r i d an meo r eze TaRo van i xi d i s g ad eba

SesaZ l ebel i a d a akeTeb d n en ki d e c aseT x i d ebs. ma Ti ko l o s al ur i

raodenobaa dRemde moRweuli,

Tumca mravali daifara aRniSnuli wyalsacave-

biT. md. Woroxze, araTu xidebi, Cven vnaxeT wyalsacavSi CaZiruli meCeTi, mTeli
soflebi dafarula Woroxis wyliT. petradan arTvin-artanujisaken mimavali gza
miuyveboda md. Woroxis sanapiroebs,

Woroxs ki marjvena da marcxena mxridan

mravali patara mdinare uerTdeba, am mdinareebze gadahyavdaT Zvel mSeneblebs md.

Woroxis napiras mimavali gza, amitomac swored am patara mdinareebze gadebulia uamravi qvis TaRovani xidi, Cans, es viwro, Zveli drois gzebi anu ufro
sworad gza-bilikebi iyo ramdenime erTmaneTis paralelurad gamavalni Woroxis
sanapiroze. amiT unda iyos gamowveuli is, rom, erT mdinareze gvxvdeba ramdenime
qvis xidi, erTmaneTis siaxloves. g. yazbegma iangariSa Woroxis xeobaSi aRniSnul
gzaze 300 TaRovani xidi. aqedan da realuri Tvalxiluli faqtidan gamomdinare,
strabonis drosac aq 120 xdis arseboba sarwmuno Cans. md. rionze ki SeuZlebeli
iyo xidis ageba foTidan - quTaisamde Zvel dros da amitom veravin uTiTebs aseTi
xidebis naSTs!!!
imis gamo,

rom Zveli gza aRar Sedis maradididan saqarTveloSi,

ufro

sworad, masze araa gamSvebi punqti, gavyeviT arsebul SesaniSnav gzas borCxadan
xofasaken. zRvis sanapiroze gamaval am gzaze kidev erTxel davrwmundiT, rom
prokofi marTali mweralia. kerZod,

prokofi wers - `lazikaSi zed zRvis

piras aRmarTulia uzarmazari kldeebi. es kldeebi TiTqosda aris zRvis

wylis sazRvari,

romelic dawesebulia raTa SeaCeros zRva,

rogorc

sazRvarma~. sw or ed aseTi a xofadan sar fSi mi maval i zRvispir a gzi s

marjven a sanapir o,

es uzarmazari kl deebia. Tval xi lul i magal iTia

prokofis simarTlisa. Tuki lazika iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobi, sad

aris iq zRvispira kldeebi, romelnic aferxeben zRvis winsvlas? arsad! amitomac
qariSxalis dros zRva gadmodis rionis dablobad wodebuli qveynis sanapiroze
SeuzRudavad.
artanuji - arTvinis regioni - rogorc iTqva aris kldeebis qveyana,

ise,

rogorc q. SavSaT-arTvinisa. cxadia kldianobis gamo umosavlo da unayofo,

Tumca alag-alag erTi-ori kvadtaruli metri nayofieri adgilebic aris,
244

prokofis sityviT,

mxolod erTi adgili iyo

lazikaSi gamonaklisi. es

iyo uxvmosavliani moxirisi.

Cveni azriT, lazika iyo arTvin-SavSaT-artanujis mxare sxva mimdebare kuTxeebTan
erTad, misi nayofieri mxare moxirisi unda yofiliyo livana- erge, qveyana Woroxis
napirze maradidis qvemoT aWariswylis mimarTulebiT. aq,

livanis bolosa da

ergeSi unda yofiliyo ganlagebuli moxirisi - mosavliani qveyana. es amJamadac asea. erge
- ayvavebuli, uxvmosalviani kuTxea aWariswylidan - maradid - borCamde, sxva mimdebare
mxare ki kldianobis gamo umosavloa. amitomac vfiqrobT, rom moxirisi erqva xelvaCaurerges - qveyanas aWariswylamde, maradidamde da borCamde.

Sorapani da skande mnaxvelis TvaliT

2002 wlis 25 noembers oTxkaciani jgufi gavemgzavreT Sorapnisa da skandes cixesimagreebis, maTze gamavali gzebis, aseve mdinareebis mosanaxuleblad.
berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebis cnobebiT skanda da sarapanisi mdebareobdnen iberiasa
da lazikas Soris sazRvarze,

isini yovelgvari transportisaTvis miuval,

mkacri

klimatis mqone regionSi mdebareobdnen, sadac ar xarobda vazi (venaxi), xorbalic ki. am
cixe-simagreebSi kldianobisa da mTa-gorianobis gamo asvla saWapano pirutyvsac (cxenjorsac) ki ar SeeZlo da mecixovneTaTvis produqti mebargule kacebs zurgiT ahqondaT.
Cveni Tanamedrove istorikosebis mtkicebiT prokofis mier naxsenebi skanda da
sarapanisi arian imereTSi mdebare skandesa da Sorapnis cixeebi.
Tu es asea,

maSin es cixeebi unda mdebareobdnen mkacri klimatis rigionSi,

sadac ar xarobs venaxi da xorbali, sadac ver miva transporti,

cxeni da viri.

Aam mxriv gagvaoca Sorapnis cixem. misi galavnis SigniT dgas kerZo mesakuTreTa
sacxovrebeli saxlebi ezoebiT da, hoi saocrebav, xexiliTa da venaxiT.
fotosuraTebic ki gadaviReT talavarze gasul vazTan Sorapnis cixe-simagreSi.
is ara Tu miuval kldeze,

aramed qalaqad qceuli Sorapnis dasaxlebis erT-erT

quCaze mdebareobs, cixis erTi kedeli qalaqis am quCaze dgas,

amitomac am quCis

zogierTi saxli galavnis SigniT aRmoCnda. erT-erTi maTganis ezoSi talavarze

gasuli vazis fotoc gadaviReT, rogorc aRiniSna. am cixe-simagris ezoSi mravladaa
subtropikuli klimatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli velurad amosuli xeebi da buCqebi
ekal-bardTan erTad
maSasadame Sorapnis cixe-simagris realuri garemo ar Seesabameba prokofis mier
aRweril sarapanas suraTs. rogorc vTqviT sarapanasTan ar xarobda vazi da xorbali
mTis mkacri klimatis gamo. maSasadame is alpur zonaSi mdebareobda, xolo Sorapani
subtropikulSi mdebareobs.
msgavsadvea Terjolis raionSi mdebare sifel skandes cixe-simagre.
skande saerTod sagzao CixSi mdebareobs da ara dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SemaerTebel gzaze. aseve iqneboda warsulSic misi geografiuli mdebareobis
gamo.

am faqtis dadastureba SeuZlia yvelas, vinc Tavisi TvaliT naxavs skandes

245

meorexarisxovani, umniSvnelo simagris geografiul garemos. pirvelyovlisa unda

aRiniSnos, rom is TiTqmis vake adgilze mdebareobs, dabal borcvze zRvis donidan
170 m simaRleze,
xexilis baRebi,

amitomac mis galavanTan axlos mdebare sofels aqvs SesaniSnavi

venaxebi da talavrebi.

me gamaoca imereTis skandesa da Sorapnis cixeTa galavanTa SigniTa da gareT

velurad amosulma gareuli broweulis buCqebma da aseve dafnis xeebma, prokofi xom
amis sawinaaRmdego suraTs gvixatavs bunebisas skandasa da sarapanas cixeTa irgvliv
maRalmTiani alpuri klimatis gamo raTqmaunda dafna, broweuli da vazi ar xarobda,
xorbalsac ver moiwevdnen. am mxriv kidev erTxel unda iTqvas sxvaa imereTis skanda da
Sorapani da sxvaa prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili skandasa da sarapanas cixeebi.

Tavi VI
rionis Waobebi

Savi zRvis geologia

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos fasisis berZnuli samitropolito kaTedrebis adgilmdebareoba-lokalizacia md. rionis dablobze Cven Zalze saeWvod
mogvaCnia. Tu ratom ar SeiZleboda rionis dablobze samitropolito centris
arseboba, Cans im geologiuri monacemebiT, romelTac qvemoT vexebiT `dedamiwis klimatur periodTa Soris bolo aris meoTxeuli sistema, is
moicavs drois monakveTs pliocenis bolodan vidre dRemde. mecnierTa azriT
daaxloebiT is grZeldeboda ramdenime aseuli aTasi wlidan 1 milion wlamde.
meoTxeuli sistema anu periodi ZiriTadad or nawilad iyofa: gamyinvarebis xana
da Tanamedrove xana. gamyinvarebis xanas uwodeben pleistocens (diluviums), xolo
Tanamedrove (gamyinvarebis Semdgom xanas) uwodeben holocens (aluviums). meoTxeul periodSi cxovrobdnen,

magaliTad,

mamontebi,

aseve,

amJamad,

cnobili

cxovelebi. meoTxeulis istoriisaTvis aRsaniSnavi movlena iyo gamyinvareba,

romelic did acivebasTan erTad didi sinestiTac xasiaTdeboda. dedamiwisaTvis
zogadad es iyo wvimiani xana, xolo Crdilo da samxreT naxevarsferoebis didi
nawilisaTvis gamyinvareba. misi mizezi mecnierebisaTvis dResac ucnobia, Tumca
mravali hi poTeza arsebobs. aRsaniSnavia, rom yofila ara erTi, aramed ramdenime
gamyinvareba, anu dedamiwaze acivebisa da daTbobis epoqebi monacvleobdnen.
meoTxeuli periodis kontinentebi da zRvebi TiTqmis iseTive iyo, rogorc
dRes aris, mxolod zogma zRvam win waiwia wylis donis amaRlebis gamo, anda
ukan daixia donis dawevis gamo, ris gamoc xmeleTze datova terasebi da zRviuri
leqi.
kaspiis zRvis samxreTuli nawili meoTxeulis dasawyisSi xmeleTs warmoadgenda da misi CaZirva Semdgom moxda. Crdilo nawilSi ki xdeboda zRvis mraval246

jeradi transgresia da regresia (awev-daweva). magaliTad, zRvis terasuli leqis

mixedviT iTvlian, rom kaspiis zRvis wylis done TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 200
metriT maRla iyo aweuli erT periodSi (al. janeliZe, istoriuli geologiis
mokle kursi, 1963, gv. 385). rac SesaZloa gamowveuli iyo gamyinvarebis periodSi
daTbobiT,

ramac yinulis dadnoba gamoiwvia. aseve xdeboda piriqiT,

dros didZali wylis dabandeba xdeboda yinulis saxiT,

acivebis

rac zRvaSi wylis

raodenobis Semcirebas iwvevda.

msgavsia Savi zRvis istoria meoTxeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. periodis
dasawyisSi, Savi zRva, tbas warmoadgenda. is mowyvetili iyo xmelTaSua zRvas
xmeleTis didi nawilebiT. kerZod, egeosis zRvis adgilze arsebobda xmeleTi,
romelic balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls uSualod akavSirebda mcire aziasTan, xolo
marmarilos zRva iyo tba. am tbidan gamodioda mdinare,

romelic erTvoda

xmelTaSua zRvas. am mdinaris xeobis adgilze axla aris dardanelis srute. zeda
meoTxeulSi moxda egeosis xmeleTis daZirva da warmoiSva egeosis zRva,

amave

dros daiZira Savi zRvis samxreTSi mdebare xmeleTic, ris gamoc Savi zRva da
xmelTaSua zRva erTmaneTs SeuerTdnen. SemdgomSi kidev ramdenjerme Sewyda da
ganaxlda es kavSiri. xmelTaSua zRvisagan mowyvetam gamoiwvia Savi zRvis
ramdenjerme gamarilianeba.
meoTxeuli epoqebis dasaTariReblad iyeneben zRviuri leqebis naSTebs,
kerZod, radganac, sakmaod xSirad xdeboda zRvis donis cvlileba, am dros
warmoiSoboda Sesabamisi sanapiro terasa (veli, baqani), maTi naSTebis Seswavla
iZleva meTods daTariRebisaTvis. kerZod, zRvis donis dawevis dros warmoiSveboda
axali sanapiro zoli anu terasa, Semdeg kidev daweva zRvis donisa ufro dabal
terasas gvaZlevda. maSasadame Zveli terasa ufro maRlaa, vidre misi Semdgomi
axali terasebi. xmelTaSua zRvis napirebze aCveneben oTx terasas,

TiToeul

maTgans aqvs Tavisi simaRle, yvelaze maRali 90-110 metria, yvelaze dabali 18-20
metri. maSasadame iyo dro,

roca xmelTaSua zRvis done 110 metriT maRla

iyo aweuli. msgavsadve Sav zRvaze.

meoTxeuli periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena adamianis gaCenaa. zemoT aRniSnul gamyinvarebis xanas, anu pleistocens arqeologebis qronologiuri
sqemiT Seesabameba _ paleoliTi, anu Zveli qvis xana. Tanamedrove xanas,

anu

holocen s (aluviums) Seesabameba arqeologebis _ neoliTi (axali qvis

xana),

brinjaos xana da rkinis xana.

paleoliTis bolo etapze adamianma iswavla iaraRis gaumjobeseba da Zvlis

iaraRebis damzadeba,

xolo holocenis dasawyisSi (e.w. azilur dros) mas ukve

Seuswavlia Tixis keramikuli damuSaveba,

magram saqoTne dazga jer kidev ar

hqonda (al. janeliZe, istoriuli geologiis mokle kursi, 1963, gv. 370-397).
mecnier-geografebis monacemebiT Sav zRvaze e.w. fanagoriul regresiis
damTavrebis Semdeg,

daaxloebiT Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze

daiwyo zRvis transgresia (janeliZe W, fazisis lokalizaciis geografiuli

aspeqtebi, fazisisadmi miZRvnili sesiis Tezisebi,
; . 1980, .148-159)
247

1973, gv. 5-16, (

maSasadame,

daaxlo ebiT I s-Si ( Cveni w el TaRri cxvi T,

qri steSobis

Semd eg) daiw yo tr an sgresi a anu Savi zRvi s d on is aweva. Tan amed ro vesTan
Sedarebi T Savi zRvi s do ne amaRld a 3 metri T,
saxl ar ebi mo eqcnen zRvi s qveS,

ri s gamoc Z veli n amo-

kerZ od amgvari pr ocesi ganviTar da

Cr d i l o eT d a samx r eT Savi zR vi spi r eTSi ( si n o pi ),

na qala qare bi

wyli s

qv eS

moeq cnen

ad gi lmdebareobi s saki TxisaTvis,

2003,

(g.

sad ac an ti kur i

gamyre liZe ,

q. f azis is

arqeo logiur gamo kvlevaTa kr ebul i,

#1. `iberi a ko lxeTi~ (antikur i peri odi ),

gv. 180). msgavsad ve I

saukun ed an zRvis do ni s 3 metr iT amaRlebi s gamo wyli Ta d a WaobiT

un da d afar ul iyo r io ni s vr cel i dabl obi ramdeni me saukun is man Zi lze,
radgan ac zRvi s do nes dad ableba mxol od VIII-IX saukun eebid an d auwyia
d r o ebi T,

Semd eg saukuneebSi i s kvl av amaRl ebul a vi d r e Ti Tqmi s

XV I-X VII sau kun eeb amd e.

aseTi viTarebis gamo I aTaswleulis IV-VII saukuneebSi wyliT datboril rionis dablobze konstantinopolis sapatriarqo Tavis samitropolito
centrs ver daarsebda. sityva mitropoliti n iSnavs-dedaqalaqis (materpolis) mRvdelmTavars. SeuZlebelia aseT viTarebaSi-zRvis 3 metriT amaRlebis dros

dedaqalaqi rionis zRvasTan SerTvis adgilas yofiliyo.

saqarTvelos pleistocenuri naleqebi

d . wereTel i Tavi s wi gnSi saqar Tvel os pl ei stocen ur i n al eqebi
(1966) wers: holocenis epoqaSi adgili hqonda dedamiwis qerqis mniSvnelovan
moZraobas,

kerZod,

maRla aiwia kavkasiis olqma da piriqiT,

dabla daiwia

kaspiisa da Savi zRvis olqebma. aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiis qedis olqSi awevis
amplituda aRwevda ramdenime aTeul metrs, xolo Savi zRvis donis qveS Casul
velTa Sesaxeb unda iTqvas,

rom maTi vertikaluri moZraobebis amplituda ar

aRemateboda 50-80 metrs.

SeiZleba teqtonikuri Zabvebi iwvevdnen garRvevas da lavebis dinebas kavkasiaSi. dedamiwis amJamadac arsebuli, arCamqrali pulsaciis maCvenebelia xSiri
da Zlieri miwisZvrebi,

romlis epicentrebi fiqsirdeba kavkasiis farglebSi.

yinulovani epoqis Semdgom daiwyo kavkasiaSi yinulebis degradacia.

zemoneoliTur epoqaSi daiwyo adamianTa gansaxleba dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
arqeologiuri monacemebi miuTiTebs,

rom holocenis epoqaSi dasavleT

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi cvalebadi iyo fiziko-geografiuli pirobebi,

ramac gamoiwvia sanapiro xazis cvlilebebi.
yinulovani epoqis Semdeg geologiuri da stratigrafiuli masalebis mixedviT Seiqmna Zveli Savi zRvis auzi.
Savi zRvis donis awevas ukavSireben yinulovani safarvelis gaZlierebul
dnobas da teqtonikur moZraobebs.
dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi burRviTi samuSaoebis Sedegad,
248

aRmoCnda sami torfuli horizonti Zveli da gviani Savi zRvis droisa.

sxvadasxva siRmeebze torfuli horizontebis arseboba miuTiTebs zRvis
samjerad ukan daxevaze.
arqeologiuri Zeglebi saSualebas gvaZlevs zogadi warmodgena viqonioT paleografiul pirobebze holocenis epoqaSi.
rogo rc iTqva,

Savi zRvi s d o n e mer yeo bd a. qvemo tor fuli h ori-

zontebi mdebareobd nen amJamindeli zRvi s donis qvemoT 40-39 da 18 metr

siRr meze ( Zveli d a gviani holo cenis dros), rac emTxveva arqti kul, subarqtikul d a borealuri dr ois kl imatur meryeo bas.
18 metr siRrmeze torfis horizontis warmoSobis Semdgom d ai w yo Savi
zRvi s tr an sgr esi a ( zRvi s d o ni s aw eva),

rasac miuTiTebs eneoliTisa da

axalbrinjaos saukuneTa materialuri kulturis naSTebis 8-10 metr siRrmis

qveS arseboba yulevTan,

oCamCiresTan da soxumTan. xolo Semdgom,

atlan-

tikur saukuneSi torfuli horizontis 10 metris siRrmeze arseboba miuTiTebs,

rom Savi zRvis auzSi aRiniSneba zRvis donis daweva.
arqeologma n. xoStariam 1946 wels aRmoaCina, zRvis donis qvemoT 6 metrze,
arqeologiuri Zeglebi IV-III aTaswleulisa. msgavsadve,

oCamCiresTan kuftinma

da soloviovma Tanamedrove zRvis doneze dabla 6 metriT aRmoaCines spilenZisa

da adre brinjaos (vidre antikur epoqamde) xanis kulturis naSTebi.
aRsaniSnavia,

rom eneoliTuri da adre brinjaos fenaTa Sua aris Sre,

romelic ar Seicavs kulturul naSTebs (Cans eneoliTis Semdeg zRvis donem

aiwia da spilenZisa da adre brinjaos epoqaSi kvlav daiwia, da Semdgom ki zRvis
done isev amaRlda).
zRvis donis aRniSnul cvlilebas miuTiTebs soxumis yureSi 9 metr siRrmeze (Tanamedrove zRvis donis qvemoT) aRmoCenili brinjaos saukunis keramikuli
kramitis naSTebi. b. kuftini varaudobs, rom Tanamedrove zRvis doneze 9 metriT
dabla aRmoCenili naSTebi Seicavs agreTve eneoliTuri kulturis niSnebs.
arqeologiuri monapovrebi SavizRvispireTisa miuTiTebs, rom atlantikuri
saukunis bolosa da suborealuri saukunis dasawyisSi Savma zRvam ukan daixia,
anu misi done dadablda, ramac TandaTan gamoaSro Waobiani adgilebi.
torfuli horizontis 11 metr siRrmeze analizma aCvena, rom misi asaki aris
6000 weli (saqarTvelos pleistocenuri naleqebi, 1966. rus. enaze. gv. 520525).

1. kolxeTis geologiuri istoria holocenur periodSi

holoceni es dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriis bolo etapia,

romelic moicavs drois monakveTs 10.000 wlidan dRemde. rogorc yvela bunebriv
movlenas, am epoqasac axasiaTebda pulsaciuri ganviTareba, rac gamoixateboda
dedamiwaze klimatis cvalebadobiT (aTboba-aciveba) da, Sesatyvisad, okeaneebis
249

monacvleobiT (transgresiebi da regresiebi). am movlenebma mniSvnelovani daRi

daasves rogorc bunebriv garemoebas, aseve adamianTa modgmis socialur-ekonomikur
ganviTarebas.
holoceni stratigrafiuli terminia da Tavsdeba garkveul qronologiur
farglebSi. misi stratigrafiuli sveti moicavs qveda (10000-dan 7000-mde),

Sua

(7000-dan 3000-mde) da zeda (3000-dan dRemde) epoqebs.

holocenuri periodi daiwyo materikuli gamyinvarebis degradaciis fonze,
rodesac myinvarebma iwyes ukan daxeva (farTobebis Semcireba). am droisaTvis
msoflio okeanis done imyofeboda TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 100-120 metriT
dabla,

xolo Savi zRvis done,

bosfor-dardanelis zRurblis gamo,

-50,

-60

metrze. Savi zRvis akvatoriis Selfuri zolis didi nawili gaSiSvlebuli iyo,
xolo maTze gamavali (an Semavali) mdinareebi _ enguri,
rioni,

fsou,

cxeniswyali,

Woroxi da sxvani gamoimuSavebdnen Rrma eroziul (gadaRrmavebul)

kanionismagvar xeobebs.
Zv.w. X-VIII aTaswleulidan (10000-8000 wlis win) myinvarTa dnobis gamo
iwyeba Savi zRvis donis aweva,

anu transgresia. igi moicavda periods Zv.w. VIII

aTaswleulidan Zv.w. V aTaswleulamde. am dros zRvis donem miaRwia minus -40 50 metris niSnulebs. meore etapze, mciredi Seferxebis Semdeg gagrZelda amjerad
axali SavzRviuri transgresia (Zv.w. V aTaswleulidan Zv.w. III aTaswleulamde),
romlis drosac zRvis donem miaRwia -10 metris niSnuls. transgresiis finalur
stadiaze Savi zRvis done ascda 0-an niSnuls da avida +2, +4 metris simaRleze
(razedac metyveleben axalSavzRvuri terasebi). am dros kolxeTis centraluri
nawili foTidan TiTqmis 12-15 km-is radiusiT zRviT iyo dafaruli da zRvis ubes
warmoadgenda. sanapiro zolSi arsebul 2-4 metris simaRlis zRviur terasebze
aWaraSi, guriaSi, afxazeTSi SemorCenilia neoliTuri, eneoliTuri da brinjaos
xanis artefaqtebi. aRniSnul zRviur terasebs rionis depresiaSi asakobrivad
Seesityvebian zRviuri naleqebis (qviSanarevi) da torfis Sreebis morigeoba,
romlebic daZirulni arian sxvadasxva siRrmeze, magaliTad, imnaTis Waobidan 6
metris siRrmeze arsebuli torfis asaki 2100150 welia (gviani holoceni): 8, 5
metris siRrmeze arsebuli torfis 4150195 weli (Sua holoceni =axalSavzRviuri transgresia),

xolo 11 metris siRrmidan 5825215 weli (W. janeliZe,

1971),

torfis Sreebis arseboba miuTiTebs transgresiebisa da regresiebis monacvleobas Sua holocenSi.

axalSavzRviur transgresiul fazas momdevno etapze enacvleba fanagoriuli (egrisuli _ d. wereTlis mixedviT) regresia, romlis drosac Savi zRvis
donem daiwia 8-10 metriT TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT.
es faza daiwyo Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan (e.i. 3000 wlis win) da
grZeldeboda Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisamde. paleobotanikuri masalis safuZvelze, drois am monakveTSi adgili hqonda mniSvnelovan aciebas, ramac gamoxatuleba hpova Savi zRvis ukuqcevaSi (regresia). zRvis sarke moSorebuli iyo
Tanamedrove sanapiro xazs ramdenime aseuli metridan 1,5-2 km-mde. zRvisgan gaTavisuflebul xmeleTze berZnebis, romaelebis da bizantielebis mier gaSenebul
250

iqna antikuri qalaqebi _ dioskuria, anakofia, xersonesi, nimfea, fazisi da sxva

mniSvnelovani savaWro da kulturuli centrebi. mogvianebiT,
ricxvis I-III saukuneebi dan XVI saukuni s CaTvliT,
ni mfeuri ( lazuri _ d. w er eTel i) tr an sgresi a,

axali welTaR-

Sav zRvaze dai wyo

romli s maqsimal ur

fazaSi zRvis done TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 1 metramde aiwia. am drois

gan m avl o ba Si uZ v el esi an ti ku r i qal aqebi mo eqcn en w yl i s qve S d a
mdin areebis mier natani masaliT `ganimarxn en~.
transgresiuli da regresiuli bunebrivi procesebi Sav zRvaze narnarad
mimdinareobda, droSi gawelviT, amitom adamianebs, bunebrivia, SeeZloT reagireba
moexdinaT am cvlilebebze da migrireba ganexorcielebinaT xmeleTis siRrmeSi,
hifsometriulad SedarebiT maRal adgilebSi.
XVI s-dan XIX s-is Sua ricxvebamde ad gili hqonda aciebas,
`mcire myinvarul epoqas~ da zRvis umniSvnelo regresias,

e.w ..

rac gamoixata

kavkasionis myinvarebis winsvliT.

XX s-dan mimdinareobs transgresiuli movlenebis gaaqtiureba.
rac Seexeba q. fazisisa da md. rionis istorias,

jer kidev 5000 wlis win,

axalSavzRviuri transgresiis dros, rodesac zRvis done ascda Tanamedroves 45 metriT,

foTis aRmosavleTiT,

zRvis ubes warmoadgenda,

daaxloebiT 12-15 km-is radiusiT,

teritoria

md. rioni zRvas uerTdeboda sadRac sof. sabaJos

meridianze. ramdenadac eroziis bazisi (md. inaris zRvasTan SeerTebis wertili)

imyofeboda TanamedrovesTan maRla 4-5 metriT,

amitom mdinaris eroziuli

moqmedebis Zala Senelebuli iyo da mdored moedineboda. uTuod mdinare Sua

welSi aCenda meandrebs da aWaobebda aremares.
daaxloebiT 3000 wlis wina periodidan Savi zRvis istoriaSi iwyeba fanagoriuli regresiis faza,

romlis pikis dros zRvis done daeca 10 metramde

TanamdrovesTan SedarebiT. bunebrivia,

rionis zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilic

(eroziis bazisi) TandaTanobiT dabla iwevda, kalapotis daxriloba matulobda

da dinebac aCqarebas iZenda. gamococxlebuli mdinare rioni aZlierebda eroziul
moqmedebas (xazovan CaWras),

garSemo tovebda narionalebs da gamoimuSavebda

araRrma xeobas.
II-III saukuneebidan dawyebuli nimfeuri transgresiisas zRvis donis
awevas Tan sdevda md. rionis da misi mravali Semdinareebis mier gamotanili
naSali masalis akumulacia (dagroveba) kolxeTis mTel akvatoriaSi. elinuri
qalaqebi eqceodnen wylis qveS da TandaTanobiT imarxebodnen Semotanili
masalebis qveS. bunebrivia,

adamianebi eZiebdnen axal xelsayrel adgilebs

sacxovreblad da gansaxldebodnen xmeleTis siRrmeSi.

amgvarad, nimfeuri transgresiis dros mdinareebis mier Semotanili myari
masalis (qviSebi, gravelitebi, Tixebi) qveS ganimarxnen ara marto Zveli istoriuli
zRvispira qalaqebi, aramed md. rionis Zveli narionalebi da xmeleTis siRrmeSi
arsebuli uZvelesi kulturis Zeglebi.

251

literatura:
1. . ., 1966, , . .
2. .., 1978., -, . . .
3. .., 1969, , , . . .
4. .., .., 1980,
, . . .
5. .., 2004,
, . . . . . 119
6. .., 1971, -
, . .
7. Maisuradze G., 1987. Evolution of the late Pleistocene Environment in the Caucasus.
Budapest.
g. mai suraZis SeniSvna
g. mai suraZis Tval sazr isi T Savi zRvis transgresi a-regresiis (don is
aw eva-d awevi s) gamo wyl is do nem maRl a aiw ia da +1 metr n iSn ul Tan mi vi da
V-VI ss-Si ,

Semdeg don em kvlav d abl a d ai wia da 0-vanTan mivid a IX-X ss-

Si , Semdeg kvl av ai wia do nem d a +0.5-Tan mi vid a XV-XVI ss-Si, amis Semd eg
do nem d ai wia da 0-Tan mivid a XIX-XX ss-Si.

Dg. maisuraZe
@2. kolxeTis uaxlesi istoriidan
(paliastomis tbis warmoSoba IX-X saukuneebSi)
`kolxeTis vake~ moicavs uSualod `kolxeTis dablobs~, mis yvelaze dabal
nawils. cnobilia,

rom kolxeTis vake Savi zRvis yofili ubea,

romelic

mdinareuli da zRviuri naleqebiTaa amovsebuli.

arqeologiuri gamokvlevebi gviCveneben,

rom gauvali Waobebi kolxeTis

dablobis gulSi gaCdnen uaxloes istoriul warsulSi, rodesac daiwyo zRvis

transgresia. am mizezis gamo gaCndnen namosaxlarebi,

romlebic xelovnur

miwayrilebze arian gaSenebuli (igulisxmeba borcvebi), romlebic dResdReobiT

damarxulni arian uaxlesi 4-7 metris sisqis qviSian-Tixian da torfian naleqTa
qveS. l. maruaSvilis (1964) mixedviT aseTi yorRanismagvari xelovnuri borcvebis
raodenoba kolxeTSi 600-mde aRwevs.
ganvixiloT paleografuli situacia kolxeTis dablobisa (rionis SesarTavis
raioni) qristeSobidan dRemde.
zRvis donis amaRlebamde zRvaSi Semdinare mdinareTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iyo Cqari dineba da aqtiuri eroziuli moqmedeba,

Tumca wyalSemkrebi auzis

sididis gamo [mag: md. fiCiris auzis (farTi 406 kvm)],

252

mdinareebs SemohqondaT

kolxeTis centralur nawilSi didZali naSali masala, riTac aTeulobiT wlebis

manZilze wyaldidobebis dros qmnidnen akumulaciur (fxvieri masalis daleqva)
wyalgamyof serebs, borcvebs simaRliT 5-8 m. ukanaskneli xels uwyobda agreTve
mdinareTa kalapotebis xSir monacvleobas da meandrirebas.
Aaxali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan Savi zRvis istoriaSi SesaniSnavia transgresiuli faza. zRvis sarke VI-VII saukuneebSi roca 1-2 metriT ascda nulovani donis niSnuls,

foTis Semogareni zRvis ubed iqca. Seferxda mdi-

nariseuli da miwisqveSa wylebis gantvirTva zRvaSi. amas Tu davumatebT

Warb atmosferul naleqebs (1500-2000 mm. weliwadSi),

maSin gasagebi gaxdeba,

Tu ra rTuli ekologiuri pirobebi Seiqmneboda kolxeTis zRvispira regionSi. Waobebis didi farTobebi,

mdinareTa mier Semotanili fxvieri

masalis danagrovi, romelic mdinareTa totebsa da meandreebs Soris aCenda

`kunZulebs~ da `naxevarkunZulebs~,

gauvali endemuri tyeebi da Waobis

balaxovani velebi urTules pirobebs uqmnida imdroindel mosaxleobas

(aseTi viTarebis dros Zneli warmosadgenia foTTan samitropolito qalaqis arseboba).
zRvid an mo naber i muso n ur i qarebi T gamo wveul i zvir Tcema ( tal Rebi s zemo qmed eba n apir ze) amuSavebd a md in areTa mi er Semotan il naSal masal as d a qmni d a n api ri s gaswvr iv qvi Si s zvin ulebs si maRli T
2-5 metr i , romlebic gamoyofdnen xmeleTze arsebul bunebriv wyalsacavebs
zRvisagan. ase magaliTad, daaxloebiT IX-X saukuneebSi n ul o van n i Sn ulze
d aw eul zRvas gamo eyo pal iasto mi s tba.
axla mokled am tbis Sesaxeb.
roca zRvis done 5-7 metriT dabla mdebareobda, paliastomis tbis fskeri
Cveulebriv xmeleTs warmoadgenda. am teritoriaze SesaZlebelia TviT md. rioni,
an misi erT-erTi toti gaedineboda. aq,
yofila. rogorc zemoT iTqva,

rogorc gadmocemidan Cans,

sofelic

VI-VII saukuneebSi zRva nimfeuri transgresiis

gamo SemoiWra xmeleTze, Seiqmna zRvis ube, romelic IX-X saukuneebSi 2-3 aTeuli
kilometris sigrZis sanapiros gaswvriv zvinuliT gamoeyo zRvas. zvinulis sigane
1-2 km. igi Tavisi arsebobis manZilze sxvadasxva adgilze garRveul iqna mdinareebis mier,

riTac darRveul iqna misi mTlianoba. magaliTad,

1933 wlis de-

kemberSi paliastomis wylebma Relvisas or adgilas gaarRvia bunebrivi jebiri

da uSualod mokle gziT SeuerTda zRvas.
1. pal iastomis tba axalgazr da tbaa,

ro melic gaCnda IX-X sauku-

neebis mijnaze nimfeuri transgresiis dros. mis SuagulSi araviTari kunZuli

ar arsebobda. misi fskeri brtyelZiraa da zRviur-mdinareuli masaliTaa amovsebuli.
2. legendebSi moxseniebuli kunZulebi es zvirTcemiT da adidebuli mdinareebis mier warmoqmnili zvinulebi da kunZulebia.

givi mixeilis Ze maisuraZe

geo l o gi ur mecn i e r ebaTa do qto r i , meo Txeul i geo l o g i i s,
ge o m o r f o l o g i i s d a p al eo g eo gr afi i s mkvlevari.
253

rionis dablobis Waobebi

I-VI saukuneebSi Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis moxazuloba
Seicvala

QqarTvel paleologTa Sromebis Tanaxmad axali welTaRricxvis I-VI da Semdgom

saukuneebSi Savi zRvis done TandaTanobiT maRldeboda da zogierTi gamokvleviT
TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT maRla aiwia 3-5 metriT. es imas niSnavs,

rom rionis

vaked wodebuli vrceli miwa-wyali (e.i. md. rionis delta da mimdebare sanapiroebi),
romelic amJamad TiTqmis zRvis nulovan donezea, daifara zRvis Txeli wyliT,
ramac, albaT, xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod paliastomis tbis msgavsi wylis gubeebis
warmoqmnas, aramed did daWaobebas rionis deltis napirebisa. ufro metic, saerTod
zRvis wyliT daifara sanapiros mTeli zoli da warmoiqmna axali, amJamad arsebuli
sanapiro. paleograf f. janeliZisa da d. xaxutaiSvilis SromebSi gadmocemulia
mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisi, rom, iqamde, anu axali welTaRricxvis
dasawyisamde - II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan vidre Zv.w. II-I saukuneebamde
- msofl io okeanis do ne Tanamedrove niSnulTan SedarebiT 3-5 metriT
ufro dabl a mdebareo bd a. Savi zRvis auzTan dakavSirebiT mas uwodeben
`fanagoriuli regresiis xanas~ ( .. ,
. 1980. . 21; . .
, . . _ - , . 1984, 146-152).
aRniSnul avtorebs imowmeben arqeologebi da aRniSnaven _ `imis gamo,

rom am

periodSi (e.i. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan vidre Zv. w. II-I ss-mde) msoflio
okeanis done Tanamedrove niSnulidan SedarebiT 3-5 metriT ufro dabla iyo
ganlagebuli, zRvis sanapiro zolis akumulaciur dablobebze sameurneo saqmianobis
radikalurad gansxvavebuli pirobebi arsebobda. swored aseT ubans warmoadgenda
is zRvispira dablobi, romelzec Zveli da axali baTumia ganlagebuli~ (a. kaxiZe,
d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisTvis, wignSi `samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos Zeglebi~, XVIII, 1989, gv 18).
zRvis donis amaRlebis gamo,

aRniSnul avtorTa azriT,

baTumis Zv.w.

II-I aTaswleulebSi arsebuli zRvispira fena dRes 4-5 metris sisqis qvaRorRis SriTaa dafaruli (iqve, gv. 18), e.i. aiwia zRvis donem da mis wyals Tan
wamohyva qva-RorRi,

romelmac Zveli zRvispira zoli 4-5 metris sisqis feniT

gadafara. baTumis sanapiro SedarebiT kldovania,

dinebas,

magram rionis dablobze,

romelic akavebs zRvis

sadac zRvis wylis Semakavebeli bune-

brivi kldeebi ar arsebobs da rionis vake TiTqmis zRvis donezea gadaSlili _ Savi zRvis donis momatebas katastrofuli Sedegebi unda gamoewvia.
zRvis wylis 3-5 metriT aweva axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan ramdenime
saukune grZeldeboda da is aWaobebda (sacxovreblad uvargisad xdida)
dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobs. safiqrebelia,

rom rionispira mcxovrebi

mosaxleoba VI-VII saukuneebidan iZulebuli gaxda sxvagan gadasaxlebuliyo _

254

ufro mTian, dacul regionSi. albaT amas xels uwyobda bizantielTa daundobeli
omebi lazebis, afsilebis, abazgebis da svanebis winaaRmdeg. am procesebma,SesaZloa
xeli Seuwyo did migracias _ samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken da dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken.
etimologiurad sityva `paliastomis~ fuZe `lia~ unda iyos. `lia~ niSnavs
talaxs, wyalgareul miwas. albaT igive fuZisaa `palakacios tba~ javaxeTSi.

zRvis donis aweva I-II saukuneebSi

da misi Sedegebi
arqeologTa da geologTa wreebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, arsebobs Teoria, rom
Savi zRvis simaRlem I-II saukuneebis Semdgom aiwia ramdenime metriT (zogierTi
varaudiT, aranakleb 5-6 metriT). rionispira vake amJamad TiTqmis zRvis donezea,
amitomac zRvis donis mateba I aTaswleulis pirvel saukuneebSi, am vrcel vakes
dafaravda wylis Txeli fen iT,

gansakuTr ebiT Zlieri qarebi s dr os,

ro meln ic rion is auzSi qrian dasavl eTi dan aRmosavleTisken i mden ad

Zlierad,

rom mdinaris dena ferxdeba da wylebis nawili ukan brundeba.

rogorc aRiniSna, arqeologebi miiCneven,

rom ara Tu

rionis dablobSi,

aramed misgan sakmaod daSorebuli urekis mimdebare zRvispira zolic mosa xl eo bas un d a m i et o veb i n a I-I I s auku n ee bi s Sem d go m zR vi s d o n i s
mn iSvn elo vani awevis gamo . isin i w er en _ `savar aud oa,
r i on i s qvemo w eli s mar cxen a san api r o s gaswvr i v,

ro m ro go rc

aqac,

Z v.w . III-IIs.

mijnisaTvis an IIs. dasawyisSi politikur kataklizmebTan erTad cxovreba

zRvi s do ni s aw evis gamo gausaZ li si gaxda ( .,
,

1975,

.,

1985 ) bu n e br i v i a ,

.,

m o sa x l eo b a m i a to v e bd a

samemkvidros da dacul mTiswina zolSi daidebda binas~ (v. sadraZe,

amiranaSvili,

urekis arqeologiuri Zeglebi,

j.

2005, gv. 71).

sabednierod zRvis donis matebas ramdenime saukunis Semdeg mohyva zRvis

donis kleba, rionis dablobs kvlav daubrunda mosaxleoba. am sakiTxs qvemoT
vexebiT.
Zv.w. III-II saukuneebSi daiwyo zRvis donis mniSvnelovani aweva,
aRiniSna, procesi ax.w. II saukunis dasawyisSic grZeldeboda,

rogorc

man didi gavlena

iqonia mosaxleobis bedze, kerZod, uvrcelesi regionis mosaxleoba md. rionidan

urekamde da iqiT, iZulebuli gamxdara mietovebina sacxovrisi da axali cxovreba
daewyo `SedarebiT dacul teritoriebze~, kerZod ki, mTiswina zolSi.
zRvis donis awevas ukavSireben arqeologebi im faqts, rom marTalia, namosaxlarebi aRniSnul teritoriaze (urekTan) Zv.w. V-IIIss-Si arsebobdnen (mcire raodenobiT), magram isini Zv.w. II da ax.w. I saukuneebSi ukve aRar arseboben (iqve, gv. 71).
Zveli namosaxlarebi zRvis donis awevis gamo dafarulia wyliT, SlamiT da
WaobiT, rogorc arqeologebi uwodeben _ `mZlavri steriluri feniT~ (m. fxakaZe,
255

saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi, I). `es kanonzomiereba kolxeTis dablobis

mTels teritoriaze SeiniSneba~ (v. sadraZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 70).
Cvens welTaRricxvamde arsebuli nasaxlarebi `e.w. torfqveSa namosaxlarebis
kulturaSia saZiebeli~ (iqve, gv. 69).
md. rionis auzsa da zRvispireTSi ori aTasze meti wlis win arsebobda
dasaxlebebi, romelnic Semdgom wyliT da SlamiT daifara, sabolood ki aRmoCnda
torfqveS. torfis qveSa arqeologiuri kultura naklebSeswavlilia (iqve,

gv.

69).
maSasadame,

strabonis epoqaSi Zv.w. II saukunidan ax.w. IIs. CaTvliT da mis

Semdgom, imdenad amaRlda zRvis done, rom wyliTa da lamiT, Semdeg ki WaobiT
gadaifara Zveli namosaxlarebi,

xolo mkvidrma mosaxleobam miatova rionis

auzis sacxovrisi da mTiswina zolSi gadasaxlda (aseTive mdgomareoba SenarCunda

prokofi kesarielis epoqaSic).
am Zalze mniSvnelovan momentTan dakavSirebiT, albaT, Znelia daveTanxmoT
mtkicebas, rom aq, md. rionis vakeze (quTaisidan axlandel foTamde), mdebareobda
`lazikes samefos~ centraluri nawili,
fazisad iwodeboda,

rom md. rionze,

romelic TiTqosda

120 xidi iyo gadebuli. nuTu SesaZlebeli iyo strabonis

daWaobebis epoqaSi datboril vakeze mdinaris sanapiroze 120 xidis gamarTva?

rogorc cnobilia, WaobebSi xidebis agebas eridebian amJamadac.
daWaobebis gamo pirvel aTaswleulSi dasavleT saqarTvelos bari sacxovreblad uvargisad iTvleboda cieb-cxelebis gamo. ase iyo grigol xanZTelis
epoqaSi,

romelmac piradad moinaxula es qveyana da is uvargisad miiCnia

sacxovreblad, aseve daviT aRmaSeneblis drosac. aqauri miwebi uvargisad iTvleboda

cudi haeris, anu malariisa da nestianobis gamo.

Waobi,

malaria-xorSaki

qarTuli wyaroebiT rionis bari

(teritoria foTidan samtrediamde da quTaisamde)
sacxovreblad uvargisi iyo
I aTaswleulis did periodSi dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi mZvinvarebda
cieb-cxeleba,

malaria. iv. javaxiSvili wers _ `amgvari cnobebi qarTvel

i stor i ko sebs bevr i mo epo vebaT. zafxul Si di d i si cxe da am qveyni s

notio niadagi metad mavnebeli iyo mcxovrebTaTvis. afxazeTisa `miwasa
zeda... sulisagan xorSakisa makvdinebelisa~ (grigol xanZTelis cxovreba).
adamiani Sewuxebuli iyo. erTi beri ase axasiaTebs afxazeT-samegrelos
_ `qveyana ese xorSakeuli ars da umetesad igi adgili sada me vimyofebodi~
da vSiSob, `nu ukue sneulebisagan daveceo~ (giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba,
gv. 323). daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosic Civis,

rom `TviTosaxeTa senTa

mier gancdil Ta da xilvad saZnaurTa... zrd is umetes sxvaTa qveyanaTa

256

qveyana quTaTi sisa~,

yvel aze metad yo vel gvar i sn eul eba quTai si s

sa n ax ebS i a gav r ce l eb ul i o . xal xs ad g i l o br i vi h av i s mav n eb l o b i s

gamaqarwyleblad da janmrTelobis dasacavad erTaderT uebar wamlad
da saSualebad Turme Rvino da Rvinis sma miaCnda da `qveyanasa amas Sina
xorSaksa yovelTa RvinosmulTa~ (giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba,
imedi hqondaT,

328).

rom Rvinis smiT havis gavleniT gamowveuli avadmyofo-

bisagan uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani,

II, 1983,

gv. 53).
WaobSi brZolasa da ubralod gzad gavlas romaelebi eridebodnen, amitom
savaWro gzebi gadioda ara Waobebze, aramed mis gareT (ix. qvemoT), aseve yofila
saqarTveloSic. Zveli egrisis yvela mniSvnelovani sofeli da sasuliero centri
mdebareobda ara rionis dablobis WaobebSi,
bedia,

walenjixa,

Wyondidi,

aramed mis gareT mTiswineTSi _

Cxorowyu mdebareobdnen mTiswineTSi _ zRvis

sanapirosagan sakmaod daSorebiT,

is vrceli vake,

romelic rionis zRvasTan

SesarTavTan mdebareobs _ metwilad dausaxlebeli iyo da iq gzebi ar gadioda.

guriaSic ki gzebi Sedioda ara zRvispireTidan,

aramed zRvis moSorebiT

mdebare mTebidan. d. baqraZes guriaSi SesaRwevad am mTebis gzebis gavla mouxda.

samagierod mravali didi gza gadioda aWariswylis mTian xeobaSi da aseve
mis mimdebare Woroxis Senakadebis kldovan xeobebSi, Sesabamisad, aq mdinareebze
gadebuli iyo mravali TaRiani xidi. arcerTi aseTi xidi rionis dablobSi,
romelic TiTqosda istoriuli lazika iyo _ ar arsebobs. lazikis qveyanaSi ki,
wyaroTa cnobiT, mravali gza gadioda, romelTac xidebi esaWiroebodaT.
rionis Waobebi, es ki dasavleT saqarTvelos baris umetesi nawilia, iyo
`xorSakiani~, anu, rac igivea, malaria _ cieb-cxelebiT dasnebovnebuli adgili,
sadac cxovrebas yvela erideboda. malarias axasiaTebs perioduli Setevebi, Seciveba, temperatura, ofldena. gavrcelebulia Waobian adgilebSi. aris 3-dRiani,
4-dRiani, tropikuli, xasiaTdeba letalobiT subtropikuli qveynebisTvis. saxsrebis mtvreva, kunTebisa da Tavis Zlieri tkivili, maRali temperatura (39-40
da meti), pirRebineba, bavSvebSi epilefsiuri gulyrebi (5 dRemde), yoveldRe, 6-10
saaTis Semdeg Zlieri oflis dena, romelic tropikuli malariis dros meordeba.
10-22 saaTSi elenTa da RviZli dideba, viTardeba anemia, axasiaTebs sigamxdre,
avitaminozi, sisxldena cxviridan.
sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde saqarTveloSi malariiT daavadebuli iyo
yoveli mesame adamiani, dablob adgilebSi ki mosaxleobis 80% _ umetesoba tropikuli
formiT. letaloba _ 10%. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba malariis gamavrcelebeli 5
sxvadasxva saxeobis koRo. `kolxeTis didi nawilis amoSrobisa da aTvisebis Semdeg~
koRos gavrcelebis areali Semcirda (qse, 6, gv. 384). maSasadame rionis dablobis
mosaxleobis 80 % malariiT iyo daavadebuli.

narionalebi
Sua holocenSi (holocenuri era grZeldeba 10 000 wliidan dRemde) idga
regresuli faza _ zRvis ukandaxeva _ e.i. Savi zRvis sanapiroze xmeleTi
257

gaSiSvlda, e.i. zRvam daiwia dabla, e.i. amJamindel doneze dabla.

zRvis ukandaxevas I saukunisaTvis moyva zRvis winwamoweva-nimfea _ transgresia. yoveli transgresiis dros xdeboda mdinareTa Segubeba, anu qristeSobidan I III ss.-Si
da mis Semdegac mdinareebi gubdeboda, amis mizezi iyo is, rom maRla iwevda zRvis done
(TiTqmis 2-4 metriT) da amis gamo es aweuli done aiZulebda mdinaris wyals
dagubebuliyo iseT gaSlil vakeze,

rogoric rionis dablobia, miTumetes

foTis

Semogareni.
mdinareTa Segubebis gamo Cndeboda Waobebi da farTovdeboda wylis sarke
(amis gamo amJamadac aris rionis barSi Waobebi,

torfnari. foTTan aris didi

Segubeba). es daiwyo ZiriTadad I saukunidan. `mdinaris kvdoma~ aris geologiuri

termini da aRniSnavs eroziis bazisis stabilur mdgomareobas. mdinare
ri oni c am kategorii saa,
alebi~. es niSnavs,

anu mdo re mdi narea. ami tomac aqvs `nario n-

rom md. rioni xSirad icvlida kalapots,

`xetials~ zedapirze. narionalebi,

iwyebda

anu meandrebi rionisa Cans kosmiur

suraTebzec. aris uamravi n ario nal is anabeWd i samtr edii dan fo Tamd e.
imis gamo rom rioni xSirad icvlida kalapots masze SeuZlebeli iyo xidebis
ageba, miT umetes 120 xidisa.
narionalebis periodSi mdinare ganicdis gantotvas,

rioni foTidan 5-10 km

manZilze (samtrediisaken) qmnida deltas.

Tanamedrove foTis pirobebSi Selfuri zona, anu wyalqveS moqceuli teritoria
2 km-ze metic SegviZlia fexiT gadavseroT, anu rionis mier Setanili myari masala
ileqeboda foTis akvatoriaSi. WaburRilebi,

romlebic ganlagebulia foTis sana-

piroze, aCvenebs, rom 4-metris siRrmidan qvemoT, 15-25 metris intervalSi (TiTqmis 200
metr siRrmemde), zRviur naleqebTan erTad morigeoben torfis Sreebi, rac metyvelebs
imaze, rom mTeli meoTxeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi holocenis CaTvliT, es teritoriebi ganicdis stabilurad daZirvas weliwadSi amJamadac 6-9 milimetriT.
rioni miedineba mTaTa Sua qvabulis zolze. mTeli Camorecxili masala
grovdeba am qvabulSi da es masala zRvisaken gamoaqvs rions, amis gamo teritoria aris labiluri, anu moZravi, anu iZireba TandaTanobiT (10 weliwadSi
6 sm-iT,

100 weliwadSi _ 60 santimetriT,

1000 weliwadSi 6 metriT,

anu I

saukunidan dRemde, anu 2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi daiZira 10-12 metriT). amitom
gvaqvs torfis Sre siRrmeebSi.

daskvna:

VI-VIII saukuneebSi klimaturi pirobebis gamo, rogorc doqtor maisuraZis nakvlevi aCvenebs, SeuZlebelia foTSi yofiliyo raime qalaqi, miT umetes samitropolito
centri,

saerTodac SeuZlebelia VI-VIII saukuneTa geologiuri Seusabamo viTarebis

gamo rionis dablobSi foTidan vidre quTaisamde lazikis saxelmwifo centrebi

arsebuliyo.
258

`talaxiani

laSqroba~

aRniSnul epoqaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos nestian klimats aRweren ucxoeli

avtorebic.
arabi istorikosi tabari mogviTxrobs, rom xazareTSi murvan ibn muhamadis
732-33 wlis laSqrobam `talaxianis~ saxelwodeba miiiRo, radgan ganuwyveteli
wvimebisa da talaxiani gzebis gamo cxenebis kudebs imdeni talaxi aekro,

rom

murvanma gasca brZaneba isini moeWraT~ (ix. . , . 1962,

. 218, d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, gv. 397).
dasavleT saqarTveloSi

laSqrobisas-`dasWres kudebi cxenTa maTTa,

rameTu Tixisgan ver iTrevdes~, wers qarTuli wyaro, romlis mixedviTac

yrum ilaSqra ara xazareTSi, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos talaxian adgil ebSi .
maSasadame, arabi istorikosis mier dasavleT saqarTvelo (kerZod, klisuras
iqiT afxazeTi) xazareTad ganixileba. marTlac, VIII s.-is Semdeg klisuras iqiT
didi iyo xazarTa gavlena, rasac qarTuli wyaroc miuTiTebs.
murvan yru uSualod xazareTSi ar Sesula. is mxolod xazareTis sazRvrebs
miadga da mivida darialamde da anakofiamde. misi laSqrobis amsaxveli rukis
mixedviT, aq iyo xazareTis gavlenis sferoebi.
xazareTis politikuri nebiT `gandga berZenTagan~ afxazTa mTavari, romlis
qveyanac mdebareobda md. klisuras iqiT,

gaZlierda da Zvel qarTvel mefeTa

legitimur memkvidred gamoacxada Tavisi Tavi da qarTuli wyaros cnobiT gadaeca

`egrisi, argveTi, Takveri da guria~, viTarca Tavisi meuRlis _ qarTvelTa mefis
asul guranduxtis saufliswulo miwa-wyali.
imJamad afxazTa samefo _ xazarTa politikur Zalas eyrdnoboda, amitomac, Cans,
afxazeTSi

laSqroba arabTaTvis xazareTSi laSqrobad iTvleboda sinamd-

vileSi ki es iyo laSqroba dasavleT saqarTvelos wvimebsa da talaxebSi. maSasadame arabi istorikosis tabaris cnobiTac dasavleT saqarTveloSi rionispira vake
(kerZod abaSis SesarTavTan) imJamad uvargisi iyo sacxovreblad.

mezRvauri tomi _ lazebi

pirvel aTaswleulSi imis gamo, rom zRvispira vake dafaruli iyo WaobebiT
-gurulebi, megrelebi da imerlebi ver iyeneben Sav zRvas, amis Sedegad maT ver
SeimuSaves zRvispira xalxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mezRvauruli Tvisebebi, amJamadac ki, erTi-ori gamonaklisis garda, maT ar ician mezRvauroba, ara aqvT
gemebi da navebi, TiTqmis verc Tevzaoben zRvaSi, maSin, roca zRvispira tomebs
(xalxebs) es Tavisuflad SeuZliaT da maT aqvT zRvis flobis unari. aseTi
gamonaklisi qarTul tomTa Soris _ lazebia _ amJamadac SesaniSnavi mezRvaurebi,
yvelas aqvs navebi, Tevzaoben da SeiZleba iTqvas, maTi saarsebo saSualeba zRvaa.
Llazebi imdenad arian SeCvelebi zRvas, rom zogjer saqorwino wesebsac ki
259

zRvaSi (navebze) aRasruleben, lazebisaTvis zRva bunebrivad mSobliuria.

ratom?
saqme isaa, maTi sacxovrisi mdebareobda da mdebareobs zRvispireTis
mTagorian regionSi, romelic ar Waobdeba da uSualod ekvris zRvas, amitomac zRva maTi uSualo sacxovrebeli sivrcis nawilia, sadac mudam,

isto-

riulad cxovrobdnen lazebi, xolo gurulebi da megrelebi (miT umetes

imerlebi) cxovrobdnen ara zRvispiras,
aSo r ebda W ao bebi ,

aramed mTa-gorebSi,

maT zRvas

d asavl eT saqar Tvel o s bar i s uvr cel esi Wao bebi ,

gad aW i mu l i ba Tum-q o bul e Ti d an vi d r e o Cam Ci r em d e. e s r eg i o n i i yo

ci eb-cxel ebi s bud e,

un ayo fo gaud abur ebul i ( tye-bar d i T d afar ul i )

sa cxo vr eb l ad ga mo u yen ebel i t er i to r i a _ mx o l o d X IX- XX s auk un eebSi gaxd a SesaZ lebel i am

W aobebi s d aSr o ba d a mi w i s aTvi seba,

ami s gamo i qaur i mo saxl eo ba mxo lo d amJamad i Tvi sebs

d a i muSavebs

Ses abami s mez Rvaur u l tr a d i ci e bs.

legenda dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

miqael TamaraSvili Tavis 1910 wels gamocemul wignSi `qarTuli eklesia
dasabamidan dRemde~ wers: `Zveli droidan dasavleT saqarTvelo, anu kolxeTi
jer romaelebma,

xolo Semdeg konstantinopolis imperatorebma dai pyres. im

xanebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos `lazika~ ewodeboda... magram lazikis mtrebma _

sparseTis monarqebma _ kargad uwyodnen,

rom misi dapyrobiT erTi nabijiRa

rCebodaT Savi zRviT konstantinopolis imperatorTa sasaxlemde misaRwevad...

moawyes aq xangrZlivi brZolebi, gansakuTrebiT iustinianes zeobis dros, magram
ver moaxerxes gamxdariyvnen

lazikis mudmivi mbrZaneblebi da igi sakmaod

xangrZlivi drois manZilze konstantinopolis xelT imyofeboda. mxolod X

saukuneSi SeuerTda

lazika saqarTvelos da Tavisi saxelis kidev erTxel

Secvlis Semdeg `afxazeTi~ ewoda~ (m. TamaraSvili, `qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde~, 1995, gv. 115).
ase rom, TamaraSvili, sxva mraval XVII-XVIII ss. avtorTa msgavsad fiqrobda,
rom lazika iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, maSin, roca qarTuli wyaroebi sapirispiros amtkicebs,

rom dasavleT saqarTvelo mudam qarTlis samefos,

e.i.

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda farnavazis epoqidan-qristeSobamde III saukunidan.

Mmisionerebisa da aRniSnul avtorTa dros Woroxis xeoba gamusulmanebuli
iyo - amitomac miuwvdimeli da Sesabamisad daviwyebuli qristian da evro pel
mkvlevar TaTvi s .
am viTarebis gamo evropelma mkvlevarebma berZen-romael avtorTa cnobebi
lazikis Sesaxeb dasavleT saqarTvelos Seufardes. maTi azriT,
rioni,

fazisi iyo md.

misi napirebi ki _ lazika. qarTuli wyaroebi maTTvis ucnobi iyo,

gaugebrobam dabada cru codna,

romelic dRemde batonobs,

260

am

rom lazika iyo

Semdegdroindeli `afxazeTis~ samefo, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo. internet rukebzec es mosazrebaa asaxuli, amitomac Cven dagvWirda axali rukebis damzadeba.

damaluli qarTuli warwerebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi

1) foTi-yul evi s gaTxr ebi sas aRmoCnd a V-VI saukun eebis qarTul i
aso ebi s satvi fravi,

r omli Tac gamo saw vav agur sa da sxva masal aze

TavianT niSn ebs adebdnen mSen eblebi. amasTanve,

aRmoCnd a am satvifraviT

dan iSnuli samSenebl o masalebi (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. II,

gv.

209). am Zalze mniSvnelovan arqeologiur masalas saTanado yuradReba ar mieqca,

radgan qarTuli samecniero sazogadoeba darwmunebulia, rom foTi iyo qalaqi
fasisi (berZnuli samitropolito centriT),
yul evSi / aRmoCnd a ar a berZnul i,
wer ebi,

aramed qarTul i satvifr avi da w ar-

saTanad od ar gacnobierda,

2) nojixevSi,

martvilTan,

magram faqti imisa, rom foTSi/

mn iSvneloba ar mieni Wa.

isto riul Wyon didTan axlos aRmoCnda

qarTuli arqiteqturisTvis iSviaTi nageboba _ rvaafsidiani eklesiis nangrevebi,

sinamdvileSi esaa tetrakonqi s er T-er Ti saxeo ba. nojixevis am rvaafsidian i eklesi is gumbaTs mi uyveboda vrceli qarTuli warwer a,

asoebis

si maRl e 10-20 san ti metr ia. am warweras aTariReben X saukuniT. cnobili

Teoriis gavleniT, rom `egrisis qarTizacia X saukuneSi daiwyo~ _ am Teoriis
gareSe,

es warwera albaT VI-VII saukuneebi T daTar iRdebod a,

radgan

tetr ako nqebsa d a mis sxvadasxva vari aciebs _ saqarTvel oSi agebdn en
sw or ed VI-VII

saukun eebSi ,

Semdeg maT Caenacvla eklesiaTa sxva ti pi.

savaraudoa, rom nojixevis, iseve rogorc foTis qarTuli warwerebi e.w. `qarTizaciamdel~ periods ekuTvnis da, Cveni azriT, adastur ebs mematianeTa azrs,
rom imTaviTve egrisi mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli (e.i . IV sdan ). amas adasturebs mar tvili s `jvris ti pi s~ eklesi is arqiteqtur ac.
rionis dablobze berZnuli umniSvnelo warwera mxolod sof. nosirSi
aRmoCnda.
safiqrebelia, rom aRniSnulTa garda arsebobs sxva qarTuli warwerebic
dasavleT saqarTvelodan, romelTac yuradReba ar eqceva, radganac ar eTanadebian
gabatonebul `qarTizaciis~ Teorias magaliTad erTi aseTia:
3) `sah ak-d uxti s qar Tul i w arw er a~ V-VI saukun eebi sa,
dasavleT saqarTvelo s mTaSi aRmo Cnda,
doebisTvis,

ro meli c

is faqtiurad damalulia sazoga-

radganac ar eTanadeba `qarTizaciis~ Teorias,

romelic Tvlis,

rom mxolod X saukunisTvis gavrcelda qarTuli ena da kultura dasavleT

saqarTveloSi.

261

Tavi VII
fazisi foTi _ fadisa _ fasidi
foTi (faTisi) Revondis cnobiT
trapezuntTan axlos (150 km. dasavleTiT) SavizRvispirze mdebareobda qalaqi
- fadisa.
q. fadisas CrdiloeTiT iSleboda Savi zRva,

aRmosavleTiT trapezunti,

samxreTiT ki SemosazRvruli iyo kerasuntis mTianeTiT, kolxebis uZvelesi sacxovrisiT.

trapezuntis am regions eqvTime mTawmideli uwodebs `sofeli megrelTa~ anu
megrelTa qveyanas. Zveli somexi avtorebi mas `egerTa qveyanas~ anda

`egerias~

uwodebdnen. qarTveli mTargmnelebi berZnul sityva lazikas Targmnidnen,

ase:

`sofeli megrelTa~, amitomac, roca eqvTime mTawmidelma1 berZnulidan Targmna

andria mociqulis cxovreba, man winadadeba `andria mivida trapezuntSi, lazikis
qveyanaSi~ ase Targmna - `andria mivida trapezuntSi megrelTa sofelSi~. erTi
sityviT, Zveli qarTveli avtorebi lazikas uwodebdnen ara dasavleT saqarTvelos,

aramed vrcel regions istoriulad qarTul miwa-wyalze - kerasuntidan

Woroxis SesarTavamde. aq, rogorc aRvniSneT, kerasuntTan yofila da axlac aris

qalaqi - navsadugri fadissa anu faTisi igive faTi (foTi), mas axla fatra ewodeba
da mdebareobs Tanamedrove qalaq ordusTan axlos, mis dasavleTiT.
Tanamedrove fatsa anu fadissa (fadissa) - qarTulad faTsa anu faTia (igive
foTi).
maSasadame istoriulad arsebula ori foTi,

erTi trapezuntis regionSi,

meore ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi. cxadia qalaq faTsas (faTs) icnobdnen somexi

avtorebic. maT Soris yofila VIII saukunis somexi istorikosi Revond vartapeti
anu leonide moZRvari. is Tavis `xalifTa istoriis~ X TavSi gadmogvcems erT
sagulisxmo cnobas qalaq-navsadguris faTisas anu somxurad fuTTis Sesaxeb. kerZod
arabTa xelisuflebisgan somxeTidan ltolvilma didebulebma Tavi Seafares
bizantiur qveyanas, anu trapezuntis regions. imperatorma maT sacxovrisad uboZa
egerTa qveynis anu trapezuntis regionis qalaqi fuTTi (fadisa) aq isini cxovrobdnen eqvsiode weli, Semdeg gadawyvites somxeTSi dabruneba, ikadres ukadrisi
saqcieli, gaZarcves fadisas eklesiebi da gaiqcnen.
Revond vardapeti ase aRwers am ambavs - sumbat kurapalatma da sxva didebulebma, somxeTidan gaZevebis Semdeg sTxoves bizantiis imperators mieca maTTvis
samkvidrebeli qalaqi da sadgomi (e.i. saZovrebi) saqonlisaTvis - `da man misca maT
qalaqi romelsac ewodeba fuTi (foTi) egerTa qveynis mxareSi, sadac daemkvidrnen
eqvs weliwads~ (maqs. berZniSvili, Revondis cnoba foTis Sesaxeb, Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, t. 26(b), 1944, gv. 201). rogorc aRiniSna, madlobis nacvlad,
1

efTv ime (eq vTime) aTonel i/mTawm indeli (daaxlo ebiT 95 5-1025w.) ivi ronis winamZRv ari,
aTonis monastris qarTuli saliteraturo skolis fuZemdebeli. saqarTvelos eklesiis
da saberZneTis eklesiis wmindani. (mis xsenebis dRes saqarTvelos eklesia aRniSnavs
Zv. stiliT 13 maiss (ax. stiliT 26 maiss)

262

somxeTidan ltolvilma didebulebma eqvsi wlis mkvidrobis Semdeg gaZarcves

fadisas (foTis) eklesiebi, moitaces saeklesio samkauli da dabrundnen samSobloSi. `roca es ambavi esma keisars,

ewyina maTi aseTi usamarTloba,

mouwoda

eklesiis winamRvrebs: mitropolitsa da arqiepiskoposebs, ubrZana CaaweraT wignSi

wyevla da waekiTxaT aRdgomis dResaswaulis Sesrulebisas,

...waekiTxaT wyevla

dRevandlamde, rac iqmna mizezi maTi daRupvisa~ (iqve, gv. 202).

maqs. berZeniSvilis kvleviT imperatorma qalaqi foTi somxeTidan ltolvilebs dauTmo VIII s. dasawyisSi (715 wlamde) xolo TviTon levonidi VIII-IX ss.
dasawyisis mweralia.
maqsime berZeniSvilis mtkicebiT Revontis mier aRwerili ambebi Seexo dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaq foTs, TiTqosda is gadasca imperatorma somex didebulebs,
romelnic iq damkvidrnen TavianTi pirutyviT, gamouyves saZovrebi, Semdeg ki maT
foTis eklesiebi gaZarcves. amis gamo adgilobrivi mitropoliti da arqiepiskoposebi mTeli saukunis manZilze TavianT eklesiebSi aRdgoma dRes wyevlidnen
somxebs, ramac Revontis cnobiT, TiTqosda imoqmeda da es wyevla mizezi Seiqmna
somxeTis dangrevisa.
ismis kiTxva, rionis foTi namdvilad iyo VIII-IX saukuneTa Sua samitropolito
centri, sadac mitropolitTan Tavs iyrida ramdenime arqiepiskoposi, aqvs Tu ara
foTs saZovrebi, sadac iyo ganTavsebuli somex ltolvilTa saqoneli, iyo Tu ara
foTSi eklesiebi,

romelnic gauZarcvavT somex ltolvilebs? marTalia,

mecnierebi miiCneven,

Cveni

rom fasisis samitropolito centri foTSi mdebareobda,

romelsac eqvemdebareobdnen petras, ziginevis, saisinisa da rodopolisis saepiskoposoebi, magram aRiareben imasac, rom foTis samitropolito centri gadatanili
iqna trapezuntSi VIII saukunisaTvis, radganac VII msoflio saeklesio krebis oqms
xels awers trapezunteli igive fasiseli mitropoliti, amisi mizezi TiTqosda
iyo afxazTa qarTuli samefos Camoyalibeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi VIII saukunisaTvis.
Cveni Tvalsazrisi ki mTlianad gansxvavdeba aRniSnulisagan,

kerZod Cveni

foTi arasodes yofila berZnuli samitropolito centri, masTan dakavSirebiT,

vfiqrob, rom maqs. berZeniSvili or umarTebulo Tvalsazriss aerTianebs, kerZod
1) Revontis fuTTi, TiTqosda iyo Tanamedrove foTi; 2) foTs TiTqosda amave dros
erqva saxeli `fazisi~, radganac sityva fazisi nawarmoebia sityva faTisagan.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT Revondis foTi iyo trapezuntis regionis qalaqi fadissa
anu faTisa, romelic amave dros axlos mdebareobda romael armeniasTan, ufro
zustad, romueli armeniebi (gansakuTrebiT IV da I armenia) uSualod emezoblebodnen qalaq-navsadgur fadissas (faTs). am mezoblobis gamo somexma ltolvilma
naxararebma TavianTi pirutyvi advilad mirekes am qalaqis saZovrebze, Semdeg ki
imperators Txoves daekanonebina maTTvis am qalaqis saZovrebi. vfiqrob gacilebiT
Zneli iqneboda somxeTidan Tanamedrove foTSi saqonlis mirekva. romeli gziT
unda mieyvanaT Zroxebi, xboebi da xar-kameCi somxeTidan foTSi? marTalia XIX-XX
saukuneebSi foTi gaWirvebiT daukavSires gzebiT quTaiss, magram warmovidginoT
adre Sua saukuneebi, roca foTi SemosazRvruli iyo aTeuli kilometri siganis
usasrulo WaobebiT, aramgonia rom am Waobebis garRveva SeeZlo Sinaur pirutyvs.
263

xolo fadissaSi somxeTidan moxvedra, namdvilad advili iyo - armenia da kerasunti

(e.i. fadisac) uSualod emezoblebodnen erTmaneTs. am fadisaSi namdvilad iyo
uamravi mSvenieri bizantiuri eklesia, romelTa nangrevebi dausrulebeli siuxviTaa
ganfenili trapezuntis mTel regionSi,

amave regionSi Tavs iyrida mravali

samitropolito (magaliTad maT Sors swored aRniSnul zonaSi fadisasTan

ebrjinebodnen erTmaneTs amasiis,
trapezuntis samitropolitoebi,
poso iyo,

ai,

neokesariis,

koloneas,

qaldeasa da

romelTa SigniT uamravi saarqiepisko-

aq unda veZioT Cven Revondis faTi da ara rionis WaobebSi ,

faTsa, rogorc iTqva, mdebareobda qarTvelTa istoriul miwa-wyalze, kolxebisa

da tibaranebis Zvel samSobloSi, romelTac Semdeg qaldea-WaneT-lazika erqva, mas
moicavda e.w. `sofeli megrelTa~ anu samxreTis egrisi. sxvaTaSoris egri erqva
aseve mimdebare adgilebsac, magaliTad trapezuntis regionSive Woroxis SesarTavTan
mdebare qveyanas,

egri aseve erqva zogierT mdinaresac ki da adgilebs qaldeas

mTianeTSi, baiburdisaken mdebareT.

`eregia~ amJamadac ewodeba qalaqs arzrumTan, xolo `agri~ erT-erTi msxvili
qalaqi da regionia amJamad valaSkertis maxloblad. istoriulad arsebobda ara
mxolod CrdiloeTis egrisi aramed samxreTis egrisic - trapezuntis regioni.
strabonis cnobiT iberiisagan somexTa mier mitacebuli pariadres kalTebi,
Cans istoriuli samxreT egrisis nawili iyo. pariadres mTianeTs qaldeasTan anu
WaneTTan axlos uCveneben, is qarTuli tomebis uZvelesi sacxovrisi iyo. aqedan
trapezuntis zRvispiris CaTvliT iyo da amJamadac kia SemorCenili uamravi qarTuli
toponimi, adgilTa Tu mdinareTa saxelebi, erTi aseTi yofila fadissa (foTi),
romelsac somxebi foTTs - fuTTs uwodebda.
maqs. berZeniSvilis meore,

rogorc Cans araswori mosazreba isaa,

rom is

somxuri wyaros fuTTs uwodebs faziss, Tumca amis mizezs ar ganmartavs. berZeni
mwerali Teofane Tavis naSromSi exeba faziss, es qalaqi ki m. berZeniSvils miaCnia
Revondis foTTad, rac araswori unda iyos, am mizezis gamo Teofanes cnobebi
fazisTan dakavSirebiT m. berZeniSvilma daukavSira dasavleT saqarTvelos foTs,
aseve foTad miiCnia Revondis foTTi. am umarTebulo dakavSirebebis gamo maqs.
berZeniSvilis daskvnebic moulodneli da saocaria. magaliTad,

misi daskvniT

d asavl eT saqarTvel os fo TSi d a saer To d d asavl eT saqar Tvel oSi ,

ro mel sac mkvl evari

lazi kas uw odebs,

erT peri odSi somxebis di di

raodenoba cxovrobda, is wers ,`maTi ricxvi lazikeSi mciredi ar iyo, Revondis

teqstic gvidasturebs maT ricxvmravlobas~ (dasax. naSr. gv. 216). agreTve wers `Revondisa da Teofanes urTierTSewameba gviCvenebs Revondis somxebi fuTTsa Tu
fazisSi arian 706-712 wlebSi,

Teofanes armenielebic aq arian 706-713 wlebSi.

Teofanes armenielebi mcirericxovanni ar Canan,

aseve ricxvmravlad vxedavT

somxebs Revondis monaTxrobiTac... aseTi identobis dadgena saSualebas gvaZlevs

warmovidginoT fazis-lazikeSi somexTa yofnis faqti, savsebiT gvirkvevs dRemde
amoucnobsa da bneliT mocul kiTxvas,

rogor gaCndnen armenielebi lazikeSi,

rogor Semoartyes alya arqeopoliss an ratom daixies fazisisaken da ara sxva

romelime punqtisaken... ase xerxdeba fuTT-foT-fazisSi somexTa cxovrebis
264

faqtis mTliani saxiT Tavidan bolomde aRdgena da imdroindel istoriul viTarebasTan dakavSireba~ (iqve,

gv. 218).

m. TamaraSvili niko marTan dakavSirebiT werda - `is somex istorikosebze

ufro metad ayalbebs istorias imiT, rom yvelafers somxebs miawers, asomxurebs~.
albaT,

nawilobriv igives Tqma SeiZleba qarTveli sabWoTa istorikosebis erT

nawilzec. vfiqr ob somexi istorikosebi ocnebaSic ver w armoidgen dnen,

rom odesme somxebma noqalaqevi aiRes (mas arqeopolisad miiCneven),

anda,

rom somxebi d asavleT saqarTvelosa da fo TSi mravlad cxovrobdn en,

magram, roca istoriuli geografia arasworad warmoisaxeba, roca dasavleT
saqarTvelo

lazikad miiCneva,

xolo foTi - ki fazisad,

amis Sedegic

saxezea - dasavleT saqarTvelo somexTa istoriuli qmedebebis arealad

isaxeba. qarTvelTa amgvarma warmosaxvebma da dabejiTebulma mtkicebebma safuZveli misca Tanamedrove somex istorikosebs fantaziis gafarToebisa, magaliTad,
axlaxan internetSi daido ruka `somxeTi VII s. geografiis mixedviT~ sadac istoriuli iberiis kuTvnil paradres kalTebi, xorZene,

gogarena, samxreT egrisi,

qaldea-WaneTeliTurT Woroxis xeobis CaTvliT - istoriul armeniad warmoadgines.

isini qarTveli mecnierebis zemoxsenebuli `daxmarebis~ gareSe amas ver SeZlebdnen.
maqsime berZeniSvili Tavis grandiozul daskvnas Teofane bizantielis Semdeg martiv cnobaze afuZnebs: `am wels filifikem gandevna armenielebi Tavisi
miwa-wylidan da aiZula isini dasaxlebuliyvnen meletinesa da meoTxe
armeniaSi~ (iqve,

gv. 206).

m. berZeniSvilis azriT imperatorma filifike-vardanma (711-713) somxebi gandevna dasavleT saqarTvelos q. foTidan saidanac isini iZulebiT
meletinesa da meoTxe armeniaSi dausaxlebia. Cveni foTi ar esazRvreba
meletines meoTxe armenias,

xolo trapezuntis fadisa (foTi) uSualod

emijneba am mxareebs. imaves wers miqael asuric. ase rom Teofanesa da miqaelis
cnobebi ar Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos foTs,

da aseve arc Revondis

cn oba.
unda aRniSnos,

rom arc Teofanes meore cnoba Seesabameba rionis dablobis

foTs. es cnoba aseTia - iustiniane rinitmatma (705-711) Tavisi mxedarTmTavari leoni

gagzavna lazikeSi, raTa mas alanebi aemxedrebina abazgebis winaaRmdeg. am Txrobisas
is axsenebs q. fazissa da armenielebs, rogorc bizantielTa momxreebs `romaelebi da
armenielebi lazikaSi SeiWrnen da arqeopoliss alya Semoartyes da roca Seityves
sarkinozebis mosvla - ukan gabrundnen. roca sarkinozebi lazikaSi mividnen, romaelTa
da armenielTa jari gaiqca da fazisisken daixia. aq iyo erTi cixe e.w. `rkinis cixe~,
sadac mtkiced idga vinme farsmani ... spaTarma (e.i. bizantielTa mxedarTmTavarma)
kacebi gagzavna masTan da SeuTvala ...`dagvexmare CavideT zRvis napiramde da iqedan
trapezuntSi gadavideT~ (iqve, gv. 214). aqedanac ki Cans, rom Teofanes mier naxsenebi
fazisi trapezuntis regionSia da ara foTTan. Cven garkveuli gvaqvs,
erqva md. Woroxs,

da iqve,

rom fazisi

am mdinaris zRvasTan SesarTavTan axlos mdebareobda

qalaqi arqeopolisi (Zveli avtorebis `altus portus~ anu Zveli qalaqi) - Tanamedrove
baTumis regionSi. am md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze zRvis SesarTavTan mdebareobda
265

q. fazisi da ara foTTan. saerTod

toponimi fazisi sxvadasxva variaciiT xSirad

gvaqvs lazistanis regionSi da maRla arzrumis SemogarenSi (istoriuli lazikis

eparqiaSi), magram saerTod ar gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, amJamadac
ki zRvispirzea qalaq fazari, xolo md. arezTan q. fasoni. sxva qalaqi iyo q. fadissa
(foTi) da sul sxva qalaqi iyo fazisi. unda aRiniSnos rom XI s-Si saxeli foTi sxva
adgilebsac erqva zRvis piras erT-erTi - xufaTi anu xu-faTi.Aaq unda yofiliyi
sazRvao portic.

foTis arqeologia
foTis aRmosavleTiT 15-20 km-is iqiT,

mdinareebs rionsa da xobs Soris,

aRmoCnda gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis epoqis adamianTa namosaxlarebi (namarnu,

Ziguri,

nosiri,

sakire,

civa,

anaklia,

eki,

senaki,

ergeta,

ureki da sxva).

gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis epoqaSi mecnier-geografia monacemebiT Savi

zRvis don e TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT daweuli iyo ramdenime metriT
(zRvis regresia). am epoqaSi ,

zRvis do nis dadablebis Sedegad daSra

rionis dablobSi Waobebi da lagunebi, ris gamoc SedarebiT xelsayreli

pirobebi Seiqmna adamianis cxovrebisaTvis,
aRniSnuli epoqis,

amis Sedegad warmoiqmna,

albaT,

anu gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis namosaxlarebi. marTalia,

aRmoCnda ucxouri keramikis fragmentebic zRvispirze ureksa da yulevis Sua Zv.w.

VI da Semdgomi saukuneebisa, magram ar aRmoCnda raime antikuri qalaqis namosaxlari (zRvis piras).
arqeologi g. gamyreliZe sagangebod swavlobda q. fazisis adgilmdebareobis
sakiTxs md. rionis SesarTavTan da momijnave mxareebSi. misi nakvlevis daskvna
aseTia _ `klasikuri da elinisturi xanis qalaqi arqeologiurad ar aris
dadasturebuli~ (g. gamyreliZe, `qalaq fasisis adgilmdebareobisa da definiciis
sakiTxisaTvis~ iberia-kolxeTi,

saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur

gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX, gv. 172).

ufro metic, ara Tu klasikuri da elinisturi xanis raime naqalaqaris
arseboba,

aramed berZnuli kulturis raime zegavlenac ki ar Cans mosaxleobis

yofaSi. g. gamyreliZe wers _ `mniSvnelovania is faqtis, rom Zv.w. VIII-VI da gnebavT

IV saukunemde foTis midamoebSi da mTel kolxeTSi raime didi cvlileba arqeologiur kulturaSi (keramikul da metalurgiul warmoebaSi, arqiteqturaSi,
ideologiaSi Tu dakrZalvis wesSi ar SeimCneva. xsenebul teritoriaze adgilobrivi sociumi rogorc cxovrobda ise cxovrobs, ar Cans berZnuli kulturis
raime zegavlena mosaxleobis yofaSi~ (g. gamyreliZe,

dasax. naSr,

gv. 172).

g. gamyreliZe, romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla yvela arqeologiuri monacemebi q. foTis mimdebare teritoriaze, Seiswavla yvela wyaro q. fazisis Sesaxeb,
askvnis, rom Tu foTi fazisia, maSin `e.w. didi berZnuli kolonizacia Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebSi ar Sexebia q. faziss~ (iqve,
arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT,

gv. 172). g. gamyreliZe gulisxmobs,

rom

q. foTs ar Sexebia `e.w. didi berZnuli

266

kolonizacia~, cxadia, q. fazisi miletelTa daarsebuli iyo da fazisi TviT iyo

didi berZnuli kolonizaciis Sedegi, magram, radganac q. foTTan ar aRmoCnda
am kolonizaciis raime kvali,

es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs,

rom q. foTTan

ar unda eZion q. fazisi, aramed sxva regionSi, iqneb Woroxis SesarTavTan,

ufro samxreTiT. g. gamyreliZe ganagrZobs _ q. foTsa da mis SemogarenSi `ucxouri
nawarmi kolonizaciis epoqaSi ar Cans,

xolo Zv.w. VI-V saukuneTa importuli

nawarmi mcirea da sul daaxloebiT 100 erTeuliT (keramikis natexebi) ganisazRvreba.

amitom aq raRac intensiur berZnul sakolonizacio moqmedebebze saubari
jerjerobiT sruliad usafuZvloa~ (g. gamyreliZe,
bareobis da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~,

`q. fasisis adgilmde-

iberia-kolxeTi,

saqarTvelos

antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, 2003,

damatebani,

IX,

Ziebani,

gv. 172).

aRsaniSnavia, rom mwiri arqeologiuri masala, mikvleulia,

metris siRrmeze,

miwis qveS 6

paliastomis tbis fskersa da zRvaSi _ `dRevandeli foTis

teritoriaze yvelaze Zveli arqeologiuri monacemebi adgil natexebTan paliastomis

tbis dasavleT nawilSi Tixa-torfian fenebSi dadasturda. aq aRmoCnda Zv.w. IV sis antikuri Savlakiani WurWlis qusli da amforis Ziri (Zv.w. III s.). q. foTis
midamoebSi aRmoCnda Zv.w. V s-is kolxuri TeTris 2 cali didraqma. q. foTSi,
pirveli maisis quCaze, geologiuri burRvis Sedegad, 6 metr siRrmeze aRmoCnda
sinopuris msgavsi Zv.w. II-I ss-Ta keramikis naSTebi (iqve, gv. 174).
foTis midamoebSi cxovreba qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg gagrZeldeboda
Cveuli gziT,

anu adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofa iseTive iyo,

danarCen istoriul dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

rogorc mTel

sadac ukve IV s-dan eklesiaTa

mSenebloba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. aseve yofila Tanamedrove foTis maxloblad

paliastomis tbis adgilas erT-erT sofelSi, sadac idga eklesia.
marTlac,

paliastomis tbis nawilSi arqeologebma aRmoaCines sof-

luri dasaxl eba,

Sei Zleba iTqvas qar Tul i ti pi sa,

r adganac mas ar

gaaCn ia brwyi nvaleba berZnuli civilizaciisa.

hidro-arqeologi wers _ `paliastomis tbis samxreT nawilSi kaparWanas
boloSi,

adgil `naeklesiarze~ aRmoCnda riyis qvebiT nagebi kedlis naS-

Tebi. tbis dasavleT nawilSi,

malTayvasTan,

dadasturda III-VIII ss-Ta

namosaxlaris naSTebi. arqeologiuri kvleviT gairkva,

rom paliastomis

tbaSi punqt `natexebSi~ Zveli namosaxlaria da misi naSTebi 900 kvadratul

metrze vrceldeba... paliastomis tbis farTi 18 kv.km-ia,

zRvisa da tbis

done Tanabaria~ (iqve, gv. 126). g. gamyreliZis azriT sityva paliastomi Sedgeba ori
berZnuli sityvisagan `palias~ (Zveli) da `stoma~ (cixe-simagre). e.i. Zveli cixesimagre.
paliastomis tbaSi adgil `natexebis~ namosaxlaris keremika (aguri, kramiti)
iseTivea,

rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva nagebobebisa _ `agurebi zomebiT

iseTivea, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis naqalaqarebze

_ biWvinTa, soxumi, oCamCire, gudava, noqalaqevi, mTisZiri, vaSnari, qobuleTbiWvnari, cixisZiri da gonio. paliastomis tbis namosaxlarze armoCnda brtyeli
gverdebdakecili kramiti... aq adgilobrivis garda aRmoCnda ucxouri brtyeli
267

kramitis natexebic... `natexebis~ namosaxlarze aRmoCenili keramikuli tara _ adgilobrivi amforebi siaxloves iCens noqalaqevSi gaTxrilTan da saerTod dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xanis _ adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze (ganTiadi, oCamCire, cixisZiri, varcixe, qobuleT-biWvnari) adgilobrivia samzareulo keramika qoTnebi, jamebi,

luTeriebi, doqebi, aseve sameurneo

keramika-qvevrebi. adgilobrivia paliastomis tbis nasaxlaris aRmoCenili

masalis 75%,

mTeli arqeologiuri masalis 25%-mdea ucxouri keramika,

rac

miuTiTebs sagareo urTierTkavSirs am nasaxlarisa. ase, rom foTis arqeologiuri

masala adgilobrivia da ar gansxvavdeba zogad qarTulisagan im epoqisaTvis.
`amnairi WurWeli dasavleT saqarTvelos IV-V ss fenebSi gvxvdeba~ (iqve, gv. 178).
anda `aseTi minis natexebi gaTxrilia webeldSi, soxumSi, noqalaqevSi, da sxvagan.
msgavsi fexiani sasmisebi IV-VIII ss-iT TariRdeba. minis fexiani sasmisebi
dadasturebulia mcxeTaSi, urbnisSi, rusTavSi da sxvagan (g. gamyreliZe, `qalaq
fasisis adgilmdebareobisa da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~ iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani,
damatebani, IX, gv. 178).
erTi sityviT,

foTis arqeologiuri masala miuTiTebs,

rom iq arsebuli

`natexebis~ dasaxleba, Cveulebrivi, sxvaTa msgavsi adgilobrivi (qarTuli) sofeli

iyo,

Tavisi eklesiiT da antikuri Tu bizantiuri ti pis qalaqi ar yofila.

`natexebi~ ki yvelaze didi dasaxleba iyo foTis regionSi.

ismis kiTxva: ratom aRmoCnda foTis (`natexebis~) dasaxleba paliastomis
sivrceSi? amis mizezi iyo Savi zRvis donis aweva anu transgresia,

romelic

daiwyo axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan. Savi zRvis done TandaTanobiT imatebda

saukuneTa manZilze, imdenad amaRlda, rom Tanamedrove dones 3 metriT gadaaWarba.
Savi zRvis wylis zedapiris amaRleba 3 metriT, katastrofuli iyo rionis dablobisaTvis,

romlis didi nawili zRvis doneze _ 0-van niSneulze mdebareobs.

maSasadame, am dablobis didi nawili wyliT Tu ara, WaobiT mainc daifara. Savi
zRvis donis es mateba gagrZelebula daaxloebiT X s-mde, Semdgom ki zRvas ukan
dauxevia da Tanamedrove 0-van doneze damdgara.
iqamde,

rogorc iTqva,

adrerkinis xanaSi Savi zRvis done regresiis gamo

ufro dabla iyo 0-van niSnulTan SedarebiT, anu amJamindel zRvis doneze dabla.
am dros xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmnila adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis, magram daaxloebiT I s-dan daiwyo zRvis donis aweva,

e.i. jer zRva gautolda 0-van niSnuls,

procesi saukuneebi grZeldeboda. qristianobis gavrcelebis kvaldakval zRvac

imatebda, magram mateba mainc da mainc sagangaSo ar yofila, ramac saSualeba
misca paliastomis tbis adgilas aegoT eklesia,

albaT IV-VII ss-Si,

magram

mateba grZeldeboda, zRvam win waiwia. am droisaTvis albaT zRvis mateba ukve 1-2
metrs aWarbebda. es ki ukve katastrofa iyo. VIII s-saTvis, is 3 metrs miuaxlovda,
Senobebi TandaTanobiT wyliT daifara, xalxma miatova sacxovrisi da mTian adgilebSi
gadasaxlda. Cans, ufro quTaisisaken, radganac quTaisSi gadaasvenes paliastomis
eklesiis cnobili xati da agreTve, guriaSi, jumaTSi gadaasvenes paliastomis sxva
xati. arqeologi kargad aRwers klimatur katastrofas _ `klasikur-elinisturi
xanis fasisi mainc mikvleuli ar aris. es ki imitom xdeba,
268

rom xsenebul

monakveTSi urTulesi paleomorfologiuri situaciaa. geomorfologiuri

mdgomareobis mxriv yulev-foTi-urekis zRvispireTi,

TiTqos,

amovard-

nilia saqarTvelos zRvispireTis (330 km.) saerTo konteqstidan. aq bundovania globaluri,

Savi zRvis regresiisa da transgresiis faqti fasisTan

mimarTebaSi. gaurkvevelia zRvis sanapiro Selfis

sakiTxic. xSirad,

lokaluri dinamikis

geomorfologebi arqeologebis monacemebs eyrdnobian

da sanapiroze namosaxlarebis ganlagebis mixedviT gamoaqvT zogadi daskvnebi.

Cveni azriT,

sakiTxi kompleqsur Seswavlas moiTxovs. oRond,

sasurvelia,

rom jer geomorfologebma gagvcen pasuxi Tu rogori iyo sanapiros dinami ka da Z velad sad erTvoda rion i zRvas. maT unda gai Tvalisw inon
globaluri (zRvis regresia-transgresia) da lokaluri (mdinareebis gamonatani naSali masala,
kalapotebi,
dReboa,

mdinareebis rionis,

regionis Waobianoba,

xobis,

sufsis Zveli

torfianoba da sxva) monacemebi... sayura-

rom aq erTis mxriv xdeba rionis mier saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

didZali naSali masalis gamotana,

iwvevda,

fiCoris,

rac albaT deltis zRvaSi gawevas

xolo meores mxriv xdeboda zRvis donis aweva,

mitaceba moyva~ (iqve,

rasac sanapiros

gv. 179).

cnobilma xatma `paliastomis RvTismSobelma~ dRemde moaRwia _ `foTidan,

paliastomis tbis midamoebidan.

aris qarTuli (mxedrulwarweriani) barZimi,

romelic q. quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi inaxeba (inv. #3788)~, (iqve,

gv. 176). barZims aqvs qarTuli Tumca gviandeli warwera, aseve qarTulia paliastomis
xatis warwerac, rac erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs, rom taZari qarTuli eklesiis
iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda da ara berZnulisa. berZnul saepiskoposoebSi qarTuli
wirva-locva da warwerebi, rogorc wesi, ar arsebobda. aqedan gamomdinare, Cans,
arc fasisis samitropolito centri yofila q. foTSi, iqneb fasisis samitropolito
da misi oTxi berZnuli saepiskoposo ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed iq iyo,
sadac maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb miuTiTa saxelganTqmulma mecnierma n. adoncim, anu
trapezuntis olqSi, Woroxis xeobis dasavleT nawilSi.
Tumca,

g. gamyreliZis azriT,

`fasisi zRvaSi unda iyos daZiruli~,

amis

dasturia agreTve mecnier-geografebis monacemebi, romlis mixedviT Sav zRvaze e.w.

fanagoriuli regresiis damTavrebis Semdeg daiwyo Savi zRvis transgresia (Zveli
da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze), Sedegad zRvis donem 3 metramde aiwia. Sesabamisad Zveli namosaxlarebi zRvis qveS unda moqceuliyvnen. kerZod, amgvari procesebi ganviTarda CrdiloeT da samxreT (mag. sinopi) SavizRvispireTSi, sadac mTeli
rigi antikuri namosaxlarebi moeqcnen wyalqveS (g. gamyreliZe,
adgilmdebareobisa da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~ iberia-kolxeTi,

`qalaq fasisis
saqarTvelos

antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani, damatebani,

IX, gv. 180).

269

foTi da rionis dablobi V-XV saukuneebSi

(geologiuri mimoxilva)
foTi mdebareobs rionis dablobze zRvis donidan 1-3 m simaRleze (qse, 10,
351),

uWiravs zRvispira vake,

romelsac md. rionis erT-erTi toti araTanabar

nawilebad hyofs. foTis datborvis sawinaaRmdegod sistematurad warmoebs

mdi naris dinebis mareguli rebel i samuSaoebi. qalaqis mosazRvre miw ebi
metwilad daWaobebulia. qalaqs samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Camoudis mdinare kaparWina,
aqve mdebareobs paliastomis tba.
aRsaniSnavia,

rom foTi-samtrediis zonaSi miwis zedapiris zogierTi

monakveTi zRvis doneze dablac ki mdebareobs. V-XV saukuneebSi, geologiuri

daskvnis mixedviT, mTeli es zedapiri Txeli wyliT unda yofiliyo dafaruli.
saqme isaa, rom daaloebiT axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan Savi zRvis done
aweuli iyo 1 metrT. zRvis donis erTi metriT aweva gamoiwvia e.w. `nimfurma
transgresiam~.
(regresiad iwodeba zRvis donis daweva,

transgresiad ki zRvis

don is aweva).
mogvianebiT,

V saukunidan XVI saukunis CaTvliT Sav zRvaze faqtia

nimfuri transgresiis arseboba,

romlis maqsimalur fazaSi zRvis donem

TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 1 metramde aiwia~. _ aRniSnavs Tavis xelnawerSi

geologi g. maisuraZe.
es periodi IV-XVI,

miT umetes V-XVI saukuneebi qarTuli qristianuli

kulturis Casaxva-aRorZinebis saukuneebia da CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani. am epoqaSi rionis dablobi,

miT umetes foTi,

Cans,

wyliT daifara,

radganac zRvis donem 1 metriT aiwia da aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda

TiTqmis aTasi weli. CvenTvis sainteresoa sakiTxi, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara
foTSi aseTi wyaldidobisa da daWaobianebis epoqaSi,

kerZod VII sauku-

neSi daarsebuliyo e.w. `fasisis samitropolito kaTedra~,

Tan amed rove sai stor io qarTul

rogorc Cvens

li teraturaSia aRni Snul i?

ras niSnavs samitropolito centri? _ mitropoliti warmoSobilia berZnuli

sityvidan `mater~ da `polis~, niSnavs deda qalaqis, mTavari qalaqis episkoposs.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara,

foTi yofiliyo regionis mTavari qalaqi aseTi

dausrulebeli wyaldidobis dros, maSin, roca wylis simaRle ara Tu iklebda,

aramed TandaTanobiT matulobda XV-XVI saukuneebamdee? saerTod,

arsebobda

aseTi saSinel klimatur pirobebSi rionis dablobze qalaqebi? an Tundac soflebi?

rogorc Cans,

arsebuli pirobebis gamo xalxi ara Tu aSenebda soflebs (an

qalaqebs), aramed tovebda maT da mTiswineTs afarebda Tavs. amis magaliTad unda
CavTvaloT paliastomis tbis eklesiis bedi. quTaisis muzeumSi amJamadac
dabrZanebulia `paliastomis xati~,

romelsac Tan axlavs Txroba xatis

Tavdapirveli eklesiis Sesaxeb. kerZod, paliastomis adgilas yofila sofeli

Tavisi eklesiiTa da cnobili xatiT, romelic TandaTanobiT wylis qveS moeqca,
xalxma xati gamoasvena eklesiidan da mTebs Seafara -`amas ityvian naqalaqevs da
270

Semdgomad moculsa wylisagan~ _ wers vaxuSti paliastomze (qarTlis cxovreba,

IV, gv. 790).
rodis warmoiqmna paliastomis tba? SesaZlebelia Tu ara mis adgilze soflis,

an qristianuli eklesiis arseboba? eklesiebi CvenSi Sendeboda IV s-dan.

SesaZlebelia, aq marTlac aSenda eklesia, romelic zRvis donis awevis kvaldakval

wliT daifara. g. maisuraZis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT `I-II saukuneebSi ar
SeiZleboda paliastomis tbis arseboba regresiis gamo~ (maS rogor unda
enaxaT foTTan tba strabonis epoqaSi?).
paliastomis tbis maqsimaluri siRrmea 3, 2 m, saSualo siRrme aris 2, 6 metri.
transgresiisas, V saukenedan mainc, Tu ufro adredan ara, zRvis amaRlebis gamo
zRvaSi mdinare rionis wyals Sesvla uWirda, is gubdeboda da iSleboda mTel
rionis dablobze, romelic TiTqmis nulovan donezea samtrediamde.
vfiqrob,

rom am daWaobebis da mis Tanmdev cieb-cxelebis gamo,

grigol

xanZTelma afxazeTis samefos (anu imJamindel dasavleT saqarTvelos) barSi, ver

i pova vercerTi samonastro adgili da amitomac mTaSi _ ubisas monastrisaTvis
Cauyria safuZveli. TviTY daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSic ki,
haviT uvargisad iTvleboda. viTareba,

quTaisis midamoebi

anu kl imaturi pi ro bebis Secvla

dawyebula XVI saukunisaTvis. am saukunis Semdeg daiwyo `regresia~,

zRvis donis daweva,
naxevari metriT,

anu

zRvis done nulovan donesTan SedarebiT daweula

radganac mis wina periodSi aweuli iyo erTi metriT,

sabolood zRvas dauwevia TiTqmis metrnaxevriT. am Secvlilma viTarebam

wylisagan gaaTavisufla miwis didi farTobebi, Waobma da,

Sesabamisad,

cieb-

cxelebam ukan daixia, hava gaumjobesda da mdinare rions _ iqamde Segubebuls

mi eca zRvaSi Sed ar ebi T Tavi sufal i SeRw evi s saSual eba. w yl i sagan
gaTavi sufl ebul miw ebze xalxma d ai w yo xvn a-Tesva,
sacxovrebeli adgilebi. am dros,
toriebic,

Cans,

gamo Cnd a axal i

gamoCnda foTis mimdebare teri-

romlebic aseve wylisagan gaTavisufldnen. imis gamo,

fo Ti Sedar ebi T ufr o maRlaa zRvis d oni dan ,

teritoriebi,

rom

vi dre misi mo mi jnave

osmaleTs maSinve miuqcevia misTvis yuradReba.

1578-79 wlebSi osmalebma es miwebi dai pyres da didi cixe-simagre aages. 1640
wels imereT-guria-samegrelos laSqarma ieriSiT aiRo cixe-simagre, magram mas
1723 wels kvlav osmaleTi daepatrona 1828 wlamde.
XIX saukuneSi kvlav dawyebula transgresia,

anu kvlav aiwia zRvis

donem da miaRwia nulovan dones. kvlav daiwyo TandaTanobiT datborva

mimdebare dablobisa,

rac amJamadac grZeldeba.

egrisis, argveTisa da guriis cixe-simagreebi da soflebi agebuli iyo ara

rionis dablobSi,
rodopolisi,

aramed mTiswinebSi. fasisis samitropolitos qalaqebi

saisini,

petra da ziganevi aRniSnuli mdgomareobis gamo

unda veZioT ara rionis dablobze, aramed sxva regionSi.

271

foTis akvatoria geologis, teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris

g. maisuraZis TvalsazrisiT
foTis,

md. rionisa da misi deltis,

aseve kolxeTis dablobis udidesi

nawilis geologiuri saxe ukanaskneli 2000 wlis manZilze ganpirobebuli iyo

klimaturi periodebiT. kerZod,

geologiuri periodebi bolo aTi aTasi wlis

manZilze pirobiTad dayofilia 4 jgufad (adre,

maTgan Cven amJamad vimyofebiT periodSi,

Sua da gviani holocenebi).

romelsac gviani (zeda) holoceni

ewodeba da misi klimaturi periodi iwodeba subatlantikurad. am dros zRvis

done mkveTrad icvleboda. Tavdapirvelad, daaxloebiT brinjaos xanaSi (3000w),
e.w. fanagoriuli regresiis dros zRvis donem daiwia 6-8 metriT. xolo
Semdeg,

daaxloebiT I saukunidan daiwyo zRvis donis aweva da nulovan

doneze 2 metriT maRla aiwia. am process `nimfeur transgresias~ uwodeben. fanagoriuli regresiis dros Savi zRvis done imyofeboda 8-10 metriT
dabla Tanamedrove donesTan SedarebiT,

amis gamo amJamad wyliT dafarul

Selfis zolSi gaSenebuli iyo berZnul-romauli qalaqebi viTareba mkveTrad

icvleba d aaxl oebi T qri stes Sobi s peri od id an. d ed amiw aze kli mati s
globaluri cvalebadobis gamo daiwyo ukuprocesi _ aiwia zRvis donem
(tran sgr esia),

amis gamo qalaqebi mo eqcnen wyl is qveS. daTbobi s pe-

ri odi (glo bal uri) amJamadac mimdinareobs.

md. rionTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas,

rom transgresiis, anu Savi zRvis

donis awevis gamo moxda md. rionis e.w. `Segubeba~.

saerTod, I saukunidan da (mis Semdegac) xdeboda mdinareTa Segubebebi,
anu iwevda maRla zRvis

done TiTqmis 2-4 metriT da amis gamo es aweuli

done aiZulebda mdinaris wyals dagubebuliyo,

vakeze,

rogoricaa

Cndeboda Waobebi,

miT umetes iseT gaSlil

foTis Semogareni. amis gamo mTel kolxeTis vakeze

anu mkveTrad izrdeboda wylis sarke (md. rionisa). am

movlenis gamo amJamadac am dablobze aris Waobebi da torfnari. sazogadod ki, q.

foTTan iyo md. ri onis didi Segubeba,

rac,

rogor c iTqva,

daiwyo

ZiriTadad I saukunidan. am process (Segubebas) ewodeba aseve `mdinaris

kvdoma~ (geologiuri termini) da aRniSnavs eroziis bazisis stabilur
mdgomareobas,

anu eroziis bazisi (am SemTxvevaSi Savi zRva) stabilurad

inarCunebs maRal niSnuls,

gaTanabrebuls mdinaris donesTan. amis gamo

mdinares Zalze uWirs Tavisi wylis zRvaSi Setana. is TiTqosda eZebs

gamosavals,

icvlis kalapots,

rogorme Seitanos zRvaSi,

iklakneba,

eZebs axal gzebs,

raTa Tavisi wyali

dablo bze iqmneba meandr ebi,

xazavs sinusoidebs,

anu mdin are

amasTanave xSirad Wris axal kalapots.

kolxeTis vakeze adgilobrivma mosaxleobam sagangebod am movlenis aRsaniSnavad SeimuSava termini _ `narionalebi~. esaa Rrma arxebi,

sadac

od esRac mdin are miedin ebod a.

`narionalebi~ imas niSnavs,

rom md. rioni icvlida kalapots,

iwyebda `xe ti al s~ zedapirze. ami s kval i kosmo sidanac Cans,

272

xSirad
kosmiur

fotosuraTebze aris uamravi narionalis anabeWdi samtrediidan foTamde maSasadame,

mdinareTa Segubebebi transgresiis dros Cveulebrivi mdgomareobaa.
rogorc iTqva,

fanagoriuli regresiis dros brinjaos epoqidan TiTqmis I

saukunemde, zRvis done 8-10 metriT dabla imyofeboda (Tumca TandaTanobiT imatebda
misi done). amJamad Savi zRvis zolSi zRvisgan gaTavisuflebul xmeleTze (Selfuri zona) gaSenda uZvelesi qalaqebi, magram es exeba im Selfs, romelic garkveuli
kuTxiT daxrilia zRvisken,
don ezea (imdenad,

magram foTTan Selfuri zona TiTqmis zRvis

rom amJamadac SeiZ leba foTTan wyalqveS moqceul

teritoriaze 2 km-ze metic ki fexiT gavla),

anu zRvis donis dawevis

drosac ki foTTan Selfis magier gvqonda md. rionis mier Semotanili

myari masala,

romelic il eqeboda foTis akvatoriaSi. maSasadame,

aq

qalaqis an qalaqebis aSeneba SeuZlebeli iyo _ daWaobebisa da wyaluxvobis gamo ara mxol od r egresiis ( zRvi s ukan daxevis),

aramed trans-

gresiis (zRvis donis awevis) drosac.

geologiuri WaburRilebi, romlebic dadgmulia foTis raionSi, aCvenebs,
rom 4 metri siRrmidan qvemoT, 15-25 metris intervalSi (TiTqmis 200 metr siRrmemde),
zRviur naleqTan erTad morigeoben torfis Sreebi, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom
mTeli meoTxeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, holocenis CaTvliT,

es teritoria

ganicdis stabilur daZirvas, rac gamoTvlilia. es aris weliwadSi 6-9 milimetri.

am labiluri, anu moZravi teritoriis gamo aq qalaqebi ver gaSendeboda
(igulisxmeba foTis akvatoria). (sxva viTareba iyo WoroxTan,

engurTan da

sxva mdinareebTan).
rioni aris RerZuli zoli mTaTaSua qvabulisa da mTeli Camorecxili
masala grovdeboda am qvabulSi, romelic (es masala) zRvisken gamoaqvs rions,
amis gamo teritoria aris labiluri, anu moZravi. es niSnavs, rom es teritoria
TandaTanobiT iZireba: 10 weliwadSi 6 santimetriT, 100 weliwadSi _ 60 santimetriT,
xolo 1000 weliwadSi 6 metriT, anu I saukunidan dRemde, anu 2000 wlis manZilze
is CaiZira 10-12 metriT,

amitomac gvaqvs torfis Sreebi siRrmeebSi. daskvna _

foTi ar aris antikuri qalaqi fazisi.

literatura: . , , 1966, ..
-, 1978.
(geologis naazrevis gacnobis Semdeg Cndeba kiTxva _ Tu mdinare rioni
ase xSirad icvlida kalapots,

rogor aaSenes masze 120 xidi,

miT umetes

WaobebSi, rasac Tanamedrove teqnikiTac ver axerxeben?)

fasisel akademikosTa Tvalsazrisi

ramdenime Cven werilSi gamovTqviT frTxili mosazreba,

rom fazisi ar

mdebareobda Tanamedrove foTis adgilas. fasiselma akademikosebma es varaudi

mecnieruli kvlevebiT ganamtkices.
`fasisis saero akademiam~ gamosca aRniSnuli mecnierebis nakvlevi, roml273

idanac aRmoCnda,

rom is adgili sadac amJamad qalaqi foTi mdebareobs,

2000

wlis win, strabonis dros, ueWvelad zRviT iyo dafaruli, anu Tanamedrove
foTis adgili wylis qveS yofila moqceuli. amis mizezs Semdegnairad aRwers
ramdenime faziseli akademikosi: mdinare rions zRvaSi yovelwliurad Seaqvs
10-12 mi lioni tona sila,
miwis matebas,

rac san apiro sTan daleqvis Semdgo m iwvevs

anu rionis SesarTavTan izrdeba xmeleTi da es mateba

xmeleTi sa 2000 wli s man Zil ze gvaZl evs mr aval aTeul ki lometrovan
axal sanapiro zols. s. gvasalia wers: `Tu ukve xsenebul ricxobriv monacemebs
davubrundebiT da xmeleTis matebas weliwadSi saSualod 4 metrs vivaraudebT
2500

wlis manZilze zRvis sanapiro rionis SesarTavTan 10 km-iT mainc unda

yofiliyo gaziduli aRmosavleTiT dRevandeli sanapiros xazidan, Sesabamisad

mTeli teritoria,

romelzec dRes qalaqi foTia gaSenebuli da pirvel

rigSi ki kunZulis ubani,

gviandel warmonaqmnad unda CaiTvalos~ (s.

gvasalia `antikuri xanis kolxeTi~,

krebulSi `cotneideli~,

t. II,

2008,

gv. 57).
uRrmesad madlobeli varT Rvawlmosili mecnierisa,

romelmac Cveni mo-

sazreba gamoTvlebiT daadastura. marTlac, q. foTi ar SeiZleba iyos q. fazisi,

radganac s. gvasalias monacemebiT misi amJamindeli mdebareobis adgili 2500
wlis win zRvis siRrmeSi iyo CaZiruli maSindeli sanapiro zolidan 10 km-is
iqiT. cxadia zRvaSi da Tanac wylis qveS qalaqis aSeneba SeuZlebelia. aseve
vmadlob s. zaqaraias, romelmac msgavsi kvlevebiT daadastura es azri. s. zaqaria
wers: `q. foTis portis statistikuri monacemebiT 1804,
xmeleTma Sesabamisad weliwadSi 9 metri moimata!~ (iqve,

1870,

1892 wlebSi

gv. 69).

Tuki wina mecnieris angariSiT erT weliwadSi xmeleTis 4 metri mateba 2500
wlis manZilze Tanamedrove foTis mdebareobis adgils sazRvravda zRvis siRrmeSi 10 km-iT, 9 metriT matebis SemTxvevaSi is 2-jer ufro meti unda yofiliyo,
maSasadame daaxloebiT 20-22 km-iT daSorebuli Tanamedrove sanapirodan zRvis
siRrmeSi. e.i. dRevandeli foTis adgilsamyofeli antikur xanaSi zRvaSi iyo
CaZiruli da daSorebuli sanapirodan 20-ze meti km-iT. Sesabamisad iq arc qalaqi
iqneboda.
ramdenad realuria aseTi angariSi aRniSnul statistikur monacemebze
dayrdnobiT,

iqneb mecnierebi cdebian? ara,

maTi azri dasturdeba niko

nikolaZi s pir adi dakvi rvebi T da misi gazo mvebi T. kerZod,

s. zaqaraia

mkiTxvels awvdis aseT cnobas _ `m. berZniSvils mohyavs niko nikolaZis

monacemebidan faqti, rom 1860-ian wlebSi zed zRvis sanapiroze agebuli Suqura
Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi,

daaxloebiT 1910-15 wlebSi,

napirs 2 versze metiT

aRmoCnda daSorebuli~ (iqve,

gv. 70). am cnobas Tan erTvis naxazi romelzedac

avtoris mier miniSnebulia,

rom 55 wlis ganmavlobaSi xmeleTma moimata 2000

metriT (iqve, gv. 71). anu uxeSad rom vTqvaT, naxevar saukuneSi xmeleTs 2 km-iT
moumatia,

cxadia erT saukuneSi moimatebda 4 km-iT,

rac 25 saukunis manZilze

gvaZlevs 100 km-s!

miuxedavad mecnieruli kvlevisa,

mainc ver ganvazogadebT maT Sedegebs,

274

sinamdvileSi rionis sila-SlamiT ifareboda ara mTeli sanapiros perimetri,

aramed mxo lod ri onis SesarTavis mimdebare teritori a. amas miuTiTebs
iqve s. zaqaraias mier mocemuli kidev erTi statistikuri cnoba. kerZod, `Turqma
generalsimusma murad III-m 1578 wels foTTan,

uSualod zRvis sanapiroze

aago foTis cixe,

1858 wels,

romelic 280 wlis Semdeg,

1,8 km-iT iyo daSorebuli. saqmis realoba imaSia,

gamoirCeva,

rogorc naSali masalis (sila,

zRvis napiridan

rom rioni msoflioSi

Slami da sxv.) didi raode-

nobis zRvaSi Semtani. mecnierTa mier araerTgzis dadgenilia, rom yovelw li ur ad md. r io ns zRvaSi Seaqvs 8-12 mil io n i to na n aSal i masala,
risi didi nawili zRvis sanapiros Soriaxlo ileqeba da iwvevs xmeleTis
matebas zRvis xarjze~ (iqve, gv. 70). maSasadame, murad III-s rionis SesarTavis
siaxloves augia foTis cixe, romelic 280 wlis Semdeg zRvas ukve daSorebuli
iyo 1,8 km-iT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xmeleTis mateba am adgilas ufro naklebi
iyo vidre Suquras pirze, ratom? saqme isaa, rogorc s. zaqaraias naxazidan Cans,
Suqura ufro axlo yofila md. rionis SesarTavTan,

xolo foTis cixe ufro

moSorebiT mdgara. maSasadame, 9 metri mateba xmeleTisa yofila ara Savi zRvis
mTel sanapiroze,

aramed uSualod md. rionis SesarTavTan. Tumca arc foTis

cixesTan yofila mcire. erTi sityviT, md. rionis SesarTavTan gaSenebuli qalaqi
xmeleTis matebis gamo, 2500 wlis Semdeg, zRvis sanapirodan ramdenime aTeuli kmiT iqneboda daSorebuli. sxva sityviT rom vTqvaT, qalaqi md. rionis SesarTavTan,
am mdinaris Slamianobis gamo, ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi zRvas daSordeboda
da uvargisi gaxdeboda naosnobisaTvis. im epoqaSi arc silis satumbi manqanebi
gaaCndaT da arc rkina-betonis jebirebs agebdnen. maS sad aages q. fazisi?
samwuxarod es saukunovani kiTxva pasuxgaucemeli darCa. Tumca ki,

Cven

gvainteresebs ara antikuri qalaqi fazisis adgilsamyofeli, aramed Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli fazisis samitropolito centrisa,

kerZod, IV-VII saukuneTa

viTareba. arqeologebis erTi nawilis azriT swored am epoqaSi mkveTrad aiwia

Savi zRvis donem,

TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 3-4 metriT. am klimatur epoqas

uwodeben holocens. anu zRva TandaTanobiT maRldeboda TiTqmis X saukunemde,

XVI s.Semdgom ki isev daiwia da Tanamedrove nulovan doneze dadga (d. wereTeli,
`pleistocen gruzii~, 1966, (rusul enaze); p. v. fedorov, `pleistocen pontokaspia~, 1978, (rusul enaze)). rionis SesarTavTan, am viTarebis gamo, rogorc
Cans,

namdvili tropikuli warRvna iyo. erTi mxriv mdinares Semohqonda

10-12 milioni tona Slami,

amave dros zRvis done maRla iwevda,

rasac

Tan erTvoda dasavleTis qarebis gamo gaSlil vakeze mdinaris Segubeba.

Waobi da fafiseburi niadagi, araTu rionis sanapiroebs, aramed dasavleT
saqarTvelos vakis did nawilsac moicavda. aRniSnuli klimaturi pirobebis gamo,

iZulebuli var,

da amve dros Cemi movaleobac aris,

anxmo VIII saukunis trapezuntel mitropolits,

romelmac 3-jer moaw-

era xeli VII msoflio krebis masalebs da 3-jerve aRniSna,

samitropo lito centri imJamad trapezuntSi mdebareobda.

275

daveT-

rom fazisis

Waobis hava foTTan

holocenis bolo periodSi,

rogorc aRiniSna (III-XV ss-Si) Savi zRvis

donis 1 m-iT maRla awevis gamo mdinare rions uWirda Tavis wylebis Setana
zRvaSi, ris gamoc is gubdeboda kolxeTis gaSlil vakeze da warmoqmnida uzarmazar
Waobebs.
XVI-XVIII saukunisaTvis zRvis donem daiwia da Waobebis erTi nawili daSra,
amis miuxedavad,

foTis mimdebare regionis klimati uvargisad iTvleboda. ma-

galiTad, XVIII saukunis mogzauri mitropoliti timoTe gabaSvili ase axasiaTebs

ruleT-kales (yulevis) garemos: `Waobiani, uxvnaleqiani da janmrTelobisTvis
uvargisi~ (k. xaraZe, qarTveli mogzaurebi, 1987, gv. 48).

paliastomis RvTismSoblis xati

paliastomis RvTismSoblis xatis saxelwodeba momdinareobs saqarTveloSi
sakmaod gavrcelebuli Tqmulebidan paliastomis tbis gaCenis Sesaxeb. Tqmulebis
Tanaxmad RvTismSoblis xati paliastomis `cixe-qalaqis~ taZarSi esvena, saidanac im
taZris mTavar xucesma silibistrom RvTismSoblis miTiTebiT, romelic mas gamoecxada - xati quTaisis cixe-qalaqSi gadaasvena. paliastomis qalaqi ki xalxiTuTr
wyalSi CaiZira. xats aqvs gviandeli warwera `...dedaqalaq quTaisis RvTismSobelo...~
rac imaze metyvelebs, rom ara TviT xati, aramed misi perangi mogvianebiT quTaisSi
unda iyos damzadebuli. xati ferwerulia,

vercxliT moWedili. centralur naw-

ilSi warmodgenilia RvTismSobeli yrma iesoTi. RvTismSoblisa da qristes saxeebi

Sesrulebulia ferweriT xeze,

romelic dazianebulia. xatis danarCeni nawili

mTlianad moWedilia da daferilia oqroTi. RvTismSobels da yrma iesos tanT

acvia grZeli mosasxamebi.
xatis qveda arSiaze warweraa romelSic moxseniebulni arian imereTis
mefe giorgi III da Ze misi aleqsandre. quTaTeli mTavarepiskoposi CxatiZe
basili: `xati ese yovlad wmidisa RvTisa, pirveli moWedili daZvelebuliyo
da Cven meored ganvaaxleT, Seiwire deda RmrTisao mcire ese samsaxuri Cueni
da meox gueqmen dRes mas gankiTxvasa amin. Seiqmna xati ese xeliTa rafiel
monazonisaTa qoronikon~. aqedan gamomdinare xatis xelaxali moWedva me-17
saukuneSi momxdara. xati Sesulia bagratis taZridan 1923 wels quTaisis
muzeumSi.
xati restavrirebulia 1612 wels rafiel monazonis (meored momWedveli) mier.
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, rogorc iTqva, RvTismSoblis xati paliastomis `cixeqalaqis~ mTavar taZarSi esvena,

saydris mTavaruxucesma silibistrom xatis

STagonebiT ixila Cveneba (es silibistro gabriel xucesmonazonis Soreuli

winapari da naTesavi yofila),
taZarSi Sesuliyo,

rom silibistro (mTavaruxucesi) paliastomis

misi yovladwmida xati aeRo da cixe-qalaqidan gamoetana,

radganac male igi wyalSi CaiZireboda. mTavaruxucesma ar daijera. amis Semdeg

276

RvTismSobeli orjer gamoecxada silibistros,

magram mas veraferi Seasminao.

silibistrom arc sxvebTan gaamxila amis Sesaxeb. igi cixe-galavnis gareT

cxovrobda sxva saydris maxloblad. male RvTis neba aRsrulda am cixe-qalaqze
da wyalSi CaiZira, xolo yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xati RvTis SemweobiT
warRvnas gadaurCa, TavisTavad, uxilavad, RvTis gangebiT, cixe-qalaqidan
h aerze mil i vl ivebd a (midioda). ixila Tu ara es saswauli silibistro
mTavaruxucesma, daeca saswaulebrivi xatis winaSe da codvebis miteveba gamosTxova
mas. roca igi xats miuaxlovda,

is haeridan daiZra da mTavaruxucesis

xelebSi miesvena. amis Semdeg silibistros isev gamoecxada RvTismSobeli da

uwmidesi xatis cixe-qalaq quTaisSi gadasveneba ubrZana,

rac mTavaruxucesma

aRasrula kidec. es xati bagratis taZarSi daasvenes. paliastomis cixe-qalaqi ki

xalxiTurT wyalSi CaiZira.
aq aRsaniSnavia - xatis warwera miuTiTebs, rom meored moWedvis dros xati
ukve quTaisSi yofila dasvenebuli. `...dedaqalaqisa quTaisisa RuTismSobelo...~,
rac imaze metyvelebs, rom xati meored quTaisis RvTismSoblis saxelzea gaWedili da uSualod quTaisSi unda iyos damzadebuli misi meore perangi.
rogorc iTqva, xati ferwerulia, vercxliT moWedilia (zoma 135 X 92, 5 sm).
mis centralur nawilSi warmodgenilia RvTismSobeli yrma iesoTi xelSi.
rogorc iTqva xatis qveda arSiaze saubaria xatis xelmeored moWedvis Sesaxeb.
aq moxseniebuli arian imereTis mefe giorgi III (1606-1639 ww.) da misi Svili
aleqsandre. aqedan cxadia, rom xatis xelaxali moWedva me-17 saukunis dasawyisSi
momxdara,

kerZod,

1612 wels,

sxva mosazrebiT ki,

1548-1568 wlebs Soris.

(warwera gamoqveynebuli aqvs m. nikoleiSvils `me-17 saukunis istoriuli

masalebi quTaisis muzeumSi~, quT. muzeumis masalebi II, 1971 w. gv. 33-35).

episkoposi fazisisa, anu trapezuntisa

VII msoflio saeklesio krebis (787w.) aqtebs xels sxva monawileebTan erTad
awers trapezunteli mRvdelmTavari: `qristefore episkoposi fazisisa, anu trapezuntisa~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 212).
VIII saukuneSi bizantiis imperia arabobis gamo didi gasaWiriT flobda
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis viwro zols q. trapezuntis CaTvliT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazRvari q. trapezuntTan mTavrdeboda, magram ukve ikveTeboda
niSnebi imisa,

rom bizantia kvlavindeburad SeZlebda am mxareebis dabrunebas.

iqamde trapezuntis episkoposs ar gaaCnda Tavisi samitropolito. is TviTon

Sedioda erT-erTi saepiskoposos saxiT polemonis pontos mitropoliis
SemadgenlobaSi (amas adasturebs VII-VIII saukuneTa nusxebi) (iqve, gv. 212).
Cans,

imJamad politikuri Zvrebi SeimCneoda, raTa Camolibebuliyo axali

administraciuli erTeuli `xaldeas Temi~ centriT q. trapezuntSi (iqamde VII

saukunidan q. trapezunti armeniakonis TemSi Sedioda), mas SemdgomSi marTlac
gamoeyo sakmaod vrceli axali administraciuli erTeuli `xaldea~. misi
277

SavizRvispira sazRvari aRwevda md. Woroxamde, anu fazisamde (da ara foTamde!).
armeniakonis Temis zRvispira sazRvaric aseve aRwevda md. fazisamde, e.i. Woroxamde
da ara foTamde. xaldeas Temis dedaqalaqi trapezunti iyo. mas aseve ufro
martivadac uwodebdnen `lazikas~,

lazikis Tems.

safiqrebelia, rom winaswar iqamde ubralo qalaqis (trapezuntis) episkoposma gadawyvita mieniWebina Tavisi qalaqisaTvis samitropolito Rirseba,
risTvisac saWiro iyo,

rom mas hqonoda Tavisi sakuTari iurisdiqciis qveS

ramdenime saepiskoposo kaTedra. amasTanave, isini sadavoni ar unda yofliyvnen

mezobeli samitropolitoebis mxridan (trapezuntis zRvispirze male rizes
samitropolito Camoyalibda). Cans,

aseT arasadavo kaTedrebad trapezun-

telma qristeforem miiCnia imJamad ukve gauqmebuli,

magram istoriulad

trapezuntis siaxloves arsebuli fazisis samitropolito, romelSic zigana,

rodopolisi,

saisini da petra Sedioda. es kaTedrebi,

zi ganas axlo s,

rogorc iTqva,

q.

md ebareobdn en n . ad on ci s kvl eviT d a ar a dasavl eT

saqarTveloSi. trapezunti samitropolitod iqca.

fazisis akademia
IVs-Si fazisTan yofila akademia,
werilis Tanaxmad,

sad iyo qalaqi fazisi? Temistiosis

is mdebareobda `lazebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi,

md.TermodontTan da TemiskirasTan~.
Temiskira da Termodonti cnobili mdinareebia trapezuntis samxreTiT.
erTaderTi regioni,

romelic erTdroulad iTvleba armeniad da amasTanave

lazeTad _ esaa trapezuntis regioni. saqme isaa,

rom iustinianem,

imperiis

xelaxali administraciuli dayofis dros VI s.-Si trapezunti Seiyvana I armeniaSi,

amis Semdeg ki VII s-is dasawyisSi imperiam ufro axali administraciuli dayofis
Semdeg,

ponto Seiyvana `armeniakonis TemSi~. ase,

rom trapezuntis regioni _

bunebrivad wodebuli `lazikad~, amavdroulad, armeniis administraciul erTeulSi

Sed ioda,

Temistio sis w erili s `fazisi ~ Ter modon tisa da Temiski ras

gaTvaliswinebiT _ trapizonis regionTanaa. aq unda yofiliyo `fazisis akademia~.

es rom asea,

Cans aseve VII msoflio krebis aqtebze trapezunteli mitro-

politis xelismoweridan. man samjer moawera xeli dokumentebs da dabejiTebiT

miuTiTa, rom `trapezunti, anu fazisi~. trapezunti didi saswavlo kerac iyo.
amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa,

rom cnobilma somexma maTematikosma VII

saukunisa anania Sirakunma ganaTleba miiRo trapizonSi berZen mecnier tusikTan,

aq man maTematikis garda Seiswavla filosofia,

kosmografia da geografia. is

monawileobda uZravi kalendris SedgenaSi. misi naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia

`ariTmetikis saxelmZRvanelo~,

`kosmografia~,

`mTvaris ciklis cxrilebi~ (v.

Caloiani, anania Sirakacis msoflmxedveloba `bizantiiskii vremennik~, 1957, t. 12,

rus. enaze).
Temistiosis werilis miTiTeba fazisSi ganaTlebis keris Sesaxeb, trapezuntSi
278

realurad arsebuli ganaTlebis kera unda iyos, VIII s-is trapezunteli mitroplitis mtkiceba, rom fazisi aris trapezunti, vfiqrob, uflebas gvaZlevs iTqvas,
rom fazisis akademia arsebobda ara foTSi, aramed trapezuntis regionSi, aseTi
mtkiceba ar unda CaiTvalos CvenSi Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvad, radgan simarTlisa
da WeSmaritebis dadgena ufro didi sikeTis momtania yovelTvis, vidre gaugebrobasa
da usafuZvlobaze agebuli istoria, miT umetes maSin, roca amis saWiroeba ar
arsebobs.
`ritorikis nayofi movwyvite ... pontos boloSi fasisis maxloblad, sadac
Tesaliidan wamosulma argom daisadgura ... iq,

sadac cnobilia Termodonti,

amaZonT saqmeebi da Temiskiri. da ai, aseTi barbarosuli da pirquSi adgili erTi

kacis sibrZnem gaxada elinuri muzebis taZrad. im kacis,
kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi da aswavlida,

romelic damkvidrda
Tu rogor gaiwvrTna

ritorikul xelovnebaSi da rogor brwyinavde elinur dReobebze~ (Temistiosi,

georgika, I, gv. 50).
sad iyo `ritorikuli skola~? is iyo _
1.pontos boloSi;
2.fazisis maxloblad;
3.TermodontTan;
4.TemiskirasTan;
5.kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi.
maSasadame,

es skola ar i yo mxolod kolxebis qveyanaSi,

is iyo

`kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi~. sad mdebareobda is?

arsebobs ori mniSvnelovani mosazreba Temistiosis mier naxsenebi qalaqis
adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb. erTi ekuTvnis cnobil qarTvel mecniers s. yauxCiSvils,
meore cnobil evropel mecniers oto zeeks. am ukanasknelis mixedviT,
qalaqi sinopi (georgika I,

gv. 45). s. yauxCiSvilis azriT ki,

es iyo

foTTan axlos

mdebare romelime qalaqi. ganvixiloT orive Tvalsazrisi. sinopi mdebareobda

Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze kerasuntTan da amasiasTan axlos, anu iq, sadac
miedineba amJamad md. TermoCai,

Zvelad Termodontad saxeldebuli.

maSasadame, sinopi mdebareobs Temistiosis mier naxseneb mdinaresTan, TermodontTan axlos. Termodonti, Tavis mxriv, Temistiosis epoqis meore cnobili
avtoris,

antikuri istoriografiis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgenlis,

marcelines cnobiT,

amiane

gaedi neboda md. halisTan axlos. md. haliss amJamad

yizil-irmaki ewodeba. maSasadame,

Temistiosis mier naxsenebi fazisTan axlos

mdebare qalaqi, sadac ritorikuli skola mdebareobda, axlos iyo amJamad cnobili
Semdeg punqtebTan _ 1. qalaq kerasuntTan,

2. md. TermoCaisTan,

3. md. yizil-

irmakTan. isini istoriulad mdebareobdnen romaul provincia pontoSi, kerZod

ki,

helenopontoSi (paflagoniis mezoblad). amiane marcelines cnobiT,

md.

Termodonti `saTaves iRebda armoniosis mTidan~ (georgika, I, gv. 109). s. yauxCiSvilis azriT,

`amianes mi xedvi T md. Termo do nti md. hal isTan axlo a~

279

(georgika, I, gv. 151). sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi is faqtic, rom md. kelkitis regionSi,
Zvel amasiasa tokats Soris, q. Termes gaswvriv, amJamadac ki aris q. fazari. es
faqti uflebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT mosazreba, rom md. kelkits zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas fazisi erqva. meore qalaqi amave saxelwodebiT - fazari mdebareobs
aseuli kilometris daSorebiT - rizesa da xofas Sua. mis gaswvriv Woroxis
sanapiroze mdebareoba kargafazaris qedi, amave regionSia araqsi pirze q. fasinleri.
rogorc Cans, erT dros fasinleri, kargafazari da fazari (II) qmnidnen erT
regions fazisis saxelwodebiT, Cans amitomac am regionSi gamaval orive mdinares
araqssa da Woroxs fazisi erqva. unda vigulisxmoT, rom msgavsadve sul sxva
regionSi mdebare aRniSnuli pirveli fazaris mimdebare mdinare kelkitis erT
monakveTsac fazisi erqva. es saxeli mraval mdinares erqva trapezuntis gavlenis
regionSi.
`ritorikuli skola~ mdebareobda `kolxTa da armenielTa qveyanaSi~. cnobilia, rom istoriul periodSi e.w. `romauli armenia~ dayofili iyo I, II, III da
IV armeniebad. `pirveli armeniis provinciaSi~ Seyvanili iqna yofili elenopontos provincia anu istoriuli kolxeTi. maSasadame,

cnobili ritorikuli

skolis qveyana oficialurad I armeniis provinciaSi imyofeboda,

Tumca

ki is istoriulad kolxebis qveynad iwodeboda. maSasadame, is erTdroulad

`kolxebisa da armenielebis~ qveyanaSi iyo, o. zeekis Tanaxmad sinopTan axlos kolxebis istoriul qveyanaSi.
fazisis akademiasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTxel mimovixiloT md. Termodontisa da Temiskiris (Temiskura) adgilmdebareoba - md. Termodonts, rogorc
iTqva, amJamad ewodeba md. Terme (Terme Cai, TurqeTSi) istoriul amaZonebis qveyanaSi, am
mdinares axsenebs herodote (II, 104-9), qsenofonte (anabazisi, V, 6, 9VI, 21). TviTon amaZonebi
kolxeTidan gamosulebad miiCnevian, kimeriis bosforTan, amaZonebis qalaqi Tu dedofali iyo Temiskira.
Temiskira mdebareobda TermodontTan axlos prokofi kesarielis cnobiT
(omi goTebTan, VIII, 2).
Ter mo do nti d a Temi skir a i yo ami so si s maxlo bl ad . Termodontze
cxovrobdnen asurebi makronebis gverdiT. isini amtkicebdnen, rom kolxebisagan
miiRes windacveTis Cveuleba. iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT,

`winaT kolxebs md.

TermodontTan unda ecxovraT~ (qarTveli eris istoria, Sesavali, I, 1950,

gv. 10). aqve cxovrobdnen xalibebi (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo,
gv. 80). strabonis cnobiT, Termodonti da Temiskira pontoSi mdebareobda (da ara
kolxeTis CrdiloeTSi). straboni, I, 3, 7).
md. Termodonti (Terme-Cai) (berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
I, 1967, gv. 24) kerasuntis samxreTiT miedineba (iqve, gv. 19).
`xalibebis Semdeg aris tomi asiria,

mdinare Termodonti,

elinuri

qalaqi Temiskira... elinuri qalaqi kerasunti~ (wers skilaqs kariandeli

(iqve, gv. 51).
`md i n ar e Ter m o d o n ti Camo d i s a r mo n i o si s mTi d an d a m i ed i n eba
Temi ski ri s Wal ebSi ,

sad ac o d esRac amazo nebi iZ ul ebul n i gaxdn en

gadasaxlebul iyvnen~ (geo r gi ka, I,

gv. 109).
280

amianes mixedviT, Ter mo do n ti md . h al i sTan axl oa d a i q cxovr o ben

xal i bebi . ker Z o d ,

Ter mo d o n tsa d a ker asun ts So r i s . straboni xali-

bebs odnav CrdiloeTiT,

trapezuntTan aTavsebda (gv. 151). maT sazRvraven

bizarebi, sapirebi, makronebi da filirebi.

Termodonti,

Temiskira,

petra,

fazisi

n. adoncis mixedviT, iustinianes epoqaSi, d. VII s. armeniis administraciuli

sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde. is wers _ `iustinianes Semdgom epoqaSi `VIIs. dasawyisidan imperiis axali dayofis Sesabamisad, erT-erTi vrceli administraciuli
erTeuli iwodeboda somxurad, (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs `armeniakoni~). misi sazRvrebi
gadaSlili iyo sinopidan fazisamde da evfratamde. uvrcelesma raionma,

im

teritoriis momcvelma, romelnic yofil olqebs kapadokias, I da II armeniebsa

da pontos eWira _ miiRo saxelmwodeba `armeniakoni~ konstantine porfirogenetis
Tanaxmad, somxebis saxelis mixedviT, romlenic iq mezoblad cxovrobdnen~ (n.
adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 203).
maSasadame, VII s. dasawyisSi `armeniakonis Temis~ sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde.
Tuki fazisi foTia,
sabednierod,

maSin foTamde aRwevda am `armeniis~ sazRvari.

n. adonci fazisis qveS iseve,

gulisxmobs ara rions,

rogorc yvela Zveli avtori,

aramed md. Woroxs. es mdinare marTlac iyo berZnuli

lazikis Crdilo sazRvari. saqme is iyo, rom TviT n. adoncis Tanaxmad, saeklesio
geografiam Semoinaxa imperiis administraciuli dayofis diokletianesdroindeli
saxe imiT, rom Tavis saWiroebisTvis iyenebda mas. e.i. lazikis Zveli saxeli,
misi terito riis Zveleburi gageba Semoinaxa eklesiur ma dayofam.
n . ad on ci T lazikaSi trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali bizanis,
pai pertis, keramevis, lerionisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi, Sesabamisi qalaqebi
ganlagebulni iyvnen Teodosiopolis-trapezuntis SemaerTebeli gzis sanapiro
regionSi, anu istoriuli WaneTSi, maT momcvel saeklesio olqs ewodeboda
`samitropolito lazikaSi~, anu swored am mxareeebs erqva lazika bizantiuri
saeklesio geografiis mixedviT da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos. rogorc Cans,
l azi ka~ ber Z n ul i ekl esi ur i gagebi T er qva aRn i Sn ul r egi o n s ( e.i .
W an i k a s) .
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am regionSi mraval punqts erqva `fazisi~. iq iyo
`fasianis~ saepiskoposo, fasisis samitropolito, araqssac fasisi erqva _ porfirogenetis mixedviT _ erTi `fasisi~ yofila trapezuntTan, is iyo aseve Termodontisa da Temiskiras siaxlovesac _ Temistiosis werilis Tanaxmad.
amJamadac ki trabzonis olqSi, rogorc aRiniSna, mraval punqts `fazari~ ewodeba, magaliTad -`salpazari~ -q. tonias marcxniv, aseve `eski pazari~
ofTan axlos, sxvaa `dernekpazari~ ofis samxreTiT (yvela trabzonis guberniaSi),

Tu aras vityviT TviTon qalaq `fazarze~ rizesTan axlos. ase rom

amJamadac ki `fas-faz~ fuZiT trabzonis regionSi mravali punqtis saxeli

281

iwarmoeba. es faqti imis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rom eTnikuri qarTvelebiT

dasaxlebul am regions istoriuladac fazisis regioni erqva, amitomac mis
mitropolits `trapezunteli anu faziseli~ erqva.

murie da kalfoglu fazisisa

da akamfsisis Sesaxeb
frangi orientalisti Jan murie naSromSi (baTumi da Woroxis auzi, baTumi, 1962)
miuTiTebs,

rom misi naSromi daiwera diubua de monperes (`mogzauroba kavkasiis

garSemo~), d. baqraZis (`arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi~) da g. wereTlis (`Cemi mogzaurobis~) gamokvlevaTa gamoyenebiT.
Jan muries azriT, bizantieli mwerlebi baTumTan gamdinare Woroxs moixseniebdnen boasis, fazisisa da akamfsisis saxeliT. es, Cveni azriT, aris swori
Sexeduleba, Tumca ki sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebi mas akritikeben da amboben mis
Sesaxeb _ `cxadia, murie ver garkveula prokofi kesarielis cnobebSi~ (a. kaxiZe, d.
xaxutaSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisTvis, 1989, gv. 11).
Jan murie baTums klarjeTTan akavSirebs - baTumi klarjeTis nawils Seadgenda XIXVss-Si, Semdeg gadaiqca nawilad guriisa (1561w. rostom gurielma Turqebi xofadan da
arqabedan gandevna), xolo XVII s-dan Turquli lazeTisa da baTumis olqis nawilia.
sxva avtoris kalfoRlus naSromi _ .. .
, . XVIII. . 1. 1906 . 40) Seexeba md. Woroxs,

baTumsa da

mimdebare mxareebs. misi azriT, arianes mier moxseniebuli mdinare akamfsisi _ Woroxia.
miaCnia, rom Turqebis mier trapezuntis aRebamde (1461) baTums ewodeboda `baTisi~, anu
`baTi~ (ix. wignSi m. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi..., 1989, gv. 14).
CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom `baTi~ da `foTi~ etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan, baTi
_ faTi _ foTi an piriqiT foTi _ faTi _ baTi. baTi da foTi msgavsia etimologiurad,
amitomac SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroSi, kerZod, giorgi mTawmidelis
mier naxseneb `foTSi~, sadac gemiT mivida bizantiidan g. mTawmideli, unda igulisxmebodes
ara Tanamedrove foTi, sadac, Cveni azriT, im dros navsadguri ar iyo Zlieri daWaobebis
gamo, aramed Tanamedrove xufaTi an baTumi, sadac namdvilad iyo navsadgurebi (vTqvaT, iqve,
Zvel petraSi da mis maxloblad). kalfoglu baTumsa da lazikas erTmaneTs ukavSirebda,
misi azriT, `baTisis~ midamoebSi xdeboda iran-bizantielebis Setakebebi~ (iqve, gv.
15). navsadguri iyo imave regionis punqt xufaTSi. xu-faTi (xufaTi),

baTi da foTi

etimologiurad msgavsni arian.

ara foTia saporto qalaqi _ aramed `xufaTi~

bagrat IV konstantinopolidan samSobloSi, kerZod, imJamindel dedaqalaq
quTaisSi dabrunda Semdegi gziT _ `gamogzavna berZenTa mefeman didiTa didebiTa,
niWiTa da ganZiTa miuwvdomeliTa da miegeba yoveli

laSqari afxazeTisa

zRvispirsa _ xufaTs da iyo sixaruli da RmrTisa madloba didi,

282

brZana da

Semovida saxlad Tvisad quTaTiss~ (q.c. I, 304). E

e.i sataxto qalaq quTaisSi bagrati Sevida

ara foTis mokle gziT

(rad ganac ar arsebobda aseTi gza da por ti),

aramed ufro Sor i da

grZeli _ xufaT-quTaisis gziT.

aseve, xufaT-artanuj-artaanis gziT isargebla daviT aRmaSenebelma da Tavisi
laSqari xufaTidan taoSi am gziT gadaiyvana TurqebTan sabrZolvelad (q.c. I, gv.
333). giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebi `foTi~ unda iyos aRniSnuli
`xufaTi~. etimologiurad foTi da xufaTi erTmaneTTan axloa.

fasisis anu fasianis qveyana konstantine porfirogenetis

cnobiT
qarTuli enciklopediis Tanaxmad,

foTi iyo fazisis samitropolitos

centri (qse, 10, 1986, gv. 351). maSasadame, foTi dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
administraciuli erTeulis dedaqalaqi yofila, radganac mitropoliti wesis Sesabamisad provinciis dedaqalaqSi ijda. Cveni mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT,
lazikis (gulisxmobdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos) qalaqi iyo,
samitropolitos centri iyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqosi,

magram,

fazisi (foTi)
radganac is

maSasadame,

fasisi

(foTi) lazikis dedaqalaqi yofila VII-VIII saukuneebSi. esaa zRvis donis momatebis
saukuneebSi, romelmac gamoiwvia md. rionis zRvaSi Sedinebis Seyovneba da misi dagubeba,
1-3 metris simaRleze myofi foTis didi nawilis datborva, amitom saeWvoa, foTi araTu
dedaqalaqi,

aramed saerTod qalaqi yofiliyo aRniSnul VII-VIII ss-Si. garda amisa,

iseTi upirvelesi mniSvnelobis wyaro,

rogoricaa 952 wels dawerili konstantine

porfirogenetis istoria, ar iZleva saSualebas fazisi ewodos mxolod da mxolod

erT mdinares, anda erT romelime konkretul qalaqs. trapezuntis mitropolitma
787 wlis VII msoflio krebaze aqts samjer moawera xeli `trapezuntis anu
fasisis mitropoliti~ (, XIII). konstantine porfirogeneti X saukuneSi, faziss
uwodebs mdinaresa da adgils trapezuntis TiTqmis momijnave mTian mxareSi, xolo
`fasians~ _ am mdinaris momcvel qveyanas. fasiani qarTuli basiania, magram isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli basiani mxolod erTi nawili SeiZleboda yofiliyo fasianis
qveynisa, radganac es iyo vrceli olqi, romelSic karini da Teodosiopolic Sedioda
_ `domestiki movida Teodosiopolis cixeSi,

moarbia misi midamoebi,

fasi-

anis miwa-wyali~ (geogika, IV, naw. II, gv. 262) an `ioane gaemgzavra timis (dvinis) cixis
winaaRmdeg. gzaSi man moarbia mTeli fasiani~ (iqve,

gv. 263). `porfirogenetma mefe

leonma gaigo, rom im adgils, romelsac fasiani ewodeba, sarkinozebi mividnen da iqauri eklesiebi cixeebad gadaaqcies, gagzavna lalakoni, patrikiosi
da armeniakTa Temis strategiosi koloniis strategiosiTurT,

mesopotamiis

strategiosiTurT da qaldiis strategiosiTurT.... moarbies mTeli fasiani,

romelic maSin sarkinozebs eWiraT~ (iqve,

gv. 261).

fasianis qveynis mdinares (araqss) konstantine porfirogeneti uwodebs md.

fasiss da amasTanave mravaljer is wers _ iberiisa da bizantiis sazRvrad
daido `eraqsi,

anu fasisi ~ (iqve,

gv. 273). `eraqsi an u fasisi~ kidev

mravaljer iwodeba mis TxzulebaSi.

283

nawili III
Tavi

VIII

e g r i s i

$ 1. samxreT egrisi
1. samxreT egrisi da Crdilo egrisi

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT egrisi erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils,

romelic Sedioda qarTlis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi mefe farnavazidan vidre
vaxtang gorgaslis Svilebamde, aRmoCnda, rom arsebobda aseve meore egrisic, romelic
CvenSi SedarebiT nakleb iyo cnobili, Tumca mis Sesaxebac moipoveboda cnobebi.
magaliTad, trapezuntis sanaxebs Cvens Zvel wyaroebSi X s. bolosa da XI s. dasawyisSi
erqva ,,sofeli megrelTa~, ,,samegrelo~, vaxuSti Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare mxares
ramdenjerme `egrs~ uwodebs.
VII s. ,,somxuri geografia~ `egrivs~ uwodebs trapezuntis sanaxebs Woroxis
SesarTavamde da misTvis ucnobia rionispira egrisi. somxuri wyaros mixedviT egerTa
qveyana oTx nawilad iyofoda. eseni iyvnen: manralia, egrivi, lazivi da Waniki
(manrili, egreviki, lazivi, WaneTi)
sad mdebareobdnen es qveynebi? swored maTi mdebareobis gansazRvriT miviRebT
swor suraTs, unda aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa epoqis qarTuli istoriografia am
somxuri wyaros egrivis Semadgenel olqebs ar sazRvravda sisworiT, amitomac uSvebda umZimes Secdomebs, romelmac araswori gziT warmarTa saqarTvelos istoriis
kvleva. kerZod, miiCnevdnen rom manralia TiTqos iyo argveTi. arasworad sazRvravdnen
mis (manraliis) adgils da iRebdnen araswor suraTs.
samxreTis egrisis e.i. egrivis didi nawili mdebareobda ara zRvis pirze, aramed
Teodosiopolis anu arzrumis mimarTulebiT da moicavda vrcel regions, kerZod, n.
adonci, romelic ukeT icnobda somxur wyaroebs da somxeTis mimdebare olqebs, werda,
rom mardalia da manralia mdebareobdnen zigana-bizanis mxareebisaken, maSasadame arzrumis
olqis siRrmeebSi.
berZnebi, romlebic SavizRvispiris kolonizacias eweodnen samxreTidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, cxadia pirvel rigSi gaecnen ara CrdiloeT egriss (e.i. rionispireTs), aramed samxreT egriss (trapezunt-Woroxis regions), ufro metic, ikveTeba,
rom berZnuli miTebi da ambebi kolxidis Sesaxeb exeba aseve samxreT egress.
samxreT egrisi iyo is kolxida, romelsac icnobda da umReroda berZnuli poezia.
`Cqari da mSfoTvare fasisi~ ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinares
erqva! samxreT egrisis regionSi erTi didi mdinare gaedineboda aseve fasisis
saxeliT cnobili, es iyo araqsi. aRsaniSnavia, rom araqss aseve erqva egri (e.i. araqss
erqva fazisi da egri). saxelwodeba da toponimi egri araqsis xeobaSi gvianobamde darCa.
araqsTan axlos mdebareobda manralia (da mardalia) - egris anu samxreT
egrisis olqi somxuri geografiis mixedviT.
284

samxreTis egrisi mdebareobda im saerTaSoriso gzaze, romelic trapezunts sparseTTan aerTebda. am gzaze mdebareobda samxreTis egrisis regioni WaneTi (qaldea),
aseve aRniSnuli manralia da mardalia. samxreTis es raionebi, istoriuli iberiis
provinciebis xorZenas, pariadres an gugarqis nawili unda yofiliyo.isini strabonis
cnobiT armeniam CamoaWra iberias. maT ukan dasabruneblad am mxareebisaken ilaSqra
farnavazma, vaxtang gorgasalma, daviT kurapalatma, giorgi I-ma. am regionis erTi
nawili Semdeg Sedioda samcxe-saaTabagoSi, nawili ki guriaSi.
rogorc iTqva, samxreTis egrisi moicavda arzrumis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebs
vidre trapezuntamde da Woroxis Sesaxvevamde. am miwa-wyals vaxuSti miiCnevda ,,zemo
qarTlis~ nawilad da aTavsebda klarjeTSi.
vaxuSti, rogorc aRiniSna, klarjeTs uwodebda ara miwa-wyals artanujliganisas, aramed ufro samxreTiT mdebare mxareebs TorTomidan - gurji
boRazamde, trapezuntamde da Woroxis SesarTavamde, ispirisa da WaneTis
CaTvliT. ase, rom ,,zemo qarTlis~ nawili vaxuStiseuli klarjeTi igive samxreT
egrisia, klarjeTi vaxuStis mierve miiCneoda azonis mamiseul qveynad anu arianqarTlis nawilad. arian-qarTli - igive meore qarTlia, ase, rom rogorc iyo ori
geografiuli qarTli, erTi mcxeTis qarTli, meore ki arian-qarTli, aseve iyo ori
geografiuli egrisi=rionis egrisi da meore - samxreTis anu trapezuntis egrisi.
,,samxreTis egrisis~, saWiro axali cnebis Semotana - siaxles Seitans saqarTvelos
namdvili istoriis daweris saqmeSi.
maSasadame vaxuStis klarjeTi igive samxreT egrisia, sul sxva gziT igives ambobda
n. mari. misi azriT klarjeTis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba iyo megrel-Wanuri (Tubalkainuri), romelic TiTqosda Semdgom gasomxda.
somxuri geografiis egreviks (anu egrivs) aseve lazikas uwodebdnen,
sadac ganlagebuli iyo ziganasa da lazTa sxva saepiskoposoebi Semdegdroindeli giumuSxanes mxares.
2. `Zveli somxuri geografia~.
`egris qveynis~ adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb

`egris qveynis~ adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs `Zveli somxuri geografiidan~ erTi adgilis sworad Targmnas. kerZod, somxuri
geografiis Sesabamis adgils sxvadasxvagvarad Targmnian cnobili mecnierebi - p.
ingoroyva, s. janaSia, d. musxeliSvili da bolos n. adonci.
VII saukuniT daTariRebuli somxuri geografiis ramdenime redaqcia arsebobs.
1. somxuri geografiis `mokle redaqciaSi~ d.musxeliSvilis sityviT Semdegs
vkiTxulobT _ `kolxeTi aris igive egrisi... Seicavs egrisi oTx mcire
qveyanas: manrili, egrevika, lazivi, WaneTi, romlebic arian xaldebi~.
vrceli redaqcia amave wyarosi ufro dawvrilebiT cnobebs iZleva. isic CamoTvlis zemoxsenebul provinciebs:
,,manvili (varianti _ manrili), egreviki anu sakuTriv egrisi, romlis
kideze aris md. fazisi, Tanamosaxele qalaqiTurT da Wanivi, igive xaldebi...
aqvs xuTi qalaqi: iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina da rizoni da sxva bevri
emporionebi, anu zRvispira daba-qalaqebi, romelTa Sorisaa trapizoni" _ ase
Targmnis d. musxeliSvili somxur geografias VII saukunisa, romelic Tavis mxriv
285

rusulad uTargmnia da gamoucia q. patkanovs 1877 wels (d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv. 101).
d. musxeliSvili miiCnevs, rom somxuri geografiis manrili `unda niSnavdes
qarTul margvis _ argveTs, xolo egreviki sakuTriv egriss _ anu qarTuli
wyaroebis `Sida egriss~ (iqve, gv. 102). aqedan Cans, rom d. musxeliSvili araa
darwmunebuli, rom `manrili~ aris argveTi, da wers _ `unda niSnavdes~, miuxedavad
amisa, SemdgomSi is dabejiTebiT aviTarebs azrs, rom TiTqosda somxuri geografiis
egri _ dasavleT saqarTveloa.
2. p.ingoroyva darwmunebulia am sakiTxSi da is Sesabamisad Targmnis kidec
aRniSnul adgils:
`kolxeTi, e.i. egri aris qveyana aziisa da mdebareobs pontos zRvidan
sarmatiamde da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis mTamde da mis Stoebamde,
romelic hyofs mas iveriidan... da igi ganiyofa oTx mcire qveynad: a)
mar[g]veli-vi, b) egreviki, romel ars sakuTriv egri, fasisis mdinaris mosazRvred, amave saxelwodebis (fasisis) qalaqiTurT, g) lazivi, d) Wanivi,
romelic aris xalteTi (xaldia), aqvea xuTi qalaqi, iani, kota, rodopolisi,
aTina, rizoni da sxva mravalni navsadgurni, e.i. zRvis sanapiro daba-qalaqni,
romelTa Soris aris trapezunti~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 212). p.
ingoroyvam miuTiTa 1881 wels gamocemuli somxuri geografia.
aqedan Cans, rom p. ingoroyvam Taviseburad gaigo wyaros `manrili~ da uwoda mas
`margvelivi~, risTvisac mas dasWirda sityva `manrilSi~ erTi asos _`g~- ganis
Camateba da `n~-s amoSla, ris Sedegadac manrili iqca margvelivad anu margveTad. am
meTodiT gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom uwoda manrils p. ingoroyvam margveTi, vfiqrob d.
musxeliSvilma gaimeora p. ingoroyvas Tvalsazrisi, Tumca is ar xsnis, Tu ratomaa
wyaros manrali argveTi.
3. sxvagvaria n. adoncis ganmarteba imisa, Tu sinamdvileSi sad mdebareobda `egris
qveynis mxare manralia~.
manralia n. adoncis sityviT, mdebareobda md. Woroxis samxreTiT da
moicavda zRvispireTs da mTian nawilebs, md. Woroxis saTavis mxares (.
, , 1908, gv. 20).
adoncis Tvalsazrisi sruliad gansxvavdeba qarTveli mecnierebis mosazrebisagan,
amasTanave, unda iTqvas is, rom saqme exeba somxur wyaros, romelsac ukeT icnobda n.
adonci, aRiarebuli mecnieri swored istoriuli geografiis sferoSi, miT umetes
SavizRvispireTisa.
4. am zemoT moyvanil or TargmanTan SedarebiT, vfiqrob, ufro realisturia s.
janaSias Targmani aRniSnuli adgilisa _
`kolxeTi, e.i. egeri, imyofeba pontos zRvis aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos, da
iveriisa da didi somxeTis TanamosazRvrea. egeri oTx provinciad iyofa: manrili,
egreviki, lazivi, WaneTi, e.i. xaldebi~ (s. janaSia, istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjeba, 1946,
gv. 22).
aqedan Cans, rom somxur geografiaSi aRniSnul mxares erqva manrili da ara
margvelivi, aseve somxur geografiaSi ganxilul mxares erqva egri da ara egrisi, mis
erT-erT kuTxes erqva egreviki da ara Sida egrisi.
n. adonci dabejiTebiT wers, rom egri mdebareobda Woroxis SesarTavTan,
da moicavda Woroxis marcxena sanapiros mxares. radganac, misi msjelobidan
gamomdinare-somxuri geografiis `fazisi~ Woroxia.
286

aseve, eqvTime mTawmideli da sxva Zveli mamebi `faziss~ Woroxs uwodebdnen

am wyaroSi (Zveli somxuri geografiia) `sarmatiis~ qveS igulisxmeba dasavleT
saqarTvelos zRvispireTi, xolo misi `kavkasiis mTa~ _ karCxalis mTianeTia (istoriul olq - ,,sakavkasiZeosTan" axlos), romlisagan gamosuli arsianis qedi `egerias
gamoyofda iberiisagan.~ am wyaroSi iberia kola-artaanTan iwyeboda.es wyaro klarjeTs egeriaSi aTavsebda, xolo artaans iberiaSi, maT (e.i. egeriasa da iberias) erTmaneTisagan marTlac hyofs karCxalis mTianeTisagan gamosuli arsianis qedi.
rogorc aRniSna n. adoncim manralia mdebareobda WaneTis maxloblad, kerZod,
karinidan, igive karnu-qalaqidan 40 km daSorebiT.
misi azriT, somxuri geografiis qveyana egri moicavda vrcel mxares md. Woroxis
SesarTavis samxreTiT mdebares, q. trapezuntis CaTvliT. am mxares ekuTvnoda WaneTi
da Teodosiopolisis mxareebi, anu es iyo erTiani Sekruli mxare. sazogadod arsebobda ori istoriuli mxare _ erTs erqva egrisi, meores ki egri. egrisi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, xolo egri _ trapezuntTan mdebareobda. egrs xSirad egrissac uwodebdnen,
isaa samxreTis egrisi.
sad mdebareobda kolxeTi aziaSi Tu evropaSi?
strabonis cnobiT, aziasa da evropas erTmaneTisagan hyofda md.fazisi - mis
marjvena sanapiro mxares erqva - evropa, xolo marcxena sanapiro mxares azia.
kiTxva ase dgas - kolxeTi fazisis marjvena mxares mdebareobda Tu marcxena
mxares?
am kiTxvis pasuxs gvaZlevs aRniSnuli VII s.-is somxuri geografia sadac naTqvamia
- ,,kolxeTi e.i. egri aris qveyana aziisa md.fazisis napirze~.
maSasadame kolxeTi fazisis marcxena sanapiros, `aziis qveyana~ iyo, azia ki
fasisis marcxena sanapirodan iwyeboda.
Tu fazisi rioni iyo maSin zRvispira kolxeTi anu egri Tanamedrove
guria yofila,xolo Tu Woroxi, maSin misi marcxena sanapiros qveyana trapezuntis mimarTulebiT.
vaxuStis cnobiT, egri erqva mxares Woroxis SesarTavTan. maSasadame kolxeTi
erqva `samxreT egrisis~ qveyanas Woroxidan trabzonis mimarTulebiT.
somxuri geografia, rogorc iTqva wers - `kolxeTi, e.i. egri aris qveyana
aziisa da mdebareobs pontos zRvidan sarmatiamde da mdinare drakonidan
vidre kavkasiis mTamde da mis Stoebamde, romelic hyofs mas iveriidan~.
aq gasagebadaa aRniSnuli, rom aziis qveyana kolxeTi (egri) samxreTidan
SemosazRvrulia md.drakoniT, Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan kavkasiis mTiT, romlis ganStoebis iqiTac iberia mdebareobs, mis dasavleTiT pontos zRvaa,
CrdiloeTiT sarmatia.
internetiT gavrcelda b.aruTiunianis rusulenovani ruka,-`somxeTi `aSxaracoic~-isa da sxva wyaroTa mixedviT~(kartografi v.mxitariani, internetversia - r.maCkalianisa). esaa somxuri geografiis mixedviT Seqmnili ruka,
magram, Tu ufro zusti viqnebiT, ufro qarTizaciis Teoriis gamoyenebiT.
kerZod, avtoris mier sixaruliTaa gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisi, rom `marlinki~
(e.i manrili, marlini) aris argveTi - imereTi, rom md.drakoni md.enguria,
Sesabamisad Zalze CrdiloeTiT gadmowia rukis avtorma istoriuli somxeTis sazRvrebi. am rukaze somxeTi moicavs aWaras, SavSeTs, samcxes, javaxeTs,
TrialeTs-manglisis xeobis CaTvliT, zed Tbilisamde.
287

magram Tuki gaziarebuli iqneba Cemi Tvalsazrisi (sinamdvileSi ki is

cnobebi, rac mocemulia somxur geografiaSi), maSin somxeTis sazRvrebi
sakmaod mcirdeba, mis dasavleTiT ki aRmoCndeba samxreT egrisis vrceli
qarTuli qveyana, romelic aRniSnuli rukis avtorma batonma mxitarianma
somxeTs miakuTvna ise, rom sityva `egrisi~ arc ki uxsenebia.
vfiqrob `qarTizaciis Teoria~ Zvirfasi safuZveli aRmoCnda somex mecnierTa xelSi istoriuli somxeTis sazRvrebSi saqarTvelos kuTxeTa mosaqcevad.
magaliTad `geografiis~ mixedviT md.drakoni mdebareobda egris qveynis
samxreTiT da ara CrdiloeTiT. marTlac amave rukaze Cans qalaqi drakonisi,
is mdebareobs samxreTiT, kerZod, trabzonis samxreT-dasavleTiT. qalaqi
drakonisi mdebareobda ziganas uReltexilis axlos mdebare cixe-simagre
argiokastoris dasavleTiT. am qalaqTan gaedineboda erT-erTi Senakadi
md.gailketisa. ai, es Senakadi unda iyos `geografiis~ md.drakoni. mis maxloblad (samxreTiT) mdebareobda qalaqi `egar~ fuZis mqone - `egegariCi~ amave
rukis mixedviT. am regionSi mravali toponimia `egr~ fuZis mqone. am
samxreTis md.drakonidan Woroxamde da arsianamde iyo ganvrcobili samxreTis egrisi. xolo Crdilo egrisi yubanamde da ara enguramde.
ratom uwodebs somxuri geografia Crdilo egriss - sarmatias?
saqme isaa, rom vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg azovispira Crdilouri tomebi
bizantiam daZra lazikisaken, raTa maT ebrZolaT sparselebTan VI saukunesa
da VII saukunis dasawyisSi. wyaroTa
cnobiT es tomebi iyvnen alanebi,
sabirebi da aseve sarmatulad miCneuli sxva tomebi. bizantiis daxmarebiT
maT xelSi Caigdes dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani simagreebi, ebrZodnen dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTul tomebs (misimielebsa da sxvebs). amitomac Cans VII saukunis somxuri wyaro am saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos
sarmatias uwodebda.
arabTa Semdeg bizantiis dasustebam Crdilo kavkasiaSi asparezi gauxsna
xazarebs, romelnic alanebs mtrobdnen. maTi zewolis Sedegad momTabare
alanebma miatoves dasavleT saqarTvelos simagreebi VII s. bolos. A
egrs hqonda xuTi qalaqi, iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina, rizoni, mravali
navsadguri, e.i. zRvis sanapiro daba-qalaqi, romelTa Soris iyo trapezunti.
egrs ekuTvnoda q.fazisi, mdebare md.fazisis (Woroxis) SesarTavTan mis
marcxena sanapiroze.
yvela es qalaqi Tu navsadguri fazisis anu QWoroxis marcxena sanapiros
mxares mdebareobda, radganac egri aziis qveyana iyo.
amitom, manrili, egreviki, WaneTi da lazivi Woroxis marcxena sanapiros
qveynebi iyvnen. sad mdebareobdnen isini?
WaneTis adgilmdebareobas TviTon gvamcnobs wyaro - Wanebi xaldebi
(qaldebi) yofilan. qaldea ziganasa da sxva mezobel kuTxeebs moicavda rizetrabzonis samxreTis mTianeTis regionSi.
egris (egeris) nawili iyo manrili. rogorc iTqva, is mdebareobda am
mTianeTsa da Teodosiopoliss (arzrums) Soris.
egri-egeris yvelaze Crdilo nawili iyo egreviki, uSualod Woroxis
marcxena sanapiroze.
288

sad mdebareobda lazivi-lazika? - radganac trabzonic egris qalaqi iyo,

Cans zRvispiri trabzonidan egrevikamde lazivad iwodeboda (safiqrebelia
xufaTamde, radganac is iustinianes mefobis erT periodSi sasazRvro punqti
iyo).
yvela es patara mxare (manrili, lazivi, Wanika-WaneTi da egreviki) qmnida
erT did qveyanas egrs anu eger-kolxeTs. es mxareebi erTmaneTis gverdigverd mdebareobdnen Woroxis marcxena sanapirodan trapezuntis CaTvliT
da aRniSnuli qalaqebic - iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina da rizonic iqve
mdebareobdnen.
3. manraliis adgilmdebareoba n. adoncis mixedviT

`Tavis sacxovrebel garemoSi viTardeba yoveli erovneba, amitom es eris

cxovrebis istoriuli procesis ganmaviTarebeli erT-erTi faqtoria, romelSic yalibdeba xalxis individualuri saxe da isazRvreba Tavisebureba mis mier ganvilili
gzisa. amis gamo garemos analizi win unda uZRodes yvela saxis kvlevas
istoriisa~ wers n.adonci (. , , 1908, gv.
1)
`sasazRvro xazi bizantiur (romaul) da sparsul armenias Soris gadioda
Teodosiopolisis (arzrumis) CrdiloeTiT da nizibinis samxreTiT (Teodosopolisi
romaul armeniaSi, xolo nizibini sparsulSi iyo moqceuli).
nizibinis axlos, Crdilo mxares, bizantiur nawilSi moqceuli iyo qalaqi dara,
imperator anastasis droidan gamagrebuli cixe-qalaqi (mas ewodeboda kidec anastasiopolisi, daba nizibinidan 98 stadioniT iyo daSorebuli), bizantia-sparseTis
sazRvarze md. nimfaze mdebareobda martiropolisi _ is mdebareobda sofanenaSi
(igive arqsina), amidis CrdiloeTiT `erTi dRis gzaze, rac udris 210 stadions~.
daaxl. 36-37 km.
`xosrom gaiara daradan armeniaSi da Sevida vaspurakanis qveyanaSi~ (gv. 8). prokofis
aRweriT, martiropolisTan iyo adgili feisi sofanenaSi (armenia), naxevari dRis gzaze
(e.i. 210/2) _ daaxloebiT 8 milze _ iq gauvali qedebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian da
qmnian or uReltexils, romelnic erTmaneTTan axlos arian da iwodebian kleisurebad. Tu kaci miemarTeba persarmeniidan sofanenaSi, am gadasasvlelebiT unda isargeblos. erT-erTs uwodeben iliriss, meores safxazs~ (Aed, III, gv. 250). iustinianem
gaamagra feisi da kleisurebi.
evfratis vakeze Teodosiopolisis mxares sparsul-bizantiuri olqebi xorZianas
emijneboda, md. gailTan (axlandeli kegi). xorZiana iyo meoTxe armeniis CrdiloaRmosavleT mxareSi. xorZianas dasavleTiT palnatuni mdebareobda. mis samxreTiT iyo
balaxviti tigrosis saTaveebSi.
xorZianis mezoblad mdebareobdnen kantonebi mardaliqi da manaliqi, romelTa
saxelebi Tavisi SemadgenlobiT uaxlovdeba artaliq-artalis-artalesons, (e.i. mardaliqidan-artalesoni, manaliqidan-manaril-manralia).
mardalia _ ganfenili iyo karinamde. maxloblad iRebs saTaves araqsi, romelsac
amJamad egri anu arazi hqvia da iqvea manralia (. ,
, 1908, gv. 20).
[maSasadame, araqss erqva fazisi, Semdeg egri, iq mis saTavesTan iyo manralia]
289

4. manraliis geografia

`mardalias xalxalis qedi hyofda persarmeniisgan. xalxalis qeds kuTxiT

esazRvreboda dasavleTis mxridan _ manralia~ (. ,
, 1908, gv. 20).
xalxalis qeds esazRvreboda xorZiana, manralia da mardalia, romelic
Zvelad artaliad (artalesonad) iwodeboda (. ,
, 1908, gv. 20). manrali mdebareobda mxare xorZianasTan `
i, ~ (. ,
, 1908, gv. 20). egeris erT-erTi mxare `manraliis~
Sesaxeb n. adonci wers: _ ` , i,
, i,
~ (. , , 1908, gv. 20).
im olqs, romelsac n.adonci manralias uwodebs, zemoT aRniSnul b.aruTunianis
armeniis VII s. rukaze ewodeba `mananaRi~. am olqs (mananaRs) uSualod esazRvreba
olqi `mardaRi~(mardalia). rukaze am olqs Sorisaa qedi `megedugxi~. adoncis cnobiT
manraliasa da mardalias Soris moTavsebul qeds, adoncis cnobiT ebrjineboda olqi
xorZiana, marTlac am rukaze qedi `megedugxi~ erTmaneTisagan yofs xorZianas, mananaRisa da mardaRis olqebs. maSasadame mardalia aris am rukis olqi mardaRi (mardagi),
xolo manralia am rukis mananaRi(mananagi), romlebic esazRvrebian xorZianas, samive es
olqi, rogorc iTqva, ebjineba megedugxis anu xalxalis mTebs, romelsac Turqul
rukaze `karagiolis mTebi~ ewodeba, erzrumis samxreTiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom b.aruTunianis rukaze `manrilki~ hqvia mxares qvemo imerTSi,
SorapanTan, `arguelkis (marguelkis)~ qvemoT (igulisxmeba argveTi). rukaze isini
datanilia qarTveli istorikosebis gavleniT, maT (rukis avtorebs) amiT somxeTis
teritoriis gazrdis saSualeba miecaT. amave dros rukis legendaSi `arguelk~
(argveTi) gamocxadebulia, rogorc `satomo kavSiri~ (`plemennie soiuz~), maSin, roca
sinamdvileSi argveTi qristeSobamde mesame saukunidan iberiis samefos nawils Seadgenda.
`artalesoni (xorZianaSi) ixsenieba xosros 576 wlis laSqrobis gzaze, roca man
armeniaSi basiani gaiara da romis sazRvrebSi SeiWra Teodosiopolisis mxridan
(menandre). artalesionTan axlos mdebareobda kitarizomi~ (. ,
, 1908, gv. 21).
542 wlis xosros laSqrobas n. adonci uwodebs _ dvinis laSqroba (n.adonci, armenia gv. 21). Aam wels romuli jari idga kitarizSi, xorZianSi (artalesSi)
da mesame _ fisSi.
kitarizi unda yofiliyo siriasa da armenias Soris. CrdiloeTiT sasazRvro xazi
bizantia-sparseTs Soris gadioda mardaliis iqiT Teodosiopolisis raionSi, mihyveboda qeds, gadaWimuls Teodosiopolisidan Woroxamde. es qedi jer erzrumis marjvnidan miemarTeba CrdiloeTiT davabiunskiadan, Semdeg kargabazris mTebSi, romelic
dasavleTisaken gadaixreba da uerTdeba dumlis qeds. kargabazris qedis mwvervali
kandili (10230 futi) _ yvelaze maRali wertilia mTaTa am jaWvisa (. ,
, 1908, gv. 22).
dumlis qedi erzrumis qvemoTaa gadaWimuli da miemarTeba Woroxis sanapirosken
speris maRla. am sasazRvro xazze basiani da taiqi (Tavisi kantonebiT buxa da
290

okaliT) sparsul nawilSi Sedioda, romaulSi ki karini da Salagomi iyo. zed

sazRvarze, karinsa da basians Sua, iyo sofeli du (iqve, gv. 23). aseve aqve iyo sofeli
vardiSeni _ basianTan da karinTan (gv. 23).
sofeli du erzrumidan axlos axlacaa. es imiTaa saintereso, rom sofeli duvi
daviT da tiriWanis cxovrebis adgilia.
axla am sofels tuia ewodeba.
kandilis mwvervalTan, zed sazRvarze iyo sofeli cagki, ufro maRla, md.
TorTomis vakezea sofeli gegiki da vardiSeni, aq iyo romauli kantoni Salagomi _
karinsa da spers Sua. sapirispiro sparsul mxares basianSi, TeodopolisTan, iyo bolis
cixe valaSkertis axlos (. , , 1908, gv. 24).
5. manralia _ lazika

somxuri geografia, rogorc iTqva, wers _ `kolxeTi, e.i. egeri imyofeba pontos
zRvis aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos da iveriisa da didi somxeTis TanamosazRvrea.
egeri oTx provinciad iyofa: manrili, egreviki, lazivi da WaneTi, e.i. xaldebi" (s.
janaSia, ist. simarTlis damaxinjeba, 1946, gv. 222).
n. adoncis mixedviT, manralia mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed
xalxalis mTasTan, Zveli trapezuntisa da Teodosiopoliss (arzrums) Soris.
mardaliis gverdiT.marTalia manraliis adgilmebareobis gansazRvra Znelia, magram is
mardaliasTan mdebareobda, mardaliis adgilmdebareoba ki cnobilia - is TeodosiopolTan
axlos iyo, xalxalis mTasTan.
n.adonci wers - `arzrumidan 40 km-is daSorebiT aRmarTulia xalxalis mTa,
romelic sazRvravs xorZianas CrdiloeTidan.
xorZianadan gaedineba md. gaili. xorZiana, somxuri geografiis cnobiT, Sedioda e.w. IV armeniis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi.
xalxalis mTa, amasTanave, warmoadgenda sazRvars sparsul armeniasa da mardalias
Soris. amave xalxals ebjineboda dasavleTidan manralia. n. adoncis sityviT, xorZianas nawils, romelic manraliasTan mdebareobda, Zvelad artalia erqva, cixe-simagre
artalesonis Tanamosaxele (. , , 1908, gv.
20). (ix. prokofi, `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~, 2006, gv. 101).
ase rom, `manralia~ da qarTuli egrisi sul sxvadasxva qveynebia. somxuri geografiis
cnobiT, kolxeTi anu egeri (anu lazika) mdebareobda trapezuntsa da arzrums Soris
(masSi Sedioda Tanamedrove giumiSxane, baiberdi, kelkiti, aSkale, maSasadame, qveyana
moqceuli Tanamedrove trapizonsa, arzrumsa, ispirsa da erzinjans Soris. aRsaniSnavia,
rom aq iyvnen ganlagebulni noticiebis `lazikis~ qveynis eparqiebi, n.adoncis
cnobiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ori gansxvavebuli wyaro _ `somxuri geografia~ da berZnuli
`noticiebi~ Tanxvedrilia lazikis geografiis sakiTxSi.
pravoslavnaia enciklopedias - -s e.w. somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebis umetesobac am regionSia miTiTebuli.
somxuri geografiis `sarmatia~ aris dasavleT saqarTvelo. is aris `lazikis~
erTi sazRvari, meorea _ iveria, mesame _ `didi somxeTi~. somxuri geografiiT `didi
somxeTi~ ewodeboda e.w. sparsul armenias. is esazRvreboda e.w. dasavleT armenias, anu
bizantiur armenias. maSasadame, lazeTi moiazreba armeniis qveynad, romelic aRniSnul
sazRvrebSia.
291

6. egri da manralia

md. araqss aseve erqva sxva saxelebic, fazisi, egri da arazi. cxadia,
igulisxmeba araqsis zemoweli, am arealSi mdinaris saxelwodeba egri niSneulia imiT,
rom iqvea olqebi manralia da mardalia. mardalias eWira olqi mdinareebs arazs,
liCiksa da tuzlas Soris xalxalis qedTan, xolo `manralias~ olqi, aseve, emijneboda xalxalis qeds. iqve iyo xorZianis olqi, n. adoncis azriT, isini Zvelad
artaliis, artalesonis saxeliT ixseniebodnen dasavleT anu bizantiur armeniaSi,
persarmeniasTan axlos (. , , 1908, gv. 20).
rogorc iTqva, kandilis (Sdr. skanda) mTis CrdiloeTiT md. TorTumis xeobaSi
iyvnen sofeli vardiSeni da gegiki _ karins da spers Sua.
xolo Teodosiopolisi basianis olqSia.
punqti farangia, sadac oqro moipoveboda, iyo Wanikis sazRvarTan,sadac iRebs
saTaves md. boa (voa), esaa md. Woroxis zemo dineba (. ,
, 1908, gv. 25).
aRniSnuli farangioni _ sperSia (sispirisSi).
Wanikas aseve qaldea (xaldea) erqva. is iyo xaldebis (Wanebis) qveyana (. ,
, 1908, gv. 26). _ parxaris qedze, Woroxis xeobaSi.
Wanika taos esazRvreboda farangion-ispiridan Tuxarisamde (amJamindeli
xeresi) (. , , 1908, gv. 26).. gugarenas
kantonamde (gv. 26) da klarjeTamde.
Semdeg md. Woroxi Sedioda egr-egeriaSi, rogorc wers somxuri geografia
(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi gv. 26). jer Woroxi gaivlida kantonebs nigals,
mruls da mrits da Sedioda zRvaSi.
n. adoncis azriT, saxelwodeba egeri, egeria amJamad Semonaxulia formiT
aWara (aWaria) _ xorxismieri `g~-s palatur `W~-Si gadasvlis gamo (n. adonci,
armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 26). Woroxis aRmosavleTi sanapiro _ tao da klarjeTi sparselebs eWiraT.
WaneTs egerTan erTad garkveuli Tavisufleba hqonda, Tumca `romaul
miwad~ iwodeboda, magram mxolod iustinianes dros iqnen dapyrobilni da valdebulni gaxdnen ecnoT imperatoris xelisufleba, romelmac aago petras cixe lazikis
boloSi, zRvispirze, Woroxis SesarTavTan (gv. 27). petra _ iyo lazikis bolo da
aseve imperiis bolo, imperiis sazRvari iustinianes epoqaSi (gv. 27).
e.i. nizibinidan Woroxamde, romaelTa TvalsazrisiT, somxuri miwebi orad _ dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad, romaul somxeTad da persarmeniad iyvnen gayofilni (gv. iyo,
27). xolo lazikis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi petras cixe imperiis bolo iyo.
7. eger-egrisi

zaqaria ritori Tavisi Sromis bolo TavSi, n. adoncis sityviT, wers im 5 morwmune
xalxis qveynebis Sesaxeb, romlebic `CrdiloeTSi~ cxovrobdnen. maT Sorisaa `qveyana gurzani~. n. adonci ganmartavs _ `gurzani, e.i. iberia. arani, e.i. albania~ (. ,
, 1908, gv. 219).
n.adonci wers Woroxis SesarTavis mimdebare mxaris saxelis Sesaxeb _ `Semdeg
mdinare Woroxi Sedis egerSi, egeriaSi, rogorc aRwers somxuri geografia,
292

romelic iqamde gaivlis nigalis, mrulisa da mritis kantonebSi da Caedineba

zRvaSi~ (iqve, gv. 26). aseve wers _ `nigalis saxeli Semoinaxa, rogorc gveCveneba, md.
murRulis saxelma, romelic Woroxs marcxnidan uerTdeba arTvinis qvemoT. erT-erT
Senakads md. aWarisa ewodeba marati, msgavsi mrutisa, xolo mruli SeiZleba SevadaroT
imerxevs _ `meruli~ (iqve, gv. 26). maSasadame, `egeris~ olqi erqva Woroxis
SesarTavTan mdebare mxares.
n. adoncis sityviT, rogorc iTqva, saxelwodeba `egeri, egeria~ Semonaxulia
amJamad `aWaris~ formiT, radganac xorxismieri `g~ palatur `W~-Si gadaizarda.
termini `egeria~ somxur geografiaSi ufro farTo azriT gamoiyeneba da
aRniSnavs mTeli SavizRvispireTis aRmosavleT sanapiros afxazeTidan _
trapezuntamde, WaneTis CaTvliT.
VI s.-Si, Woroxis aRmosavleTi sanapiro, e.i. tao da klarjeTi, iyo sparselebis
xelSi _ wers n. adonci ( . , , 1908, gv. 27)
da Semdeg ganagrZobs _ `Wanika da mTeli egeria, aRniSnuli farTo azriT rom vTqvaT,
SedarebiT TavisTavadi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 27); e.i. sparselTa da romaelTa mier qveynebis
gadanawilebis dros SedarebiT TavisTavadobiT sargeblobdnen (Wanika da egeria).
e.i. Woroxis SesarTavs, n. adonci egerias uwodebs, magram is Sedioda
lazikaSi, kerZod, misi azriT, petra _ lazikis sanapiroze iyo aSenebuli ( .
, , 1908, gv.27).
petra, n.adoncis azriT, lazikis CrdiloeTiT, Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebareobda (da ara lazikis samxreTiT _ rogorc amJamadaa miRebuli). amasTanave,
petra imperiis sazRvars warmoadgenda (. ,
, 1908, gv. 27), anu aq exeboda erTmaneTs bizantiis imperatorisa da
sparseTis Sahebis gavlenis sferoTa xazebi, mTeli saukunis manZilze isini ebrZodnen
erTmaneTs am mxaris dasaufleblad.
rogorc avRniSneT, trapezuntis mxares qarTvelebi `sofeli megrelTa~ saxels
uwodebdnen, xolo qarTveli mematianeebisTvis egrisi erqva saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiros.
8. egeria n. adoncis mixedviT

`Wanika anu xaldia~ _ Wanebis anu xaldebis qveyanas eWira mTiani mxare, romelsac
qmnis parxalis qedi md. Woroxsa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zols Soris trapezuntamde.
Woroxis barSi Wanikas esazRvreboda tao _ farangionispiridan Tuxarisis cixesimagremde, Semdeg Wanika esazRvreboda gugarenas kantons da klarjeTs md. artanujze.
`Semdeg md. Woroxi Sedis egerSi _ egeriaSi, rogorc `somxuri geografia
aRwers~, iqamde ki gaivlis nigalis da mrulis (mrilis) kantonebs da Caedineba
zRvaSi~ (. , , 1908, gv. 26).
nigalis saxeli, n.adoncis azriT, SeinarCuna mdinare murRulma, romelic Woroxs
uerTdeba arTvinis qvemoT marcxena mxridan.
VI s.-Si, rogorc iTqva, Woroxis aRmosavleTi mxare, - klarjeTi da tao,
ekuTvnoda sparselebs, xolo Wanika da, saerTod, egeria, Tumca romaul miwebze
mdebareobdnen, sargeblobdnen TavisuflebiT. maT mxolod iustinianes epoqa293

Si aRiares saimperatoro xelisufleba. iustinianem lazikis boloSi aago

petras cixe, zRvispiras, Woroxis Crdilo SesarTavTan.
n.adonci wers, VI s.-Si, petra SeiZleba CavTvaloT imperiis sazRvrad,
romelic acalkevebda imperatorisa da spars mefeTa gavlenas. sinamdvileSi,
maT Soris omi iyo gaCaRebuli am mxaris dauflebisTvis mTeli 100 wlis
manZilze~.
maSasadame, `somxuri geografiis~ mxareebi - manrili, egreviki,
lazivi da WaneTi mdebareobdnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
aramed trapezuntis mxares Woroxamde (. ,
, 1908, gv. 26-27).
9. erges qveyana _ vaxuStis mixedviT

erge, anu egri, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, erqva miwa-wyals Woroxis SesarTavTan.
mas moixseniebs VII saukunis somxuri geografia, aseve batoniSvili vaxuSti.
vaxuStis cnobidan SeiZleba gavigoT, rom erge mdebareobda Woroxis SesarTavTan
im adgilTan axlos, sadac Woroxs uerTdeba aWariswyali.
Woroxi `dis friad Cqarad, qviansa, kldiansa da xramovansa Sina, sasmisad
Semrgo, gemoiani, sxvebr urgebi, vinaidgan ara rai keTdebis anu irwyvis Tvinier erges,
gonias da baToms, aramed vinaiTgan aRvswereniT baTomi, gonia da erge guriasa zeda, aw
erges zeidam viwyebT, aWariswylis SesarTavidam~ (vaxuSti, q.c. IV, gv. 676). arianes,
strabonis, prokofisa da sxva avtorTa cnobiT md.fazisi aseve iyo sasmelad vargisi da
gemrieli, is miedinebida kldeTa Soris didi siCqariT DAxmovanebiT. imaves wers
vaxuSti Woroxis Sesaxeb, rac Seexeba md.rions is quTaisidan zRvamde ara kldeTa
Soris, aramed vakeze miedineboda dausrulebel WaobebSi, amitomac, rogorc sxva yvela
Waobis uvargisi iyo sasmelad.
vaxuti wers - `lignis xeobisaTvis~: - `arTvinis sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges
sazRvramde Woroxis xeobis imieri da amieri iwodebis lignis xeobad da ars es
lignis xeoba Tvinier siviwrovisa friad nayofieri narinjiT, TurinjiT, limoniT,
zeTisxiliT, broweuliT, leRviT, venaxiT, xiliT Semkobili da qebulni buneburni
yovelive. marcvalni yovelni nayofierebs~ (q.c, IV, gv. 680).
vaxuti aseve wers:`guriisaTvis~... `zRvis SesarTavzed da Woroxis CrdiloeT kidurzed ars baTomi...
amas zeiT, Woroxis Crdilosave kidessa zeda ars erge~ (iqve, gv. 792).
`da baToms, gonias da erges narinji, Turinji, limoni, zeTisxili, broweuli
mravali da zRvis kidesaca~ (iqve, 793). erge da ligania is yovelmxriv nayofieri
moxirisi, romlis Sesaxebac werda prokofi.
somxur geografiaSi (VII s. Woroxis SesarTavs ewodeba `egri~, vaxuStisTan
`erge~.
`erge~ etimologiurad axloa sityvebTan `argveTi~, `margali~ da sxva. `egri~ ki
sityvebTan `egrisi~, `guria~ da sxva.
rogorc iTqva, vaxuStis `lignis xeoba~ Tavisi uxvnayofierebiT waagavs prokofi
kesarielis mier aRweril qveyana `moxiriss~.
vaxuStis Woroxi, siCqariT da gemoianobiT miagavs prokofi kesarielis
mier aRweril md. fasiss. prokofis kldovani lazika unda iyos klarjeTi,
xolo moxirisi _ erge-ligani.
294

10. egri _ Woroxis xeoba iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT

aWaraSi, baTumTan axlos, md. Woroxis marjvena sanapiroze amJamadac aris punqti
`erge~ (iqvea soflebi _ maxo da aWariswyali). es ukanaskneli Woroxisa da md.
aWariswylis SeerTebis adgilasaa, oRond marjvena sanapiroze, odesRac VI saukuneSi
aWariswylisa (dokonisisa) da Woroxis (fasisi) SeerTebis adgilas yofila punqti
`nesosi~.
iv. javaxiSvili wers _ `raki qarTul wyaroebSi srulebiT garkveviT weria, rom
klarjeTi zRvamdis aRwevda, amitom ise gamodis, rom `xevi nigalisa~ (sumbatis uwyeba),
anu `nigali~ (matiane qarTlisa) klarjeTis erTi nawilTagania~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. II,
gv. 63). maSasadame, istoriulad, ligani (livana) iyo nawili klarjeTisa.
etimologiurad axloa artaanSi mdebare sofeli `mglovani~ da nigali. iyo aseve
sofeli `mglinavi~, xolo SavSeTSi sofeli `norgiali~. amave fuZisaa strabonis
md.glavkosi, fazisis Senakadi.
klarjeTis nawili yofila aseve nigalsa da zRvas Sua mdebare `egri~, anu `erge~.
vaxuStis drosac aq iyo `erge~.
iv. javaxiSvili wers _ `somxuri usaxelo geografiidan Cans, rom klarjeTis gverdiT `egri~ mdebareobda. egrze mimdinareobda Woroxi (iqve, gv. 63).
Sua saukuneebSi baTumsa da nigals anu ligans aqeT mdebare sanapiro guriad
iwodeboda (qvemo guria), etimologiurad `egri~ `erge~ da guria axloa erTmaneTTan
da erTi fuZe `gr~ da `rg~ aqvT.
11. lazikis lokalizacia Zveli avtorebis mier
`somxuri geografiis~ Wanika da lazika trapezuntTan mdebare erTiani qveynis
nawilebia, erTmaneTs zogjer faraven kidec. isini da iqve, trapezuntis olqSi mdebare
egeria _ kolxidis nawilebia.
qveyana egri ganiyofa lazikad da Wanikad da is trapezuntTan mdebareobs _ ase
ikiTxeba `somxuri geografia~ VII-IX saukuneebisa, aseve igebs mas i. manandianic _ `
~ , .. , - ,
,
- ~ (. , ,
, . III, 1950, . 148).
somxuri geografiiT Wanika, lazika da kolxida trapezuntis olqSi mdebareobdnen da maT yvelas erTad egeria ewodebodaT - manandianis kvleviT.
mTawmididan gamosuli wyaros cnobiT _ herakle `miiwia trapezunted, sanaxebTa maT
samegrelosaTa~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 208, 422).
maSasadame, trapezunti _ samegreloa, somxuri wyaros _ egeriaa.
amasve wers eqvTime mTawmidelis epoqis wm.andrias cxovreba _ wm. mociquli mivida
`trapezuntSi sofelsa Sina megrelTasa~.
maSasadame, trapezunti _ megrelTa qveyanaa, samegreloa, anu egeriaa.
rogorc ori iyo qarTli (arian-qarTli da mcxeTis qarTli), ise ori iyo egrisi (egeri)
_ dasavleT qarTlis egrisi da bizantiis, anu trapezuntis egri, egeria.

295

12. mematianeebi `sofeli megrelTas~ Sesaxeb

Cveni mematianeebi trapizonis Semogarens ZiriTadad moixseniebdnen orgvarad _

`xaldia~ da `sofeli megrelTa~, kerZod, `matiane qarTlisa~ wers _ basili II-m
`daizamTra queyanasa xaldisasa, maxloblad qalaqsa trapizonTasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 285).
xolo leonti mroveli wers _ `movida andria qalaqad trapizonad, romel ars
sofeli megrelTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 39). maSasadame, `qaldea~ da `sofeli megrelTa~
qarTuli azrovnebisTvis sinonimebia. marTlac, `qaldea~ eTanadeba Semdegdroindel
WaneTs. aq aRsaniSnavia is, rom sityva `qald~ iv. javaxiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, is fuZea,
romlisganac warmoiSva sityva `qarTli~ da `qarTuli~. maSasadame, sityva qald
saerTo qarTuli erTobis (qarTvelur enaTa daSlamde, anu zanur-qarTuli
enobrivi erTobis) droindeli fuZea.
herakle keisris iberia-sparseTSi laSqrobasTan dakavSirebiT, naTqvamia, rom is
pirvelad mivida qveyanasa `qaldeisasa~ da Semdeg Sevida qarTlsa da TbilisSi. qaldeatrapizonidan mas
`klarjeTis gziT~ SeeZlo TrialeTSi Sesvla.
13. kolxeTi da armenia

Zveli avtorebi, rogorc wesi, Zalze xSirad erTad axseneben kolxeTsa da armenias.
qsenefontes cnobiT, tiribazi iyo dasavleT armeniis mmarTveli da amave dros
laSqrobis dros fasianebisa da esperitebis ufrosi (IV,1,4), aqedanac Cans, rom fasianebi, kolxebis uSualo mezoblebi, armeniis gverdiT cxovrobdnen, anu erT regionSi.
miTridate evpatorma mcire armenias, kolxeTsa da sofenaSi aago 75 cixesimagre, strabonis sityviT, radganac mcire armenia da sofena kolxeTTan erTad
ixsenieba, aqedan Cans, rom kolxeTi maTi momijnave olqi iyo.
egrisi, rogorc aRiniSna, erqva ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils,
aramed trapezuntis mimdebare mxareebsac. samxreT egrisi aRwevda Woroxis SesarTavamde, xolo Crdilo egrisi aqedan (Woroxis SesarTavidan) iwyeboda.
samxreT egriss, anu kolxeTs esazRvreboda armenia da is zogjer Sedioda kidec `romaul armeniaSi~, xolo Crdilo egrisi iberiaSi.
m. berZniSvilis sityviT, roca 456 wels romaelebma `daiwyes omi lazebTan~,
bizantiis imperatoris karze bWobdnen omSi gasamarjveblad armeniis gziT Seseodnen
kolxeTs, Tu tradiciuli gziT eomaT (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, gv. 8081). gubaz I-is kolxeTSi erT-erTi gza armeniidan Sedioda, radganac armeniis mezoblad mdebareobda.
ponto-kolxeTis dedoflis piTadoridas vaJi, strabonis sityviT, didi armeniis
mefed daadgines. misi meore vaJic gamefda armeniaSi artaqs III-is saxeliT, kolxeTis es
qvrivi dedofali iyo meuRle pontos mefisa polemonis. misi vaJebi, rogorc aRiniSna,
armeniis mefeebad daadgina romma ax.w. dasawyisSi. (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 134).
aqedan Cans, kolxeT-ponto-armeniis urTierTmezobloba.
Teofane JamTaaRmwerelis sityviT _ `armenielebi SeiWrnen lazikaSi~ arabobis
dros (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr gv. 187), radganac e.w. dasavleT armenias kolxeTi,
trapezuntis olqebi esazRvreboda.
amitomac werda VII saukuneSi `pasqaluri qronikis~ avtori `armeniis qalaqi
296

kolxisi~ (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr iqve, gv. 183). misi gamonaTqvami da aseve VII
saukunis somxuri geografiis Tvalsazrisi `egris~ qveynis mdebareobis Sesaxeb erTmaneTis msgavsia.
14. skviTia da iberebi

kolxeTis bolo punqtad skiles kariandelTan, skimnos qioselTan da

dionisios periegetTan miCneulia afsarosi, romelic kolxeTis CrdiloeTi
wertili iyo Sav zRvaze. mis Semdeg ukve modioda skviTia, anu dasavleT
saqarTvelos zRvispireTi (berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, 1967, gv.43).
dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTsa da kolxeTs Sorisaa maTi gamyofi punqti
afsarosi.
rogorc cnobilia afsarosi xofasTan axlos, Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda.
am avtorebis cnobiT afsarosis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals kolxeTi erqva,
CrdilieTiT mdebare teritorias (e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTs) ki `skviTia~.
Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi cxovrobdnen ,,skviTuri tomebi"
aqeelebi, kerketebi da gelonebi (berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, 1967, gv.46).
xersonesis aqeT, `Semdeg isev skviTebi arian, maT qveyanaSi Semdegi elinuri qalaqebia _ Teodosia, kutaia da numfara~ (iqve, gv. 44).
es avtorebi mudam aRiniSnaven, rom am skviTebis gverdiT uSualo mezoblad iberiaa
(ix. berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, 1967. gv.43).
Cven viciT, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi aqeelebi, kerketebi da gelonebi
iyvnen ara skviTuri aramed qarTuli tomebi.
kerketebi sabWoTa istorikosebis mier usafuZvlod Cerqezebis winaprebad iqna
miCneuli, Tumca etimologiurad kerketi _ gergetTan anu georgiasTan ufroa
axlo (kerketi _ gergeti (gerg-georg).
orive satomo saxelis (geloni, kerketi) fuZe-Zirebi TiTqmis identuria (gel-ger,
kerk-gerg) ger-gerg, romelTaganac SesaZloa miviRoT saxelebi - egrisi, guria,
argveTi.
ratom iyvnen es tomebi miCneulni skviTebad?, berZnuli TeoriiT msoflios kideebi
gansaxlebuli iyo oTxi xalxiT _ CrdiloeTis yvela xalxi skviTebad iwodeboda, amitomac maTTvis CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb
qarTul tomebsac zogjer
skviTebs uwodeben.
aqeelebis, kerketebis da gelonebis Sesaxeb sxva monacemebi ar arsebobs, amitom
etimologiuri dakvirvebiT unda davkmayofildeT. sityva gelonis fuZ-Ziri unda iyos
`gel~, igive `ger~, romlidanac albaT SesaZlebelia sityva eger-egrisis miReba (gelonebigel-ger-eger), sityva `kerketis~ fuZe-Ziri unda iyos `kerk~, igive `gerg~, romlidanac albaT SesaZlebelia sityva - georg-georgiis miReba (kerketebi-kerk-gerg-georg)
15. toponimebi

Teodosiopolidan (arzrumidan) aRmosavleTiT ganfenil vrcel miwa-wyalze, TiTqmis vidre vanis tbamde gvxvdeba mravali toponimi Tu hidronimi, romelnic meordebian
297

dasavleT saqarTveloSi. kerZod aq gaedineba mdinare fazisi (araqssa da evfrats zemo

welSi aseve fazisi erqva), aris Sesabamisi saxelis mqone qalaqic, am regionSi, prokofi
kesarielis cnobiT mdebareobdnen ,,klisurebi~ (an ,,klisura~), aseve adgili saxelwodebiT
- ,,safxazi~, amave regionSi gaedineboda mdinare egri, amJamadac ki erTerT qalaqs ,,agri~
hqvia. amave regionis momcvel qveyanas, bizantiis imperiam erT dros uwoda ,,iberiis Temi~.
saqarTvelos kuTxeebsa da lazikeSi, rogorc iTqva, mravali erTnairi toponimi
da hidronimi iyo. magaliTad, egriswyali (afxazeTSi (bediasTan) da `egres-su anu
egriswyali trapizonis mxares (iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, t. II, gv. 123), klisura (cxumTan) da `klasuri~ (trapizonisaken) (iqve, gv. 23). `pitia~ _ `trapizonTan~,
`pitiunti~ cxumTan, sebastopolisi, trapizonis olqSi da abazgiaSi. `zegana~ (`zeganTa sofeli~) XI s-Si Sida qarTlSi (T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, gv. 33) da `zigna~
qaldiaSi (trapizonis mxare), aseve ziginevi (afxazeTSi), zegani sof. kldeeTTan,
zestafonSi. q. fazari (igive fazisi), (Zveli aTina trapizonTan) (georgika II, 1965, gv.
102) da fazisi. `boasi~ erqva Woroxs an mis Senakads prokofi kesarielis mixedviT,
aseve rogorc zogierTi fiqrobs md. yvirilasac. fazisi erqva Woroxsac da aseve
rionsac. magaliTad, prokofi kesarieli lazikas ase aRwers _ `lazike yovelgan,
mdinare fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares
uzarmazari kldeebia romlebic iq viwrobebs qmnian, aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben~ (georgika II, 1965, gv 102). md. rionTan dasavleT saqarTvelos
barSi kldeebi arsadaa, aramed aris Woroxis sanapiroebze, istoriul lazikeSi.
prokofi garkveviT wers _ `md. boasi gamodis WaneTis sazRvris maxloblad
armenielTa adgilebSi, romlebic farangionis garSemo cxovroben. TavSi is karga
manZilze marjvniv mimdinareobs. Txelia ... vidre im adgilamde, sadac marjvniv iberTa
sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba, mis Semdeg rac es mdinare
miaRwevs im adgils, sadac kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebia, aq, radgan mas bevri sxva
wyalic emateba, is izrdeba Zalian da nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fazisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi, vidre evqsinad wodebul zRvamde, sadac misi SesarTavia da mis orive mxriT lazike aris ~
(georgika, II, gv. 100). WaneTis maxloblad Woroxi gamoedineba. mas erqva saTaveSi
`boasi~ (n.adoncis kvleviTac). boasi anu Woroxi saTaveSi, marTlac Txelia anu
wyalmcirea, vidre karCxalis mTebamde(aq prokofis azriT kavkasiis mTa Tavdeboda
da aqve iyo kola-artaanis anu iberiis sazRvrebi), karCxalTan marTlac Woroxs
ramdenime mdinare emateba, maT Soris wyaluxvi imerxevi, aq boass saxelic ecvleboda,
ukve `fazisad~ iwodeboda da misi sanapiros qveyanas `lazika~erqva.
ase,rom lazika ramdenime mxares erqva trapezuntis regionSi, aseve fazisi anu
egri erqva aranakleb wyaluxv da cnobil mdinares iqve maRla zeganze gamdinaresaraqss.
araqsiss egri erqva imis gamo, rom misi saTave istoriuli egris qveyanaSi
gaedineboda manralia-WaneT-qaldeasTan axlos.
16. ori egrisi

m. berZniSvilis kvleviT, `pirveli cnoba kolxebze Zveli welTaRricxvis

VI-V saukuneebidan gvxvdeba. Semdeg cnobebi wydeba ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi.
298

`Zv.w. IV saukune da misi momdevno xana odnavadac araa aRbeWdili istoriaSi~ (m.
berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis, gv. 69).
Zveli welTaRricxvis IV s-dan I saukunemde istoriaSi kolxebis Sesaxeb
cnobebi ar moi poveba (iqve, gv. 71).
romTan meomari miTridates dros cnobebi kolxeTis Sesaxeb axldeba. miTridate
VI evpatoris epoqaSi (120-63) kolxeTi samefo ar iyo.
kolxeTi `skeptuxiebad~ iyo danawilebuli. skeptuxia daaxloebiT qarTuli saerisTavos msgavsi administraciul-politikuri erTeulia kolxeTi pontos mefem daimorCila.
cnobilia, rom qristeSobamde 89 wels miTridate ukve flobda kolxeTs (iqve, m.
berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 71) da mas marTavda Tavisi moadgileebis
meSveobiT. erTi, magaliTad, iyo miTridates megobari moafreni (strabonis dedis Zma),
meore ki miTridates Svili, aseve miTridates saxelis mqone. mas pontos mefem `mefis
pativi uwyaloba. cxadia, is araa namdvili mefe, aramed mxolod saxelis mqone.
miTridates kolxeTi ainteresebda sazRvao saqmianobisTvis, aqedan, misdioda gemebis
ekipaJi da gemTsaSeni masala~ (m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis,gv. 73). romTan 85
wels damarcxebul miTridates kolxebi ganudgnen. Tavisi Svili maSin daudgina `mefed~
kolxebs, romelsac Semdeg jer oqros borkilebi daado, Semdeg ki sikvdiliT dasaja.
strabonis sityviT, mcire armeniasa, sofenenesa da kolxeTSi miTridatem 75
cixe-simagre aago da Tavisi qonebis didi nawili amaSi Cayara (m. berZniSvili, fasisis
istoriisaTvis gv. 74). aRniSnuli olqebi, cxadia, erTmaneTs emezoblebodnen, saerTo
sazRvrebi hqondaT. miTridates damarcxebis Semdeg pompeusi akontrolebda kolxeTs,
mefe orozis da skeptuxos olTakes Semdeg iq daadgina aristraxosi. sakvlevia is
`bosforelebis da kolxebis mefed~, Tu mxolod `kolxeTis mefed~ iwodeboda. cxadia,
aristaxosi ar iyo suverenuli mmarTveli, aramed romaelTa mier dadgenili.
48 wlisaTvis bosforis mefe farnakma (miTridates vaJma) kolxeTi da mTeli
armenia daimorCila (iqve, m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 77). magram 47
wels is avgustos keisarma daamarcxa.
Zveli welTaRricxvis I saukunis bolo wlebSi kolxeTs flobda pontos mmarTveli
polomeni. misi sikvdilis Semdeg (axali welTaRricxvis 14 wels) _ pontos `samefo~ taxtze avida misi qvrivi piTodorida, romelic kolxeTs 38 wlamde marTavda.
misi Svilebi armeniis mefeebi gaxdnen.
imperator traianes (92-117) dros kolxeTi romis qveSevrdomi iyo. SesaZloa, mis
mmarTvels `mefis~ tituli hqonda. amis Semdeg wydeba kolxeTis Sesaxeb cnobebi
kvlav ramdenime saukunis manZilze.
IV s. meore naxevridan kvlav Cndeba bundovani cnobebi (iqve, gv. 79), maTgan
zogierTSi kolxebi roms xarkis yovelwliurad gadaxdas pirdebian (iqve, gv. 80).
episkopos Teodorites (390-457) sxva ambavTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTis saxiT
mohyavs ambavi, rom `lazebi, sabebi da abazgebi da sxva barbarosebi Tumca romaelTa
batonobas emorCilebian, magram erTmaneTSi ar sdeben xelSekrulebas romauli kanonebis Tanaxmad~ (iqve, m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 80).
vfiqrob, yovelive zemoT aRwerili ar ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli wyaroebis
monacemebs, qristeSobamde VI-V saukuneebSi kolxeTs mefe ar hyolia da, Cans, teritoriulad is ar mdebareobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed _ trapezuntis
mxares.
e.w. `kolxeTis samefo~ mxolod erT nawils warmoadgenda pontos mefe miTri299

dates vrceli samflobelosi, da Cans, mas miTridatianebi marTavdnen kidec, aq unda

gavixsenoT movses xorenaci, rom pontospira iberebs mihrdatianebi marTavdnen.
miTridatianebi, anu mirhdatis STamomavlebi, xorenacis TqmiT, aleqsandre makedonelis epoqidan marTavdnen pontospira iberebs, anu im xalxs, romelic
nabuqodonosorma pontos zRvis piras gadaasaxla. pontoszRvispireTidan Semdeg
es xalxi gamravlebis gziT ganivrco Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi da maT Soris
gugarqSic, aseTia xorenacis cnoba.
berZnul-romauli wyaroebiTac kolxeTSi miTridate Tavis Svils niSnavs `mefed~.
es samefo Semdeg umetesad romis qveSevrdomia, anu is mxolod saxels atarebs
samefosas da, Cans, is mdebareobda Woroxis auzSi. samxreT egrisad Cvens mier wodebul
erge-ligan-WaneT-klarjeTs vaxuStis sityviT marTavdnen mirdatianebi.
am qveyanas somxuri geografia VII s-isa `egers~ uwodebs, vaxuSti `erges~. amave
vaxuStis mixedviT, Woroxis xeobis da misi saTaveebis zogadi saxelia `klarjeTi~.
mdinare Woroxis aRwerisas Tavis Txrobas vaxuSti ase iwyebs _ `xolo aw viwyebT
klarjeTs da am qveyanasa Sina udidesi mdinare ars Woroxi, romeli gamodis irijlus
mTasa da dis samxridan CrdiloT... xvaramzes xidamde... mierTvis baToms qveviT Savs
zRvasa... dis friad Cqarad qviansa, kldiansa da xramovansa Sina... sasmisad Semrgo... irwyvis
erges, gonias da baToms~ (q.c. IV, gv. 676). sad iyo erge? Cans, guriasa da liganis xeobas
Soris _ `arTvinis sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges sazRvramde Woroxis xeobis imeri da
ameri iwodebis lignis xeobad da ars es lignis xeoba, Tvinier siviwrovisa friad
nayofieri narinjiT, TurinjiT, limniT, zeTisxiliT, broweuliT, leRviT, venaxiT, xiliT
Semkobili da qebulni bunebiT yovelive~ (iqve, gv. 680). aseve, nayofieria ergec, amitomac
kldovan klarjeTSi erge da ligani mogvagonebs prokofi kesarielis mier
aRweril msgavsad nayofier moxoriss kldovan lazikaSi.
baTums zeviT, vaxuStis aRweriT, `Woroxis Crdilosve kidesa zeda ars erge~
(q.c. IV, gv. 792).
klarjeTi moicavda erges garda mTel istoriul samxreT saqarTvelos
oZraxosisa da javaxosis wilis garda (iqve, gv. 691) esaa qveyana ergedan da imier
taodan sperisa da WaneTis CaTvliT.
somxuri geografiiTac egris qveyana moicavda WaneTs, sakuTriv egrs,
Wanikas, manraliasa da lazikas. ase rom, somxuri egri da vaxuStis mier
aRwerili klarjeTi erTsa da imave regionebs moicavdnen.
prokofis mier aRwerili lazika _ klarjeTis msgavsia Tavisi kldovanobiT,
swrafi mdinariT, romelic gemrielia.
somxuri wyaroebis egri, qarTuli klarjeTi (WaneTTan erTad) da berZnuli lazike erTi da igive unda iyos. esaa Cvens mier samxreT egrisad wodebuli
qveyana, sxva iyo Crdilo egrisi _ dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawili. misi mTavari
mdinare rioni gavakebis Semdeg ar aris ise Cqari, rogorc aRwers prokofi
faziss, aramed neli da mdore, sasmelad uvargisi, Slamiani, ugemuri. xolo sasmelad
vargisi fazisi ki Cqari mTis mdinarea da aCqarebuli erTvis zRvas, xolo rioni
piriqiT, vrcel vakeze damdorebuli.
arqanjelo lambertis sityviT, `rioni wynarad SeerTvis zRvas sebastopolis
maxloblad, romelic Zvelad warCinebul qalaqs warmoadgenda, dRes ki wyalSia CanTqmuli~
(m. berZniSvili, fazisis istoriisaTvis, gv. 180).
Sardenic eZebda foTTan `qalaq sebastiis niSan-kvals~, magram, rogorc TviTon
ambobda, `veraferi i pova~ (iqve, gv. 180).
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maSasadame, faqtia, rom arsebobda CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis ori egrisi, erTi mdebareobda
berZnul-romauli da somxuri gavlenis sferoSi, meorem ki, Crdilo egrisma, safuZveli
daudo Zveli qarTuli kulturis Camoyalibebas, viTarca zogad qarTuli qveynis
erT-erTma regionma.
17. vaxtang gorgasali istoriul samxreT iberiis miwa-wyalze
(samxreT egrisSi)

vaxtang gorgasalma ilaSqra istoriuli samxreT iberiis miwa-wyalze (igulisxmeba samxreT egrisi), msgavsad farnavazisa. Cans, vaxtangis mizani iyo iberiisaTvis
daebrunebina is miwa-wyali, romelic strabonis cnobiT Zv.w. II saukuneSi armeniam
Camoacala iberias (gogarena, xorZene da pariadres kalTebi). qarTlis cxovrebis
cnobiT farnavazma qristeSobamde III saukuneSi ilaSqra `azonis mamul~ klarjeTSi.
vaxuStis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, klarjeTi moicavda ara mxolod erT mxares, aramed
uvrceles regions qaldea-trapezuntidan Woroxamde. mematiane saberZneTTan iberiis
sazRvars aTavsebs anZianZorasTan (igive anZoreTTan) _ `warvida farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekleciT Semoiqca~ (q. c. I. gv. 23).
sad mdebareobda anZianZora? g. meliqiSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT wers _ `qarTlis
samefos teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTiT ganvcobas eTanxmeba wyaros cnoba farnavazis mier mcireaziuli olqebis anZianZorisa da ekelecis (antik. wyaroebis akilesena, sofenas CrdiloeTiT evfratze mdebare olqi) dalaSqvraze (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, 1970, gv. 455). maSasadame, wyaros cnobiT farnavazis dros iberiis
(qarTlis samefos) sazRvari gadioda anZianZorasTan, istoriul xorZenesTan, amiT
Cveni wyaro (q.c.) amarTlebs strabonis cnobas, rom Zv.w. II saukunemde iberiaSi (e.i.
farnavazis samefoSi) Sedioda xorZene, gogarena da pariadres kalTebi. farnavazis
Semdgom maleve iberiis samefos daukargavs es teritoriebi, magram maT dasabruneblad
brZola grZeldeboda. amas miuTiTebs vaxtang gorgaslis laSqroba iq - `waremarTa
vaxtang Sesvlad saberZneTad da miiwivnes somxiTs da moerTnes... erisTavni
somxiTisani... tarovneli amazasp grigolis Senebulisa qalaqisagan, Trdat
naTesavisagan, didisa Trdatis. da moadges cixe-qalaqsa, romelsa erqva karaxpola, xolo aw ewodebis karnu-qalaqi... warvida vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna
gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi, ekleci da steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa
qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q. c. I. gv. 160).
teqstidan Cans, rom vaxtangis dros aRniSnuli adgilebi ukve somxeTsa da pontoSia, maSin roca farnavazis dros qarTlis samefos `sazRvari~ `saberZneTTan~ anZianZorasTan gadioda. maSasadame es teritoriebi iberias didi xnis dakarguli hqonda
vaxtangis dros, magram iqaur (e.i.xorZenesa da pariadres kalTebis) mosaxleobas
qarTuli eTnoidentoba da qarTuli enis codna jer kidev SenarCunebuli rom hqonda
sxva gamokvlevebidan Cans.
VII s. somxeTis rukaze olqi saxelwodebiT `xorZiana~ (es unda iyos `xorZene~) mdebareobda karinTan (karaxpol-karnuqalaq-arzrumTan), mis samxreT-dasavleTiT daaxloeboT 70 km.
daSorebiT.
xorZianasa da karins Sua mdebareobda mananaRis (manralis) olqi mardaRis (mardaliis)
gverdiT.
xorZianasTan axlos, mis samxreT dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 40 km.-Si mdebareobda
301

olqi saxelwodebiT-anZiti (andzit). es unda iyos qarTuli anZoreTi-anZianZora

(sadac ilaSqres farnavazma da vaxtangma). provincia anZitSi covkis tbasTan axlos
iyo cixe-simagre egeRi(egeri). amave saxelis qalaqi egegi (egeri) karin-arzrumTanac
iyo. am qalaqis saxeli (egegi) egrisis saxels unda ireklavdes.
olq xorZianaSi gaedineboda amave `egr~ saxelis mqone mdinare `egegiki~ (mius
gaili). xorZianaSi iyo cnobili punqti artalesi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamindel TurqeTSi Zveli olqis anZitis adgilas mdebareobs
administraciuli olqi-elazigi. es saxeli elazigi ar aris SemTxveviTi. sityvaSi
`elazigi (elaziRi)~ vfiqrob SesaZlebelia gamoiyos fuZe-Ziri `lazi~. saxeli
`lazi~, am mxareebisaTvis ucxo ar iyo. konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis
eparqia XI s. dasawyisSi am mxareebsac moicavda. aq axlos iyo kerCanisis, xaxis, bizanasa
da sxva saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.
bizanasa da arzrums Soris mdebareobda olqi mananaRi anu manralia (manarali),
mas am rukaze mardaRis (mardalis) olqisagan yofs `megeduxgis mTebi~, am mTebs n.
adonci xalxalis mTebs uwodebs, romelic manraliasa da mardalias erTmaneTisagan
hyofda.
rogorc Cans am mxareebSi eguleboda vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis avtors
`saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa~, aRniSnul rukaze bizanas olqs ewodeba _
`ekegiaci~, es unda iyos vaxtangis cxovrebis ekleci. am olqSi rukaze moniSnulia
eklesia saxelwodebiT _ `surb grigor~, albaT aq eguleboda avtors saflavi wm.
grigorisa. romeli iyo es wmidani grigol ganmanaTlebeli Tu grigol nazianzeli?
xorZena, rogorc iTqva, strabons iberiis istoriul nawilad miaCnda, romelic
armeniam miitaca. iqauri mkvidri iberebis armenizacias xeli gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo am
mxareSi somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebam. sabednierod vaxtangis dros qarTuli TviTSemecneba jer kidev Zlieri yofila am mxaris sasuliero pirTa Sorisac ki, rac kargad
Cans vaxtangis cxovrebaSi. sxvaTa Soris, xorenacis istoriaSic aris garkveuli
miniSneba imisa, rom xorZenasa da taronis samRvdeloebam icoda qarTuli ena. magaliTad, movses xorenaci wers _ `rac Seexeba mesrops, igi wavida qarTvelTa
qveyanaSi da madlis zegardamo miniWebiT maTac Seuqmna anbani vinme jalasTan
erTad, romelic berZnuli da somxuri enebidan Targmnida. xels uwyobdnen
imaTi mefe bakuri da mose episkoposi. man SearCia bavSvebi, gahyo isini or
jgufad da moZRvrebad dautova Tavisi ori mowafeTagani _ ter xorZenaci da
muSe taronaci~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 224). maSasadame,
qarTveli bavSvebi dayves or jgufad, raTa maT SeeswavlaT qarTuli anbani qarTuli
wmida werilis sakiTxavad. maT qarTuli enis mcodne maswavleblebi esaWiroebodaT,
aseTni ki yofilan xorZeneli mRvdeli (ter xorZenaci) da taroneli muSe.
xorZene-taronis axlo mxareebSi qarTuli enis codnas isic miuTiTebs, rom
v.goilaZis kvleviT iqve, arc Tu daSorebiT, q. edesa-urhaSi yofila didi qarTuli
kolonia Tavisi saganmanaTleblo kerebiT. aRniSnul rukaze qalaqi edesia-urha mdebareobs olq andzitTan axlos, mis samxreTiT 70-80 km. daSorebiT. sabolood unda
vTqvaT, rom armeniis mier mitacebul mxareebSi didxans darCa qarTuli enis codna da
qarTuli toponimebi (egri-egrisi, iberia da sxva).

302

$ 2. Crdilo egrisi
1. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi egrisTan dakavSirebiT (wyaros
mimoxilva _ `qarTlis cxovreba~, 1955, t. I.)

`dasavleTis erisTavebi~,`dasavleT qarTlisa~, egrisi _ ,,qvemo qveyana",

`zemo da qvemo qveyanani~, `naTesavi Cueni~, am da sxva terminebs dasavleT
saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT mravlad iyeneben `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mematianeebi I aTaswleulSi, kerZod, qristeSobamde III saukunedan vidre axali
welTaRricxvis IX-X saukuneebamde da Semdgom saukuneebSi. ganvixilavT am
da sxva terminebs saukuneebis Sesabamisad:

2. egrisi qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebidan

I saukunemde (qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi)

qarTlis cxovreba wers `ganZlierda aleqsandre,

da daipyra yoveli queyana,
da aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa,
da povna cixe-qalaqni ese Zlierni Sua qarTl: wunda, xerTvisi mtkurisa, oZrxe
(mokidebuli kldesa Radossa), Tuxarisi (mdinaresa zeda sperisasa, romelsa hqvian
Woroxi), urbnisi, kaspi da ufliscixe, qalaqi didi mcxeTa (da ubanni misni), sarkine,
cixedidi da zanavi (ubani uriaTa) da rusTavi da deda-cixe, samSvilde da mtueris
cixe (romel ars xunani),
da kaxeTisa qalaqni~ (q.c., I, gv. 18).
`da dai pyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (q.c., I, gv. 19).
am teqstSi naxsenebia ,,qarTlis qveynis" ori provinciis -,,Sua qarTlisa" da
,,kaxeTis" qalaqebi. iqvea naxsenebi ,,qarTlis qveynis" mesame provinciis saxeliegrisi.
,,qarTlis qveynis" meoTxe provincia klarjeTi azonis mamuli iyo ,amitomac
azonma sxva provinciebi `dai pyro~, xolo klarjeTi ar `daupyria~. da piruku farnavazis mamuli - qarTli iyo da amitom azonTan gamarjvebis Semdeg man `daipyro
klarjeTi~ (q.c.23), amis Sedegad qarTlis qveynis yvela nawili erTi xelisuflebis
qveS aRmoCnda da `yoveli qarTli~ erT saxelmwifod iqca.
Cveni mematianeebis sityviT, aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi, rogorc iTqva, `qarTlis~ istoriuli geografia aseTi iyo: `qarTli~ Sedgeboda sami qveynisagan. pirveli iyo misi centraluri nawili `Sua qarTli~, meore nawili _ kaxeTi, xolo mesame
nawili iyo _ egrisi. xolo klarjeTi imJamad ara qarTlis, aramed ,,arian-qarTlis"
nawilad miiCneoda.
Cveni mematianeebi, rogorc wesi, gamowvlilviT aRweren qarTlis centralur
nawils anu `Sua qarTls~, xolo kaxeTsa da egriss SedarebiT naklebad exebian. A
am aRniSnul nawilebs wyaroebSi ewodeba `xevebi~, anu qarTlis xevebia _ `Sua
qarTli~, kaxeTi da egrisi. dasamtkiceblad zemoT ukve moviyvaneT ,,qarTlis cxovrebis" mematianis aRwera _ aleqsandre makedonelma qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdeg
303

jer Semusra `Sua qarTlis~ qalaqebi, Semdeg kaxeTis qalaqebi da Semdeg azonma
`dai pyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (q.c. I, gv. 14). farnavazis samefoSi ki qarTlis
oTxive nawili Sedioda, eseni iyvnen: 1. Sua qarTli; 2. kaxeTi; 3. egrisi; da 4.
klarjeTi.
rogorc aRiniSna, mematiane wers `Sua qarTlis~ Sesaxeb _ `ganZlierda aleqsandre da aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa da povna cixe qalaqni ese Zlierni Sua qarTl:
wunda, xerTvisi mtkuarisa, oZrxe, mokidebuli kldesa Radosa, Tuxarisi, mdinaresa
zeda sperisasa, romelsa hqvian Woroxi, urbnisi, kaspi da ufliscixe, qalaqi didi
mcxeTa da ubanni misni, sarkine, cixe didi da zanavi, ubani uriaTa da rusTavi da dedacixe samSvilde da mtueris cixe, romel ars xunani~. mxolod `Sua qarTlis cixeqalaqebis~ Semdeg `naxa~ aleqsandrem kaxeTisa qalaqni (q.c. I, gv. 18).
rogorc iTqva - aleqsandrem Tavdapirvelad naxa Sua qarTlisa da kaxeTis
cixeebi, `Sua qarTlis~ cixeebia _ Tuxarisi, wunda, oZrxe, urbnisi, kaspi, ufliscixe,
mcxeTa, rusTavi, samSvilde da xunani.
maSasadame, mematianis sityviT, xunanidan Tuxarisamde miwa-wyals ewodeboda `Sua
qarTli~. mis garda aleqsandres aseve daupyria kaxeTi, xolo egrisi samarTavad
gadaucia Tavisi moxelisavis azonisaTvis (aRsaniSnavia, rom mefe farnavazma Tavisi
administraciuli reformis Semdeg Sua qarTlSi ramdenime saerisTavo daarsa (ise,
rogorc sxva provinciebSi). Sua qarTlis erT olqSi, romelsac `Sida qarTli~
erqva saspaspeto daarsa, maSasadame sxvaa `Sua qarTli~ da sxva `Sida qarTli~.
aleqsandres daupyria qarTlis yvela nawili _ klarjeTi, kaxeTi, egrisi da Sua
qarTli. yvela es qveyana erTad iwodeboda ase: `yoveli qarTli~. xolo `Sua
qarTli~ misi centraluri, yvelaze ufro Zlieri nawili iyo, aq iyo Tavmoyrili
dedaqalaq mcxeTisa da sxva yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalaqebis cixeebi, Tumca klarjeTs, kaxeTsa da egrisSic arsebobdnen Zlieri cixeebi.
`qarTlis cxovrebaze~ ufro Zveli wyaros - `moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnobiT, aleqsandre makedonelma `yoveli qarTlis~ patrikioss _ azons samarTavad gadasca qarTlis
qveyana _ `egriswylidan~ vidre somxeT-albaneTamde.
md. egriswyali iyo qarTlis samefos sazRvari Crdilo-dasavleTiT. md.
egriswyali _ egrisis qveynis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mdinare iyo. aq, am mdinaris piras
augia egriselTa eTnarqs _ egross dedaqalaqi `egrisi~ _ `xolo aman egros aRaSena
qalaqi da ewoda saxeli Tvisi egrisi. aw mas adgilsa hqvian bedia~ (q.c. I, gv. 5).
egriswyalze ki qarTlis samefos sazRvari gadioda.
egriswyali, rogorc qarTlis samefos sazRvari naxsenebia meore uZveles saistorio
wyaroSi - esaa `moqcevai qarTlisai~, mis Satberdul redaqciaSi naTqvamia - `da Tana
hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoi, Ze arian-qarTlisa mefisai, da mas miuboZa mcxeTai
sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa
crolisa da warvida~(Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 1 964,
gv.81).
mdinare egriswyali Tu qalaq `egrisTan~ anu bediasTan gaedineboda, maSin is
iqneba Tanamedrove `RaliZga~. aqedan iwyeboda `qarTlis samefos~ sazRvari azonis
dros. aqve dadebula farnavaz mefis `qarTlis samefos~ sazRvari. e.i. egrisi qarTlis samefos anu qarTlis nawili iyo kaxeTTan erTad.
wyaro saberZneTidan gamaval saxelmwifo sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT ramdenjerme axsenebs sityvas `sazRvari saberZneTisa~. pirvelad SavizRvispirze Crdilo304

dasavleTiT (mermindel afxazeTSi), meored samxreT-dasavleTiT (qaldea-ekelecTan),

am sasazRvro xazTa Sua mdebareobda qarTlis samefos dasavleTi nawili.
amasTan dakavSirebiT `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ naTqvamia - `warvida farnavaz da
motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekeleciT Semoiqca. movida
klarjeTs da dai pyra klarjeTi~(q.c., I, gv.23).
rac Seexeba md.egriswyals, aq aleqsandres qarTlis samefos sazRvari rom
daudia, amas aRniSnavdnen saukuneTa manZilze, V saukuneSi q.c.-s cnobiT bizantiis
imperators gamoukiTxavs Tu sad gadioda sazRvari qarTlis samefosa da bizantias
Soris, misTvis mouxsenebiaT, rom sazRvrad dadgenili iyo md. egriswyali aleqsandre makedonelis droidan - `da gamoikiTxa keisarman sazRvari saberZneTisa... da rqua
esreT - `egriswyliTgan vidre mdinaremde mcirisa xazareTisa-ese sazRvari
ars saberZneTisa aleqsandrobiTgan...~ (q.c., I, gv.177).
imperatoris daintereseba qarTlis samefos sazRvriT, iman gamoiwvia rom vaxtang
gorgasalma md. egriswyalsa da md.yubans Soris moqceuli teritoria gaaTavisufla bizantielTagan da iq ganimtkica xelisufleba. es teritoria ki bizantielebs
TavianTTvis Zalze mniSvnelovnad miaCndaT, amitomac vaxtang gorgasalTan sazavo
molaparakebis dros gaicvala teritoriebi, kerZod bizantielebma maT mier dapyrobili klarjeTi daubrunes vaxtangs ris sanacvlodac, ukan miiRes teritoria
egriswyalsa da yubans Soris. amave dros, q.c.-s cnobiT, vaxtangs SerTes keisris
qaliSvili, romelsac mziTvad gamoatanes teritoria egriswyalsa da md.klisuras
Soris. amis Sedegad qarTlis samefos sazRvarma gadaiwia md.egriswylidan md.klisuraze.
`da dauwera egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua queyana ziTvad~(q.c., I, gv.177).
farnavazis dros sazRvari saberZneTTan, rogorc iTqva, md.egriswyalTan gadioda
- `egriswyals qvemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrT mis adgilisaTa ara inebes
gandgoma berZenTa~ (q.c., I. gv.24). aqve SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom vaxtang gorgasalis
STamomavalTa Semdgom, rac yoveli qarTlis erTiani samefo daiSala - egriss
ewoda afxazeTi, klarjeTs - lazika an samcxe-saaTabago, Sida qarTls qarTli, kaxeTis didi nawili ki hereTma daiWira.
3. egriselebi _ naTesaviT qarTvelni

saerTod, qarTlis cxovrebis `farnavazis cxovreba~, iyo is uZvelesi erovnuli

saistorio wyaro, romelic, `moqcevai qarTlisai-s~ _ Sesabamis nawils eTanadeboda.
Cven gvainteresebs ara is, namdvilad iyo Tu ara aleqsandre makedoneli saqarTveloSi, aramed `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ gadmocemuli savadasaxva Tvalsazrisis analizi,
magaliTad misi mosazreba qarTvelTa eTnoidentobis Sesaxeb.
mematianes sityviT qarTlSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erebi aleqsandres amouxocavs
_ `mosrna yovelni igi naTesavni aRreulni qarTls myofni da ucxoni igi
naTesavni mosrna da daatyveva... dautevna naTesavni qarTlosianni da dauteva
maT zeda patrikad azon~ (q.c. I, gv. 18). amavdroulad am azonma `dai pyra qarTlsa
zeda egrisica~ (q.c. I, gv. 19). garkveuli xnis Semdeg azonma gamosca brZaneba _
`yovelman qarTvelTaganman, romelman povos saWurveli, mokaliT igi... da iyo
Wiri didi naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 20). cxadia, `yovelTa qarTvelTasa~ da `naTesavTa qarTvelTasas~ qveS egriselebic igulisxmebian, radganac azoni
klarjeTis, Sua qarTlis, kaxeTisa da egrisis, anu `yoveli qarTlis~ mpyrobeli iyo,
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saidanac ucxoelni gaZevebulni iyvnen da mis qveyanaSi md. egriswylidan somxeTalbaneTamde mxolod qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen. es kidev ufro kargad Cans `farnavazis
cxovrebidan~.
egriselebic rom `naTesaviT QqarTvelni~ da `yovelTa qarTvelTa~ nawilni
arian, kargad Cans farnavazisadmi egriseli qujis pasuxiTac _ `aRdeg da moved
CemTana da nu Surob xuastagsa Sensa da xuastagiTa SeniTa gangimravlne spani Senni,
vidre gamovCndeT mtrad azonisa, maSin ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa awyvedilTa misgan da miwyvedilTa. Dda vgoneb, romc hromTa maTgannica gamogvierTnen,
rameTu uricxvni awyvedil arian maTgannica azonisagan~ (q.c. I, gv. 22).
qujis pasuxidan naTlad Cans, rom is Tavis Tavs moiazrebs `yovelTa qarTvelTa
jgufSi~, konkretulad es Cans roca saubrobs `hromTa~ Sesaxeb _ ambobs pirvel
pirSi `vgoneb hromTa maTgannica gamogvierTdnen~, anu axali qarTuliT misi pasuxi
aseTia _ `modi CemTan, nu daiSureb Sens saganZurs, dagiqiraveb jars, roca azonis
mimarT mtrobas gavamJRavnebT, maSin misgan amowyvetilTa axloblebi gaixareben da
vfiqrob, zogierTi romaelic SemogvierTdeba, radganac maTgan azonma uricxvi
gawyvita~.
,,qarTlis cxovrebaSi" xazgasmiTaa saubari: arsebobda ori ZiriTadi mxare _
qarTvelni da azoni. xolo quji _ yovelTa qarTvelTa nawili iyo Tavisi
xalxiT, am qarTvelTa mxares qujis fiqriT, `romaelTa~ aramciredi, azonisagan
dasjili nawilic SemouerTdeboda _ `gamogvierTnen~ _ ambobs is. anu `yovel
qarTvelobas~ romaeli jariskacebic SemouerTdebian, rogorc mkiTxvelisTvis cnobilia, am SemTxvevaSi `hromnis~ saxeliT mematiane moixseniebs im 100 aTas mebrZols,
romelic misi TqmiT, aleqsandre makedonelma Semoiyvana qarTlSi makedoniidan da
gadasca azons. azons qarTvelTa garda am `romaelebis~ `qmnul keTili da asakovani~,
anu kargi aRnagobis, meomrebis aramciredi raodenoba gauwyvetia.
qujis aseTi pasuxis Semdeg farnavazi gadavida egrisSi da moismina qujis
saocari sityvebi _ `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, Sen gmarTebs
ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cueni da me var mona Seni~ (q.c. I, gv. 22).
am sityvebidan Cans ara piradi urTierTobis asaxva, aramed `erTnaTesaobis~, erTi
genetikuri warmomavlobis suraTi, kerZod, urTierToba ara mxolod or pirs, aramed
kuTxeebis mosaxleobaTa Sorisac, am ukanasknels unda miuTiTebdes misi sityvebi _
`Sen xar ufali Cveni~ (ese igi mTeli egrisis mosaxleobisa). piraduladac gamoxatavs urTierTobas da ambobs: `me var mona Seni~. am urTierTobebSi unda Candes
dinastiuri ufros-umcrosobiTi valdebulebiTi damokidebulebis asaxva, rasac exeba
straboni iberiis aRwerisas. maSasadame, qujis pasuxi asaxavs rogorc egrisis mosaxleobis, aseve piradad misi damokidebulebis suraTs `yovelTa qarTvelTadmi~ da misi
centralizebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemisadmi.
quji TviTve xsnis, Tu ra udevs mis pasuxs safuZvlad: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT
qarTlisaTa~... amitom, `Sen xar ufali Cveni~. anu qarTveloba erTi genetikuri
warmoSobis xalxia, mis `TavTa ASvilia~ farnavazi, amitom mas unda daemorCilos `yovelni qarTvelni~, maT Soris egriselebic, radganac is aris zogad
qarTvelTa `ufali~. qarTlis `TavTa Svilobis~ gamo `yoveli qarTlis~
mosaxleoba, maT Soris egriselebic TavianT Tavs ivaldebuleben erT samefo
centrs daeqvemdebaron.
(am pasuxidan kargad Cans is, ris damalvasac ase saguldagulod cdilobs armeno306

fili redaqtori, anu `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavlis avtori, rom mis mier warmodgenil figuralur genetikur sqemas ewinaRmdegeba mis mierve aRwerili ambavi, kerZod,
faravazisa da qujis winaprebi cnobili qarTlosi da egrosi qujis pasuxidan
gamomdinare, arian ara Zmebi, aramed mama-Svili, kerZod, egrosi qarTlosis Zea qujis
pasuxis mixedviT, radganac Tu `qarTlosia~ is `qarTlis Tavi~, romelzec quji
laparakobs, misadmi damorCileba egriselebisa im SemTxvevaSia gamarTlebuli, Tu
qarTlosi mamaa, xolo egrosi Svili. swored mamas ewodeba `ufali~, `ufrosi da
Tavi~ (misi SvilebisaTvis), romelsac unda damorCildnen Svilebi dinastiurad.
qujis pasuxidan gamomdinare, qarTlosis ZeTa genealogia SeiZleba aseTi iyos:
mematianis gadmocemul qarTlosis Svilebis saxelebs _ `mcxeTos, gardabos, kaxos,
kuxos, gaCios~ (q.c. I, gv. 8), SeiZleba daematos `egros~.
egrosi qarTlosis Svili Tu ar aris, ratom unda daemorCilos `qarTlis TavTa
Svils~ egrosis STamomavali? ratomaa farnavazi `ufali~, ratom marTebs mis mimarT
morCileba egrosis STamomavlebs, sxva SemTxvevaSi aseTi urTierToba SeuZlebelia.
mxolod maSin marTldeba qujis paxusi, Tuki egrosi qarTlosis Zea, iseve, rogorc
kaxosi, kuxosi da gardabosi.
ase rom, `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ arsebuli Zveli genealogiuri sqema Semdeg iqna
damaxinjebuli armenofilebis mier, radganac es sqema armenofilur SesavalSia.
maSasadame `farnavazis cxovrebas~ Semounaxavs ufro Zveli wyaroebidan momdinare
informaciuli masala.
4. `egrisiT Sekrbes uricxvni spani~

qujim farnavazis saganZuriT egrisSi daiqirava didi jari _ `egrisiT Sekrbes

uricxvni spani~ (q.c. I, gv. 23) da `maSin yovelni qarTvelni ganudges azons~ (iqve, gv.
23).
spa, farnavazis jari, Seikriba egrisSi anu jariskacebi egriselebi arian,
mematianis cnoba, rom maSin `yovelni qarTvelni~ ganudges azons _ imas niSnavs, rom
imJamindeli saqarTvelos anu `yoveli qarTlis~ mosaxleoba ganudga azons, maT
Soris, pirvel rigSi swored egriselebi, radganac mcxeTaSi da Sida qarTlSi
arc ki dawyebula azonis sawinaaRmdego moZraoba. arc kaxeTSi fiqrobdnen Tu
iyo SesaZlebeli azonis winaaRmdeg brZola. maSasadame, ajanyebis kera _ samegreloa, iqve Seikriba jari, iqidanve SeebrZolnen azons, ase, rom am SemTxvevaSi im
`yovelTa qarTvelTa~ bude, romelic ganudga azons, egrisia. egriselebi
TviTve arian `yovelTa qarTvelTa~ wevrebi, anu es iyo saqmiT aRsruleba
qujis zemoT moyvanili sityvebisa.
`egrisiT Sekrbes uricxvni spani da momarTes azons~ (q.c. I. gv.23)
egrisSi jaris Sekrebis Semdeg mematiane wers, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakvanZo sityvebs,
romelic kidev ufro kargad warmoaCens dafarul genealogiur sqemas, rogorc iTqva,
jari egrisSi Seikriba, _ magram maT Sesaxeb mematiane wers - `ganemravlnes
mxedarni qarTlisani~(q.c. gv.23).
Semdeg wers - `mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da egursa zeda da ganamravlna
yovelni mxedarni qarTlosiani~ (q.c. I. gv.24), meore wels wers mematiane _ erTi
mxriv dadga `mxedarni qarTlosiani~, romelTac mieSvelnen mezobeli xalxebic,
meore mxares ki azonis jari. SeebrZolnen q. artanisaSi da damarcxda azoni.
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farnavazma ganamtkica `qarTlis samefo~ is `mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da

egursa zeda da ganamravlna yovelni mxedarni qarTlosiani, ganawesna erisTavni
rvani da spaspetni... quji iyo erisTavi egrisisa (q.c. I, gv. 24), cxadia, `mxedarni
qarTlosianni~, is qarTvelTa jaria, romlis ZiriTadi birTvi Tavidanve egrisSi iyo
Sekrebili, egrisul jars ewoda, rogorc aRiniSna, `mxedarni qarTlosianni~.
5. aznaurebi egrisSi

farnavazi misi saxelmwifos yovel kuTxeSi cxovrobda sezonurad. yovel kuTxes

stumrobda `JamiTi Jamad mividis egriss da klarjeTs da moikiTxnis megrelni da
klarjni da ganagis yoveli saqme daSlili~ (q.c. I, gv. 25).
rogorc vTqviT, makedoniidan Camoyvanili e.w. `hromni~, aTasi mxedarni, romelnic
miemxrnen farnavazs, uxvad daasaCuqra da `yovel qarTlSi~, anu mTel saqarTveloSi
daasaxla, cxadia, md. egriswyalidan vidre somxeT-albaneTamde _ sazRvrebs SigniT.
maT `aznaurebi~ ewodaT azonis saxelis mixedviT. samegreloSi maT igive saxeli
`zino-skua~, anu aznauriSvili erqvaT. aqedan Cans, rom `aznaurebi~ egrisSic cxovrobdnen _ `xolo hromni aTasni mxedarni, romeli azonisagan moerTes farnavazs,
romeli zemoT vaxseneT, igini ganyvna xevTa da qveyanaTa Sina, i pyrna igini keTilad,
rameTu brZolasa mas azonisasa mxned iyvnes da uwoda maT saxelad aznaurni~ (q.c. gv.
25).
6. saxelmwifo da kulturis ena egrisSi

farnavazma ganaxorciela im epoqisaTvis albaT didi saqme _ SemoiRo saxelmwifo

ena, romelic amave dros erTaderTi kulturisa da urTierTobis enac iyo mis
samefoSi egriswylidan somxeT-albaneTamde _ `ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara
izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina, Tvinier qarTulisa da aman Seqmna mwignobroba
qarTuli~ (q.c. I, gv. 26).
Cans, aseTi enobrivi reformebi warsulSi SesaZlebeli iyo, magaliTad, xorenaci
aRwers, Tu rogor daavaldebula armeniis mefem mis xelqveS moqceuli mosaxleoba
esaubraT mxolod somxuri eniT.
SemdgomSi (VI s-Si) sparseTic ukrZalavda mis xelqveS moqceul somxebs berZnulenovan saubars, akrZala berZnulenovani wignebi da RvTismsaxureba.
rac Seexeba `yovel qarTls~, aq imave mematianis sityviT, ar cxovrobda ucxo
mosaxleoba, anu `yovel qarTlSi~ mxolod da mxolod qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen
sasazRvro mdinare egriswylidan _ somxeT-albaneTamde, `egriselebi~ iyvnen ara
ucxo naTesavni, aramed e.w. `Cven jgufis~ wevrebi, identobiT qarTvelebi. maTi
qarTuli cnobiereba qujim kargad gamoxata zemoT aRniSnuli sityvebiT. farnavazma
gamosca brZaneba rom mis samefoSi mxolod `qarTulad ezraxaT~, anu qarTulad
esaubraT, amis gamo aRarc gaismoda sxva enaze metyveleba _ `arRa izraxeboda sxva
ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa~. amave dros ki egrisi _ qarTlis samefos
erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili, anu `yoveli qarTlis~ umTavresTagani nawili iyo,
TavisTavad gvibiZgebs vifiqroT, rom egrisis mosaxleobisaTvis farnavazis epoqaSi
qarTuli mSobliuri iyo. marTlac, egriselTa ena mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli rom
yofiliyo, farnavazi ver ganaxorcielebda Tavis Zalze mniSvnelovan reformas, mas
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winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeboda egrisSi da sxva kuTxeebSic. magram faqti imisa, rom

aTaswleulTa manZilze, egrissa, kaxeTsa Tu klarjeTSi erTaderTi kulturisa, mwignobrobis, RvTismsaxurebis, administraciuli da saxelmwifo ena
iyo qarTuli da arasdros adgilobrivi dialeqtebi aRniSnuli miznebiT
gamoyenebuli ar yofila, gvafiqrebinebs, rom farnavazis epoqaSi jer kidev
ar iyo gaRrmavebuli fuZe qarTuli enis diferenciaciis procesi, fuZe
qarTuli ena _ mSobliuri iyo rogorc egrisSi, ise klarjeTSi, kaxeTsa da
Sida qarTlSi. fuZe qarTuli ki albaT `Zveli qarTuli ~ iyo, romelic Semdgom
eklesiam saRvTismsaxuro enad aqcia.
farnavaziseuli brZaneba _ qarTuli enis sayovelTaoobis Sesaxeb _
realurad aRsasrulebeli aRmoCnda qveynis yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris egrisSic.
amitomac qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg adgilobrivi mrevlis saeklesio
ena qarTuli iyo egrisSi, svaneTsa Tu afxazeTSi, esaa faqti. aRiareba
esaWiroeba im faqtsac, rom mas winare aTaswlovani safuZveli hqonda.
svaneTsa, egrissa da sxva kuTxeebSi qarTuli ena bunebrivi da mSobliuri ena
unda yofiliyo uZvelesi xanidanve, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi _ Tuki iq qarTuli ena
ganivrco mogvianebiT VIII-X saukuneebSi, unda aixsnas, da damajerebeli gaxdes es
Zalze mniSvnelovani movlena.
saqme isaa, rom VIII-X saukuneebSi saqarTvelo ar iyo erTiani saxelmwifo, ufro
metic, aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo dayofili iyo urTierTmebrZol mxareebad, romelnic
arabTa mier iyo dapyrobili. arabebma saqarTvelos guli Tbilisi daipyres da qarTuli
kulturis Zveli akvani Tbilisi-samSvilde ucxo saamiros teritoriad aqcies da iq
monofizitebi gaabatones.
qarTuli miwa-wyali - tao da nawilobriv klarjeTic iqamde somxuri eklesiis
iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli, aseve hereTic. qarTvelebs gaaCndaT erTmaneTisagan
urTierTdaSorebuli teritoriebi _ Qqveyana iyo sruliad daSlil-danawevrebuli.
ufro metic, araTu centraluri xelisufleba aRar arsebobda (vaxtangis STamomavlobas arabebi devnidnen), aramed kuTxeebSi saero xelisuflebac ki ar iyo Camoyalibebuli, mxolod IX saukunisTvis, arabTa Zalebis dasustebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli
kuTxeebSi qarTuli saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebis Camoyalibeba. kaxeTis saqorepiskoposos gverdiT gaCnda tao-klarjeTis, afxazeTis da hereTis samefo-samTavroebi, yvelani
qarTuli saxelmwifo da saeklesio eniT, erTiani qarTuli kulturiT. ismis kiTxva,
Tuki herebi ar iyvnen imTaviTve qarTuli identobis matarebelni, Tuki tao ar iyo
imTaviTve qarTuli identobis matarebeli, Tuki svaneTi, egrisi da afxazeTi ar iyvnen
qarTuli erovnuli identobis matarebelni, ra Zalam gaxada SesaZlebeli samxreT
kavkasiis am uzarmazar, dapyrobil, daSlil-danawevrebul urTierTmiudgomel qveynebSi
qarTulenovani saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba? gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom arabebma
saxelmwifoebrivad da kulturulad daimorCiles iseTi didi kulturosani erebi,
rogorebic iyvnen sirielebi da sparselebi. Cakles siriuli qristianuli kultura.
sparseTis saxelmwifoebriobis mospobis Semdeg TiTqmis aTasi weli dasWirda mis
mkvidr mosaxleobas erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis asaRorZineblad.
qarTvelobas, dasustebuls arabTa 300-wlovani batonobiT, iseTi politikuri
Zala ar gaaCnda, rom qarTuli ena gaevrcelebina hereTSi, taoSi, egrisSi, svaneTsa,
afxazeTsa da sxvagan, isini imTaviTve qarTuli identobis matarebeli regionebi rom
ar yofiliyvnen.
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Cveni XX s-is mecnierebi Seecadnen es procesi aexsnaT e.w. qarTizaciiT, TiTqosda `prozelituri~ (maTi terminia) qarTuli eklesia iWreboda sxvis miwa-wyalze da
avrcelebda iq qarTul enasa da kulturas. aseTi mosazreba saeWvoa, rogor SeeZlo
ori-sami beriT Tundac iseT wmidans, rogoric iyo grigol xanZTeli, mSobliuri ena daeviwyebina taoeli an klarji araqarTvelebisTvis, adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba TviTon rom ar yofiliyo qarTuli identobis mqone, anu eTnikurad warmoSobiT qarTveli, romelTac swyurodaT qarTveli mamebis sityva
da qadageba, anu mSobliuri xmis gagoneba. tao da klarjeTi uSualod
bizantiis mezobeli mxareebi iyvnen, Tu iqauri somxebi qalkedonitobis
gamo icvlidnen enas, maSin maT berZnuli enda mieRoT.
ase rom, TviT xalxma, regionebis mosaxleobam taosa Tu klarjeTSi Semoinaxa qarTuli ena da amitomac maTTvis qarTulenovani moZRvrebi savsebiT misaRebni
da sasurvelni iyvnen.
aseve iTqmis hereTis Sesaxebac. es mxare qarTuli enis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis
Zalze mniSvnelovania. saqme isaa, rom, Cveni mematianeebis sityviT, hereTi X saukunemde
monofizituri iyo. amis gamo eklesiebSi wirva-locva somxurenovani iqneboda, magram
xalxi qarTulenovani yofila. es iqidan Cans, rom hereTSi Tavdapirvelad qarTulenovani saxelmwifo Camoyalibda (saxelmwifo qarTuli eniT), Semdeg ki dinara dedoflis wyalobiT xalxma gadaigdo somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis uReli da daubrunda marTlmadideblobas, eklesiebSic aRsdga mSobliuri qarTulenovneba.
7. egrisis (afxazeTis) mosaxleoba uxtanesis mixedviT
(`da im qveyanas afxazeTi ewodeba~)

XX saukunis mecnierebis sityviT, TiTqosda VII s-is Semdeg dasavleT saqarTveloSi

masiurad gadmosaxlda aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan qarTulenovani mosaxleoba da amis gamo
afxazeTSi, anu dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTulenovneba gavrcelda.
namdvilad ase iyo? Tuki dasavleT saqarTveloSi masiurad gadasaxlda aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, mematianeebs ar gamorCebodaT es procesi da aRwerdnen
kidec. gvaqvs Tu ara raime cnoba qarTul an ucxour wyaroebSi VIII-X saukuneebSi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan dasavleT saqarTveloSi masiuri migraciis Sesaxeb? araviTari msgavsi cnoba arc qarTul da arc ucxour wyaroebSi ar arsebobs, Tumca ki
gvaqvs cnoba piriqiTa moZraobis Sesaxeb, e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelodan aRmosavleTSi
mosaxleobis masiuri migraciis Sesaxeb, es cnobebi daculi aqvT msoflio mniSvnelobis iseT did somex istorikosebs, rogorebic iyvnen movses xorenaci da uxtanesi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania X s-is mecnieris uxtanesis cnoba imiT, rom is qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze ufro axlos iyo gansaxilvel VIII-X saukuneebis
procesTan. uxtanesi ikvlevda qarTul-somxur saeklesio urTierTobebs, Seiswavla
uamravi wyaro da TviTve akvirdeboda mis epoqaSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebs,
Sedegad dawera Tavisi droisTvis grandiozuli sididis wigni, romelic, viTarca erTerTi wyaro VII-X saukuneebisa, Seiswavleba sayovelTaod. uxtanesis dros ukve arsebobda `afxazeTis samefo~, rogorc kavkasiaSi erT-erTi Zlieri saxelmwifo da aseve
cnobili iyo am samefos, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobac. afxazeTis xalxs
uxtanesi nabuqodonosoris droindel iverebs uwodebs. mniSvnelovani isaa, Tu vinaa
misi azriT eTnikur-erovnuli warmoSobiT afxazeTis mosaxleoba, saidan moxvdnen,
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saidan Camosaxldnen isini dasavleT saqarTveloSi da ra saxisaa maTi migracia VIII-X

saukuneebSi.
afxazebi, uxtanesis azriT, arian is qarTvelebi, anu `iverielebi~, romlebmac nabuqodonosorma ayara Zveli samSoblodan, Zveli iveriidan da gadmoasaxla dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, anu pontos zRvispirze, SemdegSi ki es iverielebi, TandaTanobiT, gamravlebis Sedegad ganivrcnen vrcel teritoriaze (uxtanesi wers: `is pitiaxSi yofila mirdat, darehis naxararis Camomavali, rogorc gvauwyebs mose, romelic
aleqsandre makedonelma moiyvana da mTavrad datovao tyve iverielTa tomebze, romlebic moiyvana nabuqodonosorma libielTa jaris ZaliT, daaqcia da
daimorCila. maTi nawili pontos zRvis marjvena napirs waasxa da daasaxlao
,ambobs istorikosi, is iveria ki aris dasavleTis qveynis kide. xolo pontos
napirze rom dabanakda is tomi aRorZinda, gamravlda zRvis piras aqeT-iqiT,
moedo im mxares da gavrcelda somexTa da albanTa sazRvramde, Seiqmna friad
mravali xalxi da im qveyanas afxazeTi ewodeba. uricxvia saxeli TviToeuli
gavarisa, romlebic mis garSemoa, da sxva gavarebisa qalaq Tbilisis garSemo,
romelTac ewodebaT: wanareTi, javaxeTi, TrialeTi. iTesles da gamravldnen
da gaxda tomi, romelsac Tavis pirvel qveyanaSi verias uwodebdnen, aq ki
qarTvelni ewodebaT (uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan,
1975, gv.67) uxtanesi iqve, imave winadadebaSi axsenebs curtavs, amiT miuTiTebs rom
isic qarTul gavarSi mdebareobda da sinanuliT aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelebi - `tomiTac,
eniTac, damwerlobiTac, mamamTavrobiTac da mefobiTac ganmtkicdnen, xolo gamohyo,
gamoacalkeva da ganaSora Cvengan kiron skutrelma~(iqve, gv.67).
qarTvelebi, uxtanesis azriT, ase ganivrcnen vidre somxeTamde da ase
daasaxles maT gugarqi (e.i. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo).
d a rw m u n e bu li rom a r y of i li y o u x t a n e s i a f x a z e bi s
qarTulenovnebaSi, maT eTnikur qarTvelobaSi, cxadia, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar daukavSirebda nabuqodonosoris mier gadmosaxlebul
iverielebsa da afxazeTis mosaxleobas erTmaneTs.
`afxazeTis~ anu dasavleT saqarTvelos xalxi ki X s-Si iyvnen egriselebic,
svanebica da sxva qarTuli tomebic (argveTelebi, Takverebi Tu gurulebi).
8. strabonis cnobiT svanebi iberielebi arian, xolo dasavleT
saqarTvelo iberiis nawilia

ara mxolod somexi avtorebi, berZeni avtorebic dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas iberielebs uwodeben. magaliTad, straboni wers svanebis Sesaxeb _ `maT zogierTebi iberebs uwodeben~, rusul TargmanSi es ase JRers - `nekotorie nazivaiut ix
takJe iberiicami~ (strabon, izdatelstvo `nauka~, 1964, s.473). (es cnoba XX s.
qarTulma sabWoTa istoriografiam miCqmala. am Temas qvemoT SevexebiT).
straboni aseve wers, rom `Sua iberiaSi gadis samxreTisaken mimarTuli
kavkasionis is qedi, romelic uerTdeba somxeTis da mosxis mTebs, skidisesa
da pariadres~ (straboni, XI, II, 15). romelia aseTi qedi? erTaderTi qedi, romelic
gamodis kavkasiis mTidan da uerTdeba mesxeTis qeds, aris lixis anu suramis qedi. is
ki, strabonis cnobiT, `Sua iberiaSi~ gadioda, anu dasavleTi saqarTveloc iberiad
iwodeboda strabonis mier; es Zalze saWiro cnobaa, aseve miCqmaluli. aRsaniSnavia,
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rom straboni iseve, rogorc Zveli qarTveli mematianeebi xmaroben erTsa da imave
geografiul termins: `Sua iberia~ (straboni), `Sua qarTli~ (mroveli).
sofel borsa da kldeeTSi iberiuli kulturis (arqeologiuri) saganZuris
aRmoCenis Semdeg Cveni mecnierebic teritorias vidre skanda-Sorapnamde iberiad
miiCneven. ase rom, strabonis cnoba, rom suramis qedi Sua iberiaSi gadioda, arqeologiuradac dadasturda. straboni ufro dasavleTiT swevda iberiis sazRvars
amitomac werda svanebis iberielobis Sesaxeb, xolo arianes dros Zidritebis tomi
farsmans emorCileboda Tanamedrove aWaris samxreTiT. iberia zRvisken vrclad iyo
gadaWimuli.
Cveni mematianis mtkicebiTac, rogorc aRiniSna egrisi iberiaSi Sedioda, is
qarTlis samefos Semadgeneli, organuli nawili iyo. egrisis erisTavi quji qarTlis merve erisTavi iyo _ farnavazis dis qmari.
9. `naTesavi Cveni~

farnavazis gardacvalebis Semdeg samefo taxtis memkvidris saurmagis winaaRmdeg

qarTlis erisTavebs ajanyeba mouwyviaT.
farnavazamde, mematianis sityviT, qarTveli didebulebi emorCilebodnen mxolod gamarjvebul ucxoel dampyrobels, mas aRiarebdnen mefed da `emsaxurebodnen~. TavianTi Tvistomis mefed aRiareba, mematianis sityviT, gauWirdaT _ `zraxva yves erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da
Tqves _ `ara keTil ars Cvenda, raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa, aramed viyoT erTad,
da movklaT Cven saurmag da viyvneT Cven Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel~ (q.c. I, gv. 26).
aq sainteresoa, rom qarTvelobas, mematianis sityviT, aqvT erovnuli TviTSemecneba da amboben `naTesavi Cveni~ (,,ara vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa"), anu yvela
saerisTaos meTaurma icis, rom erTi eris Svilebi arian - ,,naTesavni" arian. am
`naTesavSi~ Sedis cxadia egrisis erisTavic.
naTesauri, anu erovnuli kavSiris Ziebisas Cven SeiZleba mivubrundeT qujis
sityvebs farnavazisadmi _ `Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi~, sityva `ufali~ garda
misi gamomxatvelobisa, agreTve JRerda eTnarq qarTlosis erT-erTi STamomavlis saxelSic _ `uflosi~. uflosi iyo qarTlosis SviliSvili, Ze mcxeTosisa
(qarTlosis Zeebia _ mcxeTosi, gardabosi, kaxosi, kuxosi, gaCiosi, xolo mcxeTosis Zeebia _ uflos, oZrxos, javaxos). qarTlosis memkvidred mxolod mcxeTosi
gamocxadda (,,mcxeTos ugmire iyo ZmaTa misTa, ese darCa sayofelTa mamisa
maTisa qarTlosisaTa"); mcxeTosis Semdeg `qarTlosianTa~ anu qarTvelTa ufrosad gamocxadda uflosi _ `datevebul iyo saydarTa qarTlosisaTa, rameTu
mamisa misisagan micemul iyo ufloba qarTlosianTa~ (q.c. I, gv 10). `xolo
vinca iyvis mcxeTas, reca Tavadi iyvis yovelTa maT sxvaTa zeda da arca
saxel-edebodaT mefed, arca erisTavad, aramed mamasaxlisi ewodebodaT
da igi iyo mazavebel da bWe sxvaTa qarTlosianTa~ (gv. 11).
farnavazi iyo qarTlosianTa mamasaxlisis ojaxis wevri, anu STamomavali uflosisa, `qarTlosis saydris~ memkvidre, anu `qarTlosianTa ufali~, amitom egrosis
sityvebi `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi...
Sen xar ufali Cveni da me var mona Seni~ (q.c. I, gv. 22), miuTiTebs, rom quji
qarTlosiania, anu qarTlosis STamomavalia, da amitomac wesis Sesabamisad qarTlosianTa ufals unda daemorCilos, iseve, rogorc sxva yvela qarTlosiani.
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Tu quji qarTlosiania, egrisis mosaxleobac qarTlosiania, anu qarTlosis STamomavalia (quji swored egrisis mosaxleobis pirovnuli gamoxatulebaa). maSin, kidev
erTxel SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom egrosi ara Targamosis Ze iyo, aramed qarTlosisa _
rogorc Cans, ase iyo kidec gadmocemuli eTnarqTa genealogiis Tavdapirvel variantSi, romelic Semdgom axal redaqtors gausworebia, Tumca ki Tavisi nakvalevi mTel
naSromSi ver aRmoufxvria da amis naSTia qujis aRniSnuli pasuxi farnavazisadmi.
10. eTnikuri `qarTvelis~ identurobis cneba

,,farnavaz pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosis naTesavTagani~ (q.c. I. gv. 26).
farnavazis asvla samefo taxtze ,,qarTlosis naTesavis~ gamefeba, rogorc iTqva,
miuRebeli yofila qarTlis qveynis erisTavebisaTvis,iqamde isini xarks uxdidnen im
ucxoel monarqebs, romlebic maTze imarjvebdnen. es normalur movlenad miaCndaT,
axla ki maTi Tanafardi, maTive Tvistomi gadaiqca maT mefed, Tvistomis msaxureba ki
saTakilo saqmed miiCnies.
,,farnavazi pirveli mefe iyo qarTls Sina", ara rigiTobiT, aramed pirveli mefe
iyo, viTarca ,,qarTlosisa naTesavTagani~. es movlena, rogorc aRiniSna, miuRebeli
iyo zogierTi didebulisaTvis, amitomac mematianis cnobiT farnavazis gardacvalebisTanave, roca samefo taxtze avida misi Ze saurmagi - moawyves ajanyeba
,,zraxva yves erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da Tqves: ,,ara keTil ars Cvenda,
raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa, aramed viyoT erTad da movklaT Cven
saurmag, da viyvneT Cven Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel, da mivscemdeT
xarksa vincavin gamoCndes mZle~ (q.c. I, gv. 26).
iqamde, rogorc iTqva, qarTlis erisTavebi xarks aZlevdnen ara ,,maT naTesavs~
aramed ucxo ,,mZle~, gamarjvebul dampyrobels, axla ki Tavis naTesavisadmi anu
Tvistomisadmi damorCileba miiCnies ukeTurebad ,,ara keTil ars vmsaxurebdeT
naTesavsa Cvensa" rameTu uamisod, ,,ufro ganvisuenebTo~.
saurmagma qarTlis erisTavebis dasamarcxeblad Semoiyvana Crdilo
kavkasielebi da daasaxla isini aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi dasxna mTiueleTs, didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde,
romel ars svaneTi (q.c. I. gv. 27). mematianis am sityvebidan Cans, rom
qarTlis erisTavTa jgufSi Sedian egris-svaneTis erisTavebic (radganac
egris-svaneTis saerisTavoebSic, maTsave dasasjelad Camoasaxles
kavkasielebi) e.i. isinic ajanydnen.
aqedan gamomdinare, qarTlis im erisTavTa jgufSi, romelnic TavianTi
`naTesavis~ gamefebis gamo ajanydnen Sediodnen egris-svaneTis erisTavebic,
dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saerisTavoebis xalxi erTi eri `naTesavi Cveni~ iyo.
11. egrisi qristeSobis epoqaSi
(qujis SvilTaSvili qarTlis mefe)

farnavazis Zem saurmagma _ `erTi asuli misca Zesa qujisasa, mamis

diswuls Tvissa~ (q.c. I, gv. 27).
farnavazis dai qujis meuRle iyo, axla qujis Zes farnavazis vaJma
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Tavisi asuli miaTxova. maTgan iSva qarTami, qujis pirdapiri STamomavali,

magram radganac dedis mxridan farnavazis sisxli hqonda _ farnavazianad
iwodeboda. mematiane wers, rom qarTlis meSvide mefes `bartom mefesa
ara esva Ze, aramed asuli erTi da sicocxlesave misa moeyvana egrisiT
Ziswuli qujisi, saxeliT qarTam, romelsa Sesdgamda farnavazianoba,
farnavazis disa qujis colisagan da dedisa misisa saurmagis asulis
qujis Zis colisagan da amis qarTamisad egrisiT mieca asuli Tvisi
colad bartom mefesa da aReRo ese Svilad~ (q.c. I, gv. 30).
am qarTam egriselis Zes uwodes saxelad aderki. is gaxda qarTlis meaTe
mefe _ `aman aderki dai pyra yoveli qveyana qarTli da egrisi~ (q.c. I, gv. 35).
Mmis dros iSva Cveni ufali ieso qriste da saqarTveloSi Semovidnen wmida
mociqulebi. mis dros wavidnen mcxeTidan elioz mcxeTeli da longinoz karsneli
da ierusalimidan Camoasvenes wmida kvarTi uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi. mematianis
cnobiT, mas aderki mefe xeliTac Seexo da didi sauflo madli miiRo.
`amave aderkis mefobasa Sina movides aTormetTa wmidaTa mociqulTagani andria da
svimon kananeli afxazeTs da egriss da mun aResrula wmida svimon kananeli
qalaqsa nikofsisasa, sazRvarsa berZenTasa. xolo andria moaqcivna megrelni da
warvida gzasa klarjeTisasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 38).
`xolo viTarca esma mefesa aderkis megrelTagan sjulisa dateveba, ganuwyra da
waravlinna erisTavni misni da iZulebiT kvaladve moaqcivna megrelni da damalnes
xatni da jvarni, da Serisxa aderki erisTavsa klarjeTisasa, romel mSvidobiT
ganuteva andria mociquli~ (q.c. I, gv. 42). imJamindel qarTvelobas radganac TavianTi Zveli erovnuli sarwmuneobis dacva udides saqmed miaCndaT da ambobdnen: `sjulisa
datevebisaTvis mohklven mamani SvilTa da Zmani ZmaTa da ara iZiebis sisxli
sjulisa datevebisaTvis moklulTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 31).
12. mefe aderki egriselis Semdeg
yoveli qarTlis dayofa

`qarTlis samefo~, anu saqarTvelo mefe aderkis, rogorc iTqva, Tavisi SvilebisaTvis daunawilebia, iseve, rogorc 1500 wlis Semdeg mefe aleqsandrem daunawila
Tavis Svilebs.
miuxedavad am danawilebisa, egrisi mainc qarTlis erT-erTi samefos SemadgenlobaSi darCa.
mematianis sityviT, mefe aderkis Tavisi samefo orad gauyvia da Tavisi ori
vaJisTvis gadaucia. erTi samefos dedaqalaqi iyo mcxeTa, xolo meorisa _ armazi
(q.c. I, gv. 43).
13. egrisis anu `dasavleTis erisTavebi~

qarTlis cxovrebis pirvel saukuneTa aRwerebidan Cans, rom qarTlis samefos

erisTavebi or jgufad ganiyofoda geografiuli ganlagebis mixedviT, eseni iyvnen
`dasavleTis erisTavebi~ da, Sesabamisad, _ `aRmosavleTis erisTavebi~.
dasavleTis erisTavTa jgufi aerTianebda 5 saerisTavos. eseni iyvnen _ egrisis
ori erisTavi, aseve erisTavebi oZrxis, klarjeTisa da wundisa. wyaroSi naTqvamia
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erT ambavTan dakavSirebiT _ `maSin gandges erisTavni dasavleTisani xuTni: orni

erisTavni egrisisani, erTi oZrxisa, erTi klarjeTisa da erTi wundisa~ (q.c. I, gv.
57).
egrisis ori erisTavis qveS igulisxmeba argveTis erisTavi da TviT egrisis
erisTavi. aqedan gamomdinare, dasavleTis erisTavTa jgufSi Sediodnen _ argveTis,
egrisis, oZrxis, klarjeTisa da wundis erisTavebi.
aRmosavleTis erisTavTa jgufSi Sesabamisad unda Sesuliyvnen _ kaxeTis, xunanis,
samSvildis erisTavebi da Sida qarTlis spaspeti. ase yofila qveyana administraciulad dayofili farnavazis pirveli erTiani samefos droidan. mas daudgenia ori
erisTavi istoriul egrisSi _ argveTisa da sakuTriv egrisisa. Mamaze naTqvamia _
`JamiTi Jamad mividis egriss da klarjeTs da moikiTxnis megrelni da klarjni~ (q.c.
I, gv. 25). farnavazs daudgenia erisTavebi kuTxeTa mmarTvelebad da laSqris meTaurebad, maTi saerTo ricxvi rva yofila da yvelas erTad ewodeboda `erisTavni
qarTlisani~. eseni iyvnen: 1)erisTavi egrisisa; 2)erisTavi margveTisa; 3)erisTavi
klarjeTisa; 4)erisTavi oZrxisa; 5)erisTavi wundisa; 6)erisTavi kaxeTisa; 7)erisTavi
xunanisa; 8)erisTavi samSvildisa da aseve 9)spaspeti Sida qarTlisa. mTeli farnavazis saxelmwifos, anu `qarTlis samefos~ xalxi `erTi naTesavia~ anu eTnikurad
erTia, Tumca saerisTavoTa mcxovrebT kuTxuri saxelebic hqondaT. `qarTlis samefos~, anu rva saerisTavosa da erTi saspaspetos mosaxleoba erTi erovneba, erTi
xalxi rom iyo, Cans, rogorc aRvniSneT, matianis Semdegi monaTxrobidan _ farnavazis
Semdeg mis Zes saurmags aujanydnen `qarTlis erisTavebi~, anu aujanyda aRniSnuli
rva erisTavi, maT ganacxades: farnavazamde Cven ar vemorCilebodiT Cvensave Tanaswors, Cveni erisgan gamosul adamians, Tumca iZulebulni viyaviT davmorCilebodiT
romelime ufro Zlieri ucxo saxelmwifos meTaurs, amJamad viTareba Seicvala.
Cvenive Tanasworma, Cveni eris Svilma dagvimorCila, es ki saTakilo saqmeao. kidev
erTxel mivubrundeT mematianis sityvebs _ saurmagis `Jamsa Sina zraxva yves
erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da Tqves: `ara keTil ars Cvenda, raTamca vmsaxurebdeT
naTesavsa Cvensa, aramed viyoT erTad, da movklaT Cven saurmag da viyvneT Cven
Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel, da mivscemdiT xarksa, vinca-vin gamoCndes mZle,
rameTu esreT yofiTa ufro ganvisvenebT~, ganamtkices ganzraxva da mokvla saurmagisi~ (q.c. I, gv. 26).
aq naxsenebia erovnuli identobis damadasturebeli sityvebi _ `naTesavsa Cvensa~
-saurmag mefe, maTi sityviT, ,,Cveni naTesavis mefea, Sesabamisad, egrisis saerisTavos
xalxi sxva saerisTavoTa xalxTan erTad erTi naTesavia, erTi eria.
qarTlis rva erisTavis gancxadebiT sakuTari eris Svilis maTze maRla aRzeveba samarcxvino iyo, es maT `Tavisuflebas~ zRudavda da `gansvenebis~ saSualebas
ukargavda. sabednierod, saurmagi gadarCa da Crdilokavkasiuri ucxo ZaliT SeebrZola maT _ `warmoemarTa qarTvelTa zeda~ (iqve, gv. 27). maSasadame, saxeli im erisa,
romelsac qmnida rva saerisTavo iyo `qarTvelni~. rogorc iTqva, am `qarTvelebs~
Crdilo kavkasiuri laSqriT SeebrZola farnavazis Ze saurmagi. man gaimarjva da
`dai pyra qarTli~, e.i. Tavisi mamis samefo daibruna. Crdilokavkasielebi ki Camoasaxla mTian adgilebSi, `dasxa mTiuleTs, didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde, romel ars
svaneTi~ (iqve, gv. 27). e.i.egrisi da svaneTic ajanyebul qarTlis saerisTaoSi
Sedioda. Tavisi asuli gamarjvebulma qarTlis axalma mefem miaTxova `Zesa qujisa,
mamis diswulsa Tvissa~ (iqve, gv. 27).
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`qarTlis erisTavebi~ terminis saxiT xSirad ixsenieba qristeSobamdel ambebSi.

maTSi aseve igulisxmeboda `dasavleTis xuTi erisTavi~, maT Soris iyo, rogorc
iTqva, ori erisTavi egrisidan.
moxda ise, rom qarTlis mefe bartomi uaRresad dauaxlovda saqarTvelos gareT
arsebul wreebs, is taxts imagrebda sparsul-somxuri ZalebiT. mas usaTuod esaWiroeboda qveynis SigniT mosaxleobis gulis mogeba, amis gamo gadawyvita taxtis
memkvidred gamoecxadebina da eSvilebina egriseli ufliswuli, radganac mas ar
hyavda sakuTari Ze. egrisidan Camoyvanili ufliswulis saxeli iyo qarTami, gvarad
farnavaziani. rogorc iTqva, bartomma is iSvila Tavisi qveynis mosaxleobis gulis
mosagebad. mematiane wers _ `ese qarTvelTa saTnoebisTvis eqmna bartom mefesa da
aReRo ese Svilad, rameTu qarTvelTa didi saTnoeba aqunda farnavazianTa mimarT~
(q.c. I, gv. 32).
TviTon bartom mefe arSakuniani yofila. qarTam farnavaziani iyo qujis STamomavali. Qqujisa da mis Zesac farnavaziani colebi hyavdaT.
egriseli ufliswuli qarTami, mamiTa da papiT egrisis erisTavebis STamomavali,
qujis SviliSvili, TviTonac gvarad farnavazianad miiCneoda, radgan farnavazianebi
iyvnen misi deda da bebia. iberiis samefo saxlSi, samefo sagvareuloSi, uaxloes
naTesavTa Soris qorwineba dasaSvebi yofila qristianobis gavrcelebamde, amis Sesaxeb ucxour wyaroTa garda miuTiTebs dakvirvebac Cvens wyaroebze.
qarTlis samefo or geografiul nawilad, sakuTriv qarTlad da egrisad iyo
gayofili, xolo samxedro-administraciuli TvalsazrisiT aseve or _ dasavleTisa
da aRmosavleTis saerisTavoebad, SesaZloa dasavleTis saerisTavoebis miwa-wyals
saerTod egrisi erqva, anu klarjeTi, oZrxe, wunda da argveTi _ mTlianobaSi
geografiul egriss Seadgendnen, xolo kaxeTis, xunanis, samSvildis da Sida qarTlis
saerisTavoebi Seadgendnen sakuTriv qarTls, mTlianobaSi ki es orive erTeuli __
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis saerisTavoebi qmnidnen `yovel qarTls~.
aseTi administraciul-geografiuli wyoba yofila mefe aderkamde, mas ki is
Seucvlia da axali SemouRia, kerZod, mas Tavisi ori ZisTvis gauyvia Tavisi samefo
or nawilad. kerZod, aseTi saxiT: oZrxisa da wundis saerisTavoebi Seuyvania qarTlis im nawilSi, romelic mtkvris marjvena sanapiroebs moicavda da mTeli es
teritoriebi uboZebia Tavisi erTi ZisTvis qarTam II-isaTvis, xolo sakuTriv egrisi,
klarjeTi, argveTi da mtkvris dasavleTi sanapiro miucia meore Zis _ bartomisaTvis. maSasadame, am dayofis Semdeg egrisi bartomis mcxeTis samefoSi Sedioda.
qarTam mefis sataxto armazi iyo. mis Zeebs armazeli mefeebi daerqvaT (SeiZleba
SevniSnoT, rom `armazis~ qveyana somxeTis gavlenis sferoSi moeqca. SemdgomSi
arabebma daipyres da mis calkeul olqebTan xelSekrulebebi dades).
xolo bartom mefes sataxto `Sida qarTlSi~, anu mcxeTaSi hqonia.
mas Semdeg, rac armazeli mefeebi somxeTis gavlenis sferoSi Sevidnen somxebs
miutacnia maTgan wunda da artaani, oZrxelebi ebrZodnen qveynis dampyrob somxebs da
maT `Seeweodes megrelni~ (iqve, gv. 48).
Tavis mxriv mcxeTis samefos xelisufali ebrZoda somxeTs _ `igi avnebdis
sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa qveyanasa parxlisasa, romel ars tao. vervin Sevidoda mavne
klarjeTs, rameTu Seuvali da magari iyo tyiTa da kldiTa da mkvidrni klarjeTisani iyvnen kacni mkvircxlni da medgarnic~ (q.c. I, gv. 48).
Semdgom saukuneSi mcxeTeli mefe mirdati da armazeli mefe farsman qveli
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erTmaneTs mtrobdnen. am Sida dapirispirebis dros `megrni dadges erTgulobasa

farsmanis Zisasa~ (iqve, gv. 53). maSasadame, `yoveli qarTlis~ samefo, marTalia, orad
gaiyo, magram egrisi mis erT nawils Seadgenda. mirdat mefis mtrobis gamo farsman
qvelis memkvidreebs `mierTnes megrni... da megrni STavides Siga qarTls~ (iqve, gv.
54). omis velze mokles mefe mirdati da mis nacvlad dasves farsman qvelis Ze adami,
misi erTerTi STamomavali iyo mefe amazaspi, mis drosac ixsseniebian `aRmosavleTisa
da dasavleTis erisTavebi~. misi mematiane wers _ `amazasp mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa
qarTlisaTa da movidnes erisTavni aRmosavlisani: erisTavi kaxeTisa, erisTavi xunanisa, erisTavi samSvildisa, movides mxedarni, spaspetni, da vidre mosvlamde dasavleTisa erisTavisa movidnes ovsni CrdiloT~ (iqve, gv. 55).
laSqris Sekrebis dros dasavleT saqarTvelos, anu egris-argveTis erisTavebis
mosvlamde gamoCnda mteri. am omSi mefe amazaspma gaimarjva, magram mas sisastike
gamouCenia SemdgomSi da mravali warCinebuli dauxocavs, ris gamoc `moiZules igi
erman qarTlisaman... maSin gandges erisTavni dasavleTisani xuTni: orni erisTavni
egrisisani, erTi oZrxisa, erTi klarjeTisa da erTi wundisa~ (iqve, gv. 57). maSasadame,
`qarTlis eris~ neba gamouxatavT `dasavleTis erisTavebs~ da isini gandgomian mefe
amazasps.
SemdgomSi mociqulTa swor mefe mirianis drosac `qarTlis samefoSi~ Sedioda
egrisi, viTarca misi erT-erTi nawili. mefe mirians qveynis sxva nawilebTan erTad _
`aqunda egrisic vidre egriswylamde~ (iqve, gv. 70). egrisi vaxtang gorgaslisa da
misi Zeebis samefoSic Sedioda, ase rom, egrisi qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT yovelTvis
iyo `yoveli qarTlis~, anu erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos nawili qristeSobidan IVIII ss-dan, farnavaz mefidan vidre VI saukunemde, vaxtang gorgaslis Svilebamde,
samxedro administraciuli dayofis mixedviT ki, egrisis saerisTavo `dasavleTis
erisTavTa~ jgufSi Sedioda.
14. egrisi _ qvemo iveria

I saukunis qarTlis mefe aderkis (warmoSobiT egrisels) _ `esxnes orni Zeni

bartom da qarTam. amaT ganuyo yoveli qveyana Tvisi. Mmisca qalaqi mcxeTa, Sida
qarTli, muxraniT kerZi qalaqi da yoveli qarTli mtkvarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan
vidre Tavadamde qarTlisa da egrisisa da ese yoveli misca bartom Zesa Tvissa,
xolo armaziT kerZi qalaqi mtkvrisa samxriT qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde
mtkvrisa da klarjeTi yoveli misca qarTams Zesa Tvissa~ (q.c. I, gv. 43).
mefe aderkis cxovrebidan viciT, rom egrisi misi samefos ganuyofeli nawili iyo.
iq mas hyavda Tavisi erisTavi, qujis STamomavali, TviTonac piradad qujis STamomavali iyo. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi egrisSi agzavnida sxva erisTavebs laSqriT da
agvarebda egrisis saqmeebs, amitomac qarTlis samefos gayofis dros, cxadia, egrisi
mTlianad gadasca Tavis vaJs, kerZod, gadasca bartoms. bartom mefis qarTlis
samefoSi (mcxeTis anu Crdilo saqarTvelos samefoSi) Sevida egrisi (dasavleTi
saqarTvelo), Sida qarTli, kaxeTi, sazRvari gaido md. mtkvarze, xolo samxreT
saqarTvelos samefoSi, anu armazeli mefis qarTamis saxelmwifoSi Sevida klarjeTi,
artaan-javaxeTi vidre xunanamde.
aderki, rogorc aRiniSna, iyo Ze qarTamisi (q.c. I, gv. 33), xolo TviT qarTami iyo
_ `Zmiswuli qujisi~ (q.c. I, gv. 32). mas dedis mxridan `Sesdgamda farnavazianoba~.
317

rogorc iTqva, qarTami iSvila qarTlis meSvide mefe bartomma, da Tvisi asulic
miaTxova. qarTamis Ze iyo aderki mefe, romelmac Tavis vaJebs mamamisis qarTamisa da
mamobilis bartomis saxeli daarqva. mematiane, aderkis miuxedavad genetikuri warmoSobisa, mamobilis gvariT moixseniebs _ arSakuniani.
mematianis cnobiT, saqarTvelos mefeebi Zlieri somxeTis samefos gavlenis sferoSi imyofebodnen, gansakuTrebiT samxreTi, anu armazis saqarTvelo _ somexTa mefes
daupyria kidec samxreT saqarTveloSi vrceli miwa-wyali mtkvris saTavidan wundamde artaanis CaTvliT (q.c. I, gv. 44).
es cnoba mematianisa imiTaa saintereso, rom strabonic msgavsadve aRwers iberiis
mdgomareobas. strabonis iberia ZiriTadad mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda,
xolo marjvena sanapiro _ TiTqmis mcxeTamde, armeniis SemadgenlobaSi iyo da arc
uwodebs am nawils straboni iberias, aramed armenias. qarTveli mematianis cnobiTac,
armazeli mefeebi _ somxeTis Zlieri damokidebulebis qveS iyvnen moqceulni. aqedan
Cans, rom strabonis iberia - mcxeTis qarTlis samefoa.
aseTi mdgomareoba, cxadia, qarTvelebisTvis mouTmeneli iyo, amitomac egrisidan
Sekrebili sagangebo jari am drosac gadmovida samcxeSi da SeebrZolnen somxebs,
raTa qarTlis miwa-wyali gaeTavisuflebinaT.
rogorc iTqva, somxeTma uSualod miitaca wundamde miwa-wyali, is armazel mefes
CamoarTves. wundaSi da iqve, demoTSi, somxuri jaric CauyenebiaT, oZrxes qalaqi ki
armazel mefeebs emorCileboda _ `mas (e.i. armazel mefes) Seeweodes megrelni,
xolo wundelni da demoTelni Seeweodes erTmaneTsa da daucxromlad ibrZodes da
ufrosi brZola maTi iyvis mdinaresa zeda, romelsa hqvian noste~ (q.c. I, gv. 48).
brZola somxebisagan qarTlis gasaTavisufleblad, romelSic samegrelodan Camosuli jari monawileobda _ vrcel miwa-wyalze iyo gadaSlili. am omSi qarTveloba
damarcxebula da somxebis mefem, mematianis sityviT `daimonna qarTvelni~ (q.c. I, gv.
48). es cnoba garkveulwilad gvixsnis strabonis Sexedulebas, rom TiTqmis mtkvramde armeniis saxelmwifo mdebareobda, Semdgom qarTlma daibruna Tavisi teritoriebi _ `somexTa ukumosces sazRvari qarTlisa, qalaqi wunda da cixe demoTisa,
javaxeTi da artaani~ (q.c. I, gv. 44). Tumca ki armazeli mefeebi mainc somxebis
gavlenis sferoSi darCenilan (iqve, gv. 51).
safiqrebelia, rom qarTveli mematiane, Tu misi cnobebi sworia, qronologiurad
cdeba, kerZod, mis mier moTxrobili ambebi miekuTvneba I-II saukuneebs, maSin, roca am
dros, laTinuri wyaroebiT, iberiis samefo Zalze Zlieri iyo da somxeTi, piriqiT,
iberiis gavlenis sferoSi imyofeboda, qarTveli mematiane dabejiTebiT wers, rom
mdgomareoba iyo piriqiT _ qarTli somxeTis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, gansakuTrebiT misi samxreTi nawili, amitomac SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is uSvebs qronologiur
Secdomas da qristeSobamde II-I saukuneebis ambebi gadmoaqvs aqeT, axali welTaRricxvis I-II saukuneebSi. qristeSobamde ki, II-I saukuneebSi somxeTi marTlac yofila
gaZlierebuli da samxreT saqarTvelo marTlac SesaZloa mis sferoSi Sedioda.
qarTlis mefe farsman qvelis mowamvlis Semdeg iberiis samefo karze didi
cvlilebebi momxdara. `dai pyres qarTli mirdat da erisTavman sparsTaman, xolo
megrni dadges erTgulebasa farsmanis Zisasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 53).
am dros qveynis mpyrobel sparselebs daupirispirdnen samegrelos erisTavebi _
`mierTes megrni~, amitomac megrebma moiSvelies berZnebica da somxebic sparselebTan saomrad, brZola gaimarTa Sida qarTlSi, sofel rexasTan, sparselebi damarcxdnen,
318

gamarjvebulma qarTvelebma taxtze aiyvanes farsman qvelis Ze adami _ SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom is egrisis erisTavebma dasves taxtze. misi STamomavlis, amazaspis dros osebi
gadmosulan da Sida qarTlSi Camdgaran. mefem `mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa qarTlisaTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 55).
mematiane wers _ `amazasp mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da movides
erisTavni aRmosavlisani: erisTavi kaxeTisa, erisTavi xunanisa, erisTavi samSvildisa
da Semokrbes mxedarni spaspetisni da vidre mosvladmde dasavleTisa erisTavisa,
movides ovsni~ (q.c. I, gv. 55).
dasavleTis erisTavebSi ki, rogorc aRiniSna Sediodnen - egrisis ori erisTavi,
oZrxis, klarjeTis da wundis erisTavebi (q.c. I, gv.57)
osebis damarcxebis Semdeg mefe amazaspi gaamayebula `da iwyo mesisxleobad da
moswyvidna mravalni warCinebulni, amisTvis moiZules igi erman qarTlisaman~ (q.c. I,
gv. 57).
qarTlis eris mier Tavisi mefis moZuleba imiT gamoixata, rom `gandges erisTavni
dasavleTisani xuTni: orni erisTavni egrisisani, erTi oZrxis, erTi klarjeTisa da
erTi wundisa~ (q.c. I, gv. 57). `qarTlis erSi~ egriselebic Sedian. amitom egrisi
gamoxatavs qarTveli eris azrs, iseve, rogorc klarjeTi, oZrxe da sxva nawilebi
qveynisa.
egrisi _ qarTlis samefos ganuyofeli nawili iyo farnavazidan mirianamde da
vaxtangamde _ `mefobda mirian qarTls, rans, hereTs da movakans da aqunda egrisica
vidre egrisis wylamde~ (q.c. I, gv. 70). swored md. egrisiswyali unda iyos mematianis mier xSirad naTqvami is `Tavi egrisisa~, sadamdec aRwevda qarTlis samefos
sazRvari.
15. egrisi I-III saukuneebSi (qronika)

I saukuneSi mcxovreb mefe aderkis (rogorc aRiniSna) Tavisi samefo orad

gauyvia Tavisi SvilebisaTvis, kerZod erT Zes - bartoms gadasca - mcxeTa da
`yoveli qarTli mtkvarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan vidre Tavadmde qarTlisa da
egrisisa~ (q.c., I, gv.43). e.i. hereTidan egriswylamde mtkvris CrdiloeTiT moqceulma
qveyanam Seadgina damoukidebeli samefo, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT - `mcxeTis
qarTli~, masSi Sedioda egrsi egriswylamde anu `Tavadmde egrisisa~. meore qarTul
samefo-`armazis qarTlSi~ Sedioda armazi, `mtkvrisa samxriT qarTli, xunaniTgan
vidre Tavadmde mtkvrisa, da klarjeTi~, is gadasca `qarTams Zesa Tvissa~. mas `mefe
armazeli~ uwodes. armazis qarTlis samefo armeniis gavlenis sferoSi moqceula,
radganac mas mudam `bZodes somexni~. am gasaWiris dros armazelebs `Seeweodes
megrelni~.
`iyo oZrxes qalaqsa Sina erisTavi mefisa armazelisani... mas Seeweodes megrelni~
(q.c., I. gv.48).
qveyana gayofili iyo, magram saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mterTan brZolisas `armazis
mefeebs~ exmarebodnen `megrelebi~.
gardaicvala farsman qveli armazeli, miuxedavad imisa, rom mirdati mcxeTis
qarTlis kanonieri mefe iyo - `megrni daadges erTgulobasa farsmanis Zisasa~,
radganac armazeli mefe (farsman qveli) simuxTliT mokla mirdat mcxeTis mefem
(q.c., I, gv.53).
319

megrebma koaliciasTan erTad daiwyes farsman qvelis sisxlis Zieba, daamarcxes

mirdat mefe (mokles brZolaSi) da qarTlSi gaamefes farsman qvelis Ze adami.
rogorc iTqva, misma SviliSvilma amazaspim mterTan sabrZolvelad mouxmo yvela
erisTavs _ maT Soris dasavlel qarTvelebs (osebis SemoWris dros).
`amazasp mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa qarTlisaTa, da movides erisTavni aRmosavalisani: erisTavi kaxeTisa, erisTavi xunanisa, erisTavi samSvildisa da
Semokrbes mxedarni spaspetisani da vidre mosvladmde dasavleTisa erisTavisa,
movides osni~ (q.c., I, gv.55).
rogorc iTqva, amazasp mefes Semdgom ganudgnen `dasavleTis erisTavebi~.
`gandges erisTavni dasavleTisani xuTni: orni erisTavni egrisisani, erTi
oZrxisa, erTi klarjeTisa da erTi wundisa~. qarTlis erisTavebma Sekres
koalicia da SeebrZolnen mefes, surdaT axali mefe. koalicia `movides erisTavTa
Tana egrisaTa~ (gv. 57) _ SeebrZolnen Zvel mefes (q.c., I, gv.57).
mematianisaTvis ueWvelia, rom qarTlis erisTavTa Soris igulisxmebian egrisis
erisTavebic.
`ese asfagur iyo ukanaskneli mefe farnavazianTa naTesavisa~. `daesrulnes mefeni
qarTlisani farnavazianni~ (q.c., I, gv.59).
16. egrisi IV saukuneSi (qronika)
(mefe mirianis samefo egriswylamdea)

`da mefobda esreT mirian mcxeTiT gaRmarT qarTls, somxiTs, rans, hereTs,
movakans da egrs~ (q.c., I, gv.65).
`da mefobda mirian mun qarTls, rans, hereTs da movakans da aqunda egrisica
vidre egriswylamde~ (q.c., I, gv.70).
`misca Zesa missa revs saufliswulod kaxeTi da kuxeTi da dasva igi ujarmas...
mas Jamsa mosrul iyo wmida da netari deda da embazi Cveni nino~ (q.c., I, gv.71).
`darCa varaz-baqars qarTli (Tvinier klarjeTisa) da hereTi da egrisi (q.c., I,
gv.137).

17. egrisi V saukuneSi (berZnebma dai pyres qarTlis samefos

miwa-wyali `egriswylidan cixe-gojamde~)

vaxtangis sioblis Jams `gamovides berZenni afxazeTiT, rameTu berZenTa

hqonda egriswyals qvemoTi kerZi yoveli da dai pyres egriswyliTgan vidre
cixe-gojamde. maSin iqmna glova da wuxili yovelTa zeda qarTvelTa...
`vZebneT sazRvari qarTlisa berZenTagan~ _ amas ityodes yovelni qarTvelni
da iyvnes mwuxarebasa Sina didsa~. (q.c. gv. 146). e.i. qarTlis samefos sazRvari
aris md. egriswyali am sazRvridan cixe-gojamde daupyriaT berZnebs.
q.c.-is cnobiT, vaxtangs SerTes keisris qaliSvili, romelsac mziTvad gamoatanes
teritoria egriswyalsa da md.klisuras Soris. amis Sedegad qarTlis samefos
sazRvarma gadaiwia md.egriswylidan md.klisuraze. `da dauwera egriswyalsa da
klisuras Sua queyana ziTvad~ (q.c.I.gv.177).
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18. egrisi vaxtang gorgaslis anderZSi

vaxtangis anderZi:
1. `rqua Zesa Tvissa daCis _ momicemia gvirgvini mefobisa Cemisa,
2. da nawilad ZmaTa SenTa momicemia tasiskariTgan da wundidan vidre somxeTamde
da saberZneTamde.
3. sazRvari afxazeTisa, romeli mocemul ars egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua,
igi ZmaTa SenTa dedisa ars, igi aqvndes maT da iyvnen Senda erisTavad, morCilebasa
queSe naTesavisa Senisasa~.
da dajda saydars missa Ze misi daCi.
xolo coli da orni Zeni vaxtangisani wariyvanes samTa maT erisTavTa da
dai pyres dasavleTi qarTlisa, romeli misca vaxtang.
mooxrebul iyvnes yovelni xevni qarTlisani: Tvinier kaxeTisa da klarjeTisa da
egrisisa~. (q.c., I, gv. 205).
e.i. vaxtangis berZen cols mohyva imperatorisagan mziTvis saxiT teritoria
egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua, romelsac erqva dasavleT qarTlisa. es miwawyali darCaT mis Svilebs mefe daCis naxevar Zmebs. maT miiRes erisTavTmTavris
tituli, xolo miwa-wyals egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua ewoda `dasavleT
qarTlisa~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxtang gorgasalma ilaSqra istoriuli samxreT iberiis miwawyalze, msgavsad farnavazisa. Cans vaxtangis mizani iyo iberiisaTvis daebrunebina is
miwa-wyali, romelic strabonis cnobiT Zv.w.II saukuneSi armeniam Camoacala iberias
(gogarena,xorZene da pariadres kalTebi). qarTlis cxovrebis cnobiT farnavazma
qristeSobamde III saukuneSi ilaSqra `azonis mamul~ klarjeTSi. vaxuStis cnobiT,
rogorc iTqva, klarjeTi moicavda ara mxolod erT mxares, aramed uvrceles
regions qaldea-trapezuntidan Woroxamde. mematiane saberZneTTan iberiis sazRvars
aTavsebs anZianZorasTan (igive anZoreTTan) - `warvida farnavaz da motyuena
sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekleciT Semoiqca~ (q.c. I, gv.23).
sad mdebareobda anZianZora? g.meliqiSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT wers - `qarTlis
samefos teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTiT ganvcobas eTanxmeba wyaros cnoba farnavazis mier mcireaziuli olqebis anZianZorisa da ekelecis (antik. wyaroebis akilesena, sofenas CrdiloeTiT evfratze mdebare olqi) dalaSqvraze (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, 1970, gv. 455). maSasadame wyaros cnobiT farnavazis dros iberiis
(qarTlis samefos) sazRvari gadioda anZianZorasTan, istoriul xorZenesTan, amiT
Cveni wyaro (q.c.) amarTlebs strabonis cnobas, rom Zv.w. II saukunemde iberiaSi (e.i.
farnavazis samefoSi) Sedioda xorZene, gogarena da pariadres kalTebi. farnavazis
Semdgom maleve iberiis samefos daukargavs es teritoriebi, magram maT dasabruneblad
brZola grZeldeboda. amas miuTiTebs vaxtang gorgaslis laSqroba iq-`waremarTa
vaxtang Sesvlad saberZneTad da miiwivnes somxiTs da moerTnes...erisTavni
somxiTisani...tarovneli amazasp grigolis Senebulisa qalaqisagan, Trdat
naTesavisagan, didisa Trdatis. da moadges cixe-qalaqsa, romelsa erqva karaxpola, xolo aw ewodebis karnu-qalaqi... warvida vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna
gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi, ekleci da steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa
qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q.c. I, gv.160).
teqstidan Cans, rom vaxtangis dros aRniSnuli adgilebi ukve somxeTsa da
321

pontoSia, maSin roca farnavazis dros qarTlis samefos `sazRvari~ `saberZneTTan~

anZianZorasTan gadioda. maSasadame es teritoriebi iberias didi xnis dakarguli
hqonda vaxtangis dros, magram iqaur (e.i.xorZenesa da pariadres kalTebis) mosaxleobas qarTuli eTnoidentoba da qarTuli enis codna jer kidev SenarCunebuli rom
hqonda sxva gamokvlevebidan Cans.
VII s. somxeTis rukaze olqi saxelwodebiT `xorZiana~ (es unda iyos `xorZene~)
mdebareobda karinTan (karaxpol-karnuqalaq-arzrumTan) axlos mis samxreT-dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 70 km. daSorebiT.
xorZianasa da karins Sua mdebareobda mananaRis (manralis) olqi mardaRis (mardaliis)
gverdiT.
xorZianasTan axlos, mis samxreT dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 40 km.-Si mdebareobda
olqi saxelwodebiT - anZiti (andzit). es unda iyos qarTuli anZoreTi-anZianZora
(sadac ilaSqres farnavazma da vaxtangma). provincia anZitSi covkis tbasTan axlos
iyo cixe-simagre egeRi (egeri). amave saxelis qalaqi egegi(egeri) karin-arzrumTanac
iyo. am qalaqis saxeli (egegi) egrisis saxels unda ireklavdes. olq xorZianaSi
gaedineboda amave `egr~ saxelis mqone mdinare `egegiki~ (mius gaili). xorZianaSi
iyo cnobili punqti artalesi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamindel TurqeTSi Zveli olqis anZitis adgilas mdebareobs administraciuli olqi-elazigi. es saxeli elazigi ar aris SemTxveviTi.
sityvaSi `elazigi (elaziRi)~ vfiqrob SesaZlebelia gamoiyos fuZe-Ziri `lazi~.
saxeli `lazi~, am mxareebisaTvis ucxo ar iyo. konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
lazikis eparqia XI s. dasawyisSi am mxareebsac moicavda. aq axlos iyo kerCanisis, xaxis, bizanasa da sxva saepiskoposo kaTedrebi lazikis samitropolitosi.
bizanasa da arzrums Soris mdebareobda olqi mananaRi anu manralia (manarali),
mas am rukaze mardaRis (mardalis) olqisagan yofs `megeduxgis mTebi~, am mTebs
n.adonci xalxalis mTebs uwodebs, romelic manraliasa da mardalias erTmaneTisagan
hyofda.
rogorc Cans am mxareebSi eguleboda vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis avtors
`saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa~, aRniSnul rukaze bizanas olqs ewodeba _
`ekegiaci~, es unda iyos vaxtangis cxovrebis ekleci. am olqSi rukaze moniSnulia
eklesia saxelwodebiT-`surb grigor~, albaT aq eguleboda avtors saflavi wm.
grigorisa. romeli iyo es wmidani grigol ganmanaTlebeli Tu grigol nazianzeli?
xorZena, rogorc iTqva, strabons iberiis istoriul nawilad miaCnda,
romelic armeniam miitaca. marTalia an mxareSi mcxovrebi mkvidri
iberebis armenizacias xeli gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo am mxareSi somxuri
eklesiis gaZlierebam. sabednierod vaxtangis dros qarTuli TviTSemecneba jer kidev Zlieri yofila am mxaris sasuliero pirTa Sorisac
ki,rac kargad Cans vaxtangis cxovrebaSi. sxvaTa Soris, xorenacis
istoriaSic aris garkveuli miniSneba imisa, rom xorZenasa da taronis
samRvdeloebam icoda qarTuli ena. magaliTad movses xorenaci wers _
`rac Seexeba mesrops, igi wavida qarTvelTa qveyanaSi da madlis
zegardamo miniWebiT maTac Seuqmna anbani vinme jalasTan erTad,
rome li c berZn uli d a som xu ri e nebid an Ta rg mn ida . xe ls
uwyobdnen imaTi mefe bakuri da mose episkoposi. man SearCia
bavSvebi, gahyo isini or jgufad da moZRvrebad dautova Tavisi
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ori mowafeTagani-ter xorZenaci da muSe taronaci~ (movses

xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 224). maSasadame qarTveli bavSvebi
dayves or jgufad, raTa maT SeeswavlaT qarTuli anbani qarTuli
wmida werilis sakiTxavad. maT qarTuli enis mcodne maswavleblebi
esWiroebodaT, aseTni ki yofilan xorZeneli mRvdeli (ter xorZenaci)
da taroneli muSe. xorZene-taronis axlo mxareebSi qarTuli enis
codnas isic miuTiTebs, rom v.goilaZis kvleviT iqve, arc Tu daSorebiT,
q.edesa-urhaSi yofila didi qarTuli kolonia Tavisi saganmanaTleblo
kerebiT. aRniSnul rukaze qalaqi edesia-urha mdebareobs olq andzitTan axlos,mis samxreTiT 70-80 km. daSorebiT. sabolood unda vTqvaT,
rom armeniis mier mitacebul mxareebSi didxans darCa qarTuli enis
codna da qarTuli toponimebi (egri-egrisi, iberia da sxva).
19. egrisi VI saukuneSi (`qvemo erisTavebi~
anu egris-klarjeTis erisTavebi)

VI s.-Si sparselebma gaauqmes qarTlis saxelmwifoebrioba, maleve sparseTSi Sida

mdgomareoba gauaresda, amasTan dakavSirebiT wyaro wers - `esreT ra ucalo
iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqvnes yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani,zemoni da
qvemoni da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe berZenTa mefisa da iTxoves, raTa
uCinos mefe naTesavisagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa da raTa iyvnen erisTavni igi
Tvis-Tvissa saerisTosa Seucvalebelad~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv.217).
Q`erisTavni zemoni da qvemoni~. zemo erisTavebi, rogorc aRiniSna, aRmosavleT qarTlis (Sua qarTlisa da kaxeTis) erisTavebs erqvaT, xolo qvemo
erisTavebi dasavleT qarTlis anu egris-klarjeTis erisTavebs (q.c., I gv.
217)
`kvalad wariRes berZenTa sazRvari qarTlisa: speri da bolo klarjeTisa,
zRvispiri~ q.c., I gv. 226).
20. egrisi VIII saukuneSi (qronika)

qarTlis cxovreba II, gv. 234. `mefeni qarTlisani warvides egrisad~.

`Sevlo yruman klisura, romeli mas Jamsa iyo sazRvari saberZneTisa da
saqarTvelosa~. e.i. qarTlis anu saqarTvelos sazRvari axla md. klisuraa (q.c. I,
gv. 235).
mefe vaxtangis da mirianis gvirgvinebi `me da mamaman Cuenman davsdeviT igi
quTaTiss da cixe-gojs~, e.i. quTaisi da cixe-goji gadaiqca qarTlis samefos
centrebad, aq daido samefo gvirgvinebi (q.c. I, gv. 236).
`Caiara murman yru zRvispiri~ (afxazeTidan) (q.c. I, gv. 239).
berZenma keisarma miswera Tavis erisTavs afxazeTSi _ `yovladve sazRvarTa
qarTlisaTa Cvengan qmnil ars vneba... viTarmed keTilad pativs cemdi mefeTa da
erTa magaT qarTlisaTa da amieriTgan nuRaramca xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da
sazRvarTa maTTa egrisaTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 239).
e.i. qarTlis sazRvari egrisSia TviT bizantiis imperatoris sityviT.
`ganuyven maT (erisTavebs) queyanani qarTlisani: naxevari Sen da naxevari maT,
323

xolo sauxucesod romel mqonda momicemia Senda da gqondes sauxucesod egrisi,

svaneTi, Takueri, argueTi da guria~. egrisi qarTlis qveynis nawilia svaneTargveT-guriasTan erTad.
e.i. `naxevari qarTlis~ _ aris dasavleT saqarTvelo (q.c. I, gv. 241).
meore naxevaria _ aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo _ klarjeTidan abocis CaTvliT~.
anderZi mirisa dahflen Zvalni misni (stefanos erismTavris) saydarsa quTaTiss
(q.c. I, gv. 241).
`aw uwyies Seneba adgilTa CuenTa klisuriTgan aRmarT, warval da daveSenebi
cixe-gojs da quTaTiss~, e.i. quTaisi da cixe-goji qarTlis mefeTa sataxto
punqtebia (q.c. I, gv. 242).
`warvida arCil da daemkvidra egriss vidre Sorapnamde~ (klisuridan Sorapnamde) (q.c. I, gv. 243).

21.

odiSi

vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, sityva `odiSi~ uZvelesi warmoSobisaa da ukve

arsebobda qristeSobamde III-II saukuneebidan. misi azriT, Tavdapirvelad `odiSi~
erqva miwa-wyals mdinare egriswylis (RaliZgas) marjvena sanapiros iqiT yubanisaken. matianeTa cnobiT, md. egriswylis aqeT mdebare (e.i. marcxena sanapirodan mcxeTisaken) miwa-wyali azo-farnavazis dros Sevida pirvel erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos `qarTlis samefos~ (iberiis) SemadgenlobaSi, xolo egriswylis iqiT (marjvena
sanapiros) qarTvelobam ar ineba qarTlis saxelmwifoSi Sesvla (berZnebma dai pyres).
amitomac am miwa-wyalze dananebiT ambobdnen qarTvelebi: `odiSi (e.i. odesRac) Cveni
iyo es miwa~, e.i. TiTqosda ase warmoiSva es sityva _ `odiSi~.
es sityva ukve arsebula qristesSobamde.

Tavi IX
administracia
1. iustinianes reformebi aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi _ istoriul lazikaSi

bizantiis imperiis mmarTvelebi did yuradRebas aqcevdnen aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTis teritoriuli mowyobis saqmes. mizezi amisa, is iyo, rom
imperias gaCaRebuli hqonda saukunovani omebi sparseTTan, aRniSnuli miwa-wylis momijnave saxelmwifosTan. marTlac, sparseTsa da Sav zRvas Sua aRniSnul miwaze cxovrobda mravali xalxi, erovneba da eTnikuri jgufi, rac apirobebda imperiis am
nawilis politikur da aseve samxedro arastabilurobas.
imisTvis, raTa es vrceli teritoria ufro intensiurad CarTuliyo saimperio
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (yofiliyo stabiluri dasayrdeni imperiis Zlierebisa,
324

saxelmwifos sxva provinciebis msgavsad), imperatorebma gadawyvites SemoeRoT am miwawyalzec provincialuri mmarTveloba. es unda momxdariyo TandaTanobiT, radganac
aRniSnuli tomebi, xalxebi da eTnikuri jgufebi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurebze imyofebodnen (aRmosavleTis sxva provinciebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba samoqalaqo ganviTarebis SedarebiT ufro maRal safexurze imyofeboda,
amitomac maTTvis adreve Seiqmna administraciuli erTeulebi, ZiriTadad, provinciebis
saxiT).
bizantiis mmarTvelebma gadawyvites CvenTvis saintereso miwa-wyalze (mcire aziis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT urmiisa da vanis tbebidan trapezunt-ordumde) dayrdnobodnen
erT romelime ers da misi daxmarebiT ganexorcielebinaT reformebi, aseTad maT
somexi xalxi miiCnies da garkveulwilad hegemoni eris statusi mianiWes.
n. adoncis azriT, iq mcxovrebi sxvadasxva tomebi marTalia mravalni iyvnen, magram
mcirericxovarni da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis wes-Cveulebebis uqonelni, maTTan
SedarebiT somxebi iyvnen mravalricxovanni, politikurad erTi miznisken orientirebulni da aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mqoneni. amasTanave, mtkice qristianebi,
samxedro saqmeSi ki gamocdilni sparseTTan omis gamo.
imperatorebis TvalsazrisiT, Tuki somxeTi moewyoboda bizantiis sxva
nawilebis msgavsad provincialuri sistemiT, SesaZlebeli iqneboda mas aqtiuri winaaRmdegoba gaewia sparselebisaTvis da sparsTa Zalebi ar SeeSvaT
bizantiis siRrmeebSi.
aseTi administraciuli Camoyalibebis procesi dawyebuli iyo jer kidev iustinianemde. xolo iustinianem Tavisi yuradReba mravaljer miapyro am mxareTa teritoriuli mowyobis saqmes. sabolood iustinianes reformis Semdgom am miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda oTxi administraciuli erTeuli. oTxives ewodebda armenia, kerZod, eseni iyvnen
I armenia, II armenia, III armenia da IV armenia.
rogorc aRiniSna, am armeniebSi somxebis garda cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva tomebi da
eTnikuri jgufebi, maT Soris umetesoba iyo qarTveluri warmoSobisa, gansakuTrebiT
SavizRvispireTSi.
n.adoncis TqmiT imperias surda somxebis gaerTguleba, radganac sparsul-bizantiuri omebi ZiriTadad somxeTSi mimdinareobda da sasazRvro xaziT istoriuli somxeTi orad iyo gayofili. bizantias ar surda somxebis gaRizianeba aRniSnuli
patara tomebis gamo da cnobda maT istoriuli somxeTis mcxovreblebad.
Tavis mxriv, aRniSnuli tomebis miwa-wyalzec somxebi TavianT Tavs Tvlidnen uflebamosil mepatroneebad. marTlac, iustinianemde arc Tu didi xniT adre, sul ramdenime
saukunis win, strabonis cnobiT, somxur saxelmwifos miutacia aRniSnuli
miwa-wylis erTi nawili iberiisagan, kerZod, xorZenes, pariadris vrceli
qveyana da gogarena. am miwa-wyalze qarTvelTa armenizacia iustinianemdec iyo
dawyebuli, Tumca es procesi dasrulebuli ar iyo. qarTvelebis did nawils erovnuli TviTSemecneba SenarCunebuli hqonda, rogorc es Semdgom arabobis epoqaSi taoklarjeT-basianSi qarTuli TviTidentobis aRorZinebam aCvena, magram bizantiam VI sSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, sparseTTan metoqeobis gamo yuradReba sruliad ar
miapyro qarTvelTa erovnul sakiTxs da es mxareebi Seiyvana romaul armeniebSi.
kerZod, CvenTvis saintereso miwa-wylis umetesi nawili, anu trapezuntis mTagoriani mxareebi iustinianem Seiyvana I armeniaSi.
325

trapezuntis am mxares lazika erqva. is iqamde (sanam I armenia daerqmeoda) Sedioda

polemonis pontos da elenopontos provinciebSi (XXVIII noveliT iustinianem es
provinciebi erT provinciad gaaerTiana elenopontos saxelwodebiT. mizezi amisa
mdgomareobda imperiis mizandasaxulobaSi, romelic iTvaliswinebda regionaluri miwebis koncentracia-Tavmoyras erTi Zalauflebis qveS. kerZod, aseve, TiTqmis 150 wliT
adre, diokletianem miznad daisaxa ukeT marTvis mizniT imperiis mcire erTeulebad
danawileba da samoqalaqo Zalauflebis gamoyofa samxedrosagan, iustinianem ki wamoiwyo ukuprocesi, romelic iTvaliswinebda miwebisa da ZalauflebaTa gaerianebas (n.
adonci, Aarmenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 162).
am mizezis gamo daaxloebiT 535-536 wlebSi iustinianem gaaerTiana paflagoniakabadokiis miwebi da aRniSnuli elinoponto, mxolod Semdeg gamosca novela 31-e,
romlis saxelwodebac iyo `armeniaSi oTxi mmarTvelis dawesebis Sesaxeb~.
mis SesavalSi iustiniane wers _ `yvelaferi upatronod mitovebuli da
uwesrigo, Tuki Sesabamisi wesiT dalagdeba da kargad moewyoba, miiRebs
savsebiT sxva saxes adrindelisagan gansxvavebuls... uvargisobisagan is gaxdeba mSvenieri, ulamazosagan lamazi, mouwesrigebeli da areulisagan _ mogvarebuli da mowesrigebuli. roca vnaxeT aseTi ukmarisoba da aseTi mougvarebloba armeniis mxareebisa, saWirod CavTvaleT misi mowesrigeba erTi saxis
Sesabamisad, keTilmowyobiT mivceT maT Sesabamisi Zala da Sesabamisi mowyoba~.
am novelis I TavSi naTqvamia, rom imperatorma gadawyvita Camoayalibos oTxi
armenia-kerZod:
I armeniaSi Seiyvana trapezunti da kerasunti, yofili polemonis pontodan, aqve Seiyvana man adre leontopolisad saxelwodebuli qalaqi bizana,
romelsac uwoda Tavisi saxeli iustinianepolisi, amave armeniaSi Seiyvana man
aseve cnobili qalaqi Teodosiopolisi (arzrumi) da aqve Seiyvana qalaqebi
satala, nikopoli da kolonia.
II armeniaSi sxva qalaqebTan erTad Sevida sevastia da sebastopolisi, aseve
qalaqebi komana, zeaa. komana man yofili polemonis pontodan aiRo.
III armenias iustiniane aqcevda gansakuTrebul yuradRebas da mis mTavar
qalaqad gamoacxada melitena. aqve Sedioda qalaqi komanac (eseni iyvnen erTi
da igive saxelis mqone qalaqebi sxvadasxva provinciebSi).
IV armeniaSi Sevida miwa-wyali, romelsac adre ewodeboda cofanena, anzitena, sofena, astianena, balavitena.
am novelis VII muxli CvenTvis aris gansakuTrebiT saintereso. masSi iustiniane
Seexeba sasuliero wodebas aRniSnul mxareSi.
`Cveni neba aseTia, _ wers iustiniane, _ rom sasuliero wodeba darCes Zveli
saxiT, arc mitropolitis uflebebTan dakavSirebiT, arc xeldasxmis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, araferi Seicvleba da axali ar SemoiReba. mitropolitebi darCebian
Tavissave Zveli mdgomareobiT, erTi sityviT sasuliero wodebis mimarT
axali nebadarTuli ar aris~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908 gv.
170).
iustinianes XXXI novelis VII Tavi gvixsnis: Tu konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
kaTedraTa nusxebSi `Zveleburi wesebis Sesabamisad~ ratom ixsenieboda lazika da
fasiani (fazisi).
wesiT, radganac am reformis Semdgom trapezunti Sevida I armeniaSi,
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amitom, konstantinopolis kaTedraTa nusxebSi trapezuntis mimdebare eparqiebi saxeldebuli unda yofiliyvnen rogorc `saepiskoposoebi I armeniis
provinciaSi~, magram amis nacvlad, saeklesio sferoSi Zveli wesis ucvlelobis gamo, trapezuntis mimdebare kaTedrebis saxelwodebebi ar Seicvala da
isini Zveleburadve moixseniebodnen rogorc saepiskoposoebi `lazikeSi~. es
iyo aRniSnuli novelis gamoZaxili, romelic krZalavda raime siaxlis SemoRebas
samitropolitoTa mimarT. marTlac iustinianemde trapezuntis samxreT
mTianeTs lazika erqva da is e.w. `lazTa episkoposebis~ iurisdiqciaSi
Sedioda, prokofi kesarieli axsenebs trapezuntis maxloblad rizesTan
mcxovreb `erT xalxs~, romelic `lazTa episkoposebis~ iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda.
n. adoncis mixedviT, lazTa eparqiis ziganas saepieskoposo mdebareobda ara gudayvaSi,
aramed trapezuntis axlos, Semdegdroindel giumiSxanesTan, xolo petra, erqva aseve
trapezuntTan an TeodosiopolisTan axlos mdebare punqts, saisini yofila sazRvarTan
mxarisa, romelsac Semdgomad karini ewoda, xolo q.rodopolisi unda yofiliyo erTerTi qalaqi, rodopolisis olqSi, fasisis yvela es saepiskoposo _ petra, rodopolisi,
saisini da zigana mdebareobdnen erT regionSi arzrumsa da trapezunts Soris, romelsac iustiniamdel epoqaSic lazika da fasisi erqva.
konstantine porfirogeneti, Teodosiopolisis mimdebare mxareebs fasians uwodebs
(qarTuli basiani), is fasiss uwodebda md.araqsac. gansakuTrebiT aris aRsaniSnavi is,
rom swored aRniSnul regionSi, sadac es fasisis saepiskoposoebi iyvnen ganlagebulni,
saTaves iRebda ramdenime mdinare, maT Soris Woroxi da evfrati. aRsaniSnavia, rom
orive am mdinares _ Woroxsa da evfrats saTaveSi fasisi ewodeboda. amitomac
safiqrebelia, rom im qveyanasac, saidanac es mdinareebi gaedinebodnen da mis
momcvel miwa-wyalsac, sadac es saepiskoposoebi iyvnen moqceuli, fasisi
ewodeboda da qveynis saxelis Sesabamisad samitropolitosac fazisis samitropolito erqva.
2.

lazikisa da misi mimdebare mxareebis administraciuli

mdgomareoba iustinianemde

diokletianes mieri saxelmwifos administraciuli dayofis procesi daasrula

misma memkvidrem Teodosi I-ma. saukunovani muSaobis Sedegebi asaxulia cnobil
ZeglSi Notitia dignitatum, romelSic V saukunis dasawyisSia Sedgenili. masSi
CamoTvlilia Tanamdebobebi da pativi imperiis samoqalaqo da samxedro uwyebebisa.
isini ierarqiulad iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni.
mTeli imperia gaqristianebis Semdeg samoqalaqo damokidebulebiT iyofoda 4
mxared, romelTa meTaurebad idgnen pretoriis prefeqtebi. es mxareebi, anu prefeqturebi iyofodnen diocezebad, romlebsac prefeqtebis moadgileebi _ vikarebi marTavdnen. sabolood, diocezebi provinciebad iyofodnen, romlebsac arxontebi marTavdnen (praeses).
romis imperiis aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibebuli iyo ori prefeqtura - e.w. `aRmosavleTis prefeqtura~ da `iliriis prefeqtura~.
Tavis mxriv `aRmosavleTis prefeqturaSi~ Sediodnen Semdegi diocezebi - `diocezi aRmosavleTi~, `diocezi egvipte~, `diocezi asiana~, diocezebi `pontika~ da `Trakia~.
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pontos diocezSi 11 provincia Sedioda, maT Soris polemonis ponto,

pirveli da meore armenia, aseve biTinia, galatia, paflagonia, honoria, galatia,
pirveli da meore kapadokiebi da helenoponto.
samxedro dayofa imperiisa yvelgan ar eTanadeboda samoqalaqos, umaRlesi
Zalaufleba gayofili iyo ramdenime samxedro xelmZRvanels Soris _ maT samxedro
magistrebi erqvaT. aRmosavleTSi aseTi iyo xuTi. magistris qvemdebare piris
samxedro wodeba iyo duka, komiti.
pontos diocezs, romelic 11 provinciisagn Sedgeboda - mxolod erTi armeniis duka marTavda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom romis imperiis pontos diocezSi mxolod erTi duka iyo
`armeniis dukis~ saxelwodebiT, misi ZiriTadi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda sam sasazRvro
provinciaze. eseni iyvnen polemonis ponto, I da II armenia.
armeniis dukas Tavisi razmebi da samxedro danayofebi dayenebuli hyavda
trapezuntSi, rizeSi, sisilaSi, pitiaSi (da ara pitiuntSi afxazeTisa), usuportoSi, kaene-paramboleSi, sebastopolSi (es qalaqi mdebareobda trapezuntis
olqSi da ara afxazeTSi), ziganaSi (ziganac trapezuntTan mdebareobda) da
moxoraSi ( . , , 1908, gv. 96-97).A
aRniSnulTa garda jarebis ganlageba mocemulia provinciebis sxva qalaqebSi, romlebic
dawvrilebiTaa CamoTvlili n. adoncis mier moyvanil laTinur wyaroSi, amasTanave, aqvea
CamoTvlili jariskacebis raodenoba TiToeul adgilSi. esaa srulad pirvelxarisxovani kvleva, romlisTvisac cnobilia yvela adgili armeniis dukis jaris ganlagebisa, yoveli wvrilmanebiT, amitomac Zalze ucnauria am nakvlevis faqtiuri
ignorireba, ziganas, sebastopolisis, an Tundac pitia-pitiuntis gadatana sadRac
afxazeTSi, sadac n.adoncis sityviT armeniis dukas araferi esaqmeboda arc aRniSnul da arc Semdgom saukuneebSi.

3. saqarTvelos momijnave bizantiuri mxareebis

samxedro-administraciuli dayofa

kidev erTxel ganvixiloT saqarTvelos momijnave bizantiuri

mxareebis samxedro-administraciuli dayofa n. adoncis mixedviT. 297
wlisTvis diokletianes provincialuri reformis epoqaSi imperia 12
diocezad iyofoda, maTgan ori aziis ukidures mxareebSi iyo. kerZod,
diocezi `oriensi~ (anu `aRmosavleTi~), da pontika. yvela 12 diocezSi
erTad iyo 95 provincia. amaT garda, diokletianes taxtze asvlis periodSi
imperias kidev Seemata 15 provincia (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi,
1908, gv. 86).
pontos diocezi III saukuneSi Sedgeboda 7 provinciisagan. maT ricxvSi iyo biTinia,
kapadokia, galatia, paflagonia, diospontusi, polemonis ponto da mcire armenia.
IV saukunis cnobiT, pontoSi iyo 8 provincia _ 1. polemonis ponto; 2. amasiis
ponto; 3. honoriada; 4. biTinia; 5. paflagonia; 6. mcire armenia; 7. didi armenia; 8.
kapadokia.
konstantine didis dros amasiis pontos saxeli gadaerqva da ewoda helenoponto
dedofal elenes pativsacemad. n. adoncis mixedviT, siaSi naxsenebi mcire da didi
armeniebi sinamdvileSi arian I da II armeniebi, amasTanave am sias aklia provincia
328

galatia, romelic yovelTvis pontos diocezSi Sedioda.

nikeis I msoflio krebaze (325) TavisTavadi administraciuli erTeulis saxiT iyo
warmodgenili kapadokia, didi armenia da mezobeli olqebi.
371 w. administraciulad orad gaiyo kapadokia da mcire armenia. basili didi
ewinaaRmdegeboda kapadokiis dayofas. mcire armenia gaiyo da ewoda I da II armeniebi.
pirveli Sedgeboda sevastiis olqisgan, aq iyo qalaqebi kolonia, satala, sebastopoli
da verissa. meoreSi Sedioda melitini, arka, arabisi, kukusoni, komana da ariarata.
polemonis pontosa da pirveli armeniis urTierTSexeba xdeboda pontos komanas,
polemonis, kerasusis da trapezuntis raionebSi. es ukanasknelebi qmnidnen
polemonis pontos eparqias konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi.
saeklesio geografiam Semogvinaxa cnobebi Zveli provinciebis teritoriebis Sesaxeb,
_ wers n. adonci (n. adonci, armenia... gv. 89).
saeklesio dayofa ufro myari da ucvleli iyo, vidre samoqalaqo-administraciuli
da asaxavda suraTs imperiis Zveli administraciuli dayofisa.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qalaqi sebastopolisi am dayofis Tanaxmad mdebareobda I
armeniis eparqiaSi (aq Sediodnen qalaqebi sebastia, nikopolisi, kolona,
satala, sebastopolisi, barisara).
xolo cnobili komana Sedioda meore armeniis eparqiaSi (aq Sediodnen melitena,
arka, abasisi, komana, kukusi, ariarate).
lazika _ gansaxilvel periodSi romis (bizantiis) imperiaSi Sedioda da
iustinianes dayofiT is polemonis pontos administraciuli nawili iyo.
4. eklesiuri lazika da politikuri lazika _ sxvadasxva
teritoriebze mdebareni

iustinianem polemonis ponto da elenoponto gaaerTiana erT provinciad da uwoda

mas elenoponto. masSi Sedioda 8 qalaqi _ amasia, ivora, evxaita, zela, antrapa, sinopi,
amisusi da leontopoli.
polemonis pontoSi iyo 5 qalaqi _ neokesaria, komana, trapezunti, kerasusi da
polemoni. Semdgom am provinciis mmarTvels ufleba CamoarTva 4 qalaqze da es
qalaqebi _ zela, komana, trapezunti da kerasusi gadasca armenias _ samoqalaqo
reorganizaciis Sesabamisad (n. adonci, gv. 172).
pirvelma da Sida armeniam Seadgina ori axali provincia _ I armenia da II armenia
(aq Sevidnen trapezunti da kerasusi). II armeniaSi Sediodnen sxvebTan erTad qalaqebi
_ sevastia, sevastopoli da zemoaRniSnuli qalaqebi zela da komana.
yofil II armenias ewoda III armenia da masSi Sevida qalaqebi meletina, arka, arabisi,
ariarati, sxva komana, zoloti da kukusini.
IV armeniaSi Sevida xuTi somxuri samTavros miwebi: sofenena, anzitena, sofena,
aStianena (da balovitena), martiropoli.
Teodosiopolis-giumiSxane-trapezuntis SemaerTebel gzaze mravali qalaqi mdebareobda _ rac Seadgenda lazikis qveyanas _ eklesiurad swored ase erqva am mxares
_ es iyo is lazika, romelic noticiebSia asaxuli. bizantiis samoqalaqo-administraciulma dayofam es ver asaxa. es qalaqebi gaiyo elenopontos, I da II armenias Soris,
magram, radganac saekelsio geografia, TviT n. adoncis sityviT, asaxavda im Zvel
viTarebas, romelic diokletianes da misi memkvidre Teodosis droindel samoqalaqo
329

dayofas aRniSnavda, eklesiurma geografiam sityva `lazika~ SeinarCuna, amitom SemdgomSic trapezuntis eparqias erqva `trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~.
magram samoqalaqo-administraciulad axla (iustinianes epoqaSi) lazika daerqva
axal qveyanas - lazikis samefos, romelic aRniSnuli eklesiuri lazikis uSualo
mezoblad mdebareobda, mis odnav CrdiloeTiT, Woroxis xeobaSi _ arTvinidan goniomde. e.i. politikuri lazika da eklesiuri lazika ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs. eklesiuri _ geografiulad ufro samxreTiT mdebareobda, politikuri lazika _ CrdiloeTiT.
eklesiuri lazika trapezuntis regioni iyo, samoqalaqo-administraciuli
ki misi mezobeli regioni Woroxis xeobis qveda nawilis momcveli.
5. saisini, fasiani

miwa-wyali md. irisidan herakles koncxamde iwodeboda galateas pontod, aqedan

kerasuntamde _ mdebareobda polemonis ponto, xolo kerasuntidan kolxidamde _
kapadokiis ponto (n. adonci, armenia..., gv. 69).
galateas pontoSi iyo amasia, pida (fidi), pontos komana (amJamad giumenek) tokatasTan
da sevastopolTan axlos.
polemonis pontoSi, ptolemeusis azriT, mdebareobda neokesaria da sevastia koloneas olqSi, aq iyo sevastopolisi.
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken iyo 5 mTiani mxare _ meletina (evfratTan), amJamindeli galatia, kataonia. aqaa qalaqi komana md. saraze (giok-su), Semdeg kilikia qalaq
mazakiT, anu kesariiT, argis mTis ZirSi (axla arjiSi). kilikiis iqiT iyo TianeTia
(TianiTia) da garsavriTia tatas tbasTan (iqve, gv. 71). qarTvelTa odesRac cxovrebas am regionebSi miuTiTeben aRniSnuli toponimebi: argis mTa, TianeTi,
garsavreTi da sxva. am mxareTagan pirveli ori zogjer `mcire armeniad~ iwodeboda. n. adoncis mixedviT, is kapadokiis provinciaSi Sedioda. aseTi dayofa romis
imperiis gafarToebamde arsebobda, xolo Semdeg es mxareebi I da II armeniaSi moxvdnen.
n. adoncis mixedviT, maTi meti wili, kapadokia, mcire armenia _ somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. misi azriT, ptolomeosi mcire armeniaSi aTavsebda maT, romelTagan yvelaze
CrdiloeTiT iyo orbalisena, mis qvemoT aitulana, Semdeg airetika, orsena da bolos
orbisena.
aq iyo mravali qalaqi _ maT Soris, satala, nikopoli, orsa da sxva. tabula
pevtingera mdidar masalas iZleva mcire armeniisa da mcire aziis Sesaxeb. sevastias,
nikopols, satalasa da melitenas Soris (gv. 75), evfratis sanapirosTan, kamaxsa da
divrigs Soris aris zimara _ yvela am qalaqs gzebi aerTianebda.
bunebrivi sazRvari polemonis pontosa da mcire armeniisa iyo qedi kiose da
abeSi, romlis erT boloSia tagani da meoreSi nikopoli. aq, am midamoebSi
abeSis mTasTan iyo sisilisis kaTedra. aq yofila punqti argaun mdinare
gordukze, rac, safiqrebelia, qarTvelTa iq yofnis damadasturebeli toponimia _ fuZeebiT `arg~ da `gord~ (iqve, gv. 81).
meletinidan sevastiamde gzaze mdebareobda sadgurebi _ pisonisi (axlandeli asan-badrik), mogvavgonebs X noticiis saepiskoposo kaTedris
fasianes saxels (pisonisi _ fasiani) (iqve, gv. 81), punqti aranisi, euspoena,
blandosi (taxtuki), gza gadis mdinare kuru-Caize (mogvagonebs `mtkvars~) da
330

Sedis sivasSi. n. adoncis sityviT, sevastia-nikopoli Sedioda mcire armeniaSi,

xolo nikopol-satalis xazze sadguri aza, ptolemeosis mixedviT, Sedioda kapadokiis pontoSi.
orsenas saxeli ukavSirdeba bizantiuri Temis xarsianonis saxels, xarsianis cixesimagris mixedviT. simeasTan axlos iyo punqti xarsiani (mogvagonebs X noticiis _
xerians).
aqedanac Cans, rom fasianisa da saisinis (sisilisis) kaTedrebi n.adoncs ar
eguleboda dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
6. qvrivis mmarTveloba

Cvens mier gamokvleuli iqna, rom andria pirvelwodebuli, Cveni macxovris, ieso
qristes wmida mociquli, saqarTveloSi qadagebda 30-35 wlebSi (a. jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. I). wmida andrias cxovrebaSi gvxvdeba qveynis
mmarTveli brZeni qvrivis saxeli, romlis moqcevis Semdeg qristianoba gavrcelebula
mesxeTis vrcel qveyanaSi. meore variantiT ki svaneTSi,
unda iTqvas, rom wm. andrias mesxeTSi warmatebuli moRvaweoba qvrivis saxels
ukavSirdeba. aRniSnul dros, 30-35 wlebSi, strabonis cnobiT, mesxeTis momijnave
mxareebs marTlac marTavda cnobili qvrivi dedofali, romelic iseve xasiaTdeba, rogorc
andrias cxovrebaSi mesxeTis mmarTveli `qali gonieri da sagamgeo saqmis SemZle~. is
kolxeTs marTavda sikvdilamde, I saukunis 38 wlamde (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis
istoriisaTvis, 1969, gv. 77).
am qvrivi dedoflis saxeli yofila piTodorida.
m. berZniSvili wers _ `Zveli welTaRricxvis I saukunis ukanasknel wlebSi,
strabonis mowmobiT, kolxeTs flobda polemoni, romelic aseve ganagebda mis mierve
saxelSerqmeul polemoniumis pontos, aseve mcire armeniasac da bosforsac. axali
welTaRricxvis 1-2 wels is mokles brZolaSi da kolxeTis samefo taxtze avida misi
meuRle piTodorida, pompeusis megobris piTodore tralelis asuli. strabonis
daxasiaTebiT `qali gonieri da sagamgeo saqmis SemZle, romelic kolxeTs marTavda
sikvdilamde (38w). imave strabonis sityviT, misi samflobelos farglebSi Sediodnen
tibarenebi, vidre kolxeTamde, farnakiasa da trapizonamde, strabonis sityviT _
`amJamad qvrivi flobs, rogorc dasaxelebul qveynebs, ise sxvebs~. xolo meore
adgilas ambobs _ `flobs meuRle piTodorida, dedofali kolxebis, trapizonis da
farnakiasi~. rezidenciad mas hqonda kabeira, romelsac avgusta daarqva. igi
mdebareobda strabonis mSobliur qalaq amisiis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 27-28
km siSoreze~ (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 77).
aqedan Cans, rom kolxeTi trapizonis siaxloves mdebareobda. qvrivi dedoflis
mflobelobaSi iyo Tu ara samcxe, ucnobia, radganac qarTuli wyaros cnobiT, samcxeaWara, iseve, rogorc mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo, qarTlis mefe aderkis gamgeblobaSi
Sedioda, xolo dedofali piTodorida romis imperiis saxeliT marTavda istoriul
qarTul miwebs, qarTuli tomebiTve dasaxlebulT, magram ara qarTlis samefoSi
mdebareT, aramed mis gareT, mis uSualo mezoblad _ romis saxelmwifoSi.
safiqrebelia, rom es cnoba asaxavs istoriul realobas, kerZod, wm. andria
Tavdapirvelad trapezuntSi da mis qveyanaSi qadagebda, am qveyanas ki `sofeli
megrelTa~ erqva da, mis qveS igulisxmeba istoriuli kolxeTi _ trapezuntis
331

momijnave mxare, romelsac andrias dros marTavda piTodorida. aRniSnuli tomebi,

qaldebi da tibarenebi, qarTvelni iyvnen TviT saxelidan gamomdinare _ `tiber-iber~,
`qald-qaldueli-qarTveli~. aqve cxovrobdnen sanebi. straboni dioskuriasTan axsenebs svanebs. Tuki pitia-pitiunti rizes maxloblad iyo, imave regionSi yofils
dioskuriac, sadac maxlobeli mTebidan savaWrod Cadiodnen svanebi (e.i. strabonis
dros svanebi aqac cxovrobdnen), svanTa Soris andrias qadagebasac miuTiTeben wyaroebi.
aqedan gamomdinare unda vifiqroT, rom adrias cxovrebis mwerals gamouyenebia Zveli
wyaroebi da albaT strabonic.
7. eklesiis organizeba

n. adonci wers _ `saeklesio ierarqiis evolucia samoqalaqos Sesabamisad viTardeboda. eklesia, TavisdaSeumCnevlad, imperiis administraciuli wyobis Sesabamisad moewyo. eklesiam swrafad SeZlo reagireba diokletianes mier ganxorcielebuli administraciuli dayofis Sesabamisad, amitom 325 wlisTvis moaswro Seecvala Tavisi ierarqia axali wyobis Sesabamisad. diokletianem, erTi mxriv, arsebuli provinciebi
dayo ufro wvril administraciul erTeulebad, xolo meore mxriv, ramdenime
provincia gaaerTiana ufro msxvil administraciul erTeulad _ diocezebad.
rogorc aRiniSna, imperiis aziis samflobelos Seadgenda sami diocezi _ azia
(asia), ponto da `aRmosavleTi~.
am ukanasknelSi (diocez `aRmosavleTSi~) Sedioda egvi ptec.
diocezebs, meTaurobda `vikarebi~, e.i. aRmosavleTis prefeqtis moadgileebi, xolo
provinciebis meTaurebi, anu prezidebi _ eqvemdebarebodnen Sesabamis vikarebs.
amave CarCoSi ganivrco saeklesio Zalaufleba. provinciebi gadaiqcnen saeklesio erTeulebad _ eparqiebad, yovel maTganSi isxdnen episkoposi - mitropolitebi, TavianTi mdgomareobiT prezidebis mdgomareobis eqvivalenturni.
amave saxiT diocezebmac moi poves saeklesio erTeulis mniSvneloba, romelTa
vikarebi Seesabamebodnen episkopos-patriarqebs.
TiToeul provinciaSi iqaur episkoposTagan gamoiyofoda erTi, provinciis dedaqalaqis
episkoposi _ mitropolitis xarisxiT, xolo TiToeul diocezSi mitropolitTa
Soris erTs eWira pirveli mdgomareoba patriarqisa an mTavari mitropolitisa.
asiis diocezSi aseTad aRiarebuli iyo efesos mitropoliti, `diocez aRmosavleTSi~ antioqiis mitropoliti, xolo pontos diocezSi _ kesariis mitropoliti
(. , , 1908, gv. 356).
aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis iqna
SemoRebuli samitropolito organizacia. zogierTis azriT, nikeis krebaze, xolo
sapatriarqo organizacia _ konstantinopolis krebaze (iqve, gv. 356).
n. adoncis cnobiT, `aRmosavleTis~ prefeqti umeteswilad cxovrobda q. antioqiaSi.
8. armenieli satrapebi da lazikis mefeebi bizantiur
samoxeleo sistemaSi

Sida da dasavleT armeniis garda, bizantia marTavda aseve 5 armeniul samTavros. am

samTavroTa meTaurebs `satrapebs~ uwodebdnen. maTi politikuri mdgomareoba imiT
gansxvavdeboda sxva armeniis mmarTveli moxeleebisagan, rom es armenieli satrapebi
332

Zalauflebas iRebdnen memkvidreobiT da mas inarCunebdnen sikvdilamde, mxolod isini

iRebdnen romaelTa imperatorisagan Zalauflebis insigniebs, maT sagangebo e.w. `samefo
Sesamosels~, anu qlamidas da sxva atributebs aRwers prokofi kesarieli. am samefo
Sesamosels imperatori iZleoda imis niSnad, rom isini ganixilebodnen viTarca `mokavSireebi imperatorisa~. n. adoncis ganmartebiT _ `satrapiebi iyvnen miniaturuli
saxelmwifoebi, romelTac TavianTi didebulebi marTavdnen, romelnic mdgomareobiT
mefeebis Tanasworad iTvlebodnen~ (. , , 1908,
gv. 109).
msgavs `samefo Sesamoselebs~, viTarca gansxvavebulobis niSans, armeniis satrapebis
garda imperatorisagan iRebdnen aseve lazeTis mefeebi _ TeTr qlamids, TeTr tunikas
da wiTel fexsacmels, aseve romauli saxis gvirgvins da sartyels, Semkuls margalitebiT. aseT sartyels somexi didebulebic iRebdnen (iqve, gv. 109).
ase rom, XXs. qarTul istoriografiaSi gavrcelebuli da gamyarebuli Tvalsazrisi `lazTa samefo~ TiTqosda iyo `Zlieri saxelmwifo~, araa realoba. sinamdvileSi, armeniuli samTavroebis msgavsad, is iyo romauli saxelmwifos mier xeldebuli qveyana, sadac droebiT bizantia adgilobrivi didebulebis mmarTvelobas iTmenda.
romauli Zalauflebis gamyarebisTanave iq damyardeboda Cveulebrivi saimpero wesrigi,
anu samoxeleo rangi, magaliTad, bizantiuri Tanamdeboba _ `armeniis komiti~ SemoRebuli iqna samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis samarTavad. komiti ar flobda samxedro Zalauflebas, is marzpanis msgavsi Tanamdeboba iyo (. , ,
1908, gv. 117). lazeTis samefo iyo miniaturuli saxelmwifo bizantiuri imperiis
periferiaze, romelic sadavo iyo sparseTTan, amitomac am qveynis didebulebs orive
mxare _ sparseTi da bizantia garegnul privilegiebs aniWebda, rac iluzias uqmnida
adgilobriv mosaxelobas, TiTqosda maTi qveyana `saxelmwifo~ iyo, es ase rom ar iyo
da, piriqiT, Tu ra doniT iyo es qveyana dapyrobili, kargad Cans prokofi kesarielis
Txzulebidan.
9. romauli samxedro nagebobebis naSTebi ziganasa,
rodopolissa, pitia-pitiuntsa da sebastopolisSi

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom konstantinopolis lazikis eparqiis zogierT saepiskoposo centrSi (mag. ziganaSi) idga romauli legionis razmebi. es imiTaa saintereso,
rom warmoadgens saSualebas arqeologiurad dasabuTdes maTi adgilmdebareoba.
romauli samxedro legionebisa da maTi razmebis ganlagebis adgilebze, rogorc
wesi, iwyeboda Zalze mniSvnelovani mSeneblobani.
prokofi kesarieli aRwers, kerZod ra Senobebi igeboda jaris saWiroebisaTvis. is
aRwers erTi aseTi adgilis mSeneblobas:
_ `md. evfratidan cota moSorebiT, iyo erTi kuTxe, sadac idga romael jariskacTa razmi. am adgils uwodebdnen meletins. iq, uwindel dros, romaelebs auSenebiaT
oTxkuTxa formis simagre, romelic jariskacebisTvis TavSesafars warmoadgenda. aq
isini inaxavdnen TavianT sabrZolo droSebsac. am simagrem safuZveli daudo samoqalaqo dasaxlebas. qalaqis mSenebloba simagris maxloblad gagrZelda. aaSenes taZrebi, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, savaWro moednebi, sxvadasxva sasaqonlo duqnebi, yovel
mxares gaiyvanes quCebi, aaSenes galereebi, abanoebi, Teatrebi~ (prokofi kesarieli,
`SenobaTa Sesaxeb~, 2006, gv. 103).
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aqedan Cans, rom romauli jaris ganlagebis adgilze iwyeboda mSeneblobebi

gzebisa,samxedro da samoqalaqo Senobebisa, savaWro moednebisa, duqnebisa,taZrebisa,
galereebisa, abanoebisa da Teatrebisa. saqarTvelos masStabiT es mSeneblobebi SeiZleba grandiozulad CaiTvalos.
simagreebis, abanoebis, gzebis, savaWro moednebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani nagebobebis
naSTebis aRmoCena arqeologebisaTvis siZneles ar warmoadgens. Tu zigana aris e.w.
gudayva, maSin gudayvaSi unda aRmoCeniliyo kidec romauli jaris sadgomis raime
zemoT xsenebuli naSTi, msgavsi ki gudava-gudayvaSi araferi aRmoCenila, piriqiT, iq ara
raime laTinuri anda berZnuli warwera ,aramed mxolod da mxolod Zveli qarTuli
asomTavruli warwerebi aRmoCnda qarTulsave saeklesio naSTebze.
arqeologiam ver daadastura gudayvasa da ziganas igiveoba. igive iTqmis varcixis
(TiTqosda rodopolisis) Sesaxebac, sadac, Tu is iyo rodopolisi, aseve romauli
jaris sadgomi nagebobebis naSTebi unda aRmoCeniliyo, magram varcixeSi raime romaulbizantiuri nagebobisa da saeklesio-samoqalaqo cxovrebis damadasturebeli naSTebi
ar aRmoCenila.
rogorc iTqva, ziganaSi idga kohorta, e.i. legionis erT-erTi danayofi.
`legionebi Seadgendnen regularul armias, legioni Sedgeboda 6100 fexosnisagan
da 726 kavaleristisagan.
ala _ razmia 600 mxedrisagan.
`aRmosavleTis~ mTavarsardals emorCileboda 100 000 jariskaci.
pontos diocezs Tavisi 11 provinciiT hyavda mxolod erTi samxedro mTavarsardali `armeniis dukis~ saxelwodebiT, misi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda I da II armeniasa da
agreTve polemonis pontoSi (. , , 1908, gv.
95).
armeniis duka ganagebda Semdeg Zalebs _ hyavda legioni satalaSi, meletinaSi,
pontoSi (kerZod, legioni trapezuntSi, ala rizeSi da pitiaSi, kohorta usuporteSi, keana-paramboleSi, sebastopolisSi, ziganaSi, moxoraSi (. ,
, 1908, gv. 97). armeniis dukas emorCileboda 2 msroleli
kavaleriis polki, sami legioni, e.i. 18 000 kaci. 11 razmi cxenosnebisa (TiToSi 600
kaci), 10 kohorta fexosnebisa (TiToSi 600 kaci). maT Soris, armeniaSi idga 2 legioni,
6 razmi, anu ala da 4 kohota, xolo 6 kohorta _ polemonis pontoSi. pontoSi
armeniis dukis Zalebis mTavari ganlagebis adgilebi iyo trapezunti, avaqsi da silvana
( . , , 1908, gv. 99).
n. adoncis azriT, `feliqs Teodosinas~ saxelobis ala, anu samxedro razmi idga
pitiaSi, romelic rizesTan mdebareobda (iqve, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908,
gv. 99, SeniSvna 2).
pitia da sebastopolisi zogierTs miaCnia pitiuntad (afxazeTSi) da
sebastopolisad, magram es qalaqebi am wyaros Sedgenis dros ar Sediodnen
bizantiaSi, da dukas Zalaufleba ase Sors ver gavrceldeboda, wers n. adonci
(. , , 1908, gv.202).
afxazeTi arasdros Sedioda armeniis dukas gamgeblobaSi da, Sesabamisad, Tavisi
jari (razmi) ver eyoleboda biWvinTaSi (romelsac pitiuntad miiCneven), sebastopolisSi (cxumad miiCneven) da gudayva-gudavaSi, romelsac zigana-ziganevad miiCneven
Cveni mecnierebi, arc varcixis miwa-wyali Sedioda odesme armeniaSi, amitomac verc
iq ganalagebda armeniis duka Tavis samxedro razms, amitomac rodopolisi unda
334

veZioT ara varcixeSi, aramed trapezuntis regionSi, sadac marTlac md. kalapotamisze mdebareobda kidec qalaqi varda, romelic unda yofiliyo Zveli rodopolisi.

Tavi X
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
eparqiebi lazikaSi
Sesavali

bizantielebisaTvis, eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, lazika erqva ara dasavleT

saqarTvelos, aramed im vrcel qarTul mxares vanis tbidan trapezuntamde,
romelic saerTod amovardnilia qarTvelTa istoriuli cnobierebis sferodan, miTumetes Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiidan.
azri, rom lazika ar erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos farTo eklesiuri mniSvnelobiT, ewinaaRmdegeba XX s-is mravali istorikosis Tvalsazriss, isini
berZnuli wyaroebis yvela cnobas lazikasTan dakavSirebiT dasavleT saqarTvelos usadageben, faqtiurad XX s-Si Seiqmna dasavleT saqarTvelos iqamde
sruliad ucnobi istoria, rom, magaliTad, eklesiurad TiTqosda mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyo da mxolod IX-X ss-dan
TandaTan Sevida erTian qarTul-erovnulSi.
Znelia, aseT Camoyalibebul sistemas, sayovelTao samecniero mimarTulebas daupirispiro axali azri, magram Cemi mosazrebis mxaresaa erovnuli
istoriografia _ moqcevai qarTlisai, qarTlis cxovreba, yvela saeklesio da saero saistorio wyaro, Seqmnilni XIX s-mde, da aseve ucxouri
wyaroebic.
macxovari brZanebs _ `Tu samefo Tavisive Tavis winaaRmdeg daiyofa,
is samefo veR ar gaZlebs~ (mark. 3,24).
es Seexeba Cvens saeklesio mTlianobasac. amJamad saeklesio separatizmi
afxazeTSi, da ara marto iq, gamalebiT eZebs Teoriebs saerTaSoriso asparezze gasatanad, raTa gaamarTlos Tavisi arakanonikuri qmedebebi, amave
dros Cveni mecnierebi Cveni eklesiis mTlianobisaTvis saSiS Sexedulebebs
saerTaSoriso organoebiT avrceleben viTarca erTaderT da WeSmarit Teorias. es xels ar uwyobs saeklesio mTlianobas, ver gaZlebs is samefo,
romelic daiyofa Tavisi Tavis winaaRmdeg. rogorc iTqva, aq gamosavali aris
yurisgdeba Rrma samecniero Tvalsazrisisa, rom `Zveli saeklesio mamebis
Semecneba migviTiTebs wmida ninos epoqidanve dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio mTlianobis Sesaxeb~. - werda ivane javaxiSvili.

1. saeklesio geografia

n. adoncis sityviT saeklesio geografia gvaZlevs saSualebas dadgindes

335

lazTa saepiskoposo kaTedrebis adgilmdebareoba.

prokofi kesarielis cnobiT VI saukuneSi `lazTa episkoposebis~ iurisdiqciaSi moqceuli iyo Woroxsa da rizes Soris mcxovrebi `erTi tomi~
(georgika, II, gv.125), magram, am lazTa episkopoebis ZirTadi iurisdiqcia
cxadia lazTa eparqiaze vrceldeboda.
lazikis eparqia, n.adoncis kvlevis Tanxmad, moicavda istoriul qarTul
miwa-wyals, romelsac Semdgom qaldiis Temi ewoda, esaa Tanamedrove ardasatorul-giumiuSxanes regioni, Zveli Wanika. n.adoncis kvleviT iustinianemde
aq mdebareobdnen lazikis eparqiis ziganas, rodopolisis, saisinisa da petras
saepiskoposoebi (e.i. trapezuntsa da Teodosopoliss Soris). SemdgomSi
istoriuli lazikis es miwa-wyali iustinianem Seiyvana I armeniis provinciaSi, magram mas eklesiurad kvlav Zveli saxeli darCa (saeklesio wreebSi
uwodes ara I armeniis eparqia, aramed SeinarCuna Zveli saxeli - `saepiskoposoebi `lazikaSi~). n. adoncis sityviT, amis mizezi iyo is, rom saeklesio
dayofa gamoirCeoda didi mdgradobiT da man ar asaxa samoqalaqo administraciuli sazRvrebis Semdgomi cvlilebebi.
KZveli administraciuli dayofis suraTi eklesiaSi ucvlelad darCa,
amitomac saeklesio nusxebSi ar aisaxa iustinianes provinciuli sazRvrebis
cvlilebebi (. , , 1908, gv. 90). ase
SeinarCuna miwa-wylis Zveli saxeli lazikis eparqiam.
Zveli lazikis erTi nawili iyo `Wanika~, romelsac adre `qaldea~ erqva.
iustinianes Semdgom es saxeli kvlav daubrunda am provincias _ `qaldeas
Temi~. rogorc iTqva, aq yofila lazikis eparqiis saepiskoposoebi ziganidan
karnu-qalaqamde (karinamde), e.i. saisinis, rodopolisis da petras saepiskoposoebi. am miwa-wylis saxeli iyo aseve fasiani, SesaZloa im mizezis gamo, rom
Kkarin-basianis (fasiani) provinciis gverdiT mdebareobda.
arabebisgan Kkarin-basianis vrceli qveynis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg bizantiam basianis qalkedonituri saepiskopoebic lazikis (fasianis) eparqiaSi
Seiyvana da mis centrad aqcia trapezunti, maSasadame, trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Sedioda mimdebare miwa-wyali trapezunt-vanis tbis mimarTulebiT,
romelic Seicavda istoriul Wanikas, spersa da basians, rogorc VII msoflio krebis trapezunteli mitropolitis xelmoweridan Cans 787 wlisaTvis mas hqonda tituli ,,mitropoliti fasidisa" e.i. fasisisa.
maSasadame saeklesio geografiam (n.adoncis sityvebia) TviT iustinianes
brZanebiT Semoinaxa da SeinarCuna Tavdapirveli saxelmwifo administraciuli dayofis (imperator Teodosis epoqis) droindeli saxelebi erT-erTi
iyo eparqia lazikeSi.
2. lazikis samitropolitos geografiuli areali

sad mdebareobda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis samitropolito?

XX s-is qarTuli istoriografiis mixedviT, es sakiTxi TiTqosda garkveuli
iyo, rac asaxulia mraval gamokvlevaSi. aRiarebuli azriT, is dasavleT
saqarTveloSi mdebareobda, magram upirvelesi wyaros, konstantinopolis sa336

patriarqos saepiskoposoTa nusxebis monacemebi ar eTanxmeba am Tvalsazriss.

kerZod, umravles nusxaSi CamoTvlilia lazikaSi mdebare trapezuntis samitropolitos Semdegi kaTedrebi: 1. xeriani; 2. xamaZuri (xamuzuri, xamazri,
xamatozuri); 3. xaxei (xali, xaioni, xalxevi); 4. pai perti (pai peri); 5.
keramevi; 6. lerioni; 7. bizana (bizanti); 8. xaviZiti; 9. xanZiorZi; 10.
olnuti; 11. fasiani; 12. (to)sermanZi; 13. andaki; 14. zarinaki (georgika, IV,
nawili II, 1952, gv. 185). es saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen miwa-wyalze trapezuntidan vanis tbamde.
es sia asaxavs ZiriTadad IX-X saukuneTa viTarebas. maSasadame, miwawyalze, romelsac konstantinopoli uwodebda lazi kas, ganlagebuli
iyo trapezuntis samitropo lito Tavisi 14 kaTedriT da Cveni ganxilvis sagania moviZioT am kaTedrebis geografiuli ganlageba. rogorc cnobilia, bizantiur samyaroSi saepiskoposo centrebi xalxmraval qalaqebSi arsdeboda, Sesabamisad, lazikis CamoTvlili kaTedrebi albaT mniSvnelovan qalaqebSi
mdebareobdnen.
aRniSnul cxrilebSi (noticiebSi) ucvlelad meordeba iseTi kaTedrebis
saxelwodebebi, rogoricaa lerioni, olnuti, andaki da sxva. am saxelis mqone
qalaqebis adgilmdebareoba cnobilia. kerZod, lerioni iyo trapezuntis
mTianeTSi, misgan daaxloebiT 70km-iT daSorebuli. andaki Teodosiopolissa
da kars (yarss) Sua iyo, xolo olnuti araqsisa da evfratis saTaveebTan
axlos. yvelani isini ganlagebulni iyvnen im qveyanaSi, romelsac romaelebi
ufro metad armenias uwodebdnen, magram iqve, araqsis iqiT miuTiTebdnen
iberiis sazRvars. erTi sityviT, isini mdebareobdnen vanis tbasa da trapezunts Soris. xom ar iyvnen am regionSi sxva saepiskoposoebic lazikis
eparqiisa?
cxadia, aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi qalkedonurni iyvnen, amave dros, armeniad saxelwodebul qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen. amis gamo Cvenma Ziebam moiTxova
gavcnobodiT istoriul somxeTSi qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebis ganlagebas.
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli ZiriTadi gamokvlevebi ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia
moskovSi dastambul `pravaslavnaia enciklopediis~ III tomSi. am tomis
statiaSi `somexi qalkedonitebi~ CamoTvlilia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali eparqiebi, maT Soris aRniSnuli lerionisa da sxva kaTedrebi da aRniSnulia, rom isini mdebareobdnen
`somxur miwebze~.
`pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ am Tvalsazrisisagan mTlianad gansxvavdeba
berZnul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli faqtebi, magaliTad, konstantinopolis
noticiebSi anu wy aroebSi, maT uwodebdnen `saepiskoposoebs lazikaSi~ da ara `armeniaSi~, aRniSnul statias Tan axlavs ruka, romelzec
TiTqmis yvela im saepiskoposos mdebareobaa aRniSnuli, romlebic noticiebiT `lazikis samitropolitos~ ganekuTnebodnen (ix. statia `~ (. ., . III, ., 2001). rukaze, rogorc iTqva, aRniSnulia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos trapezuntis, aseve ekelesenis, xorZenesa
da taronis samitropolitoebis, aseve antioqiis sapatriarqos Teodosiopolisis
(karinis) eparqiis marTlmadidebluri (qalkedonuri) kaTedrebi.
CvenTvis saintereso rukaze mravali saepiskoposos adgilmdebareobaa aRniS337

nuli, romelic trapezuntis e.w. lazikis samitropolitoSi imyofeboda. aRniSnulia noticiebSi CamoTvlili lerionis, Sarianis (xerianis), bizanas, baiberdis (pai pertis), olnutis, andakis, xaxis (xaxeis), xanZiorZis (xorZena?) da
sxva saepiskoposoebi, da isini ganlagebulni arian trapezuntidan TiTqmis
vanis tbamde.
aqedan Cans, rom X-XI s-is dasawyisidan eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT
konstantinopoli lazikas uwodebda vrcel mxares v anis tbidan trapezuntamde, sadac aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi iyvn en ganlagebulni.
ismis kiTxva _ ratom unda ewodebina konstantinopols am vrceli teritoriisTvis (vanis tbis momijnave qveynebidan trapezuntis CaTvliT) lazika?
marTlac, aRniSnul miwa-wyalze mravali marTlmadidebluri saepiskoposo
iyo, maT Soris iseTebic, romelnic mcxeTis sapatriarqos eqvemdebarebodnen.
magaliTad, arc Tu Sors vanis tbidan, iyo valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposo, konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semaval andakis kaTedridan arc Tu
moSorebiT iyvnen anisisa da karis qarTuli saepiskoposoebi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT konstantinopoli `lazikas~ uwodebda vrcel teritorias, romelnic qarTul wyaroebSi moixsenebian
viTarca `zemoni qveyanani~, taosa da vanis tbas Soris moqceuli teritoria.
qarTuli `zemo qveynebisa~ da mimdebare miwa-wyals rom moicavda konstantinopolis samitropolito lazikaSi, iqidanac Cans, rom aqaa ganlagebuli misi saepiskoposoebis mniSvnelovani nawili, magaliTad andakis kaTedra _
mdinare araqsze (mis zemo welSi), manaskertTan axlos, evfratis saTaveSi
mdebare olnutis kaTedra. TiTqmis `zemo qveynebis~ miwa-wyalze mdebareobdnen bizanasa da xorZenes saepiskoposoebi, xolo baiberdis, xaxis, kerCanisisa, xerianisa da lerionis saepiskoposoebi istoriul spersa, WaneTsa da
mimdebare miwebze mdebareobdnen. mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnuli `zemo qveynebi~,
anu taosa da vanis tbas Soris moqceuli miwa-wyali bizantiam CamoarTva
saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-is dros, iq Camoyalibebul marTlmadideblur
samitropolitosTvis `lazikis eparqia~ uwodebiaT. unda aRiniSnos, rom
TiTqmis mis momcvel teritoriaze, aseve Camoayalibes bizantiuri samoqalaqo
administraciuli erTeuli `iberiis Temi~, anu is miwebi, r omlebic arabobamde `armeniad~ iwodeboda, X saukunis Semdeg eklesiurad lazikad,
administraciulad iberiad da qaldead iwoda _ vani s tbidan trapezu ntam de .
maSasadame, zemoT aRniSnuli monacemebidan gamomdinare, unda davaskvnaT:
konstantinopolis sapatriarqo IX-X saukuneebSi lazikas uwodebda vrcel
mxares trapezuntidan vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, sadac trapezuntis samitropolitos kaTedrebi iyvnen ganlagebulni. am vrceli miwa-wylis SuagulSi
saTaves iRebs iseTi cnobili mdinareebi, rogorica araqsi da evfrati. es
miwa-wyali istor iulad qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, swored
amis anarekli, anda realuri viTarebis gadmocemis Sedegia is, rom
konstantinopolis sapatriarqom `lazika~ uwoda aRniSnul miwa-wyals, amiT xazi gaesva mis mcxovrebTa eTnikur vinaobas. saxelwodebebi `lazikis eparqia~ da `iberiis Temi~ aRniSnul dros warmoaCens
338

realur suraTs, r om bizantiam cno vanis tbidan an isamde da trapezuntamde mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikuri vinaoba _ maTi qarTveloba,
radganac iqamde, kerZod ki arabobamde, am miwa-wyals bizantia oficialurad
`armenias~ uwodebda. arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, rac somxur eklesias ukve
unari aRar Seswevda Tavisi zewola ganexorcielebina mkvidr qarTvelebze,
IX-X ss-Si, gamo cocxlda iqamde Sesustebuli eTnikuri TviTSemecneba iqauri mkvidri qarTvelebisa, amitom ac arabebisagan gaTavisuflebul miwa-wyalze bizantielebs daxvda sxva suraTi _ mkvidri mosaxleobis mniSvnelov ani nawili, mcxovrebni evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebSi, vidre v anis tbamde da anisamde, mkveTrad acxadebda, rom
eTnikurad iyvnen ara somxebi, aramed qarTvelebi. iyo Tu ara amisaTvis safuZveli? saqme isaa, rom aRniSnuli miwa-wyali imTaviTve
qarTuli iyo. misi istoriuli warsulis Sesaxeb wers pavle ingoroyva _
`antikuri xanis saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT irkveva, rom antikur xanaSi,
vidre II-I ss-mde Zveli welTaRricxvisa, qarTuli tomebi T dasaxlebuli
iyo ara mxolod mtkvrisa da Woroxis xeobebi, aramed qarTvel tomebs
eWiraT agreTve araqsisa da evfratis xeobaTa zemo weli, saxeldobr,
xorZene, pariadris mTianeTi (mardaliis zona), basian is mxareni, araqsis saspereTi... karini, derWani, akileseni, muZuri (antitavrosis mxare,
ix. straboni, wigni XI, Tavi XVI, 5, qsenefonte, anabasisi, wigni IV, Tavi VI, 5,
VII, 8, 25). ... strabonis cnobiT, umravlesoba am provinciebisa saqarTvelom
dakarga politikurad II-I ss-Si Zv. welTaRricxvisa, rodesac somxeTma gaavrcela Tavisi gavlena evfratisa da araqsis xeobaTa am seqtorebze. I s-Si
axali welTaRricxvisa, rodesac iberiam did politikur Zlierebas miaRwia,
man SeZlo isev daebrunebina es qveynebi. plinius sekundis cnobebidan irkveva, rom I saukunis 60-ian wlebSi iberiis farglebSi Sedioda rogorc
mesxeTis qveyana (romelic am dros moicavda zemo mtkvrisa da Woroxis
xeobebs da araqsis auzis sanapiro zonas), ise amis mezobeli pontos qarTuli tomebis (xalibebis jgufis) teritoria evfratis xeobaSi. es teritoriebi moqceulia iberiis farglebSi, rogorc I saukuneSi, ise II s-is pirvel
naxevarSi, rodesac iberia Zlierebis zenits aRwevs. momdevno xanaSi iberia
isev hkargavs am qveynebs. mas Semdeg iwyeba am mxareTa TandaTanobiT eTnikuri gadagvareba, Tumca saSualo saukuneTa dasawyisSi (yovel SemTxvevaSi
VII saukunemde, rogorc es irkveva wyaroebidan), am qveynebs jer kidev
hqoniaT SerCenili qarTuli saxe. saqarTvelo ar Serigebia am mxareTa
dakargvas da saSualo saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelo cdilobda SemoeerTebina araqsis da evfratis xeobebSi mdebare es adrindeli qarTuli mxareebi.
es aris swored is `zemoni qveyanani~, romlis Semomtkicebasac cdilobda
qarTvelTa samefo X-XI saukuneebSi da romlis gamoc qarTvelTa samefos
konfliqti hqonda bizantiis imperiasTan~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule,
1954, gv. 517).
maSasadame, II-I saukuneebSi aRniSnuli miwa-wyali, romelzec Semdgom X
saukunisaTvis ganlagebuli iyo trapezuntis samitropolitos kaTedrebi _
dasaxlebuli iyo qarTuli tomebiT, marTalia, isini moeqcnen armeniaSi da
iqauri mkvidri qarTveloba (igulisxmeba vanis tbidan trapezuntamde mcx339

ovrebi mosaxleoba), ganicdida erovnul da enobriv Seviwroebas, magram p.

ingoroyvas kvleviT, maT mainc VII s-mde SeunarCunebiaT qarTulenovneba. Cven
SegviZlia davamatoT, rom qarTuli mosaxleobis arcTu umniSvnelo nawilma
kidev ufro didxans SeinarCuna sakuTari erovneba. amas miuTiTebs 1. konstantine porfirogenetis xazgasmiTi miTiTebani, rom Teodosiopolisis (kariniskarnuqalaqis da misi Semogarenis) mosaxleoba TiTqmis naxevari saukune uwevda did winaaRmdegobas bizantiur jarebs, qarTvelebi ki maT icavden, ar
anebebdnen blokadas, roca bizantielebi moiTxovdnen maT faqtiurad SimSiliT
amoxocvas. 2. aRniSnul miwa-wyalze qarTuli saepiskoposoebis daarseba; 3. am
adgilebidan gamosuli qarTveli berebis mudmivi miTiTebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom
isini eTnikurad arian qarTvelebi, rom isini ar arian somxebi (magaliTad,
roca giorgi mTawmidelis epoqaSi antioqiis patriarqs moaxsenes iqauri
iberTa monastris berebis Sesaxeb _ `ara vuwyiT qarTvelni arian Tu somexni~, wmida mamis mier maTi qarTvelobis mtkiceba); 5. qarTuli toponimebisa da
hidronimebis bolo dromde arseboba; 6. aRniSnuli mxareebidan gamosuli
qarTvelebis didi Zalisxmeva, rom qarTuli wmida wignebidan aRmoefxvraT
somxuridan redaqtirebis yovelgvari nakvalevi 7. Zlieri qarTulenovani
samrevloebis arseboba. magaliTad, Cven viciT, Tu ra didi gavlena da wona
hqonda valaSkertel episkopos zaqarias, rom is bizantiis samefo karze
icavda qarTvelTa uflebebs imiT, rom cdilobda bizantia-saqarTvelos morigebas.
vfiqrob, rom valaSkertis qarTveli mrevli rom ar yofiliyo mravalricxovani da Zlieri, misi mRvdelmTavaric ar iqneboda iseTi gavlenis mqone, rogoric
iyo zaqaria, anda anisis qarTuli mrevlis mravalricxovneba da siZliere.
anisSi qarTuli mrevli mravalricxovani rom iyo da moicavda mosaxleobis
dabal fenebsac, Cans am qalaqis eklesiis kedlis warweridan. qarTlis kaTalikosi ar CaTvlida saWirod anisSi sagangebod Casvlas da misi umniSvnelo
mrevlisa da misi samRvdeloebis morigebas. amasTan, man am regionSi mravali
sxva qarTuli eklesiebic akurTxa. marTalia, anisi daSorebulia valaSkerts,
magram aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT berZen-romael avtorTa cnobebi, rom iberielebsa da armenielebs erT dros araqsi hyofdaT, maSasadame, araqsis marcxena
sanapiroze, maT Soris anisSi, qarTuli mosaxleoba mkvidri eTnosi iyo, maTi iq
cxovreba bunebrivad unda CaiTvalos. Seiyvana kidec bizantiam anisi iberiis
TemSi, xolo mis samxreTiT mdebare teritoria _ lazikis saeklesio TemSi.
sabWoTa periodSi sxva Tvalsazrisi Camoyalibda. TiTqosda IX-X s-Si
moxda qarTizacia _ gaqarTveleba mTeli am mxareebis, `klarjeTisa da taosi
(maTi azriT, valaSkertis, yarsisa da anisis mosaxleobisac), aseve mTeli
dasavleT saqarTvelosi (imJamindeli afxazeTisa) da hereT-qvemo qarTlisa.
ra Zala unda hqonoda arabebis saamiros gavlenis sferoSi moqceul Sida
qarTls, rom aseTi qarTizaciis procesi ganexorcielebina masze 10-jer da
20-jer ufro did mxareebSi klarjeTidan _ valaSkert-vanis tbamde, lixidan
_ nikofsiamde da bodbedan _ Samaxamde maSin, roca arabTa mier dapyrobili
Sida qarTli arc ki iyo politikuri erTeuli, xolo aRniSnuli mxareebi
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen. sinamdvileSi, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg am mxareebSi aRorZinda iqamde iq minavlebuli
erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecneba.
340

3. miwa-wyali

lazikis eparqiisa

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos trapezuntis samitropolito lazikeSi,

rogorc iTqva, mdebareobda miwa-wyalze trapezuntidan TiTqmis vanis tbamde,
radganac aq mdebareobdnen misi kaTedrebi andakisa, olnutisa, xorZenasi,
bizanasi, pai pertisa (baiberdisa), lerionisa da sxva. rogorc TviT samitropolitos saxeli `lazika~ uCvenebs, konstantinopols miaCnda, rom aRniSnuli miwa-wyali eTnikuri qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom trapezuntidan vidre vanis tbamde areali qarTvelTa sacxovrisi
yofiliyo? p. ingoroyvas miaCnda, rom `saqarTvelos interesebi am mxareTa
mimarT imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom `aRmosavleTis~ es teritoriebi (`zemoni
qveyanani~), mdebare evfratisa da araqsis xeobaTa zemo nawilebSi (kariniTeopolisis mxare, basiani da mimdgomi Temebi), antikur xanaSi saqarTvelosTan
iyvnen dakavSirebulni, qarTveli tomebiT iynen dasaxlebulni, qarTveli
saxelmwifo m oRvaweebi m i znad isaxavdnen saqarTvelos Zveli istoriuli teritorieb is gaerTianebas qarTvelTa same fos farglebSi~ (p.
ingoroyva, g. merCule, 1954, gv. 65).
`aRmosavleTis qveynebze~, anu teritoriebze (Teodosiopolisidan (arzrumidan) vanis tbamde) bizantia rom aRiarebda qarTvelTa uflebebs, miuTiTebs
is xelSekrulebebi, romelic ideboda bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris,
romlis mixedviTac iberielebs SeeZloT arab ebis mier daWerili Teodosiopolisis da `aRmosavleTis~ yvela im qalaqebis daWera, romelTac
gaaTavisuflebdnen (iqve, gv. 65).
male qarTulma laSqarma did warmatebas miaRwia. aRniSnuli miwa-wylis
qalaqebisa da soflebis mosaxleobas qarTuli laSqari yovelmxriv exmareboda, Tavis mxriv madlieri mosaxleoba emxrobo da qarTul jars da
did winaaRmdegob as uwevda bizantiurs TviT kons tantine porfirogenetis sityviT. sabolood, bizantiam daadgina sazRvari saqarTvelosTan
konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi (X s-is Sua wlebSi). iberia-bizantiis sazRvari gadioda md. araqsze. imperatori TviTonve wers _ `sazRvrad
basianis (fasiani s) mxareSi dadgenilia mdinare ar aqsi anu fasisi;
iberielebis samflobelod rCeba marcxena (CrdiloeTi) nawili, romelic
akravs iberias, xolo marjvena nawili (samxreTi) , romelic akravs
Teodosiopoliss, Tavisi cixeebiTa da soflebiT ue rTdeba Cvens sabrZanebels (bizan tias). ase rom, mdinare dadgenil ia sazRvrad am or
samflobelos Soris~ (iqve, gv. 66). magram qarTuli mxare amiT ar dakmayofilda da eZebda saSualebas, raTa vanis tbis mimdebare qveynebic gaeTavisuflebina. es mimarTuleba saocnebo da saintereso iyo qarTvelebisaTvis,
radganac araqs-evfrat-vanistbispira m kvidr mosaxleobas gaumZafrda
erovnuli TviTSem ecneba, maT ukve eZleodaT saSu aleba daufaravad
ganecxadebinaT, r om eTnikurad da erovnulad qarTve lebi iyvnen. amitom ac qarT ul laSq arsa da qarTul saxelm wifos aq yvela gza
exsneboda mkvidri mosaxl eobis mxardaWeris gamo . bizantiamac gadawyvita barda skliarosis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg es mxareebi gadaeca
saqarTvelosaTvis, kerZod, ki gadasca daviT did kurapalats _ qarTvelTa
341

mefes. `saxeldobr, saqarTvelos X saukunis bolos SemouerTda Semdegi

provinciebi: 1. TviT Teodosiopoli anu karini (Tanamedrove arzrumi), Tavisi TemiT, romelic dasavle T evfratis xeobaSi mdebareobs; 2.
cixe xaltoi-ariWi da masTan mdebare klisura am ave dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi; 3 . Cormairis Temi _ mdinare Woroxi s saTaveebTan; 4.
samxreT basianis Temi mdinare araqsis xeobaSi; 5. c ixe sevuki Tavisi
TemiT (mardaliis kantoni) mdinare araqsis saTaveebT an; 6. harqisa da
7. apahunis prov nciebi aRmosavleT evfratis (ar awanis) xeobaSi (ix.
asoRiki, 1883, gv. 192)~ (iqve, gv. 67).
978-990 wlebSi, Cans, imis gamo, rom valaSkertisa d a bagrevandis
vinaoba gamoRviZebulma qarTvelobam mii patiJa, qarTulma jarma SemoierTa aRmosavleT evfratis xeobis miwebi (iqve, gv. 67).
990 wels amave xeobaSi qarTvelebma aiRes qalaqi manaskerti da aqedan
musulmanebi gandevnes, qalaqi ara marto somxebiT, aramed adgilobrivi
qarTvelebiTac dausaxlebiaT. taodan klarjeTidan da, miTumetes, Sida qarTlidan iseT daSorebul, vanis tbasTan mdebare qalaqSi qarTvelebs ver Camoasaxlebdenen, amitomac asoRikis cnoba, rom qarTvelTa samefom qalaqi
manaskerti qarTvelebiT daasaxla, unda miuTiTebdes, am qalaqis mimdebare soflebSi qarT velebic cxovrobdnen , iqve, valaSkertis qarTuli
saepiskoposos arseboba am faqts adasturebs. valaSkertis saepiskoposo
mravali saukune arsebobda, rac miuTiTebs, rom mi si mrevli maxlobel qalaqebsa da so flebSic cxovrobda.
`X saukunis 90-ian wlebSi qarTvelTa samefos sazRvrebma vanis tbamde
miaRwia. 997 wels qarTvelebma alya Semoartyes vanis tbis napiras mdebare
mniSvnelovan qalaq xlaTs, 998 wels qarTvelebma ukuaqcies musulmanTa
didi koalicia da qarTvelTa samefos sazRvari miitanes qalaq arWeSis
sanaxebamde (vanis tbis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiromde) (iqve, gv. 68).
qarTulma jarma X saukuneSi gm irulad gaaTavisufla dampyroblebisagan erovnuli ter itoriebi vanis tbamde , magram es mouTmeneli
aRmoCnda bizantiisaTvis. male, mefe giorgi I-is dros, bizantiam qarTuli
jaris mier gaTavisuflebuli aRniSnuli miwa-wyali saqarTvelos CamoarTva
da Tavis imperiaSi Seiyvana, ramac asaxva hpova saeklesio sferozec, -am
miwa-wyalze arsebuli saepiskoposoebi moeqca konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi, kerZod ki lazikis samitropolitoSi.

4. lazikis samitropolitos teritoriebis zrda

arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, e.w. `dasavleT armeniis~ didi nawili bizantiam

dakarga. mis xelSi iyo mxolod sanapiro miwa-wyali. VIII-IX saukuneebidan,
arabTa gandevnis kvaldakval gaTavisuflebul qalaqebSi Camoyalibda mravali saepiskoposo. konstantinopolma gadawyvita Camoeyalibebina axali eparqia trapezuntiT saTaveSi. amisTvis man daaarsa `trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~. am axali samitropolitos teritoria gadaWimuli iyo trapezuntis momijnave mTianeTSi, yofil Wanika-speris mxares. is TandaTanobiT
342

farTovdeboda gaTavisuflebuli qalaqebis SemoerTebis kvaldakval. mas, rogorc

aRiniSna, ewoda `samitropolito lazikaSi~. masSi Sevida basianis mxare, vanis
tbis momijnave teritoriebi, erTi sityviT, masSi moeqca yofili e.w. `fasisis~, anu fasianis eparqia, romelic iqamde zigana-Teodosiopolisis ares
moicavda (masSi Sevida yofili petriosis (TeodosiopolisTan axlos?), rodopolisis, saisinis (abaSis mTasTan mdebare qalaqis) da ziganas saepiskoposoebi). axla ukve am Zveli qalaqebis adgilas axali qalaqebi iyvnen aRmocenebulni, axali saxelebiT, maT garda lazikis eparqiaSi mravali qalaqis
saepiskoposo moeqca TviT vanis tbamde.
ekles iuri Tvals azrisiT T avdapirvel ad `lazika~ erqva trapezuntis momijnave mT ianeTis qveyanas, mas erqva eparqia lazikaSi, is
moicavda am mcire qveyanas, magram mas Semdeg, rac samitropolitos
sazRvrebSi TviT vanis tbac ki moeqca, mTel vrce l eparqias mieca
saxeli lazikisa da `samitropolito lazikaSi~ ewoda da daeqvemdebara trapezuntis mitropolits.
SemdgomSi, 1204 w., bizantiis teritoriaze Camoyalibda `trapizonis samefo, romelic ZiriTadad qarTveluri tomebiT _ lazebiT iyo dasaxlebuli~
(saq. istoriis narkvevebi, III, gv. 602).
5. trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposo kaTedrebi
georgikis mixedviT
(georgika, nakveTi II, 1952, gv. 185)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

xeriani;
9. xaviZiti;
xamaZuri (xamatoZuri);
10. (to) sermanZi;
pai perti (pai perti);
11. olnuti;
keramevi;
12. a ndaki;
lerioni;
13. fasiani;
bizana (bizanti);
14. sakabis;
zarnaki;
15. xanZiorzi.
xaxei (xali, xaioni, xalxevi);
6. trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi
-s mixedviT
(`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ t. III, 2001, gv. 328)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Sari ani
ke lkiti
sarCam aZori
baiber di
ker Cani si
leri oni
mananaRi
bizana
Ze rnaki

10.
11.
12.
13.
14 .
15.
16.
17.
18.

mcu rni
xaxi
xavC iCi
se rm an ci
el anc ber di
andaki
bas eni
su kave ti
xanti er ci
343

7. trapezuntis mitropolia lazikeSi da

e.w. somex-qalkedonitTa kaTedrebi

,,pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ (2001, t. III) statia `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ Seexeba trapezuntis samitropolitos, maSin, roca mas dedanSi anu noticiebSi
oficialurad ewodeba `lazikeSi trapezuntis mitropolia~ (ix. georgika, IV,
naw. II, gv. 185) miuxedavad amisa, statiaSi isini mainc somxur saepiskoposoebad miiCneva: `ukve VI-VII saukuneebSi arsebobdnen somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebi mcire armeniaSi, isini Sediodnen bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoebis Xs. dasawyisis nusxaSi moyvanilia saxelwodebebi marTlmadidebluri kaTedrebisa somxur miwa-wyalze.
trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Sedioda saepiskoposoebi Sariani da kelkiti
md. gailgetze (Tanamedrove kelkiti), sarCamaZori karinis axlos, baiberdi,
kerCanisi, lerioni, mananali, bizana, Zenaki, mcurni, xaxi, xavCiCi, sermanci, elancberdi,
andaki, basen, suskavet, xantierci. ekelesenis, xorZenasa da taronis samitropolitoebSi Sedioda 21 saepiskoposo kaTedra, maT Soris xorZena. taroni,
muSi, xaciuni, mancikerti (manaskerti), arWeSi, arcke, amiuki, berkri,
vostani~(,,pravoslavnaia enciklopedia", t.III, 2001, gv.300).
georgikaSi dabeWdili noticiebis mixedviT VII s. epifane kvi prelis
Sedgenili nusxa ki aseTia:
17. polemonis pontoSi (neokesariis mitropolia)
episkoposebi
1. trapezuntisa
2. kerasuntisa
3. polemonionisa
4. komanisa
mitropoliti
27. lazikeSi
fasidis=fasisis mitropoliti
episkoposebi:
1. rodopolisisa
2. saesinis (abisenisa)
3. petrisa
4. ziganasi
yvela noticiis SejerebiT miRebulia:
mitropoliti
33. trapezuntis metropolia lazikeSi, lazikisa (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv.
184)
episkoposebi
1) xerianis
9)
xaviZitis
2) xamaZuris (xamatoZuris)
10) xanZiorzis
3) xaxeis (xalis, xaonis, xalxevis) 11)
olnutis
4) pai peris (pai pertis)
12) fasianis
5) keramevis
13)
(to)serman Zis
344

6)
7)
8)

lerionis
bizanis (bizantis)
sakabis

14)
15)

andakis
zarinakis

rogorc vxedavT, lazikis saepiskoposoebis momcvel miwa-wyals somexi

mecnierebi uwodeben ,,armenias" da piriqiT bizantiuri saeklesio geografia
mas uwodebs ,,lazikas", amitomac unda gairkves lazikisa da armeniis geografiuli
urTierTmimarTeba. am sakiTxis rkvevas eZRvneba qvemoT sxvadasxva Tavebi
8. I-V ss-Si lazika erqva trapezuntis
samxreT-aRmosavleT mTianeTs

`trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~, berZnuli kaTedraTa nusxebis

Tanaxmad, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, moicavda Semdeg saepiskoposoebs _
xeriani, xamuzuri, xalxevi, pai peri, keramevi, lerioni , bizanti, sakabi,
xaviZiti, xanZior zi, olnuti, fasiani, tosermanZi, andaki da zarnaki
(georgika, IV, nakv. II, 19 52, gv. 185, noticia III).
imave X saukunis Xa noticiis mixedviT, esenia: xeriani, xamazri,
xaioni, pai perti, keramevi, lerioni da bizani- saepiskoposoebi
lazikaSi.
`pravoslavnaia encikolopediaSi~ dabeWdili e.w. `somxurqalkedonuri~ eparqiebis rukis mixedviT, es saepiskoposoebi ase
iwodebian: lerioni, Sariani, gaili, kerCanisi, xaxi, baiberdi,
bizana, xorZeni, olnuti, mrcuni, xaciuni da sxva. (ix. `pravosl.
encik. III, 2001, gv. 328).
aqedan absoluturad emTxveva saxelebi 1) lerioni; 2) bizana; 3) olnuti
da sxva.
ganvixiloT am Tanxvedril saepiskoposoTa adgilmdebareoba. isini ganlagebulni iyvnen trapezunt-nikopolis-sevastia-martiropolisis SemaerTebeli gzis (trapezunt-vanis tbis gzis) ekonomikur regionSi, romelSic
CarTuli iyo Teodosiopolisic.
gza trapezuntidan gaivlida WaneTis raionSi, gadakveTda md. kelkits, Sevidoda evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebis momcvel basianis (fasianis) regionSi da
miuaxlovdeba vanis tbas _ gzasTan iyvnen ganlagebulni aRniSnuli `lazikis~
saepiskoposoebi, lazika noticiebis mixedviT aris regioni^- trapezuntWanika-basiani, somxuri X saukunis dasaxelebiT esenia karinis (karnu-qalaqis
_ arzrumis) da kaisikis, anu basianis regionebi. maSasadame, trapezuntis
samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi mdebareobdnen trapezuntvanis tbis vrcel regionSi. am regionSi Sedis Wanikac. Cven gamovikvlieT
ratom erqva am regions `lazika~ da berZnuli saeklesio geografia ratom
arqmevda mas lazikis qveyanas. rogorc aRiniSna, saeklesio geografia asaxavda
IV-V ss-is viTarebas, im epoqas, sanam iustiniane dai pyrobda trapezuntis
Crdilo zRvispira _ mxareebs da daaarsebda qalaq petras. `lazebi~ wyaroebSi pirvelad ixseniebian Zv. w. I saukuneSi memnonis `herakles istoriaSi~; mis cnobebs lazebis Sesaxeb imeorebdnen pliniusi, ptolemaiosi,
345

ariane. lazebi maT mixedviT dasaxlebulni Canan trapezuntis midamoebSi, iq, sadac straboni asaxelebs sanebs.
g. meliqiSvilis mosazrebiT, laz ebi samx reT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis mTianeTidan Semdeg gadasaxldnen kolxeTis
sanapiro zolSi _. isini erevian baris Zvel, eniT axlos mdgom
`mosaxleobas~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, q. SoSiaSvilis
komentari, gv. 38).
maSasadame, I-V ss-Si lazika erqva trapizonis samxreT-aRmosavleT
mTianeTs, i ustini anes dapyrobaT a kvald akval l azika daerqva mis
mezobel sanapi ro mxaresac, e.i. saeklesio geografia asaxavda Zvel I-V
ss.-Ta viTarebas.
9. ratom ewoda trapezuntis eparqias
`samitropolito lazikaSi~

noticiebis mixedviT, `trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~ moicavda

trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT vanis tbis mimarTulebiT gadaSlil vrcel mxares. ratom ewoda mas (am mxares) eklesiurad lazika?
Zveli berZnuli da laTinuri wyaroebiT, trapezunti kolxebis qveyanaSi
agebuli qalaqi iyo. is kolxebis miwaze dauarsebiaT sinopel moaxalSeneebs.
kolxebi, herodotes epoqaSi kidev ufro samxreTiT md. TermodontTan
cxovrobdnen. qsenefontes dros ki trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. es
is mimarTulebaa, sadac SemdgomSi lazikis samitropolitos iurisdiqcia
ganivrco.
qsenofonte fasianebs uwodebda md. araqsis, evfratis da Woroxis saTaveebSi mdebare qveynis mosaxleobas. marTlac, trapezuntidan arc Tu moSorebiT
iRebda saTaves mdinareebi Woroxi, evfrati da araqsi. samive am mdinares,
rogorc aRiniSna, saTaveebSi fasisi erqva, xolo iqaur mosaxleobas `fasianebi~. es saTaveebic, anu fasianTa qveyana (SemdgomSi mis erT nawils basiani,
berZnulad ki fasiani ewoda) lazikis eparqiaSi iyo moqceuli. rogorc
cnobilia, am mxareebSi iwyeboda mesxebis igive kolxebis sacxovrisi. mesxebisa da kolxebis eTnikuri erTgvarovnebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda qristeSobamde hekatos mileteli.
hekatos miletelis Tanaxmad, `kolxebi mosxebi arian~ (Hecat. fr. 185,188),
n. keWaymaZis sityviT, `kolxi mesxia, koraqsia, kolaa. mosxebi kolxTa tomia,
andria mociqulis aRweraSi `kolxni~ ar ixmareba. epifane konstantinopolelis TxzulebaSi (VIIIs) _ `andria mivida trapezuntSi, lazikis qalaqSi~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 225). kolxTa tomis Zlierebis
dacemis Semdeg qveyanaSi gabatondnen lazebi. prokofi kesarieli wers _
`zogierTi ambobs, rom trapezuntelTa mosazRvreni arian sanebi (Wanebi) an
kolxebi, sxvanairad lazebs rom eZaxian... kolxebi ki SeuZlebelia ar iyvnen
igive lazebi, vinaidan fasisis mdinareze mosaxleoben, xolo saxeli `kolxebi~ amJamad `lazTa~ saxelad Seicvala, werda prokofi, wignSi _ omi goTebTan,
VIII, 1. (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, n. keWaymaZis komentari, gv. 73). prokofi kesarielis am cnobiT lazebi iyvnen trapezuntelTa
mosazRvreni, e.i. lazebi prokofis dros trapezuntis regionSi cxovrobdnen.
346

maSasadame, yvela berZnuli wyaros cnobiT, kolxebi mosaxleobdnen trapezuntTan, kolxebs Semdeg lazebi ewodaT. lazikis eparq iis daarsebis
dros lazebi (igive ko lxebi, igive mosxebi) mos axleobdnen trapezuntis samxreTiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT vanis tbis mimarTulebiT,
amitomac aq daar sebuli mravali saepiskoposo Sem degSi gaerTianda
kidec lazikis s amitropolitoSi, romlis centri trapezunti iyo.
10. trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi da antioqiis
iurisdiqcia istoriul iberiaSi

cnobilia, rom lerionisa da bizanas saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen istoriul WaneTsa da mis mimdebare regionSi md. Woroxis da kelkitis (gailgetis) saTaveebSi, vidre arzrumamde (Teodosiopolisamde) _ am regionSi
mdebareobda Semdgomi giumiSxanec _ trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
mTian regionSi _ es iyo `lazika~ saeklesio geografiis mixedviT. aqve, amave
zolSia pai pertis (baiberdis) saepiskoposo.
`lazika~ (anu trapezuntis sam itropolito lazikaSi) moicavda
istoriul WaneTs da mis mo mijnave qarTul regionebs .
VII msoflio krebis xelismomweri trapezunteli mitropoliti ramdenjerme aRniSnavs krebis oqmSi, rom trapezunti da fazisi aris erTi da
igive qalaqi. is wers: `mi trop oli ti f asi disa an u trape zun tisa~ .
fasidi-fadisa-fasisi iyo mravali, erT-erTi yofila TviT trapezunti an
qalaqi trapezuntTan axlos. arabTa mier bizantiuri miwebis dapyrobis
dros fasisis samitropolitos zogierTi saepiskoposo qalaqi, moeqca arabTa mflobelobaSi. X saukunis bolos bizantiis imperiam daibruna teritoriebi aRmosavleTiT, magaliTad XI saukunis dasawyisSi baiberdis saepiksoposo, aseve lerionis saepiskoposo, magram bizanis da xorZenis saepiskoposoebi arabTa xelqveS iyo. am process asaxavda iurisdiqciac _ Sesabamisad imisa, Tu rogor farTovdeboda bizantiis imperia _ trapezuntis
samitropolitoc zrdida Tavisi qalaqebis ricxvs (ibrunebda am qalaqebs).
aRsaniSnavia, rom arabul miwebze mdebare saepiskoposoebi _ antioqiis
patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi eqceoda. magali Tad , taoSi kalmax is da f anaskertis saepiskoposoebi antioqiis xelqveS yofila. tao ki `qarTvelTa
samefos~ anu samxreT iberiis centraluri olqi iyo, iq Tu antioqias
Tavisi saepiskoposoebi hqonda, cxadia idavebda saqarTvelos eklesiasTan,
raTa SeenarCunebina Tavis iurisdiqciaSi es eparqiebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gaerTianebis procesis kvaldakval. am davis asaxvas unda warmoadgendes qarTlis cxovrebis cnobili CanarTebi VIII-XI ss-Si antioqiis mier
iveris eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobis Sesaxeb.
Cans antioqiam e.w. iveriis am qarTul miwa-wyalze Tavisi saepiskoposoebi daarsa arabobis epoqaSi. iqamdec es miwa-wyali bizantiis mier iyo xeldebuli.
safiqrebelia, rom arabebma taoSi konstantinopolis saqmianoba Seaferxes,
magram antioqia naklebad SezRudes, amitomac taoSi antioqiis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca kalmaxisa da fanaskertis saepiskoposoebi.
347

somxuri eklesia 726 wlis manaskertis krebis Semdeg mtkiced miemxro

monofizitur orientacias ramac gaaRiziana taos am saepiskopoTa marTlmadideblebi. isini gamovidnen somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciidan da eZebdnen
maxlobel marTlmadideblur centrs, raTa mis iurisdiqciaSi Sesuliyvnen.
aseTi ki aRmoCnda teritoriulad maTTvis uaxloesi arzrumis antioqiuri
saeklesio centri, romlis mecadineobiT kalmaxisa da fanaskertis marlmadidebluri eparqiebi aRmoCndnen antioqiis xelqveS.
xolo mas Semdeg rac vinaoba gaRviZebuli taos sxva samrevloebma
gadawyvites saqarTvelos eklesiasTan gaerTianeba kalmax-fanaskertis
samrevloebmac igive gadawyvites, anu gamosvla antioqiis iurisdiqciidan da Sesvla mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi; ramac daZabulobaTa mTeli procesebi warmoSva wm.giorgi mTawmi ndelis dros antioqiisa da saqarTvelos sapatriarqoebs Soris.
iSxnis taZris kedlis erTerTi warwera, rom erT-erTi iSxneli episkoposis kurTxevaSi konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Semavl trapezuntel
mitropolits miuRia monawileoba- miuTiTebs, rom taos marTlmadidebeli
mrevli aqtiurad eZebda saSualebebs, raTa kanonikuri samarTlis Sesabamisi
saxe hqonoda somxuri saeklesio uRlisagan gaTavisuflebas da surda rac
SeiZleba meti urTierToba hqonoda msoflio marTlmadidebel centrebTan,
Tumca ki cxadia maTTvis erovnul qarTul eklesiaSi ukve didi xnis
gaerTianebuli iyo. NU
11.

lazikis saepiskoposoebi

konstantinopolis lazikis saepiskoposoTa ganxilvis dros qarTveli

istorikosebi axseneben mxolod oTx saepiskoposos fasisis samitropolitoSi (rodopolisisa, s aisinisa (abisenisa), petrisa da Ziganevisa),
magram Tvals xuWaven da TiTqmis arasodes axseneben nusxebSi CamoTvlil
lazikis trapezuntis samitropolitos sxva eparqiebs. esenia: xeriani, xamaZuri, xaxei (xalx evi), pai perti, keramevi, lerionis, bizanis, sikamis,
xaviZitis, xanZiorzis, olnutis, fasianis, toseranZis, andakis da zarinakis.
trapezunti, iqamde, sanam mas fasisis eparqia SeuerTdeboda, Sedioda polemonis pon tos anu neokesariis mitropoliaS i kerasuntTan da
koganasTan erTad.
n.adoncis azriT ziganas, rodopolisisa, saisinisa da petras saepiskoposoebi trapezuntsa da Teodosopoliss Sua mdebareobdnen. e.i. fasis is
e parq ia iw ye bo d a uS ual od q . trapi zon id an da m oi c av da m i md eb ar e
m Ti an r egi on s, r o me li c ro m ae l- bi zan ti el Ta m i er m ie kuT vn eb od a
l azika _ Wan ikas . igi m oi cavd a f as is -ar aq si sa da f as is - Wo ro xi s
s aT ave e b s .
Semdeg es eparqia daeqvemdebara trapezunts, anu Tu iqamde trapezunti
sxva eparqiaSi Sedioda, axla TviT iqca lazikis eparqiis centrad,
lazikis qveyanaSi samitropolito qalaqad da mas daeqvemdebara iqamde
fasisis anu Wanikis eparqia, lazikas iqamde Tu mxolod oTxi saepisko348

poso gaaCnda, droTa viTarebaSi arabebisagan miwebis gaTavisuflebasTan erTad, misi saepiskoposoebis ricxvi gaizarda da miwa-wyali
gafarTovda. misma iurisdiqciam kvlav miaRwia md. fasisamde anu araqsamde
da Semdeg TiTqmis vanis tbamde.
12. eklesiuri lazika vanis tbamde

Cveni TvalsazrisiT sparseTis mefe xosro petras miadga ara lixis qedis
mxridan, aramed artaani-artanujis gziT, Teodosiopolis-dvinis mxridan. xosro
miadga arsianis qeds, romelic gadalaxa artanujis gziT da Semdgom Woroxis gayolebiT miadga petras. es gza umoklesia im mimarTulebiT, sadac idga
am omis wis sparseTis laSqari. jarisTvis ara mxolod usargeblo iqneboda
Sori lixis qedis da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT Sesuliyo petraSi, aramed araracionaluric. amas verc aitanda sparsuli laSqari, Tundac dasavleT saqarTvelos Waobebis cieb-cxelebis gamo.
cnobilia, rom qveyana petrasTan, romelic sparsulma laSqarma gaiara,
lazikad iwodeboda. prokofi kesarielis dabejiTebuli cnobebiT, es iyo
kldovani mxare, rogoricaa, marTlac, artaan-artanuj-Woroxis is mxareebi,
sadac gaiara, Cveni azriT, xosrom da swored es mxare iwodeboda lazikad
(zRvispira xufaT-rizesTan erTad). n. adoncis da ingoroyvas kvleviTac,
aRniSnuli mxare (e.i. klarjeTi da e.w. `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~)
lazikas ekuTvnoda.
sazRvari bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, Cans, xufaTze ido (xofTan),
radganac `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~ saqarTveloSi Semodioda. saqarTvelos meore CrdiloeTis sazRvari ki ido mdinare klisuraze (cxumTan).
VI saukuneSi, roca sparseTma iberia dai pyro, mTeli iberia mis xelSi
aRmoCnda aRniSnul sazRvrebamde.
n. adoncis cnobiT ki bizantiis sazRvari iustinianes mefobis dasawyisSi
gadioda rizesTan axlos. iustinianes dasWirda omi da Zalisxmeva, raTa
bizantiis sazRvari gadaetana Woroxis SesarTavamde, sadac man petras cixe
aago.
yovelive aRniSnuli gvesaWiroeba lazikis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis. iqamde, anu iustinianes mefobis dasawyisSi, roca imperiis sazRvari
rizesTan iyo, lazika erqva teritorias trapezuntis maRla _ ziganadan
rizemde. es iyo Zveli lazika, magram administraciulad is Seiyvanes sxva,
kerZod, pirveli armeniis provinciaSi amis gamo, Zveli lazikis saxeli daiCrdila.
Sesabamisad, iustinianes dros gaCnda axali lazika. es iyo rizedan Woroxamde moqceuli axladdapyrobili teritoria klarjeTis CaTvliT. erTi
sityviT, lazika daerqva axal miwebsac, romelic kontroldeboda petras cixiT.
es Cans iustinianes novelidanac, lazikisa da WaneTis Sesaxeb. swori iyo n.
adonci, rom `lazikeSi~ fazisis mitropolitis saepiskoposoebi _ rodopolisisa, saisinisa, petrasi da ziganasi mdebareobdnen mTianeTSi, cnobil qalaq ziganas
regionSi. am qveyanas erqva kidec imJamad eklesiurad lazika. xolo mas Semdeg,
rac iustinianem rizes CrdiloeTiT vidre Woroxamde teritoriebi miuerTa
Tavis imperias _ am axal miwebsac `lazikis~ saxeli miekuTvna (es mitaceba
349

miwisa sparseTma Tavis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saqmed miiCnia, radganac iberiis

politikuri memkvidreoba dasakuTrebuli hqonda. iberiis sazRvari ki bizantiasTan, rogorc aRiniSna, xufaTTan (xofTan) gadioda. misi gadalaxva sparseTis
sawinaaRmdego qmedeba iyo. arabebisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, vrceli miwawyali trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT `lazikad~ iwoda,
radganac misi ZiriTadi nawili gaxda e.w.,,Zveli lazika"-trapezuntis mTianeTi.
rogorc aRiniSna, SemdgomSi mitropoliti `trapezuntisa lazikaSi~ Tavisi kaTedrebiT am vrcel teritoriaze iyo ganfenili (trapezuntidan TiTqmis vanis
tbamde). maSasadame, eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, konstantinopoli lazikas uwodebda
vrcel teritorias Woroxis SesarTavidan trapezuntamde da trapezuntidan
vanis tbamde. am erTgvari rkalis SigniT moqceuli iyo saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saepiskoposoebi. maSasadame, aRniSnul teritoriaze, Woroxis SesarTavidan
trapezuntamde da trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, xorcieldeboda ori marTlmadidebluri iurisdiqcia _ konstantinopolisa da mcxeTisa, antioqiasac, rogorc
miiCneva, aq ramdenime eklesia ekuTvnoda.
13. `didi lazia~

bizantiis rRvevis Sedegad Seqmnili trapezuntis imperia dayofili iyo

administraciul erTeulebad. s.karpovis Tanaxmad trapezuntis imperia warmoadgenda ase vTqvaT ,,genetikur" memkvidres Zveli imperiis administraciul erTeul ,,qaldiis Temisa", es axali saxelmwifo mas TiTqosda Caenacvla.
dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT trapezuntis imperia Semdeg
administraciul erTeulebad iyo dayofili -,,filaboniti (md.xartiSdere),
trikomia, trapezundi, maCka, paleomaCka, gemera, sirmena, rize, xolo samxreTidan
am imperias icavda gamagrebuli raioni, romelsac ewodeboda ,,didi laziis"Temi/
fema/" (s.karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007, gv.159 rus.enaze).
s.karpovis azriT trapezuntis samxreTiT mdebare mTian raions, romelSic Sedioda ziganac, ewoda ,,didi lazia", imis gamo, rom es iyo am qveynis
Zveli saxeli (iqve, gv.160).
,,didi lazia" (erT-erTi administraciuli erTeuli trapezuntis imperiisa) gamoirCeoda kargi mebrZoli jariT. xvarazmis SahTan qarTvelTa omisas
es jari saqarTvelos mxares idga (iqve, gv.364).
maSasadame saxeli ,,di di lazia" - Zveli saxelwode baa trapezuntis
samxreTiT mdebar e mTiani regionisa da bolomde Se inarCuna es saxeli. Tavdapirvelad es saxeli gamoCnda e klesiurad, radgan ac aq
iyvnen ganlagebuli lazi epis koposebis kaTedrebi-zigana, rodo polisi, sai sini da petra. arabTa Semdeg da gans akuTrebiT trapezuntis
imperiis arsebobisas saxeli l azia oficialur saxelad iqca (,,didi
lazia"). osmalTa epo qaSi es saxeli ufro ganivrco lazistanis
formiT.
14. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Seqmnis gamocana

sazogadod miiCneva, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikosos gaaCnda didi saeklesio

350

warsuli - mociqulebidan vidre IV saukunis biWvinTel episkoposamde, romelic

TiTqosda monawileobda I msaoflio krebaSi.
magram, rogorc aRmoCnda cnobili pitia anu pitiusi, pitiunti, romlis
episkoposi monawileobda msoflio krebaSi mdebareobda ara afxazeTSi, aramed
qarTvelTa Zvel samSobloSi trapezuntis regionSi, sadac IV s-mdec mdebareobda qalaqi pitia (igive pitiunti), aqve imave olqSi da ara afxazeTSi
mdebareobda cnobili cixe-simagre sebastopolisi, romelsac iustiniane axsenebs Tavis novelebSi.
Tu es asea, maSin afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoSoba ar ukavSirdeba
afxazeTis adgilobriv raime Zvel saeklesio warmonaqmns. piriqiT, afxazeTis
sakaTalikosos imTaviTve qarTulenovneba, sakaTalikosos mrevlis qarTuli
TviTSemecneba, mRvdelmTavarTa qarTul-patriotuli suliskveTeba, is wvlili, romelic afxazeTis sakaTalikosos moRvawe mamebma Seitanes qarTuli
saeklesio kulturis Camoyalibeba - gavrcelebis saqmeSi (maTgan erT-erTi
samagaliToa ioane minCxi), anda is wvlili, romelic afxazeTis mRvdelmTavrebs
Sehqonda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi (magaliTad Wyondidelebs), gvafiqrebinebs, rom afxazeTis saeklesio warsuli mcxeTasTan
(anu erTian qarTul eklesiasTan) iyo dakavSirebuli IV saukunidanve, VIII
saukunidan ki misi TavisTavadoba politikuri garemos cvlilebis anarekli
unda iyos.
qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad aRiarebisas (mefe mirianis dros) qarTlis samefos sazRvari dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadioda mdinare egriswyalze, Semdeg vaxtang gorgaslis dros es sazRvari ufro CrdiloeTiT md. klisuraze gavida. am cnobis mixedviT, dasavleT
saqarTvelos mosaxleobam (aRniSnul sazRvramde) mirianis dros miiRo qristes
naTeli.
ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera dabejiTebiT miuTiTebs amis Sesaxeb ,,wmida ninom naTeli sca yovelTa qarTvelTa~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gelasi kesarielic miuTiTebs, rom wmida ninom gaaqristiana ,,iberebi da lazebi~. sakvlevia, misi aRniSnuli ,,lazebi~ dasavleT
saqarTveloSi Tu trapezuntis regionSi cxovrobdnen, magram mainc es cnoba
sainteresoa imiT, rom misi azriT wmida ninos moRvaweobis areali ar
Semoifargleboda mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mxareebiT da is
pontos zRvispireTis mosaxleobasac naTlavda. vaxtang gorgaslis dros
qarTlisa da misi eklesiis gavlena kidev ufro ganmtkicda dasavleT
saqarTveloSi. viTareba Seicvala VI saukuneSi - bizantiam da sparseTma
erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles yofili qarTlis samefos miwebi. dasavleT
saqarTveloze maTi dava TiTqmis saukune gagrZelda. dasavleT saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba sastikad isjeboda bizantielTa mier sparsuli orientaciisaTvis (albaT aseve iyo sparselTa mxrivac). prokofi kesarielisa da sxva
wyaroTa cnobebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi tardeboda usastikesi samxedro
eqspediciebi. bizantieli jariskacebi xocavdnen da spobdnen mTel tomebs,
ar indobdnen qalebsa da bavSvebsac. am dros rogorc Cans, moxda mosaxleobis garkveuli gadaadgileba, wanacvleba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. savaraudoa, rom rionis baris mosaxleobam garkveulwilad wainacvla afxazeTi351

saken, kerZod biWvinTis regionisken. es nawacvleba savaraudod ufro VII

saukuneSi unda momxdariyo. SeiZleba amas herakle keisris laSqrobebmac
Seuwyo xeli.
m. qurdianis kvleviT abazgebis TviTsaxelwodeba ukavSirdeba abaSas. abaSgi = abas-gi igive abasxi = abazxi (igive, rac abaSki). Cemi kvleviT, fuZe
,,baS~ aRniSnavs vake, gaSlil adgils, aseTia rionis xeoba abaSa-gaSlili
teritoria samtrediidan quTaisamde. am vake adgilas macxovrebeli qarTvelebis
saxeli unda yofiliyo abaSxi (abazgi), abazxi (albaT aqedan abxazi).
abazgTa qarTulenovani tomi, Cans VII saukuneSi gadasaxlda alanebisagan
gaTavisuflebul afxazeTSi. safiqrebelia, rom momTabare alanebi, romelTac
mxars bizantia uWerda, VIII saukunisaTvis ukve gandevnilni iyvnen Semdegdroindeli afxazeTidan xazarebis mier. cxadia, es alani meomrebi bizantielebTan erTad iyvnen dampyrobelTa zeda fena, qveda fena ki adgilobrivi
(qarTulenovani) mosaxleoba iyo.
qveynis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg gaZlierda afxazTa qarTuli tomi afxazeTSi, maT advilad SeZles gavlenis garvceleba dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
sadac cxadia maTi Tanametome qarTveloba cxovrobda da gaagrZeles qarTul
ekle si as Tan IV s au ku ni danv e ars eb ul i ie rarq iu li u rT ie rT ob a,
amasTanave VIII s .-dan daarses qarTulenovani saxe lmwifo, radganac
maTi deda en a iyo q arTuli ena ukve VIII s aukunid anve adv ilad
moi poves hegemonoba qarTul samyaroSi. SesaZloa es abazgebi rionis
xeobaSi fazisis (araqsis) xeobidan, basianidan Casaxldnen. basianelebi ki
tomobrivad mesxebi iyvnen. Zveli afxazebis mesxoba pavle ingoroyvam damajereblad gamoikvlia.
biWvinTa afxazeTis saeklesio centri unda gamxdariyo meaTe saukunis
Semdeg, am droisaTvis gaqristiandnen alanebi. wina saukuneebSi alanTa momTabare erT-erTi tomi bizantielTa xelSewyobiT gabatonebuli iyo qarTul
teritoriaze klisuridan md.yubanamde. VIII saukuneSi aqedan isini xazarebma
gaaZeves da qarTvelebi (afxazebi) aq kvlav iqcnen hegemonebad, magram X
saukunisaTvis xazarTa dasustebam da alanTa gaqristianebam imedi Causaxa
bizantias, eklesiurad mainc dabrunebuliyo afxazeTSi da iq ganelagebina
alanTa saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.
konstantinopolis patriarqi Tavis werilebSi evedreboda afxazTa mefeebs yuradReba mieqciaT alanTa episkoposebisaTvis. afxazTa mefeebma ki
e.w `afxazeTis alaniaSi~, iq sadac Cans igegmeboda alanTa saepiskoposo kaTedris dafuZneba, daarses qarTuli ekle siis erTerTi udidesi ce ntri - biWvinTi s sakaTali koso kaTed ra da aseve ramden ime
qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTed ra dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
15. `arian-qarTli~ - lazikis samitropolitos
istoriuli safuZveli
(vaxuStis mixedviT istoriuli klarjeTi igive lazikaa)

,,xolo baiburds a da forCxas samxriT, WaneTis mTas iqiT, ars

WaneTi, da aw uwo deben lazsave - goniodan trapizo nis samzRvramde~
352

(q.t. IV, 68). zogierTi wyaros miniSneba iZleva safuZvels vifiqroT, rom
regionSi romelic Semdgom lazikis eparqiis erTma nawilma moicva, mdebareobda arian-qarTli.
qristeSobamde III saukuneSi, aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi, ,,moqcevai
qarTlisais~ cnobiT arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni Tavis Tanmxleb didebulebTan da erTan erTad gadavida ufro CrdiloeTiT, da iq axali samefo
Camoayaliba. am wyaros cnobiT arsebobda ori qarTli. erTi iyo mcxeTis
qarTli - Tavisi sazRvrebiTa da dinastiiT, meore ki arian-qarTli azonis mamis samefo. orive es saxelmwifo - qarTulenovani mosaxleobiT
yofila dasaxlebuli, amis Sesaxeb wers arsen beri - ,,Cven Svilni varT
maT arian-qarTliT gamosulT ani da enai maTi vuwyiT~ (arsen beri,
wmida ninos cxovreba).
vaxuStis cnobiT, samcxe-saaTabago ganiyo feboda sam nawilad, maT
Soris ori iyo qar Tlos-farnavazis wili qveynebi (e.i. mcxeTis gamgeblobaSi
Sediod a), xolo mesame ki, klarjeTi, ar iyo qarTlosfarnavazis wili, aramed iyo azonis mamuli qveyana (anu arian-qarTlSi Sedioda).
klarjeTi ,,azonis wili qveyana~ iyo, maSasadame ,,arian-qarTlis~ samefos
nawili, Sesabamisad misi mosaxleoba eTnikurad iyo ,,arian-qarTvelni~.
vaxuSti, rogorc iTqva, wers samcxe-saaTabagos Sesaxeb - ,,xolo gamefda
ra farnaoz da dai pyra yoveli saqarTvelo, aman farnaoz dasxna erisTavni
Tvisni: erTi oZr axoss (da misca wili oZraxosi), meore wunas (da
misca wili javax osi), mesame klarjeTs (da misc a sruliad romeli
TviT dai pyra)~ (q. c. IV, 1973, gv. 691).
maSasadame klarjeTi ar iyo mcxeTis samamasaxlisos anu qarTlosis samemkvidreo mamuli,aramed iyo azonis mamiseuli qveyana da mas farnavazi azonis
damarcxebis Semdeg daeufla. amis Sesaxeb wers kidec vaxuSti qvemoT.
azonis mamul qve yanas ,,arian-qarTli~ erqva qris teSobamde IV-III
ss.-Si, is Semdgom Zv.w. II s.-Si armeniam dai pyro, strabonis sityviT
iberias armeniam waarTva vrceli qveynebi - gogareni, paradres kalTebi
da xorZene. klar jeTi, azonis mamuli qveyana, qri steSobamde romelime am nawilS i mdebareobda.
p. ingoroyvas sityviT, saqarTvelos Zlieri mefeebi ar urigdebodnen am
danakargs, erTi aseTi yofila farnavazis Semdgom vaxtang gorgasali, romelmac
iberiis am yofil areebSi ilaSqra da misi nawili daubruna deda samSoblos.
qarTlosis Zeebs mamis memkvidreobidan miecaT qveynebi - ,,oZraxos misca taSiskars zeiT i da mtkvris dasavleTi, vidre zR vamde sazRvramde
qarTlosisa, romel arian aw samcxe guria, ligani, S avSaTi, artanuji,
fanaskerti, o lTisi da tao ~ (q.c. IV, gv. 657). javaxoss mie ca - javaxeTi, artani, eruSeTi, kol a da mtkvris aRmosavleTi (iqve, gv. 657).
rogorc iTqva farnavazma javaxosis wil da oZraxosis wil qveynebSi
Tavisi erisTavebi dasva. es qveynebi, rogorc iTqva - mcxeTis istoriuli
samamasaxliso teritoria iyo. ,,xolo klarjeTi ar a ars wili amaTi,
aramed farnaoz d ai pyra Semdgomad azonis sikvdil isa da ars sazRvari amisi - aRm osavliT mTa, romeli ganvlis klar jeTs da taos Sua
353

zRvamde, mTa igi, romels sdis mdinareni da erTvis Woroxs, dasavliT

mTa azrum-basian s Soris ganvlili zRvamde, Crdi loT Savi zRva da
arian amaT Sina TorTomi, xaxuli, ispiri, forCxa, baiburdi da WaneTi.
da esreT ganiyo s axli zemo qarTlisa samad... xolo sigrZe qveyanisa
amis ars qarTli s sazRvridan qarTlis yelamde d a baiburdisa da
WaneTis sazRvram de da gani devaboinis da irijlu s da yalnus mTebidan Radoasa da guriis mTamde da zRvamde da mzRvr is qveyanasa amas
aRmosavliT sazRv ari qarTlisa, romelic aRvwereT da mTa yarsisa,
artan-kolasa da yarss Sorisi~ (q.c. IV. gv. 659).
e.i. arian-qarTlis yofili nawili-klarjeTi moicavda - TorToms, xaxuls,
ispirs, forCxas, baiburdsa da WaneTs, anu SeiZleba iTqvas rom vaxuStis klarjeTi igivea, rac somxuri geografiis lazivi, lazika.
prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili kldovan-xri oki lazika emsgavseba
vaxuStis mier aRweril klarjeTs - ,,ucnobel ars, r iT ewoda saxeli
ese, garna sagon ebel ars - RularWnilTa da kldo van Rrato-RriRovanebisa mier d a maRalTa mTaTa, rameTu mTa-b ari axlorebs~ (q. c. IV,
gv. 657).
prokofi Tavisi lazikis aRweris dros arsad ar axsenebs ukidegano
daWaobebul bars, rogoric aris da iyo dasavleTi saqarTvelo, miT ufro
holocenis epoqaSi, aramed is lazikas aRwers viTarca maRali mTebisa da
kldeebis qveyanas, iseve, rogorc klarjeTs aRwers vaxuSti - daRvarWnili
kldeebi, Rrato-daRrantuli adgilebi, maRali mTebi, alag-alag ki bari, mTebis siaxloves ,,naxevarJamisa savalTa ar s Tovli da barTa narinji,
Turinji, zeTisxili da yovelni nayofni ~ (iqve, gv. 657), msgavsad nayofieri moxirisisa.
aqedan Cans, rom vaxuSti ,,zemo qarTlSi~ Semaval qveynebad miiCnevs
- WaneTs, ispirs, TorTums, baiburds, forCxas, asev e kolas, artaans,
eruSeTs, javaxeTs , mtkvris aRmosavleTs da amasTan ave taos, olTiss,
artanujs, SavSeTs, ligans, samcxesa da gurias.
vfiqrob sainteresoa, rom WaneTi - qarTlis erT-erT qveynad provinciad
moiazreboda.
mniSvnelovani faqtia da unda aRiniSnos, rom vaxuStis am Zveli wyaros
Tanaxmad klarjeTi ewodeboda ara im qveyanas, romelsac amJamad, tradiciulad vuwodebT ,,klarjeTs~ aramed gacilebiT vrcels ,,imier tao, baiburdispir-WaneTis~ CaTvliT.
Cven, rogorc wesi, klarjeTs vuwodebT ligan-artanujis mxares, magram es
mxare vaxuStis Zveli wyaros cnobiT Sedioda ara klarjeTSi, aramed oZraxosis nawilSi, amave nawilSi Sedio da artanuji, olTisi da amier tao.
maSasadame, yuradRebis misaqcevia rom amier tao - oZraxosis wils ekuTvnoda, xolo klarjeTs, rogorc aRiniSna ekuTvnoda teritoria WaneTidan
vidre TorTomis C aTvliT, anu klarjeTSi Sedioda imier taos didi
nawili, ispiri an u speri, baiburdi da WaneTi forxam de, anu, is miwawyali, romelic ro gorc iTqva, berZenTa da somexTa mier lazikad iyo
wodebuli.
maSasadame, vaxuStis Zveli wyaros cnobiT klarjeTi iyo ,,zemo qarTlis~
354

ukiduresi samxreTi nawili, anu, kidev erTxel rom vTqvaT, imier tao, baiburdi,
speri da WaneTi, esaa X saukuneSi arsebuli ,,qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~
erTi nawili. aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukuneSi roca taos mefem daviT kurapalatma ,,zemo qarTls~ Seumata vrceli miwebi - ,,zemoni q veyanani~
vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde, ,,qarT velTa samefo~ swored am, aRniSnul
miwa-wyals erqva, xolo CrdiloeTiT mdebare samefoe bs erqvaT ,,afxazeTi~, ,,kaxeTi~, ,,taSir-Zoragerti~ da sxva, am bolo CamonaTvalTa
Soris ,,qarTvelTa~ samefo arcerTs ar erqva. ,,qarTvelTa~ samefo erqva
mxolod ukidures samxreTis qveynebs, romelnic, rogorc aRiniSna azonis
mamul anu ,,arian-qarTlis~, da Sesabamisad, ,,arian-qarTvelTa~ qveynad miiCneoda. aqedanaa, rogorc Cans, saxeli ,,qarTvelTa sakurapalato~ da ,,qarTvelTa
samefo~, rac Cans asaxavs ,,arian-qarTvelTa~ qveynis Zvel saxels.
saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze arabTa epoqaSi ,,Sida qarTli~ ar iyo saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli, rogorc iTqva afxazTa da kaxTa samefoebi erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen Sida qarTls, xolo qvemo qarTls Tbilisis saamiro da
taSir-Zorakertis samefoebi inawilebdnen. saxeli ,,qarTvelTa~, `qarTvelTa
samefosa~ da `qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~ saxiT tao-klarjeTSi iyo daculi
da Cans asaxavda arian-qarTlis anu arian-qarTvelTa saxelmwifos Zvel
memkvidreobas.
rogorc iTqva vaxuStiseuli klarjeTis anu azonis mamiseuli qveynis (e.
i. arian-qarTlis) nawilad miiCneoda WaneTi forCxas (borCxas) CaTvliT
(borCxa - Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare dabaa), iqve iwyeboda istoriuli
egris qveyana, romelsac vaxuSti xSirad axsenebs. anu klarjeT-zemo qarTlSi
Sedioda Wane Ti egriTurT.
WaneTi da egri ixseneba VII saukunis somxur geografiaSi, romlis
mixedviT egri iyo trapezuntis mimdebare qveyana romelic moicavda
manralias, qaldia, Wanivsa da egrivs .
mardalias dasavleTiT mdebareobda provincia manralia, romlis adgili n.
adoncs gansazRvruli aqvs manralia arzrumis samxreT dasavleTiT
karagiolis qedis dasavleTiT, xorZena-bazans Crd iloeTiT mdebareobda.
maSasadame istoriuli egri gadaWimuli iyo arzrumis samxreTi mxareebidan vidre trapezuntamde (Wanivi) da borCxa-Woroxis SesarTavamde (egrivi),
misi ori nawili WaneTi da egri - klarjeTSi (zemo qarTlSi) aqvs moxseniebuli vaxuStis. unda vifiqroT, rom arian-qarTlSi Sedioda egrisis ara
mxolod es ori nawili (WaneTi da egri) aramed manraliac, anu arianqarTli mTel samxreT is egriss moicavda, amis Sesaxeb unda miuTiTebdes
farnavazisa da vaxtang gorgaslis laSqrobebi am mxareebSi .
16. samxreTis iberia da samxreTis lazika

iberiis TemSi araqs-evfratis saTaveebis auzis garda Sedioda imier tao,

Crdilo basiani, olTisi, SavSeTi, TorTomi, kola, artaani. Semdeg iberiis Tems
konstantine X monomaqosis dros (1042-55) Seemata _ Siraqis samefo, Tavisi
mTavari qalaqiT anisiT. q. anisi iberiis Temis dedaqalaqad iqca. aRniSnul355

idan gamomdinare, iberiis Temis da lazikis eparqiis teritoriebi TiTqmis

emTxveoda erTmaneTs, Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebis momcveli qveynebi,
vidre vanis tbamde, TiTqmis erTsa da imave dros eklesiurad Sedioda
lazikis eparqiaSi, xolo saxelwifo-administraciulad iberiis TemSi.
ratom uwodes mas lazika da iberia erTdroulad? rogorc vTqviT, es
gamowvevuli unda yofiliyo qarTvelTa eTnikuri TviTSemecnebis gamococxlebiT anisidan da valaSkertidan vidre karinamde (arzrumamde), Woroxisa da
evfratis saTaveebamde.
mkvidri mosaxleobis erovnul-qarTuli gamococxlebis Sedegi iyo, rogorc
iTqva, mcxeTis sapatriarqos qarTuli saepiskoposoebis arseboba anissa da
karSi (yarsSi), valaSkertsa da baiberdSi (pai pertSi). iqamde yofil persarmeniasa da romaul armeniaSi saukuneTa manZilze devnili qarTuli ena arabTa
batonobis miwuruls ukve aRar idevneboda sayofacxovrebo doneze, anu qarTulenovan glexebsa da aznaurebs mezoblebi veRar ukrZalavdnen mSobliuri
enis moxmarebas, rogorc es iyo ufro adre - armeniad saxelwodebul maT
qveyanaSi, ufro metic, gaTavisuflebul miwa-wyalze, gansakuTrebiT taoSi,
mkvidrma mosaxleobam moiSora somxuri saeklesio uReli, gamovida misi
daqvemdebarebidan da qarTuli ena gadaiqca am saepiskopososebis mrevlis
saeklesio enad, konstantinopolisadmi daqvemdebarebuli kaTedrebi ki berZnulenovanni iyvnen.
akad. gr. giorgaZe miuTiTebs qarTveluri tomebis uZvelesi kerebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb md. Woroxisa da zemo evfratis saTaveebSi jer kidev
qristeSobamde XII saukuneSi, radganac misi azriT, asuruli wyaroebis muSqaias
da daiaenis (diaoxis) qveynebi iq _ evfrat-Woroxis saTaveebTan arsebobdnen. iq mcxovrebT berZnebi `mosxois~ saxeliT icnobdnen (v. goilaZe, asurel
mamaTa samSoblo da saqarTvelo, 2002, gv. 20)
v. giolaZe wers _ Zv. w. XIIs-Si muSqebis politikuri gavlena evfratis
zemo dinebis aRmosavleTiT (Tanamedrove md. murad sus samxreTiT) gavrcelda. 50 wliT adre maT iq alzisa da furulumzis qveynebi daupyriaT.
rogorc i. diakonovi wers, eseni iyvnen `aRmosavleTis muSqebi~. maTi gansaxlebis ZiriTadi centri zemo evfratTan md. aracanis (murad su) SesarTavTan
mdebare alzis samefo iyo. asuruli wyaroebi, dasZens diakonovi _ alzis
uwodebdnen agreTve `muSqTa qveyanas~. i. diakonovis Tanaxmad, Zv. w. X-IX
saukuneebSi aRmosavleTis muSqebi ufro vrcel teritoriaze, md. tigrosis
CrdiloeT Senakadebis saTaveSi mdebare mTebidan zemo evfratis velis dasavleTiT mdebare tavris mTebamde unda yofiliyvnen gansaxlebulni. gr. giorgaZis Tanaxmad, `muSqTa ZiriTadi teritoria istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelo iyo~ (v. goilaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 21).
maSasadame, lazikis eparqia moicavda istoriu li alzis miwebs, xolo
TviT am eparqiis ars ebobis epoqaSi iq arsebobda `alznikis~, igive
arzanenas olqi, romelic korduenas (korCaikis) olqs esazRvreboda. SeuZlebelia etimologiurad erTmaneTTan ar davakavSiroT `alz~ da `laz~.
aseve `kordu~ da `qarTu~. n. adoncis mosazrebiT, armenielebis mosvlamde
aRniSnuli miwa-wyali, korduenadan vidre kavkasiis mTebamde, qarTvelebiT
iyo dasaxlebuli, Semdeg mosul armenielebs es qarTuli mosaxleoba or
356

nawilad gauyviaT _ samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis qarTvelebad, xolo maT Sua

TviT armenielebi dasaxlebulan. marTlac, `korduena~ anu `kordus qveyana~
_ migvaniSnebs iv. javaxiSvilis Tavdapirvel `qarTu~ `kardu~ qveyanas, saidanac gamosulan yvela qarTuli tomebi, maT Soris megrul-Wanuric.
n. adonci dabejiTebiT, ramdenjerme aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi `armenia
iustinianes epoqaSi~, rom somexi xalxis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi qarTvelebs
miuRiaT monawileoba imiT, rom momxdara qarTuli tomebis transformireba
armenielebad. Tu e timolo giurad `lazika~ `lazi~ dakavSireb ulia
alzTan, unda vif iqroT, rom gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom ewoda `alzis
qveynis~ momcvel ep arqias `lazikisa~.
n. adonci korduenas qveyanas akavSirebda qarTvelebTan da akritikebda
erT-erTi mecnieris Sexedulebas, romelic korduenas qurTebTan akavSirebda.
17. lazikis samitropolitos miwa-wyali somxuri geografiis
mixedviT

qarTveli istorikosebi fiqroben, rom lazia, lazika Tavdapirvelad erqva

dasavleT saqarTvelos, xolo Semdgom, kerZod ki VIII s-dan ewoda trapezuntsa da mis saeklesio olqs (ix. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule gv. 209).
rizes lazikis saxeli miuRia VII s-Si (iqve, gv. 208).
ratom unda wodeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos Tavdapirvelad lazika, istorikosTa mier axsnili ar aris, radganac qarTul wyaroebSi msgavsi miTiTeba ar gvxvdeba, Cveni mosazrebiT lazebi Tavidan unda rqmeodaT
basianTan axlos mdebare istoriuli alzis samef os qarTuli warmoSobis xalxs (alz-laz). SesaZloa, mosaxleobis umniSvnelo migraciam
alzis samefodan iqve mdebare karin-Teodosiopolisaken da Semdeg trapezuntisaken, xeli Seuwyo lazikad cnobili qveynis saxelis gavrcelebasac aRniSnul
regionSi. safiqrebelia rom, saxeli `lazika~ ganivrco ara dasavleT
saqarTvelodan trapezuntisaken, aramed alzis samefodan _ karin-trapezuntisaken. am saxelis migracias alzidan karinisaken miuTiTebs sxva magaliTic
_ alzis samefos qveyanas Semdgom ewoda alzanene anu arzanene, igive saxeli,
kerZod ki arzena (igive alzena), erqva konstantine porfirogenetis
cnobiT artanuj is qveyanasac.
arzena igive alzenaa, alzena da lazika (laz-ena) sinonimur datvirTvas
iRebda, radganac arzena, anu artanujis mxare (igive klarjeTi) _ lazikis
erT-erT qveynad iTvleboda. igive saxeli ewodeboda karin-Teodosiopolsac,
kerZod, arz-ar-rum (arzrumi ), rumis (romis, bizantiis ) arzi, saerTod, arzrumelebs lazebi er qvaT TviT XVIII s-Sic ki (erT-erTi
cnobiT, romelic zemoTaa moxseniebuli).
saerTod, laz, lazika, lazistani _ bolomde erqva am mxareebs, arzrumidan vidre zRvispireTamde mosaxleobas yvelas zogadi saxeli `lazi~
miesadageboda, Tumca konkretulad im epoqaSi am saxelis matarebeli tomi
gansazRvruli ar iyo (samsonelebi tapezuntelebs uwodebdnen lazebs, trapezuntelebi samsunelebsa da arzrumelebs da a.S.), magram `laz~ saxeli
357

ar erqva dasavl eT saqarTvelos arc erT toms. mxolod XIX s-is

bolosa da ufro m etad XX s-Si, istorikosebma wi gnieri gavleniT
uw ode s dasav leT saqar Tvel os lazeTi da mis er T - er T toms _
lazebi. ase rom, am kuTxisaTvis `lazis~ wodeba xelovnurad moxda, maSin,
roca trapezuntis olqis xalxs es saxeli namdvilad erqva. p. ingoroyva
eTanxmeba azrs, rom trapizonis olqs lazika daerqva VIII s-dan, mas Semdeg,
rac TiTqosda VIII s -Si trapizoni SeuerTda dasavl eT saqarTvelos .
sinamdvileSi VIII s-Si afxazTa samefos sazRvari mxolod Woroxamde aRwevda, xolo trapizoni Sedioda bizantiis imperiis `armeniakonis TemSi~. armeniakonis Temi VIII s-Si rizemde aRwevda. moicavda I da II kapadokias da aseve
III armenias (xaldiis Temi, romelic Semdgom Seiqmna, igive lazikaa). zogierTi wyaros mixedviT armeniakonis Temi VII-VIII ss-Si (xolo Semdeg xaldiis
Temi) aRwevda md. fasisamde (`fasisi~, rogorc cnobilia, erqva md. araqss
(konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT) da aseve md. Woroxs (berZnuli wyaroebiT) da ara rions). T. uspenskis cnobiT, komnenosTa samefos, `trapezuntis
imperiis sazRvari aRwevda md. fasisamde anu Woroxamde da ara rionamde (.
, , gv. 32). trapezuntis imperatorebsac zogjer uwodebdnen `lazTa mTavrebs~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi
merCule, gv. 268).
saerTod, rogorc mravaljer aRniSnulia, qarTul wyaroebSi sityva `lazika~
ar ixmareboda. is miiCneoda berZnul formad da qarTulad am sityvas
Targmnidnen ase _ sofeli megrelTa da mis qveS, rogorc wesi, trapezuntis
olqi moiazreboda. magaliTad, epifane konstantinepolelis (VIII s.) `lazikis
qalaqi trapezunti~ _ qarTuli wyarosaTvis `megrelTa soflis~ anu megrelTa
qveynis qalaqia. Teofane aRmsarebeli (IX s) trapizonis mxares lazikas
uwodebs (iqve, gv. 214). aseve sxva avtorebi.
somxur wyaroebSi trapezuntis mxareebs lazivi da egeri ewodeba,
ase uwodebs mas somxuri geografia. masSi naTqvamia - `kolxeTi, e.i. egri aris
qveyana pontos zRvidan sarmatiamde , da mdinare drakonidan kavkasiis
mTamde da mis Stoebamde, romelic mas hyofs iveriidan da igi ganiyofa
oTx mcire qveynad: manveli (manrali), egreviki, romelic aris sakuTriv
egri (fasisis mdinaris mosazRvred amave saxelwodebis qalaqiTurT),
lazivi (igulisxmeba rize-trapezuntis mxare) da Wanivi, romelic aris
qaldea. aqvs xuTi qalaqi, iani, kota rodopolisi aTina, rizoni, sxva
navsadgurebi, trapezunti~.
somxuri wyaro, aq sarmatias uwodebs, md. Woroxis aqeT mdebare dasavleT saqarTvelos, xolo kavkasiis mTas uwodebs karCxalis qedsa da mis
ganStoebebs (mdinare Woroxis SesarTavTan), romelic egrs hyofda iveriidan. egri anu erge-Woroxis pira qveyanas erqva, SesarTavTan, xolo safiqrebelia isic, rom somxuri geografiis `egri~ SesaZloa aRwevda imave regionSi mdebare md. araqsis saTaveebamde arzrumTan, radganac n. adoncis sityviT,
md. araqss da mis Senakads aseve egri erqva. aseve am mdinares erqva `arazi~
(alazi), romelic SeiZleba iyos is fuZe, saidanac qveynis saxeli `lazika~,
`lazivi~ iqna miRebuli. es saxeli, rogorc aRiniSna, imiTaa mniSvnelovani,
rom amave regionSi mdebareobdnen provinciebi `manralia~ da `mardalia~.
358

kerZod, manralias Temi ebjineboda xalxalis qeds, xorZianas mezoblad (adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 20).
VII s-Si miwa-wyali Woroxamde (anu egeri) armeniakonis TemSi Seiyvana
bizantiam, Tumca maleve bizantiam armeniakonis Tems Tavisi namdvili saxeli
`qaldeas Temi~ uwoda.
qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografiis tragediad unda miviCnioT, rom man
arasworad gansazRvra manralis, aseve, fasisis, rodopolisis, skandas Tu
sarapanas mdebareoba. Sesabamisad, lazika uwoda dasavleT saqarTvelos.
rogorc iTqva, n. adoncis gamowvlilviTi ganmartebiT, manralia mdebareo bda ar a d as avl eT saq arT vel oSi , aram ed Te odo sio pol isT an
(arzrumdan) axlos xalxalis mTasTan, mardaliis gve rdiT (n. adonci,
gv. 20).
d. musxeliSvilis, iseve, rogorc sxva qarTveli mecnierebis azriT ki, manrili, anu manralia TiTqosda erqva argveTs. egreviki, anu egri ki Tanamedrove
samegrelos.
esaa, Seusabamo mosazreba. manrili iyo ara ime reTi, aramed mxare
WaneTTan., arzrumTan.
qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom arsebobda ori egrisi, CrdiloeT egrisi da samxreT egrisi (teritoria Woroxidan trapezuntamde).
TviTon Woroxis pi ra erge da guria - egrisis naw ilebi iyvnen.
somxur geografiaSi lazivi erqva - rize - trapezuntis mimdebare qveyanas.
18.

lazi episkoposebi

prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, rizesa da afsarosis Soris mcxovrebT `lazTa

episkoposebi~ uwesebdnen mRvdelmsaxurebs _ ase ganmartavs m. berZniSvili
prokofis cnobil frazas _ `lazTa episkoposebi u weseben maT mRvdelmsaxurebs~ (m. berZeniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, gv. 54).
bizantiis imperiis sazRvari aRwevda rizemde da Semdeg gadmoiwia xufaTamde. prokofis cnobiTac petras cixis samxreTiT EerTi dRis gzaze iwyeboda
pontos xalxis sacxovrisi anu bizantiuri erT-erTi provinciis mosaxleobisa. maT prokofi sxva adgilas `erT xalxs~ uwodebs. Cans isini rizes
regionSi cxovrobdnen afsarosamde. maTTvis uaxloesi lazTa saepiskoposoebi trapezuntis regionSi mdebareobdnen. am regionSi daawesa konstantinopolma e.w. `eparqia lazikaSi~ - rodopolisis, ziganas, saisinisa da petras
kaTedrebi.
rodopolisis kaTedra rizesTan axlos mdebareobda - arabTa Semdgom
epoqaSi zigana rodopolisis adgilas aRmocenda sumelas cnobili samonastro centri.
rodopolisis eparqia rizes regionis mTianeTamde aRwevda (iwyeboda ziganas uReltexilTan.
unda SevniSnoT, rom petras kaTedra n.adoncis kvleviT, mdebareobda
`sadRac pai pertTan~ da ara gonio-xufaTTan. is aseve SeiZleba veZioT
q.tri polisTTan, trapezuntis qvemoT, iq sadac petrumis (bedrumis) cnobili cixea.
359

saisinis kaTedras adonci aTavsebda ardasasTan axlos, ziganas uReltexilis siaxloves.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mTel am regionSi sakm aodaa gavrcelebuli s ityva
`fazari~ amJ amadac ki. es sityva etimologiur ad mogvagonebs sityva
faziss - uZveles `lazikis eparqias~ aseve fazisisa erqva.
am regionSi mdebareobda `Zveli qalaqi afsaru~. II saukuneSi, arianes dros,
aqauri garnizoni Sedgeboda 5 kohortisagan, e.i. naxevarlegionisagan, kohortaSi 500 kaci iricxeboda. prokofi kesarielis dros es brwyinvale qalaqi
TiTqmis dangreuli iyo. m. berZniSvilis azriT, es qalaqi kolxeTSi Sedioda,
radganac arianes drosve kolxebis miwa-wylis sazRvari iyo md. ofisi es
unda iyos md. ofi (xufaTi-xofa), is ki am mdinaris aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda.
prokofis dros es qalaqi gaTavisuflebula romaelTagan, kerZod ki, mas
Semdeg, rac mospobila am qalaqis garnizoni. `afsarielebic damoukidebelni
gamxdaran, rogorc romaelebisagan, ise lazebisagan, magram saeklesio sferoSi,
isini, rogorc qristianebi, lazeTis episkoposTa iurisdiqcias emorCilebodnen. prokofi pirdapir wers: `lazTa episkoposebi uweseben maT mRvdelmsaxurebso~ (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 54). lazeTi, Cemi azriT, erqva
swored im kolxeTs, romelic trapezuntis mTianeTidan afsarosamde of,
xofamde vrceldeboda da mas moicavda lazTa episkoposebis samwyso.
strabonis cnobiT, `mosxikes mTebi kolxeT is Tavze miimarTebian ~
(straboni, XII, 2,18). am cnobas mniSvneloba aqvs kolxeTis adgilmdebareobis
gansazRvrisaTvis. Cveni mecnierebis didi nawili fiqrobs, rom es `mosxikes
mTebi~ suramis qedia dasavleT saqarTveloSi da amitom fiqroben, rom mis
dasavleTiT mdebareobda kolxeTi.
vaxuSti Zalze garkveviT wers, da Tanac ramdenimejer, rom Zveli geografebis mier naxsenebi `mosxis~ mTebi warmoadgendnen mTaTa sistemebs Woroxis
saTavedan basianis CaTvliT, masSi Sedioda devaboinis, irijlus, yalnusa da
TorTomis qedebi (q.c. IV, 1973, gv. 658 (sqolio)). mosxikes, anu mosxis
mTaTagan erT- erTidan, kerZod, irijludan iRebs saTaves md. Woroxi.
vaxuSti wers _ `mdinare Wor oxi gamodis irijlus mTasa~ (iqve, gv.
675). vaxuStis cnobiT, mosxikes qedi _ trape zuntis kolxeTis Tavze
iyo ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, erTis mxriv is iyo qedi, romelic
zemodan dahyurebda xofa-rizes qveyanas, zRvispira qveyanas, istoriul lazeTs,
meore mxriv ki zRvis donidan TiTqmis 2000 metr simaRleze mdebare kolaartaans (iberias). amitomac es qedi, anu Woroxi s saTave erTdroulad
iberiis maRlac iyo da kolxeTsac zemodan dahyurebda, anu kolxeTis
Tavze miimarTeboda. maSasadame, kolxeTi am mTis dab la zRvispira qveyanas erqva, anu trapizon-ri ze-xofa-afsarosis regions , anu es iyo
swored lazeTis qveyana Tavi si ziganas saepiskoposoTi , romelze gavliTac trapezuntis kolxeTi ukavSirdeboda am mTaTa sistemiT Seqmnil
uzarmazar platos.
strabons akriti kebs m. berZniSvili `rom is iZ leva erTi meoris
sawinaaRmdego cnobebs~ (m . berZniSvili, gv. 102), radganac miiCnevs,
rom mosxikes mTe bi zestafonTan mdebareobda da amitom strabonis
cnobebi misTvis erTm aneTs ewinaaRmdegeboda.
360

trapezuntidan zigana-rizemde moqmed episkoposebs daerqvaT Semdgom

lazTa episkoposebi, trapezuntis regionis saepiskoposoTa lazi episkoposebi emsaxurebodnen mrevls afsarosamde . aRsaniSnavia rom TiTqmis
aTasi wlis Semdegac ki trapezuntis imperiis mmarTvelebs `lazTa
mefeebs~uwodebdnen. lazika-trapezuntis regi ons erqva,mis mTianeTs .
`bizantiis oficialuri istorikosebi~ nikita xoniatisi, giorgi akropolitisi, paximerosi, nikifore grigorasi da sxvani trapizonis mefeebs kolxa an
lazTa mTavrebs uwodebdnen~ (T. qarTveliSvili, kulturis istoriis sakiTxebi XIX., 2004, gv.20).

361

nawili IV
Tavi XI
iberiis Temis qarTuli samamamTavro
(lazikis eparqiis sazRvrebis zrda iberiis Temis daarsebis
Semdeg)
I. istoria
`iberiis Temis~ olqebi da gzebi

arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg bizantiis imperiam miatova mcire aziis

mniSvnelovani nawili, magram saxalifos mouZlurebisas IX-X saukuneebSi kvlav ganacxada pretenziebi Tavisi yofili teritoriebis mimarT.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zogjer bizantias ar yofnida Zalebi muslimanebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, aseT dros is jer kidev mtris xelqveS myof teritoriebs droebiTi sargeblobis saxiT aZlevda qarTul
samefo samTavroebs. magaliTad, samxreT taos mefes daviT kurapalats
barda skliarosis ajany ebisas daxmarebis sanacvlod gadasca vrceli
miwa-wyali, romelic ganfenili iyo olTisidan TiTqmis vanis tbamde. am
miwa-wyliT dainteresebuli iyvnen qarTuli samefo samTavroebic, radganac miaCndaT rom iq eTnikuri qarTveloba cxovrobda kompaqturad.
saubaria teritoriebze sadac qsenofontem jer kidev qristeSobamde V
saukuneSi aRwera mravali qarTuli tomi, maT Soris fasianebisa. SemdgomSi
fasianebis sacxovris adgilze, rogorc fiqroben, Camoyalibebula provincia basiani. somexi avtoris lastivertecis cnobiT basiani X saukunisaTvis jer kidev qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
basiani da TorTomi ZiriTadi teritoriebi iyo samxreT taos qarTuli saxelmwifosi, romelsac X saukunis 60-iani wlebidan daviT mesame
kurapalati marTavda. am saxelmwifos ucxoelebi, maT Soris berZeni
da somexi avtorebi, uwodebdnen `iberias (iverias)~, qarTvelebi ki `taos
samefos~. misi dedaqalaqi iyo olTisi.
zogadad, taos vrceli qveyana or nawilad, or samefod iyo gayofili.
samxreT taos saxelwifos CrdiloeTiT arsebobda taos meore qarTuli saxelmwifo. qarTveli mwerlebi, rogorc Cans, mas uwodebdnen
`qarTvelTa samefos~, misi dedaqalaqi iyo bana. am samefoSi Sedioda
Crdilo tao da mimdebare teritoriebi. X saukunis 50-ian wlebidan mas
marTavdnen bagrat meore `regveni~ da Semdeg gurgeni masac
,,iberiis mefe~erqva.
iberiis anu taos es ori samefo erTmaneTisagan iyofoda mdinare
banas wyliT. erTs erqva imier tao, meores ki amier tao, sxva samTavro
iyo klarjeTi, romelsac adarnase aSotis Zis STamomavlebi marTavdnen. zogadad, am qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis sazRvrebi bizantiasTan mtkiced iyo dadgenili, mag., konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT
bizantiis sazRvari iberiasTan gadioda mdinare fazisze anu araqsze.
meore sasazRvro xazi ido Savi zRvis pirze punqt xufaTTan (xofa).
362

sazRvris SigniT iyo moqceuli xufaTi, parxali, TorTomi, Crdilo basiani, samxreT tao da araqsis samxreTiT mdebare miwebi.
qarTuli miwebi araqsis samxreTiTac ido, jer kidev skliarosis ajanyebamde gacilebiT adre konstantine porfirogenetis dros. ,,abnikis
cixe fasianis anu araqsis samxreTiT iyo da, amrigad aSot IV
kurapalati araqsis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals moiTxovda~ (v.
kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070
wlebSi, 1969, gv. 18). es xdeboda X s. dasawyisSi, radganac aSot IV 954 w.
gardaicvala.
saerTod, qarTvelebi mudam miiswrafvodnen md. araqsis da evfratis
saTaveebis momcvel teritoriebisaken, q. Teodosiopolis (arzrumis)
mimdebare mxareebisaken, radganac isini maTi istoriuli samSoblos
nawilebad miaCndaT.
konstantine porfirogeneti gaocebuli wers kidevac, rom qarTvelebs ar
undodaT bizantiis ,,xelSi gadasuliyo Teodosiupoli am qalaqis
,,siyvarulis gamo da imis gamo, rom Teodosi polis cixe ar ganadgurebuliyo~ (georgika, t. IV, naw. II, gv. 266).
arabTa mouZlurebis Semdeg, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, bizantielebma gadawyvites xelSi CaegdoT uZvelesi qalaqi Teodosiopoli
(karnu-qalaqi) Tavisi mimdebare qveyniT, magram axla ukve qalaqis mkvidrebi uwevdnen sastik winaaRmdegobas mtrebs. bizantielebi TiTqmis
naxevari saukune ibrZodnen qalaqis xelSi Casagdebad, maT Soris usastikesi xerxebiTac, magaliTad, alya Semoartyes qalaqs da gadawyvites
SimSiliT amoexocaT moqalaqeebi, mizans ver miaRwies, maT aRmoaCines,
rom qarTvelebi TavianTi qajis (kejes) cixidan farulad sursaTiT
amaragebdnen qalaqs. bizantielebma xangrZlivi molaparakebiT scades
qarTvelTa interesebis ganeleba. bolos darwmundnen, rom qarTvelebs
,,uyvardaT qalaqi~, misi moqalaqeebi da saerTod karinis anu karnuqalaqis mxaris mosaxleoba. es saintereso momentia, imiT, rom swored am
mxareebSi ivaraudeba istoriuli arian-qarTlis arseboba, es mxareebi
Cans IX-X saukuneebSi jer kidev qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, da
swored amis gamo ,,uyvardaT~ qarTvelTa laSqarsa da politikur moRvaweebs es mxareebi da Teodosiopolis moqalaqeebi enanebodaT mtris
mier dasaxocad. sxvagvari ,,siyvaruli~ Zalze ucnaurad gamoCndeboda,
imdenad bunebrivi iyo Sua saukuneebSi xalxis xocva-Jleta da miwaTa
dapyrobani.
sxvadasxva avtorebis mier arian-qarTlis qveynad moiazreba tao,
basiani da maT samxreTiT mdebare qveyana. kerZod ki aqemeniduri
sparseTis me-18-e da me-19-e satrapiebis erTi nawili, rogorc iTqva is qveynebi, sadac qsenofontem qarTuli tomebi naxa, es aris qveyana
Semdeg droindeli Teodosiopolidan araqsis xeobis gayolebiT,
evfratis saTaveebis CaTvliT, vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde. am
qveynebis mimarT gaaCndaT qarTul politikur erTeulebs interesi da
swored es qveynebi gadasca bizantiam daviT III kurapalats, kerZod es
qveynebi yofila: 1. dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi mdebare klisura
363

da misi cixe xaltoi-ariWi; 2. araqsis saTaveebTan mardaliis

kantonis cixe sevuki; 3. vanis tbis Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi
haqsisa da apahunis provinciebi; 4. samxreT basiani; 5. Teodosiopoli (arzrumi) Tavisi TemiT, anu karini; 6. Woroxis saTaveebTan
Cormairis Temi (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 38).
rogorc aqedan Cans daviT III kurapalats gadaeca vrceli teritoriebi Woroxis saTaveebidan vidre vanis tbamde. es iyo istoriuli miwa-wyali qarTuli tomebisa, savaraudod istoriuli arianqarTli.
am qveynebs XI s. qarTuli wyaro uwodebs ,,zemoni qveyanani saberZneTisani~. v. kopalianis TvalsazrisiT is daviT kurapalats gadaeca ara
erTbaSad, aramed sxvadasxva wlebSi, kerZod pirvelad 965 wels erTi
nawili gadasca ,,berZenTa mefem~, meored ki gadasces ,,berZenTa mefeebma~
979 w. es mefeebi yofilan jer kidev bavSvebi basili da konstantine.
gadacema, rogorc iTqva gulisxmobda imasac, rom am miwa-wylis erTi
nawilis musulmanTagan ganTavisuflebis Semdgom qarTvelebs ufleba
hqondaT emarTaT is droebiT, daviT kurapalatis sicocxlis periodSi,
Semdeg ki ukan unda dabruneboda bizantias. marTlac xangrZlivi omebis Semdgom bizantiam ukan daibruna aRniSnuli miwa-wyali. mis qarTulobas sxvadasxva wyaroTa garda miuTiTebs isic rom qarTvelebiT Zalze
ganawyenebulma bizantiam am mxareebs mainc ,,iberiis Temi~ uwoda. am
droisaTvis bizantiaSi iyo mravali administraciul-politikur erTeuli, maT Soris me-XI s. 20-30 ww. Camoyalibda axali bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli iberiis Temi. masSi Sevida aRniSnuli teritoriebis garda aseve samxreT tao, Crdilo basiani da TorTomi,
anu is teritoriebi, romelsac iqamde iberiis anu samxreT taos mefe
daviT kurapalati flobda.
iberiis Tems imdroindeli avtorebi ubralod iberias uwodebdnen,
masSi moiazreboda, rogorc iTqva Woroxis saTaveebidan vidre TiTqmis
vanis tbamde mdebare teritoriebi.
iqamde Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT iberiis Temis mosaxleoba
medgrad ebrZoda basili II bulgarTmmusvrels, da Semdeg imperatorebs
- konstantinesa da romanozs. aTeulobiT wlis manZilze mkvidri
qarTvelobis winaaRmdegoba imdenad didi iyo, rom lastivertecis cnobiT bizantielebi daundoblad xocavdnen qalebsa da bavSvebs, moxucebsa da axalgazrdebs, anadgurebdnen mTel soflebsa da qalaqebs ise, rom
didi nawili aRgaves pirisagan miwisa, samxreT taos dapyrobis Semdeg
axlad mitacebuli miwa-wylis xarjze bizantiis xelisuflebam, rogorc
iTqva, daaarsa iberiis Temi, anu iberiis sakatepano, da iq mmarTvelad
daniSna Tavisi moxele wodebiT - katepani.
iberiis Temis mmarTveli (`katepani~) samxedro pativiT iyo aRWurvili. mas zogjer iberiis mTavarsac uwodebdnen. misi sammarTvelo qveyana, rogorc iTqva vrclad iyo gadaWimuli Woroxis saTaveebidan vidre
TiTqmis vanis tbamde. misi dedaqalaqi iyo Teodosiopoli, an olTisi.
dasavleTiT iberiis Tems esazRvreboda aseve qarTvelebiT dasaxlebu364

li xaldiis Temi (anu trapezuntis olqi). bizantiis es olqebi

sasazRvrod iTvleboda da iq bizantiuri jari iyo ganlagebuli, kerZod
am TemebSi variagebis jari hyoliaT (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 239).
iberiis Temi faqtiurad moicavda im miwa-wyalis erT nawilsac, romelic arabobis epoqaSi yofili somxeTis samefoSi Sedioda da erqva ,,iverTa samTavro~. VII s-Si iverTa mTavari yofila vaSdeni. aRsaniSnavia, rom dapyrobis Semdeg bizantielebma anisic iberiis Tems
SeuerTes.
1047-49 wlebSi iberiis Temis mmarTveli yofila katakalon kekavmenosi (iqve, gv. 245).
1054 wels Turq-seljukebi mesamed Seesivnen iberiis Tems. garkveuli
mosazrebiT bizantia xels uwyobda Turq-seljukebis mier iberiis Temis dasustebas. bizantia iberiis Tems imiTac asustebda, giorgi kedrenes gadmocemiT, rom iq didZal gadasaxads akrefinebda `uRvTo gadasaxadis amkreblebs, maTi meSveobiT agrovebda fuls usamarTlo wyaroebidan~ (iqve, gv. 262).
aRmosavleTis provinciebis da kerZod, iberiis Temis Sesaxeb giorgi
kedrene werda: ,,ganuwyveteli Tavdasxmebisa da Zarcva-glejis gamo
yvelaferi nadgurdeboda, amitom iberiis mdidari qveyanac, romelmac ukve winaTac ganicada rbeva da dasustebuli iyo, sabolood
daeca da ganadgurdao~ (georgika V, gv. 82).
v. kopaliani aRniSnavs, rom imdenad gawamebulebi iyvnen iberielebi
bizantielebis mier, rom wyaros cnobiT isini TavianT mtrebad Tvlidnen romaelebso, anu bizantielebsao (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 263).
imperator konstantine dukas (1059-1067) dros bizantiis aRmosavleTSi ,,yvelaferi ingreoda da nadgurdeboda TurqTa Tavdasxmebis
da Zaladobis gamo, iberiis mdidari qveyanac ganadgurda~ (iqve, gv.
275).
maSasadame, iberiis Temi mdidari qveyana yofila, dadgenilia misi simdidris wyaroebic, upirvelesi iyo masze gamavali saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza, romelic, basili II-s sityviT bizantias sparseTTan aerTebda.
iberiis Temis Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo, is, rom iberielebi
viTarca mxne mxedrebi daqiravebuli jariskacebis saxiT msaxurobdnen
bizantiur armiaSi da maT qira eZleodaT. maTi ricxvi didi iyo, magaliTad kedrenes cnobiT imperator konstantine monomaxis dros 1053 wels
bizantiis ,,iberiuli jari~ 50000 (ormocdaaTi aTasi) kacisagan Sedgeboda, rogorc iTqva, isini iyvnen iberiis Temidan anu Woroxis saTaveebidan
vidre vanis tbamde gadaSlili qveynis mosaxleobidan gamosulni. maTi
ricxvi kidev ufro meti unda yofiliyo, radganac aRniSnuli mxolod is
ricxvia jariskacebisa, romelic imperatorma samsaxuridan daiTxova aRniSnul wels (iqve, gv. 262). iberiis Temidan gamosul laSqars bizantia
zogjer saqarTvelos winaaRmdegac iyenebda (iqve, gv. 262).
365

qsenofontes cnobiTac fasianidan da mimdgomi qarTuli qveynebidan daqiravebul jariskacebs jer kidev qristeSobamde V
saukuneSi iyenebdnen sparsul armiaSi, amitomac araa sakvirveli,
rom basianidan da mimdgomi qveynebidan (e. i. iveriis Temidan)
daqiravebul jariskacebs IX-X saukuneebSic iyenebdnen ucxo qveynebi. magaliTad, imperator nikifore fokas 964 wels iberiul jarTan
erTad kilikiaSi ulaSqria. ,,TiTqmis yvela did brZolaSi, romelic ki
am periodSi bizantias aRmosavleTis frontze (mesopotamiaSi, selevkiaSi da sxv.) uwarmoebia qarTvelTa laSqari iRebda monawileobas~ (iqve,
gv. 23). qarTvelebi ara mxolod imperatoris, aramed imperatorobis mowinaaRmdege ajanyebuli bizantieli mxedarTmTavrebis jarSic mniSvnelovan Zalas Seadgendnen. magaliTad, konstantinopolis winaaRmdeg barda
fokas ajanyebisas, ,,qarTvelTa qveiTi jari Seadgenda saukeTeso
laSqars~ (iqve, gv.76). mkvlevari vasilevski aRniSnavs, rom am ajanyebis
CaxSobis Semdeg ,,bizantiis armiaSi qarTvelebis adgili rusebma daikaves~
(v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 9701070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 77).
saerTod, barda fokasadmi mxardaWera gaxda mTavari mizezi samxreT
taos saxelmwifos ganadgurebisa da mis adgilze iberiis Temis daarsebisa. daviT kurapalatis samefo bizantiam SeierTa, Tumca amis Semdegac
gahyavdaT iberiis Temidan jariskacebi bizantiur armiaSi, rogorc iTqva konstantine monomaxs marto 1053 wels 50000 iberieli jariskaci
dauTxovia. moqiravne jariskacebis qira iberiis Temis simdidris erTerTi wyaro iyo, umTavresi ki iyo is Semosavali, romelsac iRebda masze
gamavali saerTaSoriso gziT mosargeble vaWrebisagan.
iqamdec, iberiis Temis daarsebamde, maSin, roca aRniSnuli teritoriebi samxreT taos anu daviT kurapalatis samefoSi Sedioda, iq gaCaRebuli iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani aReb-micemoba.
samxreT taos samefo iqamdec mdidari saxelmwifo iyo, magram
X s. bolodan axali olqebis SemoerTebam misi politikuri da
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaaumjobesa.
am miwa-wyalze (Woroxidan da trabzonidan vanis tbamde) gadioda
,,saxalifodan wamosuli udidesi savaWro gza, romelic mcire
aziasa da pontoSi miemarTeboda. am gzaze mravali savaWro centri iyo da maT Soris yvelaze ufro cnobili - arcni da karnu
qalaqi, igive Teodosiopoli, dRevandeli arzrumi. arcni Teodosiopolis axlos md. evfratis ukidures saTaveSi mdebareobda,
sadac aristake lastivertecis cnobiT, udidesi simdidre modioda
,,zRviTa da xmeleTiT~ (iqve, gv. 43).
arcni (arwe) udidesi da Zlieri savaWro centri iyo. idga mTavar
savaWro gzaze, romelic moemarTeboda konstantinopolidan (trapezuntidan) da yarsis, anisisa da dvinis gavliT iranSi miemarTeboda, mis
Sesaxeb kedrenec werda: arcnSi vaWrobdnen iranidan, indoeTidan da
sxvadasxva mxridan Semosuli aziuri saqonliT.
aranaklebi savaWro qalaqi iyo arzrumi.
366

saxalifodan da sparseTidan konstantinopolisken mimavali

gza jer gaivlida dvins, anissa da yarss. amis Semdeg, yarsis
raionSi gza orad iyofoda. erTi, CrdiloeTis Sto Sedioda artanujSi, romelic udidesi savaWro kvanZi iyo, xolo meore, gzis
samxreTi Sto Sedioda arzrumSi, Semdeg orive es Sto isev erTiandeboda. maTi SeerTebis punqti iyo trapizoni. ,,es aniWebda
trapizons udides mniSvnelobas. aRmosavleTSi bizantiis imperiis yvelaze udidesi qalaqi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT iyo
trapizoni. mas mxolod konstantinepoli aRemateboda ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT (iqve, gv. 44).
arzrumisaken mimavali gzis gasaRebi iyo yarsi, xolo Tavis mxriv
arzrumi iyo konstantinopolis gasaRebi, radganac warmoadgenda anatoliis strategiuli da savaWro gzebis centralur punqts (iqve, gv. 44).
TiTqmis msgavsi mniSvneloba hqonda artanujs, sadac aseve yarsidan
Sedioda gza artaanis gavliT. yarsSi ki, rogorc iTqva gzebi Sedioda dvinidan da anisidan (aRmosavleTiT), xolo dasavleTidan
ki artanujidan da arzrumidan. magram am qalaqTa Soris, konstantinopolis strategiul gzaze arzrumi idga, romelsac X s-Si daviT kurapalati akontrolebda.
samxreTis taos anu iberiis samefos SemadgenlobaSi gadmosul olqebs
bizantiis imperiisaTvis udidesi ekonomiuri da strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. ,,politikurma gaWirvebam aiZula bizantiis mTavroba
droebiT daviT kurapalatis mflobelobaSi ecno es olqebi, magram
moZlierebis Semdeg gaafTrebiT daiwyo brZola am miwis isev misataceblad~ (iqve, gv. 45).
maSasadame, saerTaSoriso gzebi aseTi iyo 1) dvini-anisi-yarsi-artaani-artanuji-arTvini-Zveli petra;
2) dvini-anisi-yarsi-arzrumi-trapezunti.
am gzebiT zRvispira portebi trapezunti da petra uerTeboda dvins,
iqidan ki sparseTsa da saxalifos.
pirvel anu dvini-petras saerTaSoriso gzis erT mniSvnelovan
monakveTs klarji xelmwifeebi akontrolebdnen, xolo meore dvinitrapezuntis saerTaSoriso gzisas taos mefeebi, radganac maT xelSi
iyo arzrumis Sesasvlelebi.
am gzaTa baJiT MmaT didi simdidre daagroves, SeZles grandiozuli
mSeneblobebis wamowyeba da dasruleba, maT Soris banasa da oSkis saxelovani taZrebisa.
bizantiaSi am gzis gakontrolebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da
mas `gza sparseTisa~ erqva, radganac aerTianebda trapezunts sparseTTan. es gza viTarca strategiuli obieqti yvelaze metad ainteresebda
bizantias da cdilobda mis xelSi Cagdebas, radganac am gzas basili
keisramde qarTvelebi akontrolebdnen, amitom aristakes lastivertecis sityviT Txovda kidec basili giorgi I-s - ,,sparseTis gzaze
nu meRobebi~ anu iTxovda misgan swored am strategiuli gzis
gadacemas, rac cxadia mimdebare qveynebis gadacemasac iTvaliswinebda.
367

imperiis gaZlierebis Semdeg basili keisars surda am gzis mTlianad

gakontroleba, amitomac basianis qveyanaSi Tavisi jarebiT Sesvlis Semdeg saqarTvelos mefes giorgi pirvels, rogorc aRiniSna, elCad gaugzavna valaSkerteli qarTveli episkoposi zaqaria da ,,tkbili sityvebiT miwera... nu gadameRobebi gzaze, romelic sparseTisaken midiso~ (a.
lastiverteci, istoria, 1974. gv. 51).
saerTod, daviT kurapalatis samflobelo, anu ,,qarTvelTa samefos~
didi nawili (anu taos samefo) Zalze momgebiani da Semosavliani saerTaSoriso gzebiT iyo daserili. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am SemTxvevaSi
Cven petras vuwodebT klarjeTis zRvispireTSi im sazRvao punqts, sadac mTavrdeboda artaanuj-dvinisaken mimavali saerTaSoriso gza X
saukuneSi, is SeiZleba yofiliyo xufaTi (xofo), radgan Zveli petras
cnobili simagre ukve VI saukuneSive daingra.
,,zemoni qveyananis~ SemoerTebam aRamaRla taos samefos ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba. rogorc iTqva, SemoerTebul qveyanaze gadioda imdroindeli aRmosavleTis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani savaWro gza, romelzedac
mdebareobda qalaqebi arcni, karnu qalaqi (igive Teodosiopoli, arzrumi). es savaWro gza saxalifodan artanujis gavliT dvinze gadadioda da trapezuntamde miemarTeboda. am savaWro gzidan da qalaqebidan samefos didi Semosavali Semosdioda~ (narkv. II. gv. 484, . .
, gv. 215).
wina TavebSi aRiniSna, rom artanuj-dvinis damakavSirebeli gza
SavizRvispira portebs persarmeniasTan aerTebda VI saukuneSi, riTac
interesdeboda rogorc bizantiis ise sparseTis imperiebi. Sahi xosro
swored dvini-artanujis gziT unda Sesuliyo lazikaSi, petrasken
laSqrobisas, radganac, prokofis lazika Woroxis xeobas moicavda
zRvispireTTan erTad.
prokofi kesarielis dros SesaZloa artanujs sxva saxeli erqva.
artanuj-dvinis savaWro gzas gulisxmobda konstantine porfirogenetic, roca artanujis savaWro mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb werda.
daviT kurapalatis drosac a. manandianisa da qarTveli istorikosebis kvleviT artanuj-dvinis magistrali erT-erTi mTavari monakveTi yofila, romelic saxalifos trapezuntTan akavSirebda.
ganmaTavisuflebeli

laSqroba xalxis mxardaWeriT (X s.)

989 wels barda fokas ajanyebis dacxromis Semdeg ajanyebis Tanamonawile daviT kurapalati iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi samflobeloebi
basili II-isaTvis eanderZebina. magram, amis Semdegac man ilaSqra vanis
tbis mimarTulebiT da 990 wels aiRo Zalze mniSvnelovani qalaq manaskerti, romelic, asoRikis cnobiT, qarTvelebiTa da somxebiT daasaxla, radganac is damarcxebul mahmadianebs miutovebiaT.
qarTvelTa xelSi vanis tbis mimdebare qveynebi iyo XI s-is pirvel
aTeul wlebamde. am qveynebSi mravali qarTveli marTlmadilebeli
qristiani cxovrobda, romelTac TavianTi samrevloebi, eklesiebi da
368

saepiskoposoebic ki hqondaT, Cans, swored isini iyvnen gaerTianebulni

taos samamamTavroSi, erT-erTi udidesi saepiskoposo am mxareebSi iyo
valaSkertisa, episkoposi valaSkerteli qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiaSi
saukuneTa manZilze Sedioda. ,,marTalia, im politikuri marcxis gamo,
mas rom 989 wels SeemTxva, daviT kurapalati iZulebuli Seiqmna Tavisi
samflobelo bizantiis imperiisTvis eanderZa, magram albaT, mainc fiqrobda am mdgomareobis gamosworebas da amis sakompensaciod 90-ian wlebSi
iwyebs im did dapyrobiT omebs, romelTa Sedegad xelT igdebs mTel
rig somxur provinciebs~ (narkv. II, gv. 487). sabWouri epoqis istorikosebs am sakiTxSi ver daveTanxmebiT, rom qarTvelTa omebi am mimarTulebiT
iyo dapyrobiTi omebi somxuri provinciebisa.
daviT kurapalatis omebi vanis tbis mimarTulebiT iyo ara dapyrobiTi, aramed ganmaTavisuflebeli. is im Turqul tomebs ebrZoda, romelTac vanis tbis midamoebi dai pyres. es teritoriebi qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblos nawili iyo, am adgilebTan ixila qsenofontem qarTvelTa tomebi, strabonis cnobiT Aam mxareebTan axlos mdebareobda xorZena, iqve gogarena da pariadres kalTebi, romelnic armeniam iberiisagan
miitaca. am mitacebis miuxedavad iq darCnen da saukuneTa manZilze
cxovrobdnen aqaur qarTul tomTa STamomavalni, romelTac daviT
kurapalatis qarTvelTa samefos gafarTovebam erovnul-qarTuli identoba gamoucocxla. ase, rom am e.w. `somxur provinciebSi~ ZirZveli
qarTvelebic cxovrobdnen da am mxareebSi qarTvelTa gamarjvebebi
aCvenebs, rom maTi ricxvi mcire ar yofila.
daviTis triumfaluri, moulodneli gamarjvebebi gamowveuli unda
yofiliyo adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT. isini ormagad iyvnen aRfrTovanebuli qarTuli jaris maT qveyanaSi SesvliT,
radganac somxuri eklesiis uRlisaganac Tavisufldebodnen da qarTul
saxelmwifoebriobasac ibrunebdnen.
isini iyvnen ara e. w. ,,somexi qalkedonitebi~ aramed eTnikuri qarTvelebi, somxuri eklesiis arasomxuri mrevli, romelic eloda xelsayrel
moments religiur-eklesiuri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad. es momenti
ki maT daviT kurapalatis dros daudgaT.
Tu ra uTanasworo iyo qarTvelTa brZola manaskertis, xlaTis, berkrisa
Tu arWeSis gasaTavisufleblad iqedanac Cans, rom magaliTad manaskertisa da xlaTis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg maT ukanve dasabruneblad mahmadianebma 100 000-iani laSqari Sekribes, qarTvelebma ki maT Zlies sul
ramdenime aTasi jariskaciT (daviT qarTvelTa mefem 6000 mxedari gaugzavna feris jojikis Zis sardlobiT). aseT gamarjvebas qarTuli
jari ver SeZlebda, Tu ara adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWera.
valaSkertSi Zalze mniSvnelovani odenobis qarTuli mosaxleobis
cxovrebaze SeiZleba is faqtic miuTiTebdes, rom manaskertis brZolebis dros daviT kurapalatis laSqari valaSkertSi dabanakda, albaT
imis gamoc, rom aq Tavs daculad grZnobda mkvidri mosaxleobis keTilganwyobis gamo.
369

somxuri mosaxleoba qarTuli jaris mimarT keTilganwyobili

ar iyo, maTSi nergavdnen azrs, TiTqosda qarTuli jari maT somxur
saeklesio siwmindeebs bilwavda. stefanos taronelma (asoRiki) gaavrcela cnoba rom qalaq xlaTis aRebisaTvis gacxarebuli omis dros
qalaqgareT mdebare mitovebuli somxuri eklesiebi qarTvelma jariskacebma ,,gadaaqcies Tavlebad da sadgomebad iberielTa laSqrisaTvis~ (asoRiki, gv. 193, narkv. II, gv. 487).
qarTvelebi am cxare ganmaTavisuflebeli omis dros, Cans mainc da
mainc ar endobodnen somxebs, piriqiT, isini ar miaCndaT myar dasayrdenad, es Cans, iqidan, rom, q. xlaTis somxuri eklesiebis Tavlebad gadaqcevis Semdeg qarTveli jariskacebi ambobdnen - ,,Cven erTnair mniSvnelobas vaZlevT musulmanur da somxur salocavebs~.
eklesiebis Tavlebad gamoyenebiT gaocebuli mahmadianebi qalaqis
kedlebTan mimdgar qarTvelebs uyvirodnen - ,,ase scemT qristianebi
pativs qristianul salocavebs, amaze iberielebi pasuxobdnen - ,,Cven
erTnairad vuyurebT somxur eklesias da Tqvens meCeTs~ (asoRiki,
gv. 193, narkv. II, gv. 487).
aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli jarisa da qarTuli ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis dasayrdeni vanis tbis qveynebSi iyo ara somxuri,
aramed adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleoba.
asoRiki wers, rom daviT kurapalati ,,somexTa mowyale~ xelmwife
iyo, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom mahmadianTagan qristianebis gaTavisuflebis dros somex qristianebs bunebrivad wyalobda, magram sxvagvari
iyo damokidebuleba qarTvelTa mxridan. am mxareebis qarTveloba
Tavisufldeboda ara mxolod mahmadianebisgan, aramed somxuri
eklesiis batonobisaganac.
vanis tbis mimarTulebiT mcxovrebi qarTvelebisaTvis daviT kurapalati ormagi ganmaTavisuflebeli iyo. mkvidri qarTvelebis ricxvi ki
am mxareebSi Zalze didi iyo. isini somxuri da mahmadianuri zewolisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg udidesi energiiT avsebdnen daviT kurapalatis laSqars, es apirobebda qarTvelTa swraf marSs vanis tbis sanapiro qveynebSi.
asoRiki wers, da mas eTanxmebian istorikosebi, rom daviT kurapalati
vanis tbis mimdebare gaTavisuflebul da SemoerTebul qalaqebSi
,,qarTvelebsa da somxebs asaxlebda~.
ismis kiTxva, saidan unda moeyvana daviTs qarTuli mosaxleoba aseT
Soreul qveyanaSi? taodan?
tao TviTon iyo mcire qveyana, unda vifiqroT, rom mahmadianTagan
gaTavisuflebul qalaqebSi daviT kurapalati asaxlebda am qalaqebis
irgvliv mdebare soflebSi mcxovreb qarTul da somxur mosaxleobas,
qarTvelebi da somxebi ki iqve cxovrobdnen, mimdebare soflebSi.
iqamde
es qarTvelebi ar Candnen, radganac isini somxuri
eklesiis mrevlSi iricxebodnen, kurapalatis laSqrobebma ki
maTi identoba warmoaCina, maT amiT gulmicemulebma ukve daufaravad ganacxades, rom isini ara somxebi, aramed eTnikuri
370

qarTvelebi iyvnen, amiT unda aixsnas qarTvelTa ricxovnobis

saocari zrda vanis tbis mimdebare qveynebSi da ara e.w. ,,somexTa
gaqalkedonitebiT~ e.w. gaqarTvelebiT.
mkvidri mosaxleobis erTguleba (X s.)

daviT kurapalatis mier ,,zemo qveyanaTa~ floba miuTiTebs, rom am

qveyanaTa aznaur-didebulebi, Sesabamisad mkvidri mosaxleoba warmoadgenda am ,,flobis~ politikur sayrdens. mkvidri mosaxleobis erTgulebis gareSe imJamindeli socialuri viTarebis gamo, aravis SeeZlo politikuri nebis ganxorcieleba, magaliTad, roca bagrat IV-s siymawvilis
wlebSi taoeli aznaurebi, didebulebi ,,warvides saberZneTs~ anu keisris mxareze gadavidnen (,,gandges kualad aznaurni~, roca vTqvaT ,,warvida
CanCaxi faleli saberZneTs, misca cixe garylobisa, mierTo berZenTa~ da
aseve sxvebi) - amis Sedegad taoSi Seirya bagrat IV-is mmarTveloba,
miTumetes, rom didebulebma ,,eric aaRelves da aamoZraves~, anu taos
mkvidri mosaxleobac berZenTa mxares gadaixara. aman cxadia Searyia
mefis mmarTveloba (Tu ara saba mtbevari da ezra anCel episkoposebis
gmiruli Tavdadeba, qveyana daikargeboda) Sesabamisad, Tu ara ,,zemo qveyanaTa~ xalxis erTguleba qarTvelTa mefis mimarT, daviT kurapalati
am qveynebs ver daiWerda.
marTalia, bizantiam daviT kurapalats dauTmo ,,zemoni qveyanani~, magram daviTma es qveynebi realurad daiWira ara bizantielTa daxmarebiT, aramed mkvidri mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT. es mxardaWera da saocari erTguleba kargad aqvs aRwerili aristakes lastivertecis. daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg am qveynebSi gabatoneba inebes
bizantielebma, mkvidrma mosaxleobam maT winaaRmdegoba gauwia, ris gamoc
bizantielebi daundoblad masiurad xocavdnen xalxs, ar indobdnen
arc moxucs, axalgazrdas, qals Tu bavSvs, mospes uamravi sofeli, daba
da qalaqi, daangries mTeli mxareebi da qveynebi. cxadia mkvidr mosaxleobas SeeZlo imTaviTve mimxroboda berZnebs, imTaviTve ganecxadebinaT erTguleba keisris mimarT, gamoexataT orguloba qarTvelTa mefis
mimarT, bolos SeeZloT bizantiuri jaris imediT ajanyebuliyvnen kidec
qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg, magram ara, mkvidri mosaxleobis erTguleba
da Tavdadeba qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT mtkice iyo, piriqiT,
roca bizantielebma SemdegSi SeZles am mxareTa dapyroba, sakmaod xSir
ajanyebebs keisris winaaRmdeg qarTvelebi edgnen saTaveSi, magaliTad
feris jojikis Ze, zaqaria valaSkerteli da sxvebi.
riT iyo e.w. `zemo qveyanaTa~ mkvidri mosaxleobis erTguleba qarTvelTa
mimarT ganpirobebuli? Cveni azriT es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom zemo
qveyanaTa mkvidri mosaxleobis umetesi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen da
maTi erTguleba nacionalur safuZvels eyrdnoboda.
arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisi, romelic gabatonebulia Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi, rom mkvidri mosaxleoba iyo ara eTnikuri qarTvelebi,
aramed e. w. qalkedoniti somxebi. Tu isini qarTvelebi ar iyvnen da
371

mxolod sarwmunoebis gamo debdnen Tavs qarTvelobis mimarT, gana ufro

Zvel marTlmadideblebad berZnebi ar miiCneoda? zemo qveynebs xom
qarTveli mefeebi sul ramdenime aTeuli weli marTavdnen, isic didi
gaWirvebiT, maT xan mahmadianebTan, xan ki berZnebTan uxdebodaT brZola,
amitomac ismis kiTxva, rogor moxda, rom miuxedavad berZenTa mier `zemo
qveynebis~ dapyrobisa da mosaxleobis konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
iurisdiqciaSi Sesvlisa, mainc am movlenaTa Semdeg, saukuneTa manZilze,
aRniSnul qveynaTa mkvidri mosaxleoba mtkiced qarTvelobda da saepiskoposoebic, maSasadame, eklesiebic qarTuli hqondaT? erTi aseTia vTqvaT
valaSkertis saepiskoposo, romelic TiTqmis vidre XVII saukunemde
arsebobda.
basili II-isa da sxva imperatorebis omebi iberiis winaaRmdeg

(1001-1054)
1001 wels gardaicvala daviT kurapalati, am cnobis miRebisTanave
imperatori basili II Tavisi laSqriT swrafi marSiT gamoeSura taos
samefos dasapyrobad, radganac daviTi Tavisi anderZiT mas utovebda
Tavis vrcel samflobeloebs.
daviT kurapalatis samefo, romelsac ucxoelebi iberas (iverias)
uwodebdnen, rogorc iTqva, moicavda samxreT taos, Crdilo basiansa
da TorToms, amis garda ki mas droebiT sargeblobaSi hqonda zemoT
aRniSnuli vrceli miwa-wyali, TiTqmis vanis tbamde - dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi mdebare klisura da misi cixe xaltoi-ariWi;
araqsis saTaveebTan mardaliis kantonis cixe sevuki; vanis tbis
Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi haqisa da apahunis provinciebi;
samxreT basiani;
Teodosiopoli (arzrumi) Tavisi TemiT, anu
karini; Woroxis saTaveebTan Cormairis Temi.
mTlianad es mxareebi axla ukve basil II-m daikanona.
,,dai pyra basili mefeman mamuli daviT kurapalatisa~ - wers
sumbat daviTis Ze, amasTanave aiZula qveynis aznaurebi cixeebi bizantielebisTvis gadaecaT, didgvarianTagan yvelaze gamoCenili patriotebi ki bizantiaSi gadaasaxla.
kedrene wers - ,,iberiaSi rom Cavida, micemuli memkvidreoba daidgina...
Tan waiyvana iberiis didgvarianebi, romelTagan umTavresni iyvnen bakuriani, Tevdrate da fersi - RviZli Zmebi, romelnic patrikiosTa
xarisxSi aiyvana~ (georgika, V, gv. 45).
rogorc iTqva, taoSi ori saxelmwifo iyo. Crdilo taos saxelmwifos mefe gurgens, basilma SeunarCuna damoukidebloba, ufro
metic Sekra masTan zavi, romlis pirobiTac gurgens Tavisi
laSqriT ar unda ebrZola samxreT taos gasaTavisufleblad, mas
imperatorma magistrosoba uboZa. basils Seegeba iseve gurgenis vaJi
bagrati, romelic ukve iyo afxazTa mefe, mas ufro meti pativi kurapalatoba uboZa.
kedrene Crdilo taos samefos - ,,Sida iberias~ uwodebs (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070
372

wlebSi, 1969, gv. 46). misi mefe gurgeni ver Seurigda udides danakliss,
rac qveyanas samxreT iveriis dakargviT miadga, amitomac mTeli Tavisi
laSqriT SeiWra olTisSi - samxreT taos dedaqalaqSi, magram basili IIm mas didi jari daaxvedra da kidev erTxel dauzavda.
qveynis dakargva gansakuTrebiT aSfoTebdaT samxreT iveriis aznaurebsa da didebulebs, amitomac basils maleve dasWirda xelmeored
laSqroba qveynis dasaufleblad. qarTveli aznaurebi bizantiaSi gadaasaxles da iq mamulebi dauriges (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 81).
rogorc iTqva dapyrobil samxreT iveriaSi bizantiam e.w. iberiis
Temi - sakatepano daaarsa.
samxreT iberiis mosaxleoba, mkvidri qarTveloba ver urigdeboda
samSoblos Tavisuflebis dakargvas, eseni iyvnen ara marto, rogorc
mematiane uwodebs mamaci taoelebi, basianelebi, aramed arzrumis
qveynis, (anu karinis) da sxva mxareebis qarTvelebi, magaliTad,
ufro adre karinSi mamulebi da monastrebi hqonia Tornike erisTavs, da
iq, karinis qarTul monastrebSi, mravali qarTuli wigni iwereboda.
karinis mimdebare mxareebidan iyvnen is qarTveli didebulebi, romlebmac
iberiis damoukideblobisaTvis Tavi dades.
lastivertecis Txzulebidan kargad Cans, rom ara mxolod qarTveli
didgvarovnebi da aznaurebi ibrZodnen bizantielTa winaaRmdeg, aramed
ubralo adamianebic. amitomac, mTel maT soflebs da qalaqebs mteri
sastikad anadgurebda.
samxreT iberiis mosaxleobis ganwyobilebam da patriotizmma erTgvari stimuli misca ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare saqarTvelos mefes
giorgi I-s (bagrat III Zes), esargebla imiT, rom roca basili II
dakavebuli iyo bulgarelebTan omiT, gaefarTovebina Tavisi sazRvrebi
da daaxloebiT 1013-1020 wlebSi bizantielebs xelidan gamoglija yvela is cixe-simagre, romlebic adre daviT III kurapalats ekuTvnoda.
bulgarelebis damarcxebis Semdeg basili II-m epistole gaugzavna
giorgi I-s da moiTxova aRniSnuli cixe-simagreebis dacla. uaris miRebis Semdeg bizantiuri laSqari gaagzavna qarTvel mefesTan saomrad.
a. lastiverteci wers ,,bizantielTa winaaRmdeg mamaci taoelebi gamovidnen da uxtigis (olTisis axlos) brZolidan romaelTa laSqari
gaaqcieso~. (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 91).
Tavisi laSqris am damarcxebam ganarisxa basili II, da is 1021 w.
piradad SemouZRva Tavis saimperio jars.
Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos mefem giorgim Sekriba didi laSqari bizantiis imperatorTan sabrZolvelad.
orive, bizantiuri da qarTuli laSqari erTmaneTs Sexvda basianis
qveyanaSi da erTmaneTis pirispir dadgnen ramdenime dRis manZilze,
brZolis gareSe. am dros qarTulma sardlobam, rogorc Cans Secdoma
dauSva da ukan daxevis brZaneba gasca. aman mteri ufro gaaaqtiura, is
qarTvelTa laSqars ukan daedevna.
sasawyobo Senobebi, sursaTisa da iaraRis saTavsoebi qarTul laSqars
q. olTisSi gadauwvavs, raTa mters ar esargebla amiT.
373

ukan daxeuli qarTuli laSqris bolo nawilebs wamoewia bizantiis

mowinave laSqari, brZola gaimarTa palakacios tbasTan sofel SirimnTan.
omis Sesaxeb xma giorgi mefes sakmaod gvian miuvida. is mivida omis
adgilas, sadac am dros basili mefec movida - ,,iqmna brZola didi, da
mosrnes berZenni friad da warmoiRes avari, ezom gagrZelda maT
Soris brZola, romel sivltolad ganemzada basili mefe~ magram,
samwuxarod ,,sulmokle iqmnes qarTvelni, morides da warmovides~.
mterma gaimarjva. basilim gagzavna jarebi sxva da sxva mimarTulebiT
da ubrZana maT aravin SeebralebinaT, arc moxuci, arc axalgazrda,
arc bavSvi, arc qali. ase daangria da mospo Tormeti qarTuli
qveyana. iahia antioqielis cnobiT basilma Tvalebi daTxara orasi
aTasze met qarTvel mamakacs (iqve, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 95).
amasobaSi kaxeTisa da hereTis laSqriT gaZlierda giorgi I, basili
iZulebuli gaxda ukan dabrunebuliyo da trapizonSi gamoizamTra.
qarTul miwa-wyalze kvlav Semosul mters SeebrZola saqarTvelos laSqari 1022 wlis 11 seqtembers arzrumTan axlos, SerfTan
- lastivertecis cnobiT, magram qarTvelebi kvlav damarcxdnen.
daido zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac daviT kurapalatis mTeli miwa-wyali
mterma miiTvisa.
erT dros ayvavebuli samxreT iberia ganadgurda, 1025 w. basili II
gardaicvala, magram man moaswro da mZevlad wayvanili mefe giorgis Ze
bagrati ukan daabruna.
yofili samxreT iberiis adgilas, rogorc iTqva, Camoyalibda bizantiaSi Semavali iberiis Temi. miuxedavad amisa qarTvelebi am TemSi
mainc ganagrZobdnen damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas, amitomac 1025-1028
wlebSi Semdgomma imperatorma konstantine VIII-mac Tavisi laSqari
kvlav aoma iq. es omi grZeldeboda imperator romanozis drosac, 10281034 wlebSi.
taoelebi `arian-qarTvelTa~ memkvidreebi

,,zemo qveyanaTa~ mkvidri mosaxleoba odesRac ,,arian-qarTvelebad~ iwodeboda,

taosa da mis momijnave mxareebs moicavda.
g. meliqiSvilis mtkicebiT arian-qarTlis samefo mdebareobda
iberiis im miwebze, romelic armeniam Zv.w. II saukuneSi miitaca
iberiisagan.
I saukuneSi, roca gaZlierda mcxeTis iberiis samefo, imdenad, rom
somxeTis samefo taxtze qarTvelebi adiodnen, albaT, es ,,zemo qveynebic~ gaTavisufldnen somexTa batonobisagan.
yovel SemTxvevaSi VI-VII saukuneebSi aq yofila ,,iverTa samTavro~
vaSdenis meTaurobiT, maleve aq Camoyalibda ,,qarTvelTa samefo~.
es faqtebi araa SemTxveviTi, bunebrivia aRniSnul miwa-wyalze iberielebis eTnosi cxovrobda da maT X-XI saukuneebamdec miuRweviaT. ami374

tomac, Cveni azriT, araa swori, mecnierTa mtkiceba, TiTqosda taoSi

Camosaxldnen qalkedoneli somxebi, isini ,,gaqarTveldnen~, Semdeg ki
ase vTqvaT jaWvuri reaqciis saxiT ,,gaqarTvelda~ zemo qveynebis qalkedonuri somxuri mosaxleobac.
sinamdvileSi procesi iyo piriqiTa- iqamde armeniaSi (bizantiur Tu
persarmeniaSi) moqceuli qarTveloba, romelic somxurma eklesiam daiqvemdebara, nawilobriv gaTavisuflda somxuri eklesiis uRlisagan arabTa
batonobis dros, xolo arabebisa da somxebis Sesustebis Semdeg iqaurma
qarTvelobam aRidgina Tavisi identoba, daubrunda erovnul saxes.
stefanos taronci (asoRiki) wers ,,lmobierebiT daviT kurapalati
yvelas aRemateboda, misi wyalobiT damyarda mSvidoba somxeTsa da iberiaSi~ (, 198, narkv. II, gv. 486) aq cxadia iberiis qveS taos anu
`qarTvelTa~ samefo igulisxmeba.
II.

valaSkertis (taos) samamamTavro

taos samamamTavros sazRvrebi (X s.)

aSot didi bagrationi - tao-klarjel bagrationTa winapari - ,,nebiTa berZenTa mefisaTa~ flobda taos, spersa da artaans sxva teritoriebTan erTad vidre qsnamde, sumbat daviTis Zis matianiT - ki vidre
bardvamde.
misi STamomavlebis dros es samflobeloebi or - taosa da klarjeTis samTavro saxlTa Soris gadanawilda - taos Sto rezidenciad
irCevs banas, ukve adarnase I kurapalatis droidan (888-923), is
iyo pirveli ,,qarTvelTa mefe~ (narkv. II, gv. 455), klarjeTis Sto
artanujis cixe-simagres.
Tavis mxriv, taos (anu qarTvelTa) samefoc or nawilad gaiyo, erTs X
s. meore naxevarSi ,,qarTvelTa mefe~ bagrat II regveni marTavda, meores
ki daviT kurapalati.
ufro safiqrebelia, rom bagrat II -is gardacvalebis Semdeg ,,qarTvelTa
mefis~ wodeba miiRo daviT kurapalatma, rogorc `sagvareuloSi uxucesma~, daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg ki ,,qarTvelTa mefis~
wodeba miiRo `uxucesma~ gurgen magistrosma (bagrat II-is Zem, Cans 1001
wels), misgan ki misma Svilma - bagrat III-m, romelic iqamde ukve iyo
afxazTa mefe.
amier tao bagrat qarTvelTa mefes ekuTvnoda, xolo imier tao,
Crdilo basianiTurT, TorTomi da speri X s. 60-iani wlebidan
daviT didis samflobelos Seadgenda~ (v. kopaliani, bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan. gv. 111).
imier taos samefo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo iseve, rogorc
amier taos samefo da afxazTa samefo. mas yvelaze didi Zlierebis dro
daviT kurapalatis Jams daudga - X saukunis meore naxevarSi. misi
saeklesio-administraciuli olqi - taos eparqia - uSualod emijneboda lazikis eparqias, magram tao qarTuli eklesiis nawili iyo,
xolo lazikis eparqia - bizantiurisa.
375

,,samxreT-dasavleTidan taos samefo uSualod bizantiis imperiis

samflobeloebs emijneboda da misi sazRvari md. araqsze gadioda (georgika IV, gv. 271-272),
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT taos samefos Turquli modgmis xalxiT dasaxlebuli somxeTis miwa-wyali emijneboda, sadac am dros mahmadianuri
saamiroebi iyo Seqmnili.
taos qarTvelTa samefo eklesiur-eparqialuradac or nawilad iyo
gayofili TavianTi sakuTari mmarTvelebiT.
amier anu Crdilo taoSi ori umTavresi saepiskoposo kaTedra arsebobda - iSxnisa da banasi, xolo samxreT taom, Tavisi sazRvrebi vrclad
gadawia araqsisa da vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, rac aseve misi momcveli
eparqiis sazRvrebis zrdasac ganapirobebda. is TandaTanobiT samamamTavrod yalibdeboda q.valaSkertis kaTedris meTaurobiT.
taos samefos nawilad iqca e.w. bizantiis ,,zemoni qveyanani~, karinis
olqi, iqamde bizantiasTan sadavo samxreT basiani, Cor-mairis Temi Woroxis
saTaveebTan, cixe sevuki araqsTan, apapunis provincia. am provinciebsve
moicavda samxreT taos qarTuli samamamTavro, romelic iseTive
damoukidebel qarTul samitropolito olqad yalibdeboda, rogoric
iyo magaliTad afxazeTis sakaTalikoso.
Tuki samxreT taos eparqia Camoyalibda viTarca samitropolito olqi, ris safuZvelsac warmoadgenda taos damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos arseboba, misi sazRvrebi unda damTxveoda kidec,
s a e k les i o w e s e bis Ta n a x m a d s a x e lm w i fo-a d m i n i s tra c i u l
sazRvrebs. maSasadame, taos samamamTavro moicavda im provinciebs, romelnic Sediodnen taos samefoSi. eseni ki, rogorc aRiniSna iyvnen TviT `tao, orive basiani (zemo da qvemo), karinis olqi
arzrumiTurT, Cormairis Temi, sevuki araqsis saTaveebTan, haqsisa
da apapunis provincia aRmosavleT evfratis zemo xeobaSi (saq.
ist. narkvevebi, II, gv. 478). mas saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gafarToebasTan
erTad kidev unda Semateboda axali teritoriebi vanis tbis dasavleT
sanapiromde.
samitropolito olqis (anu qarTulad samamamTavros) arseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs saeklesio olqis meTaur mRvdelmTavars, romelsac
uSualod eqvemdebareba Tavisi episkoposebi. aseTi samamamTavro olqebi
qarTul eklesiaSi kidev sxvebic arsebobda, aseTebi iyvnen magaliTad,
afxazTa sakaTalikoso da qarTlis sakaTalikoso. afxazTa sakaTalikosoSi adgilobriv kaTalikoss uSualod eqvemdebareobdnen sakuTari
anu dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, qarTlis kaTalikoss ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi.
taos samefos Camoyalibebamde klarjeTis saepiskoposoebi mcxeTel
kaTalikoss eqvemdebareboda, Cans aseve gagrZelda Semdgomac.
taoSi damoukidebeli samefos warmoqmnam, Seqmna pirobebi imisaTvis, rom am, e.w. bizantiuri ,,zemo qveynebis~ eTnikurad qarTuli mosaxleoba eklesiurad daqvemdebareboda ara berZnul-bizantiur anda somxur qalkedonur centrebs, aramed maTi sacx376

ovrisis momcvel ukve qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis imier anu samxreT taos saeklesio olqs, rasac saeklesio kanonebic moiTxovda. albaT, am politikurma siaxlem safuZveli Cauyara
taos samamamTavros. masi umTavresi kaTedra iyo valaSkertis saepiskoposo. Cveni kvleviT valaSkertis kaTedra mdebareobda ara sofel CanglSi,
aramed imJamad qalaq valaSkertSi, saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaze.
unda vifiqroT, rom taos samamamTavro TavisTavadi samitropolito olqis saxiT arsebobda friad mcire xnis manZilze, (e.w. ,,zemo
qveynebis~ taos samefoSi yofnis periodSi).
rogorc viciT e.w. ,,zemoni qveyanani~ bizantiam daviT kurapalats
gadasca daaxloebiT 979-980 wlebSi, xolo basili II-m daaxloebiT 20-22
wlis Semdeg am miwebis erTi nawilis xelSi Cagdeba SeZlo. amis Semdeg
cxadia Semcirda taos samefos sazRvrebi, ,,zemoni qveyanani" daikarga.
unda vifiqroT, am miwebis dapyrobis Semdeg misi qarTuli marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba bizantiam lazikis eparqiaSi Seiyvana.
ase, rom albaT taos qarTuli samamamTavro daaxloebiT 20-22 weli
arsebobda, misi mrevlis didi nawili lazikis eparqiaSi moeqca
basilisa Tu romanoz keisrebis dros.
rogorc cnobilia, basili II-is Semdeg lazikis berZnuli eparqiis (anu samitropolito olqis) sazRvrebi ganavrco vidre vanis tbamde.
taos qarTuli samamamTavros adgili am mimarTulebiT bizantiurma lazikis eparqiam daiWira (iSxnis warweriT misi erT-erTi
pirveli mRvdelmTavrisaTvis xeli dausxams ara mcxeTel kaTalikoss,
aramed trapezuntSi stumrad Casul konstantinopolis patriarqs, albaT somxur eklesiasTan davis gamo Tu miiCnies saWirod taos mesveurebma aseTi demonstraciuli ceremoniali).
valaSkerti da Tormeti qarTuli gavari (XI s.)

qalaqi valaSkerti mdebareobda saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gzaze,

basianis aRmosavleT mxares. am qalaqze gamavali gza erTmaneTTan aerTebda trapezuntsa (bizantiasa) da sparseTs. X saukunis bolosaTvis aRmoCnda, rom am gzis mniSvnelovani nawili qarTvelTa xelSi iyo, radganac isini aq saxlobdnen - basianSi, taoSi, valaSkertidan Teodosiopolamde anu arzrumamde, Cans araqssa da murad-sus Suac.
giorgi I-isaTvis aRniSnuli teritoria ar iyo Soreuli mxare, is iyo
qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wyali, romlisaganac iRebda kidec did
Zalas, gansakuTrebiT mkvidri didebulebis (aznaurebis) mxridan. magaliTad, momijnave, kidev ufro samxreTiT mdebare turuberanis gavaris mmarTveloba jojik erisTavT-erisTavis sagvareulos xelSi iyo moqceuli, isini iq mkvidrebi iyvnen, am qarTvel patriotTa saxlis wevri iyo cnobili fersi jojikis Ze, mudam saqarTvelos interesebis damcveli, uSiSari mebrZoli bizantielebis
winaaRmdeg,
is iyo memamule vrceli miwebisa zemo araqssa da
377

murad-sus Sua, romelsac tvarwatafi erqva (e. metreveli, narkvevebi

aTonis keris istoriidan, 1996, gv. 32). iq, sadac qsenofontes qarTuli tomebi Sexvda (araqssa da murad sus Sua).
jer kidev 1001 wels iberiaSi Tavisi pirveli laSqrobis Semdeg
imperatorma basilim konstantinepolSi gadaasaxla fersi jojokis Ze
da misi Zma Tevdrati sxva didaznaurebis ojaxebTan erTad, safiqrebeli
iyo, rom isini iq daiviwyebdnen samSoblos, magram ara. fersi 1019 wels
dabrunda mSobliur miwa-wyalze da daiwyo ajanyeba imperiis winaaRmdeg, imdenad STambeWdavi, rom imperatoris taxti sagrZnoblad Seirya,
kerZod, basili II qarTvelTa qveynis siRrmeSi (basianSi) dabanakebis
Semdeg mis zurgSi momzadda didi ajanyeba imperatoris winaaRmdeg.
keisris spaspetma da barda fokas Zem warvezim iseTi didi jari Sekribes,
rom imperiis aRmosavleTi maT xelSi moeqca ,,didad SeZrwunda amisTvis
basili~ (sumbat daviTis Ze, cxovreba bagrationTa, 1990, gv. 55). mojanyeTa
erT-erTi ZiriTadi Zala qarTveli aznaurebi rom iyvnen, iqedanac Cans,
rom gamarjvebis Semdeg basili II-m upirvelesad feris jojikis Ze daasjevina sikvdiliT.
ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg a. lastivertecis cnobiT basili II-s upirveles saqmed miuCnevia fersis da misi siZis andronikes Sepyroba
,,moiyvanes xaRtoiariWis cixe-simagremde, karinis sazRvarze, maT
miaRwies cixesimagris pirdapir mdebare mindors, iq SeCerdnen, moiyvanes fersi da andronike da Tavebi mohkveTes, es mefisagan iyo nabrZanebi, radganac fersi da andronike TavianTi ajanyebis dros afxazis mokavSireni iyvnen da aRuTqves mas am adgilamde mTeli teritoriis
micema, vinaidan jer kidev winaT es adgilebi daviT kurapalats
epyra~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, gv. 50).
maSasadame, ,,qarTvelTa mTavari~ fersi anu feris jojikis Ze miiyvanes karinis anu Teodosiopolis qveyanaSi, radganac am qveynis gadacema
surda mas ,,afxazTa~ mefisaTvis, da swored amitom basili II-m sagangebod aqve dasaja isini.
rogorc iTqva, rom ar yofiliyo karineli qarTvelebis didi mxardaWera,
fersi jojikis Ze ver gadascemda am miwa-wyals saqarTvelos (afxazTa)
mefes.
am qveyanaSi mxolod ori Zala Canda (bizantiuri da qarTuli), somexi
patriotis a. lastivertecis naSromSi odnavi miniSnebac ki ar aris
imisa, rom iyo mesame somxuri Zala, romelsac Tavisi politikuri neba an
zraxvebi hqonoda karinsa Tu basianSi, maSasadame, rogorc Cans, feris
,,qarTvelTa mTavari~ azrumis (karinis) dasabruneblad ibrZoda,
raTa saqarTvelos SemoerTeboda is, viTarca kidev erTi qarTuli mxare.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ,,qarTvelTa mTavris~ tituli hqonda aseve VII saukuneSi vaSdens (,,qarTvelTa mTavars~), rac memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda mis
ojaxs, Tumca imJamad misi qveyana (anu tao da mimdebare mxareebi) somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom somxuri
eklesiis udidesi nawili maSin qalkedonituri iyo, amitomac somxuri
378

eklesiis mrevlisa da ierarqiis erT nawils maSin eTnikuri

qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, gansakuTrebiT taosa da mimdebare mxareebSi.
nerse iSxneli kaTalikosi, Cveni azriT, netarad iwodeboda Semdegi
Jamis qarTuli avtorebis mier, ara mxolod misi marTlmadideblobis,
aramed eTnikuri qarTvelobis gamoc.
mas Semdeg rac SemdgomSi somxurma eklesiam manaskertis krebaze 726
wels sabolood miiRo monofizituri mimarTuleba, taos, basianisa da
mimdebare mxareebis qarTveloba TandaTan gamofxizlda, da rogorc
wina paragrafebSi aRiniSna - gamovida misTvis ukve arasasurvel somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis wiaRidan da daubrunda qarTuli eklesiis samwysos. aseT wres ganekuTvneboda ara mxolod feris jojikis
Ze, aramed iqauri aznaurebis udidesi nawili.
SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara karini, basiani da tao qarTvelTa Zveli
sacxovrisi yofiliyo?
rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna karini, basiani da mimdebare mxareebi
mxolod qristemde 189-160 wlebSi miitaca iberiidan armeniam. amitom
misi mkvidri mosaxleoba kvlav iberiuli anu qarTuli darCa
didxans. es Cans sxvadasxva saukuneTa politikuri viTarebis
analiziTac.
I-II saukuneebSi, imdenad gaZlierda iberiis saxelmwifo, rom armeniis
mefeTa taxtzec ki iberiel ufliswulebs svamden, armeniis samefo taxti imJamad karin-basianis samxreTiT mdebareobda, anu karin-basianis qveyanis qarTvelobas zurgs kvlav umagrebda politikurad Zlieri iberia.
IV s-Si, rogorc wyaro wers, gaizarda iberiis sazRvari da gugarqi
daubrunda deda samSoblos anu iberias. V saukuneSi vaxtang gorgasali ibrZoda trapezunt-karinis mxares, VI saukuneSi armenia kvlav gaZlierda karin-basianSi, ase gagrZelda arabobis drosac, magram am epoqaSi mkvidri qarTveloba TandaTan gamofxizlda eklesiurad, ris gamoc
xalxi masiurad daubrunda deda qarTul eklesias, es iyo swored
politikuri safuZveli imisa, rom taos samefom daviT kurapalatis dros miierTa es miwa-wyali da ara bizantiis imperatoris gadawyvetileba, rogorc a. lastiverteci ambobs ,,ZRvnad mieca erTguli
morCilebisaTvis~ (a. lastiverteci, gv. 50). cxadia, politikuri mniSvnelobiT, es iyo ZRveni, magram es ZRveni anu saCuqari iyo ara ucxo,
ajanyebuli mxare, aramed im xalxiT dasaxlebuli qveyana, romelic
natrobda qarTul samyaroSi dabrunebas da amitom, xels uwyobda
qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebrivi gaZlierebis saqmes.
es iqidanac Cans, rom, roca SemdegSi es mxareebi bizantiam kvlav
CamoaSora saqarTvelos (qarTul politikur samyaros), daiwyo iqauri
mkvidri didebul-aznaurebis mudmivi ajanyebebi bizantiis winaaRmdeg,
erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo ajanyebani feris jojikis Zisa, qarTvelTa
mTavrisa.
ara mxolod karin-basianis didebul-aznaurebi ibrZodnen da colSvils swiravdnen bizantiis winaaRmdeg, raTa TavianTi qveynebi ukanve
379

daebrunebiaT qarTul samyarosaTvis, aramed saeklesio pirebic, erT-erT

adgilobrivTagani iyo valaSkerteli qarTveli episkoposi zaqaria.
qalaqi valaSkerti anu somxurad vaRarSakerti, rogorc aRiniSna, mdebareobda bizantia-sparseTis damakavSirebel did saerTaSoriso - savaWro
gzaze, basianis sazRvarTan axlos, Sesabamisad, rogorc saerTod basiani, isic mkvidri qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, kidev erTxel
unda vTqvaT, isini iyvnen im Zveli qarTuli tomebis STamomavlebi, romelTa winaprebic am adgilebSi naxa jer kidev qsenofontem, Semdeg ki maTi miwa-wyali SeierTa armeniam, miuxedavad am
SeerTebisa, maTi armenizaciis procesi dasrulebuli ar iyo, somxuri eklesiis mrevlad yofnis drosac maT SenarCunebuli hqondaT qarTuli identoba, es kargad gamoCnda arabobis Semdeg, roca
somxuri sulier-politikuri uReli Sesustda. am procesis Sedegad gamofxizlebuli, sulierad gaTavisuflebuli qarTveloba
daubrunda deda-qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs, rac imiT gamoixata, rom
karinsa, valaSkertsa Tu anisSi uamravi qarTuli eklesia amoqmedda, daarsda qarTuli saepiskoposoebi. valaSkerti airaratSi
mdebareobda bagrevandis gavarSi.
airaratis olqSi wina saukuneebSic qarTuli mosaxleobis cxovrebis anarekli SeiZleba iyos faqti imisa, rom VI s. bolosa da VII s.
dasawyisSi airaratis olqis saeklesio zedamxedveli yofila qarTveli episkoposi kirioni, romelic Semdgom mcxeTis kaTalikosi gaxda.
savaraudoa, rom misi mrevlis erTi nawilis eTnikurma qarTvelobam
gansazRvra albaT airaratis olqSi misi sasuliero mmarTvelad dadgena. Crdilo somxeTi, romelsac mivakuTvnebT Cven airaratsac, saerTod
qarTuli warmomavlobis qveyana iyo, da mxolod tigran didis dros
iqna is aTvisebuli armenielebis mier.
n. adonci, samarTlianad wers, rom armenieli xalxi Camoyalibda ori
xalxis urTierTSerevis Sedegad, eseni yofilan semituri warmoSobis
,,armas~ tomi samxreTiT da qarTuli warmoSobis tomebi CrdiloeTiT.
Cans, Crdilo armeniaSi mcxovrebi mkvidri iberebis armenizacia anu
Sereva somxebTan neli procesi iyo, amitomac, iberebi I aTaswleulSic
inarCunebdnen Tavis identobas, romelic ufro warmoCnda daviT kurapalatis epoqis Semdgom politikuri situaciis gaumjobesebis Sedegad,
amitomac aseTi warmoSobis pirebi gamodiodnen somxur-qalkedonuri
eklesiis daqvemdebarebidan da ubrundebodnen qarTuls. maSasadame, am
process warmarTavda ara maTi e.w. `qarTizacia~, aramed maTi Sinagani
erovnul-qarTuli identobis aRorZineba.
a. lastivertecis basianis vrceli qveynis mosaxleobas qarTvelebad
aRiqvams. magaliTad basianis gavarSi Zveli daba-qalaqi okomi a. lastivertecis Tanaxmad qarTulia. 1021 wels imperatori basili II didi
jariT Semovida karinis qveyanaSi qarTvelTa qveynis xelSi asaRebad,
Tavdapirvelad elCi gaugzavna saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-s. es elCi
iyo ,,qarTveli episkoposi romelic qalaq vaRarSakertSi ijda, Seegeba
mefes (e.i. imperators) da daaimeda igi, rom rogorc ki ekeReacSi (e.i.
380

ekelecSi) an karinSi amoxval giorgi Sen geaxlebao. mefem daijera

episkoposis sityvebi da darCa giorgis mosvlis molodinSi, xolo
giorgim ver gabeda wasuliyo mefis daZaxilze... roca CaiSala elCoba,
mefe Zlier ganrisxda da brZana cecxliT, maxviliTa da tyveobiT gaenadgurebinaT didi daba-qalaqi okomi da mis garSemo mdebare soflebi,
aoxrda miwis savargulebi, brZana tyveebi waeyvanaT qaldiis gavarSi,
TviTon ki basianisaken gaemarTa da miaRwia vanandis gavars, xolo giorgim
miaRwia qalaq uxtiqs (e.i. olTiss) ubrZana jarebs daewvaT lamazi
nagebobebi, iavareyoT maTi saqoneli, magram xalxisaTvis vneba ar mieyenebinaT (!), es rom Seityo mefem ufro ganrisxda... qveynis oTxive mxares
jari gagzavna, marbieli mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova ar daendoT
arc moxuci da arc axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc srulasakovani, arc kaci,
arc qali da saerTod arc erTi asakisa. amgvarad man daangria da aaoxra
Tormeti gavari... vfiqrob, yovelive es Tavs gadaxdaT (!) nacvlad imisa,
rom maT (!) moglijes wmida kaTolike eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis
mqone jvris lursmnebi da Seuracxmyofelad gaiZaxodnen - cxenebisaTvis nali unda gavakeToTo. ase samarTlianad maT (!) Tavs daatydaT
ubedureba, rac sazarel sanaxaobas qmnis... ZuZumwovara yrmebs, zogs dedis mkerdidan glejdnen da qvebs urtyamdnen, nawils ki dedis mkerdze
aklavdnen SubiT... cxenis CliqebSi agdebdnen... gaukacrielda keTilmowyobili qveyana~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 47). a. lastivertecis
cnobidan Zalze kargad Cans, rom basianis, Tu vanandis mosaxleoba qarTulia radganac isini, misi sityviT, samarTlianad daisajnen anisis eklesiis jvris SeuracxyofisaTvis, anisis somxuri eklesiis jvari
qarTvelebma Seuracxyves, risTvisac mwared daisajnen. es `samarTlianad~ dasjilebi ki okomisa da mimdebare 12 gavaris mcxovrebni iyvnen.
anu okomis da ara mxolod erTi soflis, aramed 12 gavaris mosaxleoba
qarTulia, aq upirvelesad igulisxmeba karin-tao-basian-vanandis dasjili
qarTveloba. ase aRwers istorikosi.
saeklesio iurisdiqciaTa cvlileba (XI s.)

ivane javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom iveriis anu iberiis Temi, viTarca bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli daaarsa imperatorma konstantinem, romelic romanozis Semdeg mefobda.
,,bagrat IV-is Tanamedrove keisarma konstantinem
bizantiasaqarTvelos sazRvrebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia da
daucxromlad cdilobda TandaTanobiT rogorme gamoeglija
saqarTvelosaTvis monapire qveynebi. man daaarsa iveriis Temi sakatepano, romelic Tavdapirvelad daviT kurapalatis samflobelosagan Sedgeboda, magram mere sxva miwebic miemata~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. II, 1983, gv. 137).
am momentidan, Tu ufro adredan ara, mTlianad Seicvala saeklesio
iurisdiqciac. kerZod, bizantiuri administraciuli erTeulis iveriis Temiis daarseba TavisTavad gulisxmobda imas, rom am
381

miwaze qarTuli eklesiis adgils iWerda konstantinopolis sapatriarqo. maSasadame, valaSkertis an banas qarTuli samamamTavro ukve
eklesiurad aRar iyo uflebamosili iveriis Temis miwa-wyalze, mis adgils axla daiWerda konstantinopolis romelime samitropolito.
iveriis Temi, rogorc aRiniSna moicavda daviT kurapalatis samflobeloebs, kerZod, imier taos, basians, mis mimdebare vrcel qveynebs vidre
vanis tbamde, maT Soris valaSkertsac, dasavleTiT ki albaT arzrumsac.
am miwa-wyalze marTlac mravali qalkedonuri saepiskoposo iyo, romelnic
konstantinopolma dauqvemdebara ,,lazikis eparqias~.
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiis centri
trapezunti iyo, axla misi sazRvrebi gaizarda, moicva iberiis
Temic, anu vrceli miwa-wyali vidre vanis tbamde.
imer taos teritoriebis meti wili ,,iberiis TemSi~ Sevida,
Sesabamisad gamoiyvanes qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciidan da
dauqvemdebares konstantinopolis patriarqs.
iberiis Temis Camoyalibebam Secvala bizantiuri iurisdiqcia, kerZod es axali administraciuli erTeuli eklesiurad gadauciaT lazikis
eparqiisaTvis, anu trapezuntis samitropolitosaTvis. Sesabamisad konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiaSi Sevida vrceli miwawyali mravali saepiskoposoTi vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, iqamde isini,
Cveni kvlevis Tanaxmad Sedioda qarTul samamamTavroSi.
`iberiis Temi~ da valaSkertis samamamTavro (XI s.)

qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi, episkoposebi da TviT kaTalikos-mamamTavrebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen bizantia-saqarTvelos omisas mxareTa
dasazaveblad.
1021 wels trapezuntSi gamosazamTreblad dabanakebulma basilim da
saqarTvelos mTavrobam gadawyvites dazaveba, kerZod giorgi I daTanxmda daeTmo daviT III-is sruli memkvidreoba.
zavis garantiad basilim airCia saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurebi.
amitomac man giorgi I-is elCebs Tan gaayola Tavisi warmomadgenlebi,
raTa maTi TandaswrebiT qarTvelTa eklesiis meTaurebs piroba
CamoerTmiaT giorgi I-isaTvis, rom is aRar ibZrolebda daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobisaTvis.
maleve basili II-is winaaRmdeg bizantiaSi moewyo didi ajanyeba barda fokas Svilis nikiforesa da anatoliis mmarTvel qsifes meTaurobiT. saqarTvelos mTavroba miemxro ajanyebulebs, maSasadame miRweuli
zavi dairRva.
zavis garantori qarTuli eklesia iyo, amitomac basili II aRar endoboda qarTul mxares. miTumetes, rom ufro adre, iberiaSi Semosvlis win
aristake lastivertecis TqmiT keisarma mefe giorgisTan gaagzavna
valaSkerteli qarTveli episkoposi zaqaria, winadadebiT, xeli aeRo
daviT III-is memkvidreobaze - ,,tkbili sityvebiT werda mas, rom rac
382

memkvidreobiT Seni araa, xeli aiRe imaze, nu damibrkoleb gzas

sparseTiskeno~, rogorc iTqva bizantia-sparseTis erT-erTi umTavresi
gza gadioda tao-qvemo iberiis im miwebze, romelsac daviT III-is memkvidreoba daerqva.
bizantia-aRmosavleTis omebis dros aRniSnuli e.w. `sparsuli gzis~
kontroli TviTon surda basili II-s da ar surda es gza qarTvelTa
xelSi yofiliyo.
valaSkertelma episkoposma zaqariam daarwmuna mefe giorgi I
daTanxmeboda basilis moTxovnebs, CamoarTva mefes xelwerili, rom is
uTmobda basils Tavisi winapris daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobas da
sixaruliT wavida imperatorTan, magram gzaSi mas daewia mefe giorgis
malemsrboli da moiTxova werilis ukan dabruneba.
xelmocaruli zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposi arc imperatorma
Seiwynara, piriqiT, cilic daswama, TiTqos is ajanyebulebs emxroboda.
sabolood ki nawyenma basil meorem dasaja qarTveli episkoposi imiT,
rom Camoacila valaSkertis kaTedras, Tavis qveyanas da sacxovreblad
konstantinopolSi gaamgzavra. lastivertecis cnobiT TiTqosda zaqarias imperatoris brZanebiT enac amoglijes, sxva cnobiT ki zaqarias ena
mokveTes ara 1021 wels, aramed Semdeg, daaxloebiT 1025 wels sxva ajanyebaSi monawileobis gamo.
garda basilisa, arc sxva imperatorebi swyalobdnen imJamad qarTul
eklesias, magaliTad, imperator konstantines brZanebiT 1027 (1028) wels
imperiis laSqarma moarbia samxreT iberiis qveyana da zogadad didi
safrTxe Seuqmna saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobas (imJamad, mematianes
sityviT ,,gandges kvalad aznaurni da warvides igini saberZneTs~ es
imas niSnavs, rom qveynis didebulebisa da aznaurebis erTma nawilma
bizantiis saxelmwifos gadasces TavianTi sakuTari mamulebi da miwawyali, agreTve sakuTari cixe-simagreebi da romelTa sanacvlodac imperiaSi miiRes sxva miwa-wyali da sasaxleebi, ase rom qveynis Sua gulSic
bizantiis imperias samarTlebrivad gauCnda sakuTari miwa-wyali, mamulebi da cixe-simagreebi. sumbat daviTis Zis cnobiT bizantielebs
wvrili eris erTi nawilic, anu glexobac mimxrobia, xolo saqarTvelos mefem Tavisi laSqari moarida mters), aseT dros qveynis dacvis
wminda saqme Tavis xelSi aiRo qarTulma eklesiam, kerZod SavSeTis episkoposma saba mtbevarma da meore episkoposma, aseve Zalze
saxelovani kaTedris mRvdelmTavarma ezra anCelma. maT Tavis
xelSi aiRes qveynis Tavdacvis organizaciis saqme, aaSenes didi cixesimagre, romelic gaxda qveynis Tavdacvis centri da marTlac RvTis
SewevniT SeiZleba iTqvas moxda namdvili saswaulebrivi movlena bizantiis laSqarma da maTma meTaurma nikita parakimanosma, romelsac
konstantine keisris mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg brZola evaleboda,
ver SeZles qarTveli episkoposebis mier mowyobili TavdacviTi
xazis garRveva.
mterma ver daimorCila ,,sveti~, anu rogorc aRvniSneT, ver SeZles
episkoposebis mier aRmarTuli cixe-simagris damorCileba.
383

sumbat daviTis Ze wers, rom svetsa mas Sina myofni ,,viTarca erTgulni da WeSmaritni martvilni saRmrToni TavTa TvisTa ganwirvides da sisxlTa dasTxevdes sityvisaebr mociqulTasa da
ganZlierdebodes~.
saba mtbevari ase amxnevebda Tavis mebrZolebs ,,numca Segvityueben
Cven liqnani ese da safaseni mswraflwarmavalni, aramed movigoT madli erTgulebisa da gvirgvini axovanebisa~. aqedan Cans, rom
ara Tu ubralo mebrZolebsa da ,,wvril ers~, aramed TviTon episkoposebsac ki cixis garSemo mdgari bizantieli agentebi pirdebodnen
did simdidres Ralatis sanacvlod, iseve rogorc zemoT xsenebuli
aznaurebi da didebulebi moxibles bizantiaSi qonebis micemiT.
sabednierod, amjerad qarTulma eklesiam gaimarjva da bizantielebi
iZulebulebi gaxdnen daeTmoT. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulma jer
basili keisari, Semdeg ki konstantine VIII da saerTod bizantiuri mTavroba ganawyo qarTuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg, rac gamoixata qarTuli monastrebis berebis devniT bizantiis imperiaSi
XI s. I naxevarSi.
qarTuli eklesia da qarTuli sasuliero pirebi gansakuTrebulad
idevnebodnen bizantiis mier dapyrobil daviT III kurapalatis egreTwodebul samemkvidreo miwa-wyalze, anu arzrumidan vidre vanis tbamde,
amis magaliTia zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposis devna da amis magaliTi unda iyos aseve baneli episkoposi iovanes saberZneTSi wasvla.
baneli episkopos iovanes bizantiaSi miwveva emsgavseba XIX s.-Si
qarTlis kaTalikosis anton II-s ruseTSi miwvevas da gadasaxlebas.
rogorc aRiniSna, XI saukunis 20-ian wlebSi bizantielebma daviT
kurapalatis samemkvidro miwa-wyalze, misi dapyrobis Semdeg, daaarses
iberiis Temi.
iqamde, rogorc cnobili aris, taoSi, da mis xeldebul miwebze,
arsebobda qarTuli samrevloebi, qarTuli monastrebi da qarTuli saepiskoposoebi - amier taoSi banas cnobili samRvdelmTavro
kaTedra, imier taos samefoSi, rogorc Cans, msgavsi Rirsebisa da didebulebis mqone qarTuli samRvdelmTavro kaTedra iyo qalaq valaSkertSi.
qalaqi valaSkerti (Tanamedrove elaSkerti) mdebareobda basianis
sazRvarTan axlos, erT-erT umTavres saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaze, ufro
metic am qalaqTan ikvreboda savaWro gzebis kvanZi. q. valaSkertSi,
magaliTad daibanaka daviT kurapalatma, rodesac is vanis tbisaken gaemgzavra manaskertisa da arWeSis gasaTavisufleblad mahmadianTa batonobisagan.
valaSketeli episkoposi zaqaria cnobili qarTveli saeklesio moRvawe iyo. rogorc aRvniSneT, is 1021 wels basili II-m gaagzavna giorgi ITan mosalaparakeblad.
wyaroebSi sakmaod xSirad valaSkertel episkoposs ewodeba aseve mamaTmTavari. is aseve yofila baneli svingelozi.
384

mamaTmTavari, saeklesio samarTlis terminia da aris Sesatyvisi sityvisa patriarqi.

`mamaTmTavaris~ maRali sasuliero wodeba taos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi, Cans, gulisxmobda samitropolito olqis meTaurobas.
rogorc viciT samitropolito olqis meTaurs, anu mitropolits Tavis
xelqveviT hyavda episkoposebi, romelTa kurTxevis uflebac mas hqonda.
aseTi iyo pirvelqristianuli eklesiis mowyobis wesi.
aseTi gagebiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi, ZiriTadaT, ori samitropolito olqi arsebobda: qarTlis sakaTalikoso da afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, oRond maT meTaurebs ara mitropoliti, anda arqiepiskoposi,
aramed kaTalikosi (sayovelTao episkoposi) ewodeboda.
IX-X ss.-Si, saqarTvelos eklesiis sazRvrebis zrdis kvaldakval, axalwarmoqmnil qarTul saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebSi qarTuli samitropolito olqebic yalibdeboda magaliTad erTi aseTi iyo afxazeTis
sakaTalikoso TavisTavadi qarTuli saeklesio-administraciuli erTeuli, rogorc Cans XIV-XV saukuneebSi Crdilo kavkasiaSi daRestanSi
Camoyalibebula meore aseTi saeklesio erTeuli xunZeTis sakaTalikoso, moRweulia misi meTauris saxeli - `xunZeli kaTalikosi oqropiri~.
rogorc Cans mas daqvemdebarebaSi sakuTari saepiskoposoebic hyavda,
albaT waxurisa, War-fifineTisa da sxva, anu xunZeTis sakaTalikoso,
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos msgavsad warmoadgenda berZnuli gagebiT samitropolito olqs.
Cven gamovTqvamT Tvalsazriss, rom SesaZloa daviT III kurapalatis
vrclad gadaSlil miwa-wyalze olTisidan arzrumamde da vanis tbamde
viTarca damoukidebel samefoSi Camoyalibda axali qarTuli
saeklesio erTeuli, samitropolito olqis statusis mqone, iseTive rogorebic iqamdec iyvnen, vTqvaT qarTlis sakaTalikoso, anda
afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, xolo am axali samitropolito olqis meTaurs gaaCnda ara wodeba kaTalikosisa, aramed mamaTmTavrisa.
Cven vfiqrobT, - aseTi xanmokle rom ar yofiliyo daviT kurapalatis samxreT taos samefos arseboba, aRniSnuli qarTuli samitropolito olqi arzrumidan vanis tbamde albaT realur saxes miiRebda, magram
rogorc Cans misi arseboba gagrZelda sul ramdenime weli da zaqaria
valaSkertelTan erTad gaqra asparezidan.
aRniSnul teritoriaze, rogorc vTqviT, Semdeg bizantiuri `iberiis
Temi~ Camoyalibda, romlis marTlmadidebluri saepiskoposoebi
bizantiam SeuerTa lazikis, anu trapezuntis samitropolito
olqs.
albaT, iberiis Temis daarsebamde atarebda zaqaria valaSkerteli
mamaTmTavris tituls e.i XI s. 20-25-ian wlebamde.
eqvTime mTawmindelis mier Targmnil da zaqaria valaSketelisaTvis
gadaweril erT sjuliskanonis minawerebSi ikiTxeba ,,ufalo ieso
qriste adide wmida mamaTmTavari zaqaria valaSkerteli~, da ,,RmerTo adide zaqaria mamaTmTavari aqa da saukunesa~ (T. Jordania.
385

qronikebi, t. I, gv. 155). T. Jordanias cnobiT yofila aseve sxva wignis

minaweri ,,qriste adide orTave Sina cxovrebaTa zaqaria mamaTmTavari, banaeli svingelozi~ da aRniSnavs, rom zaqaria valaSkerteli unda gamdxariyos banel svingelozado. v. kopaliani wers ,,Tu
zaqaria valaSkerteli iyo maSin roca mas ena mohkveTes, amis Semdeg is
baneli svingelozi ver gaxdeboda. rogorc Cans zaqarias ena mohkveTes
ara 1021 wels, aramed 1025 wels, radganac skilice zaqarias 1025 wlis
SeTqmulebis monawiled, da amis gamo dasjilad Tvlis (v. kopaliani,
dasax. naSr. gv. 115). SesaZloa 1021 wlamde valaSkerteli zaqaria 1025
wlamde baneli svingelozi gaxda, albaT konstantinepolSi misces mas
es sapatio wodeba mas Semdeg rac iovane banelma episkoposma banas
kaTedra datova.
amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania v. kopalianis mosazreba - ,,SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom zaqaria ara saqarTvelos samefoSi
Semavali saeklesio obieqtis mamaTmTavari aramed, qarTuli provinciis,
magram bizantiis imperiis mier dapyrobili romeliRac saeklesio centrisa da misi mrevlis mamaTmTavaria~ (v. kopaliani,
saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi,
1969, gv. 116).
Cveni TvalsazrisiT zaqaria iyo mamaTmTavari daviT kurapalatis
samefos marTlmadidebeli mrevlisa, xolo mas Semdeg rac 1001 wels es
samefo dai pyro bizantiam, bizantia erT xans kidev iTmenda am dapyrobil qveyanaSi am qarTuli saeklesio olqis arsebobas, Tumca
ki misi mamaTmTavari konstantinepolSi iyo gadasaxlebuli, xolo
1025 wlidan zaqarias dasjis Semdeg qarTuli samitropolito
olqi gauqmda da iberiis Temis marTlmadidebeli mrevli gadaeca trapezuntis, anu lazikis mitropolits.
am gadacemamde, anu 1001 wlidan 1025 wlamde TiTqmis meoTxedi saukunis
ganmavlobaSi bizantiaSi moRvawe qarTveli sasuliero pirebi yoveli
RonisZiebiT Tavdadebuli SromiT cdilobdnen rogorme SeenarCunebinaT taos yofil teritoriaze eklesiis qarTulenovneba, raTa aRniSnuli miwa-wylis eklesiebsa da saepiskoposo kaTedrebSi wirva-locva
yofiliyo kvlav qarTulenovani. rogorc Cans berZenTa mxridan es wamowyeba did winaaRmdegobas awydeboda, berZnebs ar SeeZloT pirdapiri
uariT qarTveli mrevlisaTvis
qarTulenovani wirva-locvis
akrZalva, amitomac eZebdnen sababs. gamoCenilan ,,mayvedreblebi~,
romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom qarTuli wminda werili ar iyo sworad Targmnili, rom mas raRac monofizituri biwi gaaCnda, radganac somxuri redaqciebidan iyo Targmnili. giorgi mcire aRniSnavs kidec, rom qarTuli saeklesio literaturis nawili namdvilad
iyo Targmnili somxuridan.
giorgi mciris sityviT, am braldebaTa gamo, iverTa monasterSi,
aTonis wminda mTaze, eqvTime mTawmindelma wamoiwyo didi Sroma,
raTa qarTuli wminda wignebi SeejerebinaT da gaesworebinaT
imJamad miRebuli berZnuli redaqciebis mixedviT. am Sromas eweo386

da radenime Taoba, magram, pirveli, eqvTime mTawmidelisa da zaqaria

valaSkertelis Taobis SemarTeba am mxriv gasaocari iyo.
sabolood mainc, samxreT taos qarTuli samefo iqca berZnul
,,iberiis Temad~, saidanac gaZevebuli iqmna qarTuli saeklesio
ierarqia da is eklesiurad
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
lazikis eparqiis nawilad iqca.
zaqaria mamaTmTavari aqtiurad TanamSromlobda aTonis mTis mTargmnel mamebTan, raTa Tavis eparqiis mrevlisaTvis `ubiwo~ qarTulenovani liturgikuli literaura SeeTavazebina, rom amiT berZen `mabralobelTa~ guli moego, magram politikuri mizezebis gamo misi Sroma
amao aRmoCnda, mis mrevls qarTulis nacvlad berZnulenovani wirvalocva dauweses.
Cans, Crdilo taos umTavresi saeklesio centri banac iberiis Temma
SeierTa.
am didi saeklesio marcxis Semdegac, roca qarTvelma mamebma ver
SeZles `iberiis TemSi~ qarTulenovani eparqiis SenarCuneba (Tundac
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi), isini ukve iRvwodnen
raTa danarCeni saqarTvelos mrevls mainc SeenarCunebina erovnuleklesiuri TavisTavadoba.
unda iTqvas, rom XI s. 20-50-iani wlebSi qarTuli eklesiis Tavdadebuli brZola saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis mtrulad ganawyobda bizantiis saxelmwifo da saeklesio centrebs qarTuli eklesiis mimarT.
marTlac mTel bizantiis imperiaSi dawyebuli devna qarTuli sasuliero pirebisa da monastrebisa gagrZelda 1054-1057 wlebamde da ZiriTadad Sewyda bagrat IV-s konstantinepolSi Casvlis da molaparakebaTa damTavrebis Semdeg.
`iberiis Temis~ qarTulenovani eparqia (XI s.)

saeklesio iurisdiqcia, rogorc wesi, asaxavs politikur cvlilebas,

kerZod bizantiis mier taos samefos gauqmebam da misi teritoriebis
bizantiis imperiaSi Seyvanam iurisdiqcia mkveTrad Secvala.
iqamde taos qarTuli eparqia Tavisi qarTulenovani saepiskoposo
kaTedrebiTa da monastrebiT brwyinavda mTel qarTul samyaroSi, magram, mas Semdeg rac qarTvelTa samefo gaauqma bizantiis imperiam, xolo
mis teritoriaze Tavisi administraciuli erTeuli `iberiis Temi~ daaarsa, Seicvala saeklesio iurisdiqciac.
axla ukve taos yofil samefoSi, romelic vrcel `iberiis Temad~
gadaiqca, mcxeTis adgili konstantinopolma daiWira.
`iberiis Temis~ qarTuli eklesia-monastrebi konstantinopolis iurisdiqcias, kerZod lazikis samitropolitos daeqvemdebara.
konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi yofna cxadia iTvaliswinebda
berZnulenovan wirva-locvas, magram es mkacrad savaldebulo ar iyo
pirvel etapze mainc.
rogorc masala miuTiTebs, `iberiis Temis~ qarTveli mamebi XI sauku387

nis 20-30-ian wlebSi da Semdegac ibrZodnen imisaTvis, raTa bizantiaSi

Semavali `iberiis Temis~ eparqia yofiliyo qarTulenovani, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Sesul am miwa-wyalze eklesia-monastrebSi
qarTulenovani wirva-locva hqonodaT, qarTulenovani wignebiT, galobiTa da sxva wesebiT.
erTi sityviT, qarTvel mamebs surdaT, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
`iberiis Temis~ eparqia qarTulenovani yofiliyo. am ideis mTavari sulisCamdgmeli da ganmaxorcielebeli iyo valaSkerteli qarTveli episkoposi zaqaria. marTalia igi konstantinopolSi iyo gadasaxlebuli imperator basili II-is mier, magram Cans inarCunebda saeklesio Tanamdebobebsa da xarisxebs, is svingelozad iwodeboda. svingelozi patrikiosze
ufro maRali wodeba iyo da rogorc wesi eniWeboda sxvebTan erTad
iberiel didgvarovnebs (patrikiosma Tornike erisTavma barda skliarosTan gamarjvebis Semdeg svingelozis wodeba miiRo), iseve, rogorc
kurapalatoba iyo magistrosze ufro maRali wodeba (mefe daviT III
jer magistrosad iwodeboda, Semdeg kurapalatad). Cans zaqaria iberieli didgvarovani iyo da daimsaxura es wodeba.
zaqaria valaSkerteli konstantinopolSi didad iRvwoda, raTa iberiis Temis eparqia qarTulenovani yofiliyo da man did warmatebasac
miaRwia, magram XI s. 30-ian wlebSi imperatoris winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba
dabralda, risTvisac daisaja.
unda vifiqroT, rom zaqaria valaSkertelis dasjis Semdeg, e. i. XI sis 30-50-iani wlebidan `iberiis Temis~ eparqia ukve uSualod daeqvemdebara trapezuntis samitropolitos da gaerTianebuli iqna lazikis
berZnulenovan eparqiaSi. amiT `iberiis Temis~, ase vTqvaT, kulturuli
avtonomiuroba gauqmda.
magram, amas Znelad eguebodnen qarTveli mamebi da XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, gardamaval etapze, bizantia-saqarTvelos zavis dadebamde
(1054-1057 wlebamde), Tavdauzogavad iRwodnen `iberiis Temis~ saeklesio
qarTulenovnebisaTvis.
maT winaaRmdeg `iberiis Temis~ berZnulenovnebis mosurne bizantiel
sasuliero pirebs namdvili omi hqondaT gaCaRebuli kulturis sferoSi. kerZod, bizantieli mamebi moiTxovdnen qarTulenovani wignebis, wmida werilis amoRebas saeklesio praqtikidan, radganac, maTi mtkicebiT
qarTuli wignebi arasworad iyo Targmnili, miuTiTebdnen, rom isini
Tangmnilni iyvnen somxuri redaqciebis e. i. biwieri, araswori, Seryvnili teqstebidan. amis gamo, XI saukunis mTeli pirveli naxevari mieZRvna
qarTuli redaqciebis berZnulis mixedviT Casworebas. mTargmnelobiTi
muSaobis saTaveebTan idgnen taoeli, zogadad `iberiis Temidan~ gamosuli qarTveli mamebi. berZnulis mixedviT Targmna-redaqtirebis es
procesi daiwyo gansakuTrebiT keisar basilis tao-basianSi 1001 wels
laSqrobis Semdeg, radganac maSin ukve Seerya taos qarTul eparqias
safuZveli.
samwuxarod, didi, grandiozuli SemoqmedebiTi samuSaos Sesrulebis
miuxedavad ver moxerxda SenarCuneba `iberiis Temis~ eparqiis qarTu388

lenovnebisa. marTalia, misi zogierTi eklesia-monasteri kvlav qarTulenovani ti pikoniT moqmedebda, magram sabolood mTlianad `iberiis
Temis~ eparqia berZnulenovani gaxda.
`iberiis Temis~ miwa-wyali, rogorc iTqva, miuerTes lazikis berZnul
eparqias, romlis samitropolito centri trapezuntSi mdebareobda. e.
i. 1001 wlidan 1030-ian wlebamde es eparqia qarTulenovani iyo, xolo 3070-ian wlebSi TandaTan berZnulenovnad iqca.
iqamde imier taos `qarTvelTa samefoSi~ Semavali miwa-wylis sasuliero centrad gamocxadda q. valaSkerti (p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule,
1954, gv. 67-68). valaSkerteli episkoposi iqca faqtiur mitropolitad,
romelic meTaurobda taos mier axladSemoerTebuli qveynebis qarTul
eklesia-monastrebs, Tavis mxriv, es qarTuli eparqia mcxeTas eqvemdebareboda ukve X saukunis 70-iani wlebidan.
am axali, anu valaSkertis eparqiis iurisdiqciaSi Cans Sedioda
qarTvelTa mier gaTavisuflebuli miwa-wyali. eseni iyvnen e. w. ,,zemoni
qveyanani~ Sesulni taos samefoSi.
am vrceli mxareebis mkvidrma qarTvelma mosaxleobam gaTavisuflebis Tanave gadaigdo somxuri saeklesio uReli da daubrunda dedaqarTul
eklesias, romelsac mowyvetili iyo saukuneTa manZilze.
maTi sulieri mamebi, eTnikurad aseve qarTvelebi, Cans iqamdec, gaTavisuflebamdec, zrunavdnen, raTa maT mrevls ar daekarga erovnulqarTuli identoba, TviTSemecneba da qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba. ase ukve
Semzadebulma qarTulma mrevlma Seadgina mTeli sisavse valaSkertis
eparqiis mravalricxvovani samwysosi.
es SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tu ara mrevlis saojaxo qarTulenovneba
da maTi didi survili dabrunebodnen dedaeklesias. daviT kurapalatma
maTi didi xnis ocneba aRasrula. isini qarTuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad iqcnen, maTma sulierma qarTvelma mamebma ki ganagrZes iqamde, didi
xniT adre dawyebuli Rvawli.
saubedurod, es didi erovnul-eklesiuri aRtkineba umowyalod Cakla
bizantiis jarma da imperatorma basil II-m, romelic 1001 wels Sevida
taoSi, daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobis misaRebad.
1018 wels basil II meored SemoiWra saqarTveloSi kidev ufro didi
jariT, qarTuli jari ukuiqca, mterma kola-artaan-javaxeTi gaanadgura
basianTan da taosTan erTad. 1022 wels daido qarTvelTaTvis mZime
zavi. imperiaSi daiwyo qarTveli berebis, saerTod qarTvelebis devna. e.
xinTibaZis sityviT, saimperatoro karze iberTa saxeli imperiis orgul
mterTa saZulvel saxelebs Soris ixsenieboda
basili II-s am dapyrobil iveriis miwebze Seuqmnia samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli ,,iberiis sakatepano~, igive `iberiis Temi~, mis erTerT mmarTvels ,,matiane qarTlisa~ uwodebs ,,aRmosavleTis katabans~,
romelsac iqamde mZevlad wayvanili yrma bagrat IV konstantinopolidan amier taoSi daubrunebia.
`iberiis TemSi~, zogierTi istorikosis TvalsazrisiT, Sedioda - imier tao, Crdilo basiani, olTisi, TorTomi, da aseve kola, artaani, SavSe389

Ti, javaxeTi da aseve is vrceli miwa-wyali romelic Sedioda araqsevfratis xeobebSi.

v. goilaZis azriT am qveynebis mierTebis Tanave imperiis eklesiam Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcela maTze, amis gamo misi azriT
oSkis cnobili taZaric ki am periodSi imperiis eklesiaSi Sedioda, (v. goilaZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva qarTul
epigrafikaSi, 2008, gv. 122).
bizantiis imperiis eklesiaSi Sesula daviT kurapalatis samefos mTeli teritoria (iqve, gv. 125).
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi es qarTuli teritoriebi darCenila 1001
wlidan 1072-74 wlebamde - Turq selCukebis mier maT dapyrobamde.
valaSkerti, romelic iqamde imier taos samefos sasuliero centri
iyo - konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcias daeqvemdebara oSkis taZarTan da sxva qarTul eklesia-monastrebTan erTad (ix. iqve, gv.
137). Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom 1018 wlamde bizantiis batonoba am
miwaze ar iyo myari, aq isev igrZnoboda qarTuli saxelmwifos xeli.
XI saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli sasuliero pirebi cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT bizantiis imperiaSi Sesuli am miwawylis eklesiebis qarTulenovneba. qarTuli wmida werilis xelaxalma
redaqtirebam, berZnul redaqciebTan Sedarebam, TiTqmis naxevari saukune moicva.
sabolood ki mainc iberiis Temis eparqia berZnulenovani gaxda zogadi TvalsazrisiT, Tumca eklesia-monastrebis arcTu mcire nawilma
SeinarCuna qarTulenovneba.
daviT kurapalatis yofili samefos qarTuli saepiskoposoebis mrevli Semdgom saukuneebSic qarTuli eklesiis wevrad darCa Turq-selCukebisa da osmalebis batonobis drosac ki, aseTebi iyvnen ara mxolod
oSkisa, banasa Tu xaxulis, aramed valaSkertisa da arzrumis da sxva
qarTveli saepiskopsoebis mrevlic.
valaSkertis samamamTavro da lazikis samitropolito (XI s.)

ZiriTadi saeklesio administraciuli erTeulis samitropolitos

- meTaurs anu mitropolits, rogorc cnobilia, Tavis uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi hyavs sakuTari episkoposebi. aseTi saeklesio erTeulebi
saqarTveloSi iyo qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebi (kaTalikosi iseTive saeklesio xelisufali iyo, rogoric berZnul eklesiaSi
aris mitropoliti).
sazogadod, msoflio pirvelqristianul eklesiaSi samitropolito
olqTa iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda mis momcvel adgilobriv politikuradministraciul erTeulebze, eseni iyvnen Tavis droze romauli provinciebi, Semdeg bizantiuri teritoriuli politikuri erTeulebi.
saqarTveloSic afxazeTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda
afxazTa samefos farglebSi, mcxeTisa _ Zveli qarTlis samefos farglebSi.
390

valaSkertis samamamTavros, anu, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, valaSkertis e.w. `samitropolito olqis~ iurisdiqcia, Cans, vrceldeboda
imier taos samefos farglebSi. taos samefo Tavdapirvelad moicavda imier taos, Semdgom, daviT kurapalatis dros mas miuerTda
vrceli miwebi e.w. `zemoni qveyanani~, gadaWimuli TiTqmis vanis
tbamde, maSasadame, Cveni azriT, swored am miwa-wylis momcveli
`samefo~ iyo valaSkertis `mamamTavris~ iurisdiqciis qveS. sxva
sityviT rom vTqvaT, saqarTvelos eklesiaSi iyo imdeni sakaTalikoso
erTeuli, ramdeni politikuri erTeuli anu `samefoc~ arsebobda qveyanaSi, Tumca kaxeTis samefos SigniT arsebobda Tu ara aseTi `samitropolito~ CvenTvis ucnobia, Tumca aq SeiZleba iyos gamonaklisi, radganac kaxeTs Tavdapirvelad qorepiskoposebi marTavdnen viTarca saerosaeklesio xelisufalni, qorepiskoposebi ki mcxeTeli kaTalikosis
xelqveiTebi iyvnen. Cans, kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo Zveli qarTlis samefos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi iyo. afxazeTSi viTarca TavisTavad samefoSi _ saeklesio iurisdiqcias adgilobrivi mitropoliti, anu kaTalikosi axorcielebda, afxazeTis gareT msgavsi politikuri erTeulebi, rogorc iTqva, iyvnen qarTlisa da taos samefoebi. maSasadame, Cveni
azriT, taos sazRvrebSi Camoyalibda taos qarTuli saeklesio-administraciuli erTeuli _ taos samamaTmTavro, romlis iurisdiqcia TiTqmis vanis tbamde ganivrco.
mamaTmTavar-patriarqi daviT kurapalatis karze (X s.)

asoRikis cnobiT daviT kurapalatis karze iyo pirovneba patriarqis

wodebiT, magaliTad 1001 wels, rodesac daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg
basili II mivida qarTvelTa qveyanaSi, erT-erTi Sida SebrZolebis dros
daixocnen taos didebulebi, maT Soris iyvnen: ,,didi mTavarTmTavari
patriarxi, oCopentres ori Svili gabrieli da ioane, abulxabris SviliSvili Cordvaneli da sxva mravalni~
(v. kopaliani,
saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi,
1969, gv. 76).
asoRikis cnobiT gardacvlili patriarqi taos didebulTa wres ekuTvnoda.
iahia antioqielic aseve iZleva cnobas, rom daviT kurapalatis karze
namdvilad iyo kaTalikosi, romelic amave wres ganekuTvneba.
iahia antioqielis cnobiT - ,,damarcxebulma daviT kurapalatma
kaTalikosi da didebulebi gagzavna bizantiaSi, raTa maT erTgulebis fici miecaT basil keisrisaTvis (iqve, gv. 307).
maSasadame, sxvadasxva wyaro miuTiTebs, rom daviT kurapalatis
karze namdvilad iyo umaRlesi sasuliero pativis mqone piri
patriarqis an kaTalikosis wodebiT adgilobrivi warmoSobisa.
qarTuli wyaro ki miuTiTebs, rom zaqaria valaSkertels hqonia `mamaTmTavris~ wodeba, rac, rogorc iTqva, sityva patriarqis
Sesatyvisia da Seesabameba samitropolito olqis meTaurs.
391

vin iyo daviT kurapalatis karze - mcxeTeli kaTalikos-patriarqi

Tu adgilobrivi axali qarTuli saeklesio-administraciuli olqis
meTauri? iqneb daviT kurapalatma Tavis samefoSi administraciulad
axali qarTuli samitropolito olqi Seqmna, romlis meTaursac mamaTmTavris wodeba hqonda?
zaqaria mamaTmTavari (iseve, rogorc 1001 wels mokluli taoeli patriarqi) ganekuTvneboda taos (anu iberiis) ubrwyinvales sagvareulos,
kerZod zaqaria iyo grigol bakurianis biZis Tevdrates naTesavi,
aseve feris jojikis Zis naTesavi.
wyaroebi iZleva SesaZleblobas imisa, rom davuSvaT varaudi taos
saeklesio olqis Camoyalibebisa, kerZod, daviT kurapalats Tavisi samefo srulyofili samoxeleo sistemiT aRuWurvia:
daviT kurapalatis karze iyvnen iseTi iSviaTi moxeleTmTavrebi, rogoricaa - ,,mweralTa mTavari~, an ,,meganZurTa uxucesi~. mis samefo
karze yofila aseve piri ,,mTavarTa mTavris~ wodebiT.
v. kopalians garkveuli aqvs, rom ,,somxeTis samefo karze mTavarTamTavris tituls is piri atarebda, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo mefis
winaSe yvela vasalis moqmedebaze~ (iqve, gv. 34). masve eqvemdebarebodnen
sagadasaxado moxeleebi, igive piri niSnavda cixisTavebs. aseTi moxele
(mTavarTamTavari) daviTis karze yofila cnobili didebuli jojiki,
mas Tavisi sakuTari ,,meganZurTa uxucesi~ - gvirpeli hyolia.
aseTi srulyofili samoxeleo ierarqiis arseboba samxreT taos samefo karze, kidev ufro gvafiqrebinebs, rom zaqaria valaSkertelis
tituli - ,,mamaTmTavari~ ar iyo SemTxveviTi saxeli, rom rogorc
mTavarTamTavris mimarT vasalebs ekisrebodaT pasuxismgebloba,
aseve zaqarias (viTarca mamaTmTavris) mimarT episkoposebs gaaCndaT pasuxismgebloba, anu is episkoposTa mTavari anu samxreT
taos administraciulad TavisTavadi saeklesio olqis mmarTveli iyo.
`naTesaviT qarTvelni~ (grigol bakurianis Ze)

iberiaSi mosvlisas basili keisarma zavi Sekra Sida iberiis

mmarTvelTan da bizantiaSi ,,waiyvana iberiis didgvarianebi, romelTagan umTavresni iyvnen bakuriani, Tevdrate da fersi, RviZli
Zmebi~ - wers kedrene (georgika, V, gv. 45).
SemdegSi cnobili didebuli iberieli didgvariani grigoli - iyo
erT-erTi am gadasaxlebulis - bakurianis Ze.
grigoli TviTonve aRniSnavs Tu vin iyo is - ,,var RviZli Svili
netari bakurianisa, brwyinvale erisTav-erisTavisa, warmoSobiT
var aRmosavleTis mxareebidan iberTa ubrwyinvalesi gvaridan~
(georgika, V, gv. 99).
Tavis erovnuli warmomavlobis, Tavisi qarTvelobis Sesaxeb grigoli petriwonis monastris ti pikonSi aRniSnavs Cven qarTvelebi varT
da gamovlili gvaqvs yovelgvari mxedruli cxovrebao - ,,romelni
392

ese mkvidr varT monastersa amas Sina... qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxneni da mxedrobaTa Sina aRzrdilni~.
grigol bakurianis Ze amayobda Tavisi qarTuli warmoSobiT, qarTvelebs
mxne ers uwodebda da samxedro saqmeSi daxelovnebulT (SeiZleba isic
vifiqroT, rom grigolma Tavis monasterSi Sekriba is qarTveli yofili jariskacebi, mxedrebi, romelTac beroba gadawyvites).
petriwonis tipikonSi, iseve, rogorc yvelgan, sityva ,,naTesavi~ erovnul,
eTnikur warmomavlobas aRniSnavs da ara sarwmunoebriv orientacias,
rac iqidanac Cans, rom grigoli wers ,,varT qarTvelni naTesaviT
mxneni~. is mxne anu gmiruli, heroikuli suliskveTebis `qarTvelTa
naTesavis~, eris, wevria da ara heroikuli konfesiisa.
Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi grigols eTnikur somxad miiCneven,
romelsac TiTqosda qarTveli erqva marTlmadideblobis gamo.
v. kopaliani aRniSnavs, rom grigols (maSasadame, aseve Tevdrates, ferss,
bakurians, zaqaria valaSkertelsa da sxvebs) qarTvelad miiCnevdnen
TviT maTi Tanamedrove somexi avtorebi - stefanoz tarneli, aristakes
lastiverteci (is zaqaria valaSkertels qarTvels uwodebs), maTe edeseli,
sxva avtorebidan iahia antioqieli, skilice, kedrene da sxvebi (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070
wlebSi, 1969, gv. 307).
ana komnene grigols somexs uwodebs. rogorc miiCneva mamamisTan
grigolis kontaqtis dros ana mcirewlovani bavSvi iyo da albaT aRar
axsovda grigolis warmomavloba.
grigolis ojaxis yvela wevri saqarTvelosaTvis Tavdadebuli iyo.
grigolis biZas feris jojikis Zes samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirvis gamo
,,Tavi warekveTa~.
bizantiaSi gadasaxlebuli feris jojikis Ze cdilobda, rogorme
CamoeSorebina saimperatoro taxtidan basili, romelmac daipyro samxreT
tao da mospo iq qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba. feriss unari Seswevda
da SeZlo kidec basilis sawinaaRmdego did ajanyebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis miReba. is marTlac ajanyda.
ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 1022 wels, feris jojikis
Ze basilma daasjevina Tavis sakuTar mamulTan axlos karinis qveyanaSi.
ajanyeba iseTi didi masStabis iyo, rom basilis samxedro banaki ,,SiSma
da Zrwolam moicva~.
1025 wels samSoblos gasaTavisufleblad mowyobil sxva ajanyebaSi
monawileobisaTvis dasajes grigolis ojaxis wevri zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposi - `Tevdrate patrikiosis naTesavi~ (Tevdrates ZmisSvilebi yofilan samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis SemdgomSi ajanyebuli cnobili pirebi giorgi da varazvaCe). Tevdrates, rogorc viciT
ori Zma hyavda bakuriani da ferisi, bakurianis Svilebis saxelebi cnobilia, amitomac fiqrobs v. kopaliani ,,iqneb fersis Svilebi arian giorgi
da varazvaCe~ (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri
urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 174).
imperatori romanoz argvirosis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi monaw393

ileobisaTvis kedrenes sityviT 1028 w. ,,Teodosi patrikis ZmisSvilebi

giorgi da varazvaCe magrad garozgili, saxalxod gamoyvanilni gadaasaxles~ (iqve, gv. 172).
kopaliani eTanxmeba n. skabalanoviCs da miiCnevs, rom konstantine
VIII-s mier dasjili zaqaria valaSkerteli naTesavi unda yofiliyo
giorgisa da varazvaCesi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom romanozis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi monawileobisaTvis
dasajes agreTve mesame winamZRvari iverTa monastrisa giorgi maSenebeli (giorgi ukeTuri). k. kekeliZe fiqrobda, rom zemoT aRniSnul giorgi da varazvaCe ara ori, aramed erTi piri iyvnen, igive giorgi maSenebeli, rasac ar eTanxmebian sxva mkvlevarebi, radganac maT miiCneven ara
sasuliero, aramed saero pirebad).
ase daisajnen iveriis dapyrobis gamo mravalgzis ajanyebuli saxelovani qarTveli didebulebi da maT Soris zaqaria valaSkerteli.
dapyrobis Semdgom bizantiam ver upatrona da mtrisagan ver daicva
samxreT iberia. piriqiT `mxne iberielTa~ damarcxebam Turq-seljukebs
gza gauxsna konstantinopolisaken. maT saSualeba miecaT kidev ufro
aeoxrebinaT samxreT taos samefos yofili miwa-wyali da mters gza
gaexsna trapezuntisa da bizantiis siRrmeebisaken.
aseT dros, Cans, bizantiaSi maRali Tanamdebobis qarTvelebi cdilobdnen daeTanxmebinaT saimperatoro kari, raTa kvlav saqarTvelos
SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebuliyo samxreT iberiis nawili mainc.
erTi aseTi moRvawe yofila grigol bakurianis Ze, romelic piradad
eaxla banaSi saqarTvelos mefe giorgi II-s da mas bizantiis saxeliT
gadaeca qalaq kari (yarsi).
mematianis cnobiT grigol bakurianis Zis xelSi yofila imJamad
olTisi (samxreT taos yofili dedaqalaqi) da aseve arzrumi (karnu
qalaqi).
giorgi II-s kari (yarsi) gadaeca misi mimdgomi qveyniT anu vanandiT.
ufro adre, daviT kurapalatis epoqaSi qarTvelTa samefo saocari
siswrafiT gaizarda, misi sazRvrebi TiTqmis vanis tbamde gadaiwia, es
SeuZlebeli iqneboda evfratis saTaveebis da vanis tbis dasavle TiT mcx ovrebi mos axleoba rom a r yofiliyo eTn iku ri
qarTveloba, romelTac surdaT da natrobdnen qarTul saxelmwifoSi cxovrebas.
qarTvelebis ricxvi aRniSnul regionebSi Zalze didi rom iyo iqedanac
Cans, rom am movlenis axsnas Cveni Tanamedrove somexi istorikosebi
imiT uZebnian, rom isini e.w. ,,qalkedoniti somxebi~ iyvnen, romelnic
TiTqosda `gaqarTveldnen~, sinamdvileSi ki isini iyvnen pirdapiri
STamomavalni fasianebis, qaldebisa da taoxebis im qarTuli tomebisa,
romelnic qsenofontem am adgilebSi ixila qristeSobamde oTxasi wliT
adre da romelTa erovnul-eTnikuri qarTuli identoba mkveTrad gamoikveTa daviT kurapalatis epoqaSi, rac grigol bakurianis drosac
gagrZelda.

394

urTierTdamokidebuleba mcxeTel kaTalikossa

da samxreTtaoel mamamTavars Soris

I aTaswleulSi kaTalikosi ufro sapatio da uzenaes saeklesio xelisuflad iTvleboda vidre ,,mamaTmTavari~, am mosazrebas somxuri eklesiis magaliTi amtkicebs, sadac kaTalikosi ufro maRal wodebad
iTvleboda vidre patriarqi.
uxtanesi da sxva somexi avtorebi amtkicebdnen, - ,,efesodan mociqulis neSti konstantinopolSi gadaasvenes, ris Semdegac konstantinopolelma da aseve sxva mravalma ierarqma patriarqis saxeli miisakuTra~.
VII-X saukuneebSi mamaTmTavris anu patriarqis saxels mravali ierarqi atarebda, magram kaTalikosi mxolod tradiciul uZveles kaTedrebs
marTavda somxeTsa da mis maxlobel eklesiebSi.
taos ierarqis wodeba ,,mamaTmTavari~ ar akninebda mcxeTeli kaTalikosis tituls, piriqiT, mcxeTeli kaTalikosi masze uzenaes, uxuces
qarTul saeklesio xelisuflad iTvleboda, miTumetes taos mamaTmTavarTan SedarebiT.
SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom taos qarTul samamaTmTavros safuZveli
daedo ,,zemo qveynebis~ gadmocemamde, kerZod mas Semdeg, rac taos SeuerTda
basiani.
rogorc cnobilia basiani jer kidev konstantine porfirogenetis
dros iyo sadavo qarTvelTa da bizantielTa Soris, bolos, am keisris
dros, basiani orad gaiyo, samxreTi bizantias darCa, Crdilo basiani
tao-klarjeTs SeuerTda (narkv. II, gv. 478, Sen. 4).
e.i. X s. dasawyisidanve Crdilo basiani eklesiurad qarTul saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi iyo Sesuli, administraciulad Crdilo basiani
samxreT taos SeuerTda, teritoriis zrdam SesaZloa Seqmna saTanado
pirobebi saeklesio olqis warmosaqmnelad, amis gamoc Seiqmna taos
samamaTmTavro, misi meTauri mcxeTel kaTalikoss eqvemdebareboda qarTul
eklesiaSi arsebuli wesis Sesabamisad, rogorc umrwemesi uxucess.
qarTuli saepiskoposoebi yofili mesxeTis miwebze
(XII-XVI s. `qronikebis~ mixedviT)

1. `iSxnelis samwyso gurjiboRazis aqeT sula TorTomi, taos qvemoTi, artanujis Tavi (sakrulavi hqvian, imas aqeTi), daRmiT orjoxis mTis
aqeTi, sula sakavkasi(Z)o, ispiri, trapizonis mTas gadmoRma.
2. anCelis samwyso, samwyals aqeTi xancxas. (xancTas) da opizas Sua
daxatula, amis qvemoTi niglis-xevi, gadaRma da gamoRmarTi, goniis samZRuramdin.
3. mtbevaris samwyso, daxatulas zedaTi, ankerTs aqeTi, sula SavSeTi,
miWixianT batonis kaTalikosis yofila, im qveynis episkoposis iasaulic is yofila. aWara dandalos zeviTi mas hqonebia da dandalos
qvemoTi aWara quTaTelis samwyso yofila.
395

4. wurwyabelis samwyso, xursiZis saxli, sula bocoT-xevi, xerTvisis

qveiTi, _ misia.
5. wyarosTvelis samwyso, zevTi, da imas zeiT palakacio kolis
samZRvramdin, mtkuars aqeTi artani.
6. eruSnelis samwyso, talaSos zeiTi, sula artana, kolis samZRvramdin.
7. valaSkertelis samwyso, yazevans zeiTi, valaSkeTis aqaT, xinusi da
devabonis aqeTi (T. Jordanias SeniSvna _ xinusi _ baiburTis axlos).
8. anelis samwyso sula zariStiani da Sirvoini da baRasbereTi
9. karelis smwyso sula kari da kolisa da olTisis samzRuris
gardmoRma ggeCviani da kaRzevani.
10. banelis samwyso sula bani, taoskari, fanaskerti, parizis xeoba,
sula olTisi da namurakani.
11. dadaSnelis samwyso sula kola da xortevani, yarasalzed midgomamdin.
am episkoposTa mwyemsi da upiratesi saqarTvelos kaTalikosi amis
xelaT yofilan~ (qronikebi, II, 1897, gv. 53-54).
yofili iberiis Temis mimdebare qarTuli saepiskoposoebi
(XIV-XVII ss.)

yofili ,,iberiis Temis~ qarTveloba XIV-XV saukuneebSi kvlav aRorZinda da eklesiurad mravali qarTuli saepiskoposo daaarsa am mxareebSi, kerZod XIV-XV saukuneebis xelnaweris mixedviT eseni iyvnen - vanis
tbis siaxloves
1. valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposo. misi sazRvrebi iyo - ,,yaRzevans zeviT, valaSkeTs aqeT xinuri, devaboinis aqeTi;
2. SirakSi - anisis qarTuli saepiskoposo - misi sazRvrebi: ,,sula
ziriStiani da Siravoni da maRasbereTi~;
3. vanandSi karis (yarsis) qarTuli saepiskoposo: ,,sula kari da kolisa
da olTisis sazRvris gardmoRma gagCevani da kaRzevani~;
4. taoSi banelis episkoposis samwyso iyo fanaskerti, parizis xeoba,
olTisis qveyana da narumakani;
5. kolaSi dadaSneli episkoposis - ,,kola, xortevani yarasalzed midgmamdi~;
6. eruSnelisa - artaani taloSidan kolas sazRvramde;
7. wyarosTavelisa - palakacios tbidan artaani kolamde.
qarTvelTa mkvidrobas da Zireulobas yofil ,,iberiis TemSi~ miuTiTebs is, rom miuxedavad mtrebis gamanadgurubeli Semosevebisa karinis (arzumis), TorTomis, taos, vanandis (karis), basianis da mimdebare
mxareebis kuTxeebSi trapizonidan - vanis tbamde (valaSkerti) qarTuli saepiskoposoebi iyvnen XV- XVII saukuneSic ki.
a) a. lambertis cnobiT qarTuli saepiskoposo XVII saukuneSi iyo md.
evfratTan, misi sakaTedro taZari yovladwmida RvTismSoblis saxelobisa iyo, `arqanjelo lamberti, romelic 1633-1653 wlebSi iyo saqarTveloSi, werda - `arzrumis qalaqis maxloblad axlac qarTuli soflebia.
396

TviT am qalaqSi ijda qarTveli episkoposi arzrumelad wodebuli~

(`moambe~, 1900, 4).
b) arTvinSic iyo qarTuli saepiskoposo, misi sakaTedro taZari mociqul barTlomes saxelze yofila nakurTxi, saerTod aRsaniSnavia, rom
tao-klarjeTSi samxreT saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad mociquli barTlome miaCndaT.
g) sperSic ijda qarTveli episkoposi, misi mTavari taZari mociqul
andrias saxelobis iyo.
d) gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rom XVII saukuneSi arzrumSic ijda
qarTveli episkoposi, misi taZari mociqul Tomas saxelobis iyo.
e) olTisSi, romelsac somxebi uxtiks uwodebdnen amave saukuneSi
kvlav ijda qarTveli episkoposi, misi taZari mociqul petres saxels
atarebda.
v) a. lambertis cnobiT mis dros saepiskoposoebi iyo eruSeTSi, kumurdoSi, iSxanSi, dadaSenSi, karSi (yarsSi), anisSi (anSi),
tbeTSi, is CamoTvlis aseve amave regionis sxva saepiskoposoebs,
romelTa saxelebi damaxinjebulia, eseni iyvnen sxalteli, azikieli, anJeli, sxaltbeli, wurwyabeli, isemeli da sxva (m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde, 1995, gv. 469). cxadia, yvela
isini samcxe-saaTabagos samTavroSi Sediodnen, zogi ki mis gareT iyo,
erTi sityviT, im miwa-wyalze, romelic XI s-Si ,,iberiis Temad~ iwodeboda.
a. lambertis cnobiT guriaSi ninowmideli episkoposi mjdara, Tumca
aq albaT xonowmidels gulisxmobda.
a. lamberti saqarTveloSi imyofeboda 1630-1649 wlebSi. mis garda
gelasi kesarielic wers, rom wmida ninos mier da mis dros iberelebma
da lazebma erTdroulad miiRes qristianoba, mas eTanxmeba movses xoreneli, romelic wers, rom wmida ninom iqadaga ,,klarjeTidan - masquTebamde~. XVIII s-Si saqarTveloSi devnili lazeTis ierarqebi werdnen, rom
lazeTSi iverTa ganmanaTleblis saxelobis eklesiac iyo. lazeTi iverTa
ganmanaTleblis Tavis ganmanaTleblad miiCnevda, Tumca iq mociqulebis barTlomesa da andrias avtoriteti Zalze maRali iyo, radganac maT
mouvliaT es mxareebi.
bana

unda iTqvas isic, rom Cans iveriis Temis daarsebamdec, konstantinepoli akontrolebda nawilobriv taosac, es iqedan Cans, rom giorgi I-is
sikvdilisTanave, roca Zalze mcirewlovani bagrat IV taxtze avida,
amiT isargebles taoelma orgulma didebulebma ,,warvides aznaurni
taoelni saberZneTs, vaCe kariWis Ze da baneli episkoposi ioane da maT
Tana simravle aznaurTa taoelTa~ (matiane qarTlisa, gv. 254).
es wasvla gulisxmobda imas, rom cixe-simagreTa mqone aznaurebi am
TavianT qonebas da miwa-wyals aZlevdnen imperators, sanacvlod ki misgan iRebdnen mamulebs imperiis Sida provinciebSi.
397

maT Soris yofila baneli episkoposi ioanec.

misi wasvla gulisxmobda Tu ara banas taZris da misi eparqiis
gadacemas imperiisaTvis es gaurkvevelia, es momxdara 1027-1028 wlebSi.
banas taZarSi, TiTqmis maleve jvari TviT mefes bagrat IV-s dauweria.
bagrats iq samefo gvirgvini daudgams.
Tu bana marTlac ,,waRebuli~ iyo, is maleve ukan daubrunebiaT
qarTvelebisaTvis, imperatoris naTesavi elene dedofali bagrat IV-s
miaTxoves, qorwili da gvirgvinis kurTxeva aRsrulda banas didebul
taZarSi 1029-1030 wlebSi.
banas da valaSkertis kaTedrebi swored am epoqaSi, bizantia-saqarTvelos omianobis dros gaerTianebuli yofila da mas erTi mRvdelmTavari zaqaria valaSkerteli igive baneli marTavda Tu ki zaqaria namdvilad iyo baneli svingelozi.
valaSkerti, rogorc iTqva, did saerTaSoriso gzaze idga. safiqrebelia, rom basianSi giorgi I-sa da basili II-s jarebs Soris SebrZoleba
(arSaruniqis gavaris punqt SRfaSi, matiane qarTlisais SirimnSi) aRniSnuli gzis kontrolis mosapovebladac moxda. savaWro gza didi Semosavlis wyaro iyo qarTvelTaTvis, bizantielebisaTvis ki strategiuli
mniSvneloba hqonda, basili II sparseTis mimarTulebiT afarTovebda
imperias.

Tavi XII
qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba
dasavleT armeniaSi
Cveni kvleviT tao-basianisa da sxva kuTxeTa mcxovrebT qarTuli
identoba CamouyalibdaT ara e.w. qarTizaciis procesis, aramed iqamde
minavlebuli erovnuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebis Sedegad. straboni wers: `amboben, rom Zvel dros mcire qveyana Aarmenia gaizarda
artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad... maT EerTobiT gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo imiT, rom irgvliv mcxovreb
xalxebs CamoaWres olqebi, kerZod midielebs waarTves kaspiana,
favritida da basoropeda, iberebs pariadris mTiswineTi, xorZena
da gogarena, romelic mdebareobs md. kiris meore mxares. xalibebsa da mosinikebs - karenitida da qserqsena, romelic esazRvreba
mcire armenias da misi nawilia...~ (str. XI, 14, 5), (straboni, geografia,
gamomcemloba `nauka~, 1964, rus. enaze, gv.498). ukve armeniaSi mcxovreb am
qarTvelebs marTalia Zalze SeusustdaT erovnuli cnobiereba, maTi
armenizaciis procesis gamo, magram ara sabolood. saqarTvelos maxloblad (tao-karin-vanand-basianSi) mcxovrebma AaseTma qarTvelebma xel398

sayreli politikuri momentis dadgomisas Tavi daaRwies somxur kulturul-saeklesio gavlenas da aRidgines qarTuli cnobiereba. q. patkanov-n. maris Teoriis Tanaxmad ki TiTqosda isini qalkedoniti
somxebi iyvnen da moxda maTi qarTizacia. am Teoriis sawinaaRmdegodaa dawerili Cveni mTeli nakvlevi. ,,Zalian gvwydeba guli...
mecnierisaTvis erTi arasakadrisi saqcielis Sesaxeb. mainc unda
mogaxsenoT: n. mari yvelafris armenizacias axdens, saqarTvelos
miwis, misi Zeglebis, enis, literaturisa da sxva... iserigad, rom
armenizaciaSi bevraT aWarbebs somex patriotebs, TviT yvelaze
gadametebulTac ki~ (m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia, 1995, gv.
275).
I. TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba XI s-is lazikis eparqiaSi

a.

lazikis eparqia - dasavleT armeniisa da persarmeniis qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare vrceli miwa-wyali sinopidan da trapezuntidan moyolebuli TiTqmis vanis tbamde qarTuli
tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, rogorc qsenofontes dros, ise mis Semdgom.
am teritoriebis did nawils moicavda lazikis eparqia XI s-Si. kardux-gordienebi, fasianebi, xalib-qaldebi da sxva qarTuli tomebi iq
armenielTa dasaxlebamde cxobrobdnen.
kiros didis epoqamdec qarTuli tomebi am teritoriis momcvel XVIII
da XIX satrapiebSi cxovrobdnen, xolo Aarmenia sxva, XIII satrapias
erqva maT mezoblad.
SemdgomSi armeniuli tomebi SeWrilan karduxTa, fasianTa, xalibTa,
aseve sxva qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze da maTgan saukeTeso adgilebi,
saxnav-saTesad vargisi miwebi miutacebiaT, amitomac qsenofontes `anabazisiT~ mtroba da brZolebi iyo gaCaRebuli armenielTa da am tomebs
Soris, igive qsenofonte Tavis sxva naSromSi `kiropedia~ aRwers, rom
TviT kiros mefes gamoukvlevia Tu ra iyo am gauTavebeli omebis mizezi
da misula daskvnamde, rom, magaliTad xalibebs saxnav-saTesi miwebi ar
hqondaT, xolo armenielebi saukeTeso miwebze cxovrobdnen.
gansakuTrebiT mravali qarTuli tomi aRwera am mxareebis zRvispireTSi strabonma, am mxriv ufro mniSvnelovania strabonis cnoba, rom swored
am mxareTa erTi nawili, romelTac Semdgom dasavleTAarmenia da persarmenia ewodaT, Tavdapirvelad iberTa miwa-wyali iyo da es teritoriebi, kerZod ki pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena Zv.II s.-Si armeniam miitaca iberielTagan.
marTalia, Semdgom, am mitacebis gamo, am teritoriebs Aarmenia ewoda,
magram is kvlav didxans yofila dasaxlebuli iberielebiT anu
qarTvelebiT, romelTa armenizaciis procesi sxvadasxva olqSi sxvadasxva xarisxis iyo, miuxedavad amisa X s-Si, mravali ucxouri wyaros,
maT Soris konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, sazRvari iberiasa da
armenias Soris mainc md. araqsze iyo gavlebuli.
399

qarTvelebi rom cxovrobdnen ara mxolod araqsis dasavleT nawilSi (maT Soris dvinis da avanis sanaxebamde), aramed araqsis aRmosavleT
nawilSi _ vanis tbis mxares, miuTiTebs is, rom TviT bizantielTa mier
teritorias trapezuntidan vanis tbamde ewoda `eparqia lazikaSi~, xolo
vrcel miwa-wyals Teodosiopol-arzrumidan yarsisa da anisis mimarTulebiT ewoda `iberiis Temi~.
mas Semdeg, rac somxeTis saxelmwifoebrioba daemcro, gansakuTrebiT
X s-idan armeniis mkvidr qarTvelobas saSualeba mieca erovnul-qarTuli
TviTSemecneba daufaravad ganecxadebina.
arabTa Semdgom epoqaSi am mxareebSi qarTvelTa ricxis mkveTri zrda
gamowveuli iyo ara `somex-qalkedonitTa~ gaqarTvelebiT, rogorc am
faqts xsnis oficialuri istoriografia, aramed iqauri mosaxleobis
iqamde dafaruli qarTuli erovnuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebiT.
`trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~ moicavda yofili romauli
armeniis miwa-wyals, da aseve yofili persarmeniis nawilsac, romelic
mniSvnelovnad qarTuli mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli. es miwa-wyali
IX-XI ss-Si arabTagan gaaTavisufla imperiam da iq Tavisi saeklesio
iurisdiqcia ganaxorciela _ lazikis eparqiis saxeliT, xolo TviT
qveyanas ki iberiis Temi ewoda, rac, rogorc aRiniSna, iqauri mkvidri
mosaxleobis erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebis Sedegi iyo.
iqamde qarTveli xalxi, mcxovrebi istoriul xorZenasa da gugarqSi
iZulebuli iyvo Segueboda somxur saxelmwifoebriobasa da eklesias,
isini saukuneTa manZilze erTgulebiT atarebdnen maT qveyanaSi gabatonebulTa uRels, magram xelsayreli momentis dadgomis Semdeg
aRidgines erovnul-qarTuli vinaoba. maTi qveyana - pariadres kalTebi,
xorZena da gogarena xom jer kidev qristeSobamde II saukuneSi CamoaWra
armeniam iberias, ris gamoc iberiis am yofil olqebSi dominant eTnosad somxebi gadaiqcnen, somxuri eniTa kulturiT, qarTuli ena am
mxareebSi, Cans, mxolod saSinao, ojaxur enad gadaiqca, da is iyo, rogorc
erTi wyaro wers damaluli (`damarxuli~) da `dawunebuli~.
am mxareebidan gamosul zogierT qarTvel saxelovan meomrebsa da
cnobil adamianebs ucxoelebi `armenielebs~ uwodebdnen, maT qveyanas
ki armenias, Tumca ki aseTi saxis `armenielebi~ sinamdvileSi iberebi
anu qarTvelebi iyvnen, rac kargad gamoCnda IX, X, XI saukuneebSi, roca
maT gabedes da erovnuli vinaoba daufaravad gamoacxades.
560 wlis politikuri rukis mixedviT, sazRvari bizantiis imperiasa
da sparseTs Soris orad hyofda `armeniad~ saxeldebul qveyanas. dasavleT, anu romaul armeniaSi Wanur da lazur olqebTan erTad moeqca
mesxuri mosaxleobis nawili da isini berZnul saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen. sparsul armeniaSic mravali qarTuli olqi moeqca.
591 wlis xelSekrulebiT, tao, Woroxis xeobis erTi monakveTi (dasavleT sanapiroc), gugarqi, basianis didi nawili da, e.w. zemoni qveyanani
sparsul armeniad saxeldebul mxareSi moeqca.
sparsul armeniaSi saeklesio-sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT sxva viTareba iyo, gansxvavebuli dasavleT armeniisagan. kerZod, sparsul arme400

niaSi IV-V saukuneebidanve idevneboda berZnulenovani RvTismsaxureba.

amis gamo persarmeniis qristianuli mosaxleoba sparsulma xelisuflebam daavaldebula RvTismsaxureba adgilobriv, e.i. somxur enaze
hqonodaT, an asuruli SemoeRoT. amis Sedegad somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba TandaTan Camoyalibda da gaZlierda. unda vifiqroT, rom am dros
persarmeniis qarTvelobam erTgvari iZulebiT miiRo somxurenovani
RvTismsaxureba, magram mainc adgilobriv qarTvelebs SenarCunebuli
hqondaT somxebisagan erovnuli gansxvavebulobis Segneba. es gamoCnda
gansakuTrebiT gugarqSi, roca mkvidrma qarTvelobam kirionis mowodebis Semdeg gabeda eklesiebSi qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba somxurTan gaeTanabrebina. yofili persarmeniis mkvidr qarTvelobas SenarCunebuli da zogjer ki, devnis gamo, gamZafrebulic ki hqonda erovnuli
TviTSemecneba, rac gamoCnda Sesabamisi politikuri momentis dadgomisTanave gugarqisa da tao-klarjeTisa da mimdebare mxareebis mkvidri
mosaxleobis qarTuli cnobierebis gansakuTrebuli gamovleniT.
unda iTqvas, rom dasavleT armeniaSic idevneboda qarTuli ena eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, amitom aqauri qarTveloba ganaTlebas iRebda
berZnulad, aseve, zogjer somxurad. aseTi warmomavlobis somxurenovani
qarTvelebi berZnul monastrebSic ki cdilobdnen TavianTi qveynis
saeklesio warsulisadmi pativi ecaT. rogorc iTqva, amis erTi magaliTia is, rom berZnuli monastris, e.w. somex-qalkedonit qarTvel bers
wmida ninos Sesaxeb cnobebi Sehqonda TvenSi, rac Zalze mniSvnelovani
momenti iyo ().
qarTuli kulturisadmi aRniSnuli mosaxleobis ltolvis gamoxatulebad unda miviCnioT is, rom sarwmunoebrivi Ziebisas armeniis mkvidri qarTveloba miemxro qalkedonitobas, anu Tavisi erovnuli qveynis
(saqarTvelos) sarwmunoebriv mimarTulebas da Seecada Tavisi damokidebuleba saeklesio arqiteqturaSic ki gamoexata _ amis magaliTad
unda miviCnioT qalkedonituri saekleso centris _ avanis arqiteqtura
_ gameoreba mcxeTis jvris ti pisa.

b.

lazikis samitropolitos, anu zemo qveyanaTa

qarTvelobis brZola erovnul-qarTul
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis (X-XVI ss.)
arabTa Zliereba Sesustda IX-X saukuneebSi, ramac tao-basian-karinisa
da mimdebare mxareebis mkvidr qarTul mosaxleobas SedarebiT Tavisufali cxovrebis saSualeba misca, am dros maT qalaqebsa da soflebSi
TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba moupovebiaT.
erTi aseTi qalaqi, Cans, Teodosiopolis-karini iyo.
konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi, roca bizantielebma gadawyvites
am mxareebSi gabatoneba arabTa nacvlad, mkvidrma qarTvelobam maT didi
winaaRmdegoba gauwia.
X saukunis II naxevarSi sazRvrad bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris
daido mdinare araqsi.
401

konstantine porfirogeneti aRgviwers zavis Sedegs _ `iyves Tanaxmad iberielTa moTxovnisa da fasianis sazRvrad md. eraqsi anu
fasisi da marcxena mxare iberiisken mimarTul epyraT iberebs,
xolo marjvena, rac Teodosiopolisken aris, rogorc cixeebi, ise
soflebi, iyves Cveni meufebis qveS, maSasadame, orive sazRvrad
mdinare iqneba~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 272).
konstantine porfirogeneti dawvrilebiT wers, Tu bizantielebi gamudmebiT rogor arbevdnen Teodosiopolisis Semogarenis soflebsa da
qalaqebs, TviTon es mTavari qalaqi garemoculi hyavdaT da sursaT-sanovage
ar SehqondaT, raTa qalaqis mosaxleoba damSeuliyo.
imperatori werda: `TeodosiopolelTa yvela es soflebi Cveni
samefos jarebma tyvevnes da cecxls misces, iberebs ar gaunadgurebiaT igi, aramed mudam hyavdaT megobrebad da maTTan erTad
moqmedebdnen~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 272).
eTnikur-erovnuli solidarobis gamo qarTvelTa jari cdilobda
produqtiT moemaragebinaT bizantielTa mier SimSiliT sasikvdilod
gametebuli es sofel-qalaqebis mosaxleoba (iqve, gv. 265), imperatori
xSirad wers: Cvenma jarebma `moarbies mTeli fasiani... moarbies
misi midamoebi... cixeebi moisra~ (iqve, gv. 262-265).
kidev ufro sastiki iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvreli da Semdeg keisari konstantine, xolo
Semdeg ki romanozi.
am mxareebis qarTvelTa mxardaWeriT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I SeebrZola basili keisars da Tavdapirvelad gaimarjva kidec.
`kualad Semoiqca basili, movida basians da iTxovda qveyanaTa
da cixeTa~ (q.c. I, 282).
qarTulma jarma, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT, gaaTavisufla vrceli miwa-wyali basianidan vanis tbamde, qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT gulmoklulma imperatorma mematianis sityviT, jvris Tayvaniscemazec ki uaris Tqma gadawyvita, Tu qarTvelebs ar daamarcxebda.
man ubrZana `moyvanebad Zelisa cxovrebisa da mandili wmida
dadva qveyanisa zeda da Tqua: `ukueTu mimce xelTa mtrisiTa,
arRara viyo Tayvanismcemel Sendami ukunisamde~ (q.c. I, gv. 287).
meore omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg basili II-m _ `kualad uborotesad
SurisgebiT moaoxra qveyanani igi~.
XI saukuenSi saqarTvelom es mxareebi dakarga, aq saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciac daemcro da aRniSnuli mxare eklesiurad daeqvemdebara konstantinopols, romelmac aq `lazikis samitropolito~ daaarsa,
centriT trapizuntSi.
`zemo qveynebis~ mosaxleoba saqarTvelos gamoeTiSa, saxelmwifoebrivad bizantiaSi Seiyvanes, magram, Cans, TviT xalxs Tavisi erovnuli
vinaoba kargad Seunaxavs, rac gamoCnda Turq-seljukTa Semosevebis Semdeg. am dros damarcxebulma bizantiam es qveyana datova,
magram mkvidrma, musulmanebTan mebrZolma mosaxleobam, SeZlo
kvlav aRedgina erovnul-qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba da is Sevi402

da samcxe-saaTabagos samTavroSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi kvlav Sevida basianis, taos, ispiris, artaanis, SavSeTis da sxva olqebi. amis
gamo qarTuli eklesia Tavis iurisdiqcias kvlav axorcielebda
valaSkertis, anisisa, yarsisa da sxva adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
saepiskoposoebze, romelnic cxadia qarTulenovanni iyvnen. TviT
Turqul dokumentebSi am olqebis momcvel qveyanas `saqarTvelo~
ewodeba.
magaliTad, 1515 wlis dokumentiT roca osmaleTis did vezirs sinan
faSas adgilobrivi, e.i. aRniSnuli qveynebis dalaSqvra daevala, am qveynebs (e.i. basians _ taos CaTvliT) gurjistani ewodeboda (`Turquli
wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisTvis~, 1983, gv. 9).
imave 1515 wlis osmaluri dokumenti samcxe saaTabagos mTavris Sesaxeb
aRniSnavs _ `seraqiri manuCari gaxda saqarTvelos damoukidebeli fadiSahi~ (iqve, gv. 11). am `saqarTveloSi~ (anu samcxe-tao-basianSi)
mravali cixe da sofeli iyo, romelTa ricxvi aTass aRwevda (iqve, gv. 32).
maTi didi nawili `azonis Svilebad cnobili aznaurebisaa~ _
wers Turquli dokumenti (iqve, gv. 34). tao-basianisa da mimdebare qarTuli mxareebis aznaurebs `azonis Svilebi~ erqvaT, radganac iyvnen STamomavlebi farnavaz mefis wina azon mefis dadebulebisa. maT es xsovna
XVI s-mde hqoniaT SenarCunebuli.
es mxareebi dampyrobelTa cvalebadobis miuxedavad qarTuli qveynebi iyvnen, romelTa erovnul TviTSemecnebas jer kidev azon-farnavazis
dros Caeyara safuZveli, qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebSi.
rogorc adre armenielebma da bizantielebma, osmalebmac dai pyres
TorTumi, fanaskerti, arzrumi, artaani da sxva mxareebi, banasa da xaxulis eklesiebis olqebi, qarTvelTa denacionalizacia kvlav gagrZelda. osmaluri wyaros cnobiT, am process aadvilebda is, rom qarTvelebi
`erTmaneTTan brZolaSi da erTimeoris xocvaSi arian gamudmebiT~ (iqve, gv. 48).

g.

lazikis `berZnuli qristianoba~

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia, rogorc aRiniSna,

XI s.-Si moicavda vrcel miwa-wyals trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, amitomac cxadia, mis saepiskoposoebSi wirva-locvis ena iyo berZnuli. eparqiis mosaxleoba e.w. `berZnul qristianobas~ eziara. m. berZniSvili
werda _ `berZnebTan dapirispireba didi erovnuli saqme iyo, qarTulma
feodalurma urTierTobam rom gamoiwvia, amanve gamoiwvia somxebisagan
gaTiSva... qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis niSania qarTuli qristianoba, romelic somxurs (aRmosavlurs) gamoeTiSa da dasavlurs
(berZnuls) ar SeuerTda~ (n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisaTvis, Tb., 1990, gv.
252).
n. berZeniSvili wers saqarTvelos saeklesio enis Sesaxebac: `ueWvelia enisaTvis aseTi didi mniSvnelobis micema didi kulturuli
403

brZolisa da Zlieri kulturis maCvenebelia. es jer kidev qristianobis Semosvlidan Cans, roca kulturulad dawinaurebulma iberiam qarTuli qristianoba moiwyo (bizantiam amis saSualeba ar misca lazikas...),
man Semdgomac daicva is da kidev meti: Seetoqa berZnul qristianobas
(lazikaSi) da ara marto berZnuls, aramed somxurs (somxeTSi, taoSi,
sperSi, SirakSi), albanurs (hereTSi)~ (iqve, gv. 415).
`qarTuli qristianobis~ erT-erTi umTavresi saZirkveli iyo saeklesio qarTuli ena _ gasagebi yvela qarTuli tomisaTvis, radganac am
enis gamoyenebis sawyis epoqaSi jer kidev sustad diferencirebuli
yofila fuZe-qarTuli ena. welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze _ anu I-II saukuneebSi T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavarianis cnobiT, jer kidev arsebobda e.w.
`zanur-qarTuli~ enobrivi mTlianoba, rac, rogorc Cans, safuZvlad iqca
saeklesio, anu Zveli qarTuli enisa. k. kekeliZe wers _ `qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba dawyebula bibliuri wignebis gadmocemiT... mTargmnelebi iZulebulni xdebodnen SeeguebinaT TavianTi Targmani warmarTuli azrovnebisaTvis, ramdenadac es mosaxerxebeli iyo da gamoeyenebinaT maragi warmarTuli sakraluri enisa. axali ideebi, axali azrebi,
axali filosofiur-religiuri da moraluri Sexedulebani xSirad
gadmoicemian am TargmanSi iseTi sityvebiTa da terminebiT, iseTi formebiTa da saxeebiT, romelnic uSualod warmarTuli wyaroebidan modian
da romelnic pirvelyofil qarTul qristianobas sinkretul xasiaTs
aZleven~ (k. kekeliZe, etiudebi, I, 1956, gv. 186). XI s-Si konstantinopolis
sapatriarqoSi moqcevis gamo, iqamde qarTul saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi
myofi samxreT taos yofili samefos mosaxleoba cdilobda berZnul
eklesiaSic SeenarCunebina qarTulenovani wirva-locva episkopos zaqaria
valaSkertelisa da aToneli mamebis didi ZalisxmeviT.MAmaT es mxolod
nawilobriv SeZles.
wmida nino

lazeT-klarjeTSi

a. wmida ninos jvari dasavleT armeniaSi (VI_XI ss.)

xorZenes, pariadresa da gogarenas mkvidri qarTvelebi aRmoCndnen
ucxo saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi mas Semdeg, rac isini iberiisagan
somxeTma Zv.w. II-I saukuneebSi miitaca strabonis cnobiT
vaxtang gorgaslis anZianZorSi da karnu-qalaqSi laSqrobis miuxedavad, iberiam ver SeZlo xorZenesa da pariadris teritoriebis ukan
dabruneba, radganac ori imperia _ sparseTi da bizantia erTmaneTs
ecileboda ukve armeniad saxeldebul am miwa-wyals. sabolood maT
Aarmenia erTmaneTs Soris gaiyves.
bizantiur anu dasavleT armeniaSi moeqca pariadre da xorZene gogarenas erT nawilTan erTad, meore nawili ki gogarenisa persarmeniaSi
moeqca.
dapyrobil armeniis qveyanaSi stabilurobis miRwevis mizniT, bizantia cdilobda somexi xalxis gulis mogebas da mis im pretenziebs
404

akmayofilebda, romelic xels ar uSlida imperiis uSiSroebas.

aseT viTarebaSi dasavleT armeniaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi iZulebulni iyvnen CarTuliyvnen Sidasaqveyno saqmianobaSi da TandaTanobiT
ufro Rrmavdeboda maTi armenizaciis procesi, magram dasavleT armeniaSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs erovnuli cnobiereba mTlianad
rom ar daukargavT, kargad Cans im sasoebis gamoxatviT,
romelic maT hqondaT wmida ninosa da misi jvris mimarT.
wmida nino erTgvarad maTi erovnulobis sayrdeni Ruza iyo,
romelic gulebSi Rrmad Camarxul erovnul vinaobas anarCunebinebda.
somxeTis qarTvelTa gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli saqarTvelos
mimarT, gamoixateboda wmida ninos jvris pativiscemiT.
maT isic ki SeZles, rom wmida ninos jvari moepovebinaT. is
sasoebiT gadaasvenes e.w. armeniis mxareebSi (sinamdvileSi ki qarTvelTa istoriul samSobloSi, vanandis mxareSi, yarsSi da maxlobel mxareebSi).
armeniis am nawilSi wmida ninos jvari ramdenime saukunis manZilze
inaxeboda _ is ki Tavisi madliT TiTqos iyo Suqura armeniis qarTvelTa erovnulobis gamosabrwyineblad armenizaciis burusidan.
wmida ninos jvari VI saukuneSi samxreT saqarTvelodan anu gugarqidan taronSi wausvenebiaT da wm. Llazares taZarSi dausvenebiaT,
iqedan ki sperSi, saidanac is qarTuli warmoSobis (Wan) somxeTis
erisTavs grigol mamikonians kapuetis anu lurj cixeSi gadausvenebia,
riTac man gamoxata siyvaruli Tavisi mamulebis (sperisa da taos)
ganmanaTleblis mimarT. marTlac movses xorenaci wmida ninos klarjeTis mqadagebels uwodebs `iqadaga klarjeTidan masquTebamde~ - werda
is.
istoriuli klarjeTi ki vaxuStis cnobiT moicavda sxva mxareebTan
erTad sper-tao-TorTomsac, romelTac imJamad mamikonianTa ojaxi marTavda. maT Cans kargad icodnen TavianTi qarTuli warmoSoba (rasac
miuTiTebs adonci) da amitomac uvlidnen da mtkice SemarTebiT icavdnen wmida ninos jvars.A
wmida ninos Sesaxeb berZnul-qalkedonur monastrebSi Sekedlebuli
is kulturulad armenizebuli qarTveli berebic ki werdnen, romelTac
wera-kiTxva icodnen somxurad da Seswavlili ar hqondaT qarTuli
mwignobroba. maT, movses xorenacis cnoba wmida ninos Sesaxeb, SehqondaT eklesiis sakiTxav TvenSi. isini qalkedonitur somxur eklesias
mikedlebuli eTnikuri anu armenizebuli qarTvelebi iyvnen, Tumca ki
maT amJamad somexi istorikosebi `somex-qalkedonitebs~ uwodeben.
erTi cnobili somexi mkvlevari `pravoslavnaia enciklopediiis~ erTerT statiaSi wers: - (e.i. XI s. Tvenis)
` ~, -. .
. (. III, gv. 32).
sinamdvileSi ki es faqti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor gafacicebiT hkrefdnen gasomxebis piras misuli dasavleT armeniis qarTvelebi (Tumca ki
405

wevrebi somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiisa) cnobebs wmida ninosa da qarTuli

eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb da isini somxur-qalkedonur saeklesio wignebSic SehqondaT, radganac araviTari saSualeba ar hqondaT monawileoba
mieRoT qarTul saeklesio cxovrebaSi, amasTanave im mxareebSi imJamad
qarTuli eklesia-monastrebi ar arsebobdnen.

b. wmida nino _ eTnikuri qarTvelebis erovnuli droSa

(IX_X ss.)
`zemo qveynebidan~ da tao-klarjeTidan gamosuli wmida mamebi Zalze
xSirad xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen wmida ninos Rvawls da mis mimarT TavianTi madlierebas.
XX s-Si qarTul mecnierebaSi is azric ki warmoiSva, rom TiTqosda
`ninos kulti qarTvelTa Soris Camoyalibda IX-X ss-dan~ (aseTi iyo
imJamindeli terminologia), sinamdvileSi ara mTel qarTul eklesiaSi
aramed mxolod im mxareebSi, romelnic IX-X ss-mde armeniaSi iyvnen
moqceulni xSirad daiwyes miTiTeba wmida ninos Rvawlis Sesaxeb. amiT
qarTvelebi, anu yofil armeniaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi TavianT Tavs eTnikurad mijnavdnen iqve, maT gverdiT mcxovreb somex
qalkedonitebisagan.
rac Seexeba somex qalkedonitebs, maT TavianTi Tavi miaCndaT ara
wmida ninos, aramed TavianTi eTnikuri saeklesio winaprebis memkvidreebad. amis Sesaxeb sruliad samarTlianad miuTiTebs v. aruTinova-fidaniani, romelic wers _ ` - ,
, . .
. .- ,
. ( ,
.3, 2001, . 328)
aruTinova-fidaniani samarTlianad wers, rom somexi qalkedonitebi
TavianT Tavs grigol ganmanaTleblis da sahak parTelis, maStocis
memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen da ara wmida ninosi, rom maTi saRvTismsaxuro ena mudam iyo somxuri.
maTgan gamocalkevebis (somex-qalkedonitebisagan gamijvnis) mizniT
qarTveli qalkedonitebi TavianT Tavs miiCnevdnen qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebel wmida ninos memkvidreebad da ara aRniSnuli grigol somexTa
ganmanaTleblisa, sahak parTelisa Tu sxva somxuri eklesiis damaarseblebisa.
amitomac, wmida ninos xseneba erTgvari niSani iyo eTnikurobis gamovlenisa.
g. wm. nino lazikaSi (IV s.) p. ingoroyvas mier
dafiqsirebuli cnobebiT (sotiropoli, lazia, alania)
lazeTis mitropolitma germanem moskovSi XVII s-Si ruseTis xelmwifes werilobiT moaxsena, rom misi sakaTedro taZari qalaq ofSi (xofSi)
406

agebulia iverTa miwebis ganmanaTleblis mier - ` ,

~ (pavle
ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 262). am dokumentidan Cans, rom Zveli
epoqis saeklesio ierarqTa mier lazeTi iveriis erTerT nawilad miiCneoda da lazeTi erqva ara dasavleT saqarTvelos Aaramed samxreTdasavleTs.
p. ingoroyvas mier moskovis mTavari arqividan amoRebuli am masalidan Cans, rom xofas eklesia augia iverielTa miwebis gamaqristianebel qals irinas, cxadia, igulisxmeba wm. nino. p. ingoroyvac
wers, rom wmida nino am dokumentSi irinad iwodeba.
am dokumentis Sedgenamde didi xniT adre igives, rom am mxareebis, e.i.
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos gamaqristianebeli iyo wm. nino, miuTiTebda V saukunis somexi istorikosi m. xorenaci:
is werda - `wm. ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan masquTebamde~, maSasadame, klarjeTSi, V s. am avtoris cnobiT, wmida ninos uqadagia.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xofa iyo klarjeTis nawili, radganac wyaroebSi aseve ixsenieba xofas geografiuli adgili _ `bolo klarjeTisa
zRvispiri~, xofa _ klarjeTis bolo anu zRvispira nawilis dasawyisSi
mdebareobda.
amasTanave, es miwa-wyali igive lazeTia, lazikaa. amitomac hqonia
xofas eparqiis xelmZRvanels tituli `lazeTis mitropolitisa~, masSi Sedioda of-rizedan vidre md. Woroxamde miwa-wyali.
p. ingoroyvas rukis mixedviT, aRniSnuli xofi anu ofi, igive sotiropoli _ sot rapela mdebareobd a trapezuntidan a RmosavleT
zRvispirze, misgan daaxloebiT 25 km daSorebiT, romelsac mosdevda q. rize.
ofsa da rizes Sua punqti `axali banakebi~ (`kene parambole~) yofila.
rizedan aTenamde punqti kordvili, xolo aTenadan biwemde tamburi
(zRvis piri hamamaSeni);
biwes mosdevda arqabi, xufaTi, afsarosi da gonia (ix. p. ingoroyvas
ruka, gv. 272).
zemoT moyvanili cnobidan Cans, rom q. ofi (da rize) IV s-Si Sedioda qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, romlis ganmanaTlebeli iyo wm. nino da romelsac augia ofis taZari, radganac IV
saukuneSi zRvispireTis es teritoria iberiis anu qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda (aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom berZnul-romauli
wyaroebiTac am adgilebSi mcxovrebi Zidritebis tomi I s.-Si
iberiis mefe farsmans emorCileboda).
iberiis samefos zRvispireTis teritiriis nawili ofidan-xufaTamde daukargavs V s.-Si e.w. bizantia-lazikis omis dros.
klarjeTis erisTavi gubaz I, romelsac bizantielebi `lazTa
mefes~ uwodeben iZulebuli gamxdara daedo bizantiasTan zavi,
romlis Semdegac sazRvarma ofidan xufaTSi gadmoiwia.
wmida ninos lazikaSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb wers gelasi kesarieli, V
s. avtori. is wers `tyve qalma iqadaga iberTa da lazTa Soris~, xolo
407

movses xorenaci aseve V s-Si werda, rom wm. ninom iqadaga klarjeTSi
(klarjeTidan masquTebamde), klarjeTi ki berZnuli wyaroebis lazika
anu samxreT egrisia.
sotiropolis kaTedris saxeli ukavSirdeba aseve alaniis samitropolitos.
imis gamo, rom gaqristianebul alanebs esaWiroebodaT TavianTi episkoposi, magram maT (alanebs) ar gaaCndaT mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili
nomaduri (momTabaruli) cxovrebis gamo, konstantinopols gadauwyvetia
kavkasiis zRvispira romelime Tavis iurisdiqciis qveS myof qalaqSi
daesva alanebisaTvis saWiro episkoposi. es yofila q. sotiropolisi p.
ingoroyvas kvleviT (dasax. naSr. gv. 259).
marTlac, sotiropolisis CrdiloeTiT mTeli SavizRvispireTi vidre nikofsiamde saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, xolo
nikofsias iqiT SavizRvispireTSi ar iyo mSvidobiani cxovreba.
amitomac konstantinopoli iZulebuli iyo alanebisagan Zalze moSorebiT daearsebina alaniis kaTedra.
konstantinopoluri dokumenti iuwyeba _ `alaniis mitropolias
sruliad ar aqvs sakuTari samRvdelmTavro kaTedra, radgan aqauri xalxi momTabareobas, nomadur cxovrebas eweva~ (dasax. naSr.
gv. 259).
ai, es yofila mizezi, rom alaniis mitropolia XII saukuneSi gauerTianebiaT sotiropolis saeklesio olqTan, romelic am dros konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Sedioda.
aq, sotiropolis zonaSi iyo am epoqaSi sazRvari bizantiasa da
saqarTvelos Soris~ (iqve, gv. 260).
XIII s-Si saqarTvelos samefos mesxeTis samTavros SeuerTebia trapizonis aqeTi qveynebi, maT Soris, sotiropolisi.
amis gamo konstantinopols sotiropolis kaTedra gadautania trapizonSi.
XIII-XVI ss-Si q. sotiropolis aqeT mdebare mxare daukavSirda
saqarTvelos eklesias /osmalebamde/ _ da Seadgina qarTuli saeklesio olqi _ ofis anu laziis mitropolitis meTaurobiT,
romlis kaTedra XVI s-Si guriaSia _ satrapelaSi. mas alaniis mitropolitis titulic hqonda. magaliTad, afxazTa kaTalikosis mier 1646 w. nakurTx laziis mitropolits germanes
(gv. 263).
am Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtidan gamomdinare alaniisa da laziis
samitropolitoebis sulieri memkvidreoba ekuTvnis saqarTvelos
eklesias da ara ruseTis eklesias, radganac swored saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi jer kidev XVI saukuneSi Semovida
alaniisa da laziis samitropolitoebi konstantinopolisa da
trapezuntis imperiebis daqcevis Semdeg. amis aRniSvna saWiroa, radganac `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ miiCnevs, rom alaniis eparqiis memkvidre aris ruseTis eklesia, radganac alaniis eparqiis iuridiqciis qveS
mdebare miwebi amJamad ruseTSia.
408

kidev erTxel rom gavimeoroT, faqtebiT ar mtkicdeba amJamad oficialurad miRebuli debuleba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo eklesiurad
bizantiis xelqveS iyo da aq berZnuli wirva-locva iyo gavrcelebuli.
numizmatikuri da arqeografiuli masala sxvas miuTiTebs dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo qarTlis samefos safinanso da eklesiuri
nawili.
SeuZlebelia am mxriv kidev erTxel ar gavixsenoT somxuri wyaros
cnoba, rom kirioni ,,Zveli wesis Sesabamisad egrisis arqiepiskoposic
iyo~.
X saukuneSi somexTa kaTalikosma ioanem somxur-qarTuli saeklesio ganxeTqilebis udidesi daZabvis dros, mkiTxvels miawoda
cnoba qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi egrisis Semavlobis Sesaxeb, `mcxeTis kaTalikosi kirioni egrsis arqiepiskoposic iyo winandeli wesis Tanaxmado~.
kirionis `winandeli drois wesebis~ qveS albaT VI saukuneSi arsebuli viTareba igulisxmeba.
kidev ufro adre V saukuneSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (klarjeTSi) qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb werda movses xorenaci.
rogorc iTqva, xorenaci wers - ,,wmida ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan
masquTedamde Tavisi advilad gasagebi eniT~.
maSasadame wmida ninos klarjeTSic uqadagnia, dasturdeba Tu ara es
cnoba sxva romelime cnobiT?
lazeTis mitropoliti germane adasturebda, rom wmida ninom iqadaga lazeTSi.
rogorc aRiniSna, lazeTis mitropoliti germane 1651 wels ruseTis
mefisadmi wardgenili angariSSi wers, rom lazeTis mitropolitis
samyofeli q. ofis taZari wmida ninos dauarsebia da mis epoqaSi sazRvrad
saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris miiCneoda ofi, rizesTan axlos. am
ofsac - xofi erqva. aq yofila aRmarTuli qvis sasazRvro didi sveti, am
adgilebSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze dauarsebia wmida ninos ofis anu
xofis kaTedra. amitomac SemdgomSi, xelsayreli momentis dadgomisas
aRsdga Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba da aqauri lazeTis mitropoliti
aRsdga qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiaSi.
rogorc aRiniSna, gelasi werda - wmida ninos mier ,,RmrTis mcneba
miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma
da lazebma~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 227).
IV saukuneSi, wmida ninos dros rize-xufaTis regions lazika rom
erqva, miuTiTebs lazeTis mitropolit germanes 1651 wels ruseTis
mefisadmi wardgenili angariSi, rom lazeTis mitropolitis samyofeli q. ofis taZari wmida ninos dauarsebia.
lazeTs Cvenc vuwodebT im qveyanas, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi ewodeba ,,klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa, zRvispiri~. swored, aq dauarsebia wmida ninos ofis kaTedra - lazeTis mitropolitis cnobiT, xolo xorenacis cnobiT wm. ninom klarjeTSic iqadaga, amitomac, Cans wmida ninos
409

mosvlis periodSi xsenebuli mxare klarjeTis erisTavs eqvemdebareboda~.

wmida ninos lazikaSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb arsebuli berZnuli wyaroebi,
ratomRac Cvens istoriografiaSi miuRebelia. gelasi kesarielis cnobiT xom tyve qalis mier miiRes qristianoba iberebma da lazebma, rac
mitropolit germanes mier naxseneb mxares gulisxmobs sadacaa ofis
(xofas) kaTedra.
lazeTi, berZeni avtoris TqmiT, mdebareobda ,,pontos gaswvriv~.
pontos sazRvarTan mdebare miwa-wyali, romelic iwodeboda lazikad
(ofis regioni), igivea, rac qarTuli wyaros ,,klarjeTis zRvis piri~,
maSasadame, xorencis cnobas, rom wmida ninom iqadaga klarjeTSic adasturebs aseve V saukunisve berZnuli wyaroebi da lazTa mitropoliti
XVII saukunisa. am cnobaTa urTierTSejerebiT irkveva, rom klarjeTi igive lazikaa.
aRsaniSnavia, rom xorencis garda wmida ninos klarjeTSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb cnoba hqonia agaTangelozsac, amis Sesaxeb TviT xorenaci
wers.
ratom ar aisaxa qarTul wyaroebSi cnoba wmida ninos lazeTSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb?
unda iTqvas isic, qarTlis samefos daSlis Semdeg, rac mis teritoriebze sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi Camoyalibda (Tbilisis saamiro, taSir-Zorakertis samefo, afxazTa da qarTvelTa, kaxTa da
herTa samefoebi), Cans moxda axali redaqtireba wmida ninos cxovrebisa
(albaT VIII-X saukuneebSi) epoqis suliskveTebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
axal, anu Cvenamde moRweul wmida ninos cxovrebis mixedviT is ar
qadagebda arc lazeT-klarjeTSi, arc kaspiispira vrcel mxareSi ,,klarjeTidan masqeTebamde~ (rogorc werda m. xoreneli), is axla ukve im
patara qarTlis ganmanaTlebelia, romelic arabTa batonobis Sedegad
warmoiqmna `yoveli qarTlis~ damcrobis Semdeg, am patara qarTlis
sazRvrebic damcrobilia, is javaxeTidan bodbemde TuRa aRwevs.
axali redaqtirebis nakvalevi Cans sxva mxrivac. magaliTad, axal
redaqtorebs ukve aRar sjeraT wmida ninos qarTulenovneba.
Tu ki wmida ninos epoqis movses xorencisaTvis wmida nino qarTveli
xalxisaTvis advilad gasageb enaze, e.i. qarTul enaze, qadagebda, axali
IX-X-XI saukuneTa redaqtorebisaTvis wmida ninos ukve Tarjimani - berZnuli enis mcodne esaWiroeba qarTvelebTan urTierTobisaTvis, kerZod
`sefeqalma SroSanam ixila igi (nino) xesa mas qveSe, gankvirda da moiyvana berZnulad metyveli dedakaci da hkiTxa gza misi~ (qarTuli mwerloba, 1987, gv. 78).
Tuki xorencs V saukuneSi ar eeWveboda wmida ninos epoqaSi qarTuli
enis arealis ganfena klarjeTidan vidre kaspiis zRvis piras mdebare
masqeTebamde, axla arabobis Semdeg qarTuli enis areali Semcirebuli
Cans. gelasi kesarielsac ar eeWveboda wmida ninos qadageba iberTa da
lazTa Soris, radganac aqac erTiani enobrivi areali unda yofiliyo.
safiqrebelia, rom erTiani qarTlis saxelmwifos rRvevam, rac gan410

sakuTrebiT gagrZelda arabobis dros, gamoiwvia aseve iqamde erTiani

saerTo - fuZe qarTuli enis diferenciaciac, albaT warmoiqmna kidec
axal saxelmwifo erTeulebSi iqamde erTiani enis kiloebi Tu dialeqtebi.
unda aRiniSnos, Cveni wyaroebis miTiTeba, rom iqamde saerTo qarTul
enas TiTqmis aTaswlovani saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia hqonda. SemTxveviTi araa, mematianis naTqvami, rom aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
mpyrobel farnavazis epoqaSi ,,arRara izraxeboda sxva ena Tvinier
qarTulisa~, anu klarjeT (lazeTSi), dasavleT da aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi erTi ena - saerTo-saxalxo qarTuli ena funqcionirebda.
qarTuli wyaroebisave cnobiT farnavazis Semdeg qarTlis samefoSi
Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebidan TiTqmis yovelTvis Sedioda klarjeTi da
dasavleT saqarTvelo vidre VI s. bolomde, amitom qarTul enas ganvlili hqonia saerTo saxelmwifoebriv-kulturuli cxovrebis TiTqmis
aTasi weli. amitomac, arabobis epoqaSi misi (saerTo saxalxo qarTuli
enis) daSla-diferenciaciam ver moaxdina mniSvnelovani gavlena da is
kvlav saerTo-saeklesio-kulturis enad darCa axal saxelmwifoebriv
erTeulebSi afxazTa samefoSi, kaxeTis saqorepiskoposoSi, herTa samefoSi, tao-klarjeTSi _ Tumca ukve dabali socialuri fenebi albaT
ukve iwyebdnen dialeqtur doneze metyvelebas.

`qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai~

a. `qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai~ armeniis

qarTvelTa saunje wm. ninos jvarTan erTad (VI_X ss.)
VI-VIII ss-Si, mas Semdeg, rac gugarqsa, taosa Tu basianSi mcxovrebi
mkvidri qarTvelebi politikurad aRmoCdnen persarmeniasa Tu romaul
armeniaSi da moeqcnen somxur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi, am mxareebSi
daiwyo qarTuli enis totaluri devna _ es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis
persarmeniaSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa Sesaxeb.
daiwyo qarTvelTa armenizaciis TiTqmis Seuqcevadi procesi.
qarTvelTa armenizacia SedarebiT neli tempiT mimdinareobda `romaul~, anu dasavleT armeniaSi imis gamo, rom aq eklesiebSi RvTismsaxureba berZnulenovani iyo. amis gamo aq mosaxleobis armenizaciis procesi ver dasrulda.
maxloblad mcxovrebma (e.i. taos, kolas, basianis da sxva kuTxeebis)
qarTvelebma icodnen, rom isini erovnulad qarTvelebi iyvnen, magram
rogorc bizantiur (berZnul-romaul), aseve somxur (sparsul, Semdeg arabul) olqebSi maT mSobliur qarTul enas devnidnen, aviwrovebdnen, ar
aZlevdnen saxelmwifoebriv da saeklesio enis funqcias. amis gamo iq
qarTuli ena iqca `mdabal da dawunebul enad~, mxolod imedi
asuldgmulebdaT iqaur vinaobaSenarCunebul qarTvelebs. icodnen, odes411

me dadgeboda iseTi dRe, roca qarTuli ena Tavis uflebebs aRidgenda. am

kuTxis qarTvelebis imedi sinas mTis berma Segvinaxa. iq daculi qarTuli manifestiT _ `qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai~.

b. ,,qebai da didebais~ saeklesio safuZvlebi (VI_X ss.)

sinas mTis qarTulULxelnawerTa Soris umSvenieresi qmnilebaa ,,qebai
da didebai qarTulisa enisai~.
erTi SexedviT pirveli aTaswleulis qristianuli Zegli ,,qebai da
didebai qarTulisa enisai~ mkveTrad gansxvavdeba msoflio eklesiaSi
danergil kanonikuri teqstebisagan da ufro apokrifuls emsgavseba,
magram rogorc aRmoCnda mas aqvs Tavisi saeklesio safuZvlebi qarTul
enasTan dakavSirebiT.
kerZod, ,,qebai da didebais~ teqstSi, qarTulia saRmrTo ena, romelic ,,Semkulia da kurTxeulia uflis saxeliT~. sazogadod, qristiani avtori arc miscemda Tavis Tavs nebas imisas, rom msgavsi
gancxadeba gaekeTebina saeklesio safuZvlis gareSe.
aseTi safuZveli ki gaxldaT Zalze amaRelvebeli momentebi asureli
mamebis cxovrebidan, es momentebi Seexeba qarTuli enis sazepurobas.
Zvel saqarTveloSi ganuzomlad didi iyo avtoriteti asureli mamebisa, maT wmida ninos Semdeg qarTlis anu saqarTvelos axal ganmanaTleblad miiCnevdnen, Cans VI saukuneSi monofizitebisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlebis mZlavrobis gamo, romelTa winaaRmdegac isini ibrZodnen.
isini iyvnen pirveli aTasweulis qarTuli eklesiis udidesi wmidanebi. sinas mTaze, iq, sadac ,,qebaisa da didebais~ mravali teqsti gadaiwera, XX saukuneSi moulodnelad aRmoCnda iqamde daviwyebuli sinas
mTis berebis uZvelesi xelnawerebi, romelTa Sorisaa asureli mamebis
cxovrebani, `moqcevai qarTlisaisTan~ erTad.
es miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom asureli mamebi qalkedonitebi iyvnen da
eklesiis wmidanebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pirveli aTaswleulis msoflio mniSvnelobis marTlmadidebelTa centrSi - sinas mTis monasterSi
maT ar gamoiyenebdnen saeklesio praqtikaSi.
asureli mamebi iyvnen ara mxolod marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmidanebi, aramed qarTuli enis aRorZinebis mamebi, misi uflismieri damcvel-mepatroneni.
roca vambobT, rom asureli mamebi iyvnen qarTuli enis uflismieri,
zegardamo niSniT aRWurvili wmidanebi, gvaqvs Sesabamisi ueWveli da
uZvelesi wyaroebi, esaa TviT am wmidaTa `cxovrebani~.
vin iyvnen asureli mamebi da ra kavSiri hqondaT maT qarTul enasTan?
warmoSobis mixedviT araviTari, maT saerTod ar icodnen qarTuli ena
da arc ki smenodaT qarTlis qveynis Sesaxeb. amas mogviTxroben TviT am
wmidaTa cxovrebani.
ioane zedazneli, romelic iyo meTauri asureli mamebisa erovnebiT
asuri iyo, asureTSi mcxovrebi da iq dabadebuli. mas gagonilic ki ar
hqonda imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobda qarTvelTa qveyana da qarTuli ena.
412

gamoxda xani, mas mieca uflismieri brZaneba, rom unda eqadaga qarTvelebis
qveyanaSi. marTlac is mowafeebTan erTad Semovida qarTlSi da qarTuli eniT daiwyo xalxis damoZRvra.
rogor? man Seiswavla qarTuli ena? ara, mas sagangebod ar Seuswavlia qarTuli ena da arc dro dauxarjavs mis Sesaswavlad. moxda didi
saswauli, am enasTan dakavSirebiT, iseTi saswauli da Tanac yvelasaTvis gasagebi, rom mis garSemo myofi adamianebi am saswauliT
didad SeSindnen da amasTanave gakvirdnen kidec.
ra moxda? wmidanis cxovrebis Tanaxmad ufalma ineba, rom rogorc
wmida mociqulebs miecaT sulTmofenobisas enebis codna (saqme, 2-14),
aseve suliwmidis mier ,,erT wamSi~ anu elviseburi siswrafiT
mieca wmida ioane zedaznels qarTuli enis codna: -misi mematiane
wers - ,,moeca ioanes enai qarTulad metyveli..., ese saswauli,
Zmano, mimsgavsebul ars sions gardamosvlasa sulisa wmidisasa
wmidaTa zeda mociqulTa da ganyofasa enaTasa cecxlisasa... suliTa wmidiTa wamsa Sina aRatyua sityviTa zraxvad ioane, romeli arca odes asmioda, araTu eswava... romelni maSin mun iyvnes
yovelni zarganxdilni da gankvirvebulni adidebs RmerTsa, moqmedsa sakvirvelebaTasa~ (`cxoreba da moqalaqoba RirsTa mamaTa CuenTa Siosi da evgaresi~, 2005, gv. 29).
maSasadame:
1. suliwmidis mier ioane zedazneli qarTulad ametyvelda;
2. mas qarTuli enis codna mieca ,,wamsa Sina~, anu myisierad;
3. ioanes iqamde arasodes uswavlia qarTuli ena da arc ki smenoda
mis Sesaxeb;
4. ioanem maSinve daiwyo ,,sityvaTa zraxvad~ anu is ukve qarTuli eniT
warmoTqvamda frazebs da saerTod is qarTulad srulyofilad ametyvelda, maSasadame unari mieca qarTulad qadagebisa;
5. es udidesi saswauli sxvebis TandaswrebiT moxda, ramac maT SiSis
zari dascaT da amave dros gaukvirdaT;
6. iq myofma adamianebma maSinve daiwyes RmerTis dideba, radganac
swored isaa (e.i. RmerTia) - ,,moqmedi sakvirvelebaTa~, anu saswauli
mxolod misgan momdinareobda.
7. saswauli Tavisi arsiT identuri iyo sulTmofenobisas ,,cecxlis
enaTa ganyofisas~ mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlisa da maTi
sxvadasxva enebze ametyvelebisa (cxovreba Siosi da evagresi, 2005, gv. 29).
aRsaniSnavia, rom ioane zedaznelis aRniSnuli saswaulis dros mis
gverdiT iyo misi mowafe Sio mRvimeli.
saswaulis mniSvneloba gaorkecda imiT, rom Sio mRvimelzec gadmovida madli suliwmidisa da isic ametyvelda qarTulad.
Sio mRvimelis
cxovrebis aRmweri wers, rom wm. Sio ,,iyo
naTesaviT asuri... odes iovane, moZRvari misi uwyebiTa RmrTisaiTa qveyanad qarTlisa miiwia, eseca netari mis Tanave mogzaur
iqmna da mis Tanave mociqulebrivi qadagebai aRasrula, romelTa
RmerTman misca enai qarTulad metyveli~ (`xsenebai sakvirvelmoqmedisa wmidisa mamisa Siosi~, 2005, gv. 113).
413

maSasadame
1) Sio mRvimeli iyo eTnikurad asuri;
2) misi moZRvari ioane ,,RmrTis uwyebiT~ movida saqarTveloSi;
3) ioanem da Siom aRasrules mociqulebrivi qadageba;
4) maT RmerTma uboZa qarTuli enis codna - ,,romelTa RmerTman
misca enai qarTulad metyveli~.
aRniSnulTa garda arsebobs agreTve Sio mRvimelis mokle cxovrebac, romelSic kerZod naTqvamia - ,,warmoemarTnen wmidanni da movidnen
qarTlad.... kaTalikozsa evlabiozs gamoecxada angelozi uflisai da
auwya mosvla maTi da wina miegeboda... netarman iovaneca wamsa Sina
iswava ena qarTvelTa sulisa mier wmidisa~ (cxorebai Sio mRvimelisa mokled naTqvami, 2005, gv. 107).
wm. Sios `mokle cxovrebac~ imasve imeorebs, rac aRniSnuli sxvaganac,
rom ioane zedaznelma ,,wamsa Sina iswava ena qarTvelTa sulis
mier wmidisa~.
am cxovrebaTa SejerebiT naTeli xdeba, rom ioane zedaznelma, Sio
mRvimelma da Cans sxva mamebmac RmrTis nebiT, suliwmidis mier myisierad miiRes codna qarTuli enisa da RmerTis uwyebiT gamoemarTnen saqarTveloSi, xolo ,,angelozi uflisa~ afrTxilebda
da amzadebda saTanado pirebs maTTan Sesaxvedrad.
marTlac, sruliad gamorCeuli, unikaluri da albaT erTaderTia msgavsi saswauli rac gameorebaa wmida mociqulebze suliwmidis
madliT enaTa dauflebisa, oRond am SemTxvevaSi, qarTul enazea
RvTis madli daSvebuli.
cxadia, es momenti ancvifrebda Zvel qarTvel mamebs da unergavda
maT Tvalsazriss qarTuli enis gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb, miTumetes iseT regionebSi, sadac qrTuli ena `dawunebuli~ iyo RvTismsaxurebisaTvis saeklesio sferoSi (igulisxmeba yofili persarmeniis
regioni, tao-basianis mxareebi).
asurel mamaTa aRniSnuli cxovrebani warmoadgendnen oficialur
sakiTxavebs, romelnic eklesiebSi xmamaRla ikiTxeboda wirva-locvebis saTanado momentebis dros. mrevls odnavadac ki eWvi ar epareboda
mosmenilis sinamdvileSi.
es ambavi namdvilad rom ar momxdariyo arc aRwerdnen da arc miiCnevdnen RmrTis sadidebel sakvirvel saswaulad.
sazogadod, locvis enas Zvel qristianul samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda, radganac ,,axali aRTqmis~ qadagebiT ena
RvTiuri niSniT iyo aRbeWdili. es sagangebod euwyaT sulTmofenobisas mociqulebsa da Sesabamisad pirvelqristianebs, roca ,,aRivsnen
yovelni suliTa wmidiTa da iwyes sityvad ucxoTa enaTa, viTarca suli igi miscemda maT sityvad~ (saqme, 2, 4).
amiT moixsna is enobrivi barieri, romelic pirvelmqadagebel mowafeebs SesaZloa SexvedrodaT, roca isini wavidnen dasamoZRvrad warmarTebisa mTel msoflioSi.
aseTi enobrivi barieri elodaT asurel mamebsac saqarTveloSi, ma414

gram, rogorc iTqva, suliwmidis mier miecaT ara zogadad codna sxvadasxva enebisa, aramed konkretulad, mxolod qarTuli enisa.
qarTuli enis aseTi gamorCeva uflis mier, rac iyo Tvalxiluli faqti
ara
mxolod asureli mamebis gverdiT mdgomTaTvis, aramed qarTveli erisaTvisac, cxadia bunebrivi siamayiT
avsebda qarTvel mamebs.
aRiwereba iseTi momentic, roca magaliTad qarTlis kaTalikosi Seegeba asurel mamebs asuruli eniT, magram maT qarTulad upasuxes.
asureli mamebi qarTulenovani mqadageblebi iyvnen, ufro metic, qarTulenovani mwerlebic ki, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Sio mRvimelis qarTulenovani leqsebi.
VII saukuneSi, Cans asurel mamebze uflis mier gardamovlenili es
enobrivi momenti aZlierebda kirion I kaTalikosis Tavisi enobrivi
reformis gatarebisas gugarqSi. rogorc cnobilia gugarqi, TviT `epistoleTa wignis~ mixedviTac, warmoadgenda mcxeTeli kaTalikosis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval eparqias, sadac adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis IV saukunidanve qarTul enaze aResruleboda wirva-locva (amas
bolnisis sionis warwerebi da sxva epigrafikuli masalac aCvenebs),
amis miuxedavad VI s-Si sparselTa myrobelobisas (romelic somxur
monofizitur eklesias Zlier uWerda mxars), gugarqSi qarTuli mrevlisaTvis eklesiebSi danerges somxurenovani msaxureba, iseve, rogorc
taosa da basianSi.
sparsTa Zlierebis SesustebisTanave, roca bizantiis sazRvarma gadmoiwia da moadga Tbiliss, kirionma gabeda da ineba qarTulenovani
RvTismsaxurebis aRdgena gugarqis qarTuli mrevlisaTvis, ramac Zalze
aRaSfoTa somxuri eklesiis mesveurebi, maT maSinve daabezRes kirioni
sparsTa winaSe, romlebmac kirioni taxtidan Camoagdes da ucxoeTSi
gandevnes.
rogorc iTqva kirionis am didi brZolis mamxnevebeli qarTuli enis
uflismieri mfarveloba iyo, romelic asureli mamebze gancxadda.
safiqrebelia, rom qarTuli enis aseTi gamorCeuloba uflis mier
(rac, rogorc vTqviT faqti iyo), warmoadgenda erT-erT saeklesio wyaros winaswarmetyvelebisa, romelsac ,,qebai da didebai
qarTulisa enisai~ ewodeba.
mas, rogorc Cans, sxva saeklesio wyaroebic hqonda uflismieri niSniT aRbeWdilni.
erT-erTi, unda iyos ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis erT-erTi epizodi.
IX saukuneSi wmida ilarions aukrZales qarTulenovani locva-RvTismsaxureba berZnebma olimpos mTis monasterSi.
maSinve, berZen mamasaxliss gamoecxada yovladwmida RvTismSobeli
da ganucxada ,,mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enisa
metyvelni da cxonebad arian da romelni maT ar Seiwynareben,
mter Cemda arian~ (s. yubaneiSvili, qrestomaTia, 1946, gv. 172).
yovladwmidam miuTiTa cxonebis Sesaxeb, es ki iyo yoveli qris415

tianis, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT monastris berTa saboloo mizani da

amave dros miuTiTa, rom qarTuli eniT locviT SesaZlebelia cxoneba.
RvTismSoblis es sityvebi cxadia udidesi stimuli iyo qarTveli
mamebisaTvis, maT kidev erTxel irwmunes qarTuli enis uflismieri
gamorCeuloba.
yovladwmida RvTismSoblis gancxadebam, rom qarTuli ena
cxonebis enaa (,,mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa
enisa metyvelni da cxonebad arian, da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian~), cxadia sulieri sasicocxlo stimuli misca da kidev ufro ganumtkica qarTvel morwmuneebs
(maT Soris Cvens SemTxvevaSi qarTvel berebs) is TavianTi
Tvalsazrisi, rom qarTuli ena uflismieraa rCeuli. amasTanave,
kidev ufro amaRlda maT TvalSi ara mxolod qarTuli enis sulieri
mniSvneloba, aramed ganmtkicda erovnuli identobac (RvTismSoblis
gancxadebam, ,,vinc ar Seiwynarebs qarTulad metyvelebs, isini Cemi
mtrebi arian~), saerTod RvTismSobelis es Cveneba, misi sityvebi
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis datvirTvisaa qarTuli kulturis
Semdgomi aRmavlisaTvis.
safiqrebelia, rom IX-X saukuneTa qarTuli xelovnebisa da kulturis ayvavebas, aseve qarTvelTa identobis saocar ganmtkicebisa da gamoRviZebas tao-basianis vrcel qveynebSi am gamocxadebis sulierma mniSvnelobamac daudo safuZveli.
maSasadame, Cvens xelTaa I aTaswleulis ori saeklesio datvirTvis
mqone wyaro, romelic safuZvlad unda dadeboda ,,qebai da didebais~
frazas - ,,ese enai Semkuli da kurTxeuli ars saxeliT uflisaTa~.
safiqrebelia isic, rom aRniSnuli wyaroebis Taviseburi gageba safuZvlad unda dadeboda frazas - rom qarTuli eniT meored mosvlisas
yvela enas (e.i. ers) am eniT ,,amxels~ anu ganikiTxavs ufali - ,,damarxul ars enai qarTuli dRedmde meored mosvlisa misisa sawameblad, raiTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa~.
cxadia, ,,qebai da didebais~ uTuod gaaCnda sxva wyaroebic (vTqvaT
imis Sesaxeb Tu ratom unda rqmeoda qarTul enas saxarebaSi ,,lazare~,
maTes saxarebis dasawyisis (Tavis) mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb qarTul enasTan dakavSirebiT da sxv.) magram Cven SegviZlia gamovTqvaT mosazreba
aRniSnulTa garda am teqstis sxva frazebis saeklesio wyaroTa Sesaxeb - esenia Semdegi frazebi
1) ,,damarxul ars enai qarTuli~;
2) ,,ese enai mZinare ars~;
3) `megobrobai amisTvis Tqva~;
4) `axalman nino moaqcia da helene dedofalman, ese arian orni dani,
viTarca mariam da marTa~;
5) ,,ese enai... mdabali da dawunebuli~.
am frazebis mixedviT ,,qebais~ teqstis Sedgenis dros qarTuli ena
416

savalalo mdgomareobaSi yofila, is teqstis avtoris qveyanaSi iyo

,,mdabali da dawunebuli~, ,,mZinare~, ,,damarxuli~ da a. S.
romeli qveyana iyo es? sad idevneboda qarTuli ena, sad ar hqonda mas
saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia, saeklesio da samoqalaqo datvirTva?
romeli iyo aseTi qarTuli qveyana VIII-X ss-Si da ufro adre? afxazTa samefoSi qarTuli ena didad pativcemuli iyo imiT, rom is iq iyo
erTaderTi saxelmwifo, saeklesio da samoqalaqo-administraciuli ena,
iseve kaxeTsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi, magram sul sxva mdgomareobaS iyo
qarTuli ena gugarqsa, taosa Tu basianSi. wina saukuneebSi iq mcxovrebi mkvidri qarTvelebi politikurad aRmoCdnen persarmeniasa Tu
romaul armeniaSi da moeqcnen somxur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi, ris
gamoc rogorc aRvniSneT iq daiwyo qarTuli enis totaluri devna
_ rogorc dasavleT armeniaSi ise persarmeniaSi da es procesi Semdgom
saukuneebSic gagrZelda. aseT dros iqaur qarTvelTa Soris gavrcelda cnoba, rom ,,ese enai Semkuli da kurTxeuli ars saxeliT uflisaTa~, marTalia amJamad qarTuli ena gaZevebulia saeklesio da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis sferodan, is ,,dawunebuli da dadablebulia~, ,,damarxulia~ imiT, rom mxolod saojaxo da saSinao moxmarebis sferoebi
darCa saasparezod, magram es droebiTia, radganac ,,damarxul ars enai
qarTuli dRedmde meored mosvlisa misisa sawameblad, raiTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa~.
qarTuli enis mniSvneloba da taos qarTvelebis erovnuli identoba
am momentma kidev ufro gamokveTa.
albaT SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom VIII-IX saukuneebSi dawyebuli didi
moZraoba taoelTa da maxlobel kuTxeTa qarTvelebis erovnuli identobis aRorZinebisaTvis msgavsi suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli patriotul-eklesiuri Txzulebebis Sedegic iyo.
marTlac tao-basianel qarTvelTa erovnuli identobis aRorZinebam
maT qveyanaSi da ufro CrdiloeTiT (hereTsa da gugarqSi) iqamde ,,mdabali da dawunebuli~ qarTuli enac aaRorZina X saukunisaTvis, Tumca
am mxriv yofil xorZenesa da pariadres qarTvelebs ar gaumarTldaT.

g. `qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais~

daweris dro da adgili (X s.)
Cvenamde moRweulia ,,qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais~ oTxi xelnaweri e.w. sinur ZeglebSi - yvela aris meaTe saukunisa, kerZod ki meaTe
saukunis meore naxevrisa.
riT iyo aRsaniSnavi xelnaweris daweris dro?
imiT, rom axlovdeboda qristesSobidan aTasi weli, samyaros aRsasrulisa da saSineli samsjavros Jami.
am TariRs mTeli qristanuli msoflio eloda SiSiT da imediT,
kerZod qristesSobidan meaTase wlisTavze elodnen qristes meored mosvlas.
es iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani TariRi, ara mxolod saeklesio wreebi,
417

aramed sazogadod mTeli xalxi, mrevli, mdidari Tu Raribi, moxuci,

axalgazrda, patronebi Tu ymebi, seniorebi da vasalebi, erTi sityviT
yvela sofeli Tu qalaqi eloda qristeSobis meaTase wlisTavs.
amis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen, kamaTobdnen, loculobdnen da ase grZeldeboda TaobaTa manZilze mTel meaTe saukunis ganmavlobaSi, Sesabamisad
warmoiSva mravali miTi, Teoria, mosazreba, idea Tu winaswarmetyveleba
maTi samomavlo bedisweris Sesaxeb meored mosvlisas, romelis kakunis
xmac ukve ismoda, meaTase wlisTavi axlovdeboda
armeniaSi, yofili xorZenas, pariadresa da gugarqis qarTvelTa Cagruli
fena meored mosvlas imediT Sescqeroda, rom maTi mdgomareoba warsuls Cabardeboda da momavali ki sixaruliT aivseboda, ufro metic,
maTi `dawunebuli da damdablebuli~ ena da erovneba sxvebze amaRldeboda wmida sityvaTa Sesabamisad `ukanani wina da winani ukan~.
mas Semdeg, rac strabonis cnobiT, armeniam iberiisagan miitaca xorZenas, pariadresa da gogarenas qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebuli vrceli
miwa-wyali, iq daiwyo qarTuli enis devna da Seviwroeba.
movses xorenaci Tavis istoriaSi aRniSnavs Tu rogor devnidnen
samxreTidan Casaxlebuli armenielTa mefeebi mkvidri mosaxleobis
enas. isini krZalavdnen somxuris garda sxva enis gamoyenebas. aseT garemoSi qarTuli enac idevneboda. magram iqaur (mkvidr) qarTvelobas mxneoba SeunarCunebia da devnis sapirispirod wamouyenebia idea qarTuli enis SemdgomSi gandidebis Sesaxeb da is daukavSirebia meored mosvlasTan.
armeniis mier mitacebul iberiis teritoriebze Camoyalibebula
winaswarmetyveleba Cagruli qarTuli enis saboloo gandidebis Sesaxeb.
aseT winaswarmetyelebaTa rigSi unda CavayenoT Cvenamde moRweuli
Txzuleba - ,,qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai~, romelic SesaZloa
wina saukuneebSi daiwera, magram gansakuTrebulad popularuli iqaur
qarTvelTa Soris gaxda meaTe saukuneSi.
ras exeboda winaswarmetyveleba? rom male, qristes mosvlis Jams,
ramdenime weliwadSi (meaTase wlisTavze) qriste ganikiTxavs mTel kacobriobas da gankiTxvis ena ki iqneba qarTuli!
ratom qarTuli? am kiTxvis pasuxiT Cven SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT am
Txzulebis SeTxzvis adgili.
ras elodnen pirveli aTaswleulis bolos anu meored mosvlis Jams?
Raribebi - xsnas da sixaruls,
Cagrulebi - tvirTis axsnas,
cudi mdidrebi - damdabldebas,
kargi glaxakebi - maTze amaRldebas,
yvela Cagruli gaTavisufldeboda da gamoCndeboda mTeli Tavisi
Sinagani sikeTiT.
radganac, winaswarmetyveleba Seexeboda qarTul enas, mis mimarTac
igive unda aRsrulebuliyo - anu es ena (`enis~ qveS misi matarebeli
xalxic igulisxmeba) armeniis iberiaSi Cagruli, `mdabali da dawuneb418

uli~ unda warmoCinebuliyo da gandidebuliyo. amitomac daiwera, rom

isic, iseve rogorc sxva Cagrulebi, ,,moelis~ meored mosvlas.
qarTuli ena (da qarTuli identoba) iqamde damdablebuli iyo vrcel miwa-wyalze Teodosiopolisidan Tbilisamde da vanis tbamde
tao da basiani am qveynis mTavari nawili iyo - mis samxreTiT (e.i.
yofil xorZenas, pariadrsa da gugarqSi) cxovrobdnen is TiTqmis armenizebuli qarTvelebi, romelTac verafriT SeZles somxuri saeklesio uRlisagan Tavis arideba da axla mxolod meored mosvlis JamisaTvis elodnen qarTuli enisa da qarTvelobis
RvTaebriv aRorZinebas.
kirionis Rvawli gugarqSi

kirionismieri erovnuli gamofxizleba gugareTisa da

dasavleT
armeniis qarTvelobisa
gugareTi anu gugarqi, qarTveli Tanamedrove istorikosebis azriT,
moicavda miwa-wyals javaxeTidan xunanis iqiT ZegamCaimde (md. mtkvris
marcxena Senakadamde), maSin roca somexi istorikosebis cnobiT, iberiis
nawili gugarqi moicavda teritorias Woroxis marjvena sanapirodan da
masSi Sedioda miwebi taos zemo nawilidan (iSxanisa da banas axlo
CrdiloeTidan) arcaxamde. maSasadame, klarjeTic gugarqSi moiazreboda.
es momenti imiTaa CvenTvis saintereso, rom kirionis cnobili Rvawli
qvemo qarTlSi (gugarqis erT nawilSi) qarTuli enis Tavis Zvel uflebebSi dasabruneblad, uTuod mTeli gugarqis (maT Soris taosa da
klarjeTis) qarTvelebisaTvis impulsis mimcemi iqneboda. gugarqi rom Woroxis aRmosavleT sanapirodan iwyeboda, amis Sesaxeb wers n.
adonci.
gugarqis qarTvelobas klarjeTidan utikamde Tavisi qveynis bedis
Sesabamisad eklesiebSi aukrZales qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba da
mis nacvlad somxurenovani wirva-locva daunerges.
sparseTsa da bizantias Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, sazRvari am or imperias Soris gadioda Woroxidan nizibinamde ise, rom tao
da gugarqi sparseTSi moeqca, Sesabamisad isini e.w. persarmeniis nawilad miiCneoda.
VI s-Si qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis kvaldakval, sparseTi cdilobda bizantiuri orientaciis, e.i. qalkedonuri mimarTulebis
qarTuli eklesiis yovelmxriv daCagvras, Sesabamisad tao-klarjeT-gugarqSi SeizRuda qarTulenovani wirva-locva da mis nacvlad qarTvelTa
Soris dainerga saeklesio-somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba.
qarTvelebs araviTari protestis gamoTqmis saSualebac ki ar hqondaT, imdenad mWidro iyo somxur-sparsuli kavSiri (ix. `saqarTvelos
samociqulo eklesiis istoria~, t. I).
419

sabednierod, 591 wlis SeTanxmebiT Seicvala sasazRvro xazi sparseTsa da bizantias Soris, imdenad, rom sazRvari am or imperias Soris
mcxeTasa da Tbiliss Soris gavida, mcxeTa bizantiur nawilSi moeqca,
Tbilisi ki sparsulSi. bizantielTa mxardaWeriT gaZlierebulma mcxeTelma kaTalikosma kirionma gabeda da Tavis mrevls, gugarq-qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebT, aRudgina qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba, rac mouTmeneli iyo somxuri eklesiisTvis, Tumca sabolood kirionis RvawliT
TandaTanobiT jer qvemo qarTlis, Semdeg ki taosa da aseve Crdilo armeniis mkvidri qarTveloba daubrunda saeklesio qarTulenovnebas. qarTuli ena _ qalkedonitobis simbolo da qarTvelTa
erovnuli cnobierebis sayrdeni gaxda.
enobrivi viTareba gugarqSi

rogorc cnobilia VI saukunis Semdeg VII-VIII-IX da X saukuneebSi

saqarTvelo sxvadasxva qveynebad anu politikur erTeulebad iyo daSlili, maT garda qarTveli xalxis arc Tu mcire odenoba cxovrobda
araerovnul politikur erTeulebSi, magaliTad Tbiliseli qarTvelebi arabul saamiroSi, qvemo qarTlis qarTvelebi taSir-Zorakertis
somxur samefoSi da sxva.
ara mgonia vTqvaT taSir-Zorakertis somxur samefoSi qarTuli ena
Rirseulad yofiliyo warmoCenili, Cven gvaqvs wyaro - ,,epistoleTa
wigni~, aseve sxva Zvel avtorTa Txzulebani, saidanac SesaniSnavad Cans,
Tu rogor ibrZoda qarTuli eklesia, kaTalikosi kirioni raTa Tavis
Rirseul uflebebSi aRedgina qarTuli ena qvemo qarTlSi, romelic e.
w. gugarqis vrceli qveynis nawili iyo, jer kidev taSir-Zorakertis
samefos warmoqmnamde.
kirionamde VI saukunis sparseTis mier dapyrobil qvemo qarTlSi, rogorc
iTqva, qarTvel mrevlSi danerges somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba, qarTuli ena amis gamo gaZevebuli iqna saeklesio da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis sferodan, is imJamad iyo ,,dawunebuli da dadablebuli~, ase vTqvaT
Senaxuli anu ,,damarxuli~ imiT, rom mxolod saojaxo da saSinao moxmarebis sferoebi darCa saasparezod, magram, rogorc viciT kirionis RvawliT qarTvel mrevls VII s. dasawyisSi daubrunda qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba.
magram, qvemo qarTli mxolod erTi nawili iyo Zalze vrceli qveynisa, romelsac somxebi ,,gugarqs~ (qarTvelTa qveyanas) uwodebdnen. gugarqi,
somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT gadaWimuli iyo Woroxidan vidre Tbilisamde
da bardvamde, gugarqis vrcel qveyanas samxreTidan esazRvreboda tao.
aRsaniSnavia, rom tao didi xnis manZilze Sedioda somxur saxelmwifoebriv da saeklesio sistemaSi. is somxeTis qveynad moiazreboda VI-IX
saukuneebSi. aqac, rogorc gugarqSi qarTuli ena iyo `mdabali da dawunebuli~ X saukunisaTvis ki, TiTqosda erTi xelis mosmiT, tao qarTul
qveynad iqca, qarTuli eniTa da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobiT. ra moxda? sinamdvileSi rogorc qvemo qarTli, aseve taoc qarTvelebiT iyo
420

dasaxlebuli, magram misi xalxi IX-X saukunemde somxur saeklesio (da

politikur) sferoSi iyo Seyvanili. 726 wlis manaskertis krebam TiTqosda
gamoafxizla taoeli qarTvelebi, radganac am krebis Semdeg somxurma
eklesiam sabolood miiRo ara mxolod monofizituri platforma, aramed
is gaxda nacionaluri, anu is eTnikuri somxebis eklesiad iqca.
xSirad, zemo qveynebidan gamosuli, yofili persarmeniuli mxareebidan warmoSobili qarTvelebis erTma nawilma ar icoda qarTuli
wera-kiTxva, radganac maT ganaTleba somxurad hqondaT miRebuli, magram wmida ninos aRiarebiTa da misi Rvawlis warmoCinebiT aCvenebdnen
TavianT eTnikur vinaobas.
armeniis qarTvelTa didi gamofxizleba

kirionma aanTo pirveli naperwkali erovnuli gamofxizlebisa, romelic aitaca e.w. dasavleT armeniis mkvidrma qarTulma mosaxleobam gugarqSi, kolaSi, taoSi da kidev ufro samxreTiT, vidre TiTqmis vanis
tbamde, romlis sanapirosTan axlos mcxovrebma qarTvelebma valaSkertis saepiskoposo daaarses.
erovnebaaRorZinebulma qarTulma mrevlma Camoayaliba sxva qarTuli saepiskoposoebic _ anisisa, karisa (yarsisa), dadaSenisa da sxva
qalaqebisa, TviTSemecnebulma, anu somxuri asimilaciisagan gaTavisuflebulma qarTvelebma miiwvies TavianT miwa-wyalze taos mefe didi
daviT kurapalati, romelmac qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli
`qarTvelTa sakurapalato~ Seqmna vanis tbamde mcxovrebi am mkvidr
qarTvelTaTvis.
sixaruli da erovnuli siamaye vinaobaaRdgenili qarTvelebisa ganuzomeli iyo, rac gamomJRavnda gansakuTrebiT aTonis mTaze. swored am
mxareebidan wamosuli iverielebis mier, romelTac yovladwmida RvTismSobeli eweoda imiT, rom qarTul enasa da qarTul sityvas mfarvelobda. swored aseTi saswaulebrivi gamocxadebis Semdgom mieca myisierad
qarTuli enis codna patara eqvTime mTawmindels.
erovnuli identobis aRorZinebis sixarulma aagebina saocari taZrebi
taosa da klarjeTSi mkvidr qarTvelebs, eseni iyvnen niSan-svetebi maTi
erovnuli gamofxizlebisa, somxuri eklesiisagan didi gaqcevisa, misi
uaryofisa da vinaobis aRdgenisa. am gaTavisuflebis didma Zalam aago
swored am kuTxeebSi es arqiteqturis Sedevrebi,
rogorc dagubebul wyalSi grovdeba didi Zala da energia, romelic
vlindeba misi gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, aseTi ZaliT afeTqda qarTuli
kultura samxreT saqarTveloSi.
kirionis `gamofxizlebis~ proeqti

somxur eklesiasTan kirionis cnobilma kamaTma qarTuli enis dasacavad da am sakiTxis gamo ganxeTqilebam gamoafxizla samxreT kavkasiis provinciaTa is qarTveloba, romelnic iqamde somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen.
421

sad ganxorcielda kirionis gamofxizlebis proeqti? anu romel provinciebSi gamofxizldnen iqamde somxuri wirva-locvis qveS myofi
qarTvelebi da aRidgines qarTulenovani wirva-locva?
cnobilia, rom es iyo vrceli mxare gugarqisa. sad mdebareobda is?
amJamindeli Cveni istoriografiis mixedviT is iyo mxolod qvemo qarTli,
magram somxuri geografiiT da sxva wyaroebiT, gugarqi iyo vrceli qveyana
Woroxidan Tbilisamde (da TiTqmis bardavamde).
basiansa, klarjeTsa da taoSi qarTuli enis aRdgenas rom mistirodnen somexi RvTismetyvelebi, es Cans uxtanesis wignidan, romelmac uzarmazari Sroma, savse moTqma-vaebiTa da wuxiliT, miuZRvna am sakiTxs.
kirionis `gamofxizleba~ mxolod qvemo qarTls ar Sexebia, aq uxtanesis dros isedac somxuri taSir-Zorakertis samefo hyvaoda somxuri saeklesio eniT, uxtanesi mistiris kirionis mier basianis, taoklarjeTisa da mezobeli olqebis qarTvelebis mier erovnuli identobis aRdgenas.
somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis qarTuli frTa
qarTvelebi somxeTSi

somxeTSi Zalze didi raodenobis mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba cxovrobda imis gamo, rom jer kidev qristeSobamde II saukuneSi iberiisagan armeniam miitaca istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelos nawilebi - xorZene,
gogarena da pariadres kaldebi. cxadia es regionebi qarTvelebiT iyvnen
dasaxlebulni. somxuri eklesiis daarsebis Semdeg somxeTis mkvidri
qarTveloba gadaiqca somxuri eklesiis mrevlad, magram maT qarTuli
eTnoidentoba SenarCunebuli hqondaT, gansakuTrebiT somxeTis CrdiloeT da dasavleT nawilebSi. kirion kaTalikosis moZraobam qarTuli
enis dasacavad, erTgvarad SeanjRria da gamoafxizla gugarqisa da taos
qarTveloba. a. karaSevi Tavis wignSi ,,msoflio saeklesio krebebi~ aRniSnavda, rom zogjer aRmsareblobis gaTaviseba xdeboda eTnikuri niSniT, magaliTad, misi azriT bizantieli berZnebisagan aRmosavleTis
qristianuli xalxebi gancalkevebas cdilobdnen imiT, rom iRebdnen
antibizantiur saeklesio aRmsareblobas. amis gamo, miiRo TiTqos egviptis, siriisa da armeniis mosaxleobam monofizitoba, riTac gaberZnebisgan daicves Tavi. SeiZleba aseve vifiqroT, rom armeniis qarTvelebic
cdilobdnen Zlieri somxuri kulturuli gavlenisgan Tavis dacvis
msgavsi qmedebebiT. SeiZleboda albaT amiTac agvexsna qarTvelTa survili somxuri eklesiisagan gancalkevebisa jer kidev VI saukuneSi
sparsTa mmarTvelobisas. anu qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba qarTvelTa bunebrivi safari iyo erovnulobis SenarCunebisaTvis VI saukuneSi da VII
s. dasawyisSi, magram herakle keisris sparseTSi laSqrobis Semdeg TviTon somxuri eklesiis centrma Sekra ,,unia~ bizantiur eklesiasTan.
somxeTSi mravali qalkedonuri saepiskoposo warmoiqmna. somxur-qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebis ricxvi Zalze didi iyo 70-ze meti da isini
422

ganfenilni iyvnen uzarmazar teritoriaze vanisa da urmiis tbebidan

trapezuntamde da _ antioqiamde. amis gamo, somxeTis im mxareebis qarTuli mrevli moeqca somxur-qalkedonur eklesiaSi, isini ZiriTadad dasavleT armeniasa da gugarqSi (Woroxidan Tbilisamde) cxovrobdnen. qarTveli qalkedoniti moRvaweebi TavianTi ganswavlulobisa da Sromis moyvareobis gamo somxur eklesiis umaRlesi ierarqebic ki xdebodnen. heraklemde aseTi iyo airaratis qorepiskoposi Semdeg ki qarTveli kaTalikosi kirioni, aseve eTnikuri qarTveli unda yofiliyo somexi-qalkedoniti kaTalikosi nerses III mSenebeli. man devnilobis dros Tavi
Seafara Tavis mSobliur kuTxes taos, sadac saepiskoposo centri daaarsa
iSxanSi. somxur-kalkedonur eklesiaSi qarTveli mcire nawili iyo.

gamofxizlebis ori mTavari stimuli (IV_X ss.)

jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe SeniSnavda, rom istoriuli somxeTis miwawyali armenielebis Semosvlamde qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
mas faqtiurad eTanxmeba n. adonci, romelic mraval wyaroze dayrdnobiT gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom istoriulad qarTvelebis sacxovrisi vanis tbidan qarTlamde Suaze gahkveTes armenielebma, amitom
armenielebis rogorc samxreTiT, ise CrdiloeTiT qarTvelTa qveynebi
moeqca.
magaliTad, n. adoncis azriT, vanis tbis samxreTiT mdebare qveyana
kordueni da CrdiloeTiT mdebare qarTli _ qarTvelTa qveynebi iyvnen.
rac Seexeba qarTvelebis dasaxlebas armeniis dasavleTiT, is xeluxleblad iqna SenarCunebuli _ igulisxmeba qaldevelTa anu WanTa qveyana.
qaldu anu `kardu~ _ iv. javaxiSvilis kvleviTac qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblo yofila, romlis saxeli qarTvelTa samive Stos _
svanebs, megrel-lazebsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelebs hqoniaT Semonaxuli.
dasavleT da Crdilo armeniaSi moqceul iberiis yofil miwebze
xorZenasa, pariadresa da gogarenaSi qarTvelTa armenizaciis procesma
gaqristianebis Semdeg religiuri saxe miiRo, rac imiT gamoixata, rom
am qarTvelTa saojaxo ena kvlav qarTuli iyo (an misi dialeqtebi),
magram somxuri maTTvis RvTis sadidebeli da saRvTismsaxuro enad
iqca (Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelTa arc Tu mcire nawili,
romelnic konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyvnen moqceulnni _ berZnulenovanni gaxdnen saeklesio TvalsazrisiT).
armeniis qarTvelebi somxuri enis, kulturis, eklesiis, Semecnebis da
kulturis zegavlenis qveS eqceodnen.
qarTvelTa armenizaciis procesi somxeTis dasavleT da Crdilo mxareebSi ver dasrulda arabTa Semosevebis gamo.
somxuri kulturuli centrebis Zlierebis moryevisas _ arabTa Se423

mosevebis epoqaSi, aRmoCnda, rom dasavleT armeniasa da aseve basiansa, taosa da mimdebare mxareebSi qarTvelebis erT nawils, sabednierod, jer kidev hqondaT SenarCunebuli erovnuli cnobiereba,
nawilobriv ki codna qarTuli enisa da sayofacxovrebo wesCveulebebisa _ erTi sityviT, kulturuli TavisTavadoba, rac
safuZvlad gadaiqca taosa da basianSi qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebisa, erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnisa da
misTvis qarTuli saxis miniWebisa.
aseT epoqaSi qarTul enas siwmindis funqcia mieniWa.
es movlena iyo namdvili kulturuli revolucia qarTuli cnobierebis
aRorZinebisaTvis.
tao-basianis mxareebSi qarTuli Semecnebisa da enis aRorZinebis safuZveli unda yofiliyo
1) kirionis mier qarTuli enis aRorZineba gugarqSi da
2) 726 wlis manaskertis monofizituri kreba, ramac somxuri eklesia
mononacionalur eklesiad aqcia, sadac aRar iyo eTnikur qarTvelTa
(e.i. qalkedonitTa) adgili, da ramac eklesiurad gamoafxizla qarTveloba. erovnulad identobaaRorZinebulma qarTvelobis erTma nawilma
male zurgi Seaqcia somxurqalkedonur eklesiasac da deda qarTuls
daubrunda.
patriarq nikoloz mistikosis miTiTeba (X s.)

konstantine porfirogenetis Tanaxmad, taronis samTavros bagratuni

mmarTvelebi cdilobdnen bizantiasTan dakavSirebas imperatoris leon
VI-is (886-912) dros.
X saukunis 20-iani wlebidan bizantiam SeZlo Seteva arabebis (mahmadianebis) winaaRmdeg zemo evfratis aRmosavleTiT mdebare miwa-wyalze.
bizantiis jarma ioane kurkuasis meTaurobiT daapira dvinis aRebac,
magram mas winaaRmdegobas uwevda somexTa mefe aSot II erkaTi (914-929),
romelic dvinis amiras uWerda mxars. aSotma xalifasgan miiRo SahinSas tituli.
dvinTan warumateblobis Semdeg ioane kurkuasma mahmadianebisgan gaaTavisufla qalaqi xlaTi da 931 wels bizantielTa jarebi Sevidnen
xlaTsa da berkrSi, vaspurakanis samefo bizantielTa gavlenis sferoSi aRmoCnda.
978 wels barda skliarosis damarcxebis jildod daviT kurapalats
gadaeca sxvebTan erTad harkis da apahuniqis olqebi q. manaskertTan
axlos. es qalaqi am droisaTvis mahmadiani amiras xelSi iyo (is man
bizantielebs waarTva). 990 wels daviT kurapalatma dalaSqra manaskerti da aiRo alyis Semdeg. aq mas Causaxlebia didi raodenobiT qarTvelebi
da somxebi. amis gamo, Tavrizis amiras didZali jarebi dauZravs daviT
kurapalatis winaaRmdeg, daviTs gverdiT amoudgnen qarTvelTa mefe
bagrat II, anis-Sirakis mefe gagiki da vanandis (yarsis) mefe abasi. daviTi da misi mokavSireebi q. valaSkertSi dabanakebulan.
424

997-998 wlebSi qarTvelebi ibrZodnen xlaTTan, magram ver aiRes, Tumca sastikad daamarcxes Tavrizeli amira da misi mokavSireebi.
eklesiurad, rogorc Cans, konstantinopolis sapatriarqo ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTvelebis saeklesio iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas taodan vanis tbamde _ daviT kurapalatis mier gaTavisuflebul miwa-wyalze, magram TviTon, Cans, am periodSi ver axerxebda Tavisi iurisdiqciis
ganvrcobas an SenarCunebas am regionSi, magram Tanaxma yofila iq somxuri eklesiis uzenaesoba
ecno. es Cans ioane drasxanakertelis naSromidan, sadac Semonaxulia
konstantinopolis patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werili. berZeni
patriarqi werda somex kaTalikoss: `Seni RvTismoyvarebisaTvis vgoneb
ar aris gaugebari Cveni gulis didi wuxili da daunelebeli
tkivili somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa Sendami rwmunebuli
erToblivi samwysosaTvis Wiris gamo, romelic Tavs dagatydaT
sarkinoz ismaitel moZaladeTagan. aw Tu Tqveni uwmidesoba marTebulad miiCnevs, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa RmrTis moxilvis
da SebralebisaTvis mTeli guliT yovlismpyrobeli RmrTis mimarT vedreba. somexTa, qarTvelTa, alvanelTa Seni samwysosTvis,
aRar Seeguo maT daRupvas da izrune, rom ganswavlo isini yvelaferSi saRmrTo metyvelebiT. werili gamougzavneT mag kurapalatsac da afxazTa meTaursac da vurCevdi, rom maT esminoT
Tqveni darigeba~ (ioane drasxnakerteli, somxeTis istoria, cagareiSvilis gamocema, 1965, gv. 189-193).
Tu es werili sandoa, masSi Cans, rom patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi
(852-925) somxur eklesias ar miiCnevs eTnikuri niSniT Seqmnil samamamTavrod, radganac mis mrevlad somxebTan erTad miiCnevda
qarTvelebic da alvanelebic. am werilSi orjer xazgasmiT aRniSnavs
kidec _ `somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa Sendami kuTvnili
samwyso~.
erTi SexedviT ise Cans, TiTqosda `qarTvelTa~ qveS am werilSi igulisxmeba sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, magram Tanamedrove
saqarTvelos imJamad `afxazeTs~ uwodebdnen, xolo `qarTvelTa qveyanas~ uwodebdnen ZiriTadad taos samefos, am da misi mimdebare regionebis mosaxleobas ki `qarTvelebs~. amitom am werilSi `qarTvelTa~ qveS
unda igulisxmebodes im miwa-wylis mrevli, romelic imJamad bizantiis
interess warmoadgenda, kerZod, Teodosiopolis (karin-arzrumis) qristianebi, vidre vaspurakanamde.
iqamde am regionSi eklesiurad batonobda somxuri eklesia, karinevfratis mosaxleoba, VII s-Si TviT taos mrevlic ki somxuri eklesiis
iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeboda. igive iTqmis amave regionis momijnave
albanur olqebzec. ase rom, nikoloz mistikosis am saqmiani weriliT konstantinopoli cnobda ara sruliad saqarTvelos mrevlze somxuri eklesiis uzenaesobas, aramed mxolod arzrum-vanistbis qarTul segmentebSi. mizezi unda yofiliyo survili, raTa
Zlier somxur eklesias xeli ar SeeSala bizantiuri jarebis winsvlisaTvis vanis tbisken.
425

am damamSvidebeli weriliT konstantinopoli acxadebda, rom is ar

iyo somxuri eklesiis metoqe am regionSi, e.i. Teodosiopolidan _ vaspurakanamde.
marTlac, amave werilSi naxsenebia kurapalati (e.i. qarTvelTa kurapalati) da afxazTa meTauri (e.i. afxazTa mefe), romelTac TiTqosda
mouwodebda, rom maT esminaT somxuri eklesiis meTauris darigeba, magram es albaT di plomatiuri CanarTia, Tumca am sityvebidan Cans, rom
bizantiur iurisdiqciaSi arasdros yofila dasavleT saqarTvelo. Tuki
dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo bizantiis iurisdiqciaSi da is bizantiuri
iurisdiqciisagan swored nikoloz mistikosis epoqaSi (IX-X ss-Si) gamovida, rogorc amtkicebs qarTizaciis Teoria, maSin konstantinopolis
patriarqi somxuri eklesiis meTaurs imas ki ar miwerda _ `Seni darigeba isminos afxazTa mefemo~, aramed albaT miwerda _ Cemi saeklesio
miwa-wyalia dasavleT saqarTvelo da afxazTa mefem aq Cemi uflebamosileba ar unda SebRaloso. am werilidanac Cans, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelo arasodes yofila konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi.
am werilidan Cans, rom `qarTvelTa qveyana~ tao-karini, aseve vaspurakanis segmentebi, anu `zemo qveyanaTa~ meti nawili somxebTan erTad
dasaxlebuli iyo qarTveli xalxiT, da isini somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS imyofebodnen. am mosazrebas adasturebs meore arapirdapiri, Tumca mniSvnelovani cnoba, romelic aseve konstantinopolis patriarqs exeba.
konstantinopolis patriarqs wmida fotis (857-867, 877-886) miakuTvneben
cnobas keisar basili I-is (867-886) somex arSakunTagan warmomavlobis
Sesaxeb. a. abdalaZis sityviT, am Tvalsazriss ar uaryofdnen basil I-is
memkvidreebi, radganac erT-erT maTgans, konstantine porfirogenets (912959) es azri Seutania Tavis TxzulebaSi `basilis cxovreba~. marTalia,
amJamad basil I-isgan warmoSobili dinastia `makedonurad~ miiCneva, magram, Cveni azriT, marTali unda yofiliyo wmida foti aseTi cnobis
gavrcelebis dros, erTi qarTuli wyaroc am Tvalsazriss amarTlebs,
kerZod, wmida ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebaSi nabrZanebia, rom basili
keisarma (866-886) Tavisi Svilebis moZRvrebad daayena wmida ilarionis
mowafeebi, romelTac daavala Tavisi vaJebisTvis qarTuli ena eswavlebinaT. wmida ilarion qarTvelis mowafeebs `mohgvara mefeman orni
Zeni leon da aleqsandre da rqua _ `locva yavT amaTTvis wmidano
mamano da aswaveT amaT enai da wigni Tqveni~, (Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, I, 1946, gv. 175).
vfiqrob, aqedan Cans Semdegi _ basili I keisari an misi winaparebi
warmoSobiT iyvnen `armeniidan~, anu im mxaredan mcire aziisa, romelic
armeniad iwodeboda, magram eTnikurad ara somxebi, aramed qarTvelebi,
radganac basilim brZana Tavisi SvilebisTvis, momavali imperatorebisTvis eswavlebinaT qarTuli ena da qarTuli mwignobroba (da
ara somxuri). sxva saqmea is, rom am mxareebs, miuxedavad misi mosaxleobis qarTuli warmomavlobisa, erqva armenia. basilis winaprebi aqedan
makedoniaSi gadasaxlebulan, magram basilis, Cans, hqonia cnoba Tavisi
426

qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da amitomac daavala qarTvel mamebs

misi SvilebisaTvis qarTuli ena da mwignobroba eswavlebinaT.
basilis memkvidreebis dros, kerZod, konstantine porfirogenetis dros,
am mxareebis arabebisagan gasaTavisufleblad bizantielebTan erTad
yvelaze aqtiurad qarTvelebi ibrZodnen.
am mxareTa mkvidrma qarTvelobam gaTavisuflebis Semdeg (X-XI saukunidan) _ gaimyara erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecneba da cdilobda eklesiuradac ganSoreboda somxur eklesias, Tumca nikoloz mistikoss es
sadavo mrevli, politikuri mosazrebiT somxuri eklesiisaTvis miukuTvnebia Semdegi sityvebiT: `Sendami rwmunebuli somexTa, qarTvelTa da
alvanTa samwyso~.
aseTi viTarebis gamo, bizantiaSi am mxareTa mkvidri qarTvelebi yvelas arwmunebdnen, rom isini eTnikuri warmomavlobiT, gvar-tomobiT
qarTvelebi iyvnen. erTi aseTi iyo am mxareTa mkvidri, taoeli grigol
bakurianis Ze. is, Cans, iyo aseve vanandis olqis memamulec, anu is Cans
ufro vanandeli (kareli) iyo, vidre taoeli.
arabTa Semdgom somxur eklesiaSi Semavali mcire aziis mkvidri mosaxleobis erTi nawili Tavis Tavs qalkedonitad aRiarebda. am procesma gamoiwvia iqamde TiTqmis polieTnikuri somxuri eklesiis daSla.
kerZod, iqamde somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi moqceuli qarTvelebi
erovnul-eTnikuri niSniT tovebdnen somxur eklesias da qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs ubrundebodnen, isini eTnikuri niSniTve qmnidnen adgilobriv qarTul samrevloebs. xolo eTnikuri somxebi darCnen TavianT
mSobliur somxur eklesiaSi, romelic, Sedgeboda rogorc monofizitebisagan, ise somexi diofizitebisagan, anu qalkedonitebisagan.
`zemo qveynebis~ mkvidr qarTvelTa erovnul-patriotul sukliskveTebas kargad gamoxataven ZiriTadad am mxareebidan gamosuli somxuri
saeklesio uRlisagan gaTavisuflebuli qarTvelebi, kerZod, is berebi,
romlebic Seadgendnen umravlesobas aTonisa an sinas mTis qarTuli
saZmoebisas.
maTi gulanTebuli qarTveloba maTi locvebidanac Cans, magaliTad,
sinas mTis qarTveli berebi SesTxoven ufals _ `qriste Seiwyale...
yovelni Zmani da yovelni qristianeni da ufrois yovelTasa
yovelni qarTvelni~ (iqve, gv. 86).
erovnul eklesiuri gaTavisufleba, rac jer kidev kirionma daiwyo,
gugarqis qarTvelTa Soris (gugarqi ki, somxuri wyaroebiT Woroxamdec
vrceldeboda) gagrZelda XII saukunemde, amis Sedegad qarTulma eklesiam did brwyinvalebas miaRwia, rasac asaxavs XII saukunis somexi moRvawe: `SexedeT Cvengan gamoyofili qarTvelTa naTesavi dRiTi
dRe rogor brwyindeba qristes mimarT~ (iqve, gv. 87).
meore mxriv, VII-X ss.-Si qalkedonitobas iRebda mravali somexi, maT
Soris TviT somxeTis kaTalikosebic, magram isini ar kargavdnen simxur
TviTSemecnebas, erovnulobas, radgan qalkedonitoba VII-X saukuneebSi
somxur eklesiaSi erT-erT sarwmunoebriv mimarTulebas warmoadgenda.
VII saukuneSi herakle keisris Semdeg somxuri `uniaturi~ eklesia
427

mravali qalkedoniti kaTalikosis mier imarTeboda, rac MmasSi qalkedoniti mrevlis arsebobasac gulisxmobs.
arabTa Semosevebma garkveulwilad gaaZliera somxuri monofizituri
eklesia, magram iq mainc ar gamqrala qalkedoniti mrevli, romlis gaZlierebis Sedegs unda warmoadgendes arabobis Sesustebis Semdeg somxeTSi qalkedonitTa ricxvis gazrda, qalkedonur sarwmunoebaze moqceula somexTa kaTalikosi vahan I (968-69) da sxvani, romelTa ricxvi
ise didi yofila, rom asoRikis cnobiT, jer kidev vahan I-mde, kaTalikos
ananias (946-68) dros somxur eklesiaSi daudgeniaT `qalkedonanTa wesiT monaTlulis xelaxla monaTvla~ (iqve, gv. 91).
qalkedonit somexTa didi ricxvis gamo n. maris mosazreba, rom xdeboda maTi denacionalizacia-gaqarTveleba, arasworia, radgan qalkedoniti somexi kaTalikos-patriarqebi qarTvelebad ar gadaqceulan, iseve, rogorc maTi samwyso. sinamdvileSi, _ iqamde polieTnikuri, anu mravalerovani somxuri eklesia daiSala eTnikuri niSniT
(isic mxolod nawilobriv), kerZod, qalkedoniti eTnikuri somxebi mSobliur somxuri eklesiis wiaRs daubrundnen (da arc miutovebiaT is),
xolo eTnikuri qarTvelebi, romelnic sarwmunoebiT qalkedonitebi iyvnen
cdilobdnen Tavi daeRwiaT aramSobliuri somxuri eklesiidan, da
SeerTebodnen deda qarTuli eklesiis samwysos. unda iTqvas, rom am
epoqaSic ki qarTvelTa umravlesobam, miuxedavad xelsayreli viTarebisa, mainc ver SeZlo somxuri eklesiis datoveba da darCa am eklesiis
wevrad, sabolood ki gasomxda, somxur saeklesio wiaRSi qarTvelTa
armenizaciiT didad dazianda da dazaralda raodenobrivad da
zneobrivad qarTveli xalxi.
somxuri eklesiis polieTnikuroba, anu mravalerovnuloba da somxuri eklesiis batonoba arasomxur mosaxleobaze unda yofiliyo im
mwvaleblobaTa warmoSobis mizezi, romelnic aRmocendnen istoriul
armeniaSi X-XI saukuneebSi (iqamdec da mis Semdegac), magaliTad, Tondrakeloba da sxva.
somxur monofizitur eklesias sastikad ebrZodnen Tondrakelebi. istorikos lastivercis cnobiT, Tondrakeloba aRmocenda harkis gavarSi
da mravalni Seacdina, harki mdebareobda basianis samxreTiT vanis tbisaken.
TondrakelTa mier somxuri eklesiis wes-Cveulebebis sruli siZulvili
gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tondrakeloba gavrcelda im arasomxur mosaxleobaSi, romelTac surdaT gasvla somxuri monofizituri eklesiidan, magram
amis saSualeba maT ar misca Zlierma somxurma eklesiam. amis sapasuxo
protesti, Cans, gamoixata imiT, rom warmoiSva seqta, romelic swored
somxur eklesias uaryofda. isini gansakuTrebiT monofizitur somxur
eklesias da mis wes-Cveulebebs ar cnobdnen (aristakes lastiverteci,
istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema, 1974, gv. 114-125). somxeTis saero da
sasuliero xelisuflebam X-XI saukuneebSi ver SeZlo Tondrakelobis
aRmofxvra, imdenad mZlavri da sicocxlisunariani iyo is (a. abdalaZe,
dasax. naSr. gv. 92).
yofili armeniis erovnebiT qarTveli qalkedonituri mrevli, romel428

mac Tavi daaRwia somxur eklesias, didwilad ver daubrunda mSobliur

qarTul eklesias, radganac maTi qveynis mpyrobelma bizantiam maTTvis
e.w. lazikis samitropolito daaarsa (centriT trapezuntSi).
yofili armeniis qalkedonituri mrevli berZnul saepiskoposoebSi
gaaerTianes (. , , ., 1947,
gv. 31, 58).
safiqrebelia, rom maleve Turq-seljukebis Semosevis gamo ukandaxeul bizantielTagan upatronod mitovebuli lazikis samitropolitos marTlmadidebeli mrevlis erTi nawili, kvlav somxurma eklesiam
miisakuTra, risi Zlieri unaric mas Seswevda saukuneTa manZilze.
rogorc iTqva, am mxareebidan, `zemo qveynebidan~, tao-klarjeTidan
gasuli qarTvelebi ucxoeTis qarTuli monastrebis berebis mniSvnelovan
ricxvs warmoadgendnen, magram radganac am miwa-wyals bizantiaSi arabobamde `armenia~ ewodeboda, zogjer am adgilebidan gamosulebs `somxebs~ uwodebdnen. aseTi `somexi~ berebi ki TavianT Tavs `gvar-tomobiT
qarTvelebs~ uwodebdnen.
am viTarebis Sedegi unda yofiliyo giorgi mcires cnobaSi asaxuli
faqti imisa, rom antioqiis patriarqis winaSe `somxebi~ uwodes Savi
mTis monastris qarTvel berebs _ `ar viciT, isini somxebi arian Tu
qarTvelebio~, iCivles maT patriarqTan, rasac giorgi mTawmindelma saTanadod upasuxa. saqme isaa, rom Turme es qarTveli berebi sakuTari
samosiT, e.i. sagangebo samRvdelo Sesamoselis gareSe aRasrulebdnen
zogierT wess, es ki cotaodeni xniT adre aikrZala saeklesio krebis
mier, cnoba akrZalvis Sesaxeb am `soflur mamebamde~ miRweuli ar yofila. `qveyanasa mas somxiTisasa Tvinier Sesamoselisa xucesni aRasruleben wirvasa Tvisive SesamoseliTa da ese didi wvaleba ars~ _ werda am
ambamde cota xniT adre `mcire sjulis kanonSi~ eqvTime mTawmindeli
(mcire sjuliskanoni, 1972, gv. 33-77). e.i. `qveyanasa mas somxiTisasa~ uwodebda
saeklesio kreba qarTvelTa im uZveles sacxovrisebsac, romelnic imJamad armeniaSi iyvnen moqceulni.
aRniSnuli adgilebidan, kerZod, taodan iyo warmoSobiT eqvTime mTawmindeli. tao somxuri saeklesio batonobis qveS imyofeboda ramdenime
saukunis manZilze da am wmida mamam icoda im erovnuli gadagvarebis
safrTxe, rac eloda somxuri eklesiis wevr qarTvelobas. amitomac is
Seagonebda am mxareTa mosaxle mamebs, sasuliero qarTvelobas _ `somexTa
ekrZale, nu asvindikozeb, nurc amzaxeb qarTvelTa _ ukanono
ars~, anu `somexTa ekrZale, nu moanaTvlineb da nu daunaTesaveb
qarTvelebs _ ukanono aris~.
qarTvelTa masobrivi gasomxebiT SeZrwunebul eqvTime mTawmidels,
imisTvis, raTa SemdgomSic ar gagrZelebuliyo es procesi, grigol nazianzelis erT-erT TxzulebaSi naTqvami sityvebi somexTa Sesaxeb ase
uTargmnia _ `ars naTesavi igi somexTa ara wrfeli, aramed mzakvari da gularZnili da boroti... sxvai uc gulsa da siwrfoeba
maT Tana ara ars~ (a. abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 106).
stefane mtbevaric Tavisi gamocdilebiT, raTa Tavidan aicdinos
429

qarTvelTa kvlav armenizacia, grigol nazianzelis msgavsad afasebs

somxebs. amis saSiSroeba ki realuri iyo. magaliTad, roca eTnikurma
qarTvelma `taSiris mamfalma~ `qarTuli rjuli ~ aRidgina, is sastikad
dausjia taSir-Zorakertis mefes daviTs (996-1049) (iqve, gv. 109).
amave periodSi wmida dinara dedofalma SeZlo Tavisi hereTis samefos gamoyvana somxuri ekelsiis iurisdiqciidan, riTac hereTis
qarTveloba gasomxebis aSkara safrTxes gadaarCina.
basianis mxare da mimdebare olqebi mkvidri eTnikuri qarTvelebiT
(da ara gaqalkedonitebuli somxebiT) rom iyo dasaxlebuli, TviT somxuri wyaroebidnac Cans. magaliTad, asoRikis cnobiT:
X saukunis bolos cnobili somexi vardapeti (moZRvari) hovhanesi
sicocxles gamoesalma `gacofebuli qarTvelTa tomisagan maxviliT
da daimarxa savaneSi, romelsac askigomi ewodeba, basianis gavarSi~ (iqve,
gv.110). asoRiki wers _ `qarTvelTa tomi~, da gulisxmobs im basianelebs, romelTac somexi moZRvari mokles, e.i. miuTiTebs eTnikuri qarTvelebis Sesaxeb. isini qalkedoniti somxebi rom yofiliyvnen, miuTiTebda kidec. aristakes lastiverteci ki wers
valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposos da am eparqiis mRvdelmTavris
zaqaria valaSkertelis Sesaxeb (aristakes lastiverteci, gv. 4551). is eTnikuri somexi rom yofiliyo, lastiverci amas uTuod
miuTiTebda.
taSir-Zorakertidan vanis tbamde qveynebSi qarTvelTa mkvidrobas unda
miuTiTebdes tituli, romelic am mxareTa mflobel somexTa mefe aSot
I-s IX s-is bolos arabTa xelisuflebam mianiWa: `somexTa da qarTvelTa mTavarTa mTavari~, xolo 922 wels somexTa mefe aSot erkaTs
arabebma uboZes tituli _ `somexTa da qarTvelTa SahinSa~. am tituli moxseniebul qarTvelTa qveS tao-basianis qarTveloba igulisxmeba.
ioane drasxanakertelis cnobiT, somxeTis mezobeli mahmadiani
mmarTvelebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen imis gamo, rom maT qveynebSi da maT
samTavro karzec ki somxuri eklesia didi qrTamis gaRebiT axerxebda
`somxuri qristianobis gavrcelebas~ (ioane drasxnakerteli, somxeTis
istoria, 1905, gv. 92-94), miTumetes, somxuri eklesiisaTvis gacilebiT advili iqneboda maTi saxelmwifoebrivi gavlenis sferoSi, kerZod taSirZoragertis samefosa da tfilisis saamiroSi moqceul qarTul mxareebSi (qvemo qarTli, taSiri, gugarqi, da aseve karinidan vanis tbamde) qarTvelTa Soris somxuri qristianobis gavrceleba.
Sida qarTlic garkveul dros am sferoSi moqceula.
ioane drasxanakertelis sityviT, somexTa mefe smbatis sabrZanebelSi
Sedioda tao-klarjeTi da sxva qarTuli mxareebi da mas taos `qarTvelTa mefed~ daudgenia adarnase.
am cnobidan kargad Cans, rom tao-klarjeTis mosaxleoba eTnikuri
qarTvelebi iyvnen da ara `qalkedoniti somxebi~, somxuri eklesiisagan
gandgomil mrevls somexTa kaTalikosi ioane drasxanakerteli uwodebs
`qarTvelebs~ da ara `qalkedonit somxebs~.
430

drasxanakerteli taos `ZvelisZvel qarTul~ provinciad, `qarTvelTa

mefis~ adarnases mamulad miiCnevda (iqve, gv. 90), amasTanave, taos, eTnikur
qarTvelTa qveyanas, Zveli somxuri saxelmwifos nawilad miCnevda, e.i.
tao armeniis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, magram is
eTnikuri qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, iseve, rogorc taSir-Zorakertis samefo, romelic eTnikuri qarTvelebis qveyana iyo, romelsac
somxuri eklesiis wevri mmarTvelebi hyavda.
vanandis somxur, anu yarsis samefoSi qarTvelTa wili mniSvnelovani
iyo. qarTvelTa mkvidrobis Sesaxeb anis-Sirakis somxur samefoSi miuTiTebs anisSi qarTuli saepiskoposos arseboba, qarTvelTa patriarqs
aq, anisis axlos, sxva qarTuli eklesiebic ukurTxebia, da isini nakurTxni iyvnen ara `gaqarTvelebuli somxebisaTvis~, rogorc miiCnevda
sabWoTa istoriografia, aramed im mkvidr qarTvelTaTvis, romelnic
saerTod istoriulad md. araqsis marcxena sanapiroze cxovrobdnen
berZeni avtorebis cnobiT.
somxur qveynebSi cxovrebisas (igulisxmeba bizantiuri armenia, persarmenia da Semdeg arabuli armenia) mkvidri qarTvelebi masiurad rom
somxdebodnen, somexi istorikosebis mierac dadasturebulia, magaliTad mkvlevari, cnobili somexi istorikosi a. alpoaWiani wers _ `selCukebis asparezze gamosvlis droisaTvis saqarTvelo sanaxevrod
gasomxebuli mxare iyo~, (a. abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 242).
swored am gasomxebisagan Tavisi eris dasacavad iyo mimarTuli stefanoz mtbevaris, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis, giorgi mcires,
Rrtilis krebis mamebis da sxvaTa gamonaTqvamebi somexTa eklesiis `mtaceblobis~ Sesaxeb, yvelani isini aRniSnuli mxareebidan iyvnen da kargad icnobdnen TavianTi mxareebis cxovrebas.
XI saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis bizantielebis xelSi iyo mTeli e.w.
istoriuli somxeTis miwa-wyali, masSi Semavali qarTuli `zemo qveynebi~ lazikis eparqiis centralur nawilad iqca.
iqamde anis-Sirakis mefem Tavisi samflobelo XI s. I naxevarSi anderZiT
gadasca bizantielebs iseve, rogorc ufro adre daviT kurapalatma.
bizantielTa xelSi yarsis (vanandis) samefoc moeqca, bizantiuri mflobeloba dakanonda am mxareebSi imperator basili II-s Semosvlisas, romelmac saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I daamarcxa da CamoarTva misi samefos
samxreTi mxareebi XI s. dasawyisSi, Tumca bizantia anisisTvis 1045 welsac ibrZoda. taSir-Zorakertis mefec ki Tavis Tavs bizantiis vasalad
miiCnevda. anisisa da taSir-ZorakertisaTvis ibrZoda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoc, 1045 wels is dakarga bagrat IV-m, magram 1064 wels anisidan
bizantielebi gandevnes Turq-selCukebma. iqamde, taroni (966 wlidan),
tao (1001 wlidan), vaspurakani (1021 wlidan), anis-Siraki (1045 wlidan),
vanandi (yarsi) (1065 wlidan) _ bizantielebs ekuTvnodaT, am periodSi,
anu XI saukuneSi unda daarsebuliyo da, Cans, amave saukuneSive,
Turq-selCukTa Semosevis gamo gaqra kidec lazikis, anu trapezuntis samitropolito, Tumca is SesaZloa Semdgomac axerxebda
arsebobas mahmadianur garemoSi.
431

somxuri eklesiis Tavdapirveli iurisdiqcia (IV-V ss.)

n. adonci wers _ `IV s-is dasawyisidan armeniis gayofamde (IV s.

bolomde), armenia umetes wilad imperiis proteqtoratis qveS imyofeboda da amitom somxur-bizantiuri saeklesio urTierTobac mWidro iyo.
wm. grigols, kesariaSi xeldasxmuls, kesariis taxtTan iseTive ierarqiuli damokidebuleba hqonda, rogorc sxva episkoposebTan, magaliTad,
melitenis, sevastiis da sxva qalaqebis kaTedrebTan, im gansxvavebiT, rom
grigoli iyo imperiis mfarvelobis qveS myofi somxeTis saxelmwifos
episkoposi, amitom masTan ufro meti formaluri urTierToba hqonda~
(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 360).
mas Semdeg rac somxeTi erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles sparseTma da
bizantiam gayofil somxur mxarebSi gaCnda ori saeklesio mimarTueleba _ erTi bizantiuri, meore ki erovnul-nacionaluri.
n. adoncis cnobiT, sparsul somxeTSi aRorZinda erovnul-nacionaluri eklesia, xolo dasavleT armeniaSi _ imperiuli.
n. adonci wers _ `gayofis Semdeg aRmosavleT somxeTi daadga
eklesiis nacionalizaciis gzas mtikiced, kerZod, avtonomiuri
ierarqiis dafuZnebiT (e.i. berZnul-bizantiuri ierarqiisgan gaTavisuflda), xolo dasavleTi somxeTi rCeboda imperiul politikaze damokidebuli~ (gv. 361).
erovnuli eklesiuri saxe somxurma eklesiam moi pova bizantiis eklesiasTan kavSiris gawyvetis Semdeg papis mefobis dros, episkopos nersesis mokvlis Semdeg.
mefe papma mis adgilze daniSna episkoposi usiki, sparsuli orientaciis piri Zalze gavleniani albianis ojaxidan.
kesariis mitropoliti (mas n. adonci patriarqs uwodebs) gaanawyena
somexTa mefis TviTneburma gadawyvetilebam.
amis gamo Sedga kesariis eparqiis episkoposTa kreba da krebam miwera
mrisxane werili mefe paps.
am werilSi kesaria moiTxovda, rom somxeTSi aRaravis gaebeda episkoposis kurTxeva, aramed episkoposi mxolod kesariaSi an romelime mezobel berZnul saepiskoposoSi unda kurTxeuliyo, kerZod masSi, romelic
somxeTis berZnul nawilTan erTad bizantiis imperiis Sesabamis administraciul olqSi Sedioda (e.i. radganac somxeTis bizantiuri nawili
administraciulad ponto-kesariis erTeulSi Sedioda, amitomac mxolod
aq (ponto-kesariaSi) unda kurTxeuliyo episkoposi).
marTlac, bizantiur somxeTSi damkvidrda kidec es wesi da iqauri
somexi episkoposi kurTxevas berZnul samitropolitoSi (sapatriarqoSi) iRebda.
n. adonci wers _ `mtkiceba, rom somexi episkoposebi ekurTxebodnen kesariaSi, sworia, magram is exeba mxolod bizantiur, anu
dasavleT nawils somxeTisas~ (iqve, gv. 363).
sul sxva mdgomareoba iyo sparsul somxeTSi (persarmeniaSi), iq sakaTalikoso sistema arsebobda da Sesabamisad episkoposTa kurTxeva adgilzeve xdeboda.
432

persarmeniis somex kaTalikoss dasavleT armeniis episkoposebi ar

eqvemdebarebodnen, amitomac V saukunis cnobil somxur movlenebSi
dasavleT armeniis episkoposebi ar monawileobdnen (iqve, gv. 363).
wm. daviT da tariWani, isaaki da iosebi

wm. daviT da tariWani arian qarTuli eklesiis wmidanebi. isini uwamebiaT taos qveyanaSi, VII saukuneSi, nerse somexTa kaTalikosis samwysoSi,
sofel duvSi, maTi cxovrebis mixedviT, kavSiri hqondaT somexTa qveyanasTan. miuxedavad amisa somxuri eklesiisaTvis isini ucnobebi arian,
isini ar arian somxuri eklesiis wmidanebi, da arian, rogorc aRiniSna
qarTulisa. ra iyo amis mizezi?
arsebobs meore msgavsi magaliTic, miCneulia, rom arzrumi, yofili
Teodosiopoli, romelic qarTulad karnu qalaqad iwodeboda somxeTis
qveyanaSi mdebareobda, 808 wels aq uwamebiaT isaaki da iosebi, maTi eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs zedwodeba ,,qarTvelni~. saqarTvelos
saeklesio kalendarSi 16 seqtembers ixseniebian ,,mowameni isaak da ioseb
qarTvelni, karnu qalaqis wamebulni 808 wels~, unda vifiqroT, rom isini
karnu-qalaqelni iyvnen, eTnikuri qarTvelebi, romelnic IX s-Si arabebma awames. XI s-Si konstantine porfirgenetis cnobiT karnuqalaqelebi
did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen bizantielebs, qarTvelTa jari ki maT
icavda da amaragebda sursaT-sanovagiT, bizantielTa alyis dros.
aqedanac Cans, rom rogorc X ise IX saukuneSi arzrumi (karnuqalaqi) qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, arzrumi ~karinis~ qveynis mTavari qalaqi iyo. am qveyanaSi hqonda mamulebi Tornike
erisTavs, somexi istorikosebis azriT Tornike am qveyneli iyo,
aqve mdebareobda cnobili qarTuli skri ptoriumi erT-erT qarTul
monasterTan.
maSasadame, isaaki da iosebi qarTvel wmindanTa rigSi moxvdnen
TavianTi eTnikuri vinaobis (qarTvelobis) wyalobiT, msgavsadve
daviT da tariWani wamebis Semdeg qarTvel wmindanTa rigSi Caweres, radganac isinic saqarTveloSi eTnikur qarTvelebad anda
qarTuli eklesiis samrevlos wevrebad miiCneodnen, radganac ara
mxolod tao, aramed karini da basianic qarTvelTa qveynebad
miiCneoda IX-X saukuneebSi.
somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebi

lazikaSi

e.w. `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ _ lazikas ukavSirdebian. qarTuli

istoriografiis ori gadauWreli da, amasTanave, sakvanZo sakiTxi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda. pirvelia e.w. somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebis sakiTxi, meore ki aris is, Tu sad mdebareobda
lazika.
qarTvel mecnierTa TvalsazrisiT lazika dasavleT saqarTvelos
erqva, magram noticiebis mixedviT, `lazikis~ eparqiaSi mdebareob433

da pai pertis, lerionis, bizanis, olnutis da sxva saepiskoposoebi (ix. georgika, IV, nakveTi II, 1952, gv. 185, noticiebi Xa da III).
aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxi ganxilulia
`pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ statiaSi `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ da maTi
adgilmdebareoba iqve darTul rukazea datanili (ix. , 2001, t. III, gv.
328). am rukidan Cans, rom lerionis, bizanas, olnutis da pai pertis
(baiberdis) da sxva saepiskoposoebi moqceulni iyvnen trapezunt-vanis tbis SemaerTebel gzaze, kerZod, trapezunt-giumiSxane-arzrum-manaskert-vanis tbis SemaerTebel gzaze, am qveyanas
somxebi uwodebdnen `dasavleT armenias~, amitomac Tanamedrove somex
mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi iyvnen e.w. `somexqalkedonitTa~ kaTedrebi. am qveyanas noticiebSi ewodeba `lazika~. esaa
istoriuli Wanika (WaneTi) _ basianis zoli, trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, uZveles xanaSive qarTvelTa modgmis tomebis sacxovrisi.
ase rom, `lazika~, berZnuli saeklesio geografiis mixedviT, erqva ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed WaneT-basianis mxares, amJamad, sakmaod daSorebuls saqarTvelodan, amitomac am erTian ekonomikur
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTian geografiul arialze Tanamedrove qarTvelebs
Zalze bundovani warmodgena aqvT, magram istoriulad, rogorc berZnuli noticiebis miTiTeba aCvenebs, es yofila qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana, romlis saepiskoposoebic eqvemdebarebodnen konstantinopols, mas berZnebi eklesiurad `lazikas~ uwodebdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom es mxare, Semavali bizantiis imperiaSi, bizantiuri politikur-administraciuli dayofis Sesabamisad `armeniad~ iwodeboda. miuxedavad amisa, am qveynis mosaxleoba eTnikuri lazebi (qarTvelebi)
iyvnen da Sesabamisad mrevli maT qveyanaSi mdebare e.w.somxur-qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebisa, amitom isini iyvnen ara ,,somexi-qalkedonitebi~
aramed eTnikuri `lazebi~.
e.w. `somex-qalkedonitTa~ namdvili vinaoba
(aRmsarebloba da ena)

n. adonci wers: lazikis mTavari qalaqebi iustinianem I armeniaSi

Seiyvana. qarTvelTa eTnoakvnis damrwevi mxareebi _ kapadokia, ponto da
qaldea-WaneTi _ imperiam miakuTvna armenias (mciresa da dids) da aq
qarTveloba ganicdida zewolas somxuri kulturisa da cxovrebis
wesisa, miTumetes, rom am ,,armeniebSi" dominant xalxad imperia somxebs
aRiarebda _ aman gamoiwvia aqauri mkvidri qarTvelebis denacionalizacia centrebSi, xolo kuTxeebSi dawyeba denacionalizaciis procesisa.
qarTvelebi somxdebodnen da didi nawili, ufro metad samxreTSi mcxovrebni, gasomxda. es procesi, qristeSobamde daiwyo _ somexTa mier
iberiis mxareebis _ gogarenas, xorZenas, pariadres mitacebis Semdeg,
romelnic saqarTvelos faqtiurad aRarc dabrunebia, mxolod gogarenas erTi mcire nawili daibruna Cvenma qveyanam.
X saukuneSi `qarTvelTa samefo~ afeTqebis msgavsad gafarTovda da
434

miadga vanis tbis sanapiros. mizezi amisa unda yofiliyo ara samxedro
siZliere am samefosi, aramed taodan vanis tbamde mcxovrebi mosaxleobis jer kidev cocxali eTnoTviTSemecneba, maT erT nawils jer kidev
axsovda Tavisi qarTveloba. isini eTnikuri niSniT gaxdnen wevrebi
qarTuli eklesiisa, ris gamoc aq momentalurad Camoyalibda qarTuli
saepiskoposoebi _ erovnuli saxelmwifos frTaTa qveS ayvavda da
gaifurCqna qarTuli suliskveTeba. magram es mouTmeneli aRmoCnda bizantiisaTvis. basili II-m es mxareebi myisierad CamoarTva saqarTvelos
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mosaxleoba daubruna armenizaciis saukunovan gzas.
iqamde SedarebiT sxva viTareba iyo dasavleT armeniaSi. n. adonci
Civis, rom dasavleT armeniaSi somxur-qalkedonituri saepiskoposoebis
mrevli berZnulenovani RvTismsaxurebis danergvis Sedegad berZndeboda, es SeiZleba sadavo iyos, radganac somxebi axerxebdnen berZnuli
iurisdiqciis qveSac wirva-locvis ena somxuri yofiliyo, amis Sesaxeb
adonci TviTve miuTiTebs. Tumca ki samarTlianad wers _ `nacionaluri
ideisa da grZnobebisaTvis konfesionaluri sakiTxebi arcTu mcire safrTxes warmoadgendnen, romelnic drois msvlelobasTan erTad ise
iZabebodnen, rom SeeZloT erovnuli interesebis CaxSoba. aRmsareblobiTi gansxvavebebis mixedviT im droisTvis isazRvreboda enis gamoyeneba (n. adonci, gv. 202).
rogorc aRiniSna, n. adonci werda _ `aRmsareblobiTi gansxvavebuloba im dros gansazRvravda enis gamoyenebas ara mxolod RvTismsaxurebisas, aramed saeklesio suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul literaturaSic. amis
Sesabamisad somxebi, romlebic miekedlnen saimperio eklesias, unarmoklebulni aRmoCdnen SeeqmnaT erovnuli damwerloba mcire armeniis
sazRvrebSi. erovnuli ganaTlebisa da literaturis ar arsebobisas,
enis bedi da erovnuli cnobiereba xdeboda aramyari. somxoba, somxuri
cnobiereba SeiZleba CaxSobiliyo mcire armeniaSi saxelmwifoebrivi
cxovrebisa da interesebis oromtrialSi, rom ara axali sasicocxlo
Zalebis mozRvaveba mezobeli somxeTis kuTxeebidan mas rom ar ganeaxlebina axali suliT da ar gaeRviZebina mcire armeniaSi erovnuli
TviTSemecneba~ (n. adonci, armenia, gv. 202).
n. adonci Zalze wuxs, rom dasavleT anu mcire armeniaSi berZnul
eklesias `mikedlebul somxebs~ erovnuli Zala ar SeswevdaT SeeqmnaT
somxurenovani literatura da isini somxur enas iviwyebdnen, magram,
samwuxarod, Cqmalavs sinamdviles, rom imperiam mcire armeniis olqSi
Seiyvana sxvadasxva warmoSobis arasomxuri tomebi. sinamdvileSi, dasavleT armeniis, anu trapezuntis aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTisa da mis
iqiT mTebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba eTnikuri qarTuli tomebi iyvnen da
ara somxebi.
Teodosiopolisidan trapezuntamde vrceli regioni WanebiTa da sxva
qarTuli tomebiT iyvnen dasaxlebulni. isini VI-VII saukuneebSi imperiam `armeniis~ erT-erT olqSi Seiyvana, iq arsebobda mravali saepiskoposo. konstantinopolis patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi. konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos kaTedraTa nusxebSi dasavleT armeniis olqSi mdebare
435

cnobili qalaqebis bizanis, lerionis, Tu pai pertis saepiskoposoebi

umizezod ar iwodebodnen `lazikis qveyanaSi mdebare trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebad~. n. adonci xSirad axsenebs am saepiskopsoebs, magram arasodes miuTiTebs, rom berZnuli saeklesio geografia am saepiskoposoebis momcvel qveyanas lazikas uwodebs, Tumca ki administraciulad isini namdvilad imyofebodnen erT-erT `armeniaSi~. n. adoncis wuxili, rom dasavleT armeniaSi somxebi ar iyenebdnen somxur damwerlobasa da literaturas, rom maTSi somxuri erovnuli cnobiereba mimqrali iyo, araa gulwrfeli, radganac, sinamdvileSi,
dasavleT armeniis mkvidri mosaxleoba ver flobda somxur enas da
maTSi somxuri nacionaluri grZnobebi ar iyo imitom, rom isini saerTod ar iyvnen am (e.i. somexi) eris Svilebi.
Woroxis, evfratis da araqsis saTaveebSi da mis CrdiloeTiT, dasavleT armeniis olqSi, mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgenda ara somxoba,
aramed adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleoba, eTnikuri qarTveli tomebi
(Wanebi, lazebi, mesxebi), romlebsac n. adonci somxebs uwodebs, romelnic,
TiTqosda, `miekedlnen saimperio (e.i. berZnul) eklesias da amis gamo
isini unarmoklebulni aRmoCdnen SeeqmnaT erovnuli damwerloba (n.
adoncis azriT, somxuri) mcire armeniis sazRvrebSi. erovnuli (n. adoncis azriT _ somxuri) ganaTlebisa da literaturis ararsebobis gamo
enis bedi da erovnuli cnobiereba xdeboda aramyari~. TiTqosda dasavleT armeniis mosaxleobaSi, aRniSnulis gamo (e.i. berZnuli eklesiisadmi daqvemdebarebis gamo) somxuri cnobiereba aramyari xdeboda, sinamdvileSi ki adgilobriv umravlesobas Sinaganad arc arasdros hqonia somxuri, e.i. maTTvis ucxo cnobiereba. maTi cnobiereba kerZo tomobrivi (Wanuri, lazuri an mesxuri) iyo. samwuxarod,
maTi namdvili zogad erovnuli anu qarTuli cnobiereba didi xnis
Seryeuli iyo (igulisxmeba Woroxis, araqsisa da evfratis saTaveebSi
mcxovrebi qarTuli mosaxleoba, aseve maTi mezobeli regionebis mkvidri qarTveloba), mizezi amisa iyo isa, rom maTi samSoblo qveyana jer
kidev qristeSobamde CamoaWra armeniam iberias, strabonis cnobiT, Semdeg ki romaul-berZnuli mpyrobelobis dros imperiam isini erT-erT
somxur provincias miakuTvna. am faqtma, swored rom qarTuli da ara
somxuri cnobiereba Searyia maTSi. maTi didi nawili marTlmadidebeli iyo, amitomac berZnul eklesias miekedlnen kidec (iberiis samefo
sakmaod daSorebuli iyo maTgan, gansakuTrebiT iustinianes epoqaSi),
Tumca, mainc, isini Tavs qarTvelebad, arasomxebad rom Tvlidnen, gamoCnda VIII-IX saukuneebidan, roca bedis waRmarTi Semotrialebis Sedegad
maTi gansaxlebis axlos Camoyalibda tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefo. am politikurma movlenam armeniis mosaxleobis Sesabamis
nawils gauRviZa minavlebuli erovnul-qarTuli cnobiereba da
uswrafesad, erTbaSad siamayiT ganacxades qarTveli erisadmi
TavianTi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb da saswrafod erovnul-qarTuli
eklesiis uerTgules mrevlad gadaiqcnen. ase rom, xdeboda ara
e.w. `somexi qalkedonitebis~ gaqarTveleba, rogorc es miRebu436

lia sabWour istoriografiaSi, aramed mkvidri, iqamde somxurberZnuli eklesiis (anu somxur-qalkedonituri) eklesiis wiaRidan TavdaRweuli qarTvelebi daubrundnen mSobliurs.
aRniSnuli regionis mosaxleobis (Teodosiopolisidan trapezuntamde)
sacxovriss n. adonci somxeTs miakuTvnebs, xolo berZnuli saeklesio
geografia _ lazikas (aq iyo lerionis, bizanis, paipertisa da lazikis
sxva saepiskoposoebi). am mosaxleobis eTnoistoria Zalze waagavs
XVII-XIX ss samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidri kaTolike qarTvelebisas.
kerZod, es ukanasknelni (axalcixis regionis qarTveloba) osmaleTis imperiaSi cxovrebis dros sarwmunoebrivad e.w. `frangebi~ (kaTolikebi) iyvnen, eklesiebSi somxurenovani wirva-locva
(riti) utardebodaT, xolo saxelmwifoebrivad mahmadianur qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen. ase rom, am ukanasknelT araviTari qarTuli
instituti ar gaaCndaT TavianT istoriul samSobloSi, Sesabamisad, isini erTdroulad iyvnen frangebic, somxebic da osmalebic.
samcxeli kaTolikebis eTnocnobierebac Sesabamisad iyo Seryeuli, maTi qarTveloba sammagi Sris iqiT iyo Camaluli, amitomac
ZiriTadad isini gasomxdnen kidec, radganac kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba maTSi somxurenovnebiT iyo Semofargluli, ganaTlebac,
Sesabamisad, somxuri gaaCndaT, samcxelTagan mxolod erTi mcire
nawili daubrunda qarTul cnobierebas mas Semdeg, rac rusebma
osmalebi gandevnes axalcixidan. XIXs. bolos maTgan gamosulma
ramdenime sasuliero pirma gaixsena Tavisi bunebrivi erovnuli
vinaoba.
saukuneebiT adre aseTive viTarebaSi imyofeboda trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebis mrevli `lazikaSi~. isini VI saukuneSi da
VIIs. dasawyisSi (iqamdec da Semdegac) bizantiis imperiis mier somxuri
regionisadmi iyvnen mikedlebulni, Tumca eklesiebSi berZnulenovani
wirva-locva hqondaT, Sesabamisad, somxdebodnen anda berZndebodnen imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli mxare gamoavlenda ufro met dainteresebas maT
mimarT.
Tu ra saxisa iyo mcire armeniis mkvidr mosaxleobaze somxuri kulturuli Zaladoba, Tavisdauneblied kargad aRwers n. adonci _ `somxuri cnobiereba mcire armeniaSi sabolood Cakvdeboda, Tu ara axali
Zalebis mozRvaveba mezobeli somxuri olqebidan. isini anaxlebdnen
mkvidri mosaxleobis suliskveTebas da acocxlebdnen maTSi erovnul
(e.i. somxur) Semecnebas~ (n. adonci, armenia... 1908, gv. 202). rogorc iTqva,
sinamdvileSi, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mkvidri mosaxleoba ZiriTadad qarTuli iyo, is romaul-bizantiuri administraciuli dayofis
Sedegad somexi eris hegemonobis qveS aRmoCda, rasac mudam Tan sdevda,
rogorc n. adonci uwodebs, Sida somxuri olqebidan somxur-nacionaluri suliskveTebis gavrceleba, ris Sedegadac bizantiuri imperiis
xelqveS myofi qarTveloba ucxo-somxuri kulturis zegavlenis qveS
aRmoCda. maT arc erovnuli eklesia gaaCndaT.
es procesi ki n. adoncs axarebs da miaCnia `aRorZinebis dasawyisad~
437

anu qarTvelTa Soris somxuri TviTSemecnebis dasawyisad. is wers _ `is

garemoeba, rom iustinianes provincialuri reformisas mcire armeniis
miwebma ara mxolod armeniis saxeli SeinarCunes, aramed es saxeli gavrcelda maT mezobel miwebzec, gvimtkicebs, rom aRorZinebis procesi
iqamdec dawyebuli iyo~ (n. adonci, armenia... gv. 202). maSasadame, n. adoncis Tanaxmad, `aRorZinebis~, anu qarTvelTa gasomxebis procesi iustinianemdec sakmao xnis dawyebuli iyo, da amitomac maTi miwa-wyali moeqca
kidec `mcire armeniis~ provinciaSi. strabonis mier aRweril faqts
iberiis miwebis pariadres, xorZenesa da gogarenis mitacebas armeniis
mier ukvalod ar Cauvlia. iustinianes epoqamde am qarTul miwa-wyalze
ukve dawyebula mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis gasomxebis procesi, rac
daufiqsirebia iustinianes Tavisi administraciuli reformiT, roca
iberiis es yofili miwebi (xorZene da pariadre) armenias miakuTvna.
n. adonci, marTalia arapirdapir, magram mainc aRiarebs, rom e.w. mcire
da didi armeniebis dasavleT periferiebze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba
qarTvelTa eTnojgufs warmoadgenda. magaliTad, is aRniSnavs, rom saimperio dayofis Semdeg kapadokiac somxur miwa-wyals miakuTvna iustinianem, am faqtis gamo n. adoncs axsendeba movses xorenaci, romelic
aRniSnavda, rom pontos miwa-wyali somxeTis sazRvrebSi Sedioda. aq
isic unda gaxseneboda n. adoncs, rom ponto-maJaqis miwa-wylis mmarTvelad iverieli mTavari iqna daniSnuli. saerTod ki, m. xorenacis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli miwa-wyali saerTod qarTvelebiT (iverielebiT) iyo
dasaxlebuli, mas Tavisi Teoriac hqonda am faqtis asaxsnelad. pontos
anu Savi zRvis aRmosavleTSi qarTvelebi qristeSobamde 600 wliT adre
nabuqodonosors dausaxlebia. amis gamo teritoria ponto-kapadokiidan
dasavleT saqarTvelos CaTvliT qarTvelebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. am
orive qarTul mxares (e.i. ponto-kapadokia-lazikas da dasavleT saqarTvelos) erTi mmarTveli dinastiac _ mirdatianebi hyolia. m. xorenaci
gugarqis pitiaxSebs pontos mefeebis naTesaur maxloblebad miiCnevs _
`Saras naSiers, guSars ergo kangarqi, naxevari javaxeTi, kolbi, wofi da
Zori hnakertis cixe-simagre. aSocis uflad da taSiris sepuhad valarSakma haikiani guSaris STamomavali ganamwesa, xolo kavkasiis mTis mopirdapire mxares, CrdiloeTiT ganmgeblad daadgina didi da Zlevamosili
gvari, romlis ufalT gugarelTa pitiaxSebi daerqvaT. isini iyvnen
STamomavalni darehis naxararis mihrdatisa, romelic wamoiyvana aleqsandrem da mTavrad dausva nabuqodonosoris mier tyved moyvanil iverielTa modgmas. amis Sesaxeb abidenosi ambobs: `Zlevamosilma nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Ronieri iyo, Sehyara jari
da miaRwia libielTa, agreTve iverielTa qveynebs, Semusra da
daimorCila isini da maTi erTi nawili wamoasxa iqidan da pontos zRvis marjvena mxares daasaxla~ (iveria qveynierebis dasavleT sazRvarze mdebareobs). basianis did xevSi xelisuflad daadgina ortuni, hikis Tesl-tomi~ (movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984,
gv. 406).
m. xorenaci CamoTvlis qarTul qveynebs _ javaxeTs, kolbs, wofs, Zors,
438

aSocs, taSirs, `CrdileTs~, `pontos zRvis marjvena mxares~, basians, maT

ricxvSi, Cans, is ponto-kapadokiasac miiCnevda, radganac ponto-kapadokiisa da misi dedaqalaqis maJaqis mmarTvelad qarTvelTa samTavro saxlis Svili mihrdatia daniSnuli _ `mihrdats miando maJaqi~ somxeTis
mefe tigranma (iqve, gv. 114). Semdgom tigranma mas `aRar misca arc Tavisi
samflobelo, arc kuTvnili qarTvelTa qveyana~ (iqve, gv. 116). `qarTvelTa qveyana~ kavkasiis mTebTan mdebare gugarqi da dasavleT saqarTveloa
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTTan erTad, sadac nabuqodonosorma Caasaxla isini, xolo ponto-kapadokia, marTalia, somxuri administraciuli
erTeulia m. xorenacis mixedviT, magram misi marTva qarTuli samTavro
saxlis wevris mier miuTiTebs, rom m. xorenacis ponto-kapadokiac qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebul mxared miaCnia da, albaT amitomac mis qarTvel mmarTvels raRac mxardaWera eqneboda mosaxleobis mxridan.
xorenacidan erTi saukunis Semdeg iustinianes ponto-kapadokia, n. adoncis sityviT, armeniis administraciul erTeulSi Seuyvania. is wers _
`iustinianem gaafarTova mcire armeniis miwebi mezobeli mxareebis xarjze da maT miiCnevs armeniad, imperiis nawil didi armeniis Tanasworad~ (n. adonci, armenia, gv. 203).
m. xorenacis Tanaxmad, rogorc iTqva, mTeli pontos anu Savi
zRvis aRmosavleTi mxare qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli uZvelesi droidanve, yovel SemTxvevaSi nabuqodonosoris droidan.
magram imdenad Zlier Seryeula iqaur qarTvelTa cnobiereba aRmosavleTidan Semosuli somxuri suliskveTebiT, rom VII s-is dasawyisSi
bizantiis imperias aq Camouyalibebia axali administraciuli erTeuli _ `armeniakonis Temi~ (iqve, gv. 203). is ganvrcobili yofila kesariakapadokiidan Sav zRvamde _ sinopidan fazisamde da evfratamde (iqve, gv.
203). adoncis mixedviT mTel am mxareebSi gaZlierebula somxuri elementi, somxuri suliskveTeba. is amas xsnis imiT, rom am mxareebSi Sida
somxeTidan gadasaxlda somxuri mosaxleoba. SesaZloa es marTlac ase
moxda da ponto-zRvispireTSi marTlac gadasaxldnen somxebi, magram es
miwa-wyali xom ar iyo ukacrieli mxare, iq xom adgilobrivi mkvidri
mosaxleoba cxovrobda. somxebis gadasaxlebis gamo maT miatoves TavianTi miwa-wyali? cnobebi adastureben aseT migracias?
pontos zRvispireTi, TavianTi istoriuli samSoblo somxebis gadasaxlebis gamo qarTvelebs (Wanebs, mesxebs, lazebs) ar miutovebiaT, magram
xdeboda maTi armenizacia imiT, rom mmarTveli zedafena iyo somxuri,
somxebis xelSi aRmoCnda yvela mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi instituti, magram dampyrobel somexTa mimarT mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleobis
damokidebulebas kargad gamoxatavs SavSeTis episkoposi mtbevari stefanozi, romelic wmida gobronis cxovrebaSi aRwers im mZime suraTs,
romlis dros qarTvelebs gasCeniaT somexTa mimarT. meore mxriv, gabatonebul somxebsac CamouyalibdaT azri qarTvelTa Sesaxeb _ maTi azriT,
qarTvelebi, rogorc mdabali da daCagruli fena `ugunurebi~ arian magaliTad, somexi istorikosi XIII saukunisa vardan arevelci qarTvelebs
`ugunurebs~ uwodebs, miuxedavad daviT aRmaSeneblis politikuri war439

matebisa, _ `is Zlier zrunavda ugunur qarTvel xalxze~ (v. arevelci,

msoflio istoria, Tb. 2002, gv. 140). qarTvelebi, romelnic iqamde saukuneTa
manZilze SavizRvispirsa da Sida mxareebSi imyofebodnen bizantielTa
da arabTa xelqveS, orive dampyroblis epoqaSi iyvnen aborigenuli mkvidri mosaxleoba, dabali fena, pasiuri, inertuli, Sesabamisad, uunaro da
`ugunuri~, romelic aqtiuri da unariani somxuri mxaris mier denacionalizaciis procesSi imyofeboda (kargavda erovnul vinaobas da TviTSemecnebas). es ZiriTadad ifareboda eklesiuri daqvemdebareba-iurisdiqciiT. qarTvelebi, rogorc monofizitebi, ise myofni qalkedonituri somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi somxurenovnebi xdebodnen. es mainc politikuri
bedukuRmarTobis Sedegi iyo. sabednierod, klarjeT-SavSeTSi da Semdeg
taoSic, ucxo politikuri uRlisagan gaTavisuflebisTanave, saukunis
Semdeg qarTvelobam gaicnobiera denacionalizaciis safrTxe da Sesabamisi Sefasebac mieca somxur sulier mpyrobelobas, romelic politikurze ufro mZimea _ `rameTu miwa igi somxiTisa ampartavan, uwyalo,
uyvarul da yovliTa ukeTurebiTaa savse~ (stefane mtbevari episkoposi,
wameba wmidisa mowamisa gobronisi, Zveli qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, I,
1964, gv. 175), qarTvelebi Tvlidnen, rom somxebis qmedeba, romelic qarTvelTa
denacionalizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli, borotebas warmoadgenda, amitomac werda qarTveli episkoposi _ `scoda boroti didman saxlman somxiTisaman, viTarca Tqva ieremia, `sityviTa gmobisaTa Seawuxes suli wmida
da saqmiTa bilwebisaTa gardareulad ganarisxes Semoqmedi Tvisi~ (iqve,
gv. 174).
somexTa anu ufro zustad somex-qalkedonitTa, Tu somex-monofizit
saeklesio mesveurTa sulieri Zaladoba _ uwyaloebad da uyvarulobad
fasdeboda qarTvel episkoposTa mier. ase afasebda maT arsen didi kaTalikosi wignSi `ganyofisaTvis somexTa da qarTvelTa~ da episkoposi stefane
(mtbevari) naSromSi `wameba wmidisa gobronisi~ _ `uyvarul da yovliTa
ukeTurebiTa savse, romelsa Sina ara ipova Tavisa misadrekeli qristeisi,
romelTaTvis qriste cudad mokvda~ (Zveli qarTuli agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv. 175).
ra igulisxmeba sityvebSi `misTvis qriste cudad mokvda~. esaa iseTi
kaci Tu sazogadoeba, romlisTvisac aSkara faqti, WeSmariteba _ arafers
niSnavs, romelic realobas sicruiT amrudebs. aseTni yofilan ara mxolod stefane mtbevaris Tanamedrove zogierTi somexi ierarqebi da
swavlulebi, aramed Cveni Tanamedrovenic. marTlac, maT rogor unda
uwodon `somexi~ ioane da eqvTime mTawmidelebs, grigol bakurianis Zes,
sxva uamrav qarTvels, romelnic sxvadasxvagvari xerxiT da miniSnebiT,
pirdapir Tu arapirdapir werdnen, rom isini arian qarTvelebi, eTnikuri qarTvelebi gvar-tomobiT, CamomavlobiT, suliskveTebiT, cxovrebis wesiT, amasTanave isini gmobdnen somxur Tu berZnul Zaladobas
qarTvelTa mimarT, amis miuxedavad somex swavlulTa mier isini mainc
somxebad cxaddebian.
bizantiur armenias VIs-is Sua wlebisaTvis miakuTvnebdnen qalaqebs
_ Teodosiopoliss, martiropoliss, melitins, komanas. armeniasa da kapa440

dokias Soris mdebareobdnen kesaria, sevastia, nikopolisi, neokesaria

(samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken, anu zRvisken), elenopontoSi iyvnen qalaqebi
amasia da amisosi (zRvaze), armeniasTan axlos (zogjer mis SemadgenlobaSi) iyvnen qalaqebi kesaronti da trapezunti.
WaneTi imperiis gareT imyofeboda Vs-is bolos, is mxolod iustinianem Semata imperias. iqamde, Vs. bolos, imperiis sasazRvro qalaqi trapezunti iyo. VI s omebma viTareba Secvala.
somex-qalkedonitTa ierarqiuli damokidebuleba imperiis
eklesiisadmi

n. adonci wers, rom sparseTs da bizantias Soris gayofil somxeTSi

warmoiqmna sxvadasxva ierarqiuli damokidebuleba.
somxeTSi wmida basili didis epoqaSi kesariaSi Semdgari saeklesio
krebis gadawyvetilebiT, bizantiuri somxeTis episkoposTa kurTxeva uTuod unda momxdariyo kesariis samitropolitoSi. xolo
sparsul somxeTSi somxurma eklesiam miiRo erovnuli saeklesio xasiaTi imiT, rom iq Camoyalibda sakaTalikoso _ ierarqiulad damoukidebeli avtonomiuri sistema. bizantiaze saeklesio
daqvemdebareba gaRrmavda VI-VII saukuneebSi. imperias SeuerTda Sida
somxeTic. aqauri somxuri saepiskoposoebic, SemoRebuli wesis mixedviT,
damokidebulni gaxdnen imperiis eklesiaze, imiT, rom misgan (e.i. misi
samitropolitoebidan) iRebdnen kurTxevas (n. adonci, gv. 364). kerZod ki,
maxlobeli umaRlesi taxtisagan (wina saukuneebSi aseTi iyo kesariis
eklesia), Sesabamisad, dasavleT da Sua somxeTis saepiskoposoebi
uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen konstantinopolis patriarqs (n. adonci, gv. 364). arabebis Semosevis Sedegad, rac bizantiis imperiam dakarga
gavlena somxeTis Sua nawilze, da, nawilobriv, dasavleT somxeTze (romelSic eTnikurad qarTuli provinciebic Sediodnen), somxuri erovnuli
(monofizituri) eklesia arabTa xelSewyobiT TandaTan gaZlierda da
misi ierarqiuli avtonomiuroba kidev ufro gaizarda. bizantiam VIII
s-isTvis TandaTanobiT SeZlo arabebis mier dapyrobili miwebis gaTavisufleba da bizantiam kvlav moiTxova Zveli ierarqiuli damokidebulebis ganaxleba, magram, amis sapirispirod, 726 wlis manaskertis
krebaze gaimarjva somxur-erovnulma saeklesio mimarTulebam,
amis Sedegad iqamde somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiebi uars ambobdnen bizantiasTan ierarqiul damokidebulebis ganaxlebaze da
uerTdebodnen somxur-erovnul eklesias, anu somxur sakaTalikosos.
am sayovelTao process Tavi aarides bizantiis somxeTis arasomxurma eparqiebma, kerZod ki qarTveli mrevlis saepiskoposoebma _ marTalia,
isini kvlav bizantiur somxeTSi cxovrobdnen, magram SeinarCunes qalkedonituri mrwamsi (somxuri erovnuli eklesia monofizitobas miemxro).
isini iyvnen trapezuntis mitropolitis iurisdiqciis qveS, berZnebi
mas `lazikis qveyanas~ uwodebdnen, somxebi ki maT amJamad `somex-qalke441

donitebs~. sinamdvileSi ki isini, rogorc iTqva iyvnen qarTveli qalkedonitebi, oRond konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS.
basianis somexi episkoposebi

somxeTis politikuri da eklesiuri gavlenis qveS yofnisas, basianSi

somxur eklesias Tavisi episkoposebi hyavda. magaliTad, erisTav ordunebis samkvidrebeli maTi amowyvetis Semdeg darCa basianis olqis
episkoposs (n. adonci, gv. 312).
agaTangelozis _ grigol ganmanaTleblis istorikosis cnobiT, wm.
grigolma xeli daasxa somxeTis sxvadasxva kuTxeebis 400 episkoposs.
sxva cnobiT, man mxolod 30 saepiskoposo taxti daaarsa. maT Soris,
orbelianis cnobiT, pirveli iyo basianis episkoposi. is ijda grigolis gverdiT (18 marjvniv da 18 marcxniv).
grigols basianis episkoposad gaugzavnia evTali (gv. 328).
basianis saepiskoposo naxsenebia 450 wlisa da aseve 505 wlis nusxebSi
(gv. 330).
imperiis mosazRvre somxeTis mxareebSi _ vanandSi, basiansa da mardaliaSi 505 wlisTvisac naxsenebia saepiskoposoebi (gv. 332).
axali era somxeTis eklesiis istoriaSi

726 wels Sedga manaskertis kreba ioane oZunelis dros. am krebam

axali era Seqmna somxuri eklesiis istoriaSi (n. adonci, gv. 338) da
hqonda pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba (gv. 338). `aRadgina somxuri saeklesio tradiciebi darRveuli qalkedontebis mier VIIs-Si (gv. 338). am
krebam gamoafxizla somxeTis qarTveloba. kirionis dauviwyari
Rvawli qarTuli enis gamoyenebisaTvis saeklesio msaxurebaSi amis
Semdgom mowodebad iqca - mowodebad, raTa somxeTis qarTveloba ganSoreboda ukve araqalkedonitur somxur eklesias da dabruneboda
erovnul qarTuls marTlmadideblurs.D
grigol ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis arabuli
versia _ e.w. somex-qalkedonitTa TavismarTleba

agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovreba somxuridan arabulad uTargmniaT, misi redaqcia garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba amJamad arsebuli somxuri redaqciisagan. kerZod, somxuri redaqciiT, wm. grigolma mxolod
somxeTSi iqadaga da iqve daniSna episkoposebi, arabuli redaqciiT ki,
wm. grigolma episkoposebi iveriasa da sxva qveynebSic daniSna.
n. adonci wers _ `sainteresoa klasifikacia qveynebisa da olqebisa,
sadac daniSnul iqnen episkoposebi. gamoiyofa sami jgufi, pirvelSi
moixsenieba saqarTvelo, afxazeTi da al(b)ania, meoreSi 8 somxuri olqi,
mesameSi 13 sxva somxuri olqi anu ufro zustad, saepiskoposoebi~ (n.
adonci, armenia... gv. 339).
442

n. adonci svams kiTxvas, Tu riT unda aixsnas somxuri olqebis dajgufeba or nawilad. misi azriT, aseTi dajgufeba gamowveuli unda
yofiliyo konfesionaluri azrTa sxvaobiT, kerZod zogierT eparqiaSi
nestorianobis gavrcelebiT, ris aRmosafxvreladac 555 wels mowveuli
iqna kreba (gv. 339).
arabulad wm. grigolis cxovreba iTargmna ara VIs-Si, am krebis (555
wlis) droisaTvis, aramed arabebis gabatonebis Semdeg, albaT VIII-X saukuneebSi, am dros somxur eklesiaSi ebrZodnen qalkedonitur mimarTulebas. 726 wlis manaskertis krebis Semdeg somxur eklesiaSi sabolood
gaimarjva monofizitobam (n. adoncis sityviT, `erovnulma saeklesio
tradiciam~), am krebis Semdeg eTnikuri somxebi daubrundnen erovnulsomxur e.i. araqalkedonur eklesias, magram somxeTis dasavleT provinciebSi mcxovrebi yofili qarTuli mxareebis vinaobaSenarCunebuloba
qarTulma mosaxleobam mxari dauWira qalkedonitobas anu im mimarTulebas,
romelic maT mezobel, maTTvis eTnikurad mSobliur saqarTveloSi iyo
erovnuli mimarTuleba, amis gamo 726 wlis Semdeg somxeTis somxebi
monofizitur eklesiaSi gaerTiandnen, xolo somxeTis qarTvelebi ar SeuerTdnen maTTvis ukve araerovnul somxur eklesias da
SeinarCunes qalkedonitoba.
aRniSnuli ori jgufis gaCena SeiZleba am faqts ukavSirdebodes.
TviTon agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovreba, Cans, somxeTis qarTveli qalkedonitis, nawilobriv armenizebulis, mier aris arabulad Targmnili, radganac masSi uamravi qarTuli sityvaa, vTqvaT, iseTi sityvac ki,
rogoricaa `goWi~ da sxva. is Targmnili unda iyos 726 wlamde.
sazogadod, iqamde, e.i. 726 wlamde, taos, basianis, sperisa da klarjeTis gasomxebuli qarTveli ierarqebi da saeklesio mwerlebi, roca ver
malavdnen TavianT namdvil eTnikur warmomavlobas, anu qarTvelobas,
saWirod miiCnevdnen TavianTi yofna somxur eklesiaSi gaemarTlebinaT
imiT, rom TiTqosda grigol ganmanaTlebelma qristianoba gaavrcela
qarTul qveynebSic da, aqedan gamomdinare, somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis
qveS qarTvelTa qveynebis (mag. taos an basianis) yofna gamarTlebuli
iyo.
magaliTad, agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovrebis somxuri versiiT,
grigolma gaaqristiana somxeTi kididan-kidemde. qaldeas axlos myofi
q. satalidan, klarjeTis axlo adgilebidan, mesxeTis axlodan _ alanTa karamde, kaspiis sazRvramde _ paitakaranis CaTvliT, q. nizibinis
axlo, agadidan midiamde, atropatenamde.
imave cxovrebis arabuli versiiT, wm grigolma aRniSnul mxareTa
garda episkoposebi gagzavna ara mxolod somxeTis miwebze, aramed iveriaSi, durzukebis mxareSi da alanebSi.
iveriaSi gaagzavna ibirbzxua, afxazeTSi _ sofroni, alaniaSi _ Toma,
aseve somxeTis mimdebare, samxreTis mxareebSi (n. adonci, gv. 327-328).
n. adonci wers, rom n. maris mier gamocemul arabul versiaSi n. maris
mier daSvebulia Secdoma, radganac dedanSi naxsenebia ara `abxazeTi~ (,,gaugzavna abxazebs~), aramed arzanena. arabuli damwer443

lobis arasworma wakiTxvam gamoiwvia es Secdoma (gv. 328, SeniSvna

2).
amasTan dakavSirebiT n. adonci wers _ `afxazebi somxeTidan daSorebiT cxovrobdnen da araferi akavSirebdaT somxeTTan~ (iqve, gv. 328).
ase, rom grigols ara afxazeTSi, aramed arzanenaSi, iberiaSi
da alaniaSi gaugzavnia mociqulebi.
iberiis qveS am ,,cxovrebaSi~ Cans moiazreba ara mcxeTis qarTli,
aramed tao da misi mimdebare mxareebi.
Cans aqaurma qarTvelebma Targmnes kidec arabulad grigolis
cxovreba, amitomacaa masSi mravali qarTuli sityva.
nerse iSxneli

nerse iSxnelis Sesaxeb weren sxvadasxva misi epoqis avtorebi, esenia:

1. arsen safareli - ,,ganyofisaTvis somexTa da qarTvelTa~.
,,ezras Semdgom sakaTalikoso taxtze RvTis nebiT avida nerse iSxneli. kaci Rirsi da marTlmorwmune~ (saq. samociq. ekl. istoria. 2009, gv.
378).
2. giorgi merCule - IX saukuneSi - ,,nebiTa RvTisaTa iqmna saba episkopos
iSxans zeda, netarisa nerse kaTalikozisa aRSenebulisa kaTolike eklesiasa da saydarsa misisa, romeli weliwadTa mravalTa daqvrivebul
iyo~ (iqve, gv. 459).
3. ,,daviT da tariWanis cxovrebis~ avtori, romelic aRwers VII s.
ambebs nerse iSxnels ,,wmidas~ uwodebs.
,,iyo sanaxebTa maT soflisa somxiTisasa, JamTa netarisa didisa nerse
kaTalikozisa, ...xevsa basianisasa, dabasa onkom~ (iqve, gv. 531).
basianidan deda da Svilebi ,,warmoivltoda CrdiloiT kerZo qveyanad tavoisa~ ,,nerse srbiT miiwia divris~.
,,euwya saqme ese wmidasa mamasa Cvensa nerses kaTalikozsa somxiTisasa~ (gv. 698). valaSkertSi nerses somexTa kaTalikosma aago RvTismSoblis eklesia, lastivercis cnobiT, aq X s-Si ijda qarTveli episkoposi~ (n. adonci, gv. 24).
bizantiis imperatori konstans (konstantine) II

es xelmwife me-7 saukunis Sua wlebSi akontrolebda somxeTs da cdilobda somxuri eklesiis qalkedonuri frTis gaZlierebas. somexTa kaTalikosi nerse III taoeli (641-661) iyo misi moZRvari, Zalze daaxloebuli sasuliero piri bizantiis am imperatorisa, romelic Tavis moZRvrisaTvis ar iSurebda saxsrebs, konstans II-is saxsrebiT nerse taoelma
aaSena cnobili zvartnocis taZari wmida grigolis saxelze (v. goilaZe,
bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva qarTul epografikaSi 2008, gv.
40).
somexi istorikosis sebeosis cnobiT somexTa kaTalikosi nerse sofel
iSxnidan iyo warmoSobiT, axalgazrdobaSi Seiswavla romaelTa ena da
444

mwerloba, radganac bizantiaSi aRizarda, Sevida samxedro samsaxurSi,

gaecno mraval qveyanas, iyo marTlmadidebeli qalkedoniti, magram Tavis
am sarwmunoebas umalavda somxebs. somxeTSi miaRwia saepiskoposo xarisxs
da miwveuli iqna sapatriarqo taxtze (iqve, gv. 41).
661 wels daasrula zvartnocis taZris mSenebloba da mis kurTxevas
daeswro konstans II, am taZris mSenebloba 20 weli gagrZelda.
v. goilaZis varaudiT somexTa kaTalikosi nerse SesaZloa yofiliyo
tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa saxlis warmomadgeneli (iqve, gv.42).
giorgi merCules cnobiT, nersess taoSi - iSxnis eklesia auSenebia,
romelic Semdeg arabTa Semosevebis dros daqvrivebula (iqve, gv. 43).
ra iZleva safuZvels imisas, rom vivaraudoT nerse iSxnelis somexTa
kaTalikosis eTnikuri qarTveloba?
amis mizezi mravalia, erT-erTia is, rom somxur eklesiaSi e.w. somexTa
da qarTvelTa ganyofis Semdegac mravali eTnikurad arasomexi eTnosi
iyo gaerTianebuli, magaliTad, eTnikuri albanelebi somxur eklesiaSi
Zlier frTas qmnidnen. am gayofis Semdegac somxuri eklesiis erTgul
mrevls VII saukunisaTvis warmoadgendnen taoeli, basianeli, spereli da
Teodosiopoleli qarTvelebi, saerTod, ZiriTadad aRniSnuli mxareebi
iwodebodnen ,,iveriad~ IX-X ss-Si da ara aRmosavleT saqarTvelo. saqme
is iyo, rom afxazTa samefos gafarToebis Sedegad IX-X saukuneebSi, rac
afxazTa samefom Tavisi sazRvrebi miitana Tbilisamde, Sida qarTli mis
nawilad, e.i. `afxazeTad~ iqca, amave dros Tbilisis saamiros erT did
nawilSi (qvemo qarTlSi) e.w. `somexTa samefo~ (taSir-Zorakertisa) Camoyalibda, maSasadame Sesabamisad am mxares somxiTi ewoda, xolo Tbilisis
aRmosavleTiT kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo da Semdeg samefo Camoyalibda.
Sesabamisad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi IX-X saukuneebSi afxazeTi, somxeTi da kaxeTi mdebareobdnen politikuri TvalsazrisiT. xolo iveria
anu ,,qarTvelTa qveyana~ tao-basan-sper-Teodosopoliss erqva. am politikurma terminologiam asaxva hpova bizantiaSi. kerZod konstantinopolSi saiemperatoro karma ,,iberiis Temi~ uwoda swored tao-sper-basianTeodosiopoliss, xolo imave epoqis bizantieli istorikosebi im qveyanas, romelsac Cven ,,saqarTvelos samefos~ vuwodebT uwodebdnen ,,afxazeTs~, mis mefeebs ki ,,afxazTa mefeebs~.
maSasadame, im epoqaSi amJamindel saqarTvelos erqva ,,afxazTa samefo~,
xolo ,,iveria~ ewodeboda tao-basian-spersa da Teodosiopolisis olqs.
rogorc iTqva albanelebi da iberebi (e.i. tao-basian-sperelebi) somxuri eklesiis mrevlad iTvlebodnen iqamdec e.i. VII da VIII saukuneebSi
iberebi, iseve, rogorc albanelebi, cxadia ar iyvnen eTnikuri somxebi,
iberebis eTnikur qarTvelobaSi mxolod patkanov-maris momxre istorikosebsa da filologebs SehqondaT eWvi XX saukuneSi.
tao iyo iberiis erT-erTi umTavresi nawili, Tumca ki somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. mxolod daaxloebiT 726 wlis manaskertis krebis Semdeg TandaTanobiT gauCndaT survili taoelebs gasuliyvnen
somxuri eklesiis wiaRidan da SeerTebodnen TavianTi eTnikuri TanamoZmeebis e.i. qarTvelebis eklesias. sababi amisa iyo is, rom manasker445

tis krebam sabolood dagmo qalkedonitoba da aRiara monofizitoba.

es kargi sababi iyo taoeli qarTvelebisaTvis mxurvaled SeenarCunebinaT qalkedonituri sarwmunoeba da qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs SeerTebodnen. maSasadame is ,,ganyofa~ somxuri da qarTuli eklesiebisa,
romelic kirionis dros daiwyo VII s-is dasawyisSi gugarqSi,
dasrulda VIII s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi taosa da basianSi.
kirionis epoqaSi ,,ganyofis~ I etapma moicva mxolod qvemo qarTli e.
i. gugarqis vrceli qveynis erTi nawili, xolo ganyofis II etapma VIII
saukuneSi moicva tao, basiani da iveriis vrceli mxareebi araqsamde,
evfratis saTaveebamde, arzrumamde da SeiZleba vanis tbamdec ki, radganac es vrceli mxareebi iberebis bunebriv sacxovriss warmoadgenda
qristeSobamdec, zogadad rogorc mravaljer iTqva iberia anu ,,iberiis
Temi~ moicavda istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwa-wyals tao-klarjeT-basian-karin-vanands. es iyo yofili e. w. ,,didi iberiis~ is nawili, romelic strabonis cnobiT armeniam waarTva iberias. es momxdara qristeSobamde II saukuneSi, magram iqamdec azonis mamis (iaredosis) epoqaSic
Cans somxebis masiurma Camosaxlebam aiZula azoni axali politikuri
centri eZebna ufro CrdiloeTiT - Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi. marTalia, Semdeg am mxareebs dasavleT armenia uwodes, magram iq darCenila
Zveli iberebis didi nawili, romelTac SeZles da SemdgomSi xelsayreli momentis dadgomisTanave taos anu qarTvelTa samefo daaarses.
maSasadame, imJamad, ,,somxeTis miwa-wyalze~ taoSi Camoyalibda ,,qarTvelTa samefo~, romelic swrafad gaizarda. aqedan Cans, rom sinamdvileSi VIIVIII saukuneebSic didi dapirispireba iyo e. w. dasavleT somxeTis qarTvelebsa da Sida somxeTis somxebs Soris. aman asaxva hpova sxvadasxva cnobebSi,
magaliTad roca bizantiis imperatori konstans II nerse kaTalikosis
miwveviT mivida somxeTSi zvartnocis taZris kurTxevaze monawileobis
misaRebad, is jer, gzis Sesabamisad, Sevida TeodosiopolSi (karinSi). aq
masTan Sesaxvedrad mividnen am qalaqis irgvliv mdebare iverTa miwebis
didebulebi, kerZod ,,sperelebi, bagratuni Tavadebi, didebulebi taosa da
basianis provinciidan, aseve sxva mxareTa didebulebi jarebiTa da TavianTi naTesavebiT. imperatorTan Sesaxvedrad taodan Cavida kaTalikosi nersec~ (v. goilaZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva, 2008, gv. 44).
imperatoris irgvliv, bizantielTa mier somxeTad saxeldebuli qveynis, qarTveli didebulebi Seikribnen, romelTac, rogorc Cans mtrobdnen somexi didebulebi, es mtroba gamoixateboda sxvadasxva saxiT, magaliTad qarTvelebi mxars uWerdnen somxeTis im sardals, romelsac
mxardaWera ar hqonda Tavdapirvelad Tanamemamule somxebis mxridan,
magram, roca man es mxardaWera moi pova, mas qarTvelebi ganudgnen
(igulisxmeba sardali Teodoros rStuni). maSasadame, somxeTis mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobaze qarTvelebi da somxebi erTmaneTs edavebodnen.
garda amisa, rogorc iTqva, somxeTSi somexTa da qarTvelTa urTierTqiSpi gadaizarda sarwmunoebriv urTierTbrZolaSi, rac bolos dasrulda saeklesio ganxeTqilebiT - taoelebma da saerTod somxeTis
qarTvelebma, rogorc iTqva SeinarCunes qalkedonitoba, xolo eTnikuri
446

somxebi, maT Soris yofili qalkedonitebic, SeuerTdnen somxur monofizitur eklesias.

somxeTis qarTvelebisa da somxebis am mtroba-davis dros nerse kaTalikosi yovelTvis qarTvelebis mxareze iyo. kerZod aRmosavleTSi Tavisi erT-erTi yofnisas imperatorma angariSi gauwia somex didebulebs,
romelnic Zalze did Zalas warmoadgendnen da Tanamdebobidan gadaayena Teodoros rStuni, romelTa mokavSireebi iyvnen qarTvelebi da
albanelebi. konstans II-m somxeTis cxenosani jaris sardlad daniSna
muSel mamikoniani, ameve dros sagangebo macneebi gaagzavna iberiasa,
albaneTsa da sivnieTSi raTa maT Teodosos rStunTan kavSiri gaewyvitaT (iqve, gv. 44).
konstans II, am dros, SeCerda q. dvinSi, kaTalikos nerses saxlSi. nerse
III-m isargebla am momentiT, moiwvia saeklesio kreba da gamoacxada Tavisi qalkedonituri rwmena, marTalia imperatoris iq yofnisas zogierTma somexma Tavi Seikava, magram umetesi nawili aRSfoTda. amis gamo
nerse III Tan gahyva dvinidan ukan dabrunebul imperators. Semdeg nersem
Tavi Seafara taos, sadac misi damcvelebi iyvnen taoeli qarTvelebi.
sebeosis TxrobiT nerses qalkedonitobiT aRSfoTda somxeTis jari,
maT miemxro Teodoros rStuni, miiRo arabebisagan damxmare Zalebi, daiwyo omi bizantielTa winaaRmdeg, aiRo trapizoni. rogorc iTqva, kaTalikosi nerse imperatorTan erTad gamgzavrebula konstantinopolSi
da dabrunda ukan taoSi da iq darCa Teodosos rStunis gardacvalebamde. 6 wliani devnis Semdeg qarTvelebis da imperatoris SewevniT nersesi kvlav avida somxeTis sapatriarqo taxtze da daamTavra zvartnocis
mSenebloba, romlis kurTxevasac imperatori daeswro (,,istoria episkopos sebeosisa~ (rusul enaze), erevani, 1939, gv. 119-127).
maSasadame, nerse taoels mtrobdnen somexi didebulebi da is imJamindeli somxeTis qarTvelebis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. mis dros somxeTis mravalma eTnikurma qarTvelma aRiara qalkedonitoba taos gareTac.
rogorc iTqva, nerses taoSi, iSxanSi episkoposobisas VII s-is 30-ian
wlebSi augia iSxnis imJamad mrgvali taZari (banas da zvartnocis
tipisa).
saerTod, rogorc avanis, ise zvartnocisa da sxva qalkedonituri taZrebi somxeTis qarTvelTa TavSesafars, maTi eTnoidentobis sadgurebs
warmoadgendnen. somxur eklesiaSi TavianTi yofnis dros qarTvelebi cdilobdnen saeklesio arqiteqturiTac gansxvavebuli yofiliyvnen eTnikuri somxebisagan.
avani da zvartnoci, rogorc iSxani qarTvelTa saeklesio
TviTgamoyofis, eTnoidentobis warmoCenis taZrebs warmoadgendnen.
amitomac uwodebdnen zvartnocisa da iSxnis mSenebel nerses
qarTvelebi ,,wmidas~. qalkedonituri sarwmunoeba somxeTis sxva kaTalikosebsac hqondaT, magram qarTvel mamebs isini wmidaTa rigSi ar
SeuyvaniaT, nersesi gamorCeuli iyo maTgan Tavisi eTnikuri warmomavlobiT, is taoelTa msgavsad qarTveli iyo, mudam daculi Tanamemamu447

leebis (e.i. somxeTis qarTvelebis mier). arsen safareli, giorgi merCule, daviT da tariWanis cxovrebis aRmweri da albaT sxvebic somexqarTvelTa davis epoqaSi mcxovrebni, wmidas da ,,RvTis kacs~ ar uwodebdnen
araqarTvels da araqalkedonit somexTa kaTalikoss. arsen safarelis
cnobiT, samefos sakaTalikoso taxtze nerse ,,RvTis nebiT~ avida, is iyo
,,Rirsi da marTlmorwmune~, xolo giorgi merCule mas ,,netars uwodebs~.
ufro metad ganadidebs maT daviT da tariWanis cxovrebis aRmweri da
uwodebs ,,Cvens wmida mamas~. somxeTSi, rogorc aRiniSna IV-VIII saukuneebSi mravali qarTveli sasuliero piri moRvaweobda. maT Soris,
CvenTvis cnobilia kirion kaTalikosi - somxeTis centraluri nawilis, airaratis episkoposi, mose gugarqel qarTvelTa episkoposi (Tumca
monofiziti), wmida grigoris cxovrebis arabulad mTargmneli da albaT sxvebic, romelTac momavali mkvlevarebi gamoavlenen. somxur eklesiaSi, SemdgomSic, kerZod XVII-XVIII saukuneebSic, uamravi qarTveli sasuliero piri moRvaweobda, rac Cans matenadaranSi daculi maTi qarTulenovani werilebidan, zogierTis qarTuli gvaric cnobilia. erT-erTi
aseTi e.i. somxur eklesiaSi droebiT moRvawe qarTveli sasuliero
piri iyo, magaliTad, cnobili arqimandriti ioane xelaSvili. ioane
batoniSvils ,,kalmasobaSi~ aRwerili aqvs aseTi ambavi: qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos gauqmebiT anu qarTvelTa umoqmedobiTa da uTavbolobiT ise
aRSfoTda ioane xelaSvili, rom man datova qarTuli eklesia da gadavida somxur eklesiaSi. maSinve mas gauCines ulufa da misces Tavisi
senaki, sadac mis locvas aRwers kidec mwerali (ioane batoniSvili,
Semdgom ioane kvlav daubrunda mSobliur eklesias). ase, rom qarTvelebi IV saukunidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT, mravlad iRwodnen somxur eklesiaSi. rogorc iTqva, somxur eklesiaSi VII-VIII saukuneebSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen mTeli qarTuli Temebi, maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani taoa. mxolod qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis gamoRviZebis Semdeg daubrunda es mxare dedasamSoblos eklesiuradac. vfiqrob, am mxareebis qarTvelTa eTnikuri TviTgamoRviZebis procesi jerac ar Sewyvetila, kerZod, qristiani lazebi XVI-XIX saukuneebSi ,,urumebsa~ da
,,romeosebs~ (berZnebs) Seerivnen, xolo mahmadiani lazebi - osmaloTurqebs. SesaZloa maTi TviTSemecnebis gamoRviZebis SemTxvevaSi isini
kvlav daubrundnen TavianT eTnoidentobas.
nerse kaTalikosi

somex kaTalikos nerses, romelsac qarTuli wyaroebi `wmidas~ uwodebdnen, auSenebia ara mxolod iSxanis taZari, aramed valaSkertSi RvTismSoblis eklesiac. saerTod somxebi am nerses `aRmSenebels~ uwodebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom orives mSeneblobis adgilze, iSxansa da valaSkertSi, qarTuli saepiskoposoebi Camoyalibda. SesaZlo mizezi iyo
eTnikur-qarTuli memkvidreoba, radganac, rogorc Cans, somexTa kaTalikosi nersesi eTnikuri qarTveli iyo, iseve, rogorc TiTqmis misi
Tanamedrove kirioni, romelic araratis, anu somxeTis centraluri
448

provinciis qorepiskoposi da saxelovani episkoposi iyo somxeTSi, misi eTnikuri qarTvelobis Sesaxeb Cven albaT cnobebic ar
gveqneboda, kirioni qarTlis kaTalikosi rom ar gamxdariyo. Cans,
nersec eTnikuri qarTveli iyo, amitomac mis mier aSenebuli taZrebic qarTvelebs erovnul saganZurad miaCndaT da kanonieri pretenziebiT iq qarTuli saepiskoposoebic daaarses.
valaSkertSi nersesis mier agebuli yovladwmida RvTismSoblis taZris
Sesaxeb wers n. adonci. rogorc iTqva, valaSkertSi nerses somexTa
kaTalikosma aago RvTismSoblis eklesia, lastivercis cnobiT, aq X sSi ijda qarTveli episkoposi~ (n. adonci, gv. 24).
gugarqeli, taoeli, vanandeli da arzrumeli aznaurebi somxuri
eklesiis winaaRmdeg

mkvidri mosaxleobis Tvalsazrissa da nebas, rogorc wesi, Sua saukuneebSi gamoxatavda mosaxleobis Tavisufali fena - anu aznaurebi. dabali fena - glexebi uufleboni iyvnen. aznaurebi - qveynis mepatroneni
iyvnen da mis eTnikur saxesac warmoaCendnen.
sabednierod, somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebisas mis agresiul survils
gugarqSi Tavis mrevlad gadaeqcia qarTuli mosaxleoba win aRudga
mkvidri aznauroba. anu gugarqelma aznaurebma qarTul eklesias dauWires mxari kirion kaTalikosis dros (ix. a. jafariZe, saqarTvelos
samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. II). Tu ara maTi mxardaWera, somxuri
eklesiis Semotevas imJamad sparsTa mier dasustebuli qarTuli eklesia ver daupirispirdeboda. qarTuli eklesiis dasusteba ki gamoiwvia
sparseTis Sahebis prosomxurma mikerZoebam, kerZod maTma monofiziturma saeklesio orientaciam. sparselebi qarTuli eklesiis diofizitizms
probizantiur orientaciad miiCnevdnen da devnidnen. roca mavrike keisarma SeZlo, rom bizantia-sparseTis sazRvari Tbilisamde moetana, amiT
zurggamagrebulma kirionma gabeda da nabiji gadadga gugarqis mkvidr
qarTvelebisaTvis wirva-locvis qarTulenovnebis asaRorZineblad, ramac sastikad gaaRiziana somxuri eklesia. gugarqi - kirionis samwyso
iyo. am qveynis namdvili mflobelebi ki, rogorc iTqva mkvidri aznauroba iyo, amitomac somexTa kaTalikosma sagangebo epistoliT mimarTa
gugarqis aznaurebs mxari daeWiraT somxuri eklesiisaTvis, imaT, rom
kirionis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, iqauri mose kvlav episkoposad daebrunebinaT, is imJamad Tavs somxeTs afarebda. swored am gadamwyvet momentSi dauWires gugarqelma aznaurebma mxari qarTul eklesias,
riTac Zlier ganawyenda somexi kaTalikosi. ,,Cven es sarwmunoebac gvaqvs da egec, Tu unda mose episkoposs, movides da kirions daemorCilos~
aseTi iyo gugarqel aznaurTa pasuxi. aqedan kargad Cans maTi eTnikuri
vinaoba - isini saeklesio mTlianobas anu qarTuli eklesiis gaubzarvelobas ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, vidre davas somexi kaTalikosisas.
gugarqel aznaurTa msgavsad dauWires lastivertecis Tanaxmad
449

arzrumelma, taoelma da basianelma aznaurebma mxari qarTul eklesias (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv.44).
aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom TviT eTnikur somxur olqebSi aznaurebi
mxars somxur eklesias uWerdnen, magaliTad ,,epistoleTa wignSi~ kargad Cans, rom vrkanis marzapni - devnida qarTul eklesias.
xolo eTnikur qarTul regionebSi aznaurebi, rogorc iTqva, mxars
qarTul eklesias uWerdnen, am faqtis kargi gamoxatulebaa magaliTi
vanandel-kareli didebulebisa: bakurianisZeebisa anda taoel-vanandeli aznaurebisa, Tornike erisTavisa da misi Tanamosagre qarTveli didebulebisa isini iyvnen erTguli mrevli qarTuli eklesiisa.
maT yvelam kargad icodnen, rom qarTuli eklesiis mxardaWeriT qveyana SeinarCunebda qarTvelobas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki gasomxdeboda.
sofeli okomi da anisis somxuri jvari

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT basiani mdebareobda somxeTSi, magram dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT, magaliTad, is aRwers basianis sofel
okomis tragedias, rom sofeli gadawva da daangria basili bulgarTmmusvrelma, xolo mosaxleoba daundoblad amoxoca, amis mizezad aristakesi Tvlis okomelTa im codvas, rom maT anisis somxuri jvris lursmnebi moaZvres da gaiZaxodnen ,,am lursmnebisgan cxenis nalebs gavakeTebTo~,
qarTvelebi, am SemTxvevaSi-okomelebi daurideblad mopyrobian anisis
e.i. maTTvis araerovnuli somxuri eklesiis jvars.
basili imperatorma, roca qarTvelTa qveynebi da sofebi moaoxra, maT
Soris iyo okomi ,,mefe Zlier ganrisxda da brZana cecxliT, maxviliTa da tyveobiT
gaenadgurebinaT didi daba-qalaqi okomi da mis garSemo mdebare soflebi, aoxrda miwis savargulebi, romlebic im mxareSi iyo, xolo tyveebi
waeyvanaT qaldiis gavarSi, TviTon ki basianisaken gaemarTa da miaRwia
vanandis gavars... mefem qveynis oTxive mxares jari gagzavna marbieli
mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova, raTa ar daendoT arc moxuci, arc
axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc asakovani, arc kaci, arc qali da saerTod
arcerTi asakisa, amgvarad, man daangria da moaoxra Tormeti gavari...
gadaiwva, daingra, ganadgurda, maTi patronebi maxviliT amowydnen... es
Tavs gadaxdaT nacvlad imisa, rom maT moglijes wmida kaTolike eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis mqone jvris lursmnebi da Seuracxmyofelad gaiZaxodnen: cxenebisTvis nali unda gavakeToTo. ase samarTlianad maT Tavs daatydaT ubedureba.. vai mefis Seubralebel brZanebas...
gaukacrielda keTilmowyobili qveyana da dacarielda. magram ar vici
risTvis SeemTxva maT yovelive es, Wkuis darigebisTvis Tu qveynis mosaxleobis aRviraxsnilobis gamo~ (aristakes lastiverteci, 1974, gv. 47).
aqedan Cans, rom daba-qalaqi okomi, basiani da mis irgvliv 12
sxva mxare - qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic anisis
,,jvris lursmnebis~ upativcemulobis gamo daisajnen - wers a.
450

lastiverteci e. i. ar iyvnen somxebi, amitomac ar scemdnen pativs

somxur niSnebs.
anisis jvris lursmnebi

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT taoel da basianel qarTvel aznaurTa jarma romelic Tan axlda afxazTa mefe giorgi I-s pativi ar sca
anisis jvars. misi lursmnebi daaZvres da waiRes. SahinSad wodebuli
anisis mefis gagikis gardacvalebis Semdeg memkvidreobisTvis erTmaneTs waekidnen misi Svilebi sumbati da aSoti, saWiro Seiqmna sasamarTlo, maTTan viTarca mosamarTle movida afxazTa mefe giorgi da mSvidobianad Seariga isini, sumbats misca anisis cixe gavarebiTurT, xolo
aSots qveynis Sida mxare, romelic sparseTsa da saqarTvelos uyurebda~ (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 44). maleve sumbaTma giorgi I-is es sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba daarRvia, amitomac igi kvlav
Sevida anisSi damnaSavis dasasjelad. anisidan gamosvlisas giorgis
jariskacebma gaZarcves sakaTedro taZris mokazmuloba, moglijes jvris
lursmnebi da Tan lanZRviT gaiZaxodnen ,,migvaqvs, raTa cxenebis nali
gavakeToTo~ (iqve, gv. 44).
aristakes lastiverteci Semdgom ufro dawvrilebiT wers, rom sumbats ergo qalaqi anisi Tavisi SemogareniT, xolo mis Zmas aSots Sida
mxare somxeTisa, anu anisis samxreTiT mdebare qveyana, romelsac aRmosavleTiT sparseTi, xolo dasavleTis mxridan ki ,,saqarTvelo~ esazRvreboda. maSasadame, aristakes lastivertecisaTvis saqarTveloa ara anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveyana, aramed am qalaqis dasavleTiT mdebare,
marTlac, anisis CrdiloeTiT Tbilisis saamiro mdebareobda, xolo
dasavleTiT ki tao-basianis mxareebi, karinis (arzrumis) veli da
vanandis nawili, saqarTvelos mefis sagamgeo qveyana. am ambidan
ramdenime wlis Semdeg am iverias - saqarTvelos Semoesia imperatori
basili bulgarTmmusvreli, da dadga ,,karinis farTo velze~, Semdeg
gadavida basianiSi da vanandSi (yarsis mxares).
a. lastivertecis cnobiT, basili bulgarTmmusvrelma am qarTuli
qveynebis e.i. karinis, taos, basianis da vanandis ,,oTxive mxares jari
gagzavna, marbieli mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova ar daendoT arc
moxuci, arc axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc asakovani, arc kaci da arc qali
arcerTi asakisa, amgvarad man daangria da moaoxra Tormeti gavari... am
drois borotmoqmedebani: sisxlSi amosvrili moxucTa sapatio WaRara,
maxviliT amowyvetili axalgazrdebi, uricxvi brmebi, romelTac Tvalebi daubneles, vfiqrob, yovelive es Tavs gadaxdaT nacvlad imisa, rom
maT moglijes wmida kaTolike eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis mqone
jvris lursmnebi da Seuracxmyofelad gaiZaxodnen: cxenebisaTvis nali
unda gavakeToTo. ase samarTlianad maT Tavs daatydaT ubedureba, rac
sazarel sanaxaobs qmnis - aznauri qalebi moedanze gamoiyvanes, moxades Tavsaburavebi, ZuZumwovara yrmebs zogs dedis mkerdidan glejdnen
da qvebs urtyamdnen, nawils ki dedis mkerdze aklavdnen SubiT da de451

dis rZes yrmebis sisxls urevdnen, sxvebs gzajvaredinebze cxenebis

CliqebSi agdebdnen da miT xicavdnen... vai mefis (bizantiis imperatoris) Seubralebel brZanebas, magram ar dacxra misi risxva, kvlav
aRmarTa xeli, raTa yvela borotebisaTvis gadaeWarbebina, aseTi saqmianobiT gaukacrielda qveyana, zamTris mosvlamde aoxrda da dacarielda irgvliv yovelive~ (iqve, gv. 47).
basilma dasaja saqarTvelos mefis erTguli mosaxleoba, isini eTnikuri qarTvelebi, iqedan Cans, rom isini ar aRiarebdnen somxur sarwmunoebas da amitom maT, lastivertecis sityviT, Seuracxyves anisis somxuri taZari. isini eTnikurad ucxoni iyvnen lastivertecisaTvis, is am
qarTvelebs miiCnevs ara Tavisi eris, aramed sxva eris nawilad, ara
,,Cven~ jgufis identuri nawilad, aramed sxva ,,imaTi~ erisa - amitomac
wers - ,,ar vici risTvis SeemTxvaT maT yovelive es, Wkuis darigebisaTvis, Tu qveynis mosaxleobis aRviraxsnilobis gamo~ (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 47).
maSasadame basianis, taos, vanandisa da karinis mosaxleoba (basilis SemoWris droisaTvis) somex istorikoss miaCnda sxva eTno
jgufad. ara somxur mosaxleobad, aramed qarTvelebad, romelnic
daisajnen aRviraxsnili cxovrebisa da somxuri anisis eklesiis gaZarcvis gamo. basilma sastikad dasaja jer didi daba-qalaqis okomis
mosaxleoba da mis garSemo soflebi ,,cecxliT, maxvilTa da tyveobiT~
(gv. 45), Semdeg ki 12 vrceli qarTuli qveyana basiansa da mimdebare
qveynebisa. olTisis anu somxurad uxtiqis Senobebi ki okomis sanacvlod saqarTvelos mefes giorgis gadauwvavs. olTisis mosaxleobis
qarTvelebas miuTiTebs iqve lastiverteci - giorgim ,,ubrZana jarebs
gadaewvaT lamazi nagebobebi, iavareyoT misi mTeli saqoneli, magram
xalxisaTvis vneba ar mieyenebiaT~ (iqve, gv. 45). xalxs ratom ar unda
miayenos qarTvelma jarma vneba? iqneb imis gamo, rom mosaxleoba qarTulia. nagebobebSi Senaxuli qoneba ki mters ar unda gamoeyenebina, am
mizeziT gadawva olTisi giorgi mefem, am dros, Cans ramdenime eklesiac
daiwva, ramac safuZveli misca sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebs ganecxadebinaT rom TiTqosda ,,giorgi mefem gadawyva somxuri eklesiebi~, usafuZvlo gancxadebaa, giorgi iqceoda iseve, rogorc sxvebi - mters ar
utovebdnen sursaT-saqonels rac Seexeba anisis jvris lursmnebis aRebis
moments, isini daaZrves ara sarwmunoebrivi uTanxmoebis gamo, aramed
imitom, rom lursmnebze amotvifruli yofila somxuri samefo niSani,
anu somexi mefis gerbi, es iyo anisis mflobelis sumbatis niSani, mas
didis didebiT Seumkia es jvari am niSnebiT, sumbatis dasasjelad Sesul qarTvelTa jars, Cans sadac ki unaxavs sumbatis niSani, mouxsnia da
Tan wauRia, maT Soris jvris lursmnebic. ,,moglijes eklesiis karidan
samefo niSnis mqone jvris lursmani~ gasagebad wers mematiane,
vfiqrobT am sakiTxSic araswori iyvnen sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebi, magaliTad i. abulaZe, romelic olTisis eklesiebis gadawvisa da anisis jvarTan dakavSirebul ambebs ise aRwerda TiTqosda es Zaladoba gamoiwvia qarTuli eklesiis Zaladobrivma Se452

Wram simxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis sferoSi, is wers - ,,erTi

eklesia iWreba meoreSi, eklesiaTa wva da jvrebis msxvreva amas
miuTiTebs~, TiTqosda qarTuli eklesia SeiWra somxurSi, dawva
somxuri eklesiebi da amaT taoeli da basaneli somxebi ,,gaaqarTvela~, aseT yalb safuZvelze aigo e.w. ,,qarTizaciis~ Teoria.
maSasadame, anisis jvris lursmnebi ar mouxsniaT sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebis gamo da arc eklesiebi dauwvavT am niSniT. am
mxriv sabWoTa epoqis istorikebis naazrevs ewinaaRmdegeba
aristakes lastivertecis cnobebi. misi azriT am qmedebebs eTnikuri safuZveli hqonda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom imperatorma basilim faqtiurad xeli Seuwyo Turqseljukebis mier tao-basan-vanand-karinisa da sxva qveynebis dapyrobas,
radganac man am qveynebis mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleoba sastikad daasusta sakuTari danaSaulebrivi qmedebebiT, romelTac lastiverteci
,,borotmoqmedebebs~ uwodebs (gv. 46).
avanis sakaTalikoso
iSxani _ avani

sofeli avani mdebareobda erevnis axlos mis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT

(amJamad erevnis sazRvrebSia), xolo dvini erevnis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT.
avani marTlmadidebluri somxuri eklesiis centri iyo, xolo dvini _
monofiziturisa.
588 (591) wlidan avanSi mdebareobda centri qalkedonuri somxuri
sakaTalikososi. is Seiqmna imperator mavrikes (582-602) mxardaWeriT,
somxeTis im nawilisTvis, romelic bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.
erTaderTi kaTalikosi avanisa iyo ioane bagaraneli (+609), sparsTa Semotevis Semdeg avanis sakaTedro gaauqmes (602-603ww.).
avanis arqiteturuli ansambli _ somxuri arqiteqturis miRwevad miiCneva. misi mTavari nawilia jvris ti pis eklesia (588-597). tetraqonqi
(msgavsia _ mcxeTis jvari da rifsime eCmiaZinSi). miiCneva, rom kompoziciaSi aqvs gavlena eCmiaZinis taZris arqiteqturisa da bizantiuri martiriumebisa (oqtagonebisa), aseve konstantinopolis sofiis taZrisa. aq
aris qalkedoniti kaTalikosis ezra I-is (630-641) berZnul-somxuri warwerebi, 1219 wlis `somxebisa da qarTvelebis aTabagebisa~ ivanesi (mxargrZelisa), 1285 wlis qarTveli daviT ufliswulis, 1287 w. aTabag xutlubuRasi, avanis mosaxleoba XIIIs bolomde _ marTlmadidebluri, e.i.
qarTuli iyo (, gv. 74).
avani, iseve rogorc iSxani, mdebareobda `oTxi somxeTis~ Crdilo mxareSi, romelic ZiriTadad dasaxlebuli iyo armenizebuli qarTvelebiT.
amitomac, avanisa da iSxanis `qalkedonitobis~ safuZveli iyo eTnikurad
qarTuli mosaxleoba, romelic cdilobda Tavis ZiriTad ers _ e.i.
qarTvelobas sarwmunoebiTac damsgavseboda. ase rom, avanis qarTuli warwerebi da qarTuli arqiteqtura, ise, rogorc iSxanisa _ qarTuli da ara
somxuri movlenaa. xdeboda ara `somxebis gaqalkedoniteba-gaqarTvele453

ba~, aramed `armenizebuli qarTvelebis~ dabruneba `erovnul-sarwmunoebriv~ wiaRSi. mcxeTis jvris arqiteqtura iqmneboda TandaTanobiT, saukuneTa manZilze. magaliTad, mirianis Zem revma mis jvars daadga `gumbadi~,
rac gaimeores albaT Semdegma arqiteqtorebma. maT Soris avanis arqiteqtorma, radganac misTvis yovelive qarTuli qalkedonitobis simbolos
warmoadgenda. avans ar hqonda sarwmunoebrivi warsuli anu is ar warmoadgenda qristianuli siwmidis mqone sarwmunoebriv adgils. aq igulisxmeba is, rom mcxeTis jvris istoria wmida ninosTan iyo dakavSirebuli. garda amisa, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, IV s-Si jvris aRmarTvis
Semdegve, moxda udidesi saswauli, jvars daadga didi naTeli, mcxeTis
mosaxleoba xedavda jvarze gadmosul angelozebs, amave dros mTa iryeoda miwisZvris msgavsad da idga sakmevlis suni. am saswaulma xeli Seuwyo
qarTlis mosaxleobis masobriv gaqristianebas. am jvars mieniWa didi
saswaulTmoqmedi Zala. aRadgenda avadmyofebs, acocxlebda mkvdrebs - wm.
ninos cxovrebis Tanaxmad. yovelive es CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom am
jvarze arqiteqturuli nagebobebis Seneba daiwyo IV saukunidanve, kerZod mas Semdeg rac mefis Ze revs jvarma mkvdari Svili gaucocxla man
aRasrula Tavisi aRnaTqvami RvTisadmi da iqamde Ria cis qveS mdebare
jvari gumbaTiT gadaxura. sityva gumbaTs TviT wyaro axsenebs. jvarze
mTxveva da Sexeba, uSualod mis win locva - xalxs SeeZlo, radgan
SexebiT iRebdnen jvris madls anu gumbaTiT da misi damWeri kedlebiT
jvari ki ar daifara mlocvelTaTvis, aramed masze daidga eklesiis msgavsi nageboba Tavisi gumbaTiT. gumbaTis aRmarTvas ki iTxovda jvris
STambeWdavi simaRle. wyarosve cnobiT jvari daamzades mTel aremareSi
yvelaze gamorCeuli xisagan, ase, rom is maRali iqneboda da misi gumbaTic Sesabamisi iqnebida. bunebrivia qristianobis ganmtkicebisa da misi
saxelmwifoebriv simaRleze ayvanis kvaldakal mcxeTis jvarze dadgmuli arqiteqturuli nageboba ixveweboda da ufro srulyofili xdeboda.
xis kedlebi qviT Seicvleboda masze dadgmuli gumbaTis formac gaumjobesdeboda. es procesi ki or V daVI saukuneebs moicavda. ase, rom
mcxeTis jvris TavisTavadi da originaluri arqiteqtura avanis
taZris aSenebamde sam saukunes moicavda da mis formas samaswlovani saeklesio tradicia hqonda. mas Semdeg rac arsen safarelis
cnobiT VI saukunis Sua wlebSi nerse mijinis dros somxuri eklesia
ganSorda marTlmadideblobas qarTuli eklesia da Sesabamisad misi
arqiteqtura qalkedonituri sarwmunoebis simbolodac gadaiqca.
maSasadame, mcxeTis jvris arqiteqtura ukve VI s-is bolos qalkedonitobis simbolos warmoadgenda. am droidan am taZris aRdgena da
mis qvis erTian ansamblad gadaqceva samefo ojaxis zrunvis sagnad iqca.
misi ukve tradiciuli qalkedonuri arqiteqtura gaimeores avanis
qalkedonitma mSeneblebma.
somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebi

armeniis mier iberiis teritoriebis mitacebis Semdeg, gugarqSi, xorZe454

nasa da pariadres kalTebze mcxovrebi mkvidri iberiuli (qarTuli)

mosaxleoba gaqristianebis Semdeg TandaTan somxuri eklesiis mrevlad gadaiqca somxuri saeklesio eniT.
maTma erTma nawilma amis miuxedavad SeZlo qarTuli identobis
SenarCuneba, 726 wlis Semdeg armeniis am qarTvelebma Seadgines somxurqalkedonuri eklesiis raodenobrivad Zalze mniSvnelovani nawili.
ufro CrdiloeTiT basian-taosa da mimdebare mxareebis qarTveloba ki
dedaqarTuli eklesiis mrevlad iqca - axla isini eklesiebSi ukve ara
somxur, aramed qarTul wirva-locvas ismendnen. Yyofil saeklesio somxurenovan qarTvelTa mier qarTulenovnebis dabruneba Tavis etapebs
moicavda. arsebobs ramdenime saintereso magaliTi:
daviT garejis erT-erT monasterSi freskebze aRmoCnda somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebi, msgavsi minawerebi aRmoaCina i. abulaZem miqael
modrekilis krebulSi da sxvaganac.
qarTuli saeklesio kulturis zogierT Zeglze aRmoCenilma somxurma ganmartebiTma warwerebma aRafrTovana ,,qarTizacia-gaqarTvelebis~
Teoriis skolis warmomadgenlebi, maTi TvalsazrisiT aseTi somxuri
warwerebis arseboba faqtia imisa, rom eTnikuri somxebi qarTveldebodnen. Cveni azriTi somxebi ki ar qarTveldebodnen, aramed yofili armeniis eTnikuri qarTvelebi ibrunebdnen erovnul anu qarTul-kulturul identobas.
i. abulaZes sxva Tvalsazrisi hqonda - efrem mciresTan dakavSirebiT
i. abulaZe ganmartavs Tu rogor ,,qarTveldebodnen~ somxebi tao-klarjeTSi, is wers rom efremi ,,warmoSobiT im kuTxidan iTvleba sadac
somxuri ena da am enaze arsebuli mwerloba misi moRvaweobis xanaze
uwinares erT dros gavrcelebuli iyo garkveul wreebSi. es kuTxea
tao, sadac sakuTari eniT da mwerlobiT arsebobda IX saukunemde somxuri mosaxleoba, romelic garkveuli mizezebis gamo am saukunidan daadga
gaqarTvelebis gzas eniTac da kulturiTac (i. abulaZe, Sromebi. t. II,
1971, gv. 115).
i. abulaZe xmarobs sityva ,,gaqarTvelebas~. misi skolis TvalsazrisiT
taos somxebma IX-X saukuneebSi daiviwyes mSobliuri somxuri ena, ris
Sedegadac ,,gaqarTveldnen~. Tumca am ,,gaqarTvelebul~ somxebs mainc
scodniaT somxuri ena da mwerloba, romelsac iyenebdnen kidec. magaliTad miqael modrekilis naSromis gadaweris dros.
miqael modrekilis iadigaris gadaweris dros (savaraudod 978-988
wlebSi) sxvadasxva gverdze sagalobelTa muxlebis ukanasknel
striqonze, adgil-adgil miuweriaT somxuri sityvebi an frazebi e.i.
zogierT qarTul sagalobels miwerili aqvs ramdenime sityviani somxuri warwera. rogorc viciT sagaloblebi uamravia, xsenebuli somxuri
warwerebi ki sul 29 daiTvala i. abulaZem (i. abulaZe, somxuri dialeqturi formebi, Sromebi. t. II, 1976, gv. 276).
es somxuri sityvebi zogierTi qarTuli sagaloblis bolos miuweriaT maT, vinc gadaweres miqael modrekilis iadgari. minawerebi ganmartaven, Tu romel dResaswauls eZRvneba esa Tu is sagalobeli. 29-dan 15
455

minaweri pirdapir ganmartavs Tu romeli dResaswaulis qarTuli teqstia minaweris win, magaliTad - minaweri nomeri 8 ,,Sobai qristesi~
(somxurad) aRniSnavs, rom am sityvebis wina teqsti qarTuli sagalobelia qristeSobisa. nomeri 11 minaweri somxurad aris ,,transliteracia
imave striqonze mis win mdgomi qarTuli sityvisa - ,,brwyinvalesa~.
danarCeni 19 minaweri, am ukanasknelis msgavsad, maT win uSualod mdgomi
qarTuli teqstis bolo sityvas gadmoscems, mxolod ara transliteraciiT, aramed TiTqmis zedmiwevniTi somxuri TargmaniT~ (iqve, gv. 277).
maSasadame 29 minaweridan 20 aSkarad warmoadgens ganmartebas imisa
Tu ra qarTuli sagalobelia am somxuri minaweris win. msgavsivea danarCeni 9 minaweric. somxuri minawerebis daniSnulebaa ganumartos somxuri
anbanis mcodne mkiTxvels, Tu ra saxis qarTuli sagalobelia mis win.
maSasadame, zogierTi sagalobelis somxuri minaweri ganumartavs somxuri wera-kiTxvis mcodnes, Tu ra saxisaa qarTuli sagalobeli.
visTvis iyo saWiro somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebis arseboba? saWiro
iyo im eTnikur qarTvelTaTvis, romelTac ainteresebdaTqarTuli sagaloblebi, magram ar SeeZlo qarTulenovani teqstebis advilad wakiTxva, radganac maT siymawvilidanve taosa dazogierT mimdebare mxareSiSeaswavles ara qarTuli, aramed somxuri wera-kiTxva da amitom
maT uWirdaT qarTuli naweris wakiTxva-gageba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara
yofiliyo aseTi mkiTxveli? diax, SesaZlebelia, Cvens istoriaSi iyo
identuri magaliTebi, magaliTad, me piradad mixilavs XIX saukunis
qarTuli kondakebi, romlebsac hqondaT am kondakTa Tavdapirvel mepatrone qarTvel mRvdelTa mier gakeTebulirusuli ganmartebiTi minawerebi Sesrulebuli melniT an fanqriT, visTvis iyo isini saWiro? im
qarTveli sasuliero pirebisaTvis, romelTac XIX saukuneSi daamTavres
rusulenovani seminaria, iswavles rusuli wera-kiTxva da Semdeg samsaxuri miiRes qarTuli soflebis eklesiebSi, es qarTveli mRvdlebi
gaWirvebiT kiTxulobdnen qarTulad, rusuli ufro exerxebodaT, amitomac, isini wirva-locvis drois dazogvis mizniT windawin rusul ganmartebiTi warwerebs ukeTebdnen vrcel nabeWd qarTul teqstebs, sadac
wirvis moqmedebaTa wesebi iyo gadmocemuli. aseTi qarTuli wignebi
rusulenovani minawerebiT uamravi iyo sabWoTa epoqaSi, imis gamo, rom
imJamad aRar ibeWdeboda sasulieri wignebi, Cven vsargeblobdiT XIX
saukunis naxmari wignebiT, rogorc iTqva isini imqarTveli mRvdlebisaiyvnen, romlebic rusuli wera-kiTxvis ukeT mcodneni iyvnen.
Cans, msgavsi viTareba iyo X saukunis taoSi qarTveli sasuliero
pirebi somxurenovani saswavleblebis dasrulebis Semdeg qarTul wignebSi rTavdnen somxur ganmartebebiT warwerebs.
VI-VIII saukuneebSi somxeTSi mravali qarTveli cxovrobda da isini
iqve swavlobdnen. erTi magaliTia, kirioni.
ismis kiTxva, romel enaze iRebdnen swavla-ganaTlebas taoeli
qarTvelebi vTqvaT VII saukuneSi, roca iq, taoSi, iSxanSi, somxuri saepiskoposo kaTedra iyo gadmotanili? cxadia, mkvidri qarTveloba iyo bunebiTi
mrevli taos marTlmadidebluri somxuri sakaTalikososi, romlis erT
456

yvelaze cnobil patriarqs, kaTalikos nerse iSxnels netarad moixseniebdnen TiTqmis misi Tanamedrove qarTveli sasuliero pirebi. netari
nerse iSxneli, marTlmadidebeli somxurenovani kaTalikosi iSxanis
sapatriarqo taZridan mwyemsavda taoel qarTvelebs, sxvadasxva kuTxis
samwysosTan erTad. aseT viTarebaSi, wirva-locvis ena cxadia iyo somxuri, amitomac, Sesabamisad mTel taos saswavleblebSi qarTveli ymawvilebi swavlobdnen ara qarTul aramed somxur wera-kiTxvas, emzadebodnen
somxur eklesiaSi samoRvaweod, romelic imJamad maTTvis sruliad misaRebi iyo am eklesiis marTlmadideblobis gamo. viTareba, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, mkveTrad Seicvala 726 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac somxuri
eklesia sabolood gaemijna marTlmadideblobas da mtkiced miiRo
monofizituri mrwamsi. am momentma gamoafxizla taoeli qarTvelebi
da ara marto isini, saerTod iqamde somxuri eklesiis omforis (iurisdiqciis) qveS moqceuli qarTveloba. daiwyo mtkice nacionalizacia
somxuri eklesiisa anu somxuri eklesiis mrevls eTnikuri somxebi
SeuerTnen, xolo eTnikuri qarTvelebi cdilobdnen gamosuliyvnen
maTTvis ukve araerovnuli somxuri eklesiidan da mikedlebodnen sakuTars - erovnuls, es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba marTlmadideblobis moyvarul qarTvelebs, romelTac axla saSualeba eZleodaT
qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi damkvidrebuliyvnen. mTeli tao - qarTul eklesiad iqca. procesi, rogorc iTqva, aRmtaci da
sixarulis momgvreli iyo qarTvelebisaTvis ormagad, radganac isini
ukve rogorc erovnuli, aseve marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen.
maT iqamde es sixaruli akldaT. Cans kargad grZnobdnen, rom iqamde VIVIII saukuneebSi marTalia iyvnen qarTvelebi, magram somxuri saeklesio
kulturis sferoSi imyofebodnen, Cans maT aRelvebdaT is, rom qarTuli
ena maTi mSobliuri ena kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi sferoebidan
gandevnili iyo, rasac miuTiTebs, swored aRniSnuli qarTveli mxareebidan gamosuli qarTveli berebis mier naloliavebi da gadawerili
,,qebai da didebai qarTlisa enisai~, romelSic qarTuli ena warmoCenilia, rogorc mdabali, dawunebuli da damarxuli (Senaxuli, mouxmarebeli), rogorc marTlac iyo qarTuli ena taoSi VI-VIII saukuneebSi.
erTi sityviT, taodan da mimdebare qarTuli provinciebidan gamosulma qarTvelebma naklebad icodnen VI-IX saukuneebSi qarTuli werakiTxva, magram naswavli da SeTvisebuli hqondaT somxuri mwignobroba,
amitomac, Cans maTTvis X da Semdeg saukuneebSic qarTul wignebSi rTavdnen
somxur ganmartebiT warwerebs, raTa advilad gaegoT Sinaarsi anda
arsi romelime vrceli qarTuli teqstisa. vTqvaT vrceli sagaloblis
gverdiT keTdeboda somxuri ganmartebiTi warwera, rom esaa ama da am
wmidanis sagalobeli anda ama da am dResaswaulisa. es aadvilebda maTTvis RvTismsaxurebas. msgavsi qarTuli wignebi rusuli ganmartebiTi
warwerebiTac gvinaxavs, rac zemoT aRiniSna. ase rom msgavsi praqtika
miRebuli iyo.
msgavsi warmoSobisaa daviT garejis erT-erTi monastris freskebis
somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebic. taoeli qarTvelebis msgavsad somx457

uri eklesiis uRlidan aseve X saukuneSi daixsnes Tavi hereTelma

qarTvelebma. maT, taoeli TanamoZmeebis msgavsad icodnen somxuri werakiTxva, radganac siyrmidanve naswavli hqondaT da amave dros, aRniSnul
gardamaval momentSi naklebad icodnen qarTuli. am eTnikuri qarTvelebisaTvis gakeTda kidec daviT garejis erTerTi monastris freskebze
warwerebi. magaliTad jvarcmaze waaweres somxurad ,,esaa jvarcma~ da
a.S.
sabolood unda vifiqroT, rom ,,qarTizacia-gaqarTvelebis~
Teoriis momxreebis, maT Soris ilia abulaZisa da sxvaTa analizi ar asaxavs realobas. am somxur warwerebs akeTebdnen ara
gaqarTvelebuli somxebi, aramed somxurenovani eTnikuri qarTvelebi e.w. gardamaval periodSi. maT qarTvelobas isic miuTiTebs,
rom zogierTi warwera SecdomiT, aragramatikuladaa dawerili.
am bolo faqtma ilia abulaZes aRuZra fantazia, rom taoSi cxovrobdnen romeliRac somxuri dialeqtis mqone somxebi, romlebic qarTveldebodnen da TavianT dialeqtze werdnen somxurad.
i. abulaZe wers - ,,iadgaris somxuri minawerebis enis gacnoba udavod
metyvelebs imaze, rom somxuris forma is mainc araa, rac maSindeli
saliteraturo somxurisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. minawerebis ena ufro
cocxali sametyvelo somxuri enis Tvisebebs amJRavnebs, vidre samwerlo enisas. misi gadaxvevani saliteraturo somxuri enis gramatikuli
normebisagan dialeqtis damaxasiaTebel niSnebze migviTiTeben fonetikisa da morfologiis dargSi. ramdenadac es minawerebi tao-klarjeTSi sruldeba, imdenad dialeqturi movlenebi, romlebic maTSi SeiniSneba, SeiZleba miviCnioT somxuri enis taos dialeqtis damaxasiaTeblad X saukunisaTvis~ (i. abulaZe, Sromebi, II, gv. 278). i. abulaZe askvnis,
rom X saukunisaTvis taoSi cxovrobdnen somxebi, romelTa enac iyo
somxuris erT-erTi dialeqti, radganac, maT mier Sesrulebuli somxuri
minawerebi aragramatikuladaa Sesrulebuli. sinamdvileSi ki am minawerebs is qarTveli berebi asrulebdnen, romelTac surdaT somxuri werakiTxvis ase Tu ise mcodne qarTveli berebisaTvis miewodebinaT informacia, Tu ra Sinaarsis iyo maT win mdebare qarTuli teqsti. maSasadame,
esenia ganmartebiTi warwerebi praqtikuli daniSnulebisa. qarTvelTa
mier Sesrulebuli es minawerebi cxadia ar iyo gramatikuli, da arc
hqondaT miznad maT avtorebs literaturuli normebis dacva, maTi mizani iyo, rogorme iqamde somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi moRvawe qarTvelebisaTvis gaecnoT qarTuli teqstebi, romelTaganac saWiros gamoiyenebdnen
kidec praqtikuli daniSnulebisaTvis mocemul momentSi.
taoSi mkvidri mosaxleoba somxuri rom ar iyo da amitom maT kargad
ar icodnen somxuri ena VI-VIII saukuneebSi amas miuTiTebs VIII saukunis
somexi avtoris stefanos sivnielis cnobac, rom ,,taoSi arsebobs Taviseburi metyveleba~ (iqve, gv. 281). Cven es cnoba migvaCnia dasturad imisa,
rom taoSi qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, romelnic marTalia imJamad somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyvnen moqceulni, magram mainc ,,Tavise458

burad metyvelebdnen~ rac gasagebia, Tumca ilia abulaZes miaCnia, rom

taoSi somxuri enis raRac dialeqti iyo gavrcelebuli, rasac ver daveTanxmebiT radganac somex mecnierTaTvisac aseTi faqti somxuri kulturis istoriisaTvis ucnobia.
didi gaqceva somxuri eklesiisagan

vinc waikiTxavs eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis naSromebs somxebTan dakavSirebiT, gaecnoba maT Rvawls, raTa qarTuli wmida werilidan aRmofxvriliyo somxuris yovelgvari nakvalevi, ris Sesaxebac miuTiTebda kidec giorgi mcire, misTvis maincdamainc Zneli ar iqneba
warmodgena imisa, rom e.w. yofili `armeniis~ miwa-wyalze mcxovrebi
qarTvelebis mizani iyo rogorme ganeSorebinaT qarTveli eri somxuri
eklesiisagan, somxuri kulturisagan, somxuri tradiciebisagan, raTa
SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi erovnuli vinaoba, isini kargad xedavdnen, rom
maT Tvalwin kvlav grZeldeboda saukuneTa win dawyebuli masobrivi
procesi somxebSi qarTvelTa asimilaciisa.
gvirpeli

meaTe saukunis meore naxevridan samxreT iberiaSi Camoyalibda Zlieri

patriotuli politikuri dasi, romlis saTaveSi imier taos mefe daviT
kurapalati idga, qarTuli enis, qarTuli kulturis, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da eklesiis didi moamage ,,wyaroebi aSkarad miuTiTeben,
rom daviTis qveSevrdomebi, saero Tu saeklesio pirebi, samSobloSi Tu
bizantiur samyaroSi, mtkiced atarebdnen daviTis ideebs~ - wers v. kopaliani (dasax. naSr. gv. 64).
am fonze, roca taosa da samxreT iberiis mxareebidan gamosuli moRvaweebi uaryofdnen yovelive somxurs, aSenebdnen qarTul kulturasa
da - TavianT Tavs, `qarTvelebs~ uwodebdnen, maT mainc n. maris Semdeg
somxebad moixsenieben, gansakuTrebiT somexi avtorebi meore xarisxovan
ambebze dayrdnobiT. magaliTad, erTia aseTi cnoba: ,,movida gvirpeli,
jojikis meganZurTa uxucesi da moinaTla, rameTu somexi iyo da arseni
uwodes~ (cxovreba iovanesi da eqvTimesi). am cnobaze dayrdnobiT, weren,
rom eTnikurad somexi gvirpeli monaTvlis Sedegad ,,gaqarTvelda~, amiT
ToTqos eTnikur somexs uwodes qarTveli. sinamdvileSi ki aseTi ram
wyaroSi ar weria. amasTanve unda aRiniSnos, rom im droisaTvis anu IXXI saukuneebSi taosa da mimdebare mxareebSi ar arsebobda `qarTuli
sarwmunoeba~ am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, piriqiT qarTvelebis
sarwmunoeba iyo berZnuli, anu qalkedonitur marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba. is sazogadod gaidentebuli iyo berZnul eTnosTan da ara
qarTulTan, maSin, roca monofizituri sarwmunoebis umZlavres keras,
SeiZleba iTqvas aRniSnuli droisaTvis yvelaze saxelovansa da cnobils warmoadgenda somxuri eklesia, Sesabamisad arsebobda ,,somxuri
sarwmunoeba~. im dros ,,sarwmunoebiT somexi~ niSnavda somxuri eklesi459

is wevrs. somxuri eklesiis wevrebi ki samxreT kavkasiaSi mravali arasomexi iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki qarTvelebi. rogorc cnobilia sparselebica
da arabebic gacilebiT ufro metad devnidnen marTlmadidebel
qarTvelebs, viTarca bizantiuri orientaciis mqoneT, vidre monofizit
somxebs, romelnic RaRadebdnen berZnuli sarwmunoebis sawinaaRmdegod
yvelgan da yovel SemTxvevisas. aqedan gamomdinare, jer sparselTa da
Semdeg arabTa mier somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone pirebi ufro daculebi
iyvnen, Sesabamisad somxuri sarwmunoeba im epoqaSi qarTvelTaTvis mimzidveli iyo. erTi aseTi piri anu sarwmunoebiT somexi eTnikurad ki
qarTveli unda yofiliyo taoeli gvirpeli.
Cans, aRniSnuli cnobis avtors surda daewera ,,movida gvirpeli da
moinaTla, rameTu somexi iyo sarwmunoebiT~ anu gvirpeli iyo eTnikuri
qarTveli, somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone, iseve, rogorc iyvnen taoeli
qarTvelebi wina ramdenime saukune, im epoqaSi roca iZulebulni iyvnen
ecxovraT somxur saxelmwifoSi. somxuri sarwmunoebisgan gaTavisufleba da erovnuli eklesiis wiaRSi dabruneba taoelTa da samxreTel
iberielTa didi nawilis ocneba iyo, romelic maT aRusruldaT daviT
kurapalatisa da misi winaprebis dros. samxreT iberiel qarTvelTagan
yvelam SeiZleba ar icoda qarTuli wera-kiTxva, radganac isini somxuri eklesiis zegavlenis wiaRSi aRizardnen, Tumca ki Zalze cdilobdnen am naklis Sevsebas, grigol bakurianisZis monasterSi am codnas
yuradReba eqceoda -,,qarTuli wera-kiTxvisa da enis mcodne~ berebi,
ti pikonis mixedviT sruli wevrebi iyvnen monastrisa. ucodinarebs ki
saswavlebelSi aswavlidnen. grigol bakurianisZis Canawerebidan Cans,
rom is kargad arCevda erTmaneTisagan erovnul warmomavlobasa da sarwmunoebas. magaliTad, roca aRniSnavs, rom Cven qarTvelebi varT mxne
mebrZolebi da iqve aRniSnavs - ,,arasodes damizogavs sisxli, bizantiis
imperiis gaZlierebisaTvis arc CemTan myof naTesavebisa, rom kargad
yofiliyo maTi mefobis Zalaufleba... e.i. bizantieli imperatorebisa.
iSviaTad Tu vinme Cveni tomisagani sakuTar sarecelze bunebrivi sikvdiliT momkvdara, yvelam sisxli daRvara saberZneTis mterTa maxviliTa da
xeliTo~ (georgika, V, 119). am CanawerSi laparakia ara sarwmunoebriv
orientaciaze, aramed eTnikur vinaobaze da grigoli axsenebs kidec
Sesabamis termins ,,toms~, Cveni tomis qveS - eTnikur qarTvels gulisxmobs da ara somexs.
samxreT iberiis, maT Soris tao-basianis mosaxleoba, vanandis, karinis
da mimdebare mxareebis, saerTod ,,iberiis Temis~ mosaxleobis erTi nawili da arc Tu umniSvnelo raodenobisa amtkicebdnen, rom isini ,,naTesaviT qarTvelni~ iyvnen da ara ,,qalkedoniti somxebi~, rogorc surT
maTi warmodgena. magaliTad, giorgi mTawmindeli, roca antioqiis patriarqs ekamaTeboda da ambobda ,,ugunurad Segiracxies naTesavi qarTvelTa da Tavni Tqvenni brZen da mZime giyofiano~, cxadia, sityva ,,naTesavis~
qveS gulisxmobda erovnebiT qarTvels da ara ,,somex qalkedonitebs~.
karinelma Tornike erisTavma, daviT kurapalatis aseve gamoCenilma mxedarTmTavarma ioane mTawmindelma iverTa monasteri ,,qarTvelTa naTe460

savisaTvis~ aages da ara ,,qalkedoniti somxebisaTvis~, radganac am ukanasknelT isedac mravali saepiskoposo da monasteri hqondaT bizantiis imperiaSi, sadac ganadidebdnen kidec somxur eTnoss. VII saukuneSi,
iseve rogorc iqamdec, mravali somexi iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
wevri, magram isini somxebi iyvnen da ara qarTvelebi. taoel didebulTa
wres ganekuTvneboda patara ,,ufliswuli~ eqvTime, romelsac TviT yovladwmida RvTismSoblis CvenebiT daubrunda qarTuli enis codna, radganac mas is daaviwyda bizantiaSi mZevlad yofnis wlebSi, maSasadame,
misi mSobliuri siyrmis ena iyo qarTuli da am enis codna daubrunda
mas.
unda iTqvas isic, rom bizantia da misi imperatorebi ar swyalobdnen
qarTul eklesias, iseve, rogorc adre sparselebi da arabebi. magaliTad,
iberiasTan omis dros, rogorc aRvniSneT imperatorebi ganarisxa qarTuli eklesiis patriotizmma. Sesabamisad isini sjidnen kidec qarTul
eklesias, auqmebdnen qarTulenovan saepiskoposoebsa da samrevloebs
iberiis TemSi, maSin, roca imave dros swyalobdnen somxur eklesias.
lastivertecis aRwerili aqvs, roca qarTvel episkoposebs bizantiaSi
asaxlebdnen da sxva qarTveli episkoposebi saxalxo oms meTaurobdnen
bizantiis sawinaaRmdegod, im dros somexTa patriarqebi didad aRzevebulni iyvnen keisarTa mier.
v. kopaliani wers - ,,anisis warCinebulTa erTi nawili, romelTa
Soris pirveli kaTalikosi petrosi iyo bizantiis imperiis agentis
rolSi gamovida, keisars mxari dauWira da misi survilis dakmayofileba moiTxova~ (iqve, gv. 106). keisris survili ki anisis somxuri samefos
dapyroba iyo. cxadia, radganac somexi patriarqi aseT mZime dros mxars
uWerda bizantias, keisaric loialurad iyo ganwyobili somxuri eklesiis mimarT. saerTod herakle keisridan, vidre basili II-mde da mis
Semdegac, bizantiis imperatorebi arc Tu iSviaTad somxuri eklesiis
mfarvelebad warmoCndebodnen kidec. amitomac somxeTSi miiCneoda, rom
mravali imperatori iyo somxuri warmoSobisa, maT Soris herakle keisari da makedonelTa dinastiac, romlis warmomadgenelni iyvnen basili
meore da konstantine VIII, maT faqtiurad mospes samxreT iberiis qarTuli saxelmwifo, riTac xeli Seuwyves politikuri TvalsazrisiT Turqseljukebis winsvlas bizantiisaken, xolo sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT
iberiis TemSi darCenili qarTvelebis kvlav armenizacias, anu maT ukan,
kvlav somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi dabrunebas, bizantielebma qarTuli
saeklesio institutebi am regionSi mospes. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
Tondrakeloba swored im olqebSi Camoyalibda, sadac erovnul eklesias mowyvetili qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, romelTac aiZulebdnen gamxdariyvnen somxuri eklesiis wevrebi, maT ki irCies raRac sxva sarwmunoebrivi gzis gamonaxva. jer kidev IX s-dan es moZraoba dawyebula
apahunikis mxareSi. safiqrebelia, rom mas Semdeg rac es regioni Sevida
daviT III kurapalatis qarTvelTa samefoSi, albaT moZraoba Senelda,
radganac SesaZloa aq qarTulma eklesiam SeZlo moRvaweobis warmarTva, magram radganac maleve aq bizantia gabatonda, moZraoba albaT kvlav
461

ganaxlda. Tondrakelebi ar eridebodnen arc arabebTan da arc bizantielebTan oms, radganac oriveni mxars uWerdnen maTTvis miuRebel
somxur eklesias.

Tavi XIII
lazikis eparqiebSi istoriulad
mcxovrebi tomebi
konstantinepolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia, rogorc aRiniSna XI

s-Si

Tavis iurisdiqciaSi moicavda vrcel teritorias trapezuntidan vanis tbamde,

ganvixiloT ZvelTaganve iq mcxovreb tomTa istoria da administraciuli mowyobis saxe.

lazikis eparqiebSi istoriulad mcxovrebi tomebi

qsenofontes mixedviT (Zv.w.V-IV ss.)

(T.miqelaZis kvleva)
konstantinepolis sapatriarqos eparqiebi lazikaSi, rogorc aRiniSna, moicavda qaldiisa da iberiis Temebis mniSvnelovan nawils.
iberiis Temidan (tao, basiani, karini da sxva olqebi) iyvnen gamosuli
cnobili saeklesio da saxelmwifo moRvaweebi (ioane, eqvTime da giorgi
maSenebeli mTawmidelebi, Tornike erisTavi, grigol bakurianis Ze, zaqaria
valaSkerteli episkoposi da sxvani), romelTac Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi miiCneven eTnikur somxebad (qalkedonit somxebad), ufro metic,
mosaxleobas aRniSnuli mxareebisas miiCneven im somxebad, romelTac
miiRes qalkedonituri sarwmunoeba, ris gamoc TiTqosda isini
,,gaqarTveldnen~. qarTveli mecnierebis erTi nawilic iziarebs Tvalsazris imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnuli mxareebi eTnikuri somxebis istoriuli samSoblo iyo da gvian saukuneebamde somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc qsenofontes cnobili Txzuleba ,,anabasisi~ uCvenebs am mxareTa momcveli vrceli teritoria, istoriulad qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
qristeSobamde daaxloebiT 400 wels berZnebis aTi aTasi kacisagan
Semdgarma jarma gaiara is miwa-wyali, romelTac SemdgomSi iberiis da
qaldeas Temebi moicavdnen. es regioni mdebareobda vanis tbidan trapezuntamde, romelsac rogorc iTqva, istoriulad somxebis miwa-wylad
miiCneven. qsenofontes cnobiT aRniSnuli teritoria somxebze ufro
metad, qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, metic, somxebiT saerTod
ar iyo dasaxlebuli araqsis saTaveebi da misi xeobis udidesi
nawili, aseve Semdegdroindeli arzrumis (karinis), yarsis (vanan462

dis) da basianis (fasianis) mxareebi, Woroxis saTaveebi da SavizRvispireTi (zigna-trapezuntis mxarec).

qsenofontem Tavisi jariT gaiara Tanamedrove dasavleT qurTistanis
mTianeTi, mividnen md. tigrosis saTaveebTan (misi Senakadis md. biTlissus saTaveebi), Semdeg gaiares ki md. evfratis (murad-sus) marcxena Senakadi
md. yara-su (teleboasi), Semdeg kartevan-daRis qedis gadasasvleliT
miuaxlovdnen evfratis saTaveebs, gaiares valaSkertis veli da miuaxlovdnen md. fasisis (araqsis) vels, Semdeg ki gahyvnen am mdinares (fasiss) saTaveebisaken. iqidan Sevidnen taoSi (taoxebis qveyanaSi) da mividnen
Woroxis saTaveebTan, gayvnen Woroxs (xalibebis qveyanaSi), sadRac Tanamedrove sof. orjoxTan gadalaxes igi (T. miqelaZis TvalsazrisiT),
Semdeg ki mkveTrad Secvales mimarTuleba da samxreT-dasavleTiT ganagrZes gza, miadgnen Tanamedrove zigans, aqedan Sevidnen trapezuntSi,
Semdeg ki ganagrZes mogzauroba q. kerasuntamde da kotioramde (T. miqelaZe,
qsenofontis anabasisi, 1967, gv. 33-54). am gzis gavlas 8-9 Tve moundnen.
qsenofontem Tavisi jariT, Tavisive cnobiT, babilonis brZolis adgilidan kotioramde sul gaiara 620 farasangi anu 18600 stadioni (1
farasangi udris 5 km-s, xolo 1 stadioni - 179,2 metrs), maSasadame gauvliaT 3100 km, mTeli am samiaTas kilometriani grZeli gzis umetesi
nawili berZnebma qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze iares, sakuTriv armeniaSi
ki SedarebiT naklebi. kerZod, babilonis brZolis adgilidan berZnebi
jer Sevidnen karduxTa qveyanaSi, aqedan armeniaSi, romelic or nawilad iyofoda, aRmosavleT armenia tigrosis zemo welze mdebareobda,
mas zogierTi istorikosi miiCnevs dariosis meTvramete satrapiad, iq
somxebTan erTad qarTul tomad miCneuli hesperitebic (anu herodotes
sasperebic) cxovrobdnen. dasavleT armenia ki aRmosavleT evfratis
(Tanamedrove murad-sus) auzSi mdebareobda. T. miqelaZis azriT dariosis me-18 satrapias dasavleT armenia Seesabameba, radgan dasavleT armeniis sardali tiribazi hespertebsac marTavda (ix. iqve, gv. 123). fasianebic aqve cxovrobdnen. am ukanasknelTa qarTveloba Cveni avtorebis
mier aRiarebulia. aRniSnuli tiribazis jaric qarTvel tomTa mier
ivseboda, tiribazs daqiravebuli hyavda xalibebi da taoxebi. armeniis
gadalaxvis Semdeg berZnebi Sevidnen taoxebis, xalibebis, skviTinebis, makronebis, kolxebis, drilebis, mosinikebis, tibarenebis qveynebSi. trapezunti - kolxeTis qveyanaSi mdebareobda.
aqedan vidre armeniamde uvrcelesi miwa-wyali, romelsac, rogorc
aRiniSna, SemdgomSi qaldiasa da iberiis Temebi ewoda, dasaxlebuli
iyo qarTuli tomebiT.
isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom babilonidan armeniamdec, kerZod qurTistanis
mTianeTSi, qarTvelebad miCneuli karduxTa tomi cxovrobda. swored
maT Sexvdnen pirvelad qsenofontes berZnebi. karduxebis qveyanas armeniisagan gamoyofda md. kentriti (Tanamedrove boxtan-Cai). qsenofonte
maT karduxebs uwodebs, plutarqe (da sxva zogierTi mwerali) ki
gorduenebs. evsevi kesarielis cnobiT noes kidobnis naSTebi korduebis mTebSi moi poveboda. am sityvebis (karduxi, gordueni) fuZiseuli
463

forma aris kardu, gordu, kordu. iv. javaxiSvilis mosazrebiT saxelwodeba ,,qarTveli~ ,,kardu~ sityvisaganaa miRebuli. imave azrs gamoTqvamda n. adonci (iqve, gv. 117). am sityvis mawarmoeblebi ,,xi~ da ,,en~
sufiqsebi sadaurobisa da krebiTobis aRmniSvnelebi arian (kaxi, kolxi,
javaxi - Wani, zani, svani, fasiani, makroni, tibareni, skviTini). g. meliqiSvilis azriT karduxebi muSqebis erT-erTi tomi iyo, kerZod karduxebis
- gorduenebis saxelwodebas ukavSirebs frigiis dedaqalaqis saxels
,,gordioni~ da frigiis dinastiur saxels ,,gordia~ (iqve gv. 119). Cveni
azriT qarTvelTa saxelwodebebSi (qarTveli, megreli, guruli, margveli, ,,gurj~, ,,georgien~) fuZeebi ,,gr~ - ,,rg~ imave warmoSobisaa.
rogorc iTqva, dasavleT armeniis Semdeg berZenTa jari fasianTa qveyanaSi Sevida - araqsis saTaveebTan. saqme isaa, rom qsenofonti da sxva
mravali berZeni avtori konstantine porfirogenetis CaTvliT fasiss
uwodebda araqss. Tumca isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom Woroxsac fasiss uwodebdnen, ise, rogorc sxva ramdenime mdinares. araqsis xeobis fasianebs T.
miqelaZe kolxur tomad miiCnevs. fasianebis qveyanas qarTulad
basiani erqva (lazikis eparqiis erTerTi umTavresi nawili basiansac moicavda). Tu fasianelebi kolxuri tomi iyo, lazikad
saxeldeba Semdeg saukuneebSi vrceli miwa-wylisa trapezuntidan
valaSkertis CaTvliT moulodneli ar aris.
T. miqelaZes kolxuri eTnikuri elementis buded miaCnia ara
dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo da
wers ,,antikuri wyaroebis aietis samefoc iqaa saZiebeli. Woroxisa da fasis-araqsis saTaveebTan kolxuri tomis fasianebis arseboba kidev erTi mZlavri sabuTia am mosazrebis sasargeblod
(T. miqelaZe, qsenofontis ,,anabasisi~, 1967, gv. 127).
Sav zRvaSi Semdinare ramdenime mdinaresac, rogorc iTqva, fasisi erqva. berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT mdinare Ffazisi mZlavrad Seedineboda zRvaSi, TiTqosda is ,,vardeboda zRvis wyalSi~. fasisis berZnebi
aRwerdnen ara rogorc Waobis mdinares, romelic mdored da mZimed
Seedineba zRvaSi, rogorc vTqviT md. rioni, aramed Woroxis msgavs mTis
mCqefare, wyaluxv mdinared. erTi berZeni avtori werda ,,argo axla
fasisSi dgas... raodeni Zala aqvs mis vardnas pontoSi~ (iqve, gv. 126). T.
miqelaZis ganmartebiT sityva fasisi berZnulidan Semosula qarTulSi. fasisi, berZnuli ,,RmerTis~ saxeli iyo, mis erT-erT vaJs erqva kolxi.
Zv.w. III s. aleqsandrieli mecnieris mneasis TqmiT ,,kolxebma Tavisi
saxeli miiRes kolxisagan, romelic fasisis vaJi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 126).
maSasadame, fasianebis saxeli kolxebs ukavSirdeba, kolxebis eTno
bude T. miqelaZis TqmiT, rogorc aRvniSneT, iyo samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo, mas T. miqelaZe amatebs fasis-araqsis saTaveebsac, e.i. fasianTa qveyanas (istoriul basians). basiani amasTanave
mesxebis qveyana iyo. anu kolxebi da mesxebi erT eTnosad warmoisaxa. Cans, amitomac qsenofontemdec hekatos mileteli mesxebs kolxur tomad miiCnevda. basianelebs, iseve, rogorc maT mezobel
taoelebs rogorc somxebi ise berZnebi VII-X saukuneebSi iverebs (iberebs)
464

uwodebdnen. es miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom winare qarTvelebis diferenciacia dRes cnobil qarTl-kaxelebad da megrelebad moxda mogvianebiT epoqaSi, kerZod, pirvel aTaswleulSi. aqamde isini eTnikur erTobas qmnidnen. maSasadame, ar momxdara `Tubal-kainuri tomebis~ (megrelebis) qarTizacia, rogorc n. mari fiqrobda, radganac zogadqarTuli eTnikur-erovnuli erTobis diferenciacia gvian saukuneebSi daiwyo. amas
unda miuTiTebdes prokofi kesarielis cnobebi lazebis qarTulenovnebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad lazuri sityva ~quTaTisi~, sinamdvileSi
Zveli qarTulia). maSasadame kolxebi iseTive frigieli warmomavlobis (e.i. mesxuri) tomia, rogorc vTqviT karduxebi. maSasadame
lazikis anu iveriis Temis ZiriTadi eTnosi iyo qarTveloba
(jer kidev aradiferencirebuli) da ara somxebi, Tumca ki fasianebis qveyanas qsenofontec armeniis nawilad miiCnevs. maSasadame,
fasianebis qarTuli tomi qristeSobamde moeqca politikur armeniaSi, Tumca ki Tavisi erovnul-qarTuli identoba gvianobamde
SeinarCuna.
fasianebis Semdeg berZnebis aRniSnuli jari taoxebis qveyanaSi Sevida, anu Semdegdroindel taoSi. ,,x~ - mravlobiTobis mawarmoebelia,
taoelebs anu taoxebs urartueli wyaroebic icnoben diauxis saxeliT.
Zalze sainteresoa, rom T. miqelaZis TvalsazrisiT aia-kolxeTis
qveS, SesaZloa diauxis gaerTianeba igulisxmeba. ,,mxaris toponimikam da argonavtebis miTis analizma dagvasmevina sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom, erTis mxriv argonavtebis miTSi aietis samefos saxiT,
xolo meores mxriv herodotesTan aia-kolxeTis saxiT daiaenis
gaerTianeba xom ar airekla. g. meliqiSvilma taoxebi hesperitebs daukavSira~ (iqve, gv. 128).
Cveni TvalsazrisiT qarTuli wyaroebis arian-qarTlis qveS igulisxmeboda tao-basianis mxareebi, arian-qarTvelTa mefis Zes ,,azoni~,
,,azo~,`azove~ erqva, anu aia-kolxeTis saxiT taos qveynis asaxvis SesaZleblobebi izrdeba imiT, rom argonavtebis meTaursac igive saxeli
,,iazoni~ erqva. rac albaT Soreuli gamoZaxilia, areklili qarTuli
wyaroebis mier. T. miqelaZis azriT hesperitebi md. tigrosis saTaveebTan (sispiritSi) cxovrobdnen, amitomac ar eTanxmeba g. meliqiSvils, rom
taoxebi igive hesperitebi arian. diauxis anu diaienis gaerTianeba
samxreTiT Tanamedrove erzrumamde vrceldeboda. SemdegSic qarTuli
tomebi aqve cxovrobdnen. qsenofonte ixsenebs, rom taoxebi, xalibebi da
fasianebi erTad ibrZodnen mtris winaaRmdeg. es momxdara md. araqsTan
(fasisTan) axlos (iqve, gv. 79).
taoxebis Semdeg qsenofontes jari md. harpasosTan (T. miqelaZis azriT
WoroxTan) xalibebis qyveyanaSi Sesula (iqve, gv. 41). xalibebi rkinis
mwarmoeblobiT ganTqmuli qarTuli tomi iyo.
iqedan samxreTisaken Semobrunebuli berZnebi skviTinebis qveyanaSi
Sesulan. Tanamedrove q. baiberdTan axlos yofila skviTinebis dedaqalaqi
gvimniasi. Tanamedrove ziganas uReltexilidan berZnebs zRva daunaxavT.
465

ziganasa da trapezunts Soris berZnebi makronebis qveyanaSi Sesulan. iv. javaxiSvili makronTa satomo saxels ukavSirebda eTnikur
terminebs margali, megreli. marTlac, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebi andria
pirvelwodebulis mogzaurobis Sesaxeb trapezuntis sanaxebs uwodeben
,,sofeli megrelTa~, SesaZloa berZnul wyaroSi ewera ,,qveyana makronebisa~, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sityva ,,lazika~ qarTulSi iTargmneboda, rogorc ,,sofeli megrelTa~. strabonis dros makronebi sanebis
saxels atarebdnen (straboni, XII, 3, 18). aRsaniSnavia, rom qsenofontes
mixedviT sxvadasxva tomebi iyvnen kolxebi da makronebi. kolxebi trapezuntidan ordumde kotioramde cxovrobdnen, d. miqelaZis azriT
makronebisa da kolxebis qveynebs erTmaneTisgan md. maCka-dere hyofda
(T. miqelaZe, qsenofontes anabazisi, gv. 44).
kolxebis qveyanaSi trapezuntis garda kerasuntic mdebareobda. orive
qalaqi sinopis koloniad iTvleboda. kerasunti Tanamedrove giresunad moCanda. kerasuntis samxreTiT strabonis sityviT zRvis sanapiroze
mdebareobda koncxi iazonia (iqve, gv. 46), rac miuTiTebs, rom argonavtebis miTis kolxida ufro trapezuntis mxareebisaken anu samxreTdasavleT saqarTveloSia saZiebeli, e.i. iq, sadac qsenofontes
dros kolxebi cxovrobdnen da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi. T.
miqelaZe wers rom qsenofontes cnoba kolxebis qveynis trapezunt-kerasuntis regionSi arsebobis Sesaxeb ueWvelia, radganac
es Tavisi TvaliT ixila man (iqve, gv. 135). iyvnen mTieli kolxebic,
isini berZnebs SeebrZolnen (iqve, gv. 138), maTi mezoblebi iyvnen drilebi, qarTuli tomi, romlis saxeli unda JRerdes ,,TrialeTis~ saxelSi.
SesaZloa rogorc kolxebi, ise drilebic ufro CrdiloeTiT gadasaxldnen
Semdeg saukuneebSi. maT garda CrdiloeTiT, T.
miqelaZis azriT, gadasaxlebulan svanebic, berZnebi drilebis Semdeg mosinikebs Sexvdnen. ,,ar aris gamoricxuli SesaZlebloba, rom
,,mo-sin~ saxeli gadmocemdes svanur saxels ,,aris masala, romelmac
SeiZleba svanebis samxreTidan mosvla dagvidasturos~ (iqve, gv.
138). bolos berZnebi tibarenebs Sexvdnen megrel-Wanur toms T. miqelaZis
azriT, Tumca mecnierTa erTi nawili maT iberebTan akavSirebs. aqedan
isic SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom iberebi da megrel-Wanebi erTi eTnosi,
gaudiferencirebeli erTiani xalxi iyo qsenofontes dros, Tumca ki tomebad dayofili. ufro adre Tubal-tabalebad cnobili tibarenebis somxeTSi gansaxlebis sazRvari md. Terme-Caimde aRwevda. es unda
iyos cnobili Termodonti, sadac Temestiosis sityviT kidev erTi
fasisi yofila. aq q. fasisis akademiaSi uswavlia mas.
aqedan Cans, rom trapezuntidan vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde qsenofontes cnobiT umetesad qa rTuli tomebi bina drobdnen,
romelnic politikurad armeniaSi Sediodnen. Tumca armenia sparseTis samefos erT-erT olqs warmoadgenda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukuneSi taoeli, basianeli da mimdebare adgilebis qarTvelebi moqiravneebis saxiT msaxurobdnen bizantiur jarSi (ix. kopaliani, bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierToba XI s-Si), msgavsadve
466

qsenofontes epoqaSic ,,qarTveli tomebis erTi nawili aqemeniduri sparseTis jarSi moqiravneebad msaxurobda~ (T. miqelaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 57).
qarTvel tomTa erTianobis Sesaxeb unda miuTiTebdes maTi satomo
saxelebis fuZeebis identuroba. magaliTad, kard (karduxebi), xald, qald
(xaldebi), xalibebis Wanuri tomi T. miqelaZis azriT cxovrobda md.
halisis auzidan md. Woroxamde. md. kelkiti da ara md. rioni unda
igulisxmebodes im mdinare fasisad, saiTkenac gacurva isurves
berZenma jariskacebma, raTa daepyroT fasianTa qveyana, sadac ,,maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda~ (iqve, gv. 113). md. kelkitis axlos
iyo cnobili Termodonti, sadac Temestiosis sityviT kidev erTi q.
fasisi yofila. es meore md. fasisi md.kelkiti unda iyos. masze mdebare
qalaqsac fasisi erqva, xolo masze mcxovreb xalxs ki `fasianebi~.
sabolood unda iTqvas, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
lazikis eparqia istoriulad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,
romelTac eTnikur-erovnuli vinaoba SeunarCunebiaT saukuneTa
manZilze, amitomac uwodes bizantielebma mas XI s-Si ,,iberiis
Temi~.
kolx-sirielebi anu Savgvreman-xuWuWTmiani
egvi pturenovani xalxi (Zv.w.VIII-IV ss.)

migracia _ mosaxleobisa balkaneTidan kavkasiisaken VI-IV saukuneebSi _ erTerTi mTavari Temaa berZen-romaeli avtorebisa. ufro Zveli
cnobebiT, balkaneTidan mcire aziaSi mosaxleobis gadasaxleba dawyebula qristeSobamde XI s-Si. IX-VIII ss-Si mcire aziaSi frigielebi
gadmosaxlebulan, Semdgom sxvadasxva tomebi, bolos ki Tesalielebi,
galatebi da makedonelebi. TesalielTa gadmosaxlebis anarekli unda
iyos argonavtebis miTi.
qristeSobamde IV-I saukuneebis istoria Semonaxuli ara aqvT
berZen-romael mwerlebs.
m. berZniSvili amis Sesaxeb wers _ `meoTxe saukune da misi momdevno
xana odnavadac araa aRbeWdili istoriaSi... rogori mdgomareoba sufevs kolxeTSi lizimaqes Semdgom vidre Zveli welTaRricxvis pirvel
saukunemde, amis Sesaxeb Cven istoriul wyaroebSi araviTari cnoba ar
mogvepoveba~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, 1969, gv. 70).
unda vifiqroT, rom amitomac ar aisaxa wyaroebSi samxreTidan, kavkasiisaken, mosaxleobis gadaadgileba, anda balkanuri warmoSobis mosaxleobis migracia mcire aziis Sua regionebidan ufro CrdiloeTiT.
I-II saukuneTa berZen-romael avtorebs iberielebi, albanelebi, Crdilo midielebi da Crdilo armenielebi Tesaliuri, anu balkanuri warmoSobis xalxad miaCniaTY imiT, rom maT miiCnevdnen argonavtebis (Tesalielebis) STamomavlebad. magaliTad, tacitusi albanelebis da iberebis Sesaxeb wers _ `amboben, rom Tesalielebisagan arian warmoSobilni~
(`tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, 1973, gv. 57). amave dros ki
miaCnia, rom iberebi kolxuri xalxia da iberTa samefo dinastia kolx467

eTSia Camoyalibebuli (a. jafariZe, deda RvTismSobeli Semwe qarTuli

enisa, 2008, gv. 5).
msgavsadve, straboni da plinius ufrosic miiCneven, rom iberebi kolxebis qveynidan STamomavloben, aq Casuli iazonisgan gamravldnen. strabonisa da sxva avtorTa azriT, samxreT kavkasiis, Crdilo armeniisa da
midiis mosaxleoba balkaneTidan migrirebuli Tesalielebis STamomavlebi arian. aqeelTa da henioxTa Sesaxeb amave azrisaa straboni (XI,
II, 12 da XI, IV, 8). strabonisa da sxvaTa azriT, Tesalielebi (iazoni da
misi gundis wevrebi) jer Cavidnen kolxeTSi da eTnikurad Secvales
kolxeTis mosaxleoba, Semdeg ki samxreT kavkasiasa da Crdilo midiaSic ganivrcnen, anu strabonisa da sxva avtorTa azriT, moxda didi
gadmosaxleba balkaneTidan kavkasiisaken iazonis epoqaSi, ris Sedegadac Seicvala samxreT kavkasiisa da Crdilo mcire aziis, aseve Crdilo
midiis eTnikuri saxe. am miwa-wyalze dasaxldnen balkaneTidan wamosulebi. kolx-iberebi, albanelebi, Crdilo somxebi da midielebi balkanur-Tesaliuri warmoSobis xalxad miaCndaT, rogorc ukve aRiniSna. ra
Tqma unda, sakvlevia, namdvilad Seicvala Tu ara mosaxleoba samxreT
kavkasiaSi, Cans, Zvel avtorebs gaaCndaT Sesabamisi mtkicebani. erT-erTi
SeiZleba iyos eTnikuri saxis sxvadasxvagvarad daxatva kolxebisa Zvel
da axal droSi _ adre kolxebi Savkanianiebi, muqkanianebi iyvnen
hi pokrate (460-377) ase aRwers fasianebis (kolxebis) garegnobas _
`fasianebi tanmaRalni da araCveulebriv sqelni arian. ar emCnevaT arc
saxsrebi da arc ZarRvebi, kanis feri yviTeli aqvT, rogorc zafraTi
daavadebulebs, xma metad tlanqi aqvT, radgan isunTqaven ara sufTa
haers, aramed SexuTulsa da notios. bunebiT nakleb amtanni arian fizikuri Sromisa~ ( . ~
~, . 2, . 88).
hi pokeratesave sityviT, fasianebi svamdnen dubela, tbore da aSmorebul wyals, romelic TandaTan Seivseba xolme wvimiT, cxovrebas fasianebi atareben WaobebSi, saxlebi xisa an islisa wyalSi aqvT Cadgmuli.
qveiTad (e.i. fexiT) nakleb daiarebian (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisaTvis, gv. 31).
msgavsadve aRwers Zvel kolxebs Zv.w. V s. meore avtori herodote.
misi cnobebi ueWvelia, radgan TviTon piradad icnobda kolxebsa da
egvi ptelebs, ainteresebda maTi cxovreba da istoria. garda amisa, sxvebsac ekiTxeboda maT Sesaxeb. is wers _ `kolx-egvi ptelTa naTesaoba me
mainteresebda, amitom vekiTxebodi kolxebsac da egviptelebsac... kolxebi cxadia egvi ptelebi arian, me TviTon mivedi am daskvnamde ufro
adre, vidre amas sxvisgan gavigebdi~ (herodote, II, 104-105). misi dakvirvebiT, kolxebsa da egvi ptelebs erTi salaparako ena hqondaT, misdevdnen
cxovrebis erTnair wesebs, erTnairad gaaCndaT windacveTis Cveuleba,
erTnairad amzadebdnen tilos, amasTanave, kolxebi egviptelebiviT Savkanianebi (Savgvremanebi) da xuWuWTmianebi iyvnen.
aSkaraa, rom Zv.w. V saukunis kolxebi, rogorc eniT, ise eTnikurad gansxvavdebian Semdegi saukunis kolxebisagan, romelnic
468

ukve ara siriul da egvi ptur, aramed balkanur-Tesaliuri warmoSobis xalxad miaCda zogierT avtors. magaliTad, Zveli zanti
da uZluri, muqkaniani kolxebis adgils iWers gamrje da cqviti
TeTrkaniani xalxi swored iseTni, rogoric dRes arian. magaliTad, ax. w. IV saukunis avtoris avienis sityviT, kolxebi arian
gamrjeni imdenad, rom mosavals maRali kldis frialoebzec ki
sTesaven (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 31).
axali kolxebis sicqvitisa da unarianobis Sesaxeb mravali avtori
werda. faqtia, rom Zv.w. V saukunis kolxebis aRweriloba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba Semdeg saukuneTa avtorebis cnobebisagan, icvleba ara mxolod kolxis garegnuli saxe, aramed sacxovrisic. kolxeTis sazRvrebi inacvlebs Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken (iqve, gv. 30).
qarTuli tomebis migracia samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken

Cveni fiqriT, Zveli kolxebi, yviTel-muqkaniani, zanti, tanmaRal-sqeli,

amtanuunaro, egvipturenovani, xuWuWTmiani xalxi cxovrobda Termodontis
samxreTiT, iq, sadac imJamad aRwevda sirielTa gansaxlebis sazRvari,
anu is rasobrivad iyo araindoevropul-arakavkasiuri ti pis mosaxleoba, xolo maleve Semdgom, es mosaxleoba Seicvala axali - `indoevropuli kavkasiuri rasis~ mosaxleobiT, romelic Zveli avtorebis mtkicebiT, gadmosaxlda balkaneTidan da esaxleboda mcire aziaSi Zv. w. I
aTaswleulSi uwyveti nakadebis saxiT. marTlac, zogierTi berZen-romaeli avtorebi kolxebs uwodebdnen TeTr sirielebs (levkosirielebs)
- ( .~
~, I, 2, . 404).
ratom TeTri sirielebi? albaT imitom, rom odesRac Zveli kolxebi
cxovrobdnen sirielebis gverdiT, romelTa gansaxlebis sazRvari aRwevda Termodontamde mcire aziaSi. isini, rogorc vTqviT, ar iyvnen `indoevropel-kavkasielebi~, aramed muqkanianebi, xolo imave adgilze misuli
axali kolxebi ki TeTrkanianebi. sirielebTan mezoblobis gamo `TeTrsirielebi~. marTlac, Semdeg Zveli kolxebis eTnosaxecvlileba moxda
(uunaroni da uZluri Savkaniani kolxebi gaqrnen, maT adgilze mosul
indoevropul balkanelebsac kolxebi uwodes da romelnic Tavis mxriv
migrirebdnen kavkasiis mimarTulebiT).
am mosaxleobis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT migraciis sakiTxi SesaniSnavad gamoikvlia maqsime berZniSvilma. is wers _ `kolxebi nel-nela
ixevdnen Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fasisis istoriisaTvis, gv. 30).
marTlac, trapizonis dasavleTiT mdebare zRvispira qalaqi kerasunti qristeSobamde IV saukuneSi qsenofontes dros kolxeTis
miwaze yofila (qsenofonte Tavis anabazisSi wers berZnuli razmis
Sesaxeb _ `mesame dRes Cavida elinur qalaq kerasuntSi, romelic
daarsebulia sinopelTa mier kolxeTSi~ (iqve, gv. 28).
kolxeTSi yofila TviT qalaqi trapizonic. qsenofonte amis Sesaxe469

bac wers _ `berZnebi Cavidnen berZnul qalaq trapizonSi kolxebis qveyanaSi~.

m. berZniSvilis kvleviT, trapizonis garSemo raioni im periodSi
sul mcire 25-27 km radiusSi kolxebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. iq kolxuri soflebi yofila.
aseTi iyo viTareba qristemde IV saukuneSi, magram viTareba ukve Secvlili iyo I saukunisaTvis, strabonis dros kolxebi ukve trapizonis aRmosavleTiT cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 29).
trapizoni kolxeTs emijneba. trapizoni kolxeTisa da tibaraniis sazRvarzea (iqve, gv. 30).
kidev ufro aRmosavleTiT wanacvlda kolxeTis sazRvari erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, arianes dros kolxeTi mdebareobda
trapizonis aRmosavleTiT daaxloebiT 50 km-is daSorebiT (gv.
30).
`ariane kolxeTis sazRvrad asaxelebs md. ofis, romelic hyofs
kolxebis qveyanas Tianikesagan~ (iqve, gv. 30).
m. berZniSvilma daaskvna samarTlianad _ `kolxebi nelinel ixevdnen
Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken romelime Zlieri mezobeli tomis miwolis
Sedegad~ (iqve, gv. 31).
marTlac, saqme isaa, rom ara mxolod kolxebis migracia mimdinareobda samxreTidan da samxreT-dasavleTidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT,
aramed TiTqmis yvela tomisa. eseni iyvnen karduxebi, tibarenebi, xaldebi, taoxebi, fasianebi, xalibebi da albaT svanebic da sxvani. maTi
gadaadgileba Tanamedrove saqarTvelosken ar Sewyvetila I saukuneSic ki, da Cans, grZeldeboda mTeli I aTaswleulis manZilze,
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, magaliTad, fasianebis nawili SesaZloa gadasaxlda araqsis xeobidan rionis xeobaSi, svanebi, romelTac samxreTiT vidre mdinare Woroxamde da mis qvemoTac unda
ecxovraT, gadasaxldnen CrdiloeTis mTebSi. Tavis mxriv, afsilebi moZraobdnen samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, romelnic, Cans,
svanebis adgils iWerdnen. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTo fuZeqarTuli enis mcired diferenciaciis gamo, I aTaswleulSi am tomebs
saerTo ena, (enobrivi urTierTobis daubrkolebeli saSualeba) unda
hqonodaT. mosxebi, romelnic adre vanis tbis dasavleTiT cxovrobdnen, qristeSobamde I aTaswleulis bolos Woroxis saTaveebTan aRmoCdnen. aseve xaldebi, romelTac aq qaldebi anu Wanebi ewodaT.
maSasadame, Cveni fiqriT, romelsac zogierTi wyaroc adasturebs, xdeboda balkanuri da sxva warmoSobis tomebis migracia mcire aziis centrebidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. amasTanave, rogorc aRiniSna, SesaZloa, am dros saxelovani kolxebis (da SesaZloa aseve sxva) tomis
eTnikuri cvlileba moxda. kerZod, Tu ki Zveli kolxebi berZnuli gagebiT afrikidan mosuli egvi pturi warmoSobis muqkaniani `Savebi~, Savkanianni iyvnen, SemdgomSi isini ukve TesalielTa STamomavlebad, anu indoevropelebad miiCneva. amitomac warsulis poeziaSi CarCa, vTqvaT, ase470

Ti gamoTqma: qristeSobamde VI saukunis poetis gamoTqmiT, argonavtebs

fazisSi daxvdaT Savkaniani kolxebi _ `movidnen fazisSi, sadac maT
TviT aietis winaSe Savgvreman kolxebs Zala uCvenes~ (iqve, gv. 123).
VI saukunis mwerlebis pindaris (518-442), hi pokrates da V s-is herodotes miTiTeba kolxebis yviTeli da Sav (muq) kanianobis Sesaxeb, mTlianad gansxvavdeba vTqvaT pirveli saukunis arianes mier daxatuli suraTisgan, sadac kolxebis muqkanianobis Sesaxeb ukve aravin wers. piriqiT, mTel samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleobas Tesalielebis, anu balkanelebis
STamomavlebad miiCnevdnen.
erTi sityviT, roca kolxebi samxreTiT, sirielTa axlos cxovrobdnen, TeTrsirielebs uwodebdnen, xolo roca CrdiloeTSi gadasaxldnen,
skviT-kolxebs uwodebdnen mezoblebis saxelis mixedviT (iqve, gv. 92).
Tu Zv.w. VI-V saukuneTa avtorebi kolxebs xatavdnen muqkanian uniaTo
da uZlur xalxad, ax.w. VI saukunis avtori lazebs axasiaTebs, rogorc
yoCaR da cqvit, Zlier da mamac xalxs, ase rom, es ori daxasiaTeba,
erTmaneTisagan 1200 wliT daSorebuli, Zlier gansxvavdeba. safiqrebelia, rom marTlac didi cvlilebebi moxda. Aax.w. VI saukunis avtoris,
agaTias sityviT, lazebi xasiaTdebian `xasiaTis silamaziTa da sicqvitiT~.
agaTias epoqis da ufro adrindeli berZen-romaeli mkvlevarebi sagangebod eZebdnen kolxTa toms, magram mraval tomTa CamonaTvalSi
isini im epoqaSi an saerTod ar Cndebodnen, anda umniSvnelo xalxs
warmoadgendnen, bolos miRebul iqna, rom swored lazebi unda iyvnen
is saxelovani kolxebi, romelTa Sesaxeb miTebi da ambebi ase aRelvebda Zvel berZenTa fantazias, amitomac, magaliTad, agaTias sityviT, `Zveli kolxebi axla lazebad arian Serqmeulni, isini vaWrobaSic did
aqtivobas iCenen, zRvaosnoben da vaWroben kidec da did sargebels
naxuloben~ (m. berZniSvili, gv. 57).
md. fazisTan egviptis faraon sezostrisis mier qveynis dasasaxleblad datovebuli egvi ptel-kolxebi sxvagvari xasiaTisani iyvnen, gansakuTrebiT ki fasianebi, rogorc iTqva, uxasiaToni, uunaroni, uZlurni,
axla ukve axali kolxebi, anu lazebi xasiaTiT ufro indoevropuli
warmoSobis skviTebis xalxs aris mimsgavsebuli. berZen-laTin mwerlebTan
_ `aris SemTxveva, rodesac skviTeTi da kolxeTi identur erebad aris
warmodgenili~ (iqve, gv. 93). fazisic ki skviTebis anu kolxeTis mdinared
miiCneva (gv. 93).
frigiul-qarTuli kavSirebi (Zv.w. VIII-IV ss.)

homerosis `iliadaSi~ ixseniebian frigielebi, rogorc troelTa mokavSireebi.

miiCneva, rom iliada Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebis istoriul viTarebas
asaxavs, Tumca amJamad fiqroben, rom `iliadas~ avtors Zv.w. X-IX ss-Si
unda ecxovra, xolo poemis literaturuli gaformeba Zv.w. VI-s-mde
grZeldeboda.
471

qsanTos lidielis miTiTebiT frigielebi mcire aziaSi troas omis

(Zv.w. XIII-XII ss. mijna) Semdeg movidnen (strabo, XIV, 5, 39).
amJamad fiqroben, rom frigielebi mcire aziaSi Zv.w. X s-is Semdeg,
ufro IX-VIII ss-Si movidnen.
frigiis uZvelesi dedaqalaqis gordionis yorRanebi qronologiurad
Zv.w. VIII-IV ss-Si eqceva (n . xaz araZe `Zve la Rm osa vluri da
qarTvelologiuri Ziebani 2001~, gv. 10).
qsenofonte (Zv.w. IV) werda: `didi~ frigiisa da `helespontis~ frigiis anu erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli ori politikuri erTeulis (iqve,
gv. 22) Sesaxeb. `didi frigia~ _ kapadokiasa da lidias Soris iyo moqceuli.
troada _ helespontis frigiis Semadgeneli nawili iyo (strabo, II,
5,31). mas `mcire frigiasac~ uwodebdnen. aq mefobda midasi da, Semdeg, es
qveyana galatielebis xelSi gadasula (strabo, VIII, 1,2).
muSqebis qveynis mezoblad Tabalis qveyana mdebareobda (gv. 39). muSqebis, igive frigielTa mefe miTa megobrobda Tabalis mefesTan.
Tabalis mezobeli iyo qveyana `que~ (aqedan xom ar aris qarTuli
sityva `queli~, keTili, keTilSobili kaci).
muSqebi igive musqebi ixsenebian asurul warwerebSi.
bibliaSic `iavani, Tobeli da meSexi~ erTad ixseniebian, iavani _
berZnebis winaprad, Tobeli da meSexi-qarTvelebisa. meSexi da muSqebi
erT xlxad miiCneva.
Tabalis qveyana didi kapadokiis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 43)
frigielebs TavianTi anbani hqondaT - `Zveli frigiuli~, is Zveli
berZnulisgan warmomdgarad miiCneva, kerZod, dasavluri berZnulidan.
Tavis mxriv, berZnuli anbanis formireba finikiuridan daiwyo Zv.w. IX sdan, xolo arqauli berZnuli anbani Camoyalibda Zv.w. VIII s-Si. Tavidan
Camoyalibda `aRmosavluri~ da `dasavluri~ berZnuli anbani. aRmosavlurisgan Seiqmna klasikuri berZnuli anbani.
muSqebis qveyanaSi gaedineboda md. halisi (galisi, yizil-irmaki). SesaZloa am mdinaris saxelis gamo halisis regionSi mcxovreb muSqebs daerqvaT `haliZonebi~ (alizonebi, alaZonebi),
romlebsac troas omSi miuRiaT monawileoba homerosis TxrobiT. strabonis mtkicebiT ki es alizonebi Semdgom xalibebad
iwodnen, maT aseve qaldebsac uwodebdnen. sityva qaldi saxel
`qarTvels~ dadebia safuZvlad.
frigias `muSqebis qveyana~ ewodeboda. Zv.w. VIIIs-Si. frigiis samefos
mWidro kontaqtebi hqonia kilikiasTan da maxlobel qveynebTan
sakuTari saxeli `gordi~ _ frigiuli warmomavlobisad miiCneva.
`gurdi~-`gordi~ rqmevia Til-garimus mefes.
cnobilia, rom `gordiosi~ frigiis mefeTa dinastiuri saxelwodeba
iyo. `gord~ Ziriani toponimebi (`gordioni~, `gorduteixosi~, `gordoruniosi~, `gordukome~, manegordusi~ da sxv.) sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo
didi frigiis teritoriaze (iqve, gv. 74).
472

`gordu_teixosi~
`gordo_runiosi~
`gordu_kome~
`man_gordu_si~
Cans, frigias erqva ara `gord~, aramed `gordu~ (gordo), aqedanve unda
iyos qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba gordueli, anu qorTueli-qarTveli, an, rogorc iTqva, `galato~-dan.
es `galato~-c SesaZloa iyo evropidan Semosuli imave frigielebis
Soreuli Tvistomni galebi. cnobilia, rom `galebs~ mcire aziaSi `galato~-ebi ewodaT.
SesaZloa gordusganaa nawarmoebi pontospira xaldebis saxelic.
xaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen strabonis cnobiT..
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Semdgom gvianxeTebis warwerebis periodSi, mcire
aziaSi aRmoCenilia luviur-ieroglifuri warwerebi. isini TariRdebian Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT. am warwerebSi Cans, rom luviaSi, luviis
gverdiT arsebobda `muskebis qveyana~ _ suverenuli politikuri erTeuli. frigielTa teritoriaze `luvias~ qveynis gverdiT an `luvias~
qveynis sazRvrebSi yofila moqceuli `muskebis qveyana~ IX-VIII
saukuneebSi (gv. 129).
aq sainteresoa, rom etimologiurad saxeli `luvia~ axloa `libiasTan~. Zveli berZnuli da aseve somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT babilonis
mefe nabuqodonosorma Tavisi qveynidan ayara da pontospireTSi daasaxla `iberTa tomi~, romelic iqamde `libiasTan~, libiis qveynis gverdiT
cxovrobda. unda vigulisxmoT, rom qronologiuri Tanxvedris gamo
`iberTa~ tomi unda iyos is `muSqebi~, romelnic cxovrbdnen `luvias qveyanaSi~ anu libiaSi.
aqamde, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnul libias aigivebdnen afrikasTan
da berZnul cnobas ugulebelyofdnen.
Tu luvia igive libiaa, xolo iberebi aRniSnuli muSqebi,
luviis qveyanaSi mcxovrebni, aRmoCndeba, rom saqarTvelos istoriisTvis realuri axali wyaro iqna mopovebuli.
asuruli wyaroebiT, muskebi mniSvnelovani xalxi iyo, imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom sxva xalxebis sacxovriss muskebis qveynis mixedviT gansazRvravdnen, magaliTad, asurul lursmul warwerebSi ixseniebian xalxebi (tabalebi, tuna, tuxan, que), romlebic `dasavleTis muskebis~ gverdiT
cxovrobdnen (gv. 137). `muskebis qveyanas~ aseve ewodeboda `mTiani mxare~.
`ieroglifur-luviuri ena lursmnuli luviuris axlo monaTesavea.
luviurTan erTad indoevropuli enebis anatoliur (xeTur-luviuri)
jgufis luviur qvejgufs qmnis~ (gv. 145).
ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebi, rogorc iTqva, moixseneben `musqebis
qveyanas~. erT-erTSi luviis mbrZanebeli ambobs: `me ganmadides egvi pteSi, babilonSi, muSqebis da sirielebis qalaqebSi~ (gv. 149), aqedan Cans,
rom muSqebi TavianTi mniSvnelobiT dganan egvi ptelebis, babilonelebis
da sirielebis gverdiT.
muSqebis, igive musqebis saxelwodebas, rogorc wesi, ukavSireben
473

frigielebisa da qarTuli tomis _ mosxebis saxelwodebas. ufro metad

_ mosxebisa, Tumca aris cda, daukavSiron protosomxebs (i. diakonovi)
(gv. 161).
luviuri erTerTi miTis Tanaxmad, mokvdav-aRorZinebadi RvTaeba
telefinus simbolo (niSani) _ eias xeze unda CamoekidaT misdami msxverplSewiruli cxvris tyavi (sawmisi), anu, oqros sawmisis miTi ara
mxolod kolxeTSi, aramed ufro adre luvia-muSqebis qveyanaSi
iyo cnobili.
gvianxeTuri xanis (Zv.w. IX-VIII ss) samefo samTavroTa da maT Soris
Tabalisa da muSqebis qveynis panTeonSi yvelaze popularuli iyo TarxunTi _ tarxunTi _ `cis RvTaeba~. etimologiurad am sityvasTan axloa
qarTuli `tarosi~, magaliTad. qarTul miTebSi amiranis sacolis yamaris mama caSia, cis meufea, romelsac tarosis Secvla SeuZlia, kerZod,
wvimis moyvana.
saerTod, yamaris xasiaTi miagavs argonavtebis miTis kolxeTis mefis
asulis medeas xasiaTs, kerZod, yamari medeas msgavsad Ralatobs Tavis
ojaxs, Tavis mamas da mihyveba amirans. argonavtebis miTis siuJetis mixedviT iasons daedevneba medeas mama, am dros medea exmareba iasons da
akvlevinebs Tavisianebs, aseve, msgavsad - yamari exmareba amirans, raTa
man mamamisi (e.i. sakuTari mama) moklas _ `maRla nu ki scem spilosa,
dabla Semohkar rbilosa, daeWrebian ZarRvebi daecemian Zirosa~ _ urCevs yamari amirans, Tu rogor moklas mamamisi. yamaris mama ambobs amis
gamo: `uyure bozsa qalasa qmari irCia mamasa~ da swored aseTivea medeas
xasiaTi. SesaZloa, is berZnuli miTebi, romelnic kolxeTis Sesaxeb
SeiTxza _ mosxebis (muSqebis) qveyanasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.
marTlac, `mosxebi _ kolxuri tomia~ _ werda am epoqasTan yvelaze
axlos mdgomi qristeSobamde VI saukunis avtori hekatos mileteli.
Cans, nabuqodonosoris mier pontospireTSi luvia-libiis mezobeli iberebis anu igive muSqebis gadmosaxlebis dros (Tu
maT mier adgilmonacvleobisas) maT kavkasiaSi Tan wamoiRes Zveli miTebic.
aRsaniSnavia, isic, rom rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mokvdav-aRorZinebad
RvTaebas - telifinu erqva, ivane javaxiSvilis rkveviTac, svaneTSi erTerTi ritualis dros warmoTqvamen telefias saxels _ `melia-telefia~. Tu es asea, unda vTqvaT, rom svanebi, iseve rogorc sxva yvela
qarTuli tomi, muSqebis _ mosxebis memkvidreebi arian.
Cans, `mosxebi~ iyo is eTnosubstrati, romelic kavkasiaSi Camoyalibda
qarTvel xalxad da romlidanac warmoiSva qarTvelTa tomebi e.w. `qarTebi~,
`zanebi~ da `svanebi~. Zveli berZeni avtorebis cnobebi, rom iberiis da
SavizRvispireTis tomebi balkanuri warmoSobisaa, magaliTad, rom isini
iazonis STamomavlebi arian, SeiZleba migviTiTebdes, rom balkaneTidan
da mcire aziidan frigiul-mesxuri tomebis dena grZeldeboda didxans.

474

adella bilisa da o. lorTqifaniZis gansxvavebuli

mosazrebani kolxeTis Sesaxeb

Cvens eramde VI-IV ss-Si kolxuri erovnebis arsebobas imiT amtkiceben Cveni mecnierebi, rom Zv.w. VII-VII ss-Si Camoyalibda axali Zlieri
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli, mTel antikur samyaroSi
farTod cnobili kolxeTis samefo, romelsac herodote axlo aRmosavleTis didi monarqebis - midiisa da aqemenidebis iranis gverdiT ixseniebs (qse, t.5, gv. 596).
msgavsi istoriuli faqtis Semcveli cnobebi herodotesTan ar gvxvdeba. Herodote Tavis Txrobas iwyebs TqmulebebiTa da miTebiT, aq
mefis asul evropes motacebis eposis (miTis) gadmocemis Semdeg
mogviTxrobs, rogor moitaces argonavtebma medea kolxidaSi. amis sanacvlod kolxTa mefem gagzavna eladaSi mociquli (herodote, I, 2). ase,
rom kolxTa mefe herodotesTan da saerTod berZnul wyaroebSi mxolod miTebTanaa dakavSirebuli, ~kolxTa mefe~ an ~kolxeTis mefe~
sxvagan arsad aRar gvxvdeba herodotes vrcel TxzulebaSi, Tumca ki
kolxeTs sakmaod xSirad ixseniebs.
ucxouri istoriografia miiCnevs:
kulxa ar iyo Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze, rom kolxeTic mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba davukavSiroT dasavleT saqarTvelos. Zveli berZnuli kolxeTis pirvandeli mniSvneloba moicavs ara
mxolod urartul kulxas, aramed zogadad Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiro teritorias, kerZod, ki dRevandeli TurqeTis sinopsa da trapizons Soris. berZnuli kolonizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba agreTve kolxeTis cnebis gagebac - herodote aRniSnavs,
rom mdinare fazisi (rioni) warmoadgens kolxeTis CrdiloeT sazRvars. kolxeTi dasaxlebulia sxvadasxva tomebiT, maT Soris mosxebiT,
makronebiT, mosinikebiT, TviT kolxebiT, marebiT, tibaranebiT da sxva
tomebiT, kolxeTi araa erTi eTnosi (adelle billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva, boni, 2003w. krebulSi amirani,
IX 2 , 2003, gv. 55-60).
herodotes epoqaSi semituri tomebi CrdiloeTiT ufro vrclad iyvnen
gansaxlebulni, vidre Semdgom. magaliTad, herodotesTan sirielebsa da
paflagonielebs Soris sazRvrad md. halisi iTvleba, romelic istoriul kolxeTTan axlos miedineboda. herodotes kolxebi kanis feris,
Tmis saxeobisa da enis mixedviT aseve semitur an samitur tomad miaCnia
da ara indoevropelebad. zemoT CamoTvlil tomebs is semitebs ukavSirebs, aseve Tavdapirvel kolxebs akavSirebs ara evropul, aramed muqkanian rasasTan. is wers - `cxadia, rom kolxebi egvi ptelebi arian...
radgan kolxebi Savgvremanebi arian xuWuWTmianebi... egvi ptelebsa da
kolxebs ena msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTis~ (herodote, VII, 72). mecnierebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili, egvi ptelebi evropelebisagan gansxvavdebodnen rasobrivad kanis muqi feriT da TmiT. aseve kargadaa cnobili isic,
rom amJamindeli `kavkasiuri rasa~, ufro zustad ki dasavleT saqarTve475

los mosaxleoba ganekuTvneba samxreTevropul rasas da araviTar SemTxvevaSi muqkanian semitur an qamitur rasas. amitomac herodotes `kolxebi~ rasobrivadac ki gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobisagan.
meore berZeni avtori straboni aseve sagangebod aRwers kolxeTs.
strabonis mixedviT qristeSobamde I saukuneSi kolxeTi warmoadgenda
krebiT saxels mTeli samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTisa - trapizonidan - biWvinTamde. am epoqis berZnuli wyaroebiT kolxeTi ar aRniSnavda eTnoss, aramed berZnul wyaroebSi sityva `kolxeTi~ geografiuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. rogorc Cans, es cnobili faqtia dasavleT
evropuli samecniero wreebisaTvis, amitomac Cans, wers kidec am sakiTxis Sesaxeb centralur evropaSi moRvawe mecnieri, romelmac piradad
Seiswavla qarTvel mecnierTa mosazrebani aRniSnul sakiTxze - `qarTveli mecnierebi cdebian, roca sityva `kolxeTiT~ eTnoss aRniSnaven, `kolxeTi geografiuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda berZnul
wyaroebSi!~ (adelle billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa
kvleva, boni, 2003w. krebulSi amirani, IX 2 , 2003, gv. 55-60).
evropel mecnierTa Tvalsazrisi es mTlianad eTanadeba Zvel qarTuls,
qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi mudam xazgasmiT miTiTebuls, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar cxovrobda adgilobriv-kolxuri eTnosi, rom
aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelo istoriulad mudam erTi eTnosiT,
erTi xalxiT, erTi erovnebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da es iyo qarTveli
xalxi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos saerisTavoebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba imTaviTve qarTveli xalxis ganuyofeli nawili iyo - igulisxmeba
- gurulebi, egriselebi, margvelebi, Takverelebi Tu svanebi bunebiT
qarTvelebi iyvnen da maT amitom `qarTizacia~ ar esaWiroebodaT, rameTu
TviTve iyvnen e.w. `qarTebic~ da qarTvelebic. amis axsnas iZleva iv.
javaxiSvili, miaCnia, rom qarTvelTa uZveles samSobloSi karduSi erT
erad iyo formirebuli Semdegdroindeli svanebi, Wanebi, megrelebi da
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. isini imTaviTve erTi erovneba,
erTi qarTveli eri iyvnen.
Tu arsebobda kolxeTis samefo - TavisTavadi saxelmwifo, cxadia, aq
SesaZlebeli iyo kidec `kolxebis erovnebis~ formireba, rogorc amas
miiCnevs sabWouri istoriografia. namdvilad arsebobda `kolxeTis
samefo~? Tanamedrove evropis istoriografia ambobs - kolxeTis samefo ar arsebobda - wyaroebiT es ar dasturdeba, amitomac wers evropeli
mecnieri: - `cdebian qarTveli mecnierebi, roca kolxeTis samefos
arsebobas faqtad miiCneven! kolxeTi samefod moixsenieba mxolod argonavtebis eposSi, straboni samefo dinastis arsebobas
mxolod iberis aRwerisas moixsenebs da ara kolxeTis aRwerilobisas~ (adelle billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa
kvleva, boni, 2003w. krebulSi amirani, IX 2 , monreali-Tbilisi,
2003, gv. 55-62). is kvlav imeorebs - `cdebian qarTveli mecnierebi,
rodesac `kolxur TeTrs~ kolxeTis samefos arsebobis damadasturebel faqtad miiCneven (iqve, gv.60).
476

Tanamedrove evropuli istoriografiis msgavsad, Zveli qarTuli istoriografia saerTod ar icnobs `kolxeTis samefos~. Cveni winaprebi
dabejiTebiT amtkicebdnen, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba erTi eri (erovneba) iyo. amitomac Seqmna man erTiani saxelmwifo farnavazis dros.
amJamad arsebobs ori Teoria qarTveli eris Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb.
pirveli aris ZvelqarTuli, romelic amtkicebs, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba erTian ers warmoadgenda qristeSobamde saukuneebiT adrec, meore ki aris e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobda kolxuri da `qarTis~ erovnebebi da am ukanasknelma SeZlo axali erovnebis formireba.
saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis mamebi da mematianeebi arasdros iziarebdnen am Teorias da maTTvis swored pirveli Teoria warmoadgenda WeSmaritebas.

o. lorTqifaniZe kolxeTis Sesaxeb

(`argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986).
argonavtebi

o. lorTqifaniZe argonavtebis Sesaxeb wers Semdegs: 1. argonavtebis Tqmulebas icnobda homerosi (o. lorTqifaniZe `argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv. 15), is axsenebs iasons
(`iliadaSi~) da aiets (odiseaSi) (aieti, homerosis TqmiT, heliosis (mzis)
Svilia, heliosi ki okeanem warmoqmna), axsenebs aseve argos, magram homerosi ar icnobs kolxeTs. is oqros sawmisis qveyanas uwodebs `aietis qveyanas~. `homerosTan ar ixsenieba medea, kolxeTi, oqros sawmisi~
(r. henigi). e.i. `kolxeTi~ da `oqros sawmisi~ argonavtebis miTSi Casmulia
homerosis, e.i. VIII s-is Semdeg.
homerosamde arsebobda `folkloruli argonavtika~. homerosis poemebis sabolood gaformeba moxda Zv.w. IX-VII s.s. (o. lorTqifaniZe
`argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv.16).
homerosis garda argonavtebs icnobs berZnuli e.w. `kiklikuri poezia~ (Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.). argonavtebs icnobs hesiode (Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.) _
`elinuri religiisa da miTologiis sistematologi~ (gv. 17). misi poema
`Teogonia~-Si ixsenieba `heliosis Ze aieti~ da `medea~, iasonisa da medeas
vaJi mediosi, md. fasisi. aseve VIII-VII ss. sxva avtorTa TxzulebebSi
(iqve, gv. 18).
`argonavtebis Tqmulebis uZvelesi birTvi Seqnilia mikenur xanaSi~
(Zv. w. II aTaswleuli), safuZvlad dasdebia mikenuri, anu aqeuri periodis
zRvaosanTa I mogzauroba Zalze Soreul qveynebSi (e.i. troas omis (Zv.
w. XIII, 40-30-iani wlebi) uwinares), xolo Tqmulebis Cawera moxda Zv. w.
VIII-VII ss. (am dros gaCnda TqmulebaSi sityva `kolxeTi~ an ufro aqeTa
periodSi) _ e.i. VI-V ss-Si (iqve, gv.30).
477

saxelwodeba `kolxeTi~, saxelwodeba `aia~ pirvelad mxolod Zv.w.

VII-VI ss. teqstSi ixsenieba. aieti niSnavs aias mkvidrs. `aia~ igivea, rac
`aiaia~. jer `aia~ _ Semdeg `kolxeTi~, Zveli komentatorebis cnobiT,
Tumca maT o. lorTqifaniZe ar eTanxmeba, da aias miiCnevs aietis qveynad,
aiaaias misi dis _ kirkesi.
`aiaeli kirke-tireniis kunZul aiaiadanaa anda kolxeTis aiaiadan~, _
werda homerosis erT-erTi Zveli komentatori.
ase rom, `aia~, `aiaia~ mdebareobda sxvadasxva adgilas _ tireniis kunZulze (iliria _ italiasTan), anda kolxeTSi an sxva mxares (iqve, gv.30).
aia _ SemdgomSi, zogierTma avtorma kolxeTSi moiazra. s. yauxCiSvili werda _ `aia kolxeTis Zveli saxelwodebaa _ `kolxida~ SedarebiT axali~. maSasadame, saxelwodeba `kolxida~ axalia, anu `aia~ ixsenieba VII-VI s-dan, `kolxida~ daaxloebiT V-dan. herodote wers _ `aiakolxida~. maSasadame, ufro Zveli wyaroebiT argonavtebma ilaSqres ara
kolxeTSi, aramed `aiaSi~, kidev ufro adre `aietis qveyanaSi~, mxolod
gvian `aias~ nacvlad daweres `kolxida~.
apolonios rodoseli wers _ `aias qalaqi kutaia~, _ `kuataia~, `kuatia~ axlac hqvia aWaraSi erT sofels (Woroxis xeobaSi) (iqve, gv.32).
argonavtebis Tavdapirvel miTSi ar ixsenieboda `kolxida~ da `oqros
sawmisi~. amis damamtkicebeli dokumentebia homerosisa da herodotes
Txzulebebi, romelnic ar icnobdnen `kolxidas~ da sxva CvenTvis cnobil Taviseburebebs (iqve, gv. 33).
germaneli mecnieris r. henigis mtkicebiT _ `kolxeTi da oqros sawmisi
CarTulia miTSi ufro gvian. rodesac ganxorcielda md. fasisisaken berZenTa
dazvervebi, es moxda Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi, imis Semdeg CarTo argonavtTa
miTSi _ `kolxeTSi laSqroba~, `sawmisis motaceba~ da mTeli poeturi
SenaTxzi (a. uruSaZe, `Zveli kolxeTi~, 1964, gv. 18).
korinTo _ saberZneTis qalaqi _ aietis, kolxeTis mefis sakuTreba,
misi mamuli iyo, amitomac medeas surda korinTos gamgebloba _ mefoba
korinToSi. korinTelebi winaaRmdegni iyvnen medeas gamefebisa, amitomac daxoces medeas Svilebi, medeam, Tavis mxriv, ufro adre mowamla
korinTos gamgebeli kreonti, radgan TviTon surda misi taxtis daWera
_ Zv. w. III s, berZeni komentatori parmenike werda _ `medeas bavSvebi
mokles korinTelebma, aRSfoTebulebma imiT, rom medeas maTze mefoba
undoda, vinaidan korinTo misi mamiseuli xvedri iyo~ (ix. a. uruSaZe,
`Zveli kolxeTi~, gv. 40).
aq sainteresoa, rom korinTo _ aietis qveyanaa, amitom, cxadia, korinTo axlos mdebareobda aietis umTavres qveyanasTan (e.i. Semdegdroindel `kolxeTTan~), aqedan Cans, rom `aietis qveyana~ geografiulad axlos iyo ZiriTad saberZneTTan, amitomac Cans aietis qveyana (samefo)
mcire aziis sanapiroze mdebareobda, bosfor-dardanelis srutesTan
axlos.
balkaneTSi, Semdegdroindeli Tesaliis teritoria Tavdapirvelad
pelazgebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, migraciis periodis Semdeg Zv. w. XI-X ssdan aq dasaxldnen Tesalielebi (da beotelebi), am teritoriaze isini
478

namdvilad cnobilni arian Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-dan (o. lorTqifaniZe `argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv. 33), romelnic Semdgom
daiZrnen mcire aziisaken.
r. henigi wers, rom argonavtebis miTSi `kolxeTi~ da `oqros sawmisi~
CarTulia ufo gvian, rodesac ganxorcielda md. fasisisaken berZenTa
laSqrobebi Zv. w. VIII s-dan, `radganac homerosTan ar ixsenieba `medea~,
`kolxeTi~, `oqros sawmisi~.
`argonavtika sakolonizacio moZraobis `ideologiis~ garkveuli
gamoxatulebaa. amdenad, misi geografiuli garemo kolonizaciasTan
erTad farTovdeba.
berZnuli koloniebis _ fasisisa da dioskuriis daarseba arauadres
Zv. w. VII s. aris zRvari `aietisa~ da `kolxeTis~ lokalizaciisTvis
kavkasiaSi, e.i. SesaZloa, berZnul samyaroSi ixmareboda sityva
`kolxeTi~ an `aieti~, magram is ar ukavSirdeboda Savi zRvis
kavkasiur sanapiros, mxolod berZnuli koloniebis daarsebis
Semdeg Savi zRvis kavkasiur sanapiroze masTan identificirda
`kolxeTi~, aieti da sxva (l. elnicki).
`argonavtebis Sesaxeb Tqmulebis uZveles versiebSi aia, e.i. aietis
sabrZanebeli jer kidev ar iyo dakavSirebuli kolxeTTan da gaiazreboda, rogorc raRac idumali qveyana, sadRac samyaros sul ukidures
nawilSi moqceuli (iqve, gv. 33. a. leski, germaneli mecnieri).
`Zv. w. VIII saukunemde berZnebi ar icnobdnen kolxeTs.
argonavtebTan dakavSirebuli siuJetebi analogias poveben Zv. aRmosavleTis miTologiaSi, aiasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi ki SuamdinareTis xalxTa enebSi~.
_ `argonavtikis uZvelesi versiiT `aia~ miTiuri qveyanaa sadRac qveynis dasasrulSi mdebare da mas saerTo araferi aqvs kolxeTTan, gv. 34
(f. haasi, germaneli xeTologi).
xeTuri wyaroebiT, xeTebisaTvis verZis tyavi iyo samefos keTildReobis gamsazRvreli sagangebo Zalis fetiSi, xeTuri sawmisi muxis xezea
Camokidebuli.
f. haasis _ germaneli xeTologis daskvna _ `Tqmuleba oqros sawmisis
Sesaxeb centralur-antoliuri, xaTuri (protoxeTuri) warmoSobisaa,
amitom kolxeTSi ver warmoiSoboda (iqve, gv.34), xolo aia da masTan
dakavSirebuli Tqmuleba oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb kolxeTSi mxolod Zv.
w. 750 wlisTvisaa berZeni kolonistebis mier miletidan gadatanili.
argonavtebis laSqrobis msgavsi siuJeti, romelsac saberZneTTan
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, qarTul miTologiaSic arsebobs, rac qvemoTaa aRwerili
ucxoel mkvlevarTa didi nawilis TvalsazrisiT _ `qveyana `aia~
aris umisamarTo qveyana, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs Savi zRvis
sanapiroebTan~.
e.i. argonavtebis kolxeTSi laSqroba aris zRapruli warmosaxva
berZnuli miTologiisa, Tanac miTis Tavdapirvel variantSi kolxeTi
arc ki moixsenieba. argonavtebis laSqrobis msgavsi siuJeti, romelsac
479

saberZneTTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, qarTul miTologiaSic arsebobs, rac qvemoTaa aRwerili.
eTnosTa gadasaxleba da sakolonizacio moZraoba

`Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-Si iwyeba berZenTa didi sakolonizacio moZraoba, e.i.

berZenTa gansaxleba da axali agraruli da savaWro qalaqebis daarseba
Savi zRvispireTSi~ (iqve, gv.40).
rogorc Cans, am migraciis dros eTnikuri berZnebi aarsebdnen qalaqebs,
xolo maTi, ase vTqvaT, Tanamdevi barbarosuli tomebi (magaliTad, keltTesalielebi) saxldebodnen zRvispireTis vrcel miwa-wyalze, an piriqiT, jer barbarosTa tomebi esaxlebodnen, Semdeg ki berZnuli qalaqebi
arsdeboda.
Tanamedrove mecnierebam aietis qveyana miiCnia ararsebul, ararealur
qveyanad, argonavtTa Tqmulebis pirveli versiidan gamoiricxa Savi zRvis
sanapiro (iqve, gv.40).
Tanamedrove ucxoeTis wamyvan specialistebs `aia~ miTiur qveynad
(ararealur, ararsebul qveynad) miaCniaT, miuxedavad amisa, qarTvel mecnierTa erTi nawili `aias~ aTavsebs Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT
sanapiroze, Woroxis auzSi, xolo meore, ufro aRiarebuli nawili _
rionis xeobaSi (iqve, gv.43).
xolo, Woroxis auzsa da mis samxreTiT urartul da asurul wyaroebSi ixsenieba kolxTa Zlieri gaerTianeba Zv. w. VIII s.-Si (iqve, gv.44).
argonavtebis epoqaSi Tesalia pelazgebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. Zv. w.
XVI-XV ss-Si argonavtebis e.i. pelazgebis _ pontospireTSi laSqrobisas maT, Cans, miaRwies bosfor-dardanelis srutesTan axlos myof qveyanamde, Savi zRvis napirze, iq eZebdnen `aietis qveyanas~ da albaT iq
ganxorcielda argonavtebis pirveli laSqrobebi.
mxolod, TiTqmis aTasi wlis Semdeg daiwyo balkaneTSi keltur-barbarosuli migracia, maT jer SeaRwies Tesalia-makedoniaSi, Semdeg ki
iqidan gamosulebi TesalielebTan erTad gadavidnen mcire aziaSi da
gvian daaarses aq galateas samefo, gahyvnen SavizRvispirs da miaRwies
md. fasisamde. Cans, maT argonavtebis miTi mxolod amis Semdeg fazisis
qveyanaze ganavrces, xolo misi mcxovrebni miiCnies im argonavtebis
STamomavlebad, romelTac odesRac dai pyres zRvispireTi.
safiqrebelia, rom balkaneTidan xalxTa gadasaxleba mcire aziaSi
daiwyo im miwolis gamo, romelsac balkaneTis mosaxleoba ganicdida
maT Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare miwa-wylidan. iq keltebi cxovrobdnen. am miwolis gamo (e.i. keltebi TandaTanobiT masiurad esaxlebodnen Tesalia-makedoniaSi, arbevdnen am mxareebs) Tesaliel-makedonielebi gadavidnen mcire aziaSi da ahyvnen md. fasisamde Savi zRvis sanapiros. eTnikurad, Cans, es Tesalielebi ukve iyvnen keltebTan aRreulebi (Zv.w. VI-V ss), Semdeg am TesalielTa kvaldakval mcire aziaSi
uSualod gadavidnen keltebi (Zv. w. IV-III ss), isinic ahyvnen md. fasisisken zRvispirs, aiTvises kolxeTi (e.i. ukve Tesaliuri qveyana).
480

gv. 101. e. furnies (holandieli lingvisti) SromebiT dadgenilia

`ZvelqarTul nasesxobaTa leqsikuri fena Zvel berZnulSi~ _ Cemi azriT,
saerTo frigiul-Tesaliuria.
SesaZloa kelt-Tesalielebi da kelt-iberebi (makedoniidan) Seerwynen erTmaneTs da xaTur-frigiul (e.w.`brigebi~) mosxur substratze
Camoyalibdnen qarTvelebad.
kelt-Tesalielebi mcire aziaSi gamoCdnen Zv.w. VII-VI ss-dan. keltiberebi _ Zv. w. IV-III ss-dan.
termini `kolxeTi~, `kolxi~ kolxos Cndeba Tesalielebis mcire aziaSi
Sesvlis kvaldakval.
kelt-Tesalielebi mcire aziaSi movidnen pelazgebis nakvalevze (I
argonavtebis), maTac argonavtebi uwoda berZnulma cnobierebam (Zv. w.
VIII-V-I ss), magram, berZnulma cnobierebam saerTod ver dainaxa Semdegdroindeli, maT kvalze (e.i. kelt-Tesalielebis kvalze) mavali keltiberebi. Cans, kelt-iberebi da frigielebi (ufro adre damkvidrebulni
mcire aziaSi) erTi eTnosi iyo, erTi enisa da kulturis matareblebi.
etimologiurad sityvebi `kolxeTi~ da `keltebi~ _ axlosaa erTmaneTTan.
kul-xa
kol-xi -`kolxos~
kel-ti -`keltoi~
xal-di xalibebi
kar-du - karduxebi
qaldi
qar -Ti
`x~ da `t~ (d,T) _ mravlobiTobis - `bevrobiTis Tvisebis~ aRmniSvneli niSnebi unda iyvnen
Tu es asea, maSin asurul-urartuli `kulxa~ ar unda daukavSirdes
`kolxeTs~, an Tu daukavSirdeba, iqve unda gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom keltebi
Tavdapirvelad kulxas mcxovrebni iyvnen da Semdeg gadavidnen evropaSi, sadac gamravldnen da ukanve dabrundnen istoriul samSobloSi, e.i.
kolxeT _ mcire aziaSi. unda vivaraudoT, rom kelt-iberebi, mcire aziaSi `iberebad~ wodebulni, igive frigielebi (e.i. mesxebi) iyvnen da kolxur
tomad iwodebodnen. frigielebi indoevropelebi yofilan, qarTvelebic
indoevropul rasas ganekuTvnebian anatomiuri monacemebiT, xolo enobrivad mari brose da sxvani qarTul enas indoevropul ojaxSi aTavsebdnen. rac Seexeba Teorias e.w. `iberiul-kavkasiuri erTiani enobrivi ojaxis Sesaxeb~, is, rogorc cnobilia mtkicebulebebsaa moklebuli. genetikuri warmomavlobiTac `qarTlis cxovreba~ qarTvelebs indoevropelTa pirvelwinapris iafetis STamomavlad miiCnevda-iafetiTarSi-Targamos-qarTlosi.
albaT SesaZlebelia aseTi etimologiuri Zieba:
rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs gadasvla el-ar, ul-el, saerTod, galatel keltebs `kelto-galatebi~ erqvaT, asea `samociqulos~ ZvelqarTul
TargmanebSic, maT iq `keltoi~ ewodebaT, amitomac sityvisagan `kelto~
481

SesaZlebelia miviRoT sityva ~karto~, aqedan kardu (karduxi) da qarTu

(qarTueli). marTalia galatebi mcire aziaSi Semdgom gamoCndnen, magram maTi da saerTod keltebis SemoRweva iq ufro adridanvec xdeboda
(VII-VI ss.-dan).
kelto _kartu- kardu = kardu-elni-qarTuelni
g. klimovis lingvisturi kvlevis Sedegidan Cans, rom `saerTo qarTvelur fuZe enas svanuri daaxloebiT Zv.w. XIX s-dan gamoeyo, xolo zanur-qarTuli erToba daiSala Zv.w. VIII s-Si (g. meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis~,
1965). Znelia daeTanxmo am azrs.
safiqrebelia, rom am dros mxolod qarTvelebis winaprebi arsebobdnen, xolo qarTveloba erTian enobriv eTnosad Camoyalibda mcire aziis frigiul-mesxur samyaroSi kelt-Tesalielebis da kelt-iberebis
dasaxlebis Semdeg Zv.w. VII-III ss-Si da sabolood qarTvelTa erTiani
eTnosis saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia. erTian xalxad (erTi eniT)
Camoyalibebas Cans xeli Seuwyes makedonelebma (imJamad ukve kelturma jgufma (arian-qarTvelebma), mefeebis azonisa da farnavazis epoqaSi
(Zv.w. IV-III ss-Si), ixsenienebian kidec makedoneli meomrebi `qarTlis
cxovrebaSi~ mefe farnavazis cxovrebis aRwerisas, romlis mixedviT
isini mmarTvel zeda fenad - aznaurebad Camoyalibdnen da SeZles
qarTvelobis erTian saxemwifoebriv erad konsolidacia erTi eniT.
`arRara izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina sxva ena Tvinier qarTulisa~, teritoriulad qarTli egriswylidan hereTamde vrceldeboda.
Cans, mxolod amis Semdeg daiSala eTnojgufebad es erToba (safiqrebelia ax.w. VI-X ss-Si). mas Semdeg, rac VI s-dan Seirya `qarTlis samefo~,
xolo VII-X ss-Si mis adgilze Camoyalibda damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi `afxazTa~, `qarTvelTa~, `kaxTa~, `herTa~ samefoebi da a.S. maTSi
safuZveli Caeyara dialeqtur Canasaxebs, romelTac Camoyalibebuli saxe
miiRes, Cans monRolTa Semdgom.B

kolxeTi

sad mdebareobda kolxeTi, md. rionis vrcel vakeze, Woroxis auzSi Tu

sxvagan, amas pasuxi ufo metad arqeologiam unda gasces. kerZod sad
aRmoCnda kolxuri brinjaos Zeglebi?
`kolxuri brinjaos kulturis~ (II aTaswleuli) Zeglebi sinamdvileSi aRmoCenilia ara rionis dablobze, aramed mTebSi
(raWaSi, s. RebTan, brilis samarovani) _ saCxereSi (yorRanebi) _
III aTaswleuli.
liTonis sameurneo iaraRebi Zv. w. XVI-XIII ss aRmoCenilia urekSi,
gagraSi, biWvinTaSi, lixnSi, saCxereSi _ da ara rionis dablobSi (o.
lorTqifaniZe, argonavtika, gv. 135 gv. 133).
T. miqelaZe gamoTqvams aseT dausabuTebel varauds: _ `kolxebi _
zanurenovani tomebi rionis qvemo welze (e.i. vake-dablobze) ukve Zv.w.
482

III aTaswleulis miwurulsa da II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi unda vivaraudoT~ (T. miqelaZe, Ziebani, gv. 72).
T. miqelaZe SemTxveviTi arqeologiuri monapovariT, romelic quTaisis muzeumSi inaxeba (`adreuli kolxeTis keramika~) akeTebs iseT grandiozul daskvnebs, TiTqosda Zv.w. XV-XII ss-Si `megrul-Wanuri mosaxleoba ukve damkvidrebuli iyo rionis SuawelSi~ (T. miqelaZe, gv. 71-72).
faqtia, rom e.w. `kolxuri gvianbrinjaos adre etapis Zeglebi~ aRmoCnda ara raionis qvemowelze, aramed farcxanayanebSi, dimSi, goraSi. kolxuri culis I da II saxeobebi _ dimSi, saqaraSi, godoganSi (d. qoriZe,
`kolxuri kulturis ...~)
Cemi azriT, es nivTebi rionis qvemowelze ar aRmoCnda imitom, rom
Waobiani iyo da adamianis cxovrebisaTvis uvargisi teritoria, xolo
dimi da sxva punqtebi istoriuli qarTlis miwa-wylad miiCneoda Zveli
wyaroebis mier.
am `kolxeTSi~ saxnisi ar aRmoCnda, es Zalze afiqrebT Tanamoazreebs
da gamosavals varaudebis dakanonebaSi eZeben (iqve, gv. 139).
o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi md. rionis auzis
qvemowelze damkvidrebuli iyo megrul-Wanuri mosaxleoba, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi _ afxazur-adiReuri mosaxleoba.
(sakvirvelia, rom rusi specialistebis azriT adiReuri mosaxleoba
kavkasiaSi,kerZod ki Crdilo kavkasiaSi damkvidrda Zalze gvian, monRolTa gamanadgurebeli laSqrobebis Semdeg XIII-XIV saukuneebSi, sadac (Crdilo kavkasiaSi) adiRevelebi Sesulan CrdiloeTis mxridan,
qarTveli mecnierebis aRiarebuli nawili ki adiRevelebis samSoblod
dasavleT saqarTvelos saxaven).
h. Slimanis azriT ki kolxeTi Woroxis qvemowelze mdebareobda da ara rionisa.
h. Slimani `Zveli saberZneTisa da kolxeTis mZlavr urTierTkavSirs baTumis regionSi varaudobda (o. lorTqifaniZe. `argonavtika da
Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv.44).
Slimans baTumis midamoebSi ruseTis saarqeologio sazogadoebisagan 1883 w. gaTxrebis Catarebis ufleba uTxovia.
urartus mefe sardur II-is warweraSi ixsenieba `kolxa||kulxa~ Zv.w.
VIII s. 50-40-iani wlebi. samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi _ `Zlieri
politikuri gaerTianeba~ ganadgurda kimerielebis Semosevebis Sedegad. g. meliqiSvilma ase waikiTxa erTi asuruli warwera mefe tiglaTfilesar I-isa _ Zv.e. XII-XI s. `nairis qveynis dampyrobeli daianamde da
kilxis qveynis mpyrobeli zRvamde~ (iqve, gv. 44). Semdgom kolxeTis centrma CrdiloeTiT gadainacvla, Woroxis xeobaSi da ara rionisa. o.
lorTqifaniZe fiqrobda, rom kolxeTis centri md. rionis qvemowels
moicavda, Cveni kvleviT kolxeTis ZiriTad nawilebi md. Woroxze mdebareobda da trapezusis mimarTulebiT iyo gavrcobili. ratom ar miaCnda md. Woroxis auzi mas kolxur regionad? cnobilia, rom wyaroebis
Tanaxmad kolxeTi sanaosno mdinaris fazisis sanapiroebze mdebareobda, romeli iyo sanaosno mdinare - rioni Tu Woroxi?
483

o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, md. Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno da masze

(Woroxze) mcurav navebs zRvaze gasvla ar SeeZloT (gv. 46). maSin
roca d. baqraZe da sxva mecnieri-TviTmxilvelebi XIX s-Si aRwerdnen rom Woroxi sanaosno mdinare iyo maT TavinTi TvaliT
naxes da es sakiTxi garkveuli hqondaT - Woroxi iyo didi sanaosno arteria _ masze rizedan da aTinadan momavali navebi
curavdnen! Oo. lorTqifaniZe cdeboda, roca Woroxs arasanaosno
mdinared miiCnevda da amitom md. rions miiCnevda kolxeTis mTavar mdinare fazisad.
o. lorTqifaniZe wers: `aieti iyo samiwaTmoqmedo qveynis lideri,
romlis rezidencia didi sanaosno mdinaris gayolebazea. Woroxis auzi
araa baris qveyana, Woroxi ki yovlad miuwvdomeli iyo zRvidan
navis Sesacureblad~ _ Secdomaa!!! sul sxvas weren e. veidenbaumi da
g. yazbegi. maTi aRweriT Woroxi didi sanaosno mdinare iyo, amitomac
xels araferi gviSlis, rom Woroxi fazisad miviCnioT.
straboni: `aias migvaniSneben qalaq fasisTan~ - `xolo is, rom aieti
kolxeTze mefobda, sarwmunodaa miCneuli: aqaurebSi es saxeli adgilobrivia~.
marTlac, miletidan fazisSi damkvidrebuli kolonist berZnebs Zv.
w. 750 wlidan strabonamde, mTeli 700 wlis ganmavlobaSi SeeZloT es
saxeli `adgilobrivad~ eqciaT.
qsenofonte (Zv.w. 401 w.) _ `fazisze axla aietis STamomavali mefobs
(T. miqelaZe, qsenofontis `anabazisi~, gv. 113).
pliniusi: `kolxeTSi mefobda _ aietis STamomavali _ savlaki. man
daamarcxa egvi ptis mefe sesotrisi~ (Zv. w. XIV s.) _ aseTi mosazrebani
miTebis gagrZelebani iyvnen. straboni da pliniusi ubralod imeoreben qsenofontes naTqvams fasisze (kolxeTze) aietis STamomavlis
mefobis Sesaxeb.
akviatebuli, usafuZvlo idea: TiTqosda arsebobda `Zlieri kolxuri saxelmwifo~ Zv. w. VI-IV ss-Si (gv. 48).
meore akviatebuli idea _ `rionispireTi kolxeTs ukavSirdeba~ (gv.
47).
o. lorTqifaniZe akritikebs maT, vinc kolxeTs Woroxis xeobasTan
akavSirebs _ `kolxTa did politikur gaerTianebas safuZveli
Woroxis auzSi ki ar Caeyara (rogorc amas dRes mkvlevarTa
um ra vles oba varau dobs ), a ram ed rioni s auz Si ( kolx eTis
dablobze)~ (gv. 48).
qarTveli sabWoTa mecnierebi Zalze cdilobdnen yvela qarTuli
tomisaTvis gamoeZebnaT sakuTari `eTnarqi~, warmoeCinaT maTi ucxo, gansakuTrebuli warmomavloba, oRond rogorme is ar yofiliyo `sakuTriv
qarTuli~, magaliTad, herebi TiTqosda albanelebis STamomavlebi
(gaqarTvelebuli) xalxi iyo; kolxebis STamomavlebi TiTqos mxolod
erT-erTi qarTuli tomia da ara mTeli qarTveli xalxi; TiTqosda
svanebi _ qristeSobamde III aTaswleulebSi arian `gamoyofili~, maSin
roca eklesia III aTaswleulSi warRvnas varaudobs; mesxebi _ TiTqosda
484

somxebia (gaqarTvelebuli), xolo fSav-xevsurebi _ CeCnebi da a.S.

qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri dialeqtebi (enebi) istoriulad
erTi saerTo fuZe-enidan, e.w. saerTo qarTveluri (anu protoqarTuli)
enis daSlis Sedegad arian warmomdgarni. fiqroben, rom saerTo qarTveluri enis matarebeli eTnosi (xalxi) ukve arsebobda Zv.w. IV-III
aTaswleulSi (da, SesaZloa, ufro adrec)~, am aTaswleulebSi eklesiis
gamoTvlebiT arc erTi dRevandeli xalxi ar arsebobda, radganac ufalma
kacobrioba daaxloebiT Zv.w. 5500 Seqmna (gv. 48).
`dResdReobiT realurad miiCneva, rom qarTveli tomebi dRevandel
dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze TandaTanobiT gansaxldnen
samxreTidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT~ (gv. 49).
dRes lingvistebi protoqarTvelebis, indoevropelebisa da protosemitebis enebSi afiqsireben mraval saerTo sityvaTa da gamoTqmebis mTel
plastebs, agreTve msgavsi enobrivi niSnebis (rogorc enis bgeriTi Semadgenlobis, aseve misi struqturul-gramatikuli maxasiaTeblebis gaCenas~ (gv. 49).
qarTul enaSi protoindoevropulis gaCenis axsna imiT SeiZleba, rom
qarTvelebi frigiul-balkanuri warmoSobis xalxia, anu indoevropulia,
xolo protosemituri gavlena Tu arsebobs, imiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli, rom kelt-Tesalielebisa da kelt-iberebis mcire aziaSi gamoCenis
dros (Zv. w. VIII-III ss), iq herodotes cnobiT (Zv. w. V s.) yizil-irmakis
mdinaremde, e.w. levko-sirielebi da semituri tomebi cxovrobdnen, brigul
(frigiul)-iberiulma enam (e.i. uZvelesma qarTulma) SesaZloa amis gamo
raRac semituri gavlena ganicada.
adiRe-Cerqezebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi
Zv.w. IV aTaswleulamde

T. miqelaZis usafuZvlo varaudiT, `svanuris gamoyofa unda momxdariyo

ukve III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi da am droidan iwyeba svanurenovani
mosaxleobis gavrceleba dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze, sadac (kerZod, zRvispira zolSi). rogorc fiqroben
Zveli Cerqezul-adiReuri mosaxleoba iCens Tavs~
(gv. 50) (Sdr.
mag: s. janaSia, Cerqezuli (adiReuri) elementi saqarTvelos toponimikaSi, Sromebi, III, gv. 117-123).
sabWoTa istoriografiis Tanaxmad, kolxeTis dablobi Tavidan istoriulad dasaxlebuli iyo Cerqezul-adiReuri tomebiT _ `yva~ da `fsa~
_ TiTqosda amis mamtkicebeli toponimikuri niSnebia. TiTqosda, Semdgom
aq esaxlebian svanebi, romelTac, Tavis mxriv, aqedan aZeveben megrelebi.
maSasadame, am Teoriis mixedviT, Semdeg mosul megrelebsa da svanebs
dasavleT saqarTvelodan gauZevebiaT adiRe-Cerqezebi. am Teoriaze dayrdnobiT separatistebi istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenas iTxoven
megrelebsa da svanebs aZeveben TavianTi miwa-wylidan. sinamdvileSi,
TviT rusi mecnierebis Tanaxmad, adiRe-Cerqezuli tomebi kavkasiaSi
gamoCndnen ara qristeSobamde V-IV aTaswleulSi, rogorc miiCnevs qarTu485

li sabWoTa istoriografia, aramed mxolod Temur-lengis Crdilo kavkasiaSi laSqrobis Semdeg, ramac saerTod Secvala eTnikuri saxe Crdilo kavkasisa. ,,pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ amis Sesaxeb wers - ,,XIVXV saukuneebSi mongol-TaTarTa samxedro eqspediciebisa da aseve
Temurlengis gamaukacrielebeli laSqrobebis Semdeg, Crdilo
kavkasiis eTnopolitikuri ruka kardinalurad Seicvala. axali
adiRe-Turqulenovani xalxebi gadaadgildnen gaukacrielebul
raionebSi, nawilobriv Seaviwroves alanebi anda Seerivnen maT,
miitanes TavianTi Cvevebi da rwmena, xolo XVIII s-Si miiRes
musulmanoba~ (,,pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~. t.I, moskovi, 2000,
gv.443, rus.enaze). am adiRevelebis STamomavlebia afsuebi-adiRurenovani xalxi.
svanebi kolxeTSi

`svanurenovani mosaxleobis arsebobis kvali dRevandel dasavleT

saqarTvelos teritoriaze (zRvrispira zolSi, rion-enguris auzi) dasturdeba sakmaod metyveli toponimikuri monacemebiT da arqeologiuri
masaliT~ (gv. 50).
aqedan, o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, svanebs aZeveben kolxebi (Wan-egriselebi) `kolxebma Seaviwroves svanurenovani mosaxleoba da TandaTanobiT
daikaves dRevandeli kolxeTis dablobi zRvis sanapiro zolsa da rionenguris auzSi~. e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelodan TiTqosda jer svanebma
gaaZeves Cerqezebi, Semdeg ki megrelebma svanebi (gv. 51)
o. lorTqifaniZis azriT kolxuri kultura _ viwro eTnografulia
- is ,,megrul-Wanuria~`dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze megrul-Wanuri mosaxleobis TandaTanobiT damkvidrebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli,
rogorc fiqroben, im brwyinvale brinjaos kulturis Seqmna, kolxuri
kulturis saxeliT romaa cnobili~ (gv. 51).
kolxuri brinjaos kulturis formirebis dasawyisia Zv.w. XVI-XV ss.
(gv. 51).
kolxuri kulturis safexurebi TariRdeba: (gv. 51).
1) Zv.w. XVI-XV
2) Zv.w. XIV-XII
3) Zv.w. XI-VII
kolxuri brinjaos kultura vrceldeboda dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
qarTlSi, mesxeTSi da agreTve TurqeTis teritoriaze zRvis sanapiro
zolSi dRevandel ordus teritoriaze (gv. 52).
rionis dablobSi brinjaos Zeglebi ar aris aRmoCenili!!! maTi
aRmoCena qarTlsa, mesxeTsa da TurqeTSi miuTiTebs, rom es brinjaos kultura ar iyo viwro eTnikuri megrul-Wanuri, aramed
zogad-qarTuli, romelTa ricxvSi cxadia megrel-Wanebi da svanebic Sedian.
486

brinjaos arqeologiuri Zeglebi _ ganZebi. calkeuli aRmoCenebi

gabneulia, samTamadno warmoebis naSTebi aRmoCenilia s. RebTan _ raWaSi, Sesabamisi samarxebic _ raWaSia _ brilSi da ara rionis dabloSi
(gv. 53).
`kolxeTSi es Zeglebi araa gamovlenili~, _ wers o. lorTqifaniZe,
e.i. rionis barSi brinjaos mniSvnelovani Zeglebi ar aRmoCnda.
mecnierebs a. iesens, b. kuftins, g. meliqiSvils miaCniaT, rom `kolxuri
kulturis samSoblo Woroxis auzia~ (gv. 54).
`Woroxis auzi umdidresia spilenZis sabadoebiT. aq aRmoCnda spilenZbrinjaos nawarmis ganZebis simravle~ (gv. 63).
kolxuri culi da Toxebi aRmoCnda urekSi, Tanamedrove aWarasa
da afxazeTSi, magram ara rionis barSi! (gv. 56).
rionis dablobSi mxolod keramikis naSTebi (da ara brinjao) aRmoCnda (nosirSi, msgavsia anakliaSi, qobuleTSi, WaladidSi, WiaTuraSi).
am keramikis gavrceleba `dakavSirebuli unda iyos aq megrul-Wanuri
mosaxleobis damkvidrebasTan Zv. w. XVII-XII ss~-wers o. lorTqifaniZe.
am mosazrebas ara aqvs safuZveli (gv. 57).
o. lorTqifaniZes hgonia, rom mTeli kolxeTis Waobs adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba koleqtiuri organizirebuli SromiT iTvisebda. riTi dasturdeba? arafriT! (gv. 60).
`daWaobebuli da nestiani niadagis saTes farTobad gadaqceva _ tyis
masivebis gaCexva, buCqnaris gakafva, sadrenaJe arxebis gaTxra, xelovnuri miwazvinebis Seqmna, daSlamul WaobebSi xelovnuri TxrilebiT
wylis Seyvana da dawmendili wylis ukan gayvana, daTesva, mosavlis movla da aReba~ (gv. 62).
TiTqos es SeeZlo adgilobriv mosaxleobas Zv.w. XV-XIV ss-Si, es
uWirdaT egvi ptelebs. SeZlebda am grandiozuli samuSaos Sesrulebas
tomebad da enakavebad daxleCili xalxi, romelTac `siamayis gamo~
(straboni) erTmaneTTan urTierToba ar surdaT?! farTo masebis gaerTianebis gareSe ki es samuSao ver Sesruldeboda.
`wyaldidobisas mis gamanadgurebel zemoqmedebasTan brZola moiTxovda xalxis farTo masebis koleqtiur organizacias~ (gv. 65).
foTidan enguramde axlac Waobebia gadaSlili, misi movla mxolod
XX s-dan gaxda SesaZlebeli.
koleqtiur Sromas moiTxovda Waobebis da tyiani masivebis
savargulebad qceva (gv. 66).
`strabonisa da sxvaTa cnobiT, Zv. w. VI-IV ss. kolxeTi warmoadgenda
tomobriv struqturaze dafuZnebul sust da efemerul politikur gaerTianebas~ (gv. 80).
o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, kolxeTs berZnebi uwodebdnen dRevandel
dasavleT saqarTvelos biWvinTidan Woroxamde da skande-Sorapnis xazamde
(gv. 80).
strabonis cnobebiT ki, kolxeTi zRvispira viwro zolia! xolo skanda-Sorapani arsianis qedTan iyo! e.i. kolxeTi Woroxis xeobaa _ arsianamde.
487

kolxuri TeTri _ monetebi miekuTvneba berZnul polisebs da savaWro

faqtoriebs (emporionebs) da ara e.w. `kolxeTis samefos~. saxelmwifoa
mxolod iberiaSi _ strabonis cnobiT da ara kolxeTSi! (gv. 80).
arqeologebma kolxeTSi ver aRmoaCines saxnisi!!! Tumca aRmoCnda
Toxebi da culebi. aqedan Cans, rom aietis saxnisis kultura ukavSirdeba ara rionis xeobas, aramed Woroxs, sadac aseTi nivTebis
simravlea (gv. 63).
aieti xarebs uRelSi abams da saxniss ukeTebs, ejibreba xvna-TesvaSi
iasons, saxnisi ki rionis dablobSi ar aRmoCnda (gv. 80).
rionis vakeze arqeologebma saxnisi ver aRmoaCines. amis sakompensaciod T. miqelaZem raRac rkinis nivTi _ rkinis saxnisad Tu saxnisisebur `iaraRad~ gamoacxada.
albaT unda aRmoCeniliyo ara `rkinis~, aramed `brinjaos~ saxnisi (gv.
82).
md. halisisa da Woroxis auzSi xalibebis (Wanebis) qveyanaSi Zv.w. I
aTaswleulis I naxevriT daTariRebuli uamravi rkinis damamuSavebeli
saxelosnoebi, rkinis salRobi qurebi, uamravi odenobis widebi, cecxlgamZle Tixis maragis Sesanaxi moednebia dafiqsirebuli. esaa _ `rkinis
dedis qveyana~ (esqile) (gv. 84).
vanis

arqeologia

vanSi aRmoCnda `Tlili qviT nagebi mZlavri TavdacviTi kedlebi da

koSkebi, karibWis kompleqsi, taZrebi da sakulto nagebobebi, sakurTxevlebi, qvisa da brinjaos qandakebebi da sxva~ (gv. 83).
Cveni azriT, vani araa levkoTea, sataZro qalaqi kolxeTsa ,,armeniasa
da iberias Soris myofi~ (straboni). iberiasa da kolxeTs yofda skandasarapani (arsianis qedze), xadRac iq iyo levkoTia.
`vanSi da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva punqtebSi Zv.w. V-IV ss
daTariRebuli uamravi oqros nivTi aRmoCnda~. aqemeniduri kulturis mqone arian-qarTlis mefeTa mier wamoRebuli (gv. 87).
o. lorTqifaniZem gamowvlilviT gamoikvlia e.w. `axalgoris ganZi~ da daaskvna, rom is `aqemeniduri sasaxlis nivTebia~ Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebisa. amave ti pis nivTebi dadasturda agreTve vansa, dablagomsa da
dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki vanSi.
rogor moxvda dasavleT saqarTveloSi es nivTebi, maSin, roca miCneulia, rom `aqemenidTa satrapebi~ (igulisxmeba azo, farnavazi da iberiis
samefo saxlis wevrebi) dasaxldnen aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da safuZveli Cauyares aRmosavlur-qarTul _ iberiis saxelmwifos.
Tu iberia mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos moicavda, ratom aRmoCnda aseTi siuxvis aqemenuri kulturis nivTebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi?
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vanSi gacilebiT metadaa gamovlenili es nivTebi,
vidre Tundac axalgorSi.
pasuxis gacemamde SeiZleba davsvaT meore msgavsi kiTxva _ rogor
moxvda dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeSi kldeeTsa da borSi cno488

bili iberiuli saganZuri? am kiTxvas ase pasuxoben _ kldeeTi da bori,

anu dasavleT saqarTvelos erTi nawili Sedioda iberiis samefoSi,
radgan wyaroebiT, iberia skanda-Sorapnamde iyo ganvrcobili, amitom
aqac, viTarca iberiis nawilSi iberiuli kultura iyo gavrcelebuli.
Tu asea, maSin vanSi iberiuli kulturis ganvrcobis damadasturebeli arqeologiuri masalis arseboba iZleva saSualebas daisvas kiTxva,
xom ar Sedioda vanic iberiaSi?
`Zveli kolxeTi iyo miTiuri qveyana elinTa fantaziis nayofi~ _
weren ucxoeli mecnierebi. es miTi qarTulma sabWoTa mecnierebam
realobad miiCnia da safuZvlad daudo kuTxur separatizms (gv.
88).
o. lorTqifaniZe daaskvnis: `Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi qarTulzanuri erToba ukve diferencirebulia da megrul-Wanuri calke gamoyofili da gviani brinjaos xanis kolxuri kulturis Semqmnelic swored
megrul-Wanuri mosaxleobaa~. gv. 102. Tu enobrivad diferencirebuli
iyo, ratom aris nawarmoebi Zveli qarTuli enis normebis Sesabamisad
,,lazuri sityva quTaTisi~? prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, sityva `quTaTisi~ _ lazuria, lazTa enaa. es sityva ki Zveli qarTuli enis
normebiTaa nawarmoebi.
dasavleT armeniis eTnikuri saxe (Zv.w. II s.-dan)

bizantiis imperiis administraciuli dayofis Sesabamisad, olq `dasavleT armeniaSi~ moeqca is qarTuli mxareebi, romelnic jer kidev
qristeSobamde armeniam CamoaWra iberias, pariadris mTis mimdebare qveyana da xorZene. am mxareebTan erTad gogarenec iberiisagan
strabonis cnobiT, miutacebia somxeTs. marTalia, qarTvelTa samefom
gogarene ukan daibruna, magram aRniSnuli mxareebi (pariadres mTis
mimdebare qveyana da xorZene) aRarasodes dabrunebia saqarTvelos.
aseTi politikuri gadanawilebis Sedegad am mxareebSi mcxovrebi
mkvidri qarTvelebi, ormxriv asimilacias ganicdidnen. erTdroulad
isini cxovrobdnen bizantiaSic da mis olq `armeniaSic~, am qarTvelebs
Sesabamisad hqondaT ormagi _ berZnuli da somxuri politikuri da
kulturuli zewola.
amis Sedegad cxadia, mimdinareobda qarTvelebis asimilacia, magram,
sabednierod, es procesi sakmaod mcire xans gagrZelda, imdenad, rom
rodesac tao-klarjeTis samefom da Semdgom gaerTianebulma
saqarTvelom Tavisi politikuri sazRvari vanis tbamde miitana
_ iqaur qarTvelebs jer kidev axsovdaT TavianTi eTnikur-erovnuli vinaoba.
vinaobaaRorZinebuli qarTvelebi qmnidnen kidec erovnul qarTulqalkedonur saepiskoposoebs am `somxur~ qveyanaSi, romelTac Cveni Tanamedrove somexi istorikosebi `somxur-qalkedonur~ saepiskoposoebs
uwodeben, magram TviT n. adoncis kvlevac ki aCvenebs, rom dasavleT armenia _ qarTuli warmoSobis qveynebisa da mosaxleobisagan Sedgeboda.
489

n. adoncis sityviT, somxuri zewolis Sedegad mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis erTi nawili, jer kidev qristeSobamde qarTuli miwebis mitacebis dros, daZrula Tavisi sacxovrisidan da ufro CrdiloeTiT
gadasaxlebula - ` ,
~ (n. adonci, gv. 395).
`am duRilSi Camoyalibda somexTa nacionaluri saxe~, _ wers n. adonci (iqve, gv. 395),
somxuri erovneba, misi sityviT, Camoyalibda qristeSobamde ramdenime
saukuniT adre - somxuri erovnebis maformirebeli masebis frigielebis (balkanelebis), aseve samxreTuli arameuli tomebisa da armeniaSi
istoriulad mkvidri adgilobrivi qarTveluri tomebis _ mosxebis, matienebis, sasperiebis, alaridielebis da sxvebis urTierTSereviT.
n. adoncs mohyavs strabonis cnoba, rom antioqos didis (223-187) orma
mxedarmTavarma artaqsiam da zariadram erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles
armenia da gamoacxades damoukidebloba, Tumca somexTa mefeebi iqamdec
iyvnen cnobilni.
n. adonci wers _ `somxuri erovneba formirda sxvadasxva tomebisa da aseve sxvadasxva rasebis elementTa urTierTSereviT. aqemenidTa teritoria, romelsac Semdgom armenia ewoda, dasaxlebuli iyo
sxvadasxva erovnebebiT, somxebTan erTad. am Sav zRvamde gadaSlil msxvil sparsul satrapiaSi cxovrobdnen matienebi, sasperiebi da alarodebi. qserqses laSqrobisas armenielebi frigielebTan erTad idgnen,
xolo alarodebi da sasperiebi erTad, maTTan gverdiT _ mosxebi da
tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi, marebi da kolxebi, utielebi da mikebi
_ erTad. 10 aTasi berZnis ukan daxevis dros _ fasianebisa da esperitebis, e.i. saspeirebis, aseve taoxebis miwa _ ukve armeniad iTvleboda da
sxva armeniisagan gansasxvaveblad dasavleTi ewodeboda. mmarTveli anu
satrapi erTi nawilisa iyo tiribazi, meorisa _ oronti (qsenofonte,
anabazisi, III, 5,17, IV, 3,4 da 4,4, VII 18,25). mezobeli tomebi am dros sargeblobdnen damoukideblobiT, kerZod _ karduxebi, xalibebi, qaldeebi,
makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, koiotebi da tibarenebi (iqve, VII, 8, 25).
nawilobriv an mTlianad es erovnebebi iqcnen mkvidr mosaxleobad
im teritoriisa, romelic Semdgom eWira armenias (n. adonci, gv. 394).
rogorc vxedavT, TviT adoncis cnobiT, kolxebi, karduxebi, qaldeebi
da sxva qarTvelTa winapari tomebi iyo mkvidri mosaxleoba dasavleT
armeniisa, maT srul asimilacias somex xalxSi aferxebda romis da
bizantiis imperiis siaxlove armeniis centralur nawilTan, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom dasavleT armenia umeteswilad aRniSnuli
imperiebis xeldebuli qveyana iyo.
Zalze sainteresoa n. adoncisave cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom somxeTis
Zveli mkvidri mosaxleoba, zemoT CamoTvlili da xsva tomebi
`sisxlis siaxloviT~ erTi warmoSobisa iyvnen (gv. 394).
am tomTagan mravali gaqra istoriis asparezidan, magaliTad, alarodebi, saspeirebi, taoxebi, fasianebi _ rogorc erovnebebi, magram maTi
saxelebi daerqvaT maT yofil sacxovris qveynebs, rac asaxa geografi490

ulma saxelwodebebma _ airarati, speri, tao, basiani (gv. 394). maSasadame, n.

adoncis azriT _ speri-saspeirebis, tao-taoxebis, xolo basiani fasianis qveyana iyo. es momenti imiTaa saintereso, rom konstantinopolur
noticiebSi lazikis eparqiaSi gvxvdeba saeparqio saxelwodebani _
fasiani da sxva _ fas, bas fuZeebiT. maSasadame, isini, n. adoncis mosazrebiT, basianis qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen. marTlac, pravoslavnaia enciklopedias statiis `somexi qalkedonitebi~ TandarTul rukaze spersa da
basianSi mravali eparqiaa aRniSnuli konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
trapezuntis samitropolitoSi.
n. adoncis mixedviT, zariadras da artaqsias dros Camoyalibda
erTiani somxuri ena, romelic xelmisawvdomi iyo mTeli xalxisaTvis, es gadamwyveti momenti iyo somexi xalxis formaciisa (gv. 395).
iberebs im dros armeniam waarTva pariadris mTiswineTi _ tao
da speri, xorZena da gogarena, xalibebisa da mosinikebisagan
miitaca keruniti da darusena, aseve sxva xalxebisagan miwebi
(gv. 395). am epoqaSi, n. adoncis sityviT _ `CrdiloeTisaken iqnen
gandevnilni aseve kolxebi, mosxebi da sxva xalxebi~ (gv. 395).
somxeTs miusakuTrebia aseve kapadokiaSi mcxovrebi kataonebis miwebi. saerTod, kapadokielebs siriul samyaros miakuTvnebdnen, berZnebi
maT sirielebs uwodebdnen _ kerZod, TeTr sirielebs sxvebisgan gansasxvaveblad. kapadokia eTnikurad semitebs ukavSirdeboda (gv. 395). strabonis cnobiT, sirielebi cxovrobdnen babilonidan evqsinis pontomde
anu Sav zRvamde (gv. 396).
n. adonci fiqrobs, rom somxebi ori rasis _ semiti arameelebis (romelTac semiti kapadokielebi enaTesavebodnen) da frigielebis urTierTSereviT Camoyalibdnen, aseve SeZles sxvadasxva adgilobrivi xalxebis
asimilireba (gv. 396).
n. adoncis sityviT, `Tavdapirvelad armenia dasaxlebuli iyo
sxvadasxva satomo jgufebiT _ karduxebiT, mosxebiT, saspeirebiT
da sxva. Zv.w. VIIs-Si kimerielebis Semosevam Tavisi sacxovrisidan
daZra frigieli somxebi, maT gadalaxes evfrati da Seuties adgilobriv mosaxleobas, romelTa nawili darCa CrdiloeTSi, nawili ki samxreTSi. maT Sua mcxovrebi damorCilebuli zoli
Seeria gamarjvebul frigiel somxebs. Semosulebisa da mkvidrebis urTierTSereviT Seiqmna somxuri erovnebis birTvi (gv.
398).
n. adonci SeniSnavs, rom somxeTis samxreTiT da CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi kardu-karduxi-kordusioni-gorduen-qarTu-qarTueli-qarTveli _ erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis xalxis saxelia (gv. 398, SeniSvna
1).
amasTanaveo, wers adonci _ `amJamad uaryofilia mosazreba TiTqosda
qarduxebi qurTebis winaprebi iyvnen. qurTebi Zvelad ixsenieboda sxva
saxeliT~ _ da ganagrZobs armeniis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT mcxovreb tomTa saxelebis msgavsebaTa Sesaxeb msjelobas _ CrdiloeTiT
cxovrobdnen xalibebi, samxreTiT xaldebi, strabonTan ixsenie491

ba ori olqis saxeliT _ sasperitebi, erTi speri _ Woroxze

(herodotes sasperitebi, qsenofontes _ esperitebi), xolo meore _
samxreTSi, tigrosis axlos _ Tanamedrove Supria. yvela am xalxebma
tigran didis imperiaSi SeZles gaerTmniSvnelovneba imdenad, rom mTeli mosaxleoba laparakobda saerTo enaze (gv. 399).
saerTo-erovnuli enis SemuSaveba gardamtexi etapi iyo im qveynisaTvis, sadac iqamde aseTi simravle iyo tomebisa da erovnebebisa (gv.
399).
adamianis mdgomareoba sxvadasxva tomobriv garemoSi albaT isazRvreboda sisxlismieri naTesaobiT ama Tu im sagvareulos mimarT.
somxurma sagvareulo saxelwodebamac ki SeinarCunes Tavisi
pirvelqarTuli warmomavloba n. adoncis cnobiT.
magaliTad, cnobili sagvareulos xorxorunebis sagvareulo tituli iyo `malxazi~, rac saerTod mflobels, Tavads niSnavs. es
tituli, n. adoncis sityviT, amodis qarTuli sityvidan `saxli~,
fuZe `axl~, amave fuZidanaa somxuri `alaxin~ _ moaxle (gv. 400).
meore termini _ sagvareulo tituli bagratidebisa iyo _ aspet.
n. adonci mas miiCnevs qarTuli uflis, sparsuli sepuris (uflis wulis) gadmonaSTad.
mamikonianebis _ WaneTis, speris da taos Tavdapirveli didebulebis sagvareulo termini iyo `mamiki~, rac ukavSirdeba qarTul
sityva `mamas~, e.i. saxlis mama, mamasaxlisi.
faustis cnobiT, mamikonianebs TavianTi sagvareulo gamohyavdaT Wenebidan, anonimis sityviT, WeneTi iyo CineTi. TiTqos iqidan moxvdnen isini taoSi. sinamdvileSi `Tavdapirveli tradiciiT, WeneTis qveS
igulisxmeboda ara Cinelebi, aramed Wanebi, taosTan _ mamikonidebis
sagvareulo olqTan axlos mcxovrebni (gv. 403). maTgan iyvnen gamosulni orbelianebi (gv. 404). es araa sakvirveli, radganac bagratidebi
speridan iyvnen saqarTveloSi gadasulebi (gv. 404).
somxuri `ter~ da sxva terminebi n. adoncs qarTuli sityvidan
`ufali~ (mama _ ufali, deda _ ufali, mefe, mamfali) gamohyavs.
zemoCamoTvlili terminebi (malxazi, arpeti, mamaki, ter) naxararTa
wridan aRebulia iberiuli zolidan.
aqedan Cans, rom dasavleT armenia da sxva ufro didi olqebic _
qarTuli warmoSobis tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelTac kvali daaCnies somxur enas.
maT TavianTi warmoSoba icodnen kidec. n. adonci wers _ `rogorc
ar unda asimilirebuliyvnen isini, saboloo jamSi, mainc inarCunebdnen
TavianT kolorits~ (gv. 415). n. adoncisTvis `koloriti~, Cveni azriT,
iyo TviTSemecneba imisa, rom isini qarTul eTnikur wres ekuTvnodnen,
miTumetes V-VII saukuneebSi, roca maTi asimilacia ar iyo Zalze Sors
wasuli. am mizezis gamo armeniis garSemo Camoyalibda oTxi mcire
politikuri sxeuli _ bdexSebis samflobelo _ maT Soris gogarena da
arzanena (gv. 416).
gogarena Tavis qarTul saxes inarCunebda.
492

armeniis samxreTiT mcxovrebi kurtebi (qurTebis winaprebi) da karduxebi (qarTvelTa monaTesaveni) n. adoncis sityviT, somxebis gavlenis
qveS aRmoCdnen (gv. 418). aseve maTi mezobeli matienebi kaspiis zRvisken
gelebis da karduxebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen utiebi, isini Tavdapirvelad utiebis samxreTiT cxovrobdnen, Semdeg CrdiloeTiT, maTTan erTad CrdiloeTiT gelebic gadasaxldnen (gv. 420).
n. adoncs albaneTis somxur olqad miaCnia siuni-sivnieTi, Tumca isini somxebisgan gansxvavdebodnen (gv. 423).
utielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen mTidan Camosuli gargarebi, isini
gardmanTanac cxovrobdnen. sabolood, yvela am eTnojgufis `infiltracia~, e.i. armenizacia moxda SemdegSic (gv. 425).
n. adoncis gamokvlevebidan Cans, rom somxeTis gare mxareebi,
miTumetes dasavleT armenia, sadac trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen _ qarTvelTa istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo, maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma SeZlo eTno da erovnuli
vinaobis SenarCuneba, rogorc nerse somexTa kaTalikosis dros,
ise mis Semdeg: tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefos Zliereba am
Segnebas efuZneboda.
iberebi xotenesa da akiliseneSi (Zv.w. I s.)

somxeTis olqebi xotene da akilisena istoriulad iberebis sacxovrisi yofila. isini jer kidev qarTuli olqebi iyvnen apianesa da
strabonis epoqaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, swored ase gadmogvcems apiane.
kerZod, is amis Sesaxeb wers miTridates kolxeTisaken gadaadgilebis
marSrutis aRwerisas. CvenTvis es momenti imiTaa saintereso, rom aRniSnuli olqebi SemdgomSi lazikis samitropolitos nawilebi gaxdnen
da axlos mdebareobdnen karinis, anu Teodosiopolis olqTan, saerTod
e.w. iberiis TemTan. ufro metic, Cven albaT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom isini
Teodosiopolisis miwa-wylis nawils Seadgendnen, mis Semogaren regions, romelTa soflebisa da dabebis mosaxleobas ase TavdadebiT icavda
qarTvelTa samefos laSqari konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi (roca
am soflebis mosaxleobis darbeva da SimSiliT amowyveta surda bizantiur mxares mravalgzis, razedac TviTon wers imperatori). iberebi aq
ara mxolod apianes, aramed basili II bulgarTmmusvrelis epoqaSic
cxovrobdnen.
apiane am mxareTa iberebis Sesaxeb wers _ `miTridatem Seusvenebliv
sirbiliT iara da daaxloebiT meoTxe dRes gadalaxa evfrati,
xolo Semdeg sami dRe idga da aiaraRebda imaT, vinc masTan
erTad iyo, an mas uerTdeboda, Semdeg SeiWra xoteneSi, armeniaSi.
iq man ukuagdo xotenebi da iberebi, romlebic mas isrebiTa da
SurdulebiT abrkolebdnen da gadavida mdinare afsarosze... miTridatem zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara~ (apiane, miTridates omebis
istoria, 1959, gv. 195).
imave ambavs aRwerda straboni, kerZod, miTridatem gadalaxa evfrati,
493

sadac iyo akilisenes wyaluxvi mTa, qarTulad albaT `wyaluxvi~ JRerda rogorc `fasis mTa~, `fasisi~, radganac p. ingoroyvas kvleviT, uxvwylian qveyanas fasisi erqva, aqedanaa albaT `basianis~ provinciis saxelic. straboni wers _ `pompeusis mier devnili miTridate aq gamoiqca, pontos samefos am ukidures kuTxeSi, dai pyro dasteirasTan akilesenes wyaluxvi mTa, maxloblad iyo evfratic, romelic
sazRvravda akilesenes mcire armeniisagan da aq cxovrobda manam,
sanam alyaSemortymuli iZulebuli ar gaxda gaqceuliyo mTebis
gadaRma kolxidaSi da iqidan ki bosforSi~ (strabonis geografia,
1957, gv. 212).
n. xazaraZe azustebs, Tu sad mdebareobda es raionebi _ `Tu strabonisa da apianes moyvanil cnobebs erTimeores SevudarebT, Tan afsarosWoroxisa da evfratis saTaveebs Soris xotene-xorZenes mravali mecnieris mier gaziarebul lokalizacias gaviTvaliswinebT, SesaZloa davuSvaT, rom akaliseneSi mdebare cixe-simagre dasteira pariadris mTebis (anu tao-speris) samxreTiT ganlagebul regionSia saZiebeli, pontos
samefosa da didi armeniis sazRvarze, iq, sadac kolxeTSi (pontospireTSi) mimavali is gza gadioda, romliTac Zv.w. I saukuneSi
pompeusisgan devnilma miTridatem da misma qveiTma jarma isargebles, xolo gvian vaxtang gorgasalma da misma laSqarma~ (n.
xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001, gv. 368).
lazikis eparqiis erTi nawili, romelic aRniSnul regionebsac moicavda, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mier miCneulia azonis mamis samefod, anu
arian-qarTlis samefos erT nawilad. aq brZoliT Sesula mefe farnavazi, Semdeg ki vaxtang gorgasali.
vaxuStis cnobiT, klarjeTi azonis mamiseuli samefos, anu arian-qarTlis nawili iyo. Sesabamisad, klarjeTis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebic arian-qarTlis samefos nawilad miiCneoda. klarjeTis samxreTiT ki tao-speri, aRniSnuli xorZene, akilisene da
sxva mxareebi iyo. maSasadame, azonis mamis qveyana iyo tao, speri,
xorZene da mimdebare mxareebi.
azonisa da farnavazis omisas farnavazi SeiWra azonis mamul
samefoSi swored aRniSnul mxareebSi. isini, imJamad ukve `saberZneTis~ nawilad miiCneoda. azons `berZnebi~ uWerdnen mxars, artaanis
naqalaqarSi `iqmna brZola didZali da moswydes orgniTve uricxvi.
xolo iZlivnen berZenni farnavazisagan. ivltoda banaki maTi da mokles azon da uricxvni spani maTni mosrnes da tyve qmnes da warvida
farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekeleciT
Semoiqca. movida klarjeTs, dai pyra klarjeTi da warmovida mcxeTad~ (q.c. I, gv. 23).
ekeleci da anZoreTi (anZiaZora) aseve ixsenieba vaxtang gorgaslis
cxovrebaSi, roca is, rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa odindel istoriul samSobloSi, anu arian-qarTlis miwebze ibrZoda, kerZod, es brZola mimdinareobda Semdgomi Teodosiopolis (karinis) _ trapezuntis arealze,
anu swored iq, sadac Semdgom lazikis eparqia Camoyalibda.
494

vaxtang gorgaslis laSqari `moadges cixe-qalaqsa, romelsa erqva

karaxpola, xolo aw ewodebis karnu-qalaqi da brZodes mas... warvida
vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi, ekeleci da
steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q.c.
I, gv. 123).
mkvlevarTa azriT, `zRvis kidis didi qalaqi~ trapezuntia, maSasadame,
aRniSnuli qalaqebi karnu-qalaqsa (Teodosiopolissa) da trapezunts
Soris iyvnen.
anZianZoraSi `ars saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa~ (iqve, gv. 160).
trapezuntsa da Teodosiopoliss istoriulad aerTianebda gza saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisa, romelic Sav zRvas sparseTTan aerTebda, am
or qalaqs Soris iyo, rogorc miiCneva, istoriuli xotenas da
axlos akilisenes provinciebi, romelnic arian-qarTlis miwawyalze mdebareobdnen da miTridates, konstantine porfirogenetisa da basili II bulgarTmmusvrelis epoqaSi qarTvelebiT iyvnen
dasaxlebulni, Tumca ki ukve qveyanas `armenia~ ewodeboda, ris gamoc
mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba armenizaciis procesisagan Tavis garidebas cdilobda, maT Soris konfesiuradac. qarTuli `ekeleci~, sadac
farnavazs azonis mamuli qveyana eguleboda, da sadac ibrZoda vaxtang
gorgasali, strabonis akilisena yofila (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSromi, gv.
364). is, e.w. `maRal somxeTSi~ mdebareobda, evfratis xeobaSi q. erizasTan
(erzinka). masa da Teodosiopoliss Soris unda yofiliyo strabonis
mier naxsenebi `akilesenes wyaluxvi mTa~, sadac miTridate cota xans
cxovrobda da aqve xoteneni, mkvidri iberebi SeebrZolnen isrebiTa da
SurdulebiT. xotene zogi mecnieris mier xorzened miiCneva (iqve, gv.
367). iqve, tao-speris samxreTiT yofila pariadris mTebi, romelic miTridatemde sul cota xnis win armenielebma iberebs waarTves. am Zveli
qarTuli adgilebis, anu arian-qarTlis dasabruneblad, rogorc iTqva,
ubrZoliaT _ farnavazs, Semdeg _ vaxtang gorgasals, Semdeg,
SegviZlia vTqvaT, daviT didi kurapalati da saqarTvelos mefe
giorgi I ibrZodnen, sadac Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, `lazikis samitropolitos~ iurisdiqcia gavrcelda da `iberiis Temi~ mdebareobda, aq iyo im iberTa (da ara somexTa) qalkedonituri saepiskoposoebi,
romelnic konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen. am adgilebis e.w. somxur-qalqedonuri saepiskoposoebis mrevlis umetesoba eTnikuri qarTvelebi iyvnen.
n. xazaraZe mosxebis

qveynis Sesaxeb (Zv.w. I s.)

straboni wers _ mdinareebis fazisis, glavkosisa da hi posis `maRla

(zemoT) mosxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobs levkoTeas samlocvelo, friqses
mier agebuli da misi samisno, sadac verZs ar swiraven msxverplad.
odesRac is mdidari iyo, xolo Cvens dros igi farnakes mier da cota
mogvianebiT, miTridate pergamonelis mier iqna gaZarculi~ (XI, 2,17). n.
xazaraZes ase gadmoaqvs _ `mdinareebis maRla _ zemoT~, `maRal adg495

ilze~, e.i. mTaSi ganlagebuls niSnavs (gv. 21). `mosxebis qveyanas~ straboni meorejerac axsenebs: `mosxebis qveyana, romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi misi nawili aqvT kolxebs,
meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs~ (XI, 2, 18).
samlocvelo ki ar aris samad gayofili, aramed mosxebis qveyana. misi
erTi nawili armenielebs daupyriaT, xolo ori danarCeni Tavisufal
nawilTagan erTi iberebis, meore ki kolxebis xelSia.
n. xazaraZis kvleviT `mosxebis qveyana~ mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, e.w. `istoriul kolxeTSi~, aramed samxreT
saqarTveloSi _ istoriul mesxeTSi.
is ikvlevs sxvadasxva epoqis wyaroebs da askvnis _ `straboniseuli
`mosxikes~ (mosxebis qveynis) moTavsebas istoriuli mesxeTis
adgilze ufro gviandeli xanis (Zv.w. I-ax.w. III ss) werilobiTi
wyaroebic uWeren mxars~ (n. xazaraZe,: `ZvelaRmosavluri da
qarTveluri Ziebani~, 2001 w. gv. 222).
Tu `mosxebis qveyana~ _ istoriuli mesxeTia da misi erTi
nawili kolxebis xelSia moqceuli strabonis Tanaxmad, maSin
kolxeTi aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed trapizonis mxare
_ e.w. lazistanis aRmosavleTi teritoria, kerZod ki Woroxis xeobis
zRvispira nawili e.w. bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri da TviTon
klarjeTi. radgan istoriul mesxeTs dasavleTis mxridan sazRvravda
swored md. Woroxis xeobis erT-erTi qedi, romelsac lazistanisa ewodeba.
istoriuli mesxeTis erTi nawili rom armenielebis mier iyo dapyrobili strabonis epoqaSi, es Zveli qarTuli wyaroebiTacaa cnobili.
kerZod, pariadres kalTebis CamorTmevis Semdgom iberiasa da armenias
Soris sadavo iyo basiani da tao mtkvris saTaveebamde.
xolo ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT, klarjeTis momijnave istoriuli mesxeTis mxare artaani _ ZiriTadad mudam iberiaSi Sedioda, isaa
erTaderTi qarTuli regioni, romelic erTdroulad emijneboda
lazistans, qarTlsa da somxeTs.
n. xazaraZe askvnis _ `geografiis XI, 2,17-Si, iseve, rogorc XI, 2,18-Si
moxseniebuli `mosxebis qveyana~ (`mosxike~) istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriazea saZiebeli (iqve, gv. 222).
strabonis `fazisi~ am SemTxvevaSi namdviladaa Woroxi.
n. xazaraZec ase fiqrobs strabonis `mosxikes~ adgilmdebareobis
dadgenis dros. `fazisis saTaved warmodgenilia ara fazis-rionis saTave, aramed Worox-fazisisa (armenia) (iqve, gv. 212). strabonisa da pliniusis mixedviT, kolxeTis mdinare fazisis Senakadebi arian glavkosi da
hi posi, (Strabo, XI, 2,17, XI, 3,4,
Plin, NH, VI, 13), klavdios ptolemaiosi glavkoss
uwodebs mdinares, romelic likosTan erTad 72030/ - 43045/7 -ze erTvis
afsaros-Woroxs (Ptolem, V, 10,3).
pliniusis mixedviT, fazisis saTave mosxebis mTebSia. Woroxis saTavec mesxebiT yofila dasaxlebuli.
`mosxuri mTebidan~ n. xazaraZis kvleviT, momdinareoben `mesxeTis
mdinareebi: Woroxi da misi Senakadebi TorTumi da bana-fanaskerti.
496

pliniusis cnobis amgvar interpretacias mxars uWers Semdegic: solini (ax.w. III s.), romlis Txzuleba ZiriTadad pliniusis naSromis safuZvelzea dawerili, fazisis, araqsisa da evfratis saTaveebs erTad ixseniebs. solinis azriT _ `henioxuri mTebi araqss gadmoRvrian, mosxuri ki _ faziss. araqsi saTaves iRebs evfratis saTaveebTan
axlos~, raki solini mogviTxrobs erT garkveul regionSi ganlagebuli da ara erTmaenTisagan daSorebuli mdinareebis saTavebze, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom `fazisis~ saxelwodebiT solini aRniSnavs ara
kolxeTis mdinare fazis-rions, aramed mesxeTis mdinare fazisWoroxs (Woroxis saTavis siaxlove araqsis da evfratis saTaveebTan saeWvo ar aris (n. xazaraZe, gv. 223).
n. xazaraZe aseve miiCnevs: `istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriaze mosxebis qveynis Zieba gamarTlebulia kornelius tacitusis (ax. w. III ss) im CvenebiTac, romlis Tanaxmad mosxebis miwa-wyali armeniis mezobladaa moTavsebuli (cnobaSi naTqvamia, rom mosxebi
Tavs esxmian armeniis miyruebul adgilebs). straboniseuli `mosxikes~ zemoT SemoTavazebul lokalizacias eTanxmeba mosxebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Zv.w. IV-V saukuneebis berZnuli wyaroebis monacemebic (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 223).
n. xazaraZe eTanxmeba T. miqelaZes da wers, rom friqses anu levkoTeas
taZari, saZebnia samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriul qarTlSi, xolo
argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi saZebnia ara rionis dablobze,
aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (Woroxis auzSi) _ `istoriul samreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. friqses
saxelTan dakavSirebuli Zeglisa da qveynis Ziebis sasargeblod
laparakobs T. miqelaZis is sayuradRebo Teoriac, romlis Suqze
argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi, ukeT aia-kolxeTi, saZiebelia
ara rionis dablobze, aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze, Woroxis auzSi~ (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 224).
marTlac, n. xazaraZis kvlevis Tanaxmad _ `straboni friqsesa da argonavtebis Txzulebis gmirebis (iazoni, medea, medosi, armenosi da sxva)
samoqmedo asparezad warmogvidgens ara rionispira kolxeTs, aramed mis
farglebs gareT (samxreTiT) mdebare regions. am TvalsazrisiT Semdegi cnobebia sayuradRebo: strabonis Tanaxmad, friqsesa da iazonis
laSqrobis Zeglebi mravlad moi poveba. geografosi wers: `friqsess
miuTiTeben kolxeTisa da iberiis sazRvarze, xolo iazonisas _ bevrgan
armeniis, midiis da maT mezoblad mdebare qveynebis adgilebSi~ (I, 2,39),
straboni azustebs: `iberiaSi aris erTi patara qalaqi friqsopolisi,
axlandeli idessa, kargad gamagrebuli adgili kolxeTis sazRvarze~
(XI, 2,18). eratosTeneze (Zv.w. III s.) dayrdnobiT straboni gvamcnobs, rom
iazonma `dastova xomaldi, rodesac kolxebisagan midioda da armeniasa
da midiamde xmeleTiT ilaSqra~.
armeniaSi iazonis yofnaze mis saxelze agebuli taZrebi laparakoben (XI, 13,10). iazonma TiTqos araqss kalapoti Seucvala (XI, 14,13). misi
Tanamgzavri armenosi armeniis eponomia (XI, 4,8), TanamgzavrTagan dasax497

ldnen akiliseneSi, uwin sofenebis gamgeblobaSi rom iyo, zogic sispiritisSi, armeniis sazRvrebs iqiT, strabons midiis saxelwodeba medeasa
da misi vaJis medosis saxelidan gamohyavs.
argonavtebis Tqmulebis gmirebis moqmedebis regioni samxreTidan
esazRvreba `mosxikesaTvis~ navaraudev miwa-wyals. `mosxikes~ uSualod emezobleboda farnakes da miTridate pergamonelis sabrZolo
areals, amitomac SeZles maT levkoTeas gaZarcva istoriuli mesxeTis samxreTiT.
argonavtebis Tqmulebis gmirebi armeniasa da midiaSi gadasulan
uSualod kolxeTidan, maT iberia rom gaevloT, straboni mogvcemda
Sesabamis cnobas (iseve, rogorc mogvca cnoba friqses taZris iberiaSi
arsebobis Sesaxeb). es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom argonavtebis kolxeTi araa dasavleT saqarTvelo. saidanac armeniaSi Sesasvlelad maT
iberia unda gaevloT. magram Tuki kolxeTi _ trapizon-Woroxis xeobaa,
iqedan armeniaSi Sesvla SesaZlebeli iyo sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris
ufro cnobili iyo Semdgom artanuj-artaanad wodebuli gza, romlis erTi mTavari toti Sedioda armeniaSi, iqidan ki midiaSi.
aranakleb cnobili iyo trapizon-Teodosopolis gza.
n. xazaraZe, iseve, rogorc XX saukunis zogierTi sxva qarTveli mkvlevari, xSirad laparakobs strabonis cnobebis uzustobebisa da winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb (dasax. naSromi, gv.211, 216), magram am SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
strabonis fazisad CavTvliT Woroxs, misi `uzustobani~ Semcirdeba.
magaliTad, `fazisis saTave armeniaSia~ (im epoqaSi Woroxis saTave armeniaSi iyo), faziss erTvis glavkosi da hi posi~ _ wers straboni. Tuki
glavkosad CavTvliT artanujiswyals liganis xevTan axlos (Sdr. `like~,
likani, liganisxevi _ likes axsenebs ptolemaiosi, romelic glavkosTan erTad erTvis Woroxs), aqac strabonis `uzustoba~ mcirdeba.
straboni wers: magaliTad, `fazisze curva SeiZleba sarapanamde~ (XI,
2,17). TuU Cven gavbedavT da davZlevT tradiciul Tvalsazriss da CavTvliT, rom sarapana ar aris imereTis Sorapani da sarapanad CavTvliT
Woroxis romelime sanaosno navsayudels (magaliTad arTvins), maSin
aRar visaubrebT strabonis `uzustobebis~ Sesaxeb, radgan Woroxi d.
baqraZis cnobiT namdvilad iyo sanaosno arTvinamde (masze 200-ze meti
brtyelZira navi dacuravda, romliTac Woroxis xeobis saqoneli _ daxerxili ficrebi da produqtebi gadahqondaT Savi zRvis portebSi da
piriqiT _ Savi zRvis portebidan ZiriTadad marili da msubuqi saqoneli gahqondaT arTvinamde).
toponimi Sorapani qarTul samyaroSi mravlad meordeba, magaliTad,
`Sorapani~ erqva qalaq ozurgeTs XV saukuneSi istoriuli atlasis
mixedviT. straboni wers `iberiaSi oTxi Sesasvlelia: erTi aris
kolxuri cixe-simagre Sorapanze da masTan arsebul viwroebze,
romelzec fazisi momdinareobs, swrafi da xmauriani miemarTeba
kolxidaSi, romelzec 120 xidiT gaivleba mixveul-moxveulobis
gamo. mravali nakadulebiT warmoiqmneba (fazisi) zemoT mdebare
mTebSi, mravali nakadulisagan, xolo dablobSi Rebulobs sxva
498

mdinareebs, romelTa Soris aris glavkosi da hi posi, gavsili da

sanaosnod gamosadegi Cadis pontoSi~ (XI, 3,4).
Tu Woroxi (an misi Senakadi) _ fazisia, xolo kolxida _ `klarjeTi
da bolo klarjeTisa _ zRvispiria~, iberiaSi Sesasvleli namdvilad
miuyveba Savi zRvidan md. Woroxs, adis arTvinamde da Semdeg
Sedis viwro xeobaSi, romelSic Semdgom artanuji aigo, artanujidan ki Sedis iberiaSi, anu artaanSi _ kandridis, anu skandis gziT.
Tu am mosazrebas gaviziarebT, strabonis `uzustobac~ aRmoifxvreba.
Tu fazisad CavTvliT rions, maSin namdvilad straboni aRmoCndeba `arazusti~, radganac daWaobebul dablobze mimdinare da deltebian napirebian rionze amJamadac ki SeuZlebelia 120 xidis ageba, magram Tu
CavTvliT, rom fazisi aris Woroxi misi Senakadebi, romelnic miedinebian kldeTa Soris viwro xeobebze, romlebzec istoriulad iyo gadebuli mravali Zveli TaRovani xidi (erT-erTi artanujTan, sxvebi mimdebare xeobebis wylebze), maSin aRar CavTvliT `arazustad~ strabons.
glavkosad da likosad ki SesaZlebelia Woroxis Senakadebi CavTvaloT,
rogorc aRiniSna _ upirvelesad liganis xevi, radganac Woroxis qveyanas arTvinTan axlos istoriulad `ligani~ erqva _ aq unda yofiliyo
md. likosi, like. aq axlac aris md. `liganis xevi~ (artanujis mxares).
cnobilia, rom erT-erTi like gaedineboda trapezuntis mxares, magram,
rogorc etimologiac miuTiTebs - sxva mdinare amave saxelwodebiT like-/likani-ligani/ liganis olqSic/ gaedineboda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli mdinareebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb amJamad erTiani azri ar arsebobs, ZiriTadad maT Tvlian md. rionis
Senakadebad, aseT SemTxvevaSi straboni Zalze `arazusti~ Cans.
md. hi poss miiCneven zogierTni cxeniswylad, zogi md. kodorad, an md.
lagvaSad (afxazeTSi) da a.S. xolo fazisad miiCneva md. yvirila da md.
rionis Sua da qvemo dineba. aseTi midgomis gamo straboni `arazusti~
Cans. magaliTad, SeuZlebeli xdeba levkoTeas taZris adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra, radganac igi mdebareobda aRniSnuli mdinareebis maRla, e.i. maRal adgilze, zemoT da ara Sors an moSorebiT (n. xazaraZe, gv.
219), amitom Tvlidnen levkoTead zogi mecnieri awyurs, zogi noqalaqevs,
zogi sairxes, zogi vans, xucubans. zogi mas aTavsebs kolxeTSi, zogi
iberiaSi, zogi kintriSis xeobaSi, adigensa da sxvagan maSin, roca strabonis mixedviT levkoTea `mosxikeSi~ _ mosxebis qveyanaSia. es unda
iyos, rogorc iTqva, artaanis mxare, romelsac uerTdeba klarjeTidan _
artaanSi anu kolxeTidan iberiaSi Semavali istoriuli gza. aRsaniSnavia, rom am mxreebSi, kerZod javaxeTSi, axlac aris sofeli koTelia,
romlis saxeli emsgavseba levkoTeas.
n. xazaraZe wers: _ `s. janaSias azriT, cxeniswyalTan hi posis gaigiveba
`nakleb sando Cans~, xolo yvirilasTan glavkosisa `savsebiT sacilobelia, Tu hi po cxeniswyalia, maSin bunebrivi iqneba davaskvnaT, rom
glavki rionia~ (s. janaSia, fasidi, Sromebi, II, gv. 180). g. meliqiSvili
tolobis niSans svams glavkosisa da zemo rions Soris., iseve, rogorc
499

s. janaSia, gamoricxulad Tvlian yvirilasTan glavkosis gaigivebas. o.

lorTqifaniZis azriT, ufro marTebulia glavkosi identificirebuli
iqnes rionis marcxena SenakadTan md. sulorTan. n. lomouri md. glavkoss aigivebs dRevandel md. olTi-CaisTan, xolo likoss _ dRevandel
md. TorTumTan. n. xazaraZe dasaSvebad Tvlis n. lomouris azrs (n.
xazaraZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 228).
Cveni azriT, rogorc iTqva, glavkosi da likosi saZebnia im arealSi,
sadac artanujiswyali uerTdeba Woroxs, artanujiswyalis SesarTavia
liganisxevi. eseni SesaZloa iyvnen glavkosi da likosi (anda amave
arealSi Woroxis sxva Senakadebi), xolo hi posi amave arealSia saZebni,
kerZod, arTvinidan zRvis mimarTulebiT Woroxis marcxena wyaluxvi
Senakadebidan erT-erTi.
saqme isaa, rom Zvel avtorebs, rogorc Cans, ainteresebdaT ara Woroxis, e.i. fazisis vrceli xeoba mTlianad (es nawili armeniaSi Semavalad
miiCneoda), aramed misi mxolod is nawili, romelic moicavda fasisTan
erTad glavkossa da hi poss (da iqve myof sxva mdinareebs), radganac
mxolod am nawils moicavda kolxida-iberia-armeniis damakavSirebeli
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza, romelzec SemdgomSi aigo artanujis
cixe-simagre, masSi ki konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, Sediodnen
(cxadia, aRniSnuli gziT) vaWrebi iberiidan, armeniidan, siriidan. am
gziT SesaZlebeli iyo samxreT kavkasiis mTeli tvirTebis gadazidva
Savi zRvis portebSi da piriqiT, bizantiuri saqonlisa mcire aziaSi
vidre siriamde, Tu ar CavTvliT Tbilisur da kavkasiur saqonels.
rac Seexeba md. Woroxs, rogorc Cans, mas zemowelSi erqva akamfsisi,
SuawelSi boasi, xolo (md. artanujiswylis) qvemoT zRvamde _ fazisi,
masve, an mis maxlobel mdinares, Cans. afsarosic erqva _ afsirtes, medeas
Zmis, mkvlelobis adgilis saxelis mixedviT, is am mdinaris SesarTavTan
(da ara rionTan) mouklavT.
radganac kolxeTis (Semdegdroindeli lazikis) adgilmdebareobis
gansazRvrisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba `mesxebis qveynis~ lokalizacias, moviyvanoT uZvelesi cnobebi mesxTa (mosxTa) Sesaxeb. hekatos
mileteli (VI s. qristeSobamde) ixseniebs maT. stefane bizantielis (VI
s. Cveni welTaRricxviT) `eTnikaSi~ vkiTxulobT `hekatos miletelis
Tanaxmad, mosxebi kolxuri tomia da cxovroben matienebis mezoblad~.
nana xazaraZe wers _ `hekatos miletelis warmodgeniT termin `kolxis~
gavrcelebis areali moicavda md. Woroxis SesarTavidan samxreTiT
mdebare regions. saqme is aris, rom matienebis tomis md. Woroxis maRla
(CrdiloeTiT) ganvrcobis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar arsebobs~ (iqve, gv. 258).
kolxebis md. Woroxis SesarTavis samxreTiT cxovrebis Sesaxeb cnobas
gvaZlevs herodote, romelic wers, rom md. TermodontTan mcxovrebma
sirielebma da maTma mezobelma makronebma `mxolod axlaxan~ iswavles
kolxebisagan winadacveTa (II, 104). md. Termodonti ki miedineba trapezuntis samxreTiT. javaxiSvilis azriTac, `winaT kolxebi Termodontis axlos cxovrobdnen~ (iqve, gv. 267). qsenofontis cnobiTac (IV s.
qristeSobamde) kolxebis toms ekuTvnoda teritoria md. Woroxis
500

samxreTiT, trapezuntis raionSi (iqve, gv. 268). avtori likofroni (IIIs.

qristeSobamde), romlis komentarebi ioane ceces ekuTvis, werda, rom
kolxebs agreTve uwodebdnen `aziel skviTebs~ da `levkosirielebs~
(iqve, gv. 268), maSasadame, kolxebi ar iyo erTi tomi, aramed krebiTi saxeli sxvadasxva modgmis tomebis, maT Soris, semituri warmoSobis levkosirielebisa, kolxebia mesxebic, romelnic Woroxis xeobaSi cxovroben.
kolxuri brinjaos nawarmi Zv.w. XIV-XII ss-Si anatoliaSi farTod gavrcelda (ordus ganZi (1926), sxva mraval adgilas aRmoCenili brinjaos
ganZi, maT Soris arTvinis (Woroxis xeobaSi). nana xazaraZis kvleviT
`mosxuri mTebi~, romlebic strabonis warmodgeniT kolxeTis samxreT
sazRvarze mdebareobda, saZiebelia trapezuntis CrdiloeTiT... straboni trapezuntsa da kolxeTs Soris arc erT sxva eTnikur an geografiul saxelwodebas ar ixseniebs~ (iqve, gv. 310). strabonis mowmobiT `skidise, kldovani mTa~ mosxur mTebs uerTdeba (iqve, gv. 311), skidisi da
Semdgomi avtorebis `skanda~ saxelebi emsgavsebian erTmaneTs.
strabonis Tanaxmad, mtkvars armeniaSi aqvs saTave, magram igi maSinve
Semodis iberiis dablobSi (XII, 3,2) anu kola somxeTs hqonda mitacebuli, xolo artaani _ iberiaSi iyo.
`mosxuri mTebi~ n. xazaraZes eguleba mtkvris saTaveebTan axlos.
mtkvar-Woroxis wyalgamyofi qedebis adgilas (esaa arsianis da misi
mimdebare qedebi). mtkvris saTaveebis samxreT-dasavleTidan strabonis
cnobiT somxebma dai pyres iberiis teritoriebi _ `pariadres kalTebi,
xorzene da gogarene (romelic mtkvris gadaRma aris)~ Zv. w. II saukuneSi
(XI, 14,5). strabonisve cnobiT pariadres mTianeTi yofila wyliT mdidari da tyiani, aq iyo mowyobili meti wili ganZsacavebisa, pompeusis
mier devnili miTridate aq gamoiqca, Semdeg iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo
mTebis gadaRma _ kolxidaSi, iqidan ki bosforSi. unda vigulisxmoT,
rom man gadalaxa arsianis qedi da Semdegdroindeli artanujis gziT
Sevida Woroxis xeobaSi `ukuagdo xotenebi da iberebi, romlebic mas
isrebiTa da SurdulebiT abrkolebdnen da gadavida md. afsarosze~, _
wers apiane. n. xazaraZis kvleviT, Semdgom amave gziT usargeblia vaxtang gorgasals, roca man Woroxis xeobidan (klarjeTidan) _ artaanis
gavliT mcxeTaSi dabruneba gadawyvita (iqve, gv. 368).
maSasadame, strabonis mier naxsenebi mdinareebi fasisi, glavkosi, hiposi
mdebareobdnen Woroxis xeobaSi, berZnebi `lazikas~ uwodebdnen im qveyanas, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi erqva `klarjeTi, bolo-klarjeTisa
zRvispiri~. aqvea, istoriuli mesxeTi - n. xazaraZis kvleviT.
Uunda iTqvas, rom klarjeTi /artanujis mxare/ iyo is mesamedi
mesxeTisa, romelic strabonis sityviT, mis dros kolxebis xelSi yofila moqceuli.
p. ingoroyva mesxeT-kolxeTis Sesaxeb (I s.)

p. ingoroyva wers _ `aRsaniSnavia, rom mesxeTis istoriuli teritoriebidan kolxebis satomo saxelTan dakavSirebulia saxelwodeba ara
501

marto klarjeTis (kolarjebis, kolarebis) mxarisa, aramed mesxeTis

zogierTi sxva raionebisa.
mag. mesxeTis mxareTa Soris mtkvris saTaveebSi mdebare raioni _
kola (kora), romelsac ukavSirdeba satomo saxeli kolxi (kolaeli),
variantebis formiT `koraxi~.
plinius sekundes cnobiT, md. mtkvris saTaveebis mTebis saxeli yofila `koraxi~. kolas ukavSirdeba mdinaris saxelic `kori~, `koros~. ase
erqva mtkvars strabonis cnobiT.
mesxebis Sesaxeb uZvelesi cnoba, romelic ekuTvnis antikuri xanis
berZen mwerals qristemde VI saukunisas hekate miletels _ mesxebis
tomi kolxebTanaa dakavSirebuli (fragmenti 188) _ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 438).
lazikis samitropolito, rogorc aRiniSna, XI s.-Si trapezuntis qaldebis garda, mesxebis tomiT dasaxlebul miwa-wyals moicavda vanis tbis
mimarTulebiT. magram ufro adre VI s.-Si sxvadasxva teritoriul erTeulebs moicavda lazikis samefo da eparqiebi lazikaSi.
lazikis samefo moicavda miwa-wyals Woroxis SesarTavidan da
zRvispiridn arsianis qedamde. mas qarTul wyaroebSi erqva-klarjeTi-boloklarjeTisa-zRvispiri. arabobis epoqaSi aq Camoyalibda saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi klarjeTis sakurapalato da Semdeg qarTvelTa samefo.
Tu istoriuli lazikis samefo klarjeTs moicavda, maSin Semdgomi
klarjeTis saxelmwifoebrioba lazikis saxelmwifoebriobis gagrZelebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT.
VI saukunisaTvis lazikis eparqiebi moicavda sul sxva mxares, kerZod regions trapezuntidan Teodosiopolisis mimarTulebiT, xolo
XI saukunisaTvis lazikis samitropolito moicavda teritorias
trapezuntidan zigana-Teodosiopol-vanis tbisaken.
iqamde aq, qaldebis miwaze, n. adoncis cnobiT, Semdegdroindel zigana-giumuSxanes regionSi, mdebareobdnen lazikis cnobili saepiskoposoebi (zigana, saisini, rodopolisi, petra). qaldebs straboni aseve `alazonebs~ uwodebs. alazonebi igive lazebi unda iyvnen istoriul kolxeTSi.
p. ingoroyva aseve sityvebs `kolxsa~ da `klarjs~ erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, is ase msjelobs_ `qarTulSi bolokidurs `eli~ enacvleba
bolokiduri `ari~. Aase magaliTad _ odiSeli _ odiSari, cxumeli _
cxumari, opizeli _ opizari, olTiseli _ olTisari, kolaeli _ kolari~
(p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1957, gv. 437). `el~ _ `ar~ _ gamoxatavs
imaves, rasac daboloeba `xi~
kolari _ kolaeli _ kolxi
`amrigad, saxelwodebani `kolxi~, `kolaeli~ da `kolari~ identurni
arian~ (iqve, gv. 437).
aseve rTuli bgerisagan `rj~, miiReba cal-calke `r~ da `j~.
kolari _ kolarji _ klarji
r _ rj `amrigad, yvela es saxelwodebani `kolxi~, `kolaeli~,
502

`kolari~ da `kolarji~ (klarji) erTi da igive satomo saxelis

dialeqturi sxvaobaa~ (gv. 438).
`daboloeba `xi~ gamoxatavs imave Sinaarss, rasac daboloeba `eli~
(p.i. gv. 437).
karduxi, taoxi, kolxi, javaxi da sxv.
p. ingoroyva wers _ `satomo saxelebSi, romlebic bolovdeba bolokiduriT `xi~, fuZe-sityva aRniSnavs qveyanas, xolo daboloeba `xi~ gamoxatavs imave Sinaarss, rasac daboloeba `eli~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1957, gv. 437).
e.i. karduxi=kardueli=qarTueli
kolxi= kolaeli=klarji
oTxi Aarmenia (IV-VI ss.)

IV-VI saukunebisaTvis bizantiuri armenia iyofoda oTx did nawilad.

`pirveli armenia~ iyo bizantiuri provincia Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze _ trapizonis qvemoT, romlis dedaqalaqi iyo Teodosiopolisi, igive karini (qarTuli karnu-qalaqi), mas CrdiloeTiT
esazRvreboda tao (iveria) da nawilobriv lazika. dasavleTiT Savi
zRva, aRmosavleTiT sparsuli provincia `sparsuli armenia~ (persarmenia), samxreTiT `meore armenia~ da `meoTxe armenia~.
`meore armenia~ (`armenia meore~) mdebareobda `pirveli armeniis~
samxreTiT, md. evfratis marjvena sanapiroze.
`mesame armenia~ (`armenia mesame~) mdebareobda `meoTxe~ da `mesame~
armeniis samxreTiT, evfratis marjvena sanapiroze, mas marjvnidan esazRvreboda bizantiuri provincia `mesopotamia~.
`meoTxe armenia~ mdebareobda `pirveli armeniis~ samxreTiT vanis tbis
siaxloves, am yvela `armeniebis~ Sua.
`persarmenia~ moicavda araqsis xeobas da mis garda somxur-sparsul
provinciebs taiqs, tarons da airarats. persarmenia politikurad VI
saukunis bolosaTvis orad iyofoda _ bizantiuri persarmenia (saeklesio centri avani) da sparsuli (dvini). sparsulSi Sedioda siuniki da
vaspurakani (, I, gv. 75).
`qveyana CrdiloeTisa~ (IV s.)

romis imperia administraciuli mmarTvelobis mxriv IV s-isTvis iyofoda oTx prefeqturad. prefeqti Tavis xelSi aerTianebda samoqalaqo
da samxedro uwyebebs
n. adoncis sityviT, romis imperiis msgavsad, sparseTic oTx `kustad~ _
administraciul erTeulad iyofoda (n. adonci, somxeTi... gv. 217). eseni
iyvnen `aRmosavleTi~, `dasavleTi~, `samxreTi~ da `CrdiloeTi~.
CrdiloeTis anu kavkasiis kusti (mxare) Tavis mxriv 13 qveynad (Saxrad)
iyofoda, maT Soris iyo iberia, anu sparsulad _ `varjani~, albaneTi
anu `rani~, somxTi anu `armenia~.
503

ase rom, qarTul wyaroebSi xSirad naxsenebi `CrdiloeTis qveyana~

unda gulisxmobdes sparseTis imperiis kavkasiis mxares da kerZod, ki
mis erT nawils, am SemTxvevaSi _ saqarTvelos.
iberias zaqaria ritori uwodebs gurzans. varjani da gurzani etimologiurad axlosaa erTmaneTTan da maTi saerTo fuZe aqvT-`gr~. igive
fuZe gr udevT safuZvlad qarTul mxareTa saxelebs- `egrisi~, `gugarqi-gogarena~, `guria~, `argveTi~, aqedanaa berZnuli saxeli-`georgia~ da
sxva yvela dasaxeleba, rac ki mezobelma da ucxo erebma daarqves qarTvelTa qveyanas, maSasadame, fuZe `gr~ an `rg~ qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis eTnofuZea.
zaqaria ritori wers, rom `CrdiloeTis mxareebSi xuTi morwmune
xalxia, maT 24 episkoposi hyavT da maTi kaTalikosi dvinSi cxovrobs. sparsuli armeniis dedaqalaqSi, mis Semdegaa gurzani _
armeniis qveyanaSi, romelTa ena berZnuls miagavs, maT qristiani
mTavari hyavT, romelic sparseTis mefes emorCileba. Semdeg aranis qveyanaa, armeniis qveyanaSi, Tavisi eniT, xalxi monaTlulia,
Semdeg sisakanis qveyanaa, Tavisi eniT, morwmuneni, maT Soris warmarTebic arian, Semdegi qveyana bazguni, Tavisi eniT, kaspiis zRvasTan~ (iqve, gv. 219).
andria (I s.)

ivane javaxiSvils gamoTqmuli aqvs mosazreba, rom ,,qarTvelebma IX smde araferi icodnen saqarTveloSi wminda andrias misiis Sesaxeb~ Cveni didi mecnieris am da sxva mosazrebebs qarTvelTa pirvelganmanaTleblis Sesaxeb upasuxa mRvdelma miqael TamaraSvilma (qarTuli
eklesiis dasabamidan dRemde, 1995, gv. 163). am mxriv, TavisTavad isicaa
aRsaniSnavi, rom eqvTime mTawmindelis Tanaxmad im wignTa Soris, ,,romelTa
kaTolike eklesiai ara Seiwynarebs~ dasaxelebulia ,,cxovreba wmidisa
andriasi~. eqvTimem Teodore sabawmindels gaugzavna sia im wignebisa,
romelic miuRebeli iyo sayovelTao (e.i. kaTolike) marTlmadidebluri
eklesiisTvis. kerZod ,,mociqulTa cxovrebani, romelnime ganryenil arian
mwvalebelTagan: wmidisa maTe maxarebelisa da wmidisa andriasi~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, 1970, gv.13).
aqedan Cans, rom eklesiisaTvis miuRebeli iyo wminda andrias cxovrebis arsebuli redaqcia, radganac igi mwvalebelTagan ,,garyvnilad~ miiCneoda, ukeTesi ki ar arsebobda. amitomac Cven unda gamovTqvaT mosazreba rom SesaZloa arsebul redaqciaSi vrclad iyo saubari wm. andrias
saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, magram igi ar gamoiyenes Zvelma istorikosebma, radganac mwvalebel redaqciasTan ar surdaT raime kavSiris daWera.
gogarena, korduena da basiani (V- VII ss.)

n. adoncis sityviT, I aTaswleulis somxur saerisTavo siebSi erisTave504

bi (naxararebi) pativis mixedviT arian Camowerilni. maT Soris aRiniSnebian erisTavi bagratunebi, taSiris erisTavebi da sxvani.
nerses kaTalikosis dros, 555 wels Semdgar krebas eswreboda 32
erisTavi. sebeosis somex mefeTa erisTavebis siaSi ixsenieba taos erisTavi
da aseve basianis erisTavi.
xorenacis cnobiT, somexTa mefe gansakuTrebiT ajildovebda bagration erisTavebs.
st. orbeliani mogviTxrobs, rom somxeTis mefem daniSna Tavisi qveynis oTxi bdexSi _ aRmosavleTSi iyo siunis bdexSi Tavisi _ 21 erisTaviT,
CrdiloeTSi _ gogarenisa (`gogaris~) _ 22 erisTaviT, dasavleTiT
`kordu~-sa _ 21 erisTaviT da samxreTiT angelenis (`angelis~) bdexSi _
22 erisTaviT (gv. 254).
gogarena (somxurad gogari) da korduena (somxurad `kordu~) _
qarTuli qveynebi iyo, misi qarTuli mosaxleoba iqamdec da
Semdgomac somxdeboda, qarTvelobis SenarCuneba somxuri samefos SigniT uZnelesi da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli saqme iyo (n. adonci,
gv. 292).
faustis cnobiT, taos olqs marTavdnen mamikonianebi, somexTa
mefis mTavarsardlebi _ xorenacis mixedviT. Semdeg isini taronSi
gadavidnen IV s-dan.
berZen-romaeli avtorebi icnoben `fasians~ (basians) da isini basians
fasianad moixseniebdnen.
basianis erTi nawili iyo vanandi da mas, xorenacis sityviT, zemo
basiani erqva (gv. 300).
basians Tavisi erisTavi marTavda. airarati mefis domeni iyo, bagrevandi _ bagratidebs ekuTvnoda.
n. adoncis sityviT _ `kotaia cnobili iyo ptolemeosisaTvis, magram
is somxur literaturaSi pirvelad gvxvdeba sebeosTan VIIs-Si~ (gv. 302).
kotaia iyo gavari, anu qveyana airaratis provinciaSi. kotaias
amJamad zangibasari hqvia. is aris md. razdan-zangis xeobaSi.
safiqrebelia, rom tao xorZenas nawili iyo. sityva ,,xorZena~
etimilogiurad axaloa sityva ,,arzenasTan~, romelsac konstantine porfirogeneti uwodebda arzrum-artanujis mxares. safiqrebelia, rom ,,xorZena~ sityva aTasi wlis Semdeg X saukunisTvis ,,arzenad~ iqca da erqva
taos momijnave mxareebs.
somxebis gadasaxleba persarmeniidan bizantiur somxeTSi
(V-VI ss.)

n. adonci wers _ `imperiuli TvalsazrisiT, imperiis interesebis dacvis mizniT somxebis gadasaxleba dasavleTiT Zalze sasurveli iyo. TviT imperatorebi axalisebdnen am moZraobas. magaliTad, imperatori mavrike. somxebis CasaxlebiT imperiam didad
isargebla, somxebi bizantias emsaxurebodnen TavganwirviT. samSoblos politikuri cxovrebis SeboWili CarCoebidan gaTavisu505

flebis Semdeg mTeli maTi Zalebi ifurCqneboda. somxebma saxeli gaiTqves saxelmwifo cxovrebis bevr sferoSi, samxedrosa Tu
samoqalaqoSi. maTgan gamovidnen saxelganTqmuli pirebi, romlebsac imperiis winaSe Zalze mniSvnelovani damsaxurebebi hqondaT. mravali somexi brwyinavda TviT saimperatoro taxtze da
saTaveebic ki daudes axal dinastias (somxuri cxenosani jari
ibrZoda imperiis Soreul mxareebSi saxelmwifos samxedro didebisTvis. Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo somxebis roli kulturulsulier cxovrebaSi, imperiisTvis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli
istoria _ xatmebrZoluri moZraoba daiwyo imperiis aRmosavleT
mxareebSi didwilad somxebis simpaTiiT da mfarvelobiT.
imperiaSi somxebis gansaxlebam TviT somxeTs naklebi sikeTe moutana,
radganac somxeTi icleboda adamianuri resursebisagan. imperiaSi midiodnen unariani, mxne Zalebi, iseTi niWis mqone pirebi, romelTac SeeZloT imperiis mRelvare talRebze Tavis daWera. somxuri aristokratiis
naRebi, naxararebis ojaxebi eSurebodnen dedaqalaqSi da alamazebdnen
saxelmwifo moRvaweTa rigebs (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi,
1908, gv. 205).
imperiaSi somxebi iseT Zalas warmoadgendnen, rom zogjer TviT
imperatoris winaaRmdeg awyobdnen SeTqmulebebs imperiisave
dedaqalaqSi da aryevdnen kidec saimperatoro taxts, magaliTad,
n. adoncis sityviT, 548 wels somxebma moawyves SeTqmuleba
dedaqalaqSi imperator iustinianes winaaRmdeg. SeTqmulebas meTaurobda somexi mxedarTmTavari artavani, romelmac bizantias
dideba moupova liviis omSi, romelmac mokla tirani honorisi.
n. adoncis cnobiT, prokofi kesarieli artavanis motivs xsnis
imiT, rom misi samSoblo armenia dapyrobili iyo, amitom mas
somxebi sayvedurobdnen umoqmedebas. meore somexi didebuli narsesi iustinianes epoqis udidesi figura iyo, Tavisi gamarjvebebiT daCrdila
valerianes samxero geniac ki.
somxuri problemebis gamo Sewuxebuli iustiniane sparseTis
Sahs Txovda, maT Soris mcxovrebi somxebi rogorme daemorCilebinaT saerTo ZaliT. is werda _ `somxebi daumorCilebeli xalxia, da
marad Cveni mtrebi arian, maTgan mudam SeSfoTebulebi varT~ (iqve, gv.
206). somxebis sulier-erovnuli siZliere or imperias aSfoTebda,
maS erovnulad da sulierad ase Zlieri xalxi rogor `qarTveldeboda~ tao-klarjeTSi?
iveria da persarmenia (IV-VI ss.)

sparsuli armeniis sazRvrebi IV-VI ss-Si e.w. `marzpanobis~ dros aseTi iyo: persarmenia moicavda Semdeg provinciebs _ taiqi, taroni,
airarati, vaspurakani da siuniqi.
taroni da vaspurakani mdebareobdnen vanis tbasTan, airarati sparsuli armeniis centrSi, xolo mis dasavleTis mxares _ persarmeniis
506

`iveria~ anu tao mdebareobda, am iverias ki dasavleTiT esazRvreboda

lazika. arsebobda aseve `Tavisufali iveriac~, is persarmeniis iveriis
CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda. misi nawilebi iyo - kola, artaani, javaxeTi,
gugarqi.
lazika mdebareobda taiqis Crdilo-dasavleTiT.
taiqis dasavleTiT `I armenia~ mdebareobda. (ix. ruka , I, gv. 75).
maSasadame iveria or nawilad iyo gayofili - tao persarmeniaSi Sedioda, kola, artaani, javaxeTi da gugarqi sadavo iyo bizantia-sparseTs
Soris da SedarebiT Tavisufali iyo.
persarmeniis mosazRvre qveynebi (V-VI ss.)

n. adonci `marzpanuls~ uwodebs arSakidebis Semdegdroindel somxeTs, radganac qveyanaSi ijda sparseTis Sahis warmomadgeneli _ marzpani. misi dedaqalaqi iyo qalaqi dvini, romelsac aRmosavleT somxeTisTvis iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc dasavleT somxeTisTvis
Taeodosiopolissa da iq mjdar romis warmomadgenels _ komits.
CrdiloeTiT marzpanuli somxeTis sazRvari aRwevda kangaramde.
lazaris cnobiT, sparseTTan mebrZoli iberiis mefe vaxtangi aq eloda
damxmare somxebs. vaan mamikonidi daexmara vaxtangs, somxuri jari mivida iveriis mefesTan da banaki dasca kangaris kantonSi. kangari gugarenis olqSi Sedioda, maSasadame, gugarena somxeTis gareT mdebareobda_
iberiaSi (n. adonci, armenia..., gv. 222).
dasavleTiT somxeTs esazRvreboda kolas olqi, sasazRvro punqtad
iTvleboda kola, xolo tao (taiki) mTlianad somxeTSi Sedioda.
arSakidebis dros albaneTis mxares somxeTis sazRvari iyo md. mtkvari. marzpanobis dros sazRvari q. xalxalTan gadioda. xalxali mdebareobda mtkvris marjvena mxares (n. adonci,Aarmenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 223) albaneTSi. sparsul jars albaneTidan xalxalamde mtkvari
unda gadaevlo.
n. adoncis azriT, xalxali aris md. zagemze mdebare amJamindeli
TaTruli sofeli xilxila. maxloblad arsebobda aseve meore
msgavsi saxelis punti - `xilxala~, romelic iv. javaxiSvilis
1923 wlis rukis mixedviT mdebareobda nuxpato-SeqTan axlos.
aRsaniSnavia, rom hereTis sazRvrad vaxuSti batoniSvils miaCnda punqti
gulgula. saxelebi xalxali/xilxila,xilxala/ da gulgula msgavsni arian. vaxuStis masze aTasi wlis winandeli punqtis adgilmdebareoba SesaZloa unda ganesazRvra ara TelavTan, aramed xalxalTan, maSin
hereTis sazRvari gadaiwevda aRmosavleTiT da daemTxveoda albaneTisas.
n. adoncis sityviT, IVs-Si somxeTma dakarga mravali ganapira mxare,
Cveni azriT, amis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo eTnikuri gansxvaveba. isini (ganapira mxareebi) - ar iyvnen somxuri olqebi. rogorc mravaljer iTqva
marzpanuls n. adonci aseve uwodebs meore saxels _ tanuteruli somxeTi. mas aseve vaspurakanulsac uwodebs.
507

vaspuri _ erqva sparseTis cnobil gvarebs, aqedan vaspurakani. n. adoncis sityviT, _ `armeniis Tanatoli administraciuli sidideebi
iyvnen iberia, albaneTi, atropatena, adiabena, da aravastani~ (iqve,
gv. 221).
misive sityviT, musulmani avtorebi `armeniis~ qveS igebdnen ara mxolod armenias, aramed aransa da saqarTvelos (gv. 242).
,,qarTvelTa samefos~ daarseba (IX-X ss.)

ioane drasxanakerteli gvauwyebs - ,,qarTvelTa didi kurapalati

adarnase smbat mefesTan yvelaferSi erTobis, siyvarulisa da mSvidobis mtkice pirobas icavda. igi mTeli Tavisi SegnebiTa da ZlierebiT, didi mokrZalebiT, rogorc mamas, anda amaze ufro metadac emorCileboda mas... Tvals ar aSorebda mefes... da sakuTari Tavic miando.
amis gamo smbat mefe metad kmayofili iyo adarnaseTi da moswonda igi.
man didi mzrunvelobiT adarnase TavisTan miiyvana da gaamxneva. Semdeg
didi pativiTa da didebiT gvirgvini daadga mas, Sesaferisi lamazi
samkauliTa da saWurvliT Seamko mefis wesis Tanaxmad, - qarTvelTa
qveynis mefed daadgina da mis Semdeg, Tavisi samflobelos meore
pirad daamtkica igi. miiRo ra samefo pativi, da miaRwia warmatebas,
adarnase ki ar gamedidurebula, aramed mudam Tavmdablad eqceoda smbats~ (ioane drasxanakerteli, somexTa istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gam.
Tb., 1965, gv. 89-90).
istorikosebis TvalsazrisiT ,,qarTvelTa samefo~ moicavda qarTveli bagrationebis teritorias (artanuj-klarjeTs da sxva), magram es
ase ar unda yofiliyo, somxuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom ,,qarTvelTa samefo~ Tavdapirvelad moicavda ,,somexTa mefis~ im teritoriebs,
romelnic qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, pirvel rigSi imier
taos (saerTod taos) da momijnave mxareebs, Tu es ase iyo, da qarTvelTa
samefo Tavdapirvelad mxolod somxuri miwa-wylis nawilad miiCneuli tao iyo, maSin SedarebiT gasagebi xdeba somexTa smbat mefis
qmedeba. smbats taxtze asvlaSi daexmara adarnase, samagierod, madlierebis niSnad, smbatma Tavisi samefos qarTuli nawili (tao) samflobelod gadasca adarnases da amave dros daadgina ,,Tavisi samefos
meore pirad~ anu somxeTis vrcel samefoSi taos mmarTveli gaxda somexTa
saxelmwifos meore piri. aseve iyo Zvel drosac, rodesac bagratunebi
arSakuniani mefeebis meore pirebi iyvnen. aseve unda yofiliyo
Semdegac roca, vTqvaT vaSden qarTvelTa (e. i. taos) mTavari, somex
ufalTa Soris erT-erTi upiratesi piria.
Cans, rom qarTvelTa samefo imJamad mxolod taos gulisxmobda, qarTvelTa sakurapalato ki artanuj-klarjeTs, rac Seexeba ASida qarTls, is
imJamad danawilebuli iyo afxazeTisa da kaxeTis samefoTa Soris, misi
erTi nawili Tbilisis saamiros ekuTvnoda, amitomac is ar arsebobda
politikur administraciuli erTeulis saxiT, aqedan gamomdinare mas
arc gaaCnda politikuri saxeli: imJamad ~iveria~ erqva ara Sida
508

qarTls, aramed taos administraciul olqs, romlis mmarTveliba (mefoba) aRmoCnda klarjeTis kurapalatis xelSi. es orive Tanamdeboba mefoba da kurapalatoba axla ukve erTi piris, adarnases ojaxis xelSi
gaerTianda da gadaecemoda kidec memkvidreobiT.
imxanad `kurapalatoba~ - bizantiis vasalobas gulisxmobda, `qarTvelTa
mefoba~ ki - arabi xalifisagan gamomdinareobda.
arabTa xalifam IX-X saukuneebSi somexTa mefeebs uwyaloba tituli
`somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~. am titulSi `qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS
igulisxmeboda ara Sida qarTli, aramed somxeTis samefoSi Semavali
qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli tao-basiani. taos mmarTvelebs iqamde hqondaT `iverTa mTavris~ tituli, axla ki arabTa mier ~qarTvelTa mefis~
titulis tarebis ufleba mieniWa somexTa mefes, rac mas udasturebda,
rom SeeZlo qarTvelTa aRniSnuli mxareebis avtonomiuri marTva. erTerTi bolo `somexTa da qarTvelTa ~mefe iyo smbati, romelmac qarTvelTa
mefis tituli gadasca adarnase qarTvelTa kurapalats. am tituls
atarebdnen aSot I 884 - somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe
smbat I 914 - jer somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe, mere somexTa mefe
aSot erkaTi 918/922/ - somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe (safiqrebelia, rom
aSot erkaTma qarTvelTa mefis tituli miiRo saojaxo-dinastiuri gziT,
kerZod misi meore simamri yofila `qarTvelTa didi mTavari sahaki~,
romelsac, i. drasxanakertelis sityviT, aSoti Tavis memkvidred gamoucxadebia).
maSasadame, qarTvelTa mefis tituli taos mflobelobas gulisxmobda.
gogareni da ara `hereTi~

X saukunis ioane somexTa kaTalikosi gogarens uwodebs mTel

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, mtkvris marjvena da marcxena sanapiroebs, misi mosaxleoba ki iberebi arian (p. ingoroyva, gv. 463).
es ramdenadme eTanadeba strabonis cnobas, rom gogareni mdebareobda
mtkvris `imier~, e.i. marcxena sanapiroze (straboni, XI, XIV, 5).
straboni garkveviT wers - `gogarena mtkvris iqiT~ mdebareobs da is
armenielebma waarTves iberebs~, Tavisufal iveriis nawilTagan straboni asaxelebs `Sua iberias~, romelSic igulisxmeba `Sua qarTli~ (Sida
qarTli).
maSasadame, strabonisave cnobebiT mtkvris iqiT mdebareobda Tavisufali iberiis e.w. `Sua iberia~ da aseve dapyrobili iberiis gogarena,
isini sxvadasxva olqebia.
maS sad mdebareobda gogarena? gogarena iyo mtkvris iqiT da
aseve Sua iberiis maxloblad. realurad aseTi teritoria iyo
kaxeTis gverdiT mdebare e.w. hereTi. anu Semdgomi Saqi, romlis
iqiTac albaneTi iyo.
`sazRvari iberiasa da somxeTs Soris, strabonis cnobaTa mixedviT,
509

iwyeboda taos samxreTiT, nawilobriv gasdevda araqss (basianis zonaSi),

Semdeg mihyveboda `mosxis mTebs~ (e.i. wyalgamyof mTebs, romelic gahyofs mtkvris xeobebs araqsis xeobidan), xolo ufro aRmosavleTiT mtkvars (gogarenis seqtorSi)~ _ wers p. ingoroyva (dasax. naSr. gv. 467).
misi sityviT, am sakiTxSi strabons eTanxmebian plinius sekunde (23-79),
romlis mixedviTac iberiaSi Sedioda taSiri da TrialeTi pariadris
(anu bambakis) mTebamde, plutarqe (46-126), romlis mixedviT mtkvris saTave iberiis mTebSi iyo, klavdi ptoleme, romlis mixedviTac iberiis
sazRvrebSi Sedioda artaani (artanisa) da qarTuli wyaro `moqcevai
qarTlisai~, romlis mixedviT IV s-Si mefe mirianis dros saeklesio
mSenebloba daiwyo artaanis mxareSi _ eruSeTSi.
m. xorenaci qarTlis pitiaxSs arSuSas uwodebs `gogarenis pitiaxSs~. somxuri geografiis cnobiT, gogareni Seicavda taSirs, gardabans
(Zors, kolbs, wofs da kangrs), TrialeTs, javaxeTs, artaansa da klarjeTs~ (iqve, gv. 465 Tu 405?).
zogadad Cans, rom gogareni aris qarTli, iberia, zogjer mtkvris orive
sanapiro. marTlac, sityva `gogarenaSi~ fuZiseuli Tanxmovnebi `ggr~
aris saerTo fuZe eTnkuri qarTvelis gamomxatveli sityvebisa ara marto qarTulSi, aramed ucxourSic. magaliTad, georgien (grg), gurj (grj),
jurzan, gurzan (grz), saidanac miRebulia qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli yvela dasaxelebebi sxvadasxva enebSi _ georgia (grg), gruzia (grz) da
sxva. amave sityvaTa rigSia gugari (ggr), qarTuli TviTdasaxelebebi
guria, egrisi, argveTi (gr, rg), saerTod, Cans, fuZiT gr (rg) da aseve
ggr(grg) gamoixateboda eTnikuri qarTvelebi da maTi qveynebi; erTi
aseTi yofila gugarq-gogareni, klarjeTi, Zori Tu kolbi da sxva regionebi gugarqSi Sediodnen. SemdgomSi gugarqi somxur samyaroSi mxolod mtkvris marjvena sanapiros momcvel qveyanas erqva, misgan gansxvavebiT ki strabonis gogarena mtkvris `iqiT~, anu marcxena sanapiroze
mdebareobda.
maSasadame, sxvadasxva qveynebi iyvnen gogarena da gugarqi. etimologiurad ki orive qarTvelTa qveyanas aRniSnavda.
iberiis Temi (XI s.)

1021-1023 wlebSi bizantiis imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvreli

saTaveSi Caudga Tavis jarebs, romlebic trapezuntidan Sevidnen da
basianSi SeebrZolnen saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-s. saqarTvelom am
omSi damarcxebis gamo dakarga `zemo qveyanani~. `am teritoriebidan
Seiqmna ori `Temi~ (olqi) bizantiis imperiis farglebSi: erTi _ Teodosiopolis Temi, romelic moicavda dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi mdebare zonas (arzrumis mxare), meore olqi, romelsac bizantielebma daarqves `iberiis Temi~, aerTianebda Tavis farglebSi samxreT taos
samflobelos, basianis mxares da arawanis xeobis mimdgom raionebs~ (p. ingoroyva, gv. 526).
Tumca arsebobs mosazrebac, rom iberiis Temis dedaqalaqi iyo Teodosiopolisi, maSasadame, is iberiis TemSi Sedioda.
510

arawanis (aRmosavleT evfratis) saTave gaedineba, rogorc iTqva, vanis

tbasTan.
iberiis da Teodosiopolis (erzrumis) Temebs Soris moqceuli iyo
bizanasa da olnutis saeposkoposoebi, aqve (bizanasa da olnuts Sua)
iyo xorZena, istoriuli mxare, romelic iberias somxeTma CamoaWra qristeSobamde II saukuneSi. is taronis provinciis Crdilo sazRvarTan mdebareobda. xorZenas CrdiloeTiT ki manralia iyo. manralia, somxuri VII
s. geografiiT, samxreT egrisis qveynis mxares erqva.
`iberiis Temi~ bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi 1023-1074 wlebSi iyo, 1068
wels iberiis Tems SeuerTda karis mxare (is karis somexma mefem gagikma
dauTmo bizantias), iberiis Tems SeuerTda anisic. andakis saepikoposo
karidan 60-ode km-iT iyo daSorebuli.
Llazikis eparqia moicavda istoriul samxreT egress (Semdgom
qaldeas Tems), aseve Teodosiopolisisa da iberiis Temebs.
iberiis Temi `bizantiis istoriis~ mixedviT

moskovSi 1967 w. dastambul `bizantiis istoriis~ II tomSi naTqvamia:

`imperatorma basili bulgarTmmusvrelma mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova
imperiis sazRvrebi Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mcire aziaSi _ armeniasa da
iveriaSi. 990 wels man ilaSqra kavkasiaSi iveriis mmarTvel daviTisa
da bagratidebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic daexmarnen barda fokas. bagratidebisa da daviTis gaerTianebuli jari damarcxda. daviTma aRiara bizantiaze damokidebuleba da misi Zalauflebis qveS mdebare miwebi
imperators uanderZa. 1001 wels daviTi gardaicvala. iveriis zogierTma
didebulma ar ineba daviTis anderZis cnoba da basili saswrafod kavkasiaSi gaemgzavra. taos olqis didebulebi valdebulni iyvnen damorCilebodnen, Sida iveriis arxontma uari ganacxada ecno es anderZi.
magram imperiis poziciebis ganmtkiceba iveriasa da armeniaSi basilma mxolod Tavisi mefobis dasasruls SeZlo, 1021-1024 wlebis laSqrobisas basili II-m ramdenjerme daamarcxa afxazeTis mmarTveli giorgi,
SeZlo aRekveTa misi mcdeloba Seekra samxedro kavSiri al-xakimTan da
ajanyebul samxedro didebulebTan, giorgi iZulebuli gaxda ecno imperiisadmi damokidebuleba, mZevlad misca imperators Tavisi Ze bagrati.
am laSqrobebis dros vaspurakanis mmarTvelma gadasca basils Tavisi miwebi. 1020 wels gardacvlili anisisi mefis gagik I-is Zem, smbatma
aseve dado basilTan xelSekruleba, imis msgavsad, romelic basilTan
adre dado daviTma.
am SematebaTa Sedegad, imperiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT warmoiSva axali Temebi: vaspurakani, iveria da Teodosiopolisi~ ( ,
T. 2, . 1967, . 225). (ix. ruka, t.2, gv. 34, 256, 208).

511

manralia da mardalia _ iberiis Temis ZiriTadi nawilebi

n. mari Wan-lazebs iberebs uwodebda, megruls ki iveriul enas. es

mosazreba ar gaiziares, magram faqtia, rom, somxuri geografiiT, samxreT
egrisSi Semavali olqebi manralia da mardalia (basianis samxreT-dasavleTiT) iberiis Temis nawilebs Seadgendnen.
somxuri geografiiT samxreT egrisis anu `egris~ qveyana moicavda
Wanikas, lazeTs, manralias da egrivs. n. adoncis mixedviT, romelic
istoriuli geografiis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mcodne iyo, manraliasa da mardalias olqebis mdebareobas Teodosiopolis-arzrumis
samxreTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gansazRvravda. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, es mxareebi (olqebi) XI saukunis bizantiuri iberiis Temis centralur nawilebs warmoadgendnen, anu egri da iberia erTmaneTs faravdnen. iqve iyo iberiis Temis sxva nawilebi, anu am mxareebSi iberia da
egri (egrisi) erTmaneTs faravdnen. iberiisa da egrisis igiveoba Zvel
epoqaSi albaT arc iyo gasakviri, radganac protoqarTuli enis da
Semdeg misgan miRebuli e.w. zanur-qarTuli enis diferenciacia gamyreliZisa da maWavarianis mixedviT daiwyo axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi (`welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze~, T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, `sonantTa
sistema~), anu egriselTa da iberTa ena erTi da igive yofila jer kidev
axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi, SesaZloa, isini I aTaswleulSi erTmaneTis mimarT Zalze axlo mdgom dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen, imdenad
axlos myof, rom maT qristianuli RvTismsaxurebisaTvis SemoiRes orive
tomisaTvis saerTo ena, romelsac amJamad `Zveli qarTuli ena~ ewodeba.
enobrivi mTlianobis gamo taos samxreTiT iberiis Temi da egris
olqi erT mTlianobas Seadgendnen ara mxolod geografiulad, aramed
eTnikuradac.
basianelni anu mesxni (IX-XI ss.)

IX-XI saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi yovel saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas saxeli sakuTari kuTxis mixedviT hqonda
miRebuli. magaliTad, afxazeTis samefos xalxs erqva-afxazebi, kaxeTisas _ kaxelni, taos samefoelebs _ `naTesaviT taoelni~ an taoelni,
qarTlis samefos mcxovrebT _ `qarTvelni~ (igivea, rac `qarTvelTa
samefos~ xalxi) _ vis erqva mesxni IX-XI ss-Si? aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnul saukuneTa wyaroebSi `mesxi~ gvxvdeba mas Semdeg, rac basianis provincia Semodis qarTul politikur samyaroSi. pirvelad es moxda, rogorc
cnobilia, taos mefis daviT kurapalatis dros, romelmac `zemoni qveyanani~, anu Teodosiopol-basianis mxareebi SemoierTa. TviTon `mesxi~
basianis saxelTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli etimologiuradac, rogorc
cnobilia `xi~ sadaurobis gawarmoebuli sufiqsia _ kolxi, kaxi da
sxva. basianis, anu fasianis mcxovrebs `basxi~ - mesxi unda rqmeoda (es
etimologiuri igiveoba p. ingoroyvam daamtkica afxazeTis mxareTa
ganxilvis dros).
512

`mesxi~ SeiZleba iTqvas, pirvelad ixsenieba matiane qarTlisaisaSi _

`gamovida Teodosi saberZneTiT, movida samcxes da dadga margis meres,
uxmobda mesxTa aznaurTa~ (q.c., I, gv. 270).
Semdeg ixsenieba bagrat IV-sTan kavSirSi, roca is saberZneTidan dabrunda, movida, jer arzrum-basianis qveyanaSi, radganac trapezuntidan
gza jer iq adioda, iqidan ki Sida saqarTvelosken miemarTeboda. aq mas
daxvdnen _ `didebulni, erisTavni, aznaurni taoelni, mesxni da qarTvelni~
(q.c. I, gv. 284).
aq `qarTveli~ niSnavs yofili `qarTlis samefos~ xalxs, taoelni
niSnavs yofili `taos samefos~ xalxs (taos bolo mefe iyo daviT didi
kurapalati), xolo mesxni ki unda niSnavdes basianis qveynis xalxs, anu
am SemTxvevaSi basianel didebulebs. ratom unda Sexvedrodnen bagrat
IV basianelebi, es provincia xom mis mamas, giorgi I-s imperiam CamoarTva?
saqme isaa, rom miuxedavad damarcxebisa, giorgi I-s imperatorma basilim
SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad gadasca, anu dautova calkeuli adgilebi da
soflebi `zemo qveynebSi~. matiane wers _ `yves mSvidoba da daizavnes da
misca giorgi mefeman... qveyana, romeli hqonda daviT kurapalatsa taosa,
basians, kola-artanTa da javaxeTs. xolo romelime ama qveyanaTagan
eklesiani, sofelni da adgilni daulocna giorgi mefesa~ (q.c. I, gv. 288).
maSasadame, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos bagrat IV mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi ekuTvnoda taosa, basiansa da kola-artaan-javaxeTSi zogierTi eklesia, sofelni da adgilni. am soflebisa da adgilebis, aseve eklesiebis
ricxvi, cxadia, arc Tu mcire iqneboda, radganac isini TviT basili
imperatorma `dauloca giorgi mefes~, anu locva-ficiT miarTva. swored
am adgilebis didebulebi, erisTavebi da aznaurebi, (cxadia, TavianTi
laSqriT) Sexvdnen bagrat IV-s bizantiidan dabrunebisas. es adgilebi yofilan tao, basiani, da kola-artaan-javaxeTi, aqaurebs ki
erqvaT `taoelni~, mesxni da qarTvelni~, anu taodan _ taoelebi,
basianidan mesxebi, kola-artan-javaxeTidan _ qarTvelebi, anu maT
aseTi saxelebi erqvaT TavianTi mxareebis momcveli politikur
administraciuli erTeulebis saxelebis mixedviT. imJamad, Cans, es
samxareo saxelwodebani jer kidev ar atarebda Camoyalibebul eTnografiul niSans, aramed aRniSnavda mxolod qveynis macxovreblebs, magram
Semdgom saukueneebSi am saxelebma eTnikuri niSani SeiZines. saukuneTa
politikuri sazRvrebis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad kuTxeTa mcxovreblebis saxelebic icvleboda. kerZod, Sua saukuneebSi, mas Semdeg, rac daiSala erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, `qarTvelni~ daerqvaT qarTlis
samefos mcxovrebT, xolo mesxni daerqvaT samcxe-saaTabagos mcxovrebT,
magram X saukunis dasawyisSi ase ar yofila, Cvens wyaroebSi, rogorc
iTqva, `qarTveli~ iyo kola-artan-javaxeli, e.i. qarTvelTa samefoSi
mcxovrebi, xolo `mesxi~ _ basianelni.
XI-XII saukuneebSi, rac gauqmda e.w. `qarTvelTa samefo~, `mesxis~ mniSvneloba gaizarda imiT, rom `mesxebs~ axla uwodebdnen samcxe-tao-basianis mcxovrebT, bagrat IV-is drosve `gamoiyvana mawyverelman mesxni Svelad mefisa... li parit Sekribna kaxni~ (q.c. I, gv. 300).
513

aq `mesxi~ samcxe-taoel-javaxelia, kaxi ki kaxeTis mcxovrebi.

mesxni arian kalmaxisa da artanujis, misi mimdebare qarTuli qveynebis mcxovrebni. `sula erisTavman kalmaxisagan, grigol erisTavman artanujisagan SeaerTes sityva da Seiwvivnes maT Tana sxvanica aznurni
mesxni~ (iqve, gv. 301).
erTian saxelmwifoSi `qarTli~ mxolod Sida qarTls ewodeboda, amitomac samxreT saqarTvelos mcxovrebni mesxebad iwodnen. `mesxni aznaurni da zemosa kerZisani Zlierad dges axalqalaqs~ (q.c. I, gv. 306) _
igulisxmeba sultan arfasaranis Semosevebis dro. giorgi II `gardmovida samcxes, moirTna mesxni~ (gv. 316). daviT aRmaSeneblis dros, roca
Turqebma tao-basiani daiWires, maT winaaRmdeg ubrZana, anu `acnoba
qarTvelTa da mesxTa, raTa klarjeTs dauxvdnen paemansa~ (q.c. I, gv. 333).
TviTon ki quTaisidan laSqriT ganvlo zRvispiri xufaTis gziT
Sevida klarjeTSi da SeebrZola Turqebs basianSi.
maSasadame, saxeli mesxi IX-XII saukuneebSi jer kidev ar atarebda
satomo-eTnikur niSans, aramed ewodeboda sxvadasxva regionaluradministraciuli erTeulis SigniT mcxovrebs.
anisi _ iberiis Temis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi

`iberiis TemSi, anu iberiis sakatepanoSi Sedioda imier tao, Crdilo

basiani, olTisi, TorTomi, kola, artaani, SavSeTi, javaxeTi da e.w. `zemoni
qveyanani~ _ araqs-evfratis auzSi mdebare vrceli teritoria, romelic
eTnikurad araerTgvarovani mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli. mogvianebiT
iberiis Temis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida klarjeTis miwa-wyali, xolo konstantine X monomaqosis dros (1042-55) _ Siraqis samefo qalaq anisiT,
romelic iberiis Temis dedaqalaqad iqca.
iberiis Tems Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda qarTvelTa da vanandis samefoebi (qarTvelTa samefosTan sazRvari banis wyalze gadioda),
dasavleTiT bizantiis administraciuli erTeuli _ qaldiis Temi,
samxreT-dasavleTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT taronisa da vaspurakanis olqebi. Temma arseboba Sewyvita seljukTa Semosevebis Sedegad
1072-1074 wlebSi (qse, 5, 1980, gv. 68).
iberiis Temis didi nawili iyo `daviT kurapalatis memkvidreoba~, anu
is miwa-wyali, romelic daviT III-m uanderZa keisars. daviT III-is samemkvidreo samflobelos Seadgenda imier tao Crdilo basianiTurT. 979 wels
ajanyebuli barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis
bizantiam daviTs gadasca `zemoni qveyanani saberZneTisani, raTa Tavis
sicocxlesa hqondin~ (g. mTawmideli).
XI s-is somexi istorikosis stefanoz taronelis (asoRiki) cnobiT, es
qveynebi iyo: cixe xaltoi-ariWi da masTan mdebare klisura dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi, Cormairis Temi md. Woroxis saTaveebTan,
karini anu Teodosiopoli Tavisi TemiT, cixe sevuki mardaliis
kantonSi, md. araqsis saTaveebTan, harkisa da apaunikis provinciebi aRmosavleT evfratis xeobaSi (qse, 3, 1978, gv. 340).
514

moskovSi dastambuli `bizantiis istoriis~ Tanaxmad, XI s-Si trapezuntidan vanis tbamde bizantiam daaarsa axali administraciuli erTeulebi _ `vaspurakanis Temi, iberiis Temi da Teodosiopolis Temi~.
iqamde arsebobda `qaldeas Temi~. lazikis samitropolitod wodebuli
bizantiuri saeklesio erTeuli Sesabamisad moicavda aRniSnul mxareTa did nawils da isic XI s-Si unda gafarToebuliyo am Temebze saeklesio iurisdiqciis ganvrcobis Sedegad. rogorc aRiniSna, olnutis
saepiskoposo mardaliaSi, xorZene da bizana manraliasTan axlos, taronis mimarTulebiT, andaki _ vanandSi (yarsis olqSi) iyvnen ganlagebulni.
qarTvelTa brZola basian-tao-karinisaTvis

karini - arzrumis anu karnu-qalaqis mxares erqva I aTaswleulSi,

miiCneva, rom sityva karini karinitebis iberiuli tomis saxelisagan
warmodga, romelic qristeSobamde cxovrobda iq.
es qveyana iberiis samefos nawili yofila, cxadia iberebiT dasaxlebuli pariadresTan, gogarenasTan da xorZensTan erTad, romelnic, rogorc
aRiniSna, strabonis cnobiT armeniam CamoaWra iberias qristeSobamde II
saukuneSi. saukuneTa Semdgom Camoyalibebul taos samefos oficialurad ,,qarTvelTa samefos~ ewodebodnen, tao ki basianTan erTad ar Sedioda mcxeTis qarTlis samefoSi, amasTan dakavSirebiT dagvebada mosazreba, rom cnobili qveyana ,,arian-qarTli~ iyo karini - tao-basiani
mimdgom mxareebTan erTad, am mosazrebis sxvadasxva iribi cnoba amtkicebs, romelnic moyvanilia am naSromSi. erTerTi SesaZloa iyos sityva
arian-qarTlis fuZe-Ziris ,,ar~ (,,qarT~ - ,,qar~), igiveoba ,,karin~ sityvis
ZirTan - ,,kar~ (ar-qar-kar) amave regionSi aseTi fuZeebi mravalia maT
Sorisaa arzrumi, arTvini, artanuji, kari, artaani da sxva. art-arT-qarTkar-ar cxadia qmnian garkveul sistemas, romelic namdvilad emsgavseba
sityva ,,arian-qarTls~. ,,moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnobiT arian-qarTli
saxelmwifo iyo, romlis mefis Zem azonma ineba Tavisi xalxis erTi
nawilis ufro CrdiloeTiT gadasaxleba, sadac axali saxelmwifo ,,qarTlis samefo~ daaarsa ,,hereTidan-egriswylamde~. e.i. iyo ori qarTlis
samefo erTi samxreTiT - ,,arian-qarTli~, meore ki CrdiloeTiT. orive
samefo qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram samxreT qarTls anu arian-qarTls ufro ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebrioba hqonia da ufro
Zlieri yofila samxedro-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, Crdilo anu mcxeTis qarTlsac hqonia garkveuli saxelmwifoebriobis Canasaxebi: ,,mcxeTeli mamasaxlisis~ saxiT, romlis uzenaesobas cnobdnen sxva didebulebi. azons CrdiloeTis qarTvelTa saxelmwifo mtkiced Camouyalibebia, magram Semdgom iq dawyebula dinastiuri omi, radganac miiCneva,
rom azo-farnavazis omi Sidadinastiuri brZolis niSniT mimdinareobda, da rom farnavazi da azo saerTo dinastiuri saxlis sxvadasxva
ganStoebebs ganasaxierebdnen, romelTa Soris ufros-umcrosobis princi piT uflebebi da samarTavi teritoria iyo danawilebuli (m. surgu515

laZe, bagrationTa samefo saxli, 1995, gv. 19). amave saxlis wevri unda
yofiliyo aseve egrisis erisTavi quji.
safiqrebelia, rom qarTvelTa ori saxelmwifo ebrZoda erTmaneTs,
eseni iyvnen mcxeTis qarTli da arian-qarTli.
dasavleT armeniis xalxSi eTnoidentobis Ziebis Sedegi
(IX-X ss.)

kvleva erovnuli identobisa rTuli saqme iyo Sua saukuneebSi.

zogjer xdeboda ise, rom erT romelime xalxSi ikveTeboda jgufi,
romelic sabolood iqceoda xolme sxva xalxad da Sordeba Zvel ers.
amis mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva yofiliyo. SeiZleba ramdenime magaliTis dasaxeleba. osmaleTis uzarmazari saxelmwifos mosaxleoba
,,berZnebs~ uwodebda slavuri warmoSobis xalxebsac (maT Soris vTqvaT
bulgarelebs, vlaxebs da a.S.). mizezi amisa iyo is, rom Camoyalibebis
Semdeg ramdenime saukunis manZilze osmaleTis imperiam Tavisi kanonebis Tu adaTis Sesabamisad ,,berZnul TemSi~ gaaerTiana yvela marTlmadidebeli da isini erT centrs - konstantinopolis berZnul sapatriarqos dauqvemdebara, sabolood puSkinis epoqaSi rusuli wreeebi (XIX
s. dasawyisSi) saerTaSoriso asparezze avrcelebdnen mtkicebulebebs,
rom sinamdvileSi osmaleTis ,,berZnebis~ umravlesoba, ara eTnikuri
berZnebi aramed ,,slavebi~ iyvnen. SemdegSi ki marTlac moxda TviTgamorkveva da ,,berZnebidan~ TandaTan gamoikveTnen bulgarelebi, serbebi
Tu vlaxebi.
amJamadac, rogorc cnobilia, qristiani lazebi TavianT Tavs ,,berZnebs~
uwodeben, magram Tu ki raime mizezis gamo maTSi daiwyeba eTnikuri
identobis Ziebis procesi, SesaZloa berZnebis am nawilisagan axali
,,lazi xalxi~ Camoyalibdes, miTumetes, rom arseboben musulmani lazebi, romelnic saerTod ar Tvlian berZnebad Tavs.
msgavsadve SesaZlebelia vTqvaT meqsikis xalxSi Sida identobis Ziebis Sedegad gamoikveTos indielTa axali xalxebi anda eTnojgufebi,
romelnic warmoCndebian, rogorc damoukidebeli nacionaluri xalxebi.
daaxloebiT msgavsadve ,,dasavleT armeniis~ mkvidrma mosaxleobam IX-X saukuneebSi, eTnoZiebis Sedegad daaskvna, rom isini
iyvnen ara somxebi aramed iberielebi, eniT, kulturiT, warsuliT
da sxva erovnuli TvisebebiT. tao-baianisa da axlo mxareebis
mosaxleobam eTno-TviTgamorkveviT aRidgina qarTul-erovnuli
eTnoidentoba da ara e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Segegad.
basiani XII s.-Si

basiani XII s-Si saqarTvelos saxelmwifos nawili iyo. Tamar mefis

dros basianSi didi omi gaimarTa`wyalobiTa mohxeda samkvidrebelsa Tvissa RmerTman da varZiisa RvTismSobelma uvneblad daicva mis winaSe Sevedrebuli eri qarTvelTa~.
516

arzena - arsiani - ariani

konstantine proforogeneti, rogorc iTqva, artanujis olqs

(klarjeTs) uwodebs ,,arzenas~ (arzeni). SeuZlebelia, rom ar davinaxeT msgavseba anda identuroba sityvebs Soris ,,arzeni~ da ,,arsiani~.
rogorc viciT, arsiani ewodeba qeds, romelic aRmosavleTidan sazRvravs
klarjeTs anu artanujis olqs. arsiani SesaZloa konstantine porfirogenetis dros iwodeboda kidec ase: ,,arziani~ ,,arzeani~ anu arzes
qedi. arzenas Ziri aris ,,arz~, xolo ,,eani~, ,,iani~ qarTuli sufiqsebia.
sityva arsianma aseve SeiZleba gagvaxsenos sityva ,,ariani~, rogorc viciT ase ewodeboda qarTvelTa samxreTis samSoblos (,,arian-qarTli~).
zogierT mkvlevars is eguleba istoriul mesxeTSi anu tao-klarjeTis
mxares. marTlac, Cveni wyaroebis cnobiT klarjeTi iyo azonis mamuli
qveyana. anu arian-qarTlis Zveli samefos nawili iyo klarjeTi. rogorc
iTqva, klarjeTs X saukuneSi arzeni, xolo mis mTavar qeds ,,arsiani~
erqva. Cveni Zveli wyaros cnobiT ki klarjeTi arianis qveynis nawili
iyo. maSasadame samive sityva (arzeni, arsiani da ariani) miimarTeba klarjeTis mimarT da Cans klarjeTis Zveli saxelebi iyvnen, rogorc aRiniSna klarjeTis saxel ,,arzenisagan~ aseve unda iyos warmoSobili sityva ,,arz-ena~ anu ,,laz-ena~ igive ,,lazika~ (lazivi). maSasadame safiqrebelia, rom ,,lazika~ da ,,ariani~ erTi warmoSobis sityvebia. vaxuStis
cnobiT klarjeTis (anu arian-qarTlis anu lazikis) nawilebi iyvnen
tao, speri, TorTomi, arzumis sanaxebi da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom olTisis
dasavleTiT mdebareobdnen azordis cixe, qalaqi azordi, aq gaedineboda md.azordi da saerTod mTel mxaresac azordi erqva. is mdebareobda
Woroxsa da olTisis wyals Sua. sityvebi azordi da arzeni TiTqosda
erTmaneTs emsgavsebian. sityva azordi Cven gvagonebs sityva azons,
saxels arian-qarTvelTa mefis Zisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom osmaluri wyaros
cnobiT am mxareSi - ,,aznaurebi~ cxovrobdnen.

Tavi XIV
arian-qarTli
sityva `qarTvelis~ etimologia

amJamad miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, sityva `qarTveli~ ukavSirdeba mcxeTaSi `qarTlis mTas~, romlis mcxovrebTac TiTqosda ewodaT `qarTveli~,
Semdgom ki es saxeli ganivrco irgvliv macxovreblebzec.
sityva `qarTvels~ agreTve akavSireben sityvasTan `qarTa~, rac Semoragvul adgils niSnavs. ZiriTadad aseTi iyo sabWoTa epoqaSi istoriografiis Tvalsazrisi.
517

ufro adrindels gamoxatavs mixeil TamaraSvili: _ `sayovelTaod miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, adgilobrivi tradiciis mixedviT, `saqarTvelo~ nawarmoebia sityvisagan `qarTlos~, `iafetis badiSiSvilis saxelisagan, romelsac wilad rgebia es mxare. mis Svilebs mamis saflavTan fici daudiaT,
rom mamis adgilsamyofels `qarTloss~, anu `qarTls~ uwodebdnen, mis
saxelisuflebo miwebs ki _ saqarTvelos~ (m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde, 1995, gv. 38).
TamaraSvilis wignis weris dros jer naklebad iyo cnobili `moqceva
qarTlisai~ da amitom ucnobi iyo qveyana `arian-qarTli~, magram am wyaros,
kargad icnobda daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvrad miCneuli arsen beri, romelic wmida ninos cxovrebaSi wers, Tu vin arian qarTvelebi da rogor unda
aixsnas etimologiurad sityva `qarTveli~. kerZod, is wers - `Cven Svilni
varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da ena maTi vuwyiT~.
maSasadame, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ TvalsazrisiT, absoluturad gansxvavebulad warmoidgineba qarTvelTa warmoSoba. qarTvelebi am wyaros
cnobiT, ar Camoyalibebulan saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, e.i. qarTlosisagan,
aramed samxreTSi arsebobda saxelmwifo `arian-qarTli~, romlis mcxovrebT,
am wyaros mixedviTve, erqvaT `arian qarTvelni~ anu `qarTvelni~.
`arian-qarTlis~ politikuri elita aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi
Camosaxlda Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi. axali qveynis mosaxleoba
`qarTvelebi~ iyvnen imis gamo, rom isini `Svilni~, anu STamomavlebi iyvnen`maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTa~, anu sityva `qar Tveli~ m cxeT is
gadedaqalaqebamdec arsebobda da erqva arian-qarTlis mosaxleoba s.
meore mxriv, qarTlis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, `qarTvelebi~ qarTlosis
STamomavalni arian, megrelebi `egrosisa~ da a.S., maSin, roca ufro Zveli
wyaros, `moqcevas~ mixedviT, rogorc iTqva, `arian-qarTvelebi~ mefis Ze
azonis meTaurobiT Tanabrad gansaxldnen `egriswylidan hereTamde _ (albaneTamde)~, anu am wyaros mixedviT, rogorc egriswyalTan mcxovrebi
egr iselebi, ise aRm osav leT saqa rTve los mosa xleo ba, `ari anqarTvelTa~ STamomavlebia. qarTvelebia, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba egriswyalTan, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba.
`da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoi, Ze arian-qarTlisa
mefisai, da mas miuboZa mcxeTai sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas
hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~
(Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv,81).
Zalze Rrma da sagulisxmo gansxvavebaa.
garkveulia, rom qarTlis cxovrebis cnobebi e.w. kavkasielTa da qarTvelTa eTnarqebis Sesaxeb Sedgenilia movses xorenacis `istoriis~ gavleniT,
albaT, monRolebis Semdeg, radganac arsen beri XII s-Si `eTnarqTa~ Teorias ar icnobda, xolo `moqceva qarTlisa~ aris I aTaswleulis wyaro,
romelic sinas mTazec ikiTxeboda IX-X ss-Si. maSasadame, `qarTveli~ _
`arian-qarTvelTa~ STamomavals niSnavs. mas etimologiuri kavSiri ara
aqvs arc `qarTlosTan~ da arc sityva `qarTasTan~.

518

arian-qarTlis eri
arian-qarTlis mdebareoba amJamadac kvlevis sagania.
n. xazaraZis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac mniSvnelovans uwodebs akad. g.
giorgaZe, arian-qarTli mdebareobda tao-basianis mxareebisaken. ,,n. xazaraZis koncefciiT arian-qarTli, iseve rogorc mosxike klarjeTisa da mis samxreTiT mdebare tao-basianis mxareebis aRmniSvneli
termini iyo, ekleci-anZianZora-steri ki am didi regionis samxreT
sazRvarTan dRevandel erznjanis zeganze mdebare qalaqebi~ (g.
giorgaZe, n. xazaraZe. kavkasiur-axlo aRmosavluri krebuli, 2001, gv. 13).
,,Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da enai maTi
vuwyiT~ - werda arsen beri, daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvari, Tavis ,,wmida
ninos cxovrebaSi~.
I aTaswleulSi qarTveloba darwmunebuli yofila, rom isini iyvnen
,,arian-qarTlidan~ gamosuli xalxis STamomavalni da agreTve imaSic, rom qarTuli ena yofila igive ena, rac ,,arian-qarTvelTa~ ena
iyo Zvel samSobloSi (maSasadame, maTi Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeboda ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciisgan, rom magaliTad, qarTuli ena TiTqosda
saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda sxvadasxva enebis aRrevis Sedegad).
Tu Cven SevajerebT ,,wmida ninos cxovrebis~, aseve, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~
da ,,moqcevai qarTlisais~ koncefciebs, SeiZleba mivideT Semdeg mosazrebamde: arian-qarTlis qveynidan Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Camovida mefis
Ze azoni Tavis samxedro elitis TanxlebiT, maT Seqmnes axali saxelmwifo,
magram wyarosave cnobiT, mkvidr, Zvel qarTul mosaxleobas, arianqarTvelTa Camosvlamde, ukve hqonia saxelmwifos mowyobis niSnebi
da hyavda mmarTvelebi. SeiZleba iTqvas dinastiac - e.w. mcxeTeli
mamasaxlisebis ojaxi. am ojaxis wevri farnavazi moaxerxebs Camosuli
samxedro aristokratiis elitis nawilis mimxrobas, mkvidrTagan ki jaris
Seqmnas da SeebrZoleba azons. azoni marcxdeba da gadadis Tavisi mamis
qveyanaSi, anu ,,arian-qarTlSi~ - esaa klarjeTi da mis samxreTiT mdebare
mxareebi (albaT tao, karini, basiani da a.S.). farnavazi aqac amarcxebs azons,
laSqravs samxreTis mxareebs (e.i. klarjeT-arian-qarTls) da brundeba Sin
- mcxeTaSi. erTi sityviT ,,arian-qarTlSi~ Cans igulisxmeba vrceli
qveyana trapezuntidan (zRvispira didi qalaqidan) karnu- qalaqamde da anZianZoramde (dRevandel erzinjanis zegnamde), anu qaldeasperi-tao-basiani da misi momijnave mxareebi, is qveyana, sadac qsenofontem qarTveli tomebi aRwera, qveyana, romelsac straboni uwodebs
xorZenes, pariadrsa da gogarens, iberiis mxareebs, romelic armeniam
CamoaWra istoriul saqarTvelos qristeSobamde II s-Si. iqamde es
mxareebi Sedioda iberiaSi, cxadia iberebiTve anu qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 183). parxaris mTa p. ingoroyvas azriT aris igive pariadres mTianeTi anu pontos mTebi md. kelkit Cais
SesarTavidan Ralisamde da dasavleT evfratamde. s. janaSias azriT pariadre, skidisi da mosxis mTebi aRmosavleT pontos qedis nawilebia (iqve, e.
cagareiSvilis komentari, gv. 182).
519

arian-qarTlis umTavresi nawili xorZenesa, Semdgom gugarqsa da

pariadris mTianeTis kalTebze unda yofiliyo ganfenili. klarjeTi vaxuStis cnobiT, am mxareebis nawili iyo (vaxuStis cnobiT klarjeTi iyo ara mxolod artanujis mxare, aramed tao, basiani, speri da
maTi irgvlivi qveynebi).
strabonis cnobiT qaldebi xalibebis memkvidreebi iyvnen. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTvelebs uZveles xanaSi qaldiaSi unda ecxovraT (ix. iv.
javaxiSvili, qarTuli eris istoria, I, 1960, gv. 412). ,,moqcevais~ cnobiT
qarTvelebi ,,arian-qarTvelTa~ STamomavlebia, xolo iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,
ki qarTvelTa winaprebi Tavdapirvelad qaldeaSi cxovrobdnen. maSasadame qaldea - ,,arian-qarTlis~ nawili iyo. p. ingoroyvas azriT
qaldea iyo ,,samxreT kolxeTis~ zogadi saxelwodeba (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 268). Tu es asea, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom
arian-qarTli samxreT kolxeTis nawili iyo.
mociqulTa epoqaSi, I-II saukuneebSi iberia gaZlierda, imdenad, rom somex
mefeTa taxti zogjer qarTvelTa xelSi iyo, safiqrebelia, rom am droisTvis
armeniam ukanve daubruna iberias CamoWrili xorZene da gogareni, pariadres
kalTebTan erTad, arabobis dros, Cans, rom qarTvelTa somxebSi asimilacia
Senelda da qarTvelobam am mxareebSi, anu istoriul arian-qarTlSi
garkveulwilad SeZlo qarTuli enisa da eTnikuri vinaobis SenarCuneba, amas miuTiTebs is, rom arabobis gadavardnis Semdeg swored
aRniSnul mxareebis mosaxleobis didi nawili ara ,,somxebad~ aramed
,,qarTvelebad~ acxadebda Tavs, imdenad, rom taoSi Seiqmna kidec
erovnuli saxelmwifo ,,qarTvelTa samefos~ saxelwodebiT, romelic
gafarTovda vanis tbis mimarTulebiT.
Tu ara basili keisris SemoWra da `qarTvelTa samefos~ damarcxeba,
albaT Zveli ,,arian-qarTli~ aRidgenda Tavis Tavs anu qaldeadan vanis
tbamde aRorZindeboda eTnikur qarTvelTa, mkvidri mosaxleobis saxelmwifo, qarTuli eniTa da eklesiiT.
basili keisarma, Semdeg ki imperatorebma konstantinem, romonosma da
sxvebma gaafTrebiT ibrZoles qarTvelTa gasanadgureblad yofil arian
qarTlSi, romelsac imJamad `iveria~ erqva.
Tumca bizantielTa Semdeg Turq-seljukebmac ki ver SeZles iq mkvidri
qarTvelobis saboloo mospoba, XII-XVI saukuneebSi arzrumidan-yarsamde
da mimdebare mxareebamde qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba mainc arsebobda,
iqve mdebareobdnen qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebic - kareli, valaSkerteli, dadeSneli da sxvebi. ase, rom tao-klarjeTi IX-X saukuneebSi ki
ar ,,gaqarTvelda~, rogorc miiCneva qarTizaciis Teoriis mixedviT,
aramed piriqiT, xorZenes, gugarqisa da pariadris qarTvelobam
aaRorZina Tavisi vinaoba, tao-klarjeTis `qarTvelTa samefos~ saxiT.
azonis mamis samefo - `arian-qarTli~
mkvlevari T. qemerteliZe eTanxmeba g. meliqiSvilsa da g. mamulias, rom
arian-qarTli sxva teritoriebTan erTad moicavda taosa da spers (uTiTebs
520

g. meliqiSvili `saqarTvelos Zveli istoriisaTvis~, rusul enaze, 1959, gv.

278; g. mamulia, `klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba
Zvel qarTlSi~, 1979, gv. 93). misi azriT arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni iyo
aqemenidebis samefos XVIII satrapiis erT-erTi mxaris mmarTveli, anda XIX
satrapiis gamgebeli (T. qemerteliZe. qarTlis iberiis samefos warmoqmnis
TariRis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumi narkvevebi, t. VI, 2000, gv.
31).
SesaZloa aleqsandre makedonelma azons XIX satrapiasTan erTad Caabara CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveynis gamgeoba da am saxiT axali satrapia mcxeTisa (iberiisa) Camoayaliba. ,,moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnobiT azoni
iyo ara mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed TiTqmis mTeli
istoriuli saqarTvelos gamgebeli - ,,egriswylidan~ vidre albaneTamde, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo (aRmosavleTTan erTad) mis
mier imarTeboda. ase gadmogvcems ,,qarTlis cxovrebac~.
aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdeg 323-316 wlebSi mdinare
araqsis Sua welze Camoyalibda e.w. ,,araratis~ somxuri saxelmwifo. iqamde es teritoria qarTvelebiT - qarTveluri tomebiT
iyo dasaxlebuli. qsenofonte aq miuTiTebs fasianebs, herodote alar odiele bs.
T. qemerteliZe wers ,,md. araqsis xeobaSi somxuri eTnikuri elementis masobrivi SeRweva Zv. w. IV saukunis pirveli naxevrisaTvis
aris savaraudo~ (iqve, gv. 36), radganac adre iq Zv.w. VI saukunis bolo
meoTxedsa da Zv. w. V s-Si alarodielebi da fasianebi saxlobdnen.
arian-qarTlis momcvel miwa-wyalze somxebs SeRweva dauwyiaT qristeSobamde IV saukunis dasawyisSi. albaT maT Semosevas Tu gaeqca arianqarTlis mefis Ze azoni da CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlda. arian-qarTlis
samefos miwa-wyalze somxebs CamouyalibebiaT aseve kidev erTi
somxuri samefo ,,mcire armenia~. is moicavda yofili XVIII satrapiis teritorias, maT Soris taos, spers, yara-sus zemo dinebas
(Zv.w. IV s.-dan), iqamde am miwa-wyalze cxovrobdnen sasperebi, matienebi da alarodielebi (safiqrebelia, rom mcire armeniaSi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba bolomde ar Secvlila da iq
qarTvelebi kidev didxans cxovrobdnen, rasac miuTiTebs faqtebi
imisa, rom swored am miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda IX-X saukuneebSi
qarTuli samTavroebi, Semdeg ,,qarTvelTa samefo~ kidev ufro adre,
VII s-Si, aq iyo ,,qarTvelTa samTavro~ Tumca ki es ukanaskneli
somexTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.
qarTvelTa eTnikuri identobis SenarCunebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iqneboda faqti imisa, rom maT mezoblad qarTlis (iberiis) anu mcxeTis saxelmwifo arsebobda Zv.w. III saukunidan. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, rom I-II
saukuneebSi gaZlierebuli iberia TviT somxeTis samefosac marTavda (farsman mefisa da misi Svilebis dros).
maSasadame, yofil XVIII satrapiaSi Zv.w. IV saukunisaTvis ori somxuri
samefo e.w. araratisa da mcire armeniisa Camoyalibda. XIX satrapiac
ver acda somxur batonobas berZenTa da romaelTa mier ,,dasav521

leT armeniad~ wodebuli miwa-wyali moicavda md. Woroxis zemo

da Sua dinebaTa qveynebis garkveul nawils (maT Soris taosa da
spers) da mdinare araqsis zemo dinebis auzs. tao da speri, rogorc
basiani, didxans, TiTqmis XV-XVI saukuneebamde da Semdegac kvlav
eTnikuri qarTuli qveynebi iyvnen, armenizaciis procesi am qarTul
mxareebSi SedarebiT neli iyo.
aleqsandre makedonels XVIII satrapia samarTavad gadaucia miTren iarvandianisaTvis, romelic airaratis mefe iyo (iqve, gv. 36), maSasadame savaraudod arian-qarTlis nawilic masve gadaeca.
T. qemerteliZe fiqrobs, rom radgan azonis mamis iaredosis saxeli
msgavsia iarvandisa, amitomac isini naTesavebi iyvnen. Cemi azriT maT orives
(iarvandsa da iaredoss) saxelebi erqvaT qveynis ,,arianis~ saxelis mixedviT,
kerZod am qveynis saxelis fuZe (e.i. - ,,ar~) gadaqceula am qveynis mflobelis sagvareulo saxelad. marTlac XVIII satrapiis mmarTvelTa sagvareulo saxeli yofila iarvandianebi, iarvand - saxelSi fuZis nawilia ,,ar~
(i-ar-vand) iseve, rogorc iaredosSi (i-ar-edos).
,,ar~ fuZis mqone saxelebi aRniSnul regionSi mravlad iyo. toponimi
da hidronimi - araqsi, arsiani, arcni, arzne, arzrumi, arTvini, artaani, artanuji, Tu aras vityviT karinsa da karze - arian-qarTlis qveynis saxelis
(arianis) Zveli naSTebi.
g. meliqiSvilma gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom saxeli ,,somexi~ warmomdgaria qveynis saxelisagan, suxma~, romelic T. qemerteliZis sityviT mdebareobda murad-sus dinebis CrdiloeTiT dasavleT armeniaSi. suxma-soxma-soxmi-somxi da aqedan somxiTi, somxiTari, somexi. istoriulad ki suxmas
xuritul qveyanaSi xuriti matienebi cxovrobdnen.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv armenias, is Sedioda XIII satrapiaSi aqemenidebis
dros da mdebareobda vanis tbis midamoebSi, md. tigrosis zemo dinebis
regionSi md. boxtan-sus SesarTavamde. esaa qsenofontes ,,aRmosavleTi
armenia~.
T. qemerteliZis azriT azoni mcxeTaSi gamefda 323-322 wlebSi Zveli
welTaaRricxvisa, xolo 301 wels is daamarcxa farnavazma artaanSi.
farnavazma amis Semdeg ilaSqra mcire armeniaSi (Zvel arian-qarTlSi) da
aiRo misi mTavari qalaqi anikemaxi anu anZianZori, saidanac ekelecis
gavliT Sevida klarjeTSi. man ,,arian-qarTlis~ miwa-wyalze anu azonis
mamulSi ilaSqra anZianZoridan - klarjeTamde (SesaZloa anikemaxi iyo is
qalaqi, sadac Semdeg daarsda kamaxis saepiskoposo kaTedra).
aqaurebi (e.i. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidrni) yofilan `aznaurebi~ (radgan qarTlSi ormefobis Jams (Zv.w.II-I ss.) mxolod aqauri
erisTavebi ixsenebian aznaurebad), Semdeg `aznaurebi~ - wodebriv fenad
iqca (iqve, gv. 36).
azoni mcxeTaSi 24 weli mefobda, T. qemerteliZe eTanxmeba sxvebs da
miiCnevs, rom 301 wels diadoqos antigones mokvlis Semdeg wina aziis
zedamxedvelobis ufleba mieniWa iqamde Trakiis gamgebels lisimaqes. am
droisaTvis selevkim ukan daibruna mesopotamiis gamgebloba. am cvlilebebma gavlena iqonia azonis bedzec. kerZod 301 wels misi mfarveli anti522

gones mokvlis Semdeg azons aujanyda mcxeTis mamasaxlisis Zmiswuli

farnavazi (iqve, gv. 37). man orwliani brZolis Semdeg mcxeTis taxti daiWira, mas mxars uWerda selevki, azons ki lisimaqe. gamarjvebis Semdeg,
rogorc iTqva, farnavazma azonis mamuli qveyana anu arian-qarTli
dalaS qra.
miiCneva, rom azonis mcire aziur warmoSobaze (istoriuli samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelodan) migvaniSnebs mis mier Semotanili gacisa da gas
kerpebi.
`zemo qveyanaTa~ qarTuli adgilebi - `azonis mamuli~
1. vani _ olqi da saolqo centri vanis tbis aRmosavleT sanapiroze.
Turqebma dai pyres 1548 wels.
2. baiberdi _ mdebareobs md. Woroxis piras arzrum-trapizonis gzaze,
arzrumidan 100 km-is manZilze. adre Sedioda arzrumis olqSi, axla ki
giumuSxanes sanjayia.
3. erzinjani _ olqi evfratis dablobze, arzrumidan dasavleTiT 176 km
manZilze
4. alaSkerti _ mdebareobs aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, aliris olqis sanjayia da 72 sofeli eqvemdebareba, alaSkertSi, sofel CangalSi, arseboda qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedra (ix. eqvTime TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia
kola-olTisSi da CangalSi 1907 wels, parizi, 1938, gv. 78-80). ufro safiqrebelia, rom is iyo sxva qalaqSi - `valaSkertSi~.
5. avniqi _ sofeli arzrumis olqis fasinleris (udris basians) raionSi.
Sua saukuneebSi ixsenieba avniqis cixe,
6. kavkasiZeebi - taos feodalebi iyvnen da Sediodnen iSxnelis samywsoSi. `sul sakavkasiZeo~ qarTlis kaTalikoss emorCileboda
7. ispiri (speri) - mdebareobs md. Woroxis marjvena napirze. amJamad
arzrumis olqis erTerTi raionia.
8. olTisi (Turqulad olTi) _ axlandeli olTu, mdebareobs imier
taoSi, olTisis wyalze, dai pyres osmalebma 1549 wels. amJamad arzrumis
olqis raionuli centria.
9. bingioli _ mTa, mis Crdilo kalTidan iRebs saTaves mdinare araqsi.
10. basiani _ axlandeli fasinleri arzrumis olqSi, basianis cixe osmaluri wyaroebis hasan kalea.
11. Cobanis xidi _ mdebareobs arzrumis olqSi, fasinleridan 15 km daSorebiT md. araqsis da kargafazaris SesarTavSi.
12. basian-arzrumis mxare mimdebare teritoriebiT vaxuStis sityviT iyo azonisa da misi mamis mamuli, amitomac, Cans, am mosazrebis
anareklis gamo wers osmaluri samTavrobo wyaro _ `aq mdebare soflebis umravlesoba yandurals ekuTvnis, mcire nawili ki azonis Svilebad
cnobili aznaurebisaa~ (`Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisTvis~, 1983, gv. 54).
c. abulaZe, am wyaros mTargmnel-komentatori, aRniSnavs, rom vaxuStis
cnobiT, farnavazs klarjeTi daupyria `xolo klarjeTi ara ars wili
523

amaTi, aramed farnaoz dai pyra Semdgomad azonis sikvdilisa~ (q.c.

IV, gv. 657). maSasadame, klarjeTi-tao-basiani _ azonis mamuli mxare iyo da
is farnavazma SemouerTa qarTlis samefos (kerZod, klarjeTi).
basian-taoSi `azonis Svilebs~ - TviT XVI s-Sic ki uwodebdnen
aznaurebs~.
albaT, araa SemTxeviTi, rom am adgilebSi mdebareobs provincia saxelwodebiT ~azordi.
aRniSnuli `yanduralis mamulSi~ c. abulaZis azriT, `ivaraudeba arzrumis olqis aRmosavleT mxares mdebare yarsis olqis dasavleTi
nawili~ (es is mxarea, romelic grigol bakurianis Zem daubruna
saqarTvelos samefos).
13. TorTumi _ arzrumis vilaieTis erT-erTi sanjayi,
14. iSxani _ amJamad arTvinis olqis sofeli,
15. fanaki _ igive bana, arzrumis olqis sofelia.
16. artaani _ mxare mtkvris zemo welze, Turqebma miitaces 1551 wels,
amJamad yarsis olqSia.
17. kola _ igive `mcire artaani~, Turquli `gele~. adre Sedioda yarsis
vilaieTSi.
18. SavSeTi _ osmalebma dai pyres XVI s-Si. amJamad aqvs ori Temi _ merie
da imerxevi, Sedis arTvinis olqSi. SavSeTis raionSia istoriuli tbeTi,
axlandeli jevizli, winaT centri iyo saTleli.
19. artanuji _ mdebareobs artanujis wylis marcxena napirze, arTvinis
olqSi.
20. murRulis Temi maWaxlisa da maradidis TemebTan erTad Sedis arTvinis
olqis borCxas raionSi, iwodeba `giogTaSad~ (cnobebi mocemulia wignidan
Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, Turquli dokumentebi TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT gamosca cisana abulaZem, 1983, gv. 58).
aqedanac Cans, rom qarTuli basiani Seesabameba berZnul fasians,
T u r qu l f a s in le r s , ro m e li c i y o m x olo d e r T i m x a r e T e o dosiopolisis anu arzrumis (karnu-qalaqis) Zalze vrceli olqisa,
romelSic ispiric da baiberdic Sedioda, Cans, istoriuli ziganas
CaTvliT, romlis adgilas amJamad gumuSxanea.
ziganas olqSi unda yofiliyo fasisis, anu fasidis samitropolito
Tavisi 4 saepiskoposoTi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom araqsis piras amJamadac mdebareobs q. fasinleri,
romelsac c. abulaZis rukis mixedviT, Seesabameba basiani, anu qalaqi
basiani amJamad iwodeba fasinlerad.
am qalaqze, anu q. basianze gadioda ZiriTadi gza, romelic olTisbana-artaanis gavliT javaxeTSi Sedioda. am gzas wyaroebSi `qarTlis gza~ ewodeba. es gza mocemulia c. abulaZis rukaze (iqve, gv. 31). is
mxaris didi kldianobis gamo erTaderTi gza iyo basianis javaxeTTan damakavSirebeli. amJamadac es gza umTavresia. am gzis erTi
monakveTi artaanidan SavSeTis gziT (artaan-artanuji) uerTdeba
Woroxsa da Sav zRvas.
am gziT unda gaevlo petrasken mimaval xosros, radganac, n. adoncis
cnobiT, is Teodosiopolisidan, anu arzrumidan (basianidan) gaemgzavra
524

petraSi. es gza, c. abulaZis sityviT, iyo `ZiriTadi samarSruto gza~

(iqve, gv. 30).
rogorc iTqva, fasisi erqva md. araqss k. porfirogenetis sityviT. p.
ingoroyvas azriT, fas, fasisi niSnavs wyals, mdinares, fasiani ki wylian
mxares, marTlac, basianis mosazRvre, mis samxreTiT mdebare `bingioli~
iTargmneba rogorc `aTasi tba~ (iqve, gv. 30). `aTasi tbiTa~ da mdinareebiT
mdidari mxare marTlac wyliani, wyaluxvi unda yofiliyo.
arian-qarTlis aCrdili
wm. grigol parTelis, somexTa ganmanaTleblis cxovrebaSi aRniSnulia,
rom mis mier qristianoba ganivrco mTel armeniaSi, qalaq sataladan, xaldiisa da klarjeTis siaxlovidan - masquTebamde, kaspiis sazRvar paitakaranamde, somexTa qalaqamde, amididan nizibinis siaxlovidan korduenas CaTvliT midiamde.
kerZod, gaunaTlebia 16 samTavro _ angelTa saxlis mTavari, alzniqTa
didi pitiaxSi, korduqis qveynis mTavari, gargaris qveynis pitiaxSi, utielTa qveynis mTavari, zaravandisa da heris mxareTa mTavari da sxvebi.
am siidan Cans, rom grigols uRvawia istoriul arian-qarTlis miwazec,
radganac es miwa-wyali grigolis dros ukve didi xnis mitacebuli iyo
armeniis mier (Zv.w. II s.-dan), da amitom mis mier ganaTlebuli mTeli mosaxleoba ar iyvnen eTnikuri somexebi, Tumca ki maTi qveynebi armeniaSi iyvnen
moqceuli. magaliTad, utielebi _ albanelebi iyvnen sxva wyaroebis mixedviT, heris mTavris qveS Tu igulixmeba Cveni istoriuli mxare hereTi _
arc misi mosaxleoba iyo somxuri. aseve qsenofonte karduxebs ar miiCnevda somxebad, piriqiT, isini sxva avtorebis mier qarTvelTa winaprebad
miiCneoda. etimologiurad gargari da gugarqi msgavsia da albaT eTnikuradac gargarelebi Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebi unda yofiliyvnen, radganac fuZe `grg~ _ qarTvelTa eTnofuZea, Mmisganaa nawarmoebi ara
marto sityva gugarqi, aramed `gurzen~, `gurj~, `georgien~ da sxva
qarTvelTa eTno-saxelebi .
`angelTa~ fuZeSic qarTuli eTnofuZiseuli xmovanebaa `gl~ (gr) _ rac
uyuradRebod ar unda darCes, miTumetes, rom `gel~ manglisisa da algeTis fuZeebSic gvaqvs.
iv. javaxiSvils `kardu~ da tomis saxeli `karduxi~ erTi etimologiisad
miaCnda, da `qarTu~ _ qarTueli misgan nawarmoebad. misganve unda iyos mcxeTis
samefos saxeli `qarTli~.
ariani-arzeni
sityva lazika, Cans, isevea nawarmoebi, rogorc, magaliTad, misi axlo
provinciebis saxelebi, magaliTad, korCaika (korduena), parsfaika (nor-Sirvani), alznika (arzanena), utiki (otena), gugarqi, cofki (sofena) da sxva.
berZnebi lazikas efro `lazivs~, `lazons~, `lazias~ uwodebdnen.
saxelwodebaSi `lazika~ fuZe `laz~ romaa, iqidanac Cans, rom misganaa
nawarmoebi lazeTi da lazistani.
525

sityvebSi korCaika, parsfaika, alznika, lazika somxuri sufiqsebi - `k~,

`ka~, `ika~ igivea, rac qarTuli `eTi~, imave paraleluri mniSvnelobis somxuri sufiqsi `ena~ gvxvdeba sityvebSi `korduena~, `arzanena~, `otena~, `gogarena~, `sofena~ da `arzena~.
vanis tbis dasavleTiT, evfratis Senakad aracanTan axlos, mdebareobda
olqi alzniki, anu rac igivea _ arzanena. orive saxelwodebis fuZea `alzni~
(arzni), xolo `ik~ (k) da `ena~ ki _ sufiqsebi. esaa yofili olqis `alzis~
(alzis samefos) Semdegdroindeli saxeli.
arzni anu arzena, konstanine porfirogenetis TqmiT, erqva aseve
artanujis olqsac (qarTvelTa samefoSi), amasTanave, karinis, anu Teodosiopolis saxelic arzen-er-rumi (arzrumi) _ arzen-Tanaa dakavSirebuli.
`arzen~ saxeli, Cveni azriT, dakavSirebulia im mosxebTan, romlebic
alzis samefos mkvidri mosaxleoba gamxdara qristeSobamde XII saukuneSi. am mxriv mniSvnenovania strabonis cnoba da aseve vrceli msjeloba
imis Sesaxeb, rom xalibebis (qaldebis) Zveli saxelwodeba aseve iyo `alazonebi~ an `alizonebi~ (alaZonebi, aliZonebi). es saxelwodebebi nawarmoebia fuZisagan- alz-alZ.
es fuZe `alZ-alz~ unda iyos igive `arZ-arz~, romelic SeiZleba `gurZgurz~ saxelSic JRerdes, radganac swored ase uwodebdnen alzis samefos
mezobelad mcxovrebi sirielebi qarTvelebs.
md. aracanis saxeli, p. ingoroyvas azriT, JRerda rogorc arawani, SesaZloa is JRerda, rogorc `arazani~, anu `alazani~ (qarTuli sufiqsi `ani~,
`oni~).
arezi erqva aseve araqssac.
SeiZleba Tavisi Tavdapirveli qveynis saxelebi mesxebma da qaldebma
`alznis~ qveynidan ufro CrdiloeTSi gadasaxlebis dros Tan waiRes.
mesxebi, anu iberebi, Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, TavianTi qveynidan mefe
nabuqodonosors gadausaxlebia pontos zRvis piras. iq isini gamravlebulan da `modebian vrcel areals pontos zRvispireTidan vidre albaneTamde~ (m. xorenacis da sxva avtorTa cnobiT). safiqrebelia, rom `alzidan~
pontos zRvis pirze gadasaxlebulma mesxebma (mosxebma _ kolxurma tomma) Tan waiRo Tavisi qveynis saxeli `alz~ da daumkvidra SavizRvispireTis im sanapiro qveynebs, sadac gansaxlda _ magaliTad, alz-ika, alz-ena
(arzena-artanuji) da arzen-er-rum (arzena _ karini).
`alz-iki~ unda iyos, safuZveli misgan nawarmoebi saxelisa `lazika~
(alzika-lazika), ramdenime Tanxmovnis gadaadgilebiT sityvis fuZeSi.
straboni, rogorc iTqva SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreb `qaldebs~ aseve `alazonebs~ uwodebs, sityva `lazonisagan~ warmoebul saxels. Tavis mxriv
`lazonis~ fuZea `lazi~ (lazi-lazoni-alazoni). strabonma gamowvlilviT
gamoikvlia Tu ratom ewodeboda mis dros Zvel alibebs xalibebi da
Semdeg qaldebi, maTve aseve erqvaT `alazonebi~ da maTive tomis qalebis
saxeli iyo `amazonebi~. sonari bgerebis `n~-sa da `m~-s urTierTgadasvla
bunebrivia, amitomac sityva `alazonisagan~ sityva `amazonis~ miReba advili
SesaZlebelia. strabonis mier wamoWril am sakiTxs sxvagan SevexeT,AMamitom
aq ar gavimeorebT.
526

erTi sityviT, `alz-laz~ (`arz-arZ~) erqva samxreTiT MDmdebare

erT-erT qarTul qveyanas, romlis saxeli ganivrco SavizRvispireTsa
da mis maRla mdebare mTian regionebSi.
nairi-arina-arian
Cven gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba rom arian-qarTlis saxeli unda
JRerdes aRniSnul regionSive mdebare iseT toponimebSi rogoric aris
magaliTad arzena, arzni, arzrumi, karini, kari, da sxva. maT saxelebs SeiZleba albaT daematos erzinjani, anu arzinjani, artaani, arTvini, artanuji da msgavsi saxelebi, romelTa fuZeebSi JRers ,,ar~ (SeiZleba fuZe
qarTulSi arsebobda TanxmovanTkompleqsi `rZ-rz-rc-rw~, Semdgom saukuneebSi daSlis Semdgom mas SeeZlo moeca calke - `r~ da calke - `Z~
(z,c,w). Tu es ase iyo, maSin fuZeqarTulisas arsebuli romelime sityva
(vTqvaT toponimi) `arZ-arz~ sufiqsis, vTqvaT `ianis~ darTvisas (TanxmovanTjgufis `rz~-s daSlis Semdeg) erT SemTxvevaSi mogvcemda `arzianisagan~ sityva `arians~, meore SemTxvevaSi ki `arzianisagan~ sityva `azians~
(aziani-aZiani-asiani).
`ar~ fuZis mqone saxelebi aRniSnul regionSi, romelic moicavda tao
basiansac, mravlad unda iyos. erTs magaliTad axseneben somexi istorikosebi, romlebic aRweren me-10-11 saukuneebis ambebs. es aris arce, arwni. es
yofila didi qalaqi Tanamedrove arzumTan axlos, romelic Turq-selCukebs gaunadgurebiaT. aRsaniSnavia, rom konstantine porfirogeneti artanujis
mxareebsac klarjeTSi arzenis qveyanas uwodebda. es saxeli rogorc
vTqviT SeiZleba momdinareobdes qarTuli sityva arianisagan, arian qarTlidan.
sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi, rom aRniSnuli regionis maxloblad Zvel xanaSi mdebareobda xeTebis qveyana, romlis qalaqi arina warmoadgenda
xeTebis mzis RmerTis sakulto centrs. aRsaniSnavia, rom xeTuri qalaq
arinas mzis qalRmerTi Weqa-quxilis RmerTTan erTad warmoadgenda xeTebis panTeonis meTaurs. ase, rom arina, qalaq arinas mzis RmerTi Zalze
saxelovani saxeli iyo xeTur samyaroSi (i. tatiSvili, ramdeni mze hyavdaT xeTebs, aRmosavlur-kavkasiuri krebuli, 2001, gv.109-120).
aRsaniSnavia, rom xeTebis Semdeg aRniSnuli regionis mimdebare vanis
tbis sartyelSi md. boxTansus regionis momcvel qveyanas asuruli wyaroebi
nairis qveyenas uwodebdnen. Zv.w. aRricxvis me-9 saukunidan asuruli wyaroebi
nairis uwodebdnen xubuSqiis samefos. amave regionSi mdebare, asurul
provinciasac nairis uwodebdnen (g. meliqiSvili, nairi urartu, I tomi. 1954,
gv. 17-19).
aRniSnulidan Cans, rom arian-arina-nairi qristes Sobamde ewodeba
vrceli teritoriis regionebs Semdegdroindeli tao-basianidan
vidre vanis tbamde.
vanis tbasTan mdebare nairis siaxloves SemdgomSi cxovrobda karduxebis qarTulad miCneuli tomi. cnobilia, rom aqve cxovrobdnen aRmosavleTis muSqebi. dasavleTis muSqebi ki cxovrobdnen mdinare yizilirmakis
527

Sua welis qvemoT. miiCneva, rom mesxiberebi anu mosxebi arian muSqebis
memkvidreebi. am ukanasknelT ki aigivebdnen frigielebTan.
eTnonimi qarTveli g. meliqiSvilis TvalsazrisiT aRniSnavs cixe-simagris mobinadres, aseve qalaqis cixe-simagris aRmniSvneli aris frigielTa
dedaqalaqis gordionis saxelwodeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom frigielTa saxelmwifos damaarsebels gordiasi erqva. frigielTa memkvidreebad igulisxmebian ara mxolod muSqebi, aramed zogadad iberebi. ,,qarTvelur
samyarosTan frigielTa mimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas i pyrobs
Sida anatoliaSi (iazilikiaSi) napovni qalRmerT kibelasadmi miZRvnili
Zvel frigiul areiastis warweraSi (Zv.w. me-VI saukunis I naxevari) moxseniebuli eTnonimi ,,vrekun~, romelic gaigivebulia erTerTi frigiuli tomis brekunebis anu brigebis saxelwodebasTan. herodotes cnobiT, brigi
iyo frigielebis aRmniSvneli termini, vidre maT ar miatoves balkaneTi,
mcire aziaSi gadmosaxlebamde. eTnonimi vrekun avlens msgavsebas qarTvelTa
aRmniSvnel somxur eTnonimTan virk, vrkan, vrasti-sTan. termini vrkan gvxvdeba me-X saukunis somex istorikosTan uxtanesTan, aseve me-V saukunis
wyaroSi - lazar farpecis somxeTis istoriasa da movses xorenacis naSromSi, igive datvirTva aqvs termin vrois~ (g. qavTaraZe, anatoliuri warmomavlobis 2 amierkavkasiuri eTnonimi, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli
2001, gv. 57). aRsaniSnavia, rom termini vrkan moxsenierebuli aris aseve epistoleTa wignSi. maSasadame, ivaraudeba, rom frigiel tom brigebisagan
warmoiSvnen iberebi igive vrkan-vracebi, eTnonimi qarTveli iseve,
rogorc egri, egriseli, margveli, gurieli da sxva msgavsi qarTuli satomo
saxelebi ,,gr~, ,,rg~ fuZiT frigiul `brig~-Tan, aseve gordion, gordiasTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
aseve sagulisxmoa, rom Zv eli sa eklesi o a vto reb i, rom eln ic
qarTvelebs, somxebsa da sxva kavkasiur toms erT winapars - Targamoss uZebnidnen, miiCnevdnen, rom Targamosis mama TarSi (Trakiulelinur eTnarq) iavanis Ze iyo, iafetur xalxTa rigidan. anu Zvel
qarTvelTa warmodgeniT qarTvelebi iafeturi (e.i. indoevropuli)
xalxi iyo Trakiul-balkanuri wridan (`iafetis Zeni-gomeri, magogi,
madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da Tirasi... iavanis Zeni-eliSa, TarSiSi,
qiTami da dodanimi~. dabadeba, 1 0,1-3).
(`ese Targamos iyo Ze
TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi~. qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955,
gv.3). e.i. genealogia ase warmoidgineba: noe-iavani-TarSi (TarSiSi)
- Targamosi. iavani-Trakiul-elinur eTnarqad iTvleboda, xolo
misi Ze Targamosi-kavkasielTa eTnarqad. es uCvenebs, rom Zvel
saqarTveloSi kavkasielebsa da balkanur tomebs erTi warmoSobis
xalxebad miiCnevdnen.
Zveli qarTveli saeklesio avtorebi qarTvelebs indoevropelebad miiCnevdnen, kerZod ki iafetis STamomavlebad, iafetma ki yvela indoevropels daudo safuZveli. maSasadame, qarTvelebi arian indoevropelebi am mosazrebiT da araferi uSlis xels isini frigielTa
pirdapir STamomavlebad miviCnioT, iseve, rogorc somxebi da albaT sxva
Zveli tomebic. rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa eTnosis CamoyalibebaSi brige528

bis, frigel-musqebis garda monawileoba miiRo aseve balkanuri

gziT Semosulma sxva tomebmac. SesaZloa galatebmac, romelnic
Tavis mxriv kelt-iberiul samyarosTan unda yofiliyvnen dakavSirebuli. safiqrebelia, rom galatebis Semosvla mcire aziaSi moxda Zv.
w. III saukunemdec, mcire aziaSi ki maT kontaqti im frigielebTan hqondaT,
romelnic qarTvelTa ZiriTadi maformirebeli eTnosi iyo. am mosazrebis
gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva is, rom qarTlis cxovrebiT ,,makedonelebi~
iyvnen is xerxemali saxelmwifosi, romelic mefe farnavazma mTel Tavis
saxelmwifoSi (md. egriswylidan albaneTamde) Tanabrad gaanawila, viTarca
samxedro elitaruli zeda fena, romlisagan ,,aznaurebi~ warmoiSvnen. imave
Tvalsazrisisaa ,,moqcevai qarTlisaic~, arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni Tavis
aseulobiT aTass mxedars saxelmwifos fuZemdebeli zeda fenis saxiT
anawilebs md. egriswylidan vidre albaneTamde. rogorc Cans qarTveli
xalxis, viTarca erTiani eTnosis, formireba moxda jer kidev arian-qarTlSi. ,,Cven Svilni varT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da ena maTi
vuwyiT~ - werda XII saukunis moRvawe arsen beri - daviT aRmaSeneblis
moZRvari. maSasadame, arsen beris da Cans Zvel qarTvel saeklesio pirTa
azriT, qarTveloba iyo STamomavali ,,arian-qarTlidan gamosulebisa~,
maSasadame, arian-qarTlSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, romelTa uSualo
STamomavlebic iyvnen XII s. qarTvelebi, amasTanave maT erTi enac hqoniaT. am
teritoriis (arianis) qveS unda igulisxmebodes is miwa-wyali, romelic
Zv.w. II saukuneSi somxeTma miitaca iberiisagan, kerZod strabonis
cnobiT, pariadris kalTebi, pariadris mTis gayolebaze mdebare miwebi, agreTve xolarZene da gogarene (straboni, 11, 14, 5).
n. adoncis mixedviT somexi xalxis (armenielebis) formirebaSi monawileoba miuRiaT qarTvelebsa da semitur armas toms. g. qavTaraZe wers ,,somxuri enis monacemebi miuTiTeben somexTa bevrad ufro adreul kontaqtebze qarTvelurenovan samyarosTan, rasac savaraudod anatoliaSi
hqonda adgili~ (iqve, gv. 56).
balkanur Trakiul modgmis frigielebis viTarca qarTvelebis (mesxebis) winaprebad miCneva ar ewinaaRmdegeba Zveli qarTveli saeklesio istorikosebis mosazrebebs qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
g. meliqiSvils muSqebis uZveles pirvel sacxovrisad mcire aziis Crdilo aRmosavleTi teritoria miaCnia, rogorc Cans aqve Camoyalibda arianqarTlis samefo, ufro adre qristeSobamde meTormete saukuneSi muSqebis
erTi nawili (aRmosavleTis muSqebi) Crdilo mesopotamiisken gaiWrnen.
ufro gvian ki muSqebis meore nawilma (dasavleTis muSqebma) mcire aziis
centralur da dasavleT raionebze gaavrceles TavianTi Zalaufleba.
asirelebi maT samefos muSqebis qveynis saxeliT icnobdnen. antikuri periodis wyaroebi ki frigias eZaxdnen, qristeSobamde 676 wels kimerielTa
da urartuelTa erToblivi Semotevebis Sedegad muSqebis samefo ganadgurda amis Semdeg muSqebis erTma nawilma wamoiwia Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken, da igi gviandeli mesxeTis teritoriaze damkvidrda (g. meliqiSvili
saqarTveloSi klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis 1953 w., gv. 84).
Zveli frigiidan CrdiloeTSi wamoweul mesxebs qristeSobamde VI-IV
529

saukuneSi unda Seeqmna arian qarTvelTa saxelmwifo. evfratisa da Woroxis

saTaveebTan. aq Semdgom droindel tao basiansa - karinsa da vanandSi
rogorc Cans xdeboda mesopotamiidan CrdiloeTisaken daZruli muSqebis
- karduxebis SeRwevac. arian-qarTlis samefodan kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT
gadanacvlebul arian qarTvelebs Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze SeutaniaT armazis kerpi.
hekatos mileteli kolxebs da mesxebs erT xalxad miiCnevda. T.
miqelaZe mesxebs kolxur xalxad miiCnevs (T. ivelaSvili, samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, kavkasiur-axlo aRmosavluri krebuli 2001 w., gv. 192).
rogorc Cans, arian qarTlSi jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli fuZe
qarTulis diferenciaciis procesi. amiT unda avxsnaT iqaur toponimikaSi zanurad miCneuli enobrivi fenis arseboba. n. xazaraZe miiCnevs, rom
argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi saZiebelia ara rionis dablobSi, aramed saqarTvelos
samxreT dasavleTiT. aseTi lokalizacia
eTanxmeba mosazrebas romlis mixedviTac friqses mier agebuli taZari da
samisno, straboniseuli levkoTeas, taZari mdebarebda qarTlSi (mesxeTSi). (n. xazaraZe saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis eTno-politikuri problemebi 1984 w. gv. 189).
arian qarTli mdebareobda, rogorc Cans, evfratis saTaveebTan
da mis aRmosavleTiT vidre tigrosis sanapiromde. aq varaudobs n.
xazaraZe mosxebis miwa-wylis arsebobas, xolo ufro adre qristeSobamde
me-12 saukuneSi muSqebis ol qis arsebobas. misi azriT arian qarTli igive
zemo qarTlia, mis mefeTa, anu azos mamapapiseuli adgilsamyofeli klarjeTia (iqve gv. 194) araqsidan arsianis mTebamde.
herodotes cnobiT mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi da marebi
gaerTianebuli iyvnen aqemenidTa imperiis 19-e satrapiaSi. 18-Si ki saspeirebi,
araldielebi da matienebi erTiandebodnen. xolo rac Seexeba armenielebs
isini Sediodnen 13-e satrapiaSi. omis dros qarTuli tomebi erTad ibZrodnen sparsul laSqarSi da maT gverdiT ar Candnen armenielebi, Tumca rogorc
Cans qristeSobamde 5-e saukuneSi maT samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT gadaunacvlebiaT da miuRweviaT aRniSnul qarTul tomebamde. amave epoqaSive me-18 da me-19 satrapiebis qarTul tomTa Serwyma-gaerTianebis procesic mimdinareobda da mas aCqarebda samxreTidan sxva qarTuli tomebis am satrapiebSi SeRwevis procesi. sabolood, am satrapiebis qarTul tomTa Serwymis Sedegad
iq arian-qarTlis saxelmwifo Camoyalibebula, Tumca armenielebis Seteva grZeldeboda
da qarTuli mosaxleobis zeda fena ufro CrdiloeTiT inacvlebda.
sabolood iberielebisaTvis qristeSobamde II saukuneSi armenias
CamouWria vrceli teritoriebi-pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena.
arian-qarTlis adgilebi - kari, karini, arwni, arzrumi, artaani,
artanuji, arzene da xorZene
kar, arw, arz, art - Zirebi da fuZeebia im vrceli qveynis toponimebisa,
530

romelsac, rogorc Cans arian-qarTli erqva, am fuZeebs etimologiuri

kavSiri aqvs qveynis saxelTan ,,xorZene~, es sityva SesaZloa iyos berZnuli forma qarTuli xarZ, arZ, arzene sityvisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT artanujis qveyanas arzene erqva. A
xorZene - evfratis zemowels moicavda. ,,s. janaSias gansazRvrebiT istoriuli xotene - xorZene Seicavda zemo evfratis auzSi gumuSxanas
Temis aRmosavleT nawils da baiburdis Tems (miaxloebiT). am Zveli xorZenes
memkvidrea somxeTis dasavluri Temi - xorZiana (xorZianena). (s. janaSia,
Sromebi, II, gv. 93). strabonis cnobiT xorZene iberiis erT-erTi mxare somxeTma CamoaWra iberias Zv.w. aR. II saukuneSi~.
dasavleT evfratis zemowelSivea karinis olqi. misi mTavari qalaqebi
iyo karini (Teodosiopoli, arzrumi) da arwni, sofeli arnaTi da sxv.
,,karinis gavari Tavisi momijnave teritoriiT did somxeTs pirvelad SeuerTa artaSes I-ma (189-160). karinis saxeli dakavSirebulia iqamde maRalmTian
somxeTSi damkvidrebul karinitebad wodebul tomis saxelTan~ (iqve,
lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 163).
rogorc vTqviT, karinis, arzrumis, xorZenes, arznis da msgavsi `ar~
fuZis mqone saxelebis siuxve aRniSnul regionSi, iZleva saSualebas mosazrebisa, rom xorZenes regionsac moicavda arian-qarTli.
karinitebis tomis saxeli, romelic iberiuli warmoSobisa Cans, Seicavs
fuZe-Zirs ,,kar~ -aqedan karian- da SesaZloa `arian~.
karinitebis toms miucia saxeli vanandis gavaris qalaq karisaTvis.
CvenTvis isini istoriuli saqarTvelos provinciebia, romelnic Tavisi
iberiuli mosaxleobiT miitaca somxeTma, isini unda yofiliyvnen nawilebi arian-qarTlisa.
konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT, `arzena~ erqva artanujis qveyanas.
sxva adgilas es imperatori azustebs romelia artanujis mflobelis
qveynebi _ `iberiis kurapalats, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, eqvemdebareba oTxi erisTavi: veriasaxis, karnatais, yuelisa da
aWaris~. samwuxarod, wers s. yauxCiSvili, pirveli ori adgilis mdebareobis dadgena ar xerxdeba, imdenad damaxinjebulia maTi saxelebi (veriasaxi da karnatai), rom SeuZlebeli xdeba maTi miaxloebiT mainc mimsgavseba romelime cnobil sageografio saxelTan~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, 1952,
gv. 294).
sityva `veriasaxi~ SeiZleba daiSalos ase veria, veriasi, veriasaxi. aq
SeiZleba saxeli - `veria~, - iveria gamoiyos (aqedan `veriisa~, iveriisa,
xolo `xi~ albaT sufiqsia), iveria konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi
taos olqs erqva. amitom SesaZloa veriasaxi taos olqis romelime
nawils gulisxmobdes.
sityva karnaiti axloa sityvasTan `kareniti~, romeloc erT-erT toms
erqva karnuqalaqTan (TeodosiopolTan).
marTalia, cnobilia, rom Teodosiopols ar flobda kurapalati, magram
misi olqis romelime nawilSi SesaZloa kurapalats Tvisi saerisTao hqonda.
Teodosiopolss Semdeg ewoda arzrumi _ am saxelSi Cven gvaqvs fuZiseuli nawili _ `arz~ _ igive, rac artanujis qveynis saxelisa _ arzeni.
531

ufro metic, s. yauxCiSvilis cnobiT, saxeli arzrumis mTavari fuZea

`arzen~, swored es saxeli erqva konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT artanujis qveyanasac _ `arzena~.
s. yauxCiSvilis wers _ `Teodosiupoli daaarsa Teodosi II-m (408-450ww)
mTaze qalaq karinis zemoT, mere mas uwodes arzen-er-rum (romaelTa
arzeni), gansasxvaveblad Zveli arzenisagan, romelic mis aRmosavleTiT
iyo (georgika, IV, II naw. gv. 262).
maSasadame, iyo ori arzeni _ Zveli da axali. Zveli arzeni karinis
aRmosavleTiT yofila.
provincia `arzanenas~ strabonic axsenebs. is iyo evfratis saTaveSi
vanis tbis dasavleTiT, iq, sadac ufro adre iyo qveyana `alzi~ da alzis
samefo. (alzi igive arzia. `ena~ aris sufiqsi).
riTaa saintereso es sityva `arz~-`alz~ CvenTvis?
Cveni azriT, `alz~ fuZedanaa sityvebi `alzena~, anu `alzika~, `alzika~ ki,
Cans, daedo safuZvlad misgan warmoSobil `lazika~ sityvas.
unda iTqvas, rom alzis samefo _ muSqebis sacxovrisi iyo, igive mosxebisa, mosxebi ki kolxuri tomi iyo. lazebad iwodebodnen arzrumelebic.
aRiniSneba, rom _ erTsa da imave provincias erqva,
Cans, somxurad `~ da `~ _ erTi da igives aRmniSvneli sufiqsia, e.i.
alzika arzena=lazika.
arian-qarTlis etimologia
Tu ras niSnavs sityva ,,arian-qarTli~, saerTod ,,ariani~, anda sad mdebareobda qveyana am saxelwodebiT?
Cven SeiZleba gamoTqvaT ramdenime mosazreba.
vanis tbasTan mdebareobda qveyana ,,alzi~, Supriis CrdiloeTiT, mdinare
tigrosis saTaveebTan. am mdinares erTvis Senakadi ,,kentriti~ marjvena
mxridan (urmiis tbis samxreTiT), sadac cxovrobdnen karduxebi, igive gordienebi. am mdinare kentritze ufro adre mdebareobda qveyana xubuSqia.
miiCneva, rom yvela es qveynebi qarTvelTa winapari tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, iseve, rogorc kabadokia.
sainteresoa sityva ,,alzis~ etimologiuri variaciebi.
alzisagan SeiZleba pirdapir migveRo:
alzi - arzi - arZi - ari - aqedan - arian
alzi - arz - arzenena
maSasadame, alzi Cven gvaZlevs rogorc ,,arian~-s, iseve arzenenas. aseve
alzi pirdapir gvaZlevs ,,arzena~ sityvas. arzena, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, erqva klarjeTis mxares. erTi sityviT ,,alzi~ qveynidan
CrdiloeTiT odnav wanacvlebuli ,,alz~ tomis xalxis qveyana SesaZloa
iwoda ,,arzenad~.
aseve safiqrebelia, rom sityva ,,alzi~ gvaZlevs ,,laz~-s anu lazikas.
Tu ki gaviTvaliswinebT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos XI saukunis lazikis
saepiskoposoTa CamonaTvals, yvela isini mdebareobdnen trapezuntidan
vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, anu iq sadac mdebareobda regioni ,,arzena~ anu
532

konstantinopolisaTvis eklesiurad ,,lazika~ trapezuntidan istoriulad

alz qveynisaken iyo gadaSlili.
erTi mxriv alzi Cven gvaZlevs ariansa da arzenens, aseve, lazikas, meore
mxriv alzi gvaZlevs ,,urZ~-s albaT SesaZloa aqedan ,,gurZ~ - ,,gurz~
(siriuli saxeli qarTvelTa)
alzi - alZi - arZi - arzenena - arzena
arZi - ari - arian
arZena - areana - ariana

- rZ (rb, rj) bgeraTkompleqsi zogjer iyofa da fuZeebSi mis nacvlad

Cndeba - `r~ an `Z~ (`z~, `j~). rz r. anda rz z.
amitom arziana SeiZleba miviRoT ariana.
karduxebis qveynis meore saxeli iyo - gordiene
go r d
k a r d u
q a r T u
gord gordi-ene
kardu kardu-xi
qarTu qarTu-eli
mu S en
mu S qi
mu s xi
mo s xi
ba s xi sk
ba s gi
me s xi
mu sk i
mu Sk i
mu -Su -an,

sx
sg
Sk

muSqi svani.

aRsaniSnavia, rom `art~-`urt~ _ iyo saxeli xalxisa, romelic cxovrobda alzis qveyanaSi, anu igive muSqebi=gordienas xalxi.
ingoroyva wers _ `zanur (megrul-Wanur) dialeqtebSi bgera `r~
gadadis bgeraSi `j~ (Tavdapirvelad rTuli bgera: `rj~) _ p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 437).
safiqrebelia, rom ara bgera `r~ gadadis `j~-Si, aramed Cans protoqarTulSi arsebobda rTuli bgeraTkompleqsi `rj~, romelic iSleboda
ase - `r~ da `j~ ; misgan nawarmoeb sityvebSi xan erTi `r~ bgera Canda, xan
meore - `j~;
magaliTad:
xorji-xoji
xori- (xari)
533

furji-fuji
furi
klarji-klarZi-klazi -lazi
klari
gurji-guri
guji-(quji)
alz-alZ-arZ-arj fuZeebSi `rj~ _ p. ingoroyvas azriT, aris `Tavdapirveli rTuli bgera~. es Tavdapirveli rTuli bgera `rj~ iSleboda
calkeul or `r~ da `j~ bgerebad, romelTac asaxva i poves dialeqtebSi,
magaliTad, xari Tavdapirvelad gamoiTqmoda rogorc `xorji~. am Tavdapirveli sityvidan miRebuli iqna saliteraturo qarTulis xori (xari) da
megrul-Wanuris `xoji~ (niSnavs xars), Tavdapirveli formidan furji, furi
da fuji (p. ingoroyva, gv. 437). xorji-xori-xoji, furji-furi, fuji. arjiari, aji
Mmsgavsadve alZena-arZenadan _ arena (rZ-r) _ `arena~ SeiZleba miRebuli
iyos arian-qarTli, anu alzis qveyana da aseve alZika anu laZika-lazika.
aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sityva `arianis~ (`arian-qarTlis~) Tavdapirveli forma iyo arjiani-arZiani-arziani (arzian-qarTli).

534

nawili V
Tavi XV
avanis anu `iverTa~ sakaTalikoso
(`kaTalikosni aRmosavalisani~)
VI s. bolos (VII s. dasawyisSi) avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoebrivi
niSniT Ggamoeyo dvinis sakaTalikosos. is Tavis iurisdiqcias ZiriTadad
avrcelebda qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul miwa wyalze, tao-basianze da agreTve
gugarqad wodebul teritoriaze,romelic somxuri geografiis mixedviT
Woroxamde vrceldeboda. es olqebi marTalia qarTvelebiT iyo
dasaxlebuli,magram saukuneTa manZilze somxeTis mier iyo mitacebuli da
somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda VI-VII saukuneebSi, avanis sakaTalikosos arsebobisas.
iqauri qarTveloba imJamad, somxuri kulturisa da eklesiis gavlenis
qveS moeqca, Tumca eTnikur-erovnuli (qarTuli) identoba bolomde dakarguli ar hqonda.
am mosaxleobam anu avanis sakaTalikosos qarTulma mrevlma Tavis aseve
qarTul ierarqiasTan erTad SemdgomSi, kerZod VIII s.-dan wamoiwyo udidesi
mniSvnelobis saqme: kerZod rogorc ki SesaZlebeli gaxda ganerida somxuri saeklesio centris monofizitur aRmsareblobas da qalkedonitoba
aRiara Tavis sarwmuneobriv mimarTulebad.
iqamde avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoebrivi niSniT, magram Sinagani erovnulobis, Tavisi arasomxurobis(anu qarTvelobis) gamo ganSorda somxur
eklesias da Tavis sarwmunoebad qalkedonitoba anu saqarTvelos erovnuli aRmsarebloba gamoacxada, aseve miiRo qarTuli eklesiisaTvis sxva
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic (magaliTad saeklesio arqiteqtura).
avanis sakaTalikoso aseve miiRebda saeklesio da kulturuli saWiroebisaTvis qarTul enasac, rom dacloda- avanis sakaTalikoso maleve gaauqma somxurma eklesiam.
SemdgomSi, rogorc aRiniSna, es dawyebuli saqme mainc gagrZelda-daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg gugarqis, taosa da basianis qarTvelobam
aRidgina qarTulenovneba anu Tu ki iqamde maTi wirva-locvisa da literaturis ena iyo somxuri, axla is uaryofil iqna da mis nacvlad mosaxleobam qarTulenovneba daibruna saeklesio saWiroebisas (e.i. maTi saSinoojaxuri (qarTuli) ena axla ukve sazogadiebrivi urTierTobis saSualebad, kulturis enad iqca)
Zvel somxur saistorio geografiaSi `iveria~ ZiriTadad erqva taosa
da basians.
aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT iveria mdebareobda ara anisis CrdiloeTiT, aramed mis dasavleTiT.
VI s-Si `iverTa mTavari~ taos mflobels erqva.
VII-X ss.-Si arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda
535

Tbilisis saamiro da taSir-Zorakertis samefo, xolo Sida qarTli sadavo qveynad iyo afxazeTis, kaxeTisa da Tbilisis saamiro-samTavroTa Soris.
am drosac saxeli `iveria~ Zveleburadve erqva taos miwa-wyals (basianTan erTad) da taos momijnave mxareebsac, anisis dasavleTiT.
amitomac, XI s.-Si imier taos samefos miwa-wyals bizantielebma misi
dapyrobis Semdeg, `iveriis Temi~ uwodes da masSi anisic Seiyvanes.
bizantielebi ~iverias~ konstantine porfirogenetis epoqamdec uwodebdnen taos olqsa da mis momijnave mxareebs.
X s-Si aRniSnuli imperatoris cnobiT iverielebs araqsis marcxena
sanapiros qveynebi ekuTvnoda.
konstantine porfirogeneti bevrs saubrobs amis Sesaxeb.
maSasadame, araqsis dasavleT sanapiros qveynebi, sadac mdebareobdnen
TviT dedaqalaqebic ki somxuri administraciuli erTeulebisa, mainc `iveriad~ iwodeboda da es wodeba (iveria) am mxareebisaTvis ar iyo usafuZvlo:amis mizezi iyo is, rom istoriuladac am miwebi iverielebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, kerZod, Zv.w II saukunisaTvis, strabonis cnobiT iberebisagan
armeniam miitaca pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena, amitom
araqsis marcxena sanapiros qveynebi (Tu ufro meti ara) iberebis istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo, radganac strabonis xorZena da somxebis mier gugarqad saxeldebuli qveyana, swored am mxareebSi unda veZioT.
armenielebma mitacebul mxareebis zeda fenebSi gaavrceles somxuri
kultura.
dabali fenebi kvlav iberiuli iyo.
somxuri eklesiis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, aRniSnul mxareebis armenizaciis xarisxi jer kidev ar iyo yovlismomcveli, rogorc es Semdgomma saukuneebma aCvena.
vfiqrob, ZiriTadad am mizezis gamo, avanis sakaTalikoso gamoeyo somxuri eklesiis mTavar centrs dvins.
am gamoyofis mizezad miiCneva sarwmunoebrivi momenti, magram mas ufro
metad eTnikuri safuZveli unda hqonoda.
kerZod, Tanamedrove erevnis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 588 wlidan (sxva
azriT 591 wlidan) Zvel sofel avanSi rezidencia daido armeniis marTlmadidebelma (qalkedonitma) patriarqma.
miiCneva, rom amas safuZveli daudo imperator mavrikes (582-602) sazavo
xelSekrulebam sparseTiTan, ris Sedagadac avani da tao bizantiis imperiaSi moeqca.
es faqti unda yofiliyo safuZveli (da ara mizezi), ramac gaabedina adgilobriv, metwilad qarTuli warmoSobis taoel-basianel
da avanel mosaxleobasa da samRvdeloebas mieRoT im sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis sapirispiro
aRmsarebloba, romelsac dvinis
somxuri sakaTalikoso aRiarebda.
cnobili kanonisti kartaSevi, Tavis wignSi `saeklesio krebebi~ wers
rom VI saukuneSi egvi ptelebma, sirielebma da somxebma monofizituri
aRmsarebloba miiRes TavianTi eTnikuri niSnis gamo. kerZod, maT surdaT
536

bizantiis centrisagan TavianTi EeTnikuri gansxvavebulobis sarwmunoebrivi gamoxatva. amitomac roca bizantiis centrma mtkiced dauWira mxari
qalkedonitobas, periferiebma mis sapirispirod monofizitoba aRiares.
Tu kartaSevis am mosazrebas mivusadagebT eTnikurad iseT rTul regions, rogoric iyo tao-basian-avanis mxareebi, SeiZleba msgavsi suraTi
davinaxoT.
tao da basiani iyo arasomxuri mxareebi, misi mosaxleoba `iverebad~
ZvelTaganve iwodeboda, Tumca ki somxuri saeklesio da administraciuli
uRelis qveS.
xelsayreli politikuri momentis dadgomisTan ave maT myisve
Seqmnes dvinis sawinaaRmdegod saeklesio centri avanSi,
qalkedonituri sakaTalikosos saxiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli qarTuli
arqiteqturiT agebuli eklesiebiTa da Cans, aseve sxva mravali
qarTuli niSniT.
v. aruTinova-fidaniani ra Tqma unda, avanis arqiteqturas ar akavSirebs
qarTulTan da miiCnevs, rom `mas aqvs eCmiaZinis, bizantiuri martiriumebis
da konstantinopolis sofiis taZris~ gavlena ( `pravaslavnaia enciklopedia~ t 1. moskovi, 2000, gv.74 ), magram mcxeTis jvris da avanis taZris
arqiteqtura TiTqmis identuria.
damtkicebulad miiCneva, rom avanis `arqiteqturuli ansambli somxuri
arqiteqturis erT-erTi pirveli miRwevaa, mis gverdiT mdebare sasaxlesTan
erTad agebulia 588-597 wlebSi kaTolikos ioanes mier~. (iqve gv.74).
TiTqosda, jer is augiaT da Semdeg misi gegmiT mcxeTis jvari, magram
qarTul wyaroebSi naTlad Cans, Tu rogor miiRo saukuneTa manZilze mcxeTis jvarma Tavisi Camoyalibebuli saboloo saxe, avanis
agebis Sesaxeb aseTi cnobebi ar arsebobs.
kerZod, mcxeTaSi jer aRimarTa wminda ninos mier didi zomis jvari, es
jvari gumbaTiT gadaaxurina rev mefem IV s. bolos, am jvars garSemo
gaukeTes `kubo~. anu is SemosazRvres kedlebiT. e.i. mas hqonda kedlebic
da saxuravic(gumbaTi).
jvris taZris gumbaTis simaRle gansazRvra im xem, romelic mokveTes
wminda ninos dros da romlisganac Seamzades jvari.
matianeSi moTxrobilia- `viTarca naTel iRes mefeman da ... yovelman
erman, maSin dga xe erTi adgilsa erTsa... auwyes episkopossa xisa misTvis,
xolo episkoposman Tqva... `mis xisagan jer ars Seqmnad jvari patiosani,
romelsa Tayvani sces yovelma simravleman qarTlisaman... mohkveTes xe
igi... moaqvnda aTsa aTeulsa kacsa... saswauliTa zecisaTa CvenebiT jvari
patiosani mcxeTas i pyres xeliTa kacobriviTa da mivediT borcvsa mas
qveSe... xolo xvalisa dRe aRvides kldesa mas zeda... mun aRimarTa jvari
igi didebiTa mefeTagan da modrka eri igi uricxvi da Tayvani sces jvars...
raodenisame dRisa Semdgomad, martvilisa ukan, ixiles saswauli didi...
sveti naTlisa, saxed jvarisa dga jvarsa mas zeda da Tormetni igi varskvlavni saxed gvirgvinisa, garemos misa, xolo borcvi igi kumoda saxed
sulnelad da xedvides saswaulsa amas yovelni da mravalni uRmrToTaganni moiqces... mere kualad ixilnes sxva saswauli jvarisa, viTarca ra
537

cecxli dga Tavsa zeda misa, Svid wilad mzisa ubrwyinvalesi zeda daadgra
mas da, viTarca saxumilisa naberwyalni aRavlen, egresaxed angelozni
RvTisani aRvidodes da gardamovidodes mas zeda, xolo borcvi igi iZvroda Zlierad... iqmnebodes saswauli igi wliTi wlad da yoveli eri...
movidodes Tayvanismcemad gulsmodgined. da mas Jamsa revis Zesa mefisasa, esva ymawvili mcire da iyo sneul da miwevnul iyo sikvdilad ... da
moiRo da dadga igi winaSe jvarisa da cremliT ityoda: ~ukueTu miboZo
yma ese cocxali aRvaSeno kubo sayudelad Senda~ da munqvesve
ganikurna yrma igi... movida (revi) aRnaTqvamisa aRmasruleblad...
da gulmodginebiT aRaSena kubo jvarisa mcxeTisa rev, Zeman mefisaman... guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda berZenTasa... aman
iwyo eklesia jvarisa patiosnisa da aqamomde jvari velsa zeda iyo da
qmna eklesia weliamdis oden... guaram kurapalatsa esxnes Zeni... stefanoz
da demetre. ...Zma stefanozisi saxeliT demetre aRaSenebda eklesiasa jvarisa
patiosnisa, rameTu senica iyo mis Tana d aver SemZlebel iyo ganSorebad
karsa eklesiisasa (q.c., I, gv.120-140).
stefanozi da demetre bagrationebi herakle keisarma prosparsuli
orientaciisaTvis taxtidan gadaayena, mis nacvlad qarTlis taxti misca
adarnase xosroians ~... maSin mouwoda keisarma Zesa bakurisasa, qarTvelTa
mefisasa naTesavsa daCisasa, vaxtangis Zisasa, romeli erisTaobda kaxeTs,
romelsa erqva adarnase~
matianedan Cans, rom mcxeTis jvris taZris mSenebloba daiwyo IV
s. bolos rev mefem, man ~kubo~
anu kedlebi auSena jvars, mis
gverdiT sxva eklesiis mSenebloba guaram kurapalatis dros VI s. bolos
daiwyo.
Cans, rom rev mefis mier aSenebuli ~kubos~ forma imeorebda
jvris frTebis formas.
jvris eklesias ukve meoTxe saukunis bolosve eqneboda jvris ori
frTis Sesatyvisi kedeli, romelmac sabolood tetrakonqis saxe miiRo
anu tetrakonqis mSenebloba gansazRvra taZris centrSi aRmarTulma jvris
formam.
imdenad misaRebi yofila qarTuli eklesiisaTvis jvris taZris
forma, rom ukve VI s. Sua wlebSi mis Sesabamisad aages ninowmidis
ekle sia. V I s. b olos k vlav aR sdga j vris taZris mSeneb loba
magram ara nebismieri arqiteqturiT, aramed im formiT, romelic
axsovda mosaxleobas da borcvze aRmarTuli am jvrisaTvis ukve
tradiciuli iyo.VII s. jvris taZris arqiteqtura gaimeores WyondidSi.
ase, rom mcxeTis jvris taZari saukuneTa manZilze Sendeboda da man
Tavisi arqiteqturuli saxe TandaTanobiT miiRo, xolo gumbaTi aSkarad
qarTuli xalxuri arqiteqturisaganaa gadmoRebuli.
xalxi mcxeTis jvris gumbaTis msgavs gumbaTebs XX s. dasawyisSic ki
agebdnen. magaliTad is gmoyenebulia leCxumSi sofel sairmeSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis gadaxurvis sistemaSi.
aqedan gamomdinare IV-VI ss-Si Camoyalibda jvris taZris arqiteqtura, romelic gaimeores avanis arqiteqtorebma, romelic
538

qarTul-eTnikuri warmomavlobis gamo cdilobdnen avanis arqiteqturaSic qarTuli elementebi SeetanaT.

rogorc iTqva tao-basians da mis mimdebare miwebs somxebic da
bizantielebic `iverias~ uwodebdnen.
amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom am regionis momcveli avanis qalkedonuri
sakaTalikoso - `iveriis eklesiad~ iwodeboda saerTaSoriso-saeklesio
wreebSi.
Cans antioqiis sapatriarqo avanis sakaTalikosos da mis memkvidre
qalkedonur eparqiebs - `iveriis eklesias~ uwodebda.
saqme isaa, rom Teodosiopolis-arzrumis regionSi antioqiis iurisdiqciis
qveS iyo ramdenime qalkedonuri saepiskoposo, saerTod, es miwa-wyali
antioqias Tavisi sapatriarqo iurisdiqciad miaCnda. amitomac, SesaZloa
avanis anu ~iberiis sakaTalikoso~ mas Semdeg, rac ganSorda dvins, Tavdacvis mizniT SeuerTda Zlieri antioqiis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcias
(anda is romelime sxva eklesias unda mikedleboda avtokefaliis saerTaSoriso dadasturebamde).
arabebis Semosevebis Semdeg kavSiri antioqiasa da avanis memkvidre
qalkedonur eparqiebs Soris gawyvetila, Semdeg ki Cans antioqiaSi kvlav
ganuxilavT samxreTis am e.w. ~iveriis eklesiis~ sakiTxi.
saqme isaa, rom marTalia avanis erTaderTi kaTalikosis ioane bagaranelis (+609/10) Semdeg gauqmda avanis kaTedra, magram misi qalkedonuri memkvidreoda miiRo taom, sadac VII saukuneSi qalkedonuri saepiskoposo centri iSxnisa da sxva Camoyalibda.
somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si ukanve SeierTa qalkedonuri kaTedrebi, riTic
Cans antioqiac gaanawyena.
somxuri eklesia Tavis saeklesio mTlianobas imiT inarCunebda VII
saukuneSi, rom garkveul kompromisze midioda da saerTo somxur saeklesio taxtze qalkedonit kaTalikosebsac svamda, rCeulebi maT Soris (magaliTad nerse III taoeli Cans eTnikuri qarTveli iyo, iseve, rogorc,
vTqvaT, iqamde somxur eklesiaSi moRvawe airaratis qorepiskoposi kirioni).
726 wels manaskertis monofizituri kerebis Semdeg qalkedonuri taobasaini ganSorda somxur eklesias. am dros, Cans, aq, anu `iveriaSi~, kvlav,
gaixsenes antioqiis eklesia da misgan moiTxoves avtokefalia, saeklesio
TavisTavadobis saerTaSoriso dasturi. am dros ara mxolod tao-basianSi. aramed mis gareTac qarTveli qalkedonitebi aarsebdnen TavianT kaTedrebs, magaliTad valaSkertSi.
valaSkertis mRvdelTmTavris wodeba `mamaTmTavari~ SesaZloa
niSnavdes, rom is erT periodSi iqca `iveriis qalkedonuri~ eklesiis memkvidred, romelsac saTave,Cans,aseve qarTuli warmoSobis,
ioane bagaranelma daudo.
e.w antioqiuri qronikebis nawyvetebi iZleva kidec zemoTaRniSnuli
mosazrebis safuZvels - `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobili CanarTi unda
exebodes avanis anu iverielTa (qarTvelTa) qalkedonur eklesiasa
da antioqias Soris urTierTobas da ara mcxeTisa da antioqiisa539

`da wargzavnes antioqias monazoni erTi sakurTxevelad, rameTu ganwesebul iyo kurTxeva antioqiiT kaTalikosisa da verRaravis xelewifeboda
svlad gzasa antioqiisasa... xolo dReTa Teofilaqte antioqiel patriarqisa waravlines mociqulni.. da miuTxres... didsa Wirsa Sina arian qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebisani, rameTu dRiTgan netarisa anastasi mRvdelmowamisaTa ara kurTxeul ars siZnelisaTvis gzaTasa. xolo
man hyo kreba da ganaCina... raTa Sekrbebodnen episkoposni simravlisa
misisani da akurTxevdnen kaTalikossa JamiTi-Jamad ... xeldasxmul hyo...
erTi movlinebulTa monazonTagani, saxeliT ioane... amas antioqiis krebasa Sina gapatiosnda~ (q.c. I gv.226)
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ am CanarTis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1906 wels
gamoTqva Tavisi mosazreba kirion II kaTalikosma, rom es monaTxrobi
exeboda samxreT saqarTvelos tao-basianis mxareebis saeklesio
mowyobas, v. goilaZis azriT ki, aq, gadmocemulia afxazeTis sakaTaliksos
daarsebis cnoba. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis qarTlis cxovrebis sxva CanarTi - `aman bagrat ganaCina kaTalikosi
afxazeTs~ (IXs-Si).
e.i zemoT aRniSnuli pirveli CanarTi qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT ar
ukavSirdeba afxazeTs, amitomac swori unda iyos kirion II, rom es CanarTi
ukavSirdeboda tao-basianis (Sesabamisad avanis) saeklesio mowyobis sakiTxs.
CanarTSi naxsenebia `qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebisani~ (q.c.
I gv.226).
`qarTvelTa~ provincia erqva, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, tao-basianis mxareebs da mis irgvliv teritorias, romelic droebiT, armeniaSi mdebareobda.
am mxareSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen, magram politikurad isini `somxebad~ iwodebodnen.
am CanarTSi amitomac ganmartavs antioqiis patriarqi, rom saqme Seexeba
`qarTvelTa soflebis mkvidrT~.
aseT SemTxvevaSi qronologiuradac ufro dalagebulia msjeloba.
anastasi antioqieli patriarqi TiTqmis Tanamedrove iyo avanis
qalkedoniti kaTalikosis ioane bagaranelisa, romelic 609 Tu 610
wels gardaicvala.
amis Semdgom, arabobis Semosevebis gamo, marTlac, rTuli iqneboda antioqiisa da tao-avanis saeklesio urTierToba.
avanis kaTedra marTlac umRvdelTmTavrod darCa da qalkedoniti episkoposebi SeierTa somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si, magram es mdgomareoba, anu
eTnikuri mRvdelTmTavris gareSe yofna, ar akmayofilebda tao-basianis
qarTuli qalkedonituri soflebis mrevls.
maT Cans, surdaT saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopovebiT gamoexsnaT TavianTi Tavi somxuri eklesiisagan.
magaliTad moRweulia iSxanis taZris minaweri, sadac adgilobrivi
mRvdelTmTavari trapezuntSi Cavida, raTa konstantinopolis patriarqs
daesxa misTvis xeli.
arzrum-Teodosiopoli tradiciulad antioqieli patriarqis samwysos
ganekuTvneboda da iqve mdebareobda kidec avanis memkvidre tao-basianis
540

qalkedonituri vrceli qarTuli samrevlo.

iberiis eklesiis pirvelierarqad antioqiam daniSna qarTveli monazoni
saxeliT ioane.
es niSneulia, radganac avanis pirvel kaTalikossac ioane erqva.
ase, rom avanis qalkedonituri kaTedris warmoSobis mTavari mizezi
unda yofiliyo eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis gamo qarTuli mrevlis gamoyofa somxuri eklesiisgan da damoukidebel sakaTalikosod Camoyalibeba.
aseT Tvalsazrisamde mivalT Tuki aRniSnul CanarTs davukavSirebT
samxreT saqarTvelos _ tao-basianis mxareebs.
samxreT taos samefo karze daviT III kurapalatis epoqaSi, mravali
ucxoeli avtori axsenebs qarTvel kaTalikoss Tu qarTvel patriarqs.
SesaZloa samxreT saqarTvelos am saeklesio erTeuls marTlac mianiWa
antioqiam avtokefalia, Semdeg aTaswleulSi ki es cnobebi mcxeTis eklesias daukavSires da miiCnies mcxeTis eklesiis avtokefaliis damadasturebel dokumentad.
taos (iberiis) samefos adgilze daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobis dauflebis Semdeg,rogorc iTqva, bizantiam Camoayaliba administraciuli
erTeuli - `iberiis Temis~ saxelwodebiT _ XI s-s dasawyisSi.
maSasadame, SesaZlebelia, avanis sakaTalikoso ucxoelTaTvis, kerZod ki
antioqiis qalkedonitebisaTvis warmoadgenda ara somxur, aramed qarTvelTa,
anu `iverielTa~ eklesias. mizezi amisa iyo misi mrevlis umetesi nawilis(taobasianis) qarTuloba.
rogorc iTqva, ioane bagaranelis dros, somxur monofizitur eklesias
gamoeyo qalkedonituri frTa, romelmac damoukidebeli sakaTalikoso
daarsa. ismis kiTxva: ecdeboda Tu ara es eklesia Tavisi damoukideblobis aRiarebas, anda dakavSirebas ucxoeTis sxva marTlmadidebel sapatriarqoebTan, rogorc TavisTavadi eklesia?
Cans, aseTi urTierToba maT daumyarebiaT antioqiis sapatriarqosTan netari anastasi mRvdelmowamis zeobisas, magram Semdeg
avanis eklesiis TavisTavadoba gauqmda. tao-basianis iverielma
mosaxleobam moiTxova kvlav eZebnaT TavisTavadi eklesiis Camoyalibebis gzebi da misi saerTaSoriso aRiareba.
es mouxerxebiaT antioqiis patriarq netari Teofilaqtes dros Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda tao-basianis, anu daviT kurapalatis samefos saeklesio samamamTavro, ukve qarTuli saeklesio erTeuli.
amiT iqamde somxurenovanma avanis sakaTalikosos memkvide eparqiebma
aRadgines qarTulenovaneba.
`aRmosavleTis kaTalikosni~
grigol xancdelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebia cnobili fraza, `aRmosavalisa kaTalikosTa wb. mironi ierusalimiT mohyvandaT~, rom mironis kurTxeva qarTls ganewesa, radganac qarTlia `aRmosavleTi~ da yvela mxare
sadac qarTul enaze aResruleba wirva locva.
romel qveyanas erqva qarTvelTa samyaroSi `aRmosavleTi~?-ufro metad
541

tao-basianis mxareebsa da agreTve im qveynebs ,romelnic daviT kurapalatma

SemouerTa Tavis samefos. am qveynebs bizantiaSi `zemoni qveyanani~ erqva,
magram afxazTa samefos qarTvelTaTvis es qveynebi realurad aRmosavleTSi mdebareobdnen, amitomac Cans `aRmosavleTs~ uwodebdnen kidec, ufro
dasavleTiT mdebare afxazTa samefo ki imJamad Tbilisis arabTagan pyrobis gamo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da Semecnebis centrs warmoadgenda.
iahia antioqielisa da asoRikis cnobebiT mefe daviT kurapalatis karze
iyo umaRlesi rangis sasuliero piri patriarqisa da kaTalikosis wodebiT. SemdgomSi valaSkertel episkopossac `mamamTavris~ wodeba hqonda.
Cven gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba, rom daviT kurapalatis samefoSi erT
periodSi Camoyalibda TavisTavadi qarTuli saeklesio-administraciuli
erTeuli afxazeTis sakaTalikosos msgavsi, romelsac Tavisi mmarTveli
umaRlesi sasuliero piri hyavda. Cans swored mas uwodebdnen qarTvelebi
`aRmosavleeTis sakaTalikosos~.
aRmosavleTis sakaTaliksosos miwa-wyali anu igive `zemoni qveyanani~
marTalia qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram iqamde, rogorc iTqva,
somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli, misgan gaTavisuflebis
Semdeg is wm.mirons Cans ierusalimidan iRebda,magram qarTveli mamebis
mecadineobiT axla ukve `qarTls~ anu mcxeTas ganewesa mironis kurTxeva,
radganac es e.w. `aRmosavleTi~ TviTonac qarTlis nawils warmoadgenda
iqaur taZrebsa da monastrebSi gaCaRebuli qarTulenovani wirva-locvis
gamo.

Tavi XVI
pontos yofiTi garemo da geografiuli pirobebi
(s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007.rus.enaze)
xalibebi da armenoxalibebi
,,pontos samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan Zlierdeboda
somexTa yofa. araa SemTxveviTi, rom pliniusi ukve werda xalibebisa da
armenoxalibebis Sesaxeb~ (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007.
rus.enaze. gv. 36).
Temiskira da Termodonti
Temiskaras velTan Zveli miTologia aTavsebda amazonebs md. Temodontze dedaqalaq TemiskiraSi, sadac micurda herakle, raTa moepovebina
dedofal i politas sartyeli (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria,
2007. rus.enaze. gv. 36).
trapezunti
trapezunti iyo am olqis yvelaze didi qalaqi, md. maCkaderedan 3 km-Si,
iq V da IV s. mijnaze iyo qsenefonte. tranezuntis gareSemo cxovrobdnen
kolxebi, romlebic drilebTan erTad emterebodnen am qalaqs. pontos
qalaqebi kerasunti da kotiora (ordu) - sinopis koloniebad iTvle542

bodnen. kotioras emezoblebodnen tibarenebi da mosinikebi. kotioras

teritoria maT waarTves sinopelebma. SemdegSi kerasuntma da trapezuntma
am qarTul tomebTan megobruli SeTanxmebebi dades da maTgan pirutyvsa
da produqtebs yidulobdnen. pontos mefe krezas surda pontos qalaqebis
dapyroba, magram Zv. w. 547 wels is sparselebma daamarcxes.
pontos istoria
pontos qalaqebi kirosis Zalauflebis qveS moeqca (gv. 38). SemdgomSi
anatoliaSi axal saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs safuZveli Cauyares diadoxosebma (aleqsandres memkvidreebma) da aseve yofilma sparselma satrapebma, romelnic erTmaneTs eqiSpebodnen. kapadokia-ponto trapezuntamde darCa aleqsandres mxedarTmTavars - evmens. mas evaleboda daecva es
raioni da aseve ebrZola mefe ariaratTan.
ariartis winaaRmdeg makedonelebi did laSqars amzadebdnen; ariarati tyved Caigdes. male satrapi evmoni mokvda diadoxos antigonesTan
omSi q. S-mde 316 wels. pontos qalaqebi SedarebiT ganTavisufldnen. mis
mimarT (e. i. pontos mimarT) interesi aReZra egvi ptis mefe ptolome
soters (305-283 Cvens eramde). es diadoxosi tacitusis cnobiT ramdenime
wlis manZilze pontoSi agzavnida xomaldebs (surda iupeteris erTerTi
qandakebis xelSi Cagdeba).
Cvens eramde 297-296 wlebSi Camoyalibda pontos samefo elinizirebuli
sparseli dinastiis memkvidris miTridate ktistis mier kapadokiaSi,
romelsac ar hqonda gasasvleli Sav zRvaze, male misi sazRvrebi gafarTovda da dedaqalaqi gadatanil iqna amasiaSi, romelic mdebareobda amiso - sparseTis gzaze. 281 wlisaTvis miTridate I-ma Tavi mefed gamoacxada da ebrZoda diadoxosebs mcire aziis qalaqebisaTvis.
278 da 271 wlebSi pontos mefeebma daamarcxes egvi ptis mefe ptolame
filadelfosis sazRvao eqspedicia, amiT pontos qalaqebis damcvelebad
- gadaiqcnen miTridate atisti (302-266) da misi vaJi ariobarzani (266255). (gv. 42).
278 w. anatoliaSi SeiWrnen kelturi tomebi - galtebi, maT ebrZodnen
pontos mefeebi. q. amiso iyo mitridate II da misi SviliSvilis farnakis
(Zv.w. 189-160) xelSi sanam romaelebma ar aiRes 71 wels. (gv. 42).
q. sinopi farnak I-ma aiRo 183 wels. Semdeg mas SeuerTa kerasunti da
kotiora. is iqca pontos samefos dedaqalaqad. misi sazRvari vrceldeboda xalibebamde, tiberenebamde da makronebamde Zv.w. 188 romTan
pontom dado samegobro xelSekruleba.
am dros pontos samefos sazRvari aRwevda trapezuntamde.
kolxida da xaldebis (xalibebi) miwebi da tibarenebi pontos
mefe miTridate VI evpatores (121-63 Cvens eramde) dauTmo mcire
armeniis mefe anti patrem (strab. XII, 3,1, XII, 3,28).
am dros Sevida trapezunti pontos samefoSi.
gamoTqmulia m. maqsimovis mier mosazreba rom trapezunti pontoSi Seiyvana
farnakma ufro adre, roca mcire armeniis mefem saxeliT aseve miTridatem
farnaks dauTmo trapezuntis mimdebare olqebi. s. karpovis azriT saeWvoa,
mosazreba rom iqamde trapezunti mcire armeniaSi Sedioda, amasTanave
543

naTeli araa ekuTvnoda Tu ara es qalaqi kolxidis mefeebs (gv. 43).

Zv.w. 110 wels pontos mefe miTridatem daimorCila mcire armenia
da kolxida. aseve 107 wlisaTvis pontos samefoSi Sevida xersonesi da
bosforis samefo. Tumca ki skviTebi da sarmatebi mas Tavs esxmodnen.
104-103 wlebSi paflaganiis nawili SeierTa pontom xolo 101-100 wlebSi
miitaca kapadokia da, mis taxtze miTridatem aiyvana Tavisi Svili ariarat IX.
daiwyo omebi romTan - 89-85 - miTridates I omi.
sabolood damarcxebuli miTridate jer kolxeTSi gaiqca, Semdeg bosforSi 63 w. mokles farnak II-is razmelebma.
pompeusma erT romaul provinciad gaaerTiana ponto sinopisa da amisos
SemadgenlobiT, mas ewada - ,,bifiniis ponto~.
kolxida gadaeca romis satelit aristars xolo trapezunti - kapadukiis
nawili da mcire armenia - maltiis tetrarqs deiotars (63-40) - romelmac
mefis tituli miiRo. romis samoqalaqo omis dros is dai pyro farnak IIm kolxeTTan erTad. is daamarcxa 47 wels cezarma da miwera senats ,,mivedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve~. pontos mefe gaxda farnakis Ze arSaki, romelic
ar cno romma da saerTod Secvala miTridatianebis dinastia. iq gaamefes
laolikieli polemoni zenonis Ze.
pontos samefo iyo rogorc buferuli baza romisa parTiasTan saomari
dapirispirebisas. 35 wels pontos mefe polemon I-ma saCuqris saxiT samarTavad miiRo mcire armenia. avgustis dros pontos gamoeyo mcire armenia,
am ukanasknelis sazRvari vrceldeboda md. likosidan - trapezuntamde.
romma 3(2) wels Cvens eramde gaaerTiana ponto, kapadokia da mcire armenia erT saxelmwifod dinastiuri qorwinebiT, polemonis memkvidre qvrivi
piTadorida SerTo kapadokiis mefe arxelaes. axali eris 63(64) wels neronma pontos samefo SeuerTa romis provincia kapadokia - galatias. pontos qalaqebs III s.-Si Seesivnen barbarosuli tomebi. dioklitianes (284305) reformebiT pontom da viTiniam Seadgines meore pontos diocezi,
xolo konstantin I-ma Seqmna sagangebo provincia dedis saxelis mixedviT
- elenoponto. iustiniane I-ma misi sazRvrebi trapezuntamde gazarda (e. i.
cnobili molaparakebebi lazikis mefeebisa konstantinopolis imperatorebTan, Cans am saqmes emsaxureboda V da VI saukuneebSi - V saukuneSi
sazRvrad daido xufaTi, xolo VI s.-Si iustinianes imperiam miaRwia Woroxamde (aq aigo, bizantiuri simagre petra), riTac daarRvia sparseTTan saxelmwifo sazRvari (xufaTze mdebare).
s. karpovi miiCnevs, rom pontoSi (trapezuntSi) 69 wels yofili monis
aniketis (polemonis flotis meTauris) ajanyeba socialuri xasiaTisa iyo
da mas mxars adgilobrivi Wanuri (lazuri) tomebis mTavrebi uWerdnen
(isini trapezuntis mTianeTSi cxovrobdnen). ponto sinopi da kerasunti
sasoflo-sameurneo mxare iyo, pliniusis cnobiT romaelebi pirvelad aq
gaecnen maTTvis ucxo xils - alubals. adgilobrivi (kerasentis) saxlis
mixedviT laTinurad alubals es saxeli ,,kerases~ ewoda (iqve, gv.53). aRsaniSnavia, rom pontoSive am xils albaT qarTuli saxeli ,,qviSna~ erqva,
romelic amJamad aqvs Semonaxuli imerul dialeqts. am qarTuli saxel544

idan ,,qviSna~ albaT mas ewoda slavuri saxeli - ,,viSnia~.

iqamde miTridatianebi agebdnen mTel qalaq-taZrebs, romelTac qurumebi marTavdnen, aseTi iyo komana, zela da ameria. pontoelma mefeebma TavianTi sparsi winaprebisgan miiRes Cveuleba msxverplSewirvisa mTis wverebze. maT Secvales zoroastrizmis umaRlesi RmerTis axuramazdas kulti
axali zevs stratias kultiT. amasTanave aRmerTebdnen herakles, zevss,
aleqsandre makedonels, romelTa STamomavlebic iyvnen dedis mxridan. s.
karpovis azriT berZunli qalaqebi zRvis piras iyvnen ganlagebulni isini
romaelebisTvis iyvnen simagreebi da samxedro-sazRvao bazebi, magram
romaelebi ar cdilobdnen SeeRwiaT kolxeTis siRrmeSi da am politikas
misdevdnen bizantielebic (gv. 55).
iuri voronovze dayrdnobiT s. karpovi fiqrobs, rom berZnuli qalaqi
fazisi iyo foTi, pitiunti biWvinTa, sebastopolisi ki cxumi (i. voronovi,
dioskuriada, sebastopolisi, cxumi, moskovi, 1980). iuri voronovi ki qarTizaciis Teoriis erTerTi yvelaze Tavgadakluli qomagi da misi
damnergvi iyo samecniero sferoSi.
arqeologiuri monacemebiT erTerTi sazRvao gza xersoness aerTebda
trapezuntTan, aqedan ki armeniis artakSats. (gv. 56)
255 wels daiwyo goTebisa da sarmktebis (boranebis tomis) Tavdasxmebi
SavizRvispireTis qalaqebze. uSedegod cades pitiuntis aReba, Semdeg 256 w.
fazisis kibelas samlocvelos daexsnen Tavs da aiRes pitiuntis simagre.
257 wels (an 258 w.) aiRes trapezunti.
264 wels aiRes pontos heraklia.
275 w. goTebi Seesivnen faziss, magram ver aiRes, magram aqedan gaemarTnen
mcire aziis siRrmeebisaken, isini daamarcxa imperatorma tacitusma (275-276
ww.). Semdeg probem (276-282). amis Semdeg goTebis Sesevebis mimarTuleba
Seicvala - maTma gezma balkaneTisaken gadaiwia. wm. grigol neokesarielis cnobiT mkvidri mosaxleobis dabali fenebi goTebs exmarebodnen
(iqve,gv. 56).
dioklitianes epoqaSi polemonis ponto (trapezunti, kerasunti, neokesaria, zela, sevastia, polemonia) da aseve mcire armenia (qal.: nikopoli,
satala da kolonea) Sediodnen kapadokiis romis sakonsulo legatis
mmarTvelobaSi (mcire armenias Semdeg pirveli armenia ewoda). (iqve,gv. 57).
romis imperiis gayofis Semdeg ponto iqca nawilad (bizantiis) imperiisa. misi aRmosavleTi sazRvrebi aRwevda md. akamfsisamde kerZod, prokofi
kesarieli werda, rom ponto aRwevda q. trapezuntis aRmosavleT sazRvrebamde - susurmenemde da rizemde. ,,rizes aRmosavleTiT mdebareobdnen is
raionebi, romelTac bizantielebi ukve ver akontrolebdnen, Tumca iq iyvnen
q. aTina da afsari, romelnic cnobdnen imperiis Zalauflebas maTze (gv. 58,
SeniSvna 204). pontos mosaxleobis umetesoba iyo elinizirebuli adgilobrivi-qarTveluri warmoSobis tomebi (gv. 58). Teodorite kvireli (393-457)
sxvadasxva tomebad miiCnevda lazebs, Wanebs (sanebs) da abazgebs, romelnic
romaelebs emorCilebodnen (iqve,gv. 58).
prokofis dros Wanebi ukve aRar cxovrobdnen sanapiroze, aramed armenielebis mezoblad materikis siRrmeSi, xolo lazebi cxovrobdnen fazi545

sis sanapiroze. Wanebis erTi nawili imperiaSi cxovrobda, meore mis gareT.
IV-V ss. mijnaze lazTa eqspansia intensiuri gaxda CrdiloeTiT da
aRmosavleTiT. imperatorma iustine I-ma (518-527) konstantinopolSi samefo
gvirgvini uboZa lazTa mefes, winaswar ki monaTla imis gamo, rom sparseTi
lazikas miiCnevda Tavis teritoriad da lazTa mefisadmi konstanti popolis daaxloebas mtrul qmedebad ganixilavda.
lazikaSi bizantiuri garnizonebis gasamagreblad iustiniane I (527-565)
mimarTavda RonisZiebebs, iq datyvevebuli bulgarelebi gaugzavna.
iustinianes dros (petras agebamde) q. rizes aRmosavleTiT mdebare raioni
ukve veRar kontroldeboda bizantielTa mier, Tumca iq iyvnen qalaqebi
aTina da afsari, romelnic cnobdnen maTze saimperio xelisuflebas. (gv.
58).
Teodore didis (379-395) pontos dioezi moicavda Semdeg provinciebs
(eparqiebs) - vifinia, paflagonia, elenononto, polemoniakis ponto, galatia
I da galatia II, kapadokia, armenia I da armenia II, trapezunti da kerasunti, aseve neokesaria komania, polemonia miekuTvneboda polemoniakis pontos, xolo amasia, amiso, sinopi, ivora, zila, xaltoni Sediodnen
elenopontos SemadgenlobaSi. provincia armenia I-Si Sediodnen sevastia
(sivasi), nikopoli, kolonia, satala da sevastopoli (ara cxumi). (iqve, gv. 58).
V s. trapezuntSi idga pontos pirveli legioni, rac am qalaqs aniWebda
gansakuTrebul rols, rogorc Tavdacvisas, ise imperiis aRmosavleTis
sazRvrebis dacvisas. imperiis am sazRvrebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda armeniebisa da polemoniakis pontos provinciebs. imperatorma iustiniane I-ma iq daniSna erTiani
samxedro meTauri Magister militum-is tituliT da gauZliera jari.
amis Semdeg Seiqmna aq romaelTa mZlavri forposti. (iqve, gv. 59).
535 wels iustinianem gaaerTiana potos ori provincia - polemoniaki da
elenoponto, magram meore welsve 536 wels iustinianem moaxdina reorganizacia da maT adgilas Seqmna oTxi provincia - armenia I, armenia II,
armenia III da armenia IV. es mas esaWiroeboda bizantiis samxreT kavkasiaSi eqspansiisaTvis.
pirveli armeniis (mas aseve Sida armenia erqva) SemadgenlobaSi, romlis
dedaqalaqi iyo bizana (evfratis piras, mas erqva aseve iustinianepoli),
Sevida Sida olqebis yvela qalaqi (Teodosiopuli, satala, nikopoli, kolonea). am provinciis meTauri iyo maRali rangis moxele - prokonsulis
wodebiT. provincia elenopontis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida sinopi, amiso, amasia da sxv.
trapezuntis da karasuntis sanapiro Seiyvanes armenia pirvelis SemadgenlobaSi. isini iyvnen samxedro-sazRvao flotis bazebi. es qalaqebi
Sesabamisad gamoiyvanes polomeniakis pontos Semadgenlobidan.
s. karpovma i. voronovis naSromze dayrdnobiT did samecniro brunvaSi
Seitana cneba imisa, rom dioskuria anu sebastopolisi iyo q. soxumi. (iuri
voronovi - ,,dioskuriada - sebastopolisi - cxumi, moskovi, 1980).
Sesabamisad fazisi misTvis mdebareobda foTTan axlos, aseve arianes
546

aRwerili aTina-fazisi, pitiunti, biWvinTa, anakofia - axali aToni. is eyrdnoba aseve maqsimovis Sromebs (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria,
2007, rus. enaze).
s. karpovis TvalsazrisiT ,,lazika iyo buferuli saxelmwifo, is sursaTiT (mariliT, RviniT da marcvleuliT) maragdeboda trapezuntidan.
iustinianem trapezuntidan ganaxorciela dasavleT kavkasiaSi sazRvao da
saxmeleTo operaciebi, misi brZanebiT iq miwispirTan gaaswores (daangries)
Zvelromauli simagreebi, radganac fiqrobda, rom maT sparselebi advilad
Caigdebdnen xelSi. Tavdacvis mTavar kvanZebad iqcnen trapezunti da xelaxla aSenebuli da gamagrebuli sebastopolisi da pitiunti. s. karpovi
eyrdnoba prokofi kesarielis ,,SenobaTa Sesaxeb~. (gv. 59).
sad mdebareobda pitiunti da sebastopolisi?
XXVIII (28-e) novelaSi CamoTvlili provincia elenopontos qalaqebi amasia, ebora, evxaita, zela, leontopoli, sinopi, amisi, xolopolemoniakis
pontos qalaqebidan dasaxelebulia neokesaria, komana, trapezunti,
kerasunti, polemonia da aseve cixe-simagreebi (da ara qalaqebi) pitiunti da sebastopoli ,,am sasazRvro simagreebis iqiT iyo
lazika~ ( ). (gv. 59).
afxazeTis sebastopolissa da biWvinTas sparseTi naklebad dai pyrobda,
magram Tu isini trapezuntis regionSi iyvnen, maTi gamagrebiT trapezuntTan erTad Seikvreboda erTiani TavdacviTi sistema, marTlac am sistemam
kargad imuSava da sparseTi damarcxda.
sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis iqiT iyo lazika
,,am simagreebis
iqiT iyo lazika.~ - wers s. karpovi. maSasadame jer iyo sebastopolispitiunti, Semdeg ki, maT iqiT lazika mdebareobda.
sebastopolisi da pitiunti mdebareobdnen lazikis dasavleT
sazRvarTan. Ees unda gavigoT ise, rom isini mdebareobdnen trapezuntis mxares - rogorc prokofi wers fazisis dasavleT sanapiros mxares ,,1 dRis gzis~ iqiT, anu Woroxidan
daSorebulni
iyvnen dasavleTisken 30-iode km-iT.
iustinianes mier pontos sazRvrebTan, kerZod WaneTSi, armeniasa da lazikaSi Sendeboda axali strategiuli gzebi, iwmideboda tyeebi, Sendeboda
axali cixesimagreebi. aRsdga Zvelebi. ZnelSesaRwevi xevebis (klisurebis)
Sesasvlebebi ki iketeboda.
iustinianem aRadgina satala, didi cixe-simagre mis kedlebTan 530 wels
sparselebi damarcxdnen. mTavari strategiuli trasa gadioda trapezuntidan pai pertisaken (baiberdisaken) - da Teodosiopolisaken. damarcxebis
Semdeg 557 wlisaTvis Wanebma aRiares maTze saimperio Zalaufleba, iqamde
isini Tavs esxmodnen am gzaze vaWrebs da Zarcvavdnen. Tavs esxmodnen
armenias.
md. akamfsisis CrdiloeTiT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi iustinianem aago
petras cixe-simagre, romelic akontrolebda dasavleT lazikasa da mis
vaWrobas. petras mieniWa is strategiuli mniSvneloba, romelic adre trapezunts gaaCnda. misi mdgomareoba gaZnelebuli iyo, lazuri mosaxleobis
mtrobis gamo. sparseTis alyis Semdeg petra Cabarda 541 wels da
dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, mTavari samxedro forfostad kvlav
547

trapezunti iqca. sparselTa mcdeloba CaetanaT petraSi xomaldebis

samSeneblo xe-tye da gadaeqciaT is Tavis samxedro postad SeuZlebeli
gaxda xanZris gamo. bizantielebma xangrZlivi alyis Semdegac 549 wels
ver SeZles petras xelSi Cagdeba, Tumca am droisaTvis gaizarda lazTa
simpatiebi maT mimarT. bizantielTa jarSi am dros Wanebis razmic Sedioda. (gv. 60).
mxolod 551 wels bizantielma besam aiRo petra, petra maTve daangries.
561 wels ,,mudmiv zavamde~ irani mudam cdilobda, raTa bizantielTa jari
dabrunebuliyo trapezuntSi, romelic mas bizantiis bunebriv sazRvrad
miaCnda (gv. 60). amis miuxedavad 50 wliani zavis dadebis dros lazika
darCa bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi.
VII s-is dasawyisidan eTnonimi lazi da toponimi lazika TiTqmis aRar
gamoiyeneboda dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT, magram lazikad da Semdeg
lazistanad isxenieba aRmosavleT pontos raioni trapezuntidan Woroxamde. (gv. 60).
imperator mavrikes (582-602) dros trapezunti gaxda provincia ,,didi
armeniis~ dedaqalaqi, masSi Sevidnen aseve qalaqebi - iustinianepoli, kamaxa, kolonia, nikopoli, satala da kerasunti. (gv. 61).
imperatorma heraklem (610-641) wlebSi SeZlo 627/628 wlebSi mcire aziidan sparselebis gandevna. orjer ewvia trapezunts 622/3 da 626-628 wlebSi.
iranis damarcxebiT heraklem dasavleTisaken gza gauxsna imperiis saSiS mtrebs - arabebs, maT 737 wels gadamwyveti brola mouges bizantielebs iarmukTan.
640 wels arabebma dvini dai pyres, 653 an 654 wels arabebma mcire xniT
dai pyres trapezunti. 711 wels aiRes kamaxa, 712 wels - amasia da gangra. aq
didxans ebrZodnen erTmaneTs arabebi da bizantielebi.
arabebi 784 wels gaiWrnen amisisaken, 860 wels sinopisken, zRvispireTis
bizantia akontrolebda. arabebi 863 wels damarcxdnen md. galisis CrdiloeTiT adgilze, romelsac erqva - fosoni (ponto-paflagoniis sazRvarze). es gamarjveba aRmoCnda gardamtexi bizantielTa sasargeblod.
sityva ,,fosoni~ etimilogiurad axalia sityvebTan ,,fasisi~, ,,fas~, ,,foso~.
(md. galisTan antikur xanaSi mdebareobda Temiskira da Termodonti, Semdeg iq iyo fasisis akademia, es miwa-wyali Zvelad kolxebis sacxovrisi
kolxida iyo, armeniis gverdiT).
VII s. Sua wlebSi daarsda ,,armeniakis~ Temi anu Tema. es Tema
Tavis mxriv sam ,,tumad~ (samxedro-administraciul erTeulad) iyofoda. xaldia armeniakis Temis erTerT tumaSi Sedioda. samxreTiT
armeniakis Temas md. galisi sazRvravda (n. adonciT CrdiloeTiT
misi sazRvari fasisamde (e. i. Woroxamde) aRwevda 824-863 wlebSi
armeniakis Tema daiSala da xaldia calke Temad gamoiyo. (gv.
64).armeniakis Temas sazRvrebi TiTqmis emTxveoda yofil polemonis pontos sazRvrebs, mas eklesiurad lazikis eparqia erqva da
moicavda teritorias fatsa polemonionidan rizemde.
xaldias dedaqalaqi iyo trapezunti, aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda ,,mcire
548

armenia~. qaldeas TemaSi Sedioda TavdacviTi raionebi - klisurebi md.

akamfsisis (Woroxis) velze da mis Senakad murRulze.
ajanyebul Toma slavs (820-823) exmarebodnen sxvebTan erTad ,,ivirebi
da avazgebi~ - lit. . . IX-X
. . 1960. (gv. 65).
qaldias TemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli mcire Temebi derksini da iviria,
maTi administraciis saTaveSi idga samoqalaqo mosamarTleebi, romelnic
xSirad atarebdnen tituls - patrikoosi, protospaTari, spaTarokandidati,
zogierTis saxeli cnobilia maTi beWdebis mixedviT. (gv. 66).
s. karpovis azriT md. fazisi erqva md. rions, magram es ase rom ar iyo,
Cans Semdegidan - imperator roman I lakapinis (920-944) dros daaxloebiT
922 wels qaldeas Tema moicva separatizmma, mas adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
uWerda mxars. ,,ajanyeba CaaxSo domestikosma ioane kurkuasam bizantiis
gamoCenilma (warmoSobiT somexma) mxedarTmTavarma, romelmac iqamde aRadgina bizantiis sazRvrebi md. evfratze da tigrosze, xolo kavkasiaSi md.
fazisze (rionze)~ - wers s. karpovi. magram X s-Si bizantiis sazRvari
rionze gadioda? dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas- ara. X s.-Si sazRvari Woroxze
gadioda, mas erqva imJmad fazisi. bizantiis sazRvari aq X s.-Si mxedarTmTaars ioane kurkuasas aRudgenia.
949 wels bizantielebs daemorCila Teodosiupoli. cnobili somxebi
winamZRvrobdnen bizantiur jarebs omis dros armeniis mimarTulebiT, isini TandaTan asimilirdnen bizantiuri elitis SemadgenlobaSi, am faqtma
warmoqmna bizantiis sazRvrebTan SesamCnevi fena, romelTac ,,somex-qalkedonitebs~ uwodeben. asoRiki - somexi istorikosi - aRwers iviriaSi basili II-is laSqrobas (1000 - 1001 wlebSi) qaldeasa da iviriaSi XI s. Sua
wlebSi qaldiis TemSi Sedioda pai perti, iqedan maragdeboda trapezunti
produqtebiT. (gv. 67).
makedonelTa dinastiis (867-1056) dros gaizarda trapezuntis saeklesio
mniSvneloba, basili I-is (867-886) dros trapezuntis saepiskoposo kaTedra
amaRlda mitropolitis rangamde. iviriaSi laSqrobis dros 1000 wels
basili II iyo trapezuntSi. (gv. 70).
. .
IX-XI . . 1988.
trapezuntis mfarveli iyo wmida evgeni. misi biografi iyo ioane qsifiloni, Semdeg patriarqi. misi sityviT wmida evgenis SemweobiT basili IIm daamarcxa saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I da misi mokavSire somexi bagratidebi da arwrunebi da imperiam SeZlo taos daWera (gv. 70). agiografi
wmida evgenis Semweobas Tvlis mizezad imisa, rom barda fokas ajanyebis
dros trapezuntis asaRebad mimarTuli qarTvelTa jarebi magistr Cordvanelisa da bagratis (parakratis) meTaurobiT Seferxdnen da ukuiqcnen
990 wels. daviTma cno imperatoris Zalaufleba, dauTmo mas miwebi da
miiRo kurapalatis tituli.
1048-1054 wlebSi seljukebi SeiWrnen Teodiosiopulis raionSi. ioane
qsifilonis sityviT kolxida trapezunts emorCileboda. (gv. 112). e.i. misi
`kolxida~ araa dasavleT saqarTvelo.
549

siwmideebi
wm. grigoli neokesarieli, saswaulTmoqmedi III saukunisa iyo ponto
polemoniakis mitropoliti, romlis saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda trapezuntis saepiskoposo. (is unda exila Tavis CvenebaSi wm.
mefe vaxtang gorgasals am mxareebSi laSqrobisas. mitr. an.). am eparqias
eklesiurad, Semoklebis mizniT- `lazikis eparqiasac~ uwodebdnen
SemdegSi.
romaelma mefisnacvalma agrikolam sevastieli da nikopoleli (mcire
aziis Sida olqebis) qristianebi daxoca. lisiam, moawyo tribunali satalaSi, qaldeas sazRvarTan. 40 sebastieli mowame, 45 nikopoleli mowame,
wm. evstrati da misi 4 TanamoRvawe (wm. aqvsenti, evgeni, mardari da oresti),
wm. orenti da misi 6 Zma, daxocilebi laziis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi da
pitiuntSi (!) - qristinaTa masobrivi angariSsworebis msxverplni iyvnen
(daiwera maTi cxovrebis sxvadasxva versiebi). (gv. 214).
qalaq komanaSi amasiis mefisnacvalma agri pam dasaja qristiani mowame
- vasiliski. is dabadebulia sofel xumialaSi, xolo am wmindanma amasiidan komanamde gzaze mdebare sofel dakozaraSi moaxdina saswauli ris
mowme romaelma jariskacebma qriste aRiares. sofel komanas uban dioskoraSi mas Tavi mokveTes - miTi cxovrebis mixedviT (gv. 215).
liciniuss surda amasiis episkopos vasilis (daaxl. 309 w.) wameba.
pirvelma CvenTvis cnobilma trapezuntelma episkoposma domnam monawileoba miiRo 325 wlis nikeis I ms. krebis muSaobaSi. (gv. 215).
pontoeli mRvdelmTavrebi araerTxel aurCeviaT konstantinopolis patriarqad.
Tavd apirvela d trapezunti iyo neokes ariis sa mitropolitos
erTerTi saepriskoposo (ponto polemoniakis eparqia). (gv. 216).
(Darrouzes J. Notatiae episcopatuum... P. 223, 237, 255).
trapezuntis kaTedris samitropolito rangSi ayvana moxda, rogorc
Cans or etapad (680/81 da 787 wlebSi) fazisis mitropolitis tituli gadaeca
trapezuntis meufes da mRvdelmTavarma qristeforem xeli moawera VII ms. krebis (787) aqtebs, Tavdapirvelad rogorc fazisisa da
trapezuntis episkoposma, xolo Semdeg ubralod rogorc trapezuntelma. (gv. 216).
sakuTriv trapezuntis kaTedris ayvana samitropolito rangSi,
Cans moxda basili I (867-886) mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi. pirveli
trapezunteli episkoposi mitropolitis xarisxis iyo aTanase (843886). (gv. 216).
trapezuntel mitropolits notaciebSi (X s. dasawyisSi) 33-e adgili ekava (XIV s.-mde) da erqva ,,lazikis eparqiis~ mitropoliti.

X .
XIV . 33-
(gv. 216).
kerasunti, romelic aseve neokesariis eparqiaSi Sedioda XI s. bolodan
550

samitropolito gaxda. amasiis samitropolitosac (elenopontos eparqiaSi) sapatio adgili eWira konstantinepolis saepiskoposo cxrilSi. (gv.
210).
trapezuntis mitropolitma wm. vasilim 913-914 wlebSi aRadgina sakaTedro taZari, magram trapezuntis mitropolitis mier arqiepiskoposis titulis gamoenebam gamoiwvia patriarq nikoloz I mistikosis (901-907, 912-925)
protesti. man moiTxova raTa qaldiis sapatriarqo egzarqoss gaegzavna
konstantinopolSi prelati axsna-ganmartebis misacemad. qaldiis mitropoliti aseve ganisaja patriarqis mier monastridan erTerTi beris, albaT
misi yofili moZRvris gaZevebisaTvis.
(e. i. trapezuntis mitropoliti igivea rac qaldiis mitropoliti, amave dros is aris ,,lazikis eparqiis~ mitropoliti, anu lazika da qaldea sinonimebia).
- X .
XIV . 33-
(Darrouzes, Notatie episcopatuum... P.272).
lazikis eparqias kaTedraTa siebSi X-XIV ss-Si eWira 33-e adgili.
trapezuntis avtokefalur mitropolias am siebSi ewodeba lazikis eparqia (anda eparqia lazikaSi). (gv. 216).
913-914 wlebSi trapezuntis mitropolitma wm. vasilim aRadgina RvTismSoblis sakaTedro eklesia trapezuntSi. man Tavis Tavs mianiWa ufleba
etarebina tituli arqiepiskoposisa, ramac aRaSfoTa patriarqi nikoloz I
mistikosi (901-907, 912-925).
kerasuntis wm. epifanes monasteri droebiT gadaeca alaniis mitropolits saxarjod, rasac protesti mohyva monastris mxridan, male kerasuntis kaTedraze gadmoiyvanes Turqebis mier dapyrobili ankiris mitropoliti. bizantiur samyaroSi gansakuTrebiT iyvnen saxelganTqmulni
trapezuntis sami monasteri - vazeloni, sumela da wm. giorgis peristereota. vazelonis monsteri - maWukaSi dauarsebiaT 270 wels. man
Tavisi saxeli miiRo zabulonis mTisagan, romelzec is idga (zabuloni erqva wm. ninos mamas, mitr. anania).
sumela - daarsda XII s-Si, aToneli berebis mier, romelTac aq miutaniaT RvTismSoblis saswaulTmoqmedi xati, romelic gadmocemebiT luka
maxarebels dauxatavs. sumelas monasters uxvad asaCuqrebdnen trapezuntis imperatorebi. (gv. 218).
aseve cnobili iyo wm. evgenis monasteri, romelic ayvavda IX-XII ss-Si
da gaaCnda didi miwis farTobebi trapezuntSi, qaldeasa da pai pertSic.
trapezunti Tavis saeklesio gavlenis gavrcelebas cdilobda alaniaSi, romlis mitropolitsac kaTedra trapezuntSi hqonda. Tavis gavlenas trapezunti yirimzec avrcelebda. rogorc Cans, mas surda Tavisi
gavlenis gavrceleba iberiaSi jer kidev X s. dasawyisSi magaliTad
923 wels trapezuntSi miuRiaT gadawyvetileba raTa iSxnis episkoposisaTvis xeli trapezuntSi daesxaT (gv. 219).
gv. 220. ,,alaniis mitropolits gaaCnda sakuTreba trapezuntSi,
aTinasa da lazikaSi~.
551

alaniis kaTedris meSveobiT trapezuntis imperia Tavis gavlenas

avrcelebda dasavleT kavkasiaSi, tanaSi, yirimis samxreT sanapiroze.
azovispireTze da am teritoriebze saeklesio mmarTvelobaze, amitomac trapezunteli mefeebi cdilobnen ekontrolebinaT alaniis
mitropolitTa arCeva. 1400 wels trapezuntis imperatorma miaRwia
patriarqis Tanxmobas aerCiaT alaniis mRvdelmTavari ara konstantinopolSi, aramed mis droebiT rezidencia - trapezuntSi.
,,aTonis wm. mTaze mimavali qarTvel mRvdelTa gza gadioda trapezuntze.
aTonis mTaze mimavali qarTveli morCili saberoebi XV s. CaTvliT iRzrdebodnen, swavlobdnen da emzadebodnen trapezuntSi. ideuri da geografiuli TvalsazrisiT gza saqarTvelodan aTonisaken zogjer pontos sanapiroze ido~. (gv. 212).
,,trapezuntis imperias samxeriTan esazRvreboda Tema ,,didi lazia~
(gv. 159).
TviTon trapezuntis imperiis miwa-wyali winaT ganlagebuli iyo qaldeas
TemSi. trapezuntis imperia aris memkvidre qaldiis Temisa is Seenacvla~
qaldeas Tems. (gv. 159).
,,wyaroebi arc Tu iSviaTad ixsenieben qaldebs (xaldebs), XII s-mde
ponto Sedioda bizantiur Tema qaldeaSi. qaldebis qveS, gulisxmobdnen am olqis elinizebul mosaxleobas. isini iTvlebodnen uxeS,
saqmeSi uvargis, qalTa moyvarul, magram gulad meomrebad. (gv. 112).
,,qarTvelebi (romelTac xandaxan kolxebs uwodebdnen) cxovrobdnen
ara mxolod pontos sazRvrebTan, aramed qalaqebSic, trapezuntis CaTviT~.
( )... (gv. 112).
s. karpovi ar eTanxmeba sxvadasxva avtors, romelnic weren rom ,,trapezunti kolxidaSi~ mdebareobda, mas miaCnia es mosaxreba arqaizmad. Tavis
argumentad mohyavs berZnuli teqstebi, magaliTad ioane qsifiloni Tvlida, rom kolxida-trapezuntis miwas esazRvreboda. kolxida pontos mezoblad mdebareobda. lazebs xalxi, romelTa ena qarTvelur jgufebs
ganekuTvneboda, pontos mosaxleobaSi raodenobrivad meore adgili eWiraT. pontos aRmosavleTi da samxreTi mxareebi ufro mWodrod iyvnen dasaxlebuli lazebiT, kerZod surmena, rize, lazika,
xeriana ( . . ...A. 53.). (gv. 113).
SuasaukuneebSi Wanebi da lazebi erTmaneTs Seerivnen (Wanebi qaldiis
maWukaSi cxovrobdnen). (gv. 114).
. . XIII-XV .
. 1. , II, . Bizantinoslavica, 1999, . LX/1. P. 7186.
lazaropulos cnobiT barda fokas ajanyebis mxardasaWerad taos
,,mmarTvelma~ (mefe) daviTma Tavisi ori sardali bagrati da Cordvaneli gagzavna trapezuntis asaRebad. isini persarmeniidan pai pertis
gavliT gaemarTnen trapezuntisaken. Tavdapirvelad basili II-is sardali
grigori taroniti damarcxda, magram, Semdeg roca qarTulma jarma gaigo fokas daRupvis cnoba, ukan Semobrunda. trapezuntis saswaulebrivi
gadarCena agiografma axsna wm. evgenis (trapezuntis mflobelis) mfarvel552

obiT. Semdeg Cordvanelis jari damarcxda 990 wlis Teberval-martSi

derjanSi. daviTma aRiara imperatoris Zalaufleba da uanderZa Tavisi
miwebi (miiRo kurapalatis tituli). (gv. 71).
basili I-is (867-886) dros trapezuntis saepiskoposi amaRlda samitropolito kaTedris pativamde. (gv. 70).
949 wels bizantielebma aiRes Teodosopoli (- ..
- ,
, 1980).
- - (X-XI
.) , . 1994. (gv. 67).
trapezuntis imperatorebs TavianT titulaturaSi aseve ,,iveriis
mefe ebi~ ew odebodaT (1282 wlidan) . es gu lisxmobd a imas, rom
lazikisa da taos erTi nawili Sedioda trapezuntis imperiaSi,
aseve mas erTgvari siuzereniteti hqonda guriazec (gv. 407).
trapezuntis episkoposebi da mitropolitebi (IX-XI) (gv. 502).
episkoposebi
325 w. - domne
451 w. - atarvi
518 w. - anti patre
518-535 - anTimozi
542 - urani
681 - Teodore
mitropolitebi
787 - qristefore, mitr. fasidisa da trapezuntisa . 787 - ,
. a.
787-815 ww. Sua - nikifore
843-886 - wm. aTanase
IX s. dasawyisi - ioane
IX-X - Teodore
X s. dasawyisi - wm. vasili
X-XI - Teodosi
X-XI - grigoli
1027-1028 - konstantine
XI Sua - ioane
1054 - levi
bizantielTa denacionalizacia
Turqebma 1453 wels aiRes konstantinopoli, 1461 wels trapezunti, es
iTvleba erTgvar ,,mosamzadebel safexurad berZnuli sazogadoebis gaTurqebisa, Turquli ena, yofa-cxovrebis wesebi, Turquli samyaros mravalricxovani realiebi XV s. Sua wlebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili, bunebrivi da
SeiZleba maxlobelic ki iyo bizantielTaTvis. Turquli realiebis aseT
,,mSvidobian SeWras~ berZnul-mmarTlmadideblur samyaroSi saxelmwifos
politikur marcxSic Tavisi wvlili edo. (gv. 359). gaTurqeba zogjer win
uswrebda politikur damarcxebas. erTerTi mizezi, romelmac ganapiroba
bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriobis damarcxeba iyo ara teritoriebze Turqebis
553

politikuri batonoba, aramed iqamde mosaxleobis gaTurqeba.

amrigad, latentur gaTurqebaSi igulisxmeba bizantiur garemoSi Turquli
eTnikuri elementis SeWra, aseve masTan dakavSirebuli bizantiuri Semecnebis transformacia rac gamoixateboda imiT, rom bizantielebi TandaTan
,,iTvisebdnen~ Turquli samyaros realiebs. mravalricxviani leqsikuri
nasesxoba, aseve masTan dakavSirebuli axali ,,barbarosuli~ realiebi
(bizantiur cxovrebaSi) iyvnen maStaburi kulturuli transformaciis
produqtebi, romelic pirdapir exmianeboda gvianbizantiuri Semecnebis
TviTidentikifkaciis bazur maxasiaTeblebs~ (gv. 459).
karpovis wignis dasasruli

episkoposTa beWdebi - (Catalogue of Bizantine seals at dumbarton oaks and in the

fogg Museum od art, volome 4, The East, edited by E. Geer, and N. Oikon-omides,
Wachington, D.C.)
bizantiel episkoposebs (da aseve sxva zogierT maRali rangis moxeles)
hqondaT TavianTi sabeWdavebi(satvifravebi) anu beWdebi, romliTac isini
beWdavdnen saqmian qaRaldebs. Cans, zogjer liTonzec gadahqondaT da
garkveuli monetis saxes aZlevdnen. moRweulia aseTi beWdebis uamravi
raodenoba. isini gamocemulia mravaljer. erTerTi bolo gamocemaa- Catalogue of Bizantine seals at dumbarton oaks and in the fogg Museum od art, volome
4, The East, edited by E. Geer, and N. Oikon-omides, Wachington, D.C.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am beWed-monetTa Soris aRmoCnda rodopolisis episkoposis beWedi - (monetis saxis mqone e. i. liTonze gamosaxuli beWedi) XXII saukunisa.
miiCneva, rom rodopolisi iyo varcixe. am beWdis mixedviT, varcixis
episkoposs X-XI ss-Si gamouSvia Tavisi gamosaxulebis mqone moneta. rac
saqarTvelos viTarebaSi, miT umetes X-XI ss-Si SeuZlebelia, radgan aseTi
beWdiani monetebi afxazTa mefeebs da kaTalikosebsac ki ar hqondaT da
rogor SeeZlo hqonoda is varcixis episkoposs, miT ufro XI s-Si, roca
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebi ebrZodnen amaRlebul didebulebs?
miuxedavad aseTi faqtobrivi mdgomareobisa, ucxoel mecnierTa Soris
sabWouri istoriografiis kvlevebis Sesabamisad dainerga Tvalsazrisi,
rom TiTqosda varcixe iyo q. rodopolisi, romelsac Tavisi episkoposi
hyavda, iseTi gavlenis mqone, rom is X-XI saukuneebSi berZnulwarwerian
beWed-monetebs uSvebda. es realobis sruli ignorirebaa, magram, rogorc
iTqva, aseTi Tvalsazrisi dabejiTebul mtkicebad iTvleba. magaliTad,
zemoaRniSnuli wignis - Catalogue of Bizantine seals at dumbarton oaks and in
the fogg Museum od art, volome 4, The East, edited by E. Geer, and N. Oikonomides, Wachington, D.C. avtors miaCnia, rom rodopolisi - varcixeSi mdebareobda da rodopolisis episkoposis saxeliT gamocemuli monetac Sesabamisad aqvs ganmartebuli, am Tvalsazriss mkiTxveli qvemoT gaecnoba.
mas ganxiluli aqvs uamravi beWedi-moneta gamoSvebuli bizantieli episkoposebisa (da sxva moxeleebis) saxeliT. maTgan Cven gvainteresebda lazikis
samitropolitos saepiskoposoTa beWed-monetebi. avtoriseul ganmartebebs am qalaqebisa vTavazobT mkiTxvels.
554

bizantiel episkoposTa beWed monetebi wignSi- Catalogue of

Bizantine seals at dumbarton oaks and in the fogg Museum od art,
volome 4, The East, edited by E. Geer, and N. Oikon-omides, Wachington, D.C.
27. q. ibora (Tanamedrove Ioeronu) - iyo eparqia amasiis saepiskoposoSi
(amasia bunebrivi cixe-simagre da gamagrebuli banaki md. yizil-irmakze
(Zvelad md. irisi) mTebSi. is akontrolebda mdinareze moZraobs). iboras
eparqia IV s-dan arsebobda XIII s. bolomde. mas erqva aseve ,,iboroni~.
29. neokesariis (Tanamedrove niksari) eparqia daarsda II s-Si. hyavda
oTxi saepiskoposi VII s-Si, xolo 10 hyavda XI s-Si. dai pyres seljukebma
XII s-Si.
30. polemonioni - q. fadisan/faca-sTan. man misca dasaxeleba md. bolomans. kordusTan axloa, mis dasavleTiT iyo neokesariis eparqia VII s-dan
XIII-mde.
32. qaldea - Tavdapirvelad iyo armeniakonis turma [(bizantiis administraciuli mcire erTeulebi iyvnen - turma, kleisura da Temi (fema)]. VIII s.
bolosa da IX s. dasawyisSi moixseneba rogorc dukatoni, fiqroben rom
armeniis dukas gamgeblobaSi Sedioda. bizantiis samxedro-administraciul erTeul ,,Temad~ (femad) iwoda IX s-Si, 824-840 wlebSi. qaldeas TemSi
Sedioda trapezunti (is iyo qaldeas Temis administraciuli centri) da
aseve SavizRvispireTis sanapiros vrceli regioni. X s-Si qaldeas strategs
didi Semosavali hqonda, radganac trapezuntze gadioda mniSvnelovani
savaWro marSrutebi.
33. baTia, marTalia ar ixsenieba Notatiae episcopatuum-Si, magram aseTive
saxelwodeba aqvs Tanamedrove baTums, romelic Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi mdebareoba.
34. kerasusi (Tanamedrove giresuni, porti Sav zRvaze) - iyo ekonomikuri
centri. masze gadioda q. koloniasaken mimavali gza. V s-dan iyo neokesariis samitropolitos eparqia. X s-dan calke samitropolito gaxda.
35. lazika. aRmoCenilia bizantiuri moneta, romelzec berZnuli warweraa - ,,...da ioane kandidatosi, mTavari Kommerkiarioi of the apoteke of Lazike
(716 w.) (maSasadame, dokumenturad, monetis warweriTaa dadasturebuli, rom
716 wels lazika erqva trapezuntis mimdebare regions) monetaze gamosaxuli imperatori Cans lev III. monetas aTariReben 686 wliT, aseve 701 da 717
wlebiTac.
36. pai perti (Tanamedrove baiburTi md. Woroxze). X s. ixsenieba, rogorc
eparqia trapezuntis mitropoliisa. bolos XIII s. moixsenieba.
37. rize Tavidan iyo neokesariis eparqia. VIII s. dasawyisSi is iqca
saarqiepiskoposo Tavisufal eparqiad, Semdeg kvlav neokesariis eparqiad
gadaiqca 980 wlamde. Semdeg man kvlav miiRo saarqiepiskoposo eparqiis
rangi, Semdeg ki gaxda samitropolito.
[(me vsvam kiTxvas, Tu ki VIII saukuneSi rize saarqiepiskoposo centri iyo,
swored mas unda ganecxadebina foTis (TiTqosda fazisis) episkoposad
Tavisi Tavi da ara trapezuntis episkoposs, trapezuntsa da foTs Sua xom
rize iyo?)]
38. ,,rodopolisi (Tanamedrove varcixe, vaxdiscixe) iyo fazisis mitropoli555

is (lazikaSi) eparqia. is qreba konstantinopolis Notatiae episkopatuum VIII

s-is Semdeg, daaxloebiT im droidan rac fazisis mitropolia (Darruzes,
Notatiae, No, 4,1,435). monetis egzempliari, romelic qvemoTaa aRwerili, ar
SeiZleba miekuTvnos rodopoliss, rogorc samarTlianad SeniSna Laurentma. am monetis arseboba SeiZleba adasturebdes am eparqiis xanmokle
aRorZinebas~.
38.1. monetaze aris warwera - ,,ioane, rodopolisis episkoposi~. misi
diametria 12 mm, wona 3,85 gr. monetis wina mxares gamosaxulia RvTismSobeli yrmiT, ukana mxares - aRniSnuli warwera 4 striqonze. es moneta erTaderTi episkoposia rodopolisisa, gamoqveynebuli Fedalto-Si~.
[(vfiqrob, rom es moneta saukeTeso dasturia imisa, rom rodopolisi
ara varcixeSi, aramed misgan Sors - qaldeas mTianeTSi zigana-argiopolisis regionSi mdebareobda. sabWoTa epoqis istoriografiis mtkiceba, rom
rodopolisi varcixea - ukritikod iqna gaziarebuli gamoCenil ucxoel
mkvlevarTa mier. magaliTad maT xelSi uWiravT trapezunt-qaldeas regionidan miRebuli moneta warweriT - ,,ioane, rodopolisi episkoposi~,
romelsac TviTonve XI saukuniT aTariReben, da mainc weren - ,,es egzempliari ar SeiZleba miekuTvnos rodopoliss~, ratom, monetaze xom garkveviT
aweria - ,,rodopolisi~, am faqtis uaryofa SeuZlebelia, amitomac iqve
weren - ,,am monetis arseboba SeiZleba adasturebdes am eparqiis xanmokle
aRorZinebas~, rogor, varcixe - XI saukuneSi quTaisis - saqarTvelos
dedaqalaqis gverdiT XI saukuneSi berZnul warwerian monetas uSvebda?
da Tanac visi, ara mefis saxeliT, aramed adgilorivi episkopos ioanes
saxeliT?! es saqarTvelosaTvis warmoudgenelia, magram bunebrivi iyo qaldeatrapezuntis regionSi. sadac mudam iyo kidec rodopolisis kaTedra, es
moneta amis SesaniSnavi dadasturebaa. rac Seexeba varcixes, aq araviTari
arqeologiuri msgavsi nivTi ar aRmoCenila, miuxedavad xangrZlivi dabejiTebuli Ziebisa da arc aRmoCndeba! radganac varcixe arasodes yofila
berZnuli saepiskoposo centri)].
39. trapezunti, (Tanamedrove trabzoni) mniSvnelovani qalaqi da bazaria,
romelic im wertilSi mdebareobs, sadac mTavrdeboda gza centraluri
aziidan, Tavidan is iyo neokesariis eparqia, magram mogvianebiT saarqiepiskoposo eparqia gaxda, Semdeg lazikis samitropolitod 7 eparqiiT.
40. xarsiana (xarsianoni) mdebareobda amave saxelis mqone cnobili cixesimagris gverdiT. Sedioda armeniaSi, Tavdapirvelad rogorc ,,turma~, Semdeg aRamaRles ,,kleisuris~ rangamde (Kleisura) IX s. dasawyisSi da Semdeg
863-873 wlebSi gaxda Temi (fema), mdebareobda kesaris CrdiloeTiT.
47. Tiana (Tanamedrove femerxisari), iyo IV s-dan kapadokiis samitropolito vidre XIV s-mde, mas aseve uwodebdnen ,,qristopoliss~ (Darruzes,
Notatiae, N4, 1, 19; N15, 1, 14). Fedelto,
HEOI, 30-31).
48. kolonea
Tavidan kolonea iyo armenia II-Si nikopolisis eparqia, magram gaxda
saarqiepiskoposo avtokefaluri eparqia IX s-Si. xolo 968 wlidan kolonea gaxda samitropolito saydris (kaTedris) adgilad. moRweuliad misi
fiskaluri moxeleebis (magaliTad protonotariusis) sabeWdvebi (doku556

mentebis gamtkicebeli beWdebi).

49. sevastia (Tanamedrove sivari) iyo kleisura 908 wlamde da 911 wlisaTvis gaxda Temi (fema).
50. berisi (Tanamedrove bolu), mdebareobda tokatTan axlos (25 km-ze),
iyo armeniis provinciis eparqia, eklesiurad eqvemdebareboda sevastias. is
ixsenieba Notatia episcoporatuum-Si mTeli XII s-Si, magram misi episkoposebi
moixsenieba mxolod V-VII saukuneebSi. moRweuli egzemplari, romelsac
aqvs aseTi warwera - ,,eliasi - episkoposi beriasisa~ (XI s.). misi diametria 23 mm, wona - 9,92 grami, maSasadame isaa moneta (?)
51. sebastopolisi (Tanamedrove sumusarai), mdebareobs sivasis CrdilodasavleTiT, iTvleboda sevastiis eparqiad VII s-dan XII-s CaTvliT. moRweulia misi erTerTi episkoposis manuilis beWedi-moneta warweriT ,,manuili - episkoposi sebastopolisisa~ (XII s.).
57. arwe (arce)
arwe mdebareobs Teodosiopolisis (Tanamedrove arzrumis) CrdilodasavleTiT 15 km-Si. arce iTvleboda stratigis rezidenciad (misi beWedi
inaxeba amerikis numizmatikur sazogadoebaSi). es moxele (stratigi) XI sis manZilze eqvemdebareboda iveriis katepans. arwe 979 wels gadasces
iveriis mefe daviTs, da is (arwe) daibruna bizantiam 1000 wels da gadaiqca
savaWro centrad. 1049 wels daangries Turqebma.
moRweulia beWedi (moneta) warweriT - konstantine xartulari (chartoularios) arwes saimperio kuratori (X-XI).
65. kamaxa (kamaxosi) Tanamedrove kemaxi. mdebareobs erzinkanis samxreTdasavleTiT, md. evfratis samxreT napirze, mesopotamiis Temis (femis) Camoyalibebis Semdeg kamaxa 911 wlidan gaxda samitropolito.
66. kelcene
kelcene (Tanamedrove erzinkani) iyo turma mesopotamiis TemSi da eWira
teritoria evfratis CrdiloeTiT derjanamde (aRmosavleTis mxridan).
rogorc saeklesio provincia, kelcene Tavidan iTvleboda kamxas eparqiad,
magram Semdeg is figurirebs, rogorc mitropolia. mas hqonda 8 eparqia,
samitropolito rangi SeinarCuna X s. bolodan selCukebis Semosevamde.
moRweuli beWedi (moneta) warweriT ,,basili - kelcenes mitropoliti~ (XI
s.).
67. manZikerti (Tanamedrove malazgirti), mdebareobs vanis tbis CrdiloeTiT, sxva adgilTa Soris is 1000 wels qarTvelTa mefis daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg gadaeca basili II-s. is iqca stratigis rezidenciad.
moRweulia beWedi (moneta) warweriT - ,,nikifore... protospaTari manZikertis stratigisa (XI s.).
72. Teodosiopolisi - Tanamedrove erzrumi, X s-mde iTvleboda kesariakapadokiis eparqiad, magram Cans, amaRlda mitropoliis rangamde, roca qalaqi
iqca stratigis rezidenciad XI s-Si. moRweulia moneta warweriT - ,,Teodosi, proedrosi (=mitropoliti) Teodosiopolisisa (XI s.).
75. iberia
1000 wels, qarTvelTa mefe daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg, iveriis (taos)
miwebi gadavida bizantiis xelSi, ris Semdegac iq damyarda saimperio
557

mmarTveloba, magram iveriis Temis (femas) daarsebamde kidev ori aTeuli

weli gavida. iveriis Tems marTavda katepani, romelic mudmivad cxovrobda TeodosiopolisSi (sxvadasxva avtorebi asaxeleben sxvadasxva TariRs
- iveriis Temi v. aruTinova-fadanianis Tanaxmad daarsda 1001 wels, xolo
adoncis Tanaxmad 1023 wels). iveriis Tems dauniSnes samxedro da samoqalaqo moxeleebi, romelTac hyavdaT kuratorTa didi ricxvi, isini meTvalyureobdnen im miwebs, romelTac amuSavebdnen konkretulad samefo karis
saWiroebisaTvis. 1045 wels somxeTis dedaqalaqi anisi daiWira bizantiam
da administraciulad iveriis TemTan gaaerTiana.
amis Semdeg konstantine IX monomaxma daiwyo iveriis armiis reorganizaciis procesi, romelsac uwodeben ,,armiis gaxrwnas~, kerZod amis Semdeg iverieli jariskacebi valdebulni iyvnen eyidaT TavianTi samxedro
samsaxuris adgili (e. i. fuliT eyidaT jariskacobis ufleba (fiskaluri
strategia). aman daasusta SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, magram, samagierod imperators misca Zalze didi mogeba.
1064 wlis Semdeg, rac imperias SeuerTda yarsi, yalibdeba axali gaerTianeba yarsisa da iberiis Temebisa (mas marTavda katepani vasilake flori, aseve yarsis katepani magistri Teodore. katepanebis ricxvs SeiZleba
daematos iveriis duka Teodore (moRweulia misi beWedi) da bardasi patrikiosi (,,patriarqi~) da katepani iveriisa, misi beWedi gamoqveynebulia.
batonma Ddemetrius kiminasma 2009 wels gamosca wigni
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos Sesaxeb, sadac Seexo pontokolxidis Zvel sapatriarqoebs, Cven moviyvanT Targmans misi
wignis erTi nawilisa.
The Ecumenikal Patiarchate, bi Demetrius Kiminas, 2009, gv. 105-110.
seqcia E
samitropolitoebi centralur saSualo aziaSi
amasiis (Amasia) samitropolito
amasiis mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da pontos yvela
saegzarxosos egzarxosi
qalaqi amasia (Amasia), romelic ganlagebulia q. ankaris CrdiloeTiT 334
km, daarsda qristes Sobamde 300 wels, pontos mefe miTridates mier, iq
arsebuli dasaxlebis nacvlad. Cvens welTaaRricxvamde 183 wlamde is
samefos dedaqalaqis funqcias asrulebda da qristes Sobamde 3 wels
romis imperiis kontrolis qveS gadavida. daaxloebiT 1075 wels is TurqselCukebma dai pyres, Semdeg 1106 daibruna romis imperiam, daaxloeiT 1120
wels dai pyro TurqeTma da 1392 wels osmanTa TurqeTma.
amasiis (Amasia ) samitropolito daarsda qristes Sobidan 325
wels, Tavdapirvelad kesariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitos sapatio
primatobis qveS myofi, 451 wels is gaxda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos samitropolito. meSvide saukuneSi samitropolitos iuris558

diqciaSi 6 eparqia Sedioda, me-12 saukunisaTvis ki eparqiebis raodenoba

Svidamde gaizarda. Tumca, am teritoriis selCukebis mier okupaciis Semdeg, eparqiebis raodenoba nel-nela Semcirda da meToTxmete saukuneSi
saerTod gaqra. am periodis ganmavlobaSi samitropolito taxtma
gadainacvla amisosis (Amisos) CrdiloeTiT 110 km-iT, sadac amJamadac rCeba.
amisosi (Amisos), romelic Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebareobs, daarsda
qristes Sobamde me-7 saukuneSi, mileteli (Miletus) berZnebis mier, qristes
Sobamde 71 wels igi romaelebma dai pyres da mas romis imperiis dros
ewodeboda palaTioni(Palation), mdebareobda aneas (Anea) samitropolitoSi. Semdeg, rac Turq-selCukema qalaqis okupacia moaxdinines (daaxloebiT 1080 wels), romauli qalaqis kedlebis gverdiT daarsda Turquli
kolonia samsuni. daaxloebiT 1107 wels bizantielebma qalaqi ukan daibrunes,
Tumca selCukebma kvlav dai pyres igi 1214 wels da Semdeg osmanebma 1392
wels. 1402 wels, monRolebis mxedarTmTavarma Temurlengma, rac mas Semdeg,
qalaqi Semusra, igi gadasca aRdgenil yandaris (Candar) saemiros, xolo
1461 wels misi aneqsia osmanebma moaxdines.
amasiis samitropolitos- CrdiloeTiT Savi zRva esazRvreba; aRmosavleTiT neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito; samxreTiT
neokeisariis (Neokaisaria ) samitropolito da kesariis (Kaisaria )
samitropolito; xolo dasavleTidan ki mas keisariis (Kaisaria )
samitropolito da neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito (gangras (Gangra) mxare) SemosazRvravs. mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: sinofi
(Sinop), Sav zRvaze, amisosis (Amisos) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 145 km-iT; aigialosi (Aigialos), Sav zRvaze, amisos-is (Amisos) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 185 km-iT;
Temiskira (Themikyra), amisos-is (Amisos) aRmosavleTiT 40 km-iT; Termodoni
(Thermodon), Sav zRvaze, amisos-is (Amisos) aRmosavleTiT 55 km-iT; pafra (Paphra)? amisos-is (Amisos) Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 48 km-iT; neoklavdiapolisi
(Neoklavdioupolis), amisos-is (Amisos) samxreT-dasavleTiT 85 km-iT; vouvasioni (Vouvasion), amisos-is (Amisos) aRmosavleTiT 170 km-iT; laodikia (Laodikia),
amisos-is (Amisos) samxreTiT 60 km-iT; fazimoni (Phazimon), amisos-is (Amisos) samxreT-dasavleTiT 90 km-iT; da iraklia (Iraklia), amisos-is (Amisos)
aRmosavleTiT 70 km-iT.
1920 wlis ianvridan noembramde periodSi es teritoria pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawils warmoadgenda (ix. m. trapezousi (m. Trapezous)). 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla
saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, metropoliis teritoriaze aRar darCa
marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
amasiis (Amasia) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
59. paisiusi (Paisius)
seqtemberi 1780-1809
d. 1809
60. neofitusi (Neophytus)(pirvelad)
dekemberi 1809 - ivlisi 1826 d.?
61. dionisus (Dionysus) III
ivlisi 1926 - ianvari 1827
d. 1877
(ex m. Silyvria) droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to m. Amasia)
neofitusi (Neoplytus)(meored)
ianvari 1827 - agvisto 1828 d.?
62. meletius (Meletius) IV
agvisto 1828 - noemberi 1830 1 7 7 2 1845
559

Pengalos (to m. Thesaloniki)

dionisus (Dionysius) III (meored)
noemberi 1830-seqtemberi 1835
d.1877
Kotakis (ex former m. Amasia), gadayenebuli (to former, to m. Nikomidia)
63. kalinikus (Callinicus) II (meored) seqtemberi 1830 - marti 1847+ d.1847
(ex m. Didymotichon)
64. kirili (Cyril)
marti 1847-21 seqtemberi 1855 18001872
(ex.m. Ainos)(to p. Constantinople)
65. sofronius (Sophronius) I
27 seqt. 1855 - 20 seqt. 1863
17981899
Meidantzoglous (ex m. Chios)(to p. Constantinopole)
66. sofronius II
17 ianvari 1864 - ianvari 1887
d.1887
(ex m. Arta)
67. anTimus (Anthimus) II
22 ianvari 1887 - 5 Teb. 1908
18241909
Alexoudis (ex m. Velegrades), droebiT gadamdgari
68. germanusi (Germanus)(pirvelad)
5 Teb. 1908 - 27 oqt. 1922
18661935
Karangelis (ex m. Kastoria)(to m. Loannina)
69. spiridoni (Spyridon)
27 oqt. 1922 - 15 apr. 1924
18731956
Vlachos (ex m. Loannina)(to m. Loannina)
germanusi (Germanus)(meored)
12 agvisto 1924 - 10 Teb. 1935 18661935
Karavangelis (ex m. Hungary) ix. SeniSvna 1
70. apostolusi (Apostolus)
25 oqt. 1951 - 29 noemb. 1957 1878-1957
Tryphonos (ex yofili m. Rhodes)
SeniSvna 1. 1921 wlis 7 ivniis mitropolit germanuss TurqeTis marTlmsajulebis mier dauswreblad miesaja sikvdiliT dasja da amitom, man
SemdgomSi veRar SesZlo TurqeTSi dabruneba. 1924-35 wlebSi igi rCeboda
venaSi, rogorc konstantinopolis ekumenuri sapatriarqos centraluri
evropis egzarxosi.
ankaris samitropolito
ankaris mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da sruliad galatiis
(Galatia) egzarxosi
qalaqi ankara, romelic mdebareobs nikomidiis (Nikomidia) samxreTiT 330
km-Si, daarsda frigielebis mier, qristes Sobamde meaTe saukuneSi. qristes
Sobamde 25 wels is gaxda romis imperiis nawili, xolo 1075 wels moxda
misi okupacia Turq-selCukebis mier. 1101, 1106 da 1134 wlebSi romaelebma
droebiT daibrunes qalaqi ankara, Tumca sabolood is dai pyro osmanTa
imperiam 1356 wels. 1402 wels qalaqi monRolTa mxedarTmTavarma tamerlanma Semusra.
560

ankaris samitropolito qristes Sobidan 325 wels daarsda, Tavdapirvelad keisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitos sapatio primatobis
qveS myofi, 451 wels is gaxda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
samitropolito. meSvide saukuneSi samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi 8 eparqia Sedioda, me-11 saukunisaTvis ki am eparqiebis raodenoba
eqvsamde Semcirda. Turq-selCukebis mier am teritoriis okupaciis Semdeg
eparqiebis raodenoba kidev ufro Semcirda da me-13 saukunis bolos, saerTod gaqra. ankaris samitropolitos CrdiloeTidan prousis (Prousa)
samitropolito, nikaias (Nikaia ) samitropolito da neokaisariis
(Neokaisaria , gangras (Gangra ) mxare) samitropolito esazRvreba;
aRmosavleTidan kaisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito; samxreTidan
ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito da filadelfiis samitropolito;
da dasavleTidan ki filadelfiis samitropolito, prousiis (Prousa)
samitropolito da nikaias (Nikaia) samitropolito esazRvreba.
sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: dorilaioni (Dorylaion), ankaris aRmosavleTiT 228 km-Si; kotiaioni (Kotyaion), dorilaionis (Dorylaion) samxreTdasavleTiT 65 km-Si; anastasioupolisi (Anastasipupolis), ankaris CrdilodasavleTiT 85 km-Si; iouliopolisi (Iouliopolis), ankaris Crdilo-dasavleTiT 135 km-Si; ioustinianupolisi (Ioustinianoupolis), ankari samxreT-dasavleTiT 135 km-Si; gordioni (Gordion), ankargis samxreT-dasavleTiT 70 km-Si;
kaloumni (Kaloumni), ankaris CrdiloeTiT 40 km-Si; mizosi (Mizos), ankaris
dasavleTiT 45 km-Si; da koptolofosi (Koptolofos), ankaris aRmosavleTiT
65 km-Si.
1921 wels moxda samitropolitos aRmosavleTi nawilis okupacia berZnuli
samxedro Zalebis mier. kerZod, 1921 wlis 2 ivliss moxda kotiaionis
(Kotyaion) okupacia, xolo 1921 wlis 6 ivliss ki dorilaionis (Dorylaion)
okupacia. 1922 wlis agvistoSi, damarcxebis Semdeg, berZnuli samxedro
Zalebi gandevnes am teritoriidan da moxda marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobis nawilis evakuacia ki saberZneTSi, nawili ki iqna ganadgurebuli gamarjvebuli Turqebis mier. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis
gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, marTlmadidebelma mosaxleobam
samitropolitos danarCeni nawilic datova. dRes samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar gvxvdeba marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
ankaris mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
57. jonikius (Johnnicius) II
ivlisi 1779 - marti 1811
d. 1823
(to m. Nikaia)
58. sofroniusi (Sophronius) I
marti 1811 - 1814+
d. 1814
59. meTodiusi (Methodius)
ivnisi 1814 - 13 maisi 1823
17711850
(to p. Antioch)
60. agaTangelus (Agatangelus)
maisi 1823 - seqtemberi 1827 1 7 8 0 1852
Myrianthousis (to m. Thiva)
61. Teodosiusi (Theodosius) II
oqtomberi 1827 - 1834+
d. 1834
(ex t.b.Zichna Mar 1821)
561

62. gerasimus (Gerasimus) III

1834 - seqtemberi 1836
d. 1837
Domninos (ex. yofili m. Kaisaria)(to m. Ephesos)
63. kirili (Cyril)
seqtemberi 1836-agvisto 1838 d. ?
(ex. yofili m. Arta) gadamdgari
64. nikeforusi (Nicephorus)
agvisto 1838 - ivnisi 1845
d. 1847
(to m. Nyssa)
65. hieroTeusi (Hieroteus)
ivnisi 1845 - dekemberi 1852 d. 1882
gadamdgari, 4 marti, 1882
66. meleTiusi (Meletius) II
dek. 1922 - 16 oqt.
1860 d. 1883
(ex t.b. Amisos)(to m. Philadelphia)
67. jonikius (Johnnicius) III
oqt. 1860 - 25 maisi 1972
d. 1879
Ikonomou (to m. Filippi)
68. qrisanTusi (Chrysanthus)
25 maisi 1872 - agvisto 1877+ d. 1877
(ex yofili m. Kassandria)
69. gerasimus (Gerasimus) IV
3 seqt. 1877 - ianvari 1899+ 1 8 2 0 1899
(ex m. Halepion)
70. nikolas (Nicholas) II
1 maisi 1899 - 19 oqt. 1902
18621927
Sakkopoulos (ex m. Vodena)(to m. Maronia)
71. sofronius (Sophronius) II
19 oqt. 1902 - 27 marti 1910 d. 1917
Nistopoulis (ex m. Stromnitsa)(to m. Kaisaia)
72. gervasi (Gervase)
1 aprili 1910 - 17 noem. 1922 1 8 6 7 1934
Sarasitis (ex m. Korytsa)(to m. Alexandroupolis)
ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito
ikonionis (Ikonion) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da sruliad
likaoniis (Lycaonia) egzarxosi
qalaqi ikonioni (Ikonion), romelic mdebareobs ankaris samxreTiT 250 kmSi, daarsda frigielebis mier. qristes Sobamde 25 wels is gaxda romis
imperiis nawili, xolo daaxloebiT 1075 wels moxda misi okupacia TurqselCukebis mier. 1390 wels qalaqi dai pyres Turqmenebma (Karaman Turkmans),
1390 wels osmanTa imperiam, xolo 1403 wels monRolebis mxedarTmTavarma
tamerlanma igi gadasca aRdgenil karamanis (Karaman) saemiros. sabolood,
qalaqi osmanTa imperiam daibruna 1468 wels.
Tavdapirvelad pisidiis antioqiis (Pisidian Antioch) samitropolitos erT-erTi eparqia, ikonioni (Ikonion ) gaxda samitropolito
qristes Sobidan 372 wels. meSvide saukuneSi mis iurisdiqciaSi
TxuTmeti eparqia Sedioda, Tumca, selCukebis mier okupaciis Semdeg, am teritoriaze eparqiebis raodenoba nel-neba Semcirda da
mecamete saukuneSi saerTod gaqra. 1655 wlis 15 seqtembers ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito gauqmda da misi teritoria miemata pisidiis (Pisidia)
samitropolitos, Tumca maleve moxda misi aRdgena, savaraudod, 1661 wlis
seqtemberSi.
562

ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolitos CrdiloeTidan ankaris samitropolito esazRvreba; aRmosavleTidan kaisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito da anadis (Anada) (antioqiis sapatriarqo) samitropolito; samxreTidan anadis (Anada) (antioqiis sapatriarqo) samitropolito; da dasavleTidan ki mas pisidiis (Pisidai) samitropolito
da filadelfiis samitropolito SemosazRvravs. sxva mniSvnelovani
qalaqebia: nigdi (Nigdi), ikonionis (Ikonion) aRmosavleTiT 230 km-Si; arqelaisi (Archelais), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 150 km-Si; karvali (Karvali), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 130 km-Si; parnasosi (Parnassos), ikonionis (Ikonion) CrdiloeTiT 200 km-Si; tba tattas (Tatta)
sanapiroze; tiana (Tyana), ikonionis (Ikonion) aRmosavleTiT 210 km-Si; iraklia (Iraklia), ikonionis (Ikonion) aRmosavleTiT 170 km-Si; laranda (Laranda),
ikonionis (Ikonion) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 110 km-Si; dalisandosi (Dalisandos), ikonionis (Ikonion) samxreT-dasavleTiT 85 km-Si; koralia (Korallia),
ikonionis (Ikonion) dasavleTiT 80 km-Si, amave saxelis mqone tbis napirze;
tiriaioni (Tyriaion), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 75 km-Si; da
filomilioni (Philomilion), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 120 kmSi, amave saxelis mqone tbis napirze.
1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da
TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
ikonionis (Ikonion) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
50. rafaeli (Raphael)
ivlisi 1780 - seqtemberi 1803
d.e1806
(to m. Larissa)
51. kirili (Cyril)
seqtemberi 1803-dekemberi 1810
177 51821
Sermpetzoglous (to p. Adrianoupolis)
52. neofitus (Neophytus) I
dekemberi 1810 - 1825+
d. 1834
53. anTimus (Anthimus) III
oqtomberi 1825 - seqtemberi 1835 1 7 8 8 1878
Vamvakis (to m. Larissa)
54. samuel (Samuel)
seqtemberi 1835 - 8 ianvari 1840
d. ?
(ex yofili m. Pisidia) gadamdgari
55. ioakim (Ioachim) II
ianvari 1840 - ivnisi 1846
d. ?
(ex m. Vodela) gadamdgari
56. meletius (Meletius) II
ivnisi 1846 - 1849+
d. 1849
(ex m. Dimistrias)
57. neofitus (Neophytus) II maisi 1849 - ianvari 1865+
d. 1864
(ex m. Elasson)
58. sofroniusi (Sophronius)
11 ianvari 1865 - 1 maisi 1873
d. 1890
Christidis (to m. Didymotichon)
59. agaTangelusi (Agathangelus) 1 maisi 1873 - 17 ivlisi 1885
d. 1885
(ex m. Mithymna)
60. doroTeusi (Johnnicius)
26 agv. 1885 - 22 ivlisi 1887
d. 1924
563

Chrisridis (ex m. Korytsa)(to m. Velegrades)

61. ambrose (Ambrose)
22 ivlisi 1887 - 20 marti 1889+
1832_1990
Christidis (ex m. Chis)
62. aTanasius (Athanasius) III
23 marti 1889 - 10 ianvari 1911+
d. 1911
llliadis
63. prokopiusi (Procopius)
16 ivnisi 1911 - 12 marti 1923+
d. 1923
Lazaridis (ex m. Philaselphia), 1922 w. daapatimra Turqulma marTlmsajulebam, gardaicvala cixeSi.
64. iakobi (Jacob)
7 ivlisi 1950 - 16 aprili 1965+ 1 9 1 6 1965
Stepanidis
65. Teoleptusi (Theoleptus)
10 seqtemberi 2000 b. 1957
Fenerdis
kesariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito
keisariis (Kaisaria) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli yvelaze
pativcemulebs Soris da sruliad aRmosavleTis egzarxosi
qalaki kesaria[keisaria,kaisaria (Kaisaria)], romelic mdebareobs ankaris
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 290 km-Si, ganlagebulia teritoriaze, sadac mosaxleoba qristes Sobamde 4 aTaswleulis win dasaxlda. misi Tavdapirveli
saxeli iyo mazaka (Mazaca), qristes Sobamde daaxloebiT 150 wels ki mas
kabadokiis mefis, ariarates V eusebes (Ariarathes V Eusebes) pativsacemad,
eusebia (Eusebia) ewoda. qristes Sobidan 18 wels, romis imperiis mier misi
aneqsiidan erTi wlis Semdeg, qalaqs daerqva keisaria (Kaisaria). daaxloebiT 1075 wels qalaqi dai pyres Turq-selCukebma, 1092 wels Turqmenebma
(Danishmend Turkomans), 1169 isev selCukebma da 1397 wels osmanTa imperiam.
1403 wels tamerlanma is aRdgenil yaramanis (Karaman) saemiros gadasca,
xolo 1468 wels is isev osmanebma daibrunes.
keisaria (Kaisaria) samitropolito qristes Sobidan 325 wels gaxda da
axorcielebda sapatio primatobas pontos (Pontus) mxaris Semdeg mitropoliebze: nikomedia (Nikomidia), gangra (Gangra), ankira (Ankyra), amasia (Amasia),
neokaisaria (Neokaisaria) da sevastia (Sevastia). mogvianebiT am mitropoliebs daemata klavdioupolis (Klavdioupolis, gangras (Gangra) mxare), pesinous (Pessinous, ankaris mxare), tianas (Tyana, kaisariis (Kaisaria) mxare) da
melitinis (Melitini, kaisaaris (Kaisaria) mxare) mitropoliebi. 451 wels, meoTxe
ekumenuri (sayovelTao) krebis Semdeg, konstantinopolis sapatriarqom
oficialurad daiqvemdebara Tavisi iurisdiqciaSi am teritoriaze arsebuli yvela samitropolito, maT Soris, keisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitoc. meSvide saukuneSi kaisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi xuTi eparqia Sedioda, romelTa raodenobac meaTe saukunisaTvis TxuTmetamde gaizarda.
keisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitos samxreTidan neokeisariis (Neokaisaria, gangras (Gangra) mxare) samitropolito da amasiis (Amasia) samitropolito esazRvreba; aRmosavleTidan neokaisariis (Neokaisaria, gangras (Gan564

gra) mxare) samitropolito; samxreTidan anadis (Anada) (antioqiis sapatriarqo) samitropolito; dasavleTidan ki mas ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito da ankaris samitropolito SemosazRvravs. sxva mniSvnelovani
qalaqebia: moutalaski (Moutalaski), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
10 km-Si; kamouliana (Kamouliana), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 40 km-Si;
neapolisi (Neapolis), keisariis (Kaisaria) dasavleTiT 75 km-Si; prokopioni
(Prokopion), keisariis (Kaisaria) dasavleTiT 55 km-Si; miTridationi (Mirhridation), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 155 km-Si; mokisosi (Mokissos), keisariis
(Kaisaria) samxreT-dasavleTiT 130 km-Si; kiskisosi (Kiskissos), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 205 km-Si; zila (Zila), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTaRmosavleTiT 250 km-Si; pterioni (Pterion), keisariis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 245 km-Si; efqaita (Efchaita), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 260 km-Si;
da askli piioni (Asklipiion), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 310 km-Si.
1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da
TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
keisariis (Kaisaria) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
91. leontius (Leintius) III
ivlisi 1796 - 1 oqt. 1801
d. ?
(to m. Melenikon) gadamdgari
92. filoTeusi (Philotheus)
oqt. 1801 - maisi 1816+
d. 1816
(ex yofili m. Tornovon)
93. meletiusi (Meltius) II
maisi 1816 - 1817+
d. 1817
(to m. Neokaisaria)
94. ioanikiusi (Johnnicius)
ivnisi 1817-15 noemberi 1823+ d. 1823
(to m. Nikia) ix. SeniSvna 1
95. qrisanTusi (Chrisanthus)
noemberi 1823-dekemberi 1830 d. 1836
(to m. Ephesos)
96. gerasimusi (Gerasimus)
dekemberi 1830 - mart 1832 d. 1837
Domninos (ex m. Ouzitsa) gadamdgari (to m. Ankyra)
97. paisius (Paisius) II
marti 1832 - 30 ianv. 1871+
17771871
Kepoglous
98. eustaqe (Eustace)
3 oqt. 1871 - 26 ianv. 1876+
18241876
Kleovoulos, ix. SeniSvna 2
99. meTodius (Methodius) II
28 ianvari 1876 - maisi 1878 d. 1897
Aronis (ex m. Mytilini)(to m. Didymotichon)
100. ioane (John)
21 maisi 1878-28 aprili 1902 1 8 3 4 1902
Anastasiadis
101. gervasi (Gervase)
14 maisi 1902 - 16 marti 1910 d. 1916
Orologas (ex m. Korytsa)(to m. Ioannina)
102. sofroniusi (Sophronius)
27 marti 1910-25 aprili 1911 d. 1917
Nistopoulo (ex m. Ankyra) droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to m. Kolonia)
103. ambrosi (Ambrose)
25 apr. 1911 - 13 Teber. 1914
1854-1931
565

Stavrinos (ex m. Neokaisaria) droebiT gadamdgari (to Former, to m.

Neokaisaria)
104. nikolasi (Nicholas) II
13 Teb. 1914 - 22 Teb. 1927
18621927
Sakkopoulos (ex m. Maronia)
105. kalinikusi (Callinicus)
26 ivlisi 1932 - 11 ianv.1934+ 1 8 5 5 1934
Delikanis (ex m. Kyzikos)
SeniSvna 1. mitropoliti ioanikiusi (Johnnicius) daapatimra TurqeTis
xelisuflebam da is gardaicvala cixeSi, 1821 wels;
SeniSvna 2. 1871 wlis 18 aprils anqialosis (Anchialos) mitropoliti
basili iyo arCeuli keisariis (Kaisaria) mitropolitad, magram is gardaicvala ise, rom ver Caibara samitropolito.
neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito
neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da pontos polemoniakusis (Pontus Polemoniacus) egzarxosi
qalaq neokeisarias (Neokaisaria), mdebare amasiis (Amasia) aRmosavleTiT 115 km-Si, Tavdapirvelad erqva kabira (Cabira) da iyo pontos
samefos dedaqalaqi. qristes Sobamde 73 wels is dai pyro romis imperiam da uwoda diospolisi (Diospolis). qalaqi pontos mefe polemon I-s daubrunda qristes Sobamde 37 wels da ewoda axali saxeli, sebasti (Sebasti).
sabolood is romaelTa mflobelobaSi gadavida qristes Sobidan 64
wels da ewoda neokeisaria (Neokaisaria). 1075 wels moxda qalaqis okupacia
Turq-selCukebis mier, daibrunes romaelebma daaxloebiT 1086 wels, Semdeg dai pyres Turqmenebma (Danishmend Turkomans) daaxloebiT 1090 wels, kvlav dai pyres selCukebma daaxloebiT 1175 wels da sabolood dai pyro
osmanTa imperiam 1394 wels.
neokeisaria (Neokaisaria) samitropolito gaxda qristes Sobidan
325 wels. meSvide saukuneSi mis iurisdiqciaSi oTxi eparqia Sedioda da meTormete saukunisaTvis maTi raodenoba aTamde gaizarda.
selCukebis okupaciis Semdeg am teritoriaze eparqiebis raodenoba nelnela Semcirda da meToTxmete saukuneSi saerTod gaqra. axali, nikopolisis (Nikopolis) eparqia neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitos SemadgenlobaSi 1889 wels Camoyalibda, magram 1889 wels igi
gaxda koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito. osmanTa mier okupaciis
periodSi samitropolito taxtma gadainacvla evdokiasis (Evdokias) samxreT-dasavleTiT 50 km-iT, saidanac, 1903 wlamde, gadainacvla
qalaq ainois (Inoi) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 120 km-iT, romelic Savi
zRvis sanapiroze mdebareobs.
neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito or nawiladaa gayofili. misi
umetesi nawili samxreTidan SemosazRvrulia Savi zRviT; aRmosavlelTidan SemosazRvrulia qaldiis (Chaldia), koloniis (Kolonia),
Teodosioupolisis (Theodosioupolis) da amidas (Amida) samitropoli566

toebiT; samxreTidan adanas (Adana ) samitropolitoTi da verias

(Veria) samitropolitoTi; da dasavleTiT kaisariis (Kaisaria) da
amasiis (Amasia) samitropolitoebiT. garganas (Gargana) seqcia, umeteswilad, yofili garganas (Gargana ) samitropolitos moicavs,
romelic neokeisarias (Neokaisaria) 1630 wlis 19 ianvars SeuerTda.
igi CrdiloeTidan Savi zRviT aris Semofargluli, aRmosavleTidan
amasiis (Amasia) samitropolitoTi; samxreTidan kaisariis (Kaisaria) da ankaris samitropolitoTi; da dasavleTidan ki qalkidonis
samitropolitoTi.
sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebi samitropolitos ZiriTad seqciaSi Semdegia: fadisa (Phadissa), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, ainois (Inoi) aRmosavleTiT
22 km-iT; polemonioni (Polemolion), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, ainois (Inoi)
aRmosavleTiT 33 km-iT; kotiora (Kotyora), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, ainois
(Inoi) aRmosavleTiT 55 km-iT; gazioura (Gazioura), evdokiasis (Evdokias) aRmosavleTiT 50 km-iT; sagilioni (Sagylion), evdokiasis (Evdikias) samxreTiT
55 km-iT; sevastia (Sevastia), evdokiasis (Evdikias) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 100
km-iT; garnaki (Garnaki), sevastias (Sevastia) samxreTiT 125 km-iT da tefriki
(Tephriki), sevastias (Sevastia) aRmosavleTiT 130 km-iT. mniSvnelovani qalaqebi
garganas (Gargana) nawilSi aris: kastamoi (Kastamon), ainois (Inoi) dasavleTiT 350 km-iT; ionopolisi (Ionopolis), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, kastamonis
(Kastamon) CrdiloeTiT 65 km-iT; kitorosi (Kytoros), Savi zRvis sanapiroze,
kastamonis (Kastamon) CrdiloeTiT 65 km-iT; kitorosi (Kytoros), Savi zRvis
sanapiroze, kastamonis (Kastamon ) Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 95 km-iT;
pompeioupolisi (Pompeioupolis), kastamonis (Kastamon) aRmosavleTiT 45 km-iT;
dokia (Dokia), kastamonis (Kastamon) samxreTiT 55 km-iT; gangra (Gangra), kastamonis (Kastamon) samxreTiT 90 km-iT; antonioupolisi (Kastamon), kastamonis
(Kastamon) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 120 km-iT; Teodoroupolisi (Theodoroupolis), kastamonis (Kastamon) aRmosavleTiT 95 km-iT; mavrogonioni, kastamonis (Kastamon) aRmosavleTiT 95 km-iT; mavrogonioni, kastamonis (Kastamon)
aRmosavleTiT 105 km-iT; parTenioni (Parthenion), kastamonis (Kastamon) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 160 km-iT; amastrisi (Amastris), Savi zRvis sanapiroze, kastamonis (Kastamon) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 170 km-iT; dadastana (Dadastana), kastamonis (Kastamon) dasavleTiT 170 km-iT da kratia (Kratia), kastamonis (Kastamon) samxreT-dasavleTiT 180 km-iT.
daaxloebiT 1080 wels, gangra (Gangra) da kastamoni (Kastamon) dai pyres
Turqmenebma (Danishmend Turkomans), 1132 wels ki romis imperiam. Semdeg wels
igi Turqmenebma ukan daibrunes. daaxloebiT 1174 wels qalaqebi dai pyres
Turq-selCukebma. 1391 wels es teritoria dai pyro osmanTa imperiam, magram
1403 wels, tamerlanis mier, gadaeca aRdgenil yandaaris saemiros, saidanac
is kvlav daibruna osmanTa imperiam 1417 wels. 1920 wlis ianvar-noembridan samitropolitos ZiriTadi nawili gaxda pontos avadsaxsenebeli
berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawili.
1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da
TurqeTs Soris, samitronolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
567

43. isaia (Isaiah)

maisi 1793 - 1801+
d. 1801
(to m. Prespes)(to m. Kaisaria)
44. meletius (Meletius) I
marti 1801 - maisi 1816
d. 1817
(ex yofili m. Vodena)(to m. Kaisaria)
45. kiril (Cyril) III
maisi 1816 - 1850+
d. 1850
46. leontiusi (Leonitius)
4 maisi 1850-7 noemberi 1864 d. 1868
(ex t. b. Nazianzos Sep. 1848) droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to m.
Neokaisaria)
47. hieroTeusi (Hierotheus)
7 noemb. 1864 - 29 agv. 1868
d. 1883
Finitas (ex Former m. Halepion) droebiT gadamdgari (to Former, to m.
Neokaisaria)
leontiusi (Leonitius)
29 agvist. 1868-1 noemb. 1868+ d. 1868
(ex former, to m. Neokaisaria)
48. meletius (Meletius) II
18 noemb. 1868 - 3 aprili 1872
d.>=1868
Kavasilas (ex b. Trikkis)(to m. Ainos)
hieroTeusi (Hierotheus)
3 aprili 1872 - 25 agvisto 1883+
d. 1883
Fintias (ex Former m. Neokaisaria)
49. konstantius (Contantius)
3 seqt. 1883 - 15 ivlisi 1895
18351908
Isaakidis (ex Former m. kastoria)(tp m. Veria)
50. aleqsandre (Alexander)
15 ivlisi 1895 - 18 oqtomb. 1903
18511928
Rigopoulos (ex former m. Pelaonia)(to m. Kaisaria)
51. ambrosi (Ambrose)
18 oqtomb. 1903 - 13 oqtomb. 1922
1854-1931
Stavrios (ex m. Pelaonia)(to m. kaisaria)
52. polikarpe (Polycarp)
28 aprili 1911 - 13 oqtomb. 1922
18641936
Psomiadis (ex m. Kolonia)(to m. Xanthi)
53. agaTangelusi (Agathangelus) 25 oqtomb. 1922 - 20 marti 1924
18641935
Konstantinidis/Magnis (ex m. Philippoi) (to m. Pringiponnisa)
ambrosi (Ambrose)
22 marti 1924 - 24 oqtomb. 1929
1854-1931
Stavrinos (ex former m. Kaisaria) (to m. Derki)
105. qrisostomi (Chrysostom)
7 maisi 1944 - 27 noemb. 1976+
1894-1976
Koronaios, ix. SeniSvna 1
SeniSvna 1. 1950 wlis 22 ivliss, mitropoliti qrisostomi (Chrysostom) iyo
arCeuli lerosis (Leros) mitropolitad, magram is ar daTanxmda am gadaadgilebas da arCevnebi anulirda.

568

seqcia F
mitropoliebi samxreT-aRmosavleT saSualo aziaSi
qaldiis (Chaldia), xerianis (Cheriana) da kerasusis (Kerasous)
samitropolito
qaldiis (Chaldia), xerianis (Cheriana) da kerasusis (Kerasous) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da helenopontos (Helenopontus) egzarxosi
qalaqi argiropolisi (Argyropolis), ganlagebuli trapezousis (Trapezous) samxreTiT 80 km-iT daarsda rogorc tiras (Thyra) dasaxleba (kolonia)
qristes Sobamde 700 wels, berZnebis mier, romlebmac pirvelebma aRmoaCines vercxli am regionSi. romis imperiis kontrolis qveS is qristes
Sobamde 63 wels gadavida, qristes Sobamde 37 wels pontos mefe polemon
I-s gadaeca da qristes Sobidan 64 wels is kvlav romaelebma daibrunes.
mravali saukunis Semdeg, is SeuerTda axali romis (bizantiis) provincia qaldias, romelic daaxloebiT 840 wels Seiqmna. saxelwodeba argiropolisi (Argyroupolis) (vercxlis qalaqi) ganekuTvneba romaul periods,
axlo-maxlo arsebuli vercxlis sabados gamo. trabzonis (Trebzond) imperiis nawili 1204 wlidan, is iyo daculi Tavisi mTliani adgilmdebareobiT manam, sanam is dai pyro osmanTa imperiam 1479 wels, trabzonis (Trebzond)
imperiis damxobidan 18 wlis Semdeg.
es teritoria iyo neokeisariis (Neokaisaria ) samitropolitos
nawili daaxloebiT 840 wlamde, manam sanam Seiqmneboda trapezusis
(Trapezous) samitropolito da, sxva eparqiebs Soris, daqvemdebareSi hyavda xerianiis (Creriana) eparqia. 1624-53 wlebSi xerianiis (Cheriana) eparqia gaxda arqieparqia da iqca samitropolitod 1767 wlis ivlisSi.
qalaqi kerasusi (Kerasous), ganlagebuli Savi zRvis sanapiroze trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 120 km-iT, gaxda qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolitos nawili 1913 wlis 12 dekembers.
kerasusi (Kerasous) gaxda neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitos nawili qristes Sobidan 431 wlamde da gaxda samitropolito
1085-1147 wlebis ganmavlobaSi. kvlav samitropolito 1621 wels, is
iqca sapatriarqo egzarqatad 1644 wels, 1698 wels trapezusis (Trapezous ) samitropolitosTan mierTebamde. amis Semdeg is daubrunda
egzarqatis statuss da 1774 wlis ivlisSi kvlav miuerTda trapezusis
(Trapezous). amis Semdeg, is rCeboda samitropolitos SemadgenlobaSi 1913
wlamde.
CrdiloeTidan qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolitos SemosazRvravs
Savi zRva, trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolito da rodopolisis
(Rhodopolis) samitropolito; aRmosavleTidan trapezusis (Trapezous)
samitropolito, rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito da Teodosioupolisis (Theodosiupolis ) samitropolito; samxreTidan Teodoupolisis samitropolito da koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito; da koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito da neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito dasavleTidan.
sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: xeriania (Cheriana), argiropolisis (Argy569

ropolis) samxreT-dasavleTiT 60 km-iT; siissa (Syissa) [ saisini ! ], argiropolisis (Argyropolis) samxreTiT 60 km-iT; mesoqaldioni (Mesochaldion),
argiropolisis (Argyroupolis) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 20 km-iT; da Toania (Thoania),
argiropolisis (Argyropolis) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 65 km-iT.
1916 wlis ivlisSi argiropolisi (Argyroupolis) dai pyro rusulma armiam,
magram, mefis damxobis Semdeg, 1918 wlis 15 Tebervals, rusebi gaaZeves. 1920
wlis ianvar-noemberSi samitropolitos teritoria iyo pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawili.
1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da
TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
qaldiis (Chaldia) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
15. sofronousi (Sophronius)
noemb. 1790 - 13 noemb. 1818+
d. 1818
Lazaridis
16. silvester (Sylvester) II
ianvari 1819-6 agvisto 1830+
d. 1830
Lazaridis
17 Teofilus (Theophilus)
seqtemb. 1830 - 17 Teb. 1864 d. 1864
Adysaios
18. gervasi (Gervase)
14 ivlisi 1864 - 1 maisi 1905 1 8 2 0 1906
Soumelidis, gadamdgari, 8 marti, 1906+
19. laurentiusi (Laurentiu)
1 maisi 1905-25 oqtomberi 1922 d. 1928
Papadopoulos (to m. filippi)
20. basili (Meletius) (pirvelad)
25 oqt. 1922 - 10 maisi 1924 1 8 8 7 1941
Komvopoulos (ex m. Mithymna) gadayenebuli (to former, to m. Chaldia) ix.
SeniSvna 1
basili (Meletius) (meored)
19 ivnisi 1930-2 oqt. 1930
18871941
Komvopoulos (ex former m. Chaldia) (to m. Drama)
21. kirili (Alexander)
10 oqt. 1943 - 1 maisi 1991+
19081991
Axiotis
21. spiridoni (Ambrose)
18 oqt. 1903 - 25 aprili 1991 b. 1940
Papageorgiou (ex a. America) droebiT gadayenebuli
SeniSvna 1. 1924-30 wlebSi mitropoliti basili gaemgzavra amerikaSi da
dairqva ,,amerikis mitropoliti~. amisaTvis, 1924 wlis 10 maiss ekumenurma
sapatriarqom mas CamoarTva sasuliero wodeba. eqvsi wlis Semdeg man
moinania Tavisi saqcieli da iyo aRdgenili.

570

koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito

koloniis (Kolonia) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da zeda
pontos egzarxosi
qalaqi nikopolisi (Nikopolis), ganlagebuli trapezusis (Trapezous) samxreTdasavleTiT 180 km-iT da qalaqi kolonia (Kolonia), ganlagebuli nikopolisis (Nikopolis) dasavleTiT 65 km-iT, daarsda qristes Sobamde 66 wels,
romaeli generlis, pompeusis mier. swored pompeusma daumorCila es teritoria romis imperias. qristes Sobamde 37 wels orive qalaqi gadaeca
pontos mefe polemon I-s da qristes Sobidan 64 wels isev romis imperias
daubrunda. daaxloebiT 1075 wels es teritoria dai pyres Turq-selCukebma,
xolo daaxloebiT 1108 wels aRadgina bizantiis imperiam. 1204 wlis Semdeg
igi morigeobiT iyo trabzonis (Trebzond) imperiisa da selCukebis, an TurqmenTa batonobis qveS. sabolood, 1473 wels qalaqebi osmanTa imperiis
kontrolis qveS moeqca.
meoTxe saukuneSi nikopolisi (Nikopolis ) da kolonia (Kolonia )
sevastiis (Sevastia) samitropolitos eparqiebs warmoadgenda. mecxre
saukuneSi (879 wlamde) kolonia (Kolonia ) gaxda arqieparqia da
meTerTmete saukuneSi ki (1067 wlamde) - samitropolito. 1391 wels,
depopulaciis gamo, is SeuerTda trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolitos.
nikopolisi (Nikopolis) samitropolitoc daaxloebiT amave dros gauqmda.
es teritoria mogvianebiT neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitos SeuerTda da meTvramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitoSi Semavali nikopolisis (Nikopolis) eparqias warmoadgenda.
1889 wlis 10 ianvars eparqia gaxda samitropolito, Tumca ewoda
koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito imis gamo, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT ekumenur sapatriarqoSi nikopolisis (Nikopolis) saxelis mqone ori
samitropolitos arseboba (amave saxelis samitropolito iyo epirusSi
(Epirus), saberZneTSi). miuxedavad amisa, koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito
taxti rCeboda nikopolisSi (Nikopolis).
koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito CrdiloeTidan SemosazRvravs
neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito da qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolito; aRmosavleTidan qaldiis samitropolito,samxreTidan
Teodosiopolisis (Theodesiupolis) satmitropolito da neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito; da neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito dasavleTidan. sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: andira, nikopolisis (Nikopolis) samxreT-dasavleTiT 35 km-iT; da kapsosi (Kapsos), nikopolisis (Nikopolis) aRmosavleTiT 30 km-iT.
1920 wlis ianvar-noemberSi samitropolitos teritoria iyo pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawili.
1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da
TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
nikopolisis (Nikopolis) episkoposebi 1800-89 wlebSi
11. ioanikiusi (Johnnicius)
- 1832+
d. 1832
12. qristoferi (Christopher)
oqt. 1932 - 1860
d. 1863
571

Fotianos, gadamdgari
13. ieremia (Jeremias)
27 noemb. 1864 - oqt. 1878+
d. 1878
Georgiadis (ex t.b. Nyra 13 Teb. 1860)
14. geradiusi (Gennadius)
agvisto 1879-10 ianvari 1889 d.?
Vasiliadis (ex former a. Rhodopolis), gadayenebuli
koloniis (Kolonia) mitropolitebi 1889 wlis Semdeg
13. doroTeus (Doroteus) I
2 ianvari 1889 - 1894+
d. 1894
(ex m. Halepion)
14. leontiusi (Leontius)
15 Teb. 1894 - 29 aprili 1899 1 9 4 4 1926
Choetouriotis (ex t.b. Lefki marti 1886) (to m. Philadelphia)
15. polikarpi (Polycarp)
16 maisi 1899 - 28 aprili 1911 18641935
Psomiadis (to fromer m. Neokaisaria)
16. sofroniusi (Sophronius) II
28 aprili 1911 - 10 Teb. 1917+
d.
1917
Nistopoulos (ex fromer m. Kaisaria)
17. doroTeus (Dorotheus) II
11 ivlisi 1917 - 17 ianvari 1919 d. 1924
Christidis (ex m. Sozoagthoupolis) gadamdgari, 24 oqtomberi, 1923+
18. gabrieli (Gabriel) (pirvelad)
9 aprili 1967 - 29 dek. 2003+
1819-2003
Premetidis
rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito
rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da
lazikis (Lazica) egzarxosi
qalaqi rodopolisi (Rhodopolis) (dRevandeli qvacixe, Kvatsikhe,
saqarTvelo), ganlagebulia quTaisis aRmosavleTiT 35 km-iT, antikuri kolxeTis teritoriaze. mogvianebiT cnobili rogorc lazika, saxelmwifo am teritoriaze Camoyalibda qristes Sobidan meoTxe saukuneSi.
542 wels, romis imperiis gavlenis neitralizebis mizniT, igi daipyro sparseTma. Tavisi gavlenis dabruneba romis imperiam SeZlo 549-56 wlebSi sparseTis winaaRmdeg mimdinare lazikis omis Sedegad. amis Semdeg lazika
rCeboda romis imperiis gavlenis qveS daaxloebiT qristes Sobidan 700
wlamde, manam, sanam ar moxda am teritoriis okupacia arabebis
mier. amis Semdeg lazikis mosaxleobam gadainacvla samxreT-dasavleTiT trabzonamde da Sesabamisad, lazika daerqva ukve lazebiT
dasaxlebul axal teritorias.
rodopolisi (Rhodopolis) warmoadgenda fazisis samitropolitoSi
Semaval eparqias. fazisis samitropolito gauqmda arabebis SemoWris Semdeg da mecxre saukuneSi misi teritoria SeuerTda trapezousis (Trapezous) axal samitropolitos.
trabzonis samxreTiT, mTian teritoriaze, sami istoriuli monasteri
mdebareobs. sumela (Soumela), dikaiosimonis (Dikaiosimon) samxreTiT 20 kmiT, gadmocemis mixedviT daarsda 386 wels. vazeloni (Vazelon), dikaiosimonis (Dikaiosimon) samxreT-dasavleTiT 10 km-iT, gadmocemis mixedviT daars572

da 270 wels. monasteri peristereota (Peristereota) ki, gadmocemis mixedviT, 752 wels daarsda. trabzonis imperiis mmarTvelobis periodSi samive
monasteri iyo eklesiurad avtonomiuri da maTi Zalaufleba garSemomyof
dasaxlebazec vrceldeboda. es avtonomia 1461 wels am teritoriis osmanTa imperiis mier okupaciis Semdegac gagrZelda da TiToeul monasters
hqonda sapatriarqo egzarqatis statusi. 1863 wlis maisSi samive
egzarqati gauqmda da maT adgilas Camoyalibda rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) axali arqieparqia. unda aRiniSnos, rom am arqieparqias didxans ar
uarsebia, 1867 wlis 7 seqtembers is gauqmda da isev aRdga sami egzarqati.
1920 wlis oqtomberSi egzarqatebi kvlav gauqmda da is rodopolisis
axalma samitropolitom Caanacvla.
rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolitos samxreTidan da aRmosavleTidan trapezousis (Trapezous) samitropolito SemosazRvravs,
xolo samxreTidan da dasavleTidan ki qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolito.
samitropolito taxti aris qalaq dikaiosimonSi (Dikaiosimon ),
trapezousis (Trapezous) samxreTiT 25 km-iT. Turquli saxeli miRebulia am teritoriis saxelwodebidan romis imperiis batonobis periodSi maWuka (Matsouka).
1916 wels, rusulma armiam moaxdina dikaiosimonisa (Dikaiosimon) da monasterbis okupacia, magram 1918 wels, mefis damxobis Semdeg, moxda maTi
gandevna am teritoriidan. 1920 wlis ianvar-noemberSi samitropolitos
teritoria iyo pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis
nawili. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa
da TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) ierarqebi
(arqiepiskoposebi 1863-1867 wlebSi, SemdgomSi mitropolitebi)
1. genadiusi (Gennadius)
3 ianvari 1864 - 7 seqt. 1867
d. 1894
Vasiliadis, droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to b. Nikopolis)
2. gervasi (Gervase)
16 noemb. 1902 - 10 oqt. 1906 1 8 6 7 1934
Sarasitis (ex t.b. Nazianzos 28 ivlisi 1901) (to m. Korista)
3. leontiusi (Leontius)
10 oqt. 1906 - 22 seqt. 1909 1 8 4 4 1926
Chroutouriotis (ex m. Philadelphia) droebiT gadamdgari, 2 ivnisi, 1926+
4. kirili (Cyril)
22 seqt. 1909 - 11 ianv. 1944+ 1 8 7 2 1944 Chatzipapadimitriou
5. ieronimusi (Hieronymus)
5 agv. 1954 - 17 noemb. 2005+ 1 9 1 2 2005
Konstantinidis (ex t.b. Trallis 28 ianvari, 1951)
[[SeniSvna: avtori samwuxarod moeqca sabWoTa epoqis saistorio gavlenis qveS,magaliTad, is imeorebs XX s.-Si Seqmnil legendas TiTqosda
daaxloebiT 700 wlisaTvis dasaleT saqarTvelodan lazebi gadasaxld573

nen trabzonis regionSi da amis gamo daerqva `lazika~ ukve lazebiT

dasaxlebul axal teritorias. am usafuZlo legendas avtori ukritikod
iziarebs,amis gamo miiCnevs,rom TiTqosda rodopolisi erqva quTaisidan
`aRmosavleTiT 35 km-Si mdebare qalaq qvacixes~. aseTi qalaqi bunebaSi
arasdros arsebula. avtori gulisxmobs quTaisis dasavleTiT mdebare
punqt varcixes. Cveni naSromis erTi nawili exeba kvlevas imisa,rom rodopolisi imTaviTve mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed
trapezuntis lazikas olqSi, rom lazebi am regionSi yovelTvis cxovrobdnen, radganac lazebad mogvianebiT iwodnen strabonis `alazonebi~ anu qaldebi.]]
trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolito
trapezusis (Trapezous) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da sruliad
lazikis (Lazica) egzarxosi
qalaqi trapezusi (Trapezous), ganlagebuli Savi zRvis sanapiroze, inois
(Inoi) aRmosavleTiT 225 km-iT, daarsda qristes Sobamde 756 wels ionieli
(Ionian) berZnebis mier sinopidan (Sinopi). romis imperiis kontrolis qveS
es qalaqi qristes Sobamde 63 wels moeqca. qristes Sobamde 37 wels
qalaqi gadaeca pontos mefe polemon I-s da qristes Sobidan 64 wels isev
romis imperias daubrunda. daaxloebiT im periodisaTvis, rodesac konstantinopoli damarcxda evropel jvarosnebTan, trapezusma (Trapezous)
gamoacxada Tavisi damoukidebloba rogorc trapezusis (Trapezous) romaulma imperiam da rCeboda damoukidebeli 1461 wlis 15 agvistomde, manam,
sanam ar moxda misi okupacia osmanTa imeriis mier.
Tavdapirvelad neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitoSi Semavali eparqia, trapezusi (Trapezous) gaxda arqiepaarqia merve saukuneSi da Semdeg gaxda samitropolito daaxloebiT 840 wels. meaTe
saukunisaTvis trapezusis (Trapezous ) samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi Svidi eparqia Sedioda. maTi raodenoba meTormete saukunisaTvis Tvrametamde gaizarda. amis Semdeg, eparqiebis raodenoba nelnela Semcirda da meTxuTmete saukunisaTvis darCa mxolod ori - qaldiis (Chaldia), anu kaninis (Kanin) eparqia, romelic meCvidmete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gaxda arqieparqia; da ofisis (Ophis) eparqia, romelic gauqmda amave periodisaTvis. meTvramete saukunisaTvis am teritoriaze eparqiebi saerTd aRar darCa.
trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolito CrdiloeTidan Savi zRviTa da baTumis eparqiiT (saqarTvelos sapatriarqo) aris SemosazRvruli; aRmosavleTidan mas Teodosi polisis (Theodosiupolis)
samitropolito (antioqis sapatriarqo) SemosazRvravs; samxreTidan
qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolito, rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito da Teodosiopolisis (Theodosioupolis) samitropolito;
da dasavleTidan ki qaldiis (Chaldia ) samintropolito da rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito.
sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebi, romelTaganac yvela Savi zRvis sanapiroze
mdebareobs, aris: platana (Platana), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 15
574

km-iT; filokalia (Philokalia), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 45 km-iT;

eleousi (Eleous), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 65 km-iT; tri polisi
(Tripolis), trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 85 km-iT; Tespais (Thespais),
trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 95 km-iT; kasiopia (Kassiopi), trapezusis
(Trapezous) dasavleTiT 115 km-iT; gimora (Gimora), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 15 km-iT; iraklia (Iraklia), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 28 km-iT; surmenia (Sourmena) trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT
35 km-iT; ofisi (Ophis), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 50 km-iT; rize
(Rizous), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 75 km-iT; mapavri (Mapavri),
trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 95 km-iT; aTina (Athina), trapezusis
(Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 115 km-iT; armini (Armini), trapezusis (Trapezous)
aRmosavleTiT 125 km-iT; arqavisi (Archavis), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 150 km-iT; da apsarosi (Apsaros), trapezusis (Trapezous) aRmosavleTiT 165 km-iT.
1916 wlis 18 aprils moxda trabzonis (Trabzond) okupacia ruseTis armiis
mier. maTi gandevna moxda 1918 wlis 24 Tebervals. gaimarTa diskusia am
teritoriaze pontos berZnul-somxuri respublikis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb,
romlis dedaqalaqic iqneboda trabzoni (Trebzond). 1920 wlis ianvarSi
moewera xeli SeTanxmebas am respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, adgilobrivi
mitropolitis qristanTosisa (Chrysanthos) da sasomxeTis premier-ministris aleqsandre hatisianis mier. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda samxedro
TanamSromlobas saberZneTsa da sasomxeTs Soris axali saxelmwifos dacvis
mizniT, da marTlac, osmanTa imperiis rRvevis mizeziT regionSi xelisuflebis Sesustebis gamo, 1920 wlis ianvar-noemberSi pontoSi es ,,udReuri~
saxelmwifo funqcionirebda.
Tumca, antanta (samTa kavSiri: inglisi, safrangeTi, ruseTi) ar daeTanxma
lokaluri samxedro somxur-berZnuli armiis arsebobas da 1920 wlis
noemberSi Turqebma, mustafa qemalis meTaurobiT, aRadgines xelisufleba
regionSi. erzrumSi Turquli armiis mier somxebis damarcxebisa da 1920
wlis dekemberSi maTi kapitulaciis Semdeg, axali saxelmwifos Seqmnis
gegma CaiSala, ramac friad samwuxaro Sedegebi moutana regionSi arsebul
berZnul da somxur mosaxleobas. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
trapezusis (Trapezous) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
50. parTeniusi (Pathenius)
marti 1798 - 1830+
d. 1830
51. konstantius (Constantius) I
ivlisi 1830 - aprili 1879+ d. 1879
52. gregori (Gregory) II
12 maisi 1879 - 22 dek. 1884
18441925
Kalliadis (ex t.b. Nazianzo 1875) (to m. Thessaloniki)
53. gregori (Gregory) III
29 dek. 1884 - 17 marti 1888 d. 1830
Giannaros (ex m. Philippoupolis)(to m. Rhodes)
54. filaretusi (Philaretus)
14 maisi 1888 - 10 oqt. 1889
1848-1933
Vafidis (to m. Kastoria)
575

55. gabrieli (Gabriel)

10 oqt. 1889 - 23 aprili 1893 d. 1906
Latroudakis (ex m. Varna) droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to m. Maronia)
56. konstantius (Constantius) II
19 aprili 1893-18 ivnisi 1906+ d. 1906
Karatzopoulis
57. konstantine (Constantine) II
29 ivnisi 1906 - 2 aprili 1913
1859-1930
Arampoglous (ex m. Vellas)(to m. Kyzikos)
58. qristanTus (Crystanthus) (pirvelad) 26 maisi 1913 - 10 Teb. 22
18811949
Filippidis (to m. Matonia) ix. SeniSvna 1
qristanTus (Crystantus) (meored)
27 oqt. 1922 - 13 dek. 1938
18811949
Filippidis (to m. Maronia)(to a. Athina/Head of Greek Church)
SeniSvna 1. 1921 wlis 7 seqtembers mitropolit qristanTuss (Chrystanthus) dauswreblad miesaja sikvdiliT dasja TurqeTis marTlmsajulebis mier.

fadisa anu polomenioni

Zalze mniSvnelovania axali qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis qalaq fadisas
lokalizacia, saqme isaa, rom VII msoflio krebis aqtebs samjer moawera
xeli trapezuntis episkoposma qristeforem, romelic ,,trapezuntisa da
fasidis episkoposi~.
fasidi (fadisa) erqva cnobil saeklesio da politikur centrs trapezuntTan axlos, mas aseve polemonioni erqva.qalaqi polemonioni imdenad
cnobili iyo, rom misi saxelis mixedviT mis momcvel provincias polemonis ponto ewoda. polemoni samitropolito centric iyo.
Cveni mecnierebi fiqrobdnen, rom fadisa aris foTi, amitomac miiCnevdnen, rom foTSi iyo berZnuli samitropolito kaTedra, cnobili fasisis
samitropolitos saxeliT. Cveni mecnierebis azriT Semdeg es kaTedra
foTidan gadatanili iqna trapezuntSi.
Cemi TvalsazrisiT ki `fasidis~ qveS igulisxmeboda trapezuntTan axlos, mis dasavleTiT, ordusTan axlos mdebare qalaqi fadisa - fatsa
(Tanamedrove saxeli fatsa).
Cemi mosazreba, vfiqrob, faqtiurad daadastura 2001 wels vaSingtonSi
dabeWdilma wignma ,,Bizantine Seals~ aq 83-e gverdze ganxilulia q. polemonionis monetebi da moyvanilia cnoba - ,,30. Polemonion. Polemonion,a twin
town with fadisane/fatsa, gave its hame the river Boliman~ (Catalogue of Bizantine Seals at dumbarton oaks and in the Fogg Museum of art, volume 4, The East,
2001, gv. 83).
maSasadame fadisa meore saxelad erqva q. polemonions, romelic trapezuntis dasavleTiT mdebareobda. erT dros TviTon trapezunti, viTarca
rigiTi saepiskoposo Sedioda polemonionis eparqiaSi, xolo qristoforem
VII s-Si, Cans, samitropolito centrad gadaaqcia trapezunti, xolo fadisa
576

(anu q. poleminioni) daitova Tavissave samRvdelmTavro gamgeblobaSi, amitomac ase iwoda - ,,qristefore trapezuntisa da fadisas episkoposi~.
aseve moawera kidev xeli krebis dadgenilebebs.
N#3 da #4 notaciebiT (806-815 wlebSi) da aseve #5 notaciiT (820-829
wlebi) p. ingoroyvas kvleviT, trapizonis kaTedras ewodeba - ,,polemonis
pontos kaTedra~ me-8 saukuneSi (p. ingoroyva, gv. 237, SeniSvna 1), polemons fadisa erqva, am kaTedras ki ,,fasidisa~ erqva.
e.w. foT-fazisisa datrapezuntis kaTedrebis erTmaneeTTan dakavSireba Secdomaa,erTTmaneTs trapezuntisa da polemonionis (fasida-fadisas) kaTedrebi ukavSirdebodnen .

Tavi XVII
petras cixe-simagre da petras saepiskoposo
kaTedra
petras cixe-qalaqi
n. adoncis cnobiT cixe-qalaqi petra mdebareobda imperiis Crdilo sazRvarze. radganac lazika imperiaSi Sedioda petra mis CrdiloeTSi mdebareobda. petras aSeneba-dafuZnebiT iustinianem imperiis sazRvari gaafarTova CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. iustinianemde imperiis Crdilo-sazRvari mdebareobda trapezuntTan axlos, rizes raionSi, mxolod
iustinianes gafarToebis Semdeg gadaiwia imperiis Crdilo sazRvarma md.
Woroxis SesarTavamde. am sazRvris dasafiqsireblad iustinainem aago
kidec petras simagre da imperiis sazRvrebis am gafarToebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra sparseTma.
ase rom, petra mdebareobda lazikis qveyanSi da, imavdroulad,
imperiis Crdilo sazRvarze, anu petra lazikis CrdiloeTSi mdebareobda imperiis sasazRvro mdinaris fazisis anu Woroxis siaxlov es.
mravali Zveli ucxouri wyaros Tanaxmad md. fazisi didxans
iyo bizantiis imperiis Crdilo sazRvari. Cven mecnierebaSi ganmtkicebuli azriT md.fazisi iyo md. rioni, es Tvalsazrisi ucxoeTSic gavrcelda, amitomac zogierTi ucxoelis mtkicebiT VI saukunedan da TviT Tamar mefis drosac ki sazRvari saqarTvelosa da
bizantias Soris gadioda md.rionze anu fazisze. am azrs icavda
cnobili bizantiologi T.uspenski(ix.p.ingoroyva,giorgi merCule,
1954,gv.267), amJamad icaven karpovi da sxvani. marTlac,Tuki rioni
fa zis ia ,ma Sin ,r adg ana c w ya roT a c no biT sa zRv ar i f azi sze g adioda,sasazRvro mdinare rioni gamodis, TviT XIII s.-Sic ki. sinamdvileSi fazisad iwodeboda md.Woroxi, romlis siaxlovesac
idga petras cixe-simagre,rome lic bizantiis Crdilo sazRvars
icavda.
577

petras cixe-qalaqi zRvispiras mdebareobda, fazisis sanapirosTan axlos. prokofi magaliTad wers: `sparsTa jari ise mivida petraSi, rom
fazisi marjvniv hqondaT~ da sxva mravali msgavsi fraza, romelic fazisTan
petras siaxloves metyvelebs. Tu fazisi aris rioni, rioni imdenadaa
daSorebuli petra-cixisZir-gonios, rom jaris marSrutis aRsawerad saWiro
iqneboda ara rionis xseneba, aramed sxva romelime ufro axlos mdebare
mdinarisa anda punqtisa.
meore SemTxvevaSi arqeopolisTan axlos gamavali sparsTa jari exmianeba arqeopolisis berZen mebrZolebs da miemarTeba fazis-petrasken, Tan
iqadneba rom male dabrundeba ukan _ maTi dialogidan aSkaraa, rom arqeopolisic da petrac axlo arian mdinare fazisTan. erT regionSi, erT
arealze arian. sxva dros ki, petraSi damarcxebulma mebrZoleebma md.
fazisi gadalaxes da Tavs swrafad uSveles, aseTi magaliTi bevriaromelTaganac Cans,rom mdinare fazisad Woroxi iwodeboda,xolo goniosTan
axlos unda yofiliyo qalaqi fazisi
manZilebi persarmeniidan petramde. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT,
sparseTis Sahi da misi Zalebi petras cixe-simagreSi, Savi zRvis piras,
fazisis(Woroxis) SesarTavTan miemarTebodnen persarmeniidan, kerZod ki,
dvinis sanaxebidan. misi cnobiT, sparsuli jari lazikaSi omebis SualedebSi isvenebda da Zalebs iRdgenda persarmeniaSi, kerZod ki, dvinis sanaxebSi. aqedan isini miemarTebodnen sabrZolvelad petraSi. marTlac, sparseTsa da lazikas Soris imyofeboda persarmeniis qveyana, anu, sparselTa
mier dapyrobili somxeTis qveyana da misi ekonomikuri centri dvini. amitomac dvinis sanaxebis SerCeva sparsuli jarisTvis lazikaSi laSqrobis dros bunebrivi iyo.
qarTuli XX saukunis istorikosebis mtkicebiT, sparsuli jarebi petraSi Sediodnen suramis uReltexilis gavlis gziT.
Cven ar veTanxmebiT qarTvel istorikosTa mtkicebas, rom sparsuli jarebi
petraSi suramis gziT Sediodnen im Zalze ubralo mizezis gamo, rom
dvinidan petramde V-VI saukuneebSi arsebobda pirdapiri gza. Tanamedrove punqtebis saxelebis gamoyenebiT es gza iyo
_ dvini _ yarsi _
ardagani _ arTvini _ petra. es iyo imdenad cnobili gza, rom mis piras IXX saukuneebisTvis warmoiqmna `qarTvelTa samTavros~ dedaqalaqi _ artanuji, cnobili savaWro qalaqi, romelic konstantine porfirogenetis
sityviT, vaWrobda somxeTTan, afxazeTTan, iberiasTan da siriasTan. maSasadame, aRniSnuli gza realurad
sicocxlisunariani iyo pirvel
aTaswleulSi. Tu sparsuli jari dvinidan suramis gziT gaswevda petraSi, mas orjer da samjer ufro grZeli gza unda gaevlo. jer es jari unda
Sesuliyo TbilisSi, Semdeg suramis gavliT dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gaevlo is TiTqmis mTlianad suramidan petramde da Semdeg CarTuliyo gaafTrebul omSi. es ki sruliad araracionaluri gza iqneboda, radganac ukve
arsebobda pirdapiri gza: dvini _ yarsi _ artaani _ arTvini _ petra,
arsianis qedis gavliT, persarmeniis qalaq yarsidan ardahanamde sul 97
578

km-ia, ardahanidan arTvinamde _ 99km. arTvinidan borCxamde _ 37km, borCxidan aWariswylamde _ 29 km. aWariswylidan baTumamde _ 17 km. sul yarsidan
petramde daaxloebiT iqneboda 97+99+37+29+17=277 daaxloebiT 300km, maSin,
roca persarmeniis aRniSnuli qalaqidan suramis qedis gavliT petramde
iqneboda 800-900 km mainc. maSasadame, jari ivlida mokle da ukve arsebuli
300-kilometriani gziT.
brZolebi q. petrasTan lazikis didi omis dros (542-562).
542 w. `lazTa mefis~ gubaz II-is miwveviT sparsTa jari petras miadga.
meTaurobda Sahi xosro I. petras cixis aRebisas iranelebma gvirabi gaiyvanes. erTi koSki Camoingra da bizantieli strategosi cibe daiRupa. petraSi sparsTa jari Cadga (542 w.).
549 w. gubaz II-m axla bizantiis imperators sTxova daxmareba sparsTa
winaaRmdeg. iustinianem 8000 meomari gamogzavna (aqedan 1000 Wani). alya
Semoartyes petras gubazis laSqarTan erTad. sparsTa laSqari kvlav
miadga petras, gaaZliera cixis SigniT mdgomi Tavisi jari da axali 3000
meomari Caayena.
551 wels bizantielebma besas meTaurobiT ieriSi miitanes petraze. qalaqs
2300 iraneli icavda, bizantielTa jarSi 6000 meomari iyo, qalaqi aiRes,
magram 500 iraneli akropolisSi gamagrda da cecxlSi daiwva.
`bizantielebma petris zRudeebi miwasTan gaaswores, rom mters is momavalSi kvlav ar daekavebina~.
gubazs `mefes~ uwodebdnen romaelebi (bizantielebi), magram iranelebi
mas `mefes~ ar uwodebdnen _ mermeroes werilSi igi mefed ar ixsenieba.
omi kidev 10 weli gagrZelda (_ sul 20 weli).
bizantia irans Soris 562 wels daido zavi 50 wliT. lazika bizantiis
vasalur qveynad darCa.
(iqamdec II s-is 30-ian wlebSi lazTa mefe malasa daniSna romis imperatorma. IV s _ bizantiis imperatori ugzavnida samefo niSnebs lazTa
mefes? mefe waTe II-m gvirgvini imperatorisagan miiRo).
VII s. bolos iqca bizantiis provinciad. lazikis adgilobriv mmarTvels mefis tituli CamoerTva, mieca `patrikiosis~ tituli.
xe-tye petraSi. sparsTa Sahma gadawyvita Savi zRvis sanapiroze Seetana gemTsaSeni masala, mas surda aego xomaldebi da berZnebi gaeZevebina
Savi zRvidan. amisTvis man Seitana kidec xe-tye lazikis gavliT Savi
zRvis navsadgurSi, magram xe-tyes mexi daeca daiferfla da xosrom gegma
ver ganaxorciela. es RonisZieba moewyo petras omebis dros. rogor unda
SeetanaT petraSi xe-tye, romeli gziT? prokofi wers, rom xe-tye navsadgurSi miitanes didi gasaWiriT da Sori gziT, ismis kiTxva _ mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo tyeebiT iyo dafaruli da Tu lazika dasavleT
saqarTveloa, ra saWiro iyo aq Sori gzidan xe-tyis Setana? an rogor
miitanes is petrasTan? magram Tu fazisi aris Woroxi, Woroxze xe-tye
gadahqondaT brtyelZira navebiT, Tavisi TvaliT naxa dimitri baqraZem,
rom md. Woroxze dacuravdnen brtyelZira navebi dReSi 50-200 erTeuli,
romelTac klarjeTidan baTumsa, rizesa da trapizonSic ki md. Woroxze
579

gavliT gadahqondaT Woroxis vrceli xeobis mosaxleobisagan aRebuli

saqoneli, maT Soris umetesad xe_tye. es brtyelZira navebi arTvinidan
baTumamde Cadiodnen 8 saaTSi, xolo ukan dabrunebisaTvis (e.i. baTumidan
arTvinamde) esaWiroebodaT 3-4 dRe. mTeli saqoneli, maT Soris marili,
xorbali, xalxisaTvis saWiro sxva saqoneli klarjeTSi Sedioda da gadioda Woroxis navebis saSualebiT, Woroxi iyo aReb_micemobis arteria.
ase, rom xosros Tavis SavizRvispira navsadgurebSi da petraSic xe-tye
unda Caezida Woroxis navebis saSualebiT.
40 spilo. sparselebi iseT did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen petras cixis
aRebas, rom persarmeniidan petraSi 40 sabrZolo spilo Seiyvanes. maT
kargad icodnen, rom spiloebs sakvebis problema SeeqmnebodaT, radganac
20 000 cxeni ubalaxobiT daeRupaT. amitomac ecdebodnen mokle gziTa da
swrafi marSiT gzis dafarvas. aseTia ara dvini-Tbilisi-lixi-dasavleT
saqarTvelo _ petras gza, aramed dvini-artaan-arTvin-petras
3-4_jer
ufro mokle gza, amasTanave es mokle gza namdvilad iyo savaWro, saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza (TviT konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, am
gzaze aRmocenebuli artanuji saerTaSoriso vaWrobaTa centri iyo), saeWvoa
lixis gzas aseTi mniSvneloba hqonoda, maSasadame mouwyobelic iyo. artaan-artanuj-arTvinis gza ki realurad arsebobda. mxolod erTi monakveTi arsianis qedze iyo Zalze Zneli dasaZlevi. amitomac spiloebis gadasaadgileblad gzis es mokle monakveTi moWrili xeebiT amoavses, aq spiloebma gaiares da fazisis(e.i.Woroxis) gziT petraSi mividnen. anu artaanidan gadavidnen petraSi. vfiqrob spiloebis gadayvana ufro advili
iyo arsianis qedze, vidre suramidan mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT petramde misvla. amitomac ufro sarwmunod migvaCnia Tvalsazrisi
xosros mier artaan_arTvinis gzis gavlis Sesaxeb.

petras saepiskoposo kaTedra

istoriul lazikaSi (da aseve trapezuntis regionSi) mraval punqts
erqva ,,petra~,maTgan yvela ar yofila saepiskoposo kaTedra, zogi iyo
cixe-simagre, zogi sofeli, mcire an didi qalaqi, maTgan mxolod erT-erTi
iyo saepiskoposo centri. CvenTvis sainteresoa Tu konkretulad romel
petraSi unda hqonoda kaTedra -lazikis samitropolitos erTerT gamorCeul episkoposs.
lazikis petraTa Soris, Zveli avtorebis, gansakuTrebiT prokofi kesarielis, yuradReba mii pyro ara petras saeklesio centrma-saepiskoposo
kaTedram,aramed samxedro-administraciulma punqtma- cnobilma cixe-simagre
petram, romelic iustinianem aago.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, am cixe-simagreSi ar hqonoda kaTedra episkoposs, imis gamo, rom jer erTi, es petra male daangries TviT bizantielebma,
raTa sparselebs ar CaegdoT xelSi, amasTanave, bizantiuri saepiskoposo
kaTedrebi ganlagebulni iyvnen ekonomikurad dawinaurebul centrebSi,
sadac samoqalaqo cxovrebisTvis Sesabamisi pirobebi arsebobda, aseTi ki
580

ar iyo petras cixe-simagre. man mxolod VI s.-Si mii pyro yuradReba, viTarca strategiulma wertilma sparseTTan omis dros da VI saukuneSive
iqna dangreuli, rodesac bizantia darwmunda rom, is strategiul punqtad
ar gamodga omianobis dros.
petras saepiskoposo kaTedrad ar unda miviCnioT Ppetras cixe
simagre, aramed
is
unda veZioT baiberdis (pai pertis) axlos _
wers
n. adonci (n. adonci,somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi,spb,1908,gv.
147.rus.enaze).
Zveli SavizRvispireTis istoriuli geografiis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli mkvlevari n.adonci ar iziarebda Tvalsazriss, rom iustinianes
mier fazisze agebul petras cixesimagreSi mdebareobda saepiskoposo
kaTedra,misi azriT petras kaTedra sxvgan iyo saZebni. TviTon is petras
kaTedras eZebda baiberdTan. Tumca saepiskoposo saydari sxva petraSic
SesaZloa rom yofiliyo.
magaliTad, erT-erTi petra mdebareobda trapezuntis maxloblad, mdinare
xartiSze, sanapirodan 5 km-is daSorebiT [aq aris Zveli qalaqi ,,argiria~,
mdinaris aRmosavleT napirze mdebareobs petras cixe, romelsac axla
bedromas(petromas) uwodeben (Sdr.: petroni - bedroma). mdinare xartiSze
aRniSnuli punqtis (argirias) siaxloves kidev ori sxva Zveli naqalaqari
mdebareobs - filokaleia (gorele), da isxopolisi (tirobolu). isini q.
argiriasTan erTad qmnidnen saerTo samoqalaqo regions, sadac 1879 wels
dafiqsirebuli iyo 30 eklesia. rogorc vTqviT, aq mdebareobs ,,petromas~
cixe. SesaZloa konstantinepolis sapatriarqos fasisis samitropolitos
`petronis~ (petras) saepiskoposo kaTedra aq mdebareobda da aqaurma
episkoposma moawera xeli VII msoflio krebis aqtebze ase- ,,petronis
episkoposma ganvsazRvre da wavwere, sofelsa Sina megrelTasa~.
rogorc iTqva, Zveli qarTveli mTargmnelebi berZnulad miCneul sityvas ,,lazika~ Targmnidnen ase: ,,sofeli megrelTa~, anu aRniSnuli xelmoweris Tanaxmad petras (petronis) saepiskoposo kaTedra mdebareobda lazikaSi. saqarTvelos eklesiis Zveli wmida mamebi ki lazikas uwodebdnen
,,megrelTa qveyanas~ (trapezuntis regions), e.i. aqtSi ewera `petroni lazikaSi~. trapezuntis regions,rogorc iTqva,samegreloc erqva. ,,arg~, ,,egr~
fuZeTa mqone saxelebs trapezuntTan mravali punqti atarebda, maT Soris
aRniSnuli qalaqi petras cixesTan ,,argiria~ (amJamad halkavela). aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT aRniSnul gorele-filokaleias, aseve erT dros erqva
,,gurele~, rac etimologiurad ,,egr~ saxelTan axloa. ,,egr~, ,,arg~ Ziriani
saxelebi aseve aris trapezuntidan moSorebiT md. araqsis (fazisis) saTaveebTan. magaliTad erzrumis samxreTiT 70-90 km-Si istoriul manraliasTanAaxlos aris punqti ,,ergani~, ,,argina~, aseve adgilis saxellia ,,argolia~ (axlandeli ,,ugurlu~), arcTu Sors misgan aris adgili ,,ergin~ (erginkou) da sxva mravali punqti. am fuZiT (,,arg~, ,,egr~) ki sityvebi egrisi,
samegrelo da mravali sxva qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli eTnonimia nawarmoebi.
Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi,rogorc iTqva, trapezuntis olqs ,,samegrelo~
erqva. petras kaTedra, swored am ,,samegrelo-lazikaSi~ anu Cveni TqmiT
,,samxreTis egrisSi~ unda yofiliyo. rogorc vTqviT, petrebi mravali iyo
581

- aTinas (fazars) Zvelad erqva aseve petra.

aRsaniSnavia, rom axlandel borCxasa da arTvins Sua md. Woroxze aris
sofeli `petruli~
aseve cnobili iyo iustinianes mier agebuli RvTismSoblis taZari
sofel petraSi, romelic TeodosiopolisTan, anu arzrumTan axlos
iyo. is cnobili iyo Teodosiopolisis petras saxeliT, SesaZloa aq iyo
saepiskoposo kaTedra, Tumca ziganasTan axlos mdebare petrumic ar unda
gamoiricxos. n. adonci,rogorc iTqva, petras kaTedras baiberdTan eZebda.
misi azriT, sxva iyo petras cixe-simagre da sxvagan mdebareobda petras
kaTedra.
zogierTi saepiskoposi kaTedra istoriul samxreT egrisSi
samxreT egrisi erqva vrclad gadaWimul mxares, romelSic Sedioda
olqi manralia (Semdgomi mananaRi, mardalis gverdiT), lazivi (trapezuntis olqi), Wanivi (rizes olqi) da egri (Woroxis SesarTavis olqi). n.adoncis
kvleviT aq iyvnen ganlagebulni fazisis samitropolitos ziganas, saisinis, petrasa da rodopolisis saepiskoposoebi arabTa Semosevebamde, maT
garda am regionSi sxva saepiskoposo kaTedrebic mdebareobdnen, magaliTad bizanasa da sxvagan.
bizanas, sadac ijda episkoposi, aseve erqva leontopolisi.
janiaks (janjakons?) _ erqva jimini (cumini) _ mas imperatorma uwoda
iustinianopolisi, aqac ijda episkoposi iustinianopolisis (ekelesenisa)
_ (n. adonci, gv. 145).
iustinianem TeodosiopolisSi aaSena ramdenime eklesia da monasteri,
maT Soris erTi petriaSi anu petraSi (es xom ar iyo petra _ sadac ijda
episkoposi?) da kukarizSi, nikopolSi 45 mowamis monasteri aaSena. bizanaSi
_ wm. giorgis eklesia.
lisiormi da petra _ unda veZioT baiberdis (pai pertis) axlos _
wers
n. adonci (n. adonci,somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi,spb,1908,gv.
147.rus.enaze). kerameonis saepiskoposo IXs-Si Sedioda trapezuntis samitropolitoSi.
kerameoni mdebareobda giumiSxanes CrdiloeTiT, axlandeli kromi.
sparseT-bizantiis sasazRvro xazi gadioda bizanasTan axlos. aq, sazRvarTan mdebareobda punqti `vardiSeni~ (gv. 23). vardiSenis Targmani SesaZloa iyos berZnuli `rodopolisi~, sadac episkoposi ijda. magram rodopolisis olqi mdebareobda ziganas mimdebare miwa-wyalze. Cveni azriT
rodopolisi iyo qalaqi `varda~ md kalapotamisze mdebare sper-of-rizes
damakavSirebel gzaze mTaSi daSorebuli zRvidan daaxloebiT 30 km-iT. es
qalaqi aRniSnulia 1923 wels gamocemul iv.javaxiSvilis rukaze. qalaqi
rodopolisis (vardas) aq mdebareobas miuTiTebs is, rom rodesac konstantinopolma XIX s-Si aRadgina rodopolisis kaTedra am qalaqis (vardas) teritoria vidre ziganamde moicva rodopolisis eparqiam.
basians berZnebi fasians uwodebdnen. Tavis mxriv, fasiss uwodebdnen
ara mxolod md. Woroxs, aramed evfratsac. saerTod, radganac aRniSnuli
582

regioni WaneT-sperTan mdebareobda _ is qarTuli mosaxelobiT iyo dasaxlebuli. p. ingoroyvas kvleviT ki, qarTvelebi `fasiss~ uwodebdnen wyals,
mdinares. am regionSi ki mdinareebis kelkitis, Woroxis, evfratisa da
araqsis saTaveebi iwyeboda, amitomac am vrcel regionsac mTlianad SesaZloa fasisi-fasiani ewodeboda.

saeklesio iurisdiqciis gadmonaSTis asaxva veidenbaumTan da

g. yazbegTan
cnobilia, rom prokofi kesarielis aRweriT petras samxreTiT,daxloebiT
rizes regionis qristianebi eqvemdebarebodnen e.w. `lazTa episkoposebs~.
radganac Cven veTanxmebiT n. adoncis mosazrebas, rom lazikis cnobili
saepiskoposebi (zigana, rodopolisi, saisini) mdebareobdnen ara rionis
xeobaSi, aramed trapezuntis mTianeTSi, amitomac migvaCnia, rom petras momijnave miwa-wylis Zveli qristianebi Sediodnen lazikis anu trapezuntis
mTianeTis episkoposebis iurisdiqciaSi.
zemoT aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT vfiqrobT, rom me-19 saukuneSi veidenbaumisa da yazbegis mier aRwerili religiul-ierarqiuli urTierTobani
urTierTdamokidebulebani SesaZloa gamoxatavs Zvelad prokofis epoqaSi dros arsebuls.
marTalia aRniSnul miwa-wyalze mosaxleobam ZiriTadad dakarga qristianuli sarwmunoeba da miiRo mahmadianoba, magram, rogorc iTqva,axali
ierarqiuli urTierTobani Zvelis garkveuli anarekli unda iyos, magaliTad, e. veidenbaumi wers arTvinis mosaxleobis religiuli aRmsareblobis
da maTi ierarqiuli urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb ,,qalaqSi aris 3
kaTolikuri eklesia, 4 meCeTi (aqedan erTi juma) da erTi somxur-grigorianuli eklesia. grigorianebi eqvemdebarebian trapezuntis episkoposs, kaTolike somxebs hyavT TavianTi episkoposi, romlis gamgeblobaSi Sedis
ardagani, olTa, baTumi, somxuri soflebi SavSeTSi. es episkoposi emorCileba konstantinepolis patriarqs~ (e. veidenbaumi - baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005. gv. 68).
livani, SavSeTi, arzrumi da trapizuni erTi regioni rom iyo administraciuli TvalsazrisiT amis Sesaxeb Tavisi wignis sxvadasxva adgilas
miuTiTebs g. yazbegi. selinbegi Tavisi ajanyebis dros SavSeTidan apirebda Tavisi jariT erzumsa da trapizonSi Sesvlas (g. yazbegi 3 Tve TurqeTis saqarTvelooSi. 1995. gv. 96). magaliTad g. yazbegis azriT livanas
puriT amaragebda yarsi (iqve gv. 108). erzrumi da livana SavSeT lazistani
erTi ekonomikuri regioni rom aris miuTiTebs yazbegi Tavisi Sromis sxva
adgilas (iqve, gv. 131). rac asaxuli iyo aseve relgiul-ierarqiul urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. mag. g. yazbegis cnobiT mTeli parxalis xeobis
Semosavlebi eZleoda erzrumis meCeTs. is wers ,,parxalis xeoba da misi
Semogareni zogjer vakufad iwodeba, radganac bolo wlebamde am mxaris
Semosavlebi erzrumis meCeTs eZleoda~ (g. yazbegi 3 Tve TurqeTis
saqarTveloSi. gv. 142).
583

veidenbaumisa da g. yazbegis monaTxrobidan Cans, rom SavSeT-livanis,

lazistanis religiuri centrebi ierarqiulad eqvemdebarebodnen trapezuntis an erzrumis ufro msxvil centrebs. rogorc cnobilia me-11 aRniSnul miwa-wyalze konstantinepolis sapatriarqom aRadgina (Camoayaliba)
lazikis eparqia anu samitropolito olqi, lazikis saxelwodebiT. misi
centri iyo trapezunti da ganvrcobili iyo arzrumis (Teodosiopolisis)
mimarTulebiT anu eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, odesRac arzrum-trapezundi
erT saeklesio olqs qmnida. me-6 saukuneSic am erTiani olqis nawilebi
unda yofiliyo petras, ziganas, saisinis da rodopolisis saepiskoposoebi. amis nakvalevi me-19 saukuneSic SemorCenila, rac aRwerilia aRniSnul mkvlevarTa mier.

Tavi XVIII
quTaTisi, uqimerioni, arqeopolisi,
noqalaqevi, rodopolisi da sxva qalaqebi
quTaTisi
saqarTveloSi erTidaigive saxelis mqone toponimebi mravalia. s. yauxCiSvilma aRniSna rom ,,kut~, ,,quT~ fuZis mqone toponimebi mcire aziaSic
mravalia. `quTahia~ _ amJamadac qalaqis saxelia TurqeTSi yofil qarTvelur samyaroSi, galateas miwaze md. saqariasTan axlos.
Woroxis xeobaSic aris aseTi saxelis mqone ramdenime punqti. magaliTad maradidTan mdebareobda sofeli ,,quTureTi~, romlis saxelic axloa ,,quTaTisTan~.
imave regionSi aRmoCnda meore aseTi saxelis mqone punqti- ,,qifaisi~.
is mdebareobs Woroxis zemowelSi q. ispirTan axlos 1923 wels gamocemuli rukis mixedviT (Semdgeneli ev. baramiZe, redaqtori iv. javaxiSvili).
qifaisi igive `qiTaisi~ unda iyos, romlis saxelic axloa sityva ,,quTaisTan~, xolo Woroxis xeobaSi `kut~ fuZis mqone toponimebi-kvaSta, kvatia da
sxva-mravalia.
quTaiss zogjer aigiveben Zvel wyaroTa aiasTan, kutaiasTan an prokofis
quTaTisTan:1) pliniusis mixedviT (ax.w. I s.) aia mdebareobda fasisis SesarTavidan
15.000 nabijze, daaxloebiT 12-24 km.
2) strabonis mixedviT, `aias mdebareobas miuTiTeben qalaq fasisTan~ _
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qalaq fasisis mdebareobas miuTiTeben md. fasisis SesarTavTan, aqedan gamomdinare q. aiac zRvis sanapirosTan axlos
yofila.
e.i. pliniusisa da strabonis mixedviT, `aia~ _ Tu is iyo kutaia _ mdebareobda ara kolxeTis siRrmeSi, aramed zRvis sanapirosTan axlos.
3) apolonios rodoselis argonavtikis mixedviT, aietis samefos satax584

to qalaqi iyo `aia~, sxva TargmaniT `kutaia~, xolo qveyanas erqva `aia~,
sxva TargmaniT _ kutaia.
Tu sad mdebareobda is _ ap. rodosels garkveuli ara aqvs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom apolonios rodoseli Tavis poemaSi moixseniebs im
uZveles qalaqebs, romelnic arsebobdnen ara mis dros, aramed warsulSi,
wina saukuneebSi Zv. w. II aTaswleulidan, magram `es qalaqebi aRar iyo mis
dros, avtori argonavtikis Zvel istorias gadmogvcems~ (v. jaoSvili, quTaisi,
1989, gv. 64).
4) prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, kotiaioni, anu quTaTisi mdebareobda
md. reonis napiras. kvitaieli (kotaioneli) iyo aieti.
antikuri epoqis mravali wyaros cnobiT kutaia-quTaisi mdebareobda
md.fazisze, zRvasTan axlos. dRevandeli quTaisi ki mdebareobs zRvidan
daSorebiT, md.rionis sanapiroze, yvirilas SesarTavis maRla.
amJamad md.rioni iwodeba fazisad, magram am mtkicebas ewinaaRmdegeba
s. yau xCi Svi lis a da sxv aTa ga mok vle va, ro m m d. Zir ula a s aTa ve
fazisisa(radganac maszea Sorapani), misi azriT Zirulas SerTvis Semdeg
ukve yvirila iwodeboda `fazisad~, yvirilas SerTvis Semdeg ki rioni.
arcerT am monakveTze Tanamedrove quTaisi ar mdebareobs, is ufro
maRlaa. e.i. quTaisi radganac arc Zirulasa da arc yvirilaze ar mdebareobs da yvirila-rionis SesarTavis maRlacaa, amitom, aqedan gamomdinare,
dRevandeli quTaisis mdebareoba ar eTanadba antikuri wyaroebis kutaias
mdebareobas, miTumetes ,rom kutaias cixe-simagre `uqimerioni~ vakeze
idga wyaroTa cnobiT, bagratis (taZris) cixe ki maRal gorazea da is ar
SeiZleba uqimerionad CaiTvalos. amitomac s.yauxCiSvili uqimerions punqt dablagomTan eZebda.
antikuri quTaisis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis gamodgeba Tanamedrove uqimerionisa da quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavla.
uqimerionis arqeologia
arqeologma o. lanCavam uqimerionis adgilmdebareobis gamosakvlevad
Caatara sagangebo savele-arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba, ris Sedegadac ar
daeTanxma diubua de monperes mier jer kidev XIX s. 40-ian wlebSi gamoTqmul
azrs, rom uqimerioni iyo quTaisis cixe.
o. lanCavamde s. yauxCiSvilma XX s. 30-ian wlebSi dabejiTebiT daaskvna,
rom uqimerioni namdvilad ar iyo dRevandeli quTaisis cixe.
maSasadame TiTqmis orsaukunovani Tvalsazrisi romelic gaziarebuli
iyo samecniero wreebis mier uqimerionis quTaisis cixesTan igiveobis
Sesaxeb uaryofili iqna.
maS sad mdebareobda uqimerioni?
,, sxvadasxva mecnieri uqimerions sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT varaudobda.
magaliTad i. sixaruliZe mas didRvabunas (gordis) cixesTan aigivebda
cxeniswylis midamoebSi. es mosazreba misaRebad miaCnda sxva mkvlevarebsac (d. musxeliSvili), akad. n. berZeniSvili uqimerions cucxvaTis cixesTan aigivebda. aris sxva mosazrebanic, ukanasknel wlebSi quTaissa da
585

mis midamoebSi Catarebuli savele-arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis safuZvelze

Cven Segveqmna azri uqimerionis wyalwiTelas xeobaSi mdebareobis Sesaxeb~ (o. lanCava, uqimerionis sakiTxi, quTaisis muzeumis masalebi, krebuli
VIII, 1996, gv. 39).
maSasadame o. lanCava ar eTanxmeba n. berZeniSvils, d. musxeliSvils da
sxva mecnierebs uqimerionis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisas da miaCnia,
rom es cixe wyalwiTelas xeobaSi, kerZod mowameTaSi unda yofiliyo.
aqedan kargad Cans, rom arqeologiuri Zieba ar iZleva saSualebas
uqimerionis Tanamedrove quTaisTan gansazRvrisa, mizezi Cveni azriT
isaa, rom uqimerioni unda veZioT Woroxisa da ara rionis xeobaSi.
uqimerioni iyo quTaTisis maxloblad, magram sad iyo quTaTisi? berZnuli wyaroebiT kotaia - quTaTisi araa Tanamedrove quTaisi, radganac kotaia fazisis zRvasTan SesarTavis axlos mdebareobda da amasTanave kotaiasTan gaedineboda mdinare reoni.
miiCneva, rom Tanamedrove rioni aris Zveli wyaroebis reoni (sityvebis
garegnuli msgavsebis gamo), amave dros is TiTqos fazisadac iwodeba.
magram fazisi da reoni sxvadasxva mdinareebi iyo.
rona, reini, rioni, reoni, rua da sxva erTmaneTis msgavsi saxelebi mraval
mdinares erqva uvrceles teritoriaze baltiis zRvidan kavkasiamde, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mdinare reoni Woroxis xeobaSic iyo, iseve
rogorc iyo mravali punqti ,,kut~ Ziris mqone, ris Sesaxeb s.
yauxCiSvilic werda. maSasadame Cveni azriT uqimerionic Woroxis xeobaSia saZebni, kerZod ki im regionSi, sadac Woroxs aWariswyali anu md.
dokonisi uerTdeba.
md.dokonisi, punqti nesosi da uqimerioni
aWariswylis saTaveSi amJamadac arsebobs sofeli dioknisi, romlis
saxelis mixedviTac, Cans VI s.-Si aWariswyals dokoniss uwodebdnen.
agaTias cnobiT punqti nesosi mdebareobda dokonisisa da fazisis SeerTebis adgilas, maSasadame is yofila Woroxisa da aWariswylis SesarTavSi.
aq idga romaelTa razmi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX s. mogzaurebis cnobiT aq XIX s-Si rusTa razmebic idga. ratom?
imis gamo, rom aq gadioda (amJamadac gadis) ori mniSvnelovani gza. am
gzajvaredinidan erTi gza miemarTeba zemo aWaraSi, romlis saSualebiTac
zRvispireTi uerTdeba samcxe-javaxeTs( e.i. lazikidan iberiisaken), xolo
meore gza miuyveba md. Woroxs - arTvinisa, artanujisa da ardaganisaken (
aseve lazikidan Zveli iberiisaken).
maSasadame nesosi iberiaSi Sesasvlel or gzas akontrolebda. aq
maxloblad unda yofiliyo uqimerionis cixe.
quTaisis arqeologia
quTaisis bagratis taZari, rogorc cnobilia dgas goraze, romelsac
samecniero wreebSi ,,uqimerions~ uwodeben, CvenSi dadasturebul faqtad
586

miiCneva Tvalsazrisi, rom am goraze mdebare IV-VIII saukuneTa

eklesiebi (romelTa naSTebsac axlaxan miakvlies arqeologebma)
Sediodnen konstantinopolis berZnuli sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi.
es Tvalsazrisi imdenad gamjdari dogmaa arqeologTa Soris, rom arqeologiuri naSTebis analizs axdenen mis mixedviT.
2003-09 wlebSi bagratis taZris arqeologiuri kvlevisas IV-VIII saukuneTa saeklesio arqiteqturis ramdenime fena gamoiyo.
arqeologTa daskvniT bagratis taZris adgilas IV saukuneSi bizantielebs auSenebiaT samnaviani bazilika, is V saukuneSi dangreula, V-VI
saukuneTa mijnaze am nangrevebSi aRumarTavT raRac orsaTavsoiani nageboba, maleve, VI saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi bazilika kvlav aRudgeniaT, magram is VI s. SuaSi dangreula, VII s.-Si mis adgilas axali eklesia aRumarTavT, romelic murvan yrus dros dangreula da aRudgeniaT VIII s.
bolos.
arqeologi r. isakaZe IV s.-is samnaviani bazilikis pirvel ngrevas ukavSirebs lazikaSi sparseT-bizantiis oms, romlis epicentrSi prokofi kesarielisa da agaTias mier naxsenebi ,,quTaTisic~ mdebareobda.
misi azriT, radganac 523 wlamde lazTa mefe waTe ,,gadavida warmarTTa
sarwmunoebaze da aRasrulebda yovelgvar sparsul wess~ samnaviani bazilikis ngrevac SeiZleba warmarTobas daukavSirdes.
am periodSi aRumarTavT am dangreul taZris adgilas ,,or-saTavsoiani
nageboba, romelSic xangrZlivi cecxlis nakvalevi aRmoCnda, rac imas miuTiTebs, rom aq cecxlTayvanismcemelTa salocavi kera iyo aRmarTuli.
Semdeg waTe kvlav gaqristianda (526) wels, Sesabamisad bazilika kvlav
aRudgeniaT.
,,bazilikis meore da saboloo ngreva VI s.-is SuaxanebSi ,,did omianobas~, konkretulad ki quTaisSi dabanakebul iranelTa (mermeroes) garnizons unda davukavSiroT~. (r. isakaZe, quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi,
qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, 2009, gv. 140).
rogorc vxedavT arqeologiur monapovars xsnian SeiZleba iTqvas, xelovnuri, dogmad miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos
lazika erqva, xolo lazTa mefeebis qalaqi iyo Tanamedrove quTaisi.
Llazikis dedaqalaqad miiCneva aseve noqalaqevi da foTic (viTarca fazisis samitropolito centri, `metro-polis~ ki dedaqalaqs erqva).
rogorc viciT, bizantiam SeZlo sparseTis damarcxeba da misi gandevna
ara Tu lazikidan, aramed mTeli kavkasiidan, ufro metic herakle keisarma
saerTod bolo mouRo sparsul saxelmwifos Tavis laSqrobis Sedegad.
lazikaSi bizantia sruliad gabatonda.
Tu ki dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo lazika, maSin dasavleT saqarTvelos IV-VIII-IX saukuneebis eklesiebis arqeologiuri masalaSi unda
aRmoCeniliyo uamravi berZnuli warwera, aseTi ki ar aRmoCnda,
ufro metic, quTaisSi, bagratis goraze aRmoCnda ara berZnuli,aramed
SesaniSnavi qarTuli asomTavruli warwera -,,am fenas ekuTvnis warwera (asomTavruli asoebiT daqaragmebuli warwera - ,,g - b~) antefiqsze~
(iqve, gv. 141).
587

SeiZleba davsvaT kiTxva - ratom ar SeeWvdnen arqeologebi, roca berZnulis nacvlad qarTuli warwerebi aRmoaCines, rogor jdeba es warwera im
TvalsazrisSi rom dasavleT saqarTvelo IV-IX saukuneebSi konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyo, faqtebi xom ar ewinaaRmdegebian maT mier gaTavisebul ,,qarTizaciis~ dogmebs?
SesaZloa, arqeologi r. isakaZe marTalia, roca miiCnevs, rom V saukuneSi
samnaviani bazilika gadaakeTes cacxlTayvanismcemelTa sagzebelad, miT
umetes, rom arqeologiuri masala iZleva amis Tqmis saSualebas, magram es
movlena dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo ara lazTa mefe gubazis
gawarmarTebasTan aramed zogadad, qarTlis samefoSi momxdar movlenasTan, - V s. dasawyisSi (vaxtang gorgaslamde), mematianes TqmiT,
,,dai pyres qarTli sparsTa da ganryunes eklesiani da damales
jvrebi qarTvelTa da yovelTa Sina eklesiaTa qarTlisaTa cecxlis msaxurTa sparsTa aRagznes cecxli~.
quTaisi, yvela Zveli qarTuli wyaros mixedviT, argveTTan erTad
yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis samefoSi:
moqcevai qarlisais mixedviT, azos samefos sazRvari ido md. egriswyalze.
qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, farnavazis samefoSic egrisi da argveTi
saerisTaoebi iyvnen. isini Sediodnen e. w. `dasavleTis erisTavTa~ jgufSi
qristeSobamde.
I saukuneSi mefe aderkis samefoSic Sedioda egrisi, iseve, rogorc yvela Semdgom saukuneSi, ris Sesaxebac sxva TveebSi gvaqvs miTiTeba.
erTi sityviT yvela qarTuli wyaros cnobiT egrisi da miT umetes
argveTi - ara lazTa samefoSi, aramed qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda.
lazTa samefoSi quTais-argveTis yofnis Sesaxeb Teoria SeiTxza XX s.
samecniero wreebSi.
ase, rom sxvaa wyaroTa miTiTeba da sxvaa Semdeg Seqmnili samecnieroliteraturuli Tvalsazrisi.
arqeolog r. isakaZis dakvirveba mniSvnelovania imiT, rom misi
monapovari sruliad eTanadeba wyaros, rom qarTlis eklesiebSi V
s.-is I naxevarSi ,,cecxlis msaxurTa sparsTa aRagznes cecxli~.
quTaisis samnaviani bazilikac maSasadame sagzebelad gadaukeTebiaT, vaxtang gorgaslis dros viTareba gamosworda da es bazilikac aRdgenila.
lazTa samefoSi, anu bizantielTa saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi rom yofiliyo quTaisis Zveli taZrebi, rogorc iTqva iq usaTuod aRmoCndeboda berZnuli warwerebi, magram rogorc iTqva aRmoCnda ara berZnuli, aramed
qarTuli warwera, SesaniSnavi asomTavruli asoebiT amokveTili
taZris antefiqsze. r. isakaZem gamoaqveyna misi fotoc (r. isakaZe,
quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi, qarTvulri memkvidreoba, 2009,
gv. 148).
egrisi eklesiurad qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi rom Sedioda VI
saukuneSic, amis Sesaxeb wers ioane drasxanakerteci, somexTa X saukunis
patriarqi. misi sityviT- kirioni egrisis arqiepiskoposic iyo ,,winandeli
588

wesis~ Tanaxmad.
kirioni VI s. bolosa da VII s. dasawyisSi moRvaweobda, misi `winandeli
dro~ ki VI an V-VI saukuneebi iqnebodnen.
qarTul wyaroebSi egrisi qarTlis eklesiis nawili iyo, magaliTad,
niqozelis samwysoSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi glolaRebiTurT., xolo vaxuStis cnobiT kaTalikosobis dawesebamde ( V s.-mde)
`samoqalaqo~ samTavroeli episkoposis samwysoSi Sedioda.
numizmatika. Zalze mniSvnelovania n. ugrexeliZis, rogorc numizmatikosis dakvirveba, rom III-VI saukuneebSi mTel saqarTveloSi, rogorc
aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi erTiani fuladi sistema moqmedebda. ,,es imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnul saukuneebSi aRmosavleT da
dasavleT saqarTvelo erT politikur sivrceSi moiazreboda~ (n.
ugrexeliZe, saqarTvelo numizmatikuli masalis mixedviT, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, gv. 238).
es dakvirveba imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom aqamde iTvleboda TiTqosda
dasavleT saqarTveloSi III-VI ss-Si mxolod bizantiuri, xolo aRmosavleTSi sparsuli monetebi iyo gavrcelebuli da TiTqosda isini metoqeobdnen erTmaneTTan. n. ugrexeliZem faqtebiT daadastura, rom es ase ar
iyo da saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi erTnairi fuladi sistema moqmedebda,
anu dasavleT saqarTvelo ar iyo maincdamainc bizantiis xeldebuli. rac
eklesiur iurisdiqciasac gamoricxavs.
etimologia (meria-uqimerioni, quTureTi-quTaTisi). prokofi,
rogorc iTqva, wers, rom uqimerionis cixe idga ara goraze,aramed `quTaTisis vakeze~.
saerTod dasavleT saqarTvelos vakeze toponimi uqimerioni ar gvxvdeba.
prokofis azriT, quTaTisic da uqimerionic lazikaSi mdebareobdnen,
Cveni azriT lazika erqva ara rionis vakes, aramed Woroxis auzs, amitomac
ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed Cvens mier lazikad miCneul Woroxis
xeobaSi veZebT Sesabamis toponimebs.
pirvel rigSi vfiqrobT, rom sityva `uqimerionis~ fuZis erTi nawili
unda iyos ,,meri~ - an ,,mere~ (uqi-meri-oni).
gvaqvs Tu ara Woroxis auzSi msgavsi fuZis mqone toponimebi, aseTebia
uamravi t. futkaraZis ganmartebiT aWarasa da mimdebare regionebSi ,,meria~,
,,mere~ ewodeba mdinaris pira gavakebul adgils.
veidenbaumis wignis ganmartebiT ,,meria - vake adgilia~. e. veidenbaumis
wigni saerTod ganmartavs Tu ras aRniSnavs sityva ,,meri~ - ,,sof. xeba
mdebareobs Woroxis marjvena napirze... sofeli Rebimeri, romelic naCvenebia
rukaze katafxiis pirdapir, aRar arsebobs, es albaT, xebaa an xebi-meri
(meri-vake), radganac sofeli namdvilad katafxiis pirdapir mdebareobs.
xebis qvemoT, maradidTan misvlamde aris sof. olgauri~ (e. veidenbaumi,
baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 77).
maSasadame meria-mere-meri -esaa vake adgili wylis piras (e. veiden589

baumisa da futkariZis ganmartebaTa SejamebiT).

sofels xebimeri ewodeba gavakebis anu vake adgilze mdebareobis gamo.
e. veidenbaumis wignis gamomcemlebic ,,geografiul saxelTa saZiebelSi~ ganmartaven ,,xebi-meri (meri-vake)~ anu xebi-meri niSnavs ,,xebis
vakes~ (ix. iqve, gv. 93).
aWaraSi ,,mereTisxevi~ dasaxlebuli regionia sxalTasTan, SavSeTSi ki
aris ,,imerxevi~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve, gv. 47, 71).
imerxeviswylis Senakadia md. ,,yvirila~ SavSeTSi ( g. yazbegi, sami Tve, gv.
75). SavSeTSi md. yvirilas axlos gaedineba md. sxlobaniswyali, romelic
gaivlis sofel meriasTan (iqve, gv. 81).
Cveni azriT aseTive warmoebisaa sityva ,,uqimerioni~ (misi fuZe
unda iyos ,,uqimeri~, xolo ,,oni~ - sufiqsi), radganac uqimerionis
cixe vake adgilze mdebareobda prokofis TqmiT. es sityva isevea
nawarmoebi,rogorc vTqvaT sityva `xebi-meri~.
,,uqimeri~(uki-meri) ki zemoTmoyvanili ganmartebis (`mer~-vake)
Tanaxmad unda niSnavdes ,,uki-vake~. anu vake adgilze (mereze) mdebare raRac adgils ,,uqis~(ukis) saxelis mqones.
grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebi ,,meres monasteri~ albaT SedarebiT vake anu ,,mere~ adgilze mdebareobda. amJamadac SavSeT-artanujliganSi iseve, rogorc guria aWaraSi uamravi toponimia ,,mere~ fuZiT, maSin,
roca rionis dablobze, Tu ar vcdebi, aseTi saxelebi ar gvxvdeba.
msgavsadve, albaT SeiZleba iTqvas sityva ,,kutaias~ Sesaxebac. s. yauxCiSvilis ganmartebiT ,,kut~ ZiriT mcire aziaSic mravali toponimi arsebobda. marTlac aseTi fuZis mqone saxelebi Cven mravlad gvxvdeba arTvinligan-artanuj-lazistanis regionSi. maT Sorisaa aWaraSic erTerTi adgilis saxeli, esaa sofeli ,,kvatia~. g. yazbegi aRniSnavs SavSeTisaken mimaval gzaze mdebare sofel kvatiasTan ,,giganturi wyaros~ Sesaxeb (g.
yazbegi, dasax. naSr. gv. 48). Cveni azriT imave Ziris saxelTa rigSi unda
iyos e. veidenbaumis mier aRwerili sofeli ,,katafxia~, romelic Rebimeris
axlos mdebareobda (e. veidenbaumi, gv. 77). aRsaniSnavia, rom guriaSic sofel
meriasTan axlos mdebareobs erTerTi borcvi (mTa), romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uwodebs ,,katis cixes~. ase, rom fuZeebi ,,meria~ da ,,kat~
(kut) saqarTvelos ramdenime regionSi gverdigverd moixsenieba (Rebi-meri,
katafxia, meria - katiscixe, uqimerioni - kutaia) ase, rom prokofis mier
naxsenebi am Zirebis mqone adgilebi dasavleT saqarTvelos vakis garda,
sxva regionebSic SeiZleba moviZioT. rogorc iTqva, TurqeTSic aris qalaqi
kutahia.
prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi lazikis punqtis saxeli _ `uqimerioni~, rogorc aRiniSna, etimologiurad waagavs `dabameri~-ss. maTi saerTo fuZea `meri~, mere.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul wyaroebSi es saxeli sxvadasxva formiT gvxvdeba _ magaliTad, anaseul da WilaSviliseul `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~
dabamerisas nacvlad gvxvdeba `babamerisa~, xolo mariamiseul erTerT
adreul nusxaSia _ `Sabasa merisa~.
punqti `daba~ mdebareobs md. imerxevis xeobaSi, Tumca `dabameri~ Sei590

Zleba sxva iyos.

`mere~ _ `meri~ aWarul-SavSuri dialeqtiT erqva mdinarispira
movakebul adgils, e.i. `meri~ aris vake;
igive unda iyos sityvac-`uki~ (u=va), e.i. uki -vake adgili.
klarjeTis `mere~ mdebareobs md. karCxalis xeobaSi, kldeTa Soris
sagangebod movakebul adgilze monastris eklesiis asaSeneblad. deda
febroniam aq daaarsa monasteri IX s-Si.
uqimerioni anu `ukimerioni~ unda iyos uki-meri-oni anu mdinarispira swori(vake) adgilis cixe-simagre
aWariswylis xeobis gzaTa magistralebis umoklesi gantoteba sof.
aWariswyalTan iwyeboda, sadac aWariswyali erTvis md. Woroxs. aWariswylis marcxena sanapiros saSualebiT sof. merisisa da uCxiTis gadasasvlelebTan xeoba dakavSirebuli Cans maWaxlis xeobasTan.
soflis saxeli ,,merisi~ CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom masSi
gamoiyofa fuZe ,,meri~, iseve, rogorc prokofi kesarielis mier
naxseneb sityvaSi ,,ukimerioni~.
saerTod, rogorc aRniSnulia aWarul dialeqtSi sityva ,,meri~ hqvia
mdinarispira vake adgils. prokofis sityviT, swored aseT adgilze yofila agebuli ,,uqemerionis~ cixe.
sofeli merisi aWariswylisa da Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebareobs, misgan arc Tu daSorebulia sofeli maradidi, romlis saxelic zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT imave fuZe ,,mers~ Seicavs. am soflis erTerTi
ubania ,,quTureTi~, romelic Cven prokofiseul quTaTisTan davakavSireT, Tumca SesaZloa quTaTisi forCxac(borCxa) yofiliyo, amave Woroxis
xeobaSi. ase, rom toponimebi ,,meri~ (aqedan uqimerioni) Woroxis xeobaSi
mravalia. aseve ,,quT-kut~-is mqone toponimebic (maT unda daukavSirdeT
,,quTaTisi~). am xeobebSi mravali saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza gadioda.
maSasadame, prokofis epoqaSi uqimerioni da quTaTisi (Tanamedrove merisi da quTureTi) aWariswylisa da Woroxis xeobaTa gzaTaSesayarze mdebareobdnen, es gzebi ki zRvispireTs iberiasTan akavSirebda. lazikis omebis Semdeg ki quTaTisi (VIII
s.dasawyisSi) ukve Tanamedrove quTaiss erqva
gzebi i. manandianis kvleviT aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi somxeTsa
da sparseTs ukavSirdeboda
im SemaerTebeli gziT, romelic artanujisa da yarsis gavliT miemarTeboda anisisa da dvinis mimarTulebiT (i. manandiani, somxeTis vaWrobis da qalaqebis Sesaxeb, erevani,
1954, gv. 150-154, rus. enaze).
artanuji - didi savaWro centri - trapizons akavSirebda dasavleT
saqarTvelosTan, aseve iberiasa da somexTan.
sagzao magistralebi aWariswylis xeobasac moicavda (Woroxis auzi). aq
xidebisa da sagzao nagebobebis simravle aCvenebs, rom aWariswylis xeoba
daserili iyo savaWro-satranzito gzebiT, romliTac SavizRvispireTi ukav591

Sirdeboda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareebs, Tavis dros aWariswylis

xeoba mZlavri ekonomikuri regioni yofila (S. mamulaZe, aWariswylis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, 1993, gv. 181).

klimati `qveyana quTaTisisa~. rionis vake da iq mdebare ~qveyana

quTaTisisa~ iyo daavadebaTa bude, ufro sworad, iqauri klimati xels
uwyobda daavadebaTa gamZafrebas, miT umetes I aTaswleulSi Savi zRvis
transgresiis dros, amitomac im periodSi dasavleT saqarTvelos bari
sacxovreblad uvargisi iyo da SedarebiT Ddausaxlebeli.EukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebi iq VIII-X ss.-Si Seiqmna, Tumca XII s.-Sic ki iqaurebi
klimats uCiodnen.
magaliTad, daviT aRmaSenebeli xSirad gvixilavso, wers mematiane, cremliani, rodesac moinaxulebda xolme avadmyofebs, daavadebaTa kerebi ki
ufro metad quTaisis qveyanaSi aRmocendeba xolme, avadmyofobani ufro
metad quTaisis qveyanaSi gamZafrdeba xolmeo _ `romelTa zrdis sxvaTa
umetes qveyana quTaTisisa~ (q.c. I, gv. 354).
e.i. quTaisis sanaxebSi, Cans, im epoqaSi iyo ufro meti Waobebi, maSasadame,
malariis kerebi, vidre amJamad aris.
unda vifiqroT, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi daiwyo rionis gaTavisufleba daWaobebuli miwa-wylidan, rionis gamoyofa jebirebiT, anu e.w.
`samanebiT~, rac, albaT, Semdgom saukuneebSic gagrZelda. amiT Waobi Semcirda da sacxovrebeli pirobebic albaT gaumjobesda. SesaZloa, am epoqis mefeTa epitafiaSi naTqvami _ `zRvaSi samani Cayara~ gulisxmobs Waobis wylisgan miwebis gaTavisuflebas, anu rionis WaobebSi gaweul samuSaoebs, arxebisa da jebirebis mSeneblobas.
aRniSnulis gamo vfiqrobT,rom fazisis samitropolitos saepiskoposo
qalaqebi ara malariiT daaavadebul rionis dablobze, aramed sxva, jansaR
klimatur regionSi mdebareobdnen, aseve lazikis samefos qalaqebic jansaR klimatur garemoSi-Woroxis xeobaSi mdebareobdnen.

istoria (uqimerioni).
prokofis mixedviT - quTaTisis maxloblad
iyo erTi metad magari cixe, saxelad uqimerioni. aq hyavdaT lazebs kargi
mcveli razmi. am cixis dacvaSi monawileobas iRebdnen romaeli jariskacebic. am cixesTan dabanakda sparseli mTavarsardali mermeroe mTeli
Tavisi jariT. mis xelSi iyo kolxidis saukeTeso nawili, anu moxirisi.
amis gamo lazebs saSualeba aRar hqondaT uqimerionis mecixovneTaTvis
sursaTi miewodebinaT anda evloT aRniSnuli gziT ,,svaniasa da skvimniaSi~ (prokofi, brZola goTebTan, VIII, 14)
Cveni azriT aWariswyal-Woroxis SesarTavTan axlos mdebare uqimerionis cixesTan dabanakebuli sparseli mTavarsardali mermeroe akontrolebda iberia-artaanis gzas. uqimerionis garSemortymis Semdeg ki mas saSualeba mieca TiTqmis mTlianad gaekontrolebina meore gza aWariswylis
SesarTavidan Siga saqarTvelosaken anu Tanamedrove xulo-adigenis gza.
592

aRniSnul aWariswyal -Woroxis (e.i.dokonis-fasisis) SesarTavTan uSualod mdebare punqt nesosze gamavali gza zemo aWarasa da mimdebare
regionebs ukavSirdeboda. prokofis epoqaSi, Cans, zemo aWarasa da mimdebare regionebs svaniasa da skvimnias uwodebdnen. lingvistebi mTel dasavleT saqarT veloSi, maT Soris guriaSi mraval svanur toponoms pouloben. erT aseTad magaliTad-lanCxuTi miiCneva.
,,svanias~ qveS Cveni mecnierebi Tanamedrove svaneTs ganixilaven, maSin,
roca ,,svania~, VI s.-Si,
Cans erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos vrcel
miwa-wyals Woroxis aRmosavleT sanapirodan kavkasiis mTebamde.
svanebs sparsuli orientacia hqoniaT, amitomac isini sastikad isjebodnen bizantiuri jarebis mier, Semcirda maTi teritoriebic, es toponimi
(svania, svaneTi) xSirad gvxvdeba Tanamedrove SavSeTSic.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, uqimerioni erge-liganSi mdebare kutaias maxlobladaa, kutaia moxirisTan erTad erT seqtorSi, anu Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavis qveyanaSia. misi funqcia pirdapiraa miniSnebuli esaa zemo
aWarisa da mimdebare regionebis anu svania-skvimniasaken mimavali gzis
Caketva, Tumca moxirisSi (ergeSi) roca zis mteri, es gza isedac Caketilia,
igulisxmeba aWariswyalze gamavali gza, romelic swored ergeSi uerTdeba Woroxispira gzas
maSasadame uqimerioni cixe - erTgvari sagzao Camketia.
uqimerionis dapatroneba niSnavda mTeli Crdilo anu mTiani
lazikis, Woroxispira qveynis xelSi Cagdebas, masSia erge-ligani
(moxirisis mxare), arTvini (rodopolisi), skanda-sarapanas cixeebi
anu artaan-iberiisaken mimdebare lazeTi. amitomac sparselebi
yovelwliurad cdilobdnen uqimerionis dakavebas.
bolos gamcemlis wyalobiT ,,Caigdes xelSi sparselebma uqimerionis
cixe da mtkiced daepatronen lazeTs, magram marto es lazike ki ar
Caigdes xelSi sparselebma, aramed skvimniac da svaniac, da amrigad
moxirisidan iberiamde mTeli miwa-wyali gamoecalaT xelidan romaelebsa da lazTa mefes~ (prokofi, omi goTebTan, VIII, 16).
`moxirisidan iberiamde~ niSnavs imas, rom liganidan artaanamde mdebare qveyana anu lazikes mTian nawils daepartronen sparselebi, maT
xelSi moeqca skvimniaca da svaniac, anu zemo aWaris mxare, uqimerioni
aWariswylispirs akontrolebda, anu gzajvaredins. rogorc iTqva masze
gadioda ori mTavari gza, erTi amJamadac arTvinisken mimavali, meore ki
xulosaken. arTvinis gza gadadioda iberiaSi (artaanSi), xolo rogorc
iTqva xulos gza imJamad skvimnia-svaniad saxeldebul qveyanaSi, anu zemo
aWaras gavliT Siga saqarTveloSi anu aseve iberiaSi.
magram uqimerionis cixe akontrolebda kidev erT gzas, amJamindeli
qobuleTisken mimarTuls. unda vifiqroT, rom uqimerionis zurgidan dacvis
mizniT sparsTa sardalma swored qobuleTis mxares aago kidev erTi cixe
- sarapanisi. Cven viciT, rom sarapanas cixe strabonis drosac arsebobda,
mis Semdeg sarapanis cixe daerqva kidev erT cixes iberiisaken mimarTuls,
is unda yofiliyo artaan-artanujs Soris arsianis qedze. magram axla
mermeroes augia kvlav sarapanisis saxelis mqone cixe sul sxva mima593

rTulebiT - kerZod amJamindel aWara-guriis sazRvarTan axlos. marTlac

XV saukuneSic ki Sorapani erqva amJamindel ozurgeTs, aqvea sofeli
meria da aqvea katis cixec, anu saxelTa Tanxvedra aqacaa. rogorc
iTqva,uqimerioni Cveni azriT ergeSi - aWariswylis SesarTavTan
iyo. prokofi wers - ,,uqimerionSic datova sakmao xalxi, TviTon ki
aaSena lazTa meore cixe, romelsac sarapaniss eZaxian da zed
lazikis sazRvarTan mdebareobs da iq darCa~ (omi goTebTan, VIII,
16).
SeiZleba sarapanisi vaSnaris cixesac erqva, romelic axloa ozurgeTTan. aqeTac iyo iberia. anu lazikas yovel mxridan ertya iberia, kerZod
ki iberiisaken lazikidan miemarTeboda sami mTavari gza:
pirveli, rogorc iTqva erTmaneTs aerTebda petra-rodopolis Zvel
sarapanis - iberias, anu is miuyveboda Woroxis (fazisis) sanapiros da
erTmaneTTan aerTebda Tanamedrove baTum-arTvin-artanuj-ardagans. artaani
iberiis nawili iyo.
meore gza erTmaneTs aerTebda petra-nesos - svania-skvimnia-iberias
anu miuyveboda jer Woroxis sanapiros, Semdeg ki aWariswyals maRla Sida
saqarTvelosaken da erTmaneTTan aerTebda Tanamedrove baTum-xulo-adigens, Cans svania-skvimnia imJamad am gzis momcvel qveynebs erqva.
mesame gza ki aerTebda petras mermeroes mier agebul axal sarapanisTan e.i. Tanamedrove baTums aerTebda vaSnarTan, vaSnaris CrdiloeTiT
afsileTi da iberia iyo.
petra axlos yofila Tanamedrove baTumTan. maSasadame lazikes iberi asT an g rZe li sasa zRv ro xazi hq ond a a rtaa nid an - gu ria argveTamde.
uqimerioni garkveulwilad am gzaTa SesayarTan idga aWariswylispirTan axlos md. Woroxis SesarTavTan, aqedan iwyeboda erges qveyana, romelic arTvinisken liganis qveyanas uerTdeboda.
iv. javaxiSvili varaudobs, rom uqimerioni oxvamers anu salocavs niSnavs (iqve, gv. 42). wyalwiTelasTan yofila toponimi oxomora. wyaltubos
raionSia ,,xomuli~ (iqve, gv. 25). cnobilia xomlis mTa. n. berZeniSvilis
azriT, ,,xvam Ziri zanuri Cans~ (iqve, gv. 25). safiqrebelia, rom es Ziri zogad
qarTulia (fuZe qarTulia) da unda niSnavdes qvabuls, gamoqvabuls anu
mRvimes (Rvim), xom anu Rvim ZiriT ,,xvimira~ anu gamoTxril-gamoqvabuli
adgili iwodeboda. igivea rac Rvime (mRvime), rogorc aRiniSna. sofeli
xomuli, wyaltubos raionSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dgas kirqvis mRvimeTa
maRla, iq uamravi mRvimea, amitomac is xomuli anu mRvimeTa adgilia (xomuli), mis qveS xom-ebi anu mRvimeebia. aseve mRvime aqvs xomlis mTas. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom uqimerionis fuZe araa ,,xom-Rvim~ - is sxva warmoSobis sityvaa.kerZod-`uki-meri-oni~. rogorc zemoT ganvixileT, mere
amJamadac aWarul dialeqtSi vake, gavakebul,movakebul adgils niSnavsprokofis sityviTac uqimerioni vakeze idga. masaSadame uki-meri vakis
cixes niSnavs,xolo oni aris sufiqsi.

594

arqeopolisi
noqalaqevis arqeologia
prokofi kesarielis TqmiT arqeopolisi iyo ,,mTavari da udidesi
qalaqi lazebis qveyanaSi~ (prokofi, georgika II, 1965, gv. 182) amasTanave
,,Zalian gamagrebuli~ (iqve, gv. 101) mdebareobda fazisis marjvena sanapiros qveyanaSi, ,,metad quS serze da mas Camoudis mdinare, qalaqis zemoT
aRmarTuli mTebidan~ (iqve, gv. 188), erTi dRis savali gziT igi daSorebuli
moxirisidan. XIX-XX ss. mkvlevarTa umetesobis azriT arqeopolisi iyo
amJamindeli punqti noqalaqevi, senakTan (yofil cxakaias raionSi). sabWoTa epoqaSi noqalaqevs ukve uwodebdnen ,,lazikis anu mTeli dasavleT
saqarTvelos dedaqalaqs~.
aris Tu ara arqeopolisi igive noqalaqevi yvelaze metad unda gaarkvios
arqeologiurma Seswavlam.
marTlac noqalaqevSi pirveli gaTxrebi Catarda 1930-31 wlebSi.
1973 wels daiwyo e. w. ,,stacionaruli gaTxrebi~.
1987 wels Sejamda 10 wlis gaTxrebis Sedegebi. noqalaqevis arqeologiuri
eqspediciis xelmZRvanelobam gamoaqveyna krebuli ,,noqalaqevi - arqeopolisi~ (Tb. 1987) miZRvnili ,,egrisis (lazikis) samefos (dasavleT saqarTvelo) dedaqalaqis cixe-goji - noqalaqevi - arqeopolisis Seswavlisadmi~
(ix. aRniSnuli wignis anotacia).
no qalaqe vis arq eologi urm a Se swa vla m S eiZ leb a iT qva s d id
sagonebelSi Caagdo patiosani mkvlevari arqeologebi.
aRmoCenilma Zalze mwirma masalam marTlac gaaogna jer kidev pirveli
arqeologiuri eqspediciis wevri 1930-31 wlisa, cnobili arqeologi l.
musxeliSvili. is werda: ,,noqalaqevis sakiTxi lamis iseTive bneliTaa
moculi dResac, rogorc gaTxrebis dawyebamde... saerTod iseTi STabeWdilebaa, TiTqos mosaxleobis kvali am Zvels qalaqSi an mTlad warxocila
droTa ganmavlobaSi, an araa da sulac araferi kvali ar yofila. es
metad sakvirveli movlenaa. sxva ara iyos ra, meeqvse saukunis naSTebi
mainc mravlad unda aRmoCeniliyo - Cven ki SedarebiT mcireodeni
Tixis natexebis garda ara gvi povia ra. prokofi arqeopoliss mravladdasaxlebuls da kolxeTis udides da upirveles qalaqs uwodebs.
prokofis ki unda scodnoda ra aris qalaqi. qalaqi xis saxlebiT iyo
gaSenebuli, xe dalpa, rac gasakviri ar aris samegrelos nestiani havisaTvis, magram, nuTu, imdroindel mosaxleobas, garda qoTnebisa, sxva
ram nivTebi ara hqonia, samkauli, iaraRi, liTonis WurWeli da
sxva? - sad daikarga yvela es? am kiTxvas pasuxis gacema unda~.
(noqalaqevi-arqepolisi, 1987, gv. 304).
l. musxeliSvili wers:- fazisze gemebi sarapanamde dadioda, gemebs ki
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba aSenebda, amasTanave fazisze strabonis mowmobiT 120 xidi yofila gaSenebuli,amasTanave ,,mdinares sistematurad swmindavdnen, amitom pirvel saukuneSive ,,kolxeTs gacxovelebuli aReb-micemoba hqonia ucxoeTTan~, IV s.-Si Temiste kolxeTs ,,elinuri kulturisa da
595

muzaTa sadgurs uwodebda~, xolo VI s.-Si prokofisa da agaTias cnobebiT ,,kolxeTi mdidari, dawinaurebuli, mWidrod dasaxlebuli da
daba-qalaqebiT savse qveyana~ iyo, amitomac es ,,elinuri kulturis~ simdidris, gacxovelebuli aReb-micemobis kvali uTuod unda
aRmoeCinaT arqeologebs ,,arqeopolisSi~, magram ara arqeologiam
sul sxva suraTi aCvena, - noqalaqevis mosaxleobas ,,mwiri keramikis garda ara moepoveboda ra~ (iqve, gv. 304).
am faqtma, rogorc iTqva gaaogna patiosani mkvlevar-arqeologi l. musxeliSvili. aqedan gamomdinare, mas rom dascloda albaT mividoda daskvnamde,
rom arqeopolisi eZia sxva regionSi.
[Cveni azriT arqeopolisi Woroxis anu fazisis marjvena sanapiroze
mdebareobda, albaT sadRac Tanamedrove baTumisa da cixisZiris maxloblad].
l. musxeliSvilis eqspedicias, ucxoeli mecnieris a. Snaideris
xelmZRvanelobiT ar dauklia cda, rogorme noqalaqevSi aRmoeCinaT saqalaqo cxovrebis Sesabamisi monapovari, magaliTad, wers, rom
eqspediciam ,,zRudis SigniT, vakeze, mTis ferdobze da zeviT akropolisSi,
40-mde sacdeli ormo gavTxareT, zogierTi sakmaod Rrmad (2-3 metramdi), magram yvela uSedegod~ (iqve, gv. 304). e. i. am ormoebSi saqalaqo
cxovrebis Sesabamisi kulturuli fena ar aRmoCnda.
eqspedicias am kraxis Semdeg imedi daesaxa, rom zRudis gareT eZebnaT
Zveli qalaqis naSTebi. ,,TviTeul ezos zRudis gareT Tavisi Wa aqvs.
zogan siRrmiT 3 saJenamde. da, adgilobrivTa TqmiT, arasodes araferi
aRmoCenila~ (iqve, gv. 304).
eqspediciis daskvna aseTi iyo - ,,qalaqi ver vnaxeT~.
maT imedi hqondaT, rom gaagrZelebdnen kvlevas da raimes i povnidnan
noqalaqevis dedaqalaqobis dasadgenad.
sabolood imJamad 1930-31 wlis eqspediciam daaskvna - ,,arsad ar aRmoCnda Zveli sasaflao da arc Zveli samosaxlos fenebi. amitom eqspediciis
xelmZRvanels Snaiders saerTod Seepara eWvi, rom noqalaqevi iyo
cnobili arqeopolisi.
daskvnaSi ,,noqalaqevis gaTxrebis Sedegebi doqtor Snaiderisa 1929-1930
wlebi~ kerZod naTqvamia - ,,Zveli geografebis cnobebiT qalaqebi
ixsenieba mxolod zRvispiras da fazisis gaswvriv. am qalaqTagan
ukve pliniusis dros (I saukune) umravlesoba aRar arsebobda,
aqedan cxadia: sakuTriv Sida - qveyana berZen-romaelTaTvis ucnobi iyo da arc maTi gavlenis qveS imyofeboda. aqedan unda davaskvnaT,
rom mainc da mainc Zveli qalaqis Zebna noqalaqevSi amao iqneba~
(iqve, gv. 297).
doqtor Snaideris, noqalaqevis patiosani mkvlevar-arqeologis, es gancxadeba Zalze mniSvnelovania.
dasavleT saqarTvelos ,,Sida qveyana berZen-romaelTaTvis ucnobi iyo da arc maTi gavlenis qveS imyofeboda~. es daskvna mTlianad eTanadeba ,,qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da ,,moqcevai qarTlisais~
dabejiTebul cnobebs, rom mefe farnavazis droidan dasavleT
596

saqarTvelo mdinare egriswylamde imyofeboda ara berZen-romaul,

aramed qarTlis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi, rom ara mxolod
qujis dros, aramed uwyvetad Semdeg mefe aderkamde (I s.) da mefe
mirianamde (IV s.) egrisi qarTlis samefos nawili iyo.
Snaiderisa da qarTuli wyaroebis daskvnebi Tanmxvedria da mTlianad gansxvavdeba XX s. sabWoTa istorikosebis daskvnebisagan.
noqalaqevis gaTxrebi gagrZelda, rogorc iTqva XX s. 70-ian wlebSi. ase
vTqvaT, aq imuSava arqeologTa orma jgufma: pirvels SeiZleba vuwodoT
mkvlevar-arqeologebi, anu isini, romelnic imas aRweren rasac faqtiurad
pouloben, da meore, ase vTqvaT e.w. `qarTizaciis Teoriis~ momxre - ideologarqeologebi, romelTac winaswar hqondaT momzadebuli daskvna, romlis
mixedviTac ar arsebuls - realur faqtebad acnoben sazogadoebas.
70-iani wlebis mkvlevar-arqeologebi msgavsad l. musxeliSvilisa da
doqtor Snaiderisa noqalaqevis arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad mividnen
imave daskvnamde, rom noqalaqevSi Zalze mwiria kulturuli fena,
kerZod isini sxvadasxva adgils miuTiTeben ,,noqalaqevis kulturuli fena gansakuTrebiT Raribia~ (noqalaqevi-arqepolisi, 1987, gv.
29), ,,mniSvnelovnad Raribia~ (iqve, gv. 28),
anda ,,Zalze Raribia~
(iqve, gv. 28) da sxva, aRmoCenili masalebis mixedviT noqalaqevi
mcired iyo dasaxlebuli (iqve, gv. 30), ,,samarxebi mcirea IV-VII
saukuneebisa~ (gv. 30) da sxva.
maSasadame, noqalaqevis 1970-80 wlebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCnda:
1) noqalaqevi da misi midamoebi iyo mcired dasaxlebuli (noqalaqeviarqeopolisi,gv. 30);
2) aq IV-VII ss. samarxebi mcirea (iqve,gv. 30);
3) aq kulturuli fena Raribia (iqve,gv. 30);
4) arqeologiuri monapovari uCvenebs, rom qalaqs ar hqonda sakuTari
ekonomika (iqve, gv. 31, 30);
5) ,,grandiozuli TavdacviTi nagebobebi~ ar Seesabameba qalaqis cxovrebis intensivobas~ (e. i. iyo ara qalaqi (miT umetes dedaqalaqi) aramed
cixe-simagre, romelSic xandaxan erisTav-didebulebi cxovrobdnen da aq
sasaxleebi hqondaT, rogorc es miRebuli wesi iyo Sua saukuneebSi)
(iqve,gv. 27);
6) noqalaqevidan adrefeodaluri xanis saivuliro nawarmi praqtikulad Zalze cotaa, dedaqalaqSi meti unda yofiliyo(iqve,gv. 27)
7) akropolisis (qveda qalaqis) centralur nawilSi arqeologiuri masala
(monapovari) ,,TiTqmis sul araa~ (iqve,gv. 29)
8) ,,usaxuri da uformo fragmentebi~ arqeologiur masalisa aRmoCnda
samxreT galavanTan (iqve,gv. 29). esaa keramikuli WurWlis (doqebis) natexebi! (iqve,gv. 30).
am daskvnisaTvis patiosan arqeologebs n. lomouri sastikad akritikebs, faqtebis miuxedavad n. lomourma daaskvna rom noqalaqevi iyo arqeopolisi da es azri danerga mecnierebaSi.
n. lomouri iZulebuli gaxda da man daiwuo kritika pirvelxarisxo597

vani wyaroebisa da maTi avtorebisa, kerZod n. lomouri akritikebs prokofi

kesariels!
n. lomouri prokofis miiCnevs ,,arasando~ avtorad, wers - ,,yovelTvis
rodi SeiZleba misi ndoba~ (noqalaqevi-arqepolisi, 1987, gv. 30), amasTanave
wers ,,cnobilia, rom prokofis lazikis daxasiaTebisas xSirad
mosdis uzustobani~ (iqve,gv. 31). aseve wers - ,,samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom lazikis e. i. dasavleT saqarTvelos
proko fismieri daxasia Teba ar Seefereb a realur sinamdv iles.
prokofis mTel lazeTze gavrcelebulia is cnoba, romelic mas erTerTi
CamorCenili kuTxis Sesaxeb hqonda~ (gv. 31), aq igulisxmeba prokofis cnoba
- ,,lazikaSi arsad aris marili, arc xorbleuli modis, arc Rvino, arc
sxva ram sikeTe~ (prokofi, omi sparselebTan, II, 28).
Cemi azriT ki prokofis cnobebi saocrad zusti aRmoCndeba,Tu mis lazikas
Woroxis xeobaSi movaTavsebT.
n. lomours ar moswons prokofis cnoba,amitom akritikebs da wersnoqalaqevi ,,mWidrodasaxlebuli unda yofiliyo, amas mowmobs aq ori
abanos, sxva sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis SenobaTa da mravalricxovani
arqeologiuri masalis - saojaxo da samzareulo WurWlis aRmoCena~.
(gv. 31). Tumca noqalaqevis (e.w. dedaqalaqis) arqeologiur masalis simwire, kulturuli fenis siRaribe, monetebis simcire da faqti, rom qalaqs
ar hqonda sakuTari ekonomika, mas arafers eubneba (iqve,gv. 31, 32).
safiqrebelia,rom aRmoCenili `ori abano da WurWeli~ ekuTvnoda noqalaqevSi, rogorc sakurorto mosasvenbelSi droebiT 1-2 Tvis manZilze
macxovrebel samegrelos mTavrebsa da didebulebs. ufro adre aq, aseve
droebiT, ucxovriaT qarTlis mefe-erisTavebsac, maTac cxadia abanoebi da
WurWeli esaWiroebodaT.
XX s. qarTulma istoriografiam dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis ori
gansxvavebuli Teoria Camoayaliba:pirvelis mixedviT Savi zRvispireTi da dasavleT saqarTvelo
Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebuli iyo afxazur-adiReuri tomebiT, romelTac aq Semdgom ,,afxazTa samefo~ Camoayalibes VIII s-Si, Semdeg ki mcxeTis
eklesiam daiwyo am mxaris ,,qarTizaciis~ procesi, ris Sedegadac dasavleT saqarTveloSi TiTqosda X s.-dan gavrcelda qarTuli ena da kultura, afxazTa samefo ki erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos nawili gaxda. es
Teoria miiCneoda ueWvel WeSmaritebad, amitomac is asaxulia rogorc
samecniero literaturaSi, ise saenciklopedio cnobarebSi. am Teorias
eWvis TvaliT Sexedes afxazeTSi separatistuli moZraobis dawyebis Semdeg XX s. 70-80-iani wlebidan.
amis Semdeg ukve oficialur Teoriad gadaiqca Tvalsazrisi imis
Sesaxeb, rom berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebis ,,lazikis samefo~ moicavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos da misi dedaqalaqi iyo arqeopolisi, romelic TiTqosda noqalaqevis Zveli saxeli yofila. daiwyo noqalaqevis Txra, gamoqveynda Aam Teoriis Sesabamisi arqeologiuri daskvnebi.
am Teoriis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTveloSive mdebareobdnen fasisis
598

samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi: rodopolisisa (rogorc iTqva,miiCneva

rom es saxeli varcixes erqva), saisinisa (caiSad miiCneva), ziganasa (mas
ratomRac ,,ziginevisas~ uwodeben da mis adgil-samyofelad gudayvas miiCneven afxazeTSi) da petrasi (cixisZirad miiCneva).
qarTizaciis Teoriis mixedviT es berZnuli saepiskoposoebi gauqmda
,,qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad.
ismis kiTxva, Tu ki samitropolito centri iyo fazisi (TiTqosda foTi),
ratom mdebareobda am regionis dedaqalaqi arqeopolisSi? saqme isaa, rom
sityva ,,metropolisi~ aRniSnavs ,,dedaqalaqs~, xolo saeklesio kanonebis
mixedviT ,,samitropolito olqis~ meTauri metropolisSi anu dedaqalaqSi unda mjdariyo. ase, rom Tu foTi iyo fazisis samitropolitos centri,
maSin politikuri dedaqalaqic foTi unda yofiliyo da ara arqeopolisi.
magram prokofi kesarielis cnobiT lazikis dedaqalaqi arqeopolisi
iyo. Tu es asea, maSin fazisis metropoliis centri sxvagan unda veZioT.
rodis aSenda noqalaqevi? Tu is cixe-gojia, qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, mas safuZveli daudo qarTlis samefos egrisis saerisTvos meTaurma
qujim.
noqalaqevi meored aSenda dasavleT saqarTvelodan arabebis gandevnis
Semdeg- afxazeTSi gadasulma qarTlis mefe mirma brZana:
,,uwyies Senebad adgilTa CvenTa klisuriTgan aRmarT,warval da daveSenebi cixe-gojisa da quTaTiss~(qarTlis cxovreba,I,1955,gv. 242).
e.i. noqalaqevi meored aSenda VIII saukuneSi(iseve,rogorc quTaisi), arabTa Tavdasxmebis II talRis SesaCereblad.
am dros noqalaqevSi kargi cixe-citadeli aSenebula, imdenad, rom qarTlis mefis erTerTi gvirgvini aq daido Sesanaxad, meore ki quTaisSi am
wyaros mixedviT, anu cixegoji quTaisTan erTad qarTlis samefos centrad iqca, arabebis mier Tbilisis saamiros daarsebis Semdeg.
Semdgom saukuneebSi noqalaqevi anu cixegoji iyo sazafxulo rezidencia egrisis erisTavebisa da samegrelos mTavrebisa.
ase, rom noqalaqevs naklebi Sexeba hqonda bizantiur samyarosTan, amitom verc aRmoaCines arqeologebma aq Sesabamisi raodenobis bizanturi
monetebi, aRmoCnda sul ramdenime (eqvsi moneta, maTgan mxolod oria saxelwarwerili). noqalaqevi rom yofiliyo lazikis dedaqalaqi arqeopolisi,
aq monetebis siuxve unda yofiliyo, viTarca savaWro ekonomikur da politikur centrSi.
arqeologebis v. leqvinaZisa da l. xvedeliZis TvalsazrisiT, faqti
imisa, rom noqalaqevSi monetebi ,,Zalze mcire raodenobisa aRmoCnda, da aseve faqti imisa, rom vardcixeSi monetebi jerjerobiT
saerTod araa mikvleuli, metyvelebs imis Sesaxeb, rom ,,lazikaSi
fuladi mimoqceva sustad iyo ganviTarebuli~ (noqalaqevi-arqepolisi, 1987,gv. 32).
Cemi azriT, radganac prokofis epoqaSi lazika erqva ZiriTadad
Woroxis xeobasa da erge-ligans, arqeologebma aq unda Caataron
Sesabamisi kvleva, xolo varcixeSi da noqalaqevSi arqeologiuri
masalebis (maT Soris monetebis ararseboba da simcire) miuTiTebs
599

rom varcixe ar iyo rodopolisi da noqalaqevi ar iyo arqeopolisi e.i. cnobili bizantiuri punqtebi.
erTi sityviT cixe-gojSi mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala araa sakmarisi mis arqeopolisad gamosacxadeblad. amave Tvalsazrisisa unda iyvnen
arqeologebi v. leqvinaZe da l. xvedeliZe, romelTac akritikebs n. lomouri. arqeologiuri monapovris ukmarisobis miuxedavad is mtkiced dgas
Tvalsazrisze, rom noqalaqevi aris arqeopolisi da mas uwodebs - ,,egrisis anu lazikis - mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli saxelmwifos
dedaqalaqs~. mas, iseve, rogorc mraval sxvas ar aocebs Tundac faqti
imisa, rom varcixeSi (e. i. maTi TvalsazrisiT rodopolisSi) ar aRmoCnda
berZnul-bizantiuri monetebi, da saerTod varcixeSi bizantiuri moneta
ar aRmoCnda!
prokofis epoqis wyaroebiT-arqeopolisSi idga bizantiuri samxedro
nawili, mravali aTasi mxedrisagan Semdgari.
rogorc wesi, yvelgan, samxedro nawilis sadgom punqtSi mravlad i poveba monetebi, radganac mxedrebs anazRaurebas monetebiT uxdidnen. garda
amisa, yvelgan sadac ki aseTi jari mudmivad banakdeboda mkvidri mosaxleoba kargad daculobis gamo, awyobda bazrobebs, Sendeboda Sesabamisi
Senobebi, aReb-micemoba yvavoda, fuli trialebda, rogorc wesi, ara erTi
da ori TviT, aramed wlobiT da zogjer aTeulwlobiT da saukuneobiT,
amis gamo samxedro nawilebis sadgom punqtebSi mravlad pouloben monetebs. aRniSnulis garda, aseTi punqtebi, rogorc wesi TandaTanobiT qalaqebad iqceoda xolme, rasac xels uwyobda intensiuri daculi vaWroba. Tu
aseTive qalaqi iyo rodopolisi, Tanac saepiskoposo centriT, Tavisi kaTedriT. nuTu aseT qalaqSi monetebi ar unda aRmoCeniliyo? nuTu es faqti
ar aeWvebT mecnierT, - bizantiur saxelmwifoSi xom saepiskoposo kaTedrebs, ara ubralo qalaqebSi aramed mniSvnelovan centralur qalaqebSi
aarsebdnen! aseTi iyo saeklesio wesi bizantiur samyaroSi.
msgavsadve, SeuZlebelia lazikis ,,dedaqalaqSi~ - arqeopolisSi aseTi
mwiri arqeologiuri naSTebi aRmoCeniliyo, Civili imisa, rom kulturuli
fenebi wyalma gadarecxa, dasturia mxolod imisa, rom namdvilad noqalaqevSi ar aRmoCnda Sesabamisi arqeologiuri masala.
asve, Zalze niSneulia, rom ar aRmoCnda berZnuli warwerebi noqalaqevsa da varcixeSi
-`bizantiis imperiaSi Semavali lazikis
samefos
dedaqalaqsa da
berZnuli saepiskoposo centrSi~, SeuZlebelia aseTi statusis mqone qalaqebSi ar aRmoCeniliyo berZnuli
warwerebi, Tu ki vinme ityvis, rom droTa msvlelobam isini gaaqro,
SeiZleba mas SevekiTxoT, maS ratom aRmoCnda noqalaqevTan Zalze
axlos (nojixevSi) imave epoqis qarTuli warwerebi?
n. lomouris azriT konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semavali berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTedra IV saukunidanve idga noqalaqev-arqeopolisSi
(noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi,1987, gv. 40).
cxadia, misi es gancxadeba sruliad usafuZvloa. emyareba mxolod im
faqts, rom noqalaqevSi aRmoCnda erTi Zveli eklesiis naSTi, romelic man
IV saukuniT daaTariRa, Semdeg ki miRebuli Stampis Sesabamisad CaTvala,
600

rom misi episkoposi konstantinepolis iurisdiqcias eqvemdebarebod a.

is wers - ,,Cven SesaZleblad migvaCnia davuSvaT, rom bizantiur wyaroebSi damowmebulia egrisis saeklesio wyobileba, romlis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauria konstantinopolis patriarqis samwysoSi Semavali fasisis mitropoliti, misdami daqvemdebarebuli oTxi episkoposiT (ziganevis, petras, rodopolisis da caiSis), SedarebiT gvian Seqmnili sistemaa. Tavdapirvelad erT-erTi saeklesio kaTedra swored
noqalaqevSi imyofeboda~ (n. lomouri, noqalaqevis gaTxrebis mniSvneloba
saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas noqalaqevi - arqeopolisi, 1987, gv. 40).
n. lomouri rixiT wers ,,bizantiur wyaroebSi damowmebuli egrisis saeklesio wyrobilebis~ Sesaxeb, maSin, roca arcerT bizantiur
wyaroSi araviTari mowmoba ar arsebobs ,,egrisis eklesiis~ miT umetes
,,misi wyobilebis~ Sesaxeb.
saerTod bizantiur wyaroebSi sityva ,,egrisis eklesia~ ar fiqsirdeba. bizantiur wyaroebSi naxsenebi ,,lazikis eparqia~, romlis saepiskoposoebic mdebareobda qarTvelTa uZveles qveyanaSi trapezuntis regionSi, istoriul kolxeT-lazikaSi (uReltexil ziganasTan axlos) qarTvelma istorikosebma CaTvales dasavleT saqarTvelos (egrisis) kaTedrebad.
maT es TavianTi Secdoma - oficialur saistorio dogmad gadaaqcies.
n. lomouris azriT, noqalaqev-arqeopolisSi ufro adre ijda (IV s.danve) berZeni episkoposi, vidre bizantielebi eparqiebs daaarsebdnen foTvarcixe-caiSSi.
es mosazreba unda daadasturos arqeologiurma monapovarma. kerZod,
unda aRmoCeniliyo, berZnuli saeklesio warwerebi. rogorc iTqva, bizantiur samyaroSi episkoposi ijda did qalaqSi. konstantinopolis episkoposi
arqeopolisSi, cxadia berZnulenovani iqneboda, berZnuli wirva-locviT,
Sesabamisad raime berZnuli warwera mainc unda aRmoCeniliyo noqalaqevSi,
magram aseTi ar aRmoCnda. msgavsadve ratom ar aRmoCnda berZnuli saeklesio warwerebi varcixeSi, romelic rodopolisis saepiskoposo kaTedrad
miiCneva?
rogorc iTqva, qarTizaciis Teoriis momxre arqeologebi noqalaqevSi
eZebdnen berZnul saeklesio warwerebs da aRmoaCines-qarTuli warwerebi
noqalaqevTan aTiod kilometrSi.
nojixevSi, sadac gaiTxara uZvelesi eklesia aRmoCnda qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebi.
Tu noqalaqevis, rogorc iTqva, berZnuli saeklesio warwerebi drom
gaaqro, ratom ar gaaqro drom TiTqmis imave epoqis, iqve mdebare nojixevis tetrakonqis qarTuli warwerebi?
n. lomouri wers - ,,noqalaqev-gegeWkoris monakveTze eqspediciam sxva
xasiaTis samuSaoebic Caatara, aq upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia gegeWkoris raionis sofel nojixevSi, abaSispira WalaSi nagebobaTa kompleqsis
aRmoCena - V-VI saukuneebis abano da misgan ociode metris daSorebiT
aRmoCenili amave epoqis oTxafsidiani eklesia, e.w. tetrakonqis ti pisa...
601

aRniSnuli abanosa da tetrakonqis gverdiT Senaxulia gviandeli xanis

patara darbazuli eklesiis nangrevebi... gviandeli eklesiis qveS eqspediciam aRmoaCina saerTod saqarTvelosTvis iSviaTi ti pis eklesia - rvaafsidiani saydari... kargad gaTlili qviT nagebi eklesiis garSemo aRmoCnda
araerTi arqiteqturuli detali da rac mTavria SesaniSnavad amokveTili
didi zomis (15X22) asomTavruli asoebi. marTalia warweris wakiTva
ver xerxdeba, radgan asoebi calke qvebzea amokveTili da gafantuli iyo
irgvliv, magram udavoa, rom am eklesiis gumbaTs amkobda asomTavruli warwera. p. zaqaraia winaswarulad eklesias X saukuniT aTariRebs da
amdenad es warwera erTerTi adreulia dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTul
warweraTa Soris. vfiqrob, Znelia am aRmoCenis mniSvnelobis gadafaseba~
(iqve, gv. 42).
nojixevis rvaafsidiani tetrakonqis qarTuli warwerebi TviT qarTizaciis TeoriiT xelfeSxekrulma mecnierebma X saukuniT daaTariRes. es
im saukuned iTvleba, rac TiTqosda daiwyo dasavleT saqarTvelos ,,qarTizacia~. magram vinc endoba ZvelqarTul wyaroebs misTvis es tetrakonqi
da misi warwerebi gacilebiT adrindelia, albaT VI-VII saukuneebisa, radganac CvenSi swored am saukuneebSi agebdnen tetraqonqis ti pis sataZro
nagebobebs.
vfiqrob saeklesio mkvlevarebisaTvis ufro myari safuZveli unda iyos
Zveli qarTuli wyaroebi, maT Soris ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweris cnobebi,
vidre Semdeg SemuSavebuli e.w. ,,qarTizaciis Teoria~.
Cveni mematianeebisa da mamebisaTvis XI saukuneebic ki (Tu ufro adre
ara) saerTod ucnobi iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli saeklesio
iurisdiqcia, amis arqeologiur dasturad unda CaiTvalos nojixevis tetrakonqis qarTuli warwerebi, romlis Sesaxebac samwuxarod dumilia samecniero wreebSi, Tumca ki madlobeli unda viyoT noqalaqevis arqeologiuri
eqspediciisa da n. lomourisa, romelTac aRmoaCines da gamoamzeures nojixevis qarTuli warwera.
brZolebi arqeopolisTan(istoria da numizmatikuri masala). arqeopolisi miiCneoda bizantiuri jarebis did simagred, aq sparseTTan
omis dros mravalaTasiani samxedro korpusi idga. magaliTad ererTi
brZolis dros sparselTa sardalma mermeroem miiyvana jari imdenad
didi ricxvisa rom, arqeopolisTan mas bizantielebma 4.000 meomari moukles.
bizantielTa jari ki am dros arqeopolisis cixeSi idga da Tavs icavda.
sparselebis jarSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen daqiravebuli meomrebi sxvadasxva erovnebis, magaliTad, prokofi aRwers, rom arqeopolisTan brZolisas sparselTa mier daqiravebulma sabirTa tomis jariskacebma moamzades saomari e. w. krios manqanebi, raTa cixis kedlebi daelewaT, iqve iyvnen
dolomitTa tomis jariskacebi, romlebic isrebsa da Subebs uSendnen
meomrebs. prokofi arqeopolisis brZolis aRwerisas ambobs - ,,TiToeuli maTgani atarebs maxvilsa da fars, xelSi sami xelSubi uWiravs...
mermeroe mTeli jariT wauZRva krios manqanebsa da spiloebs~,
spiloebiT Cans aTi aTasi kaci mainc ibrZoda, radganac 4.000 rogorc iTqva
kedlebTan daiRupa, Semdeg mermeroem sami aTasi kaci quTaTisis cixeSi
602

datova da aseve jarebi sxva sam cixeSi ganalaga.

am ambis aRweriT imis Tqma gvsurs, rom yvela es meomari daqiravebuli
iyo da maT monetebi Tan unda etarebinaT ucxo qveyanaSi saxlebidan
aTasobiT kilometriT daSorebulT, monetebi cxadia TviT uqemerionis
cixis bizantiul mcvelebsac hqonodaT. amitomacaa, rom arqeologebi
aseT adgilebSi monetebs mravlad pouloben.
bizantia-sparseTis omi am mxareSi mTeli saukune grZeldeboda, arqeopolisi yovelTvis mTavari samizne iyo. amitomacaa gasakviri, da es aocebdaT
TviT mkvlevar-specialistebs noqalaqevSi aRmoCenili artefaqtebisa da
bizantiuri monetebis simcire.
magaliTad T. abramiSvili, romelmac specialurad Seiswavla noqalaqevis eqspediciis mier mopovebuli monetebi askvnis - ,,noqalaqevis gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili mcire numizmatikuri masala aZnelebs
raime kategoriuli daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas~ (T. abramiSvili, noqalaqevis monetebi, iqve, gv. 279).
is wers - ,,rogorc vxedavT, noqalaqevis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis
Sedegad mopovebuli numizmatikuri masala erTob mcire da mokrZalebulia~ (iqve, gv. 275).
kerZod aRmoCnda sul 6 spilenZis bizantiuri moneta, Tumca ufro adre
aRmoCnda iustine I (518-527) erTi spilenZis moneta da mavrik tiberiosis
(582-602) oqros monetebis ganZi. es raodenobac ,,mcired da mokrZalebulad~ iTvleba. rusul daskvnaSic T. abramiSvili igives aRniSnavs, rom ,,noqalaqevis numizmatikuri masala Zalze mcirericxovania~ (iqve, gv. 286).
saqme isaa, rom noqalaqevis irgliv - samegrelo guriis regionis soflebSic (saflavebsa da eklesiis garSemo) arqeologebi imave sixSirisa
da odenobis numizmatikur masalas pouloben (numizmatikuri ganZebsa Tu
erTeul monetebs) - arqeopolisad miCneul noqalaqevSi maTi ricxvi Zalze
soliduri unda yofiliyo. rogorc iTqva, varcixeSi moneta saerTod ar
aRmoCnda (da mere sad - bizantiuri samyaros qalaq rodopolisSi sadac
romauli jari idga da episkoposis kaTedrac iyo). es realurad arsebuli
faqti rogorc iTqva metyvelebs imis Sesaxeb, rom ara varcixesa da noqalaqevSi, aramed sxvagan unda veZioT rodopolisi da arqeopolisi.
erTi sityviT, noqalaqevsa da mis axlo-maxlo adgilebSi arqeologebma
berZnul warweraTa nacvlad qarTuli aRmoaCines.
igives Tqma SeiZleba foTis Sesaxebac.
CvenSi tendenciaa foTi gamoacxadon cnobil fazisad, Sesabamisad aq
gafacicebiT eZebdnen berZnul warwerebs, magram aRmoaCines ra? - qarTuli
warwerebi, kerZod gamouwvav agursa da msgavs masalaze dasadebi satvifravi, romelzec aris qarTuli asomTavruli aso-niSnebi, da aseve ukve mza
agurebi qarTulive aso-niSnebiT. ratomRac es faqti daviwyebis buruss
gadaeca, radganac saerTod ar jdeba SemuSavebul stereoti pSi da ucnaurad gamoiyureba qarTizaciis TeoretikosebisaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom XX s. 70-80-iani wlebis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (30iani wlebis eqspediciis msgavsad) noqalaqevSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri
603

(IV-XI saukuneebis) masalidan masiurad moi pova mxolod keramika. esenia

ZiriTadad qvevrebi, jamebi da doqebi, Tanac adgilobrivi warmoebisa, aRsaniSnavia rom mopovebuli sacecxlurebic ki (e. i. saeklesio nivTi) adgilobrivaa damzadebuli Tixisagan.
v. leqvanaZe wers - ,,naxevrad sferosebri formis adgilobrivi sasakmevle sacecxlurebi ori naxvretiT - zemoTken da Zirze~ (noqalaqeviarqeopolisi, gv. 238).
es imiTaa saintereso, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semavali
arqeopolisis - mniSvnelovani centrisa da dedaqalaqis eklesiaSi ara
oqro-vercxlisa da Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkuli sasakmevliT msaxurebodnen berZeni RvTismsaxurebi, rogorc miRebulia dedaqalaqebis eklesiebSi,
aramed Tixis adgilobrivi sasakmevliT - rac Zneli warmosadgenia. rogorme
berZeni RvTismsaxurebi Sesaferisi bizantiuri nivTebiT Seamkobdnen eklesiebs, rogorc miRebuli iyo imJamad, noqalaqevi arqeopolisi rom yofiliyo.
noqalaqevSi TiTqmis yvelaferi adgilobrivi warmoebisaa. gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi aseve, erTi faqti:aqamde Cveni arqeologebi fiqrobnen, rom maT mier mravlad mopovebuli
WurWeli iyo importuli amforebis naSTebi, magram aRmoCnda, rom sinamdvileSi isini adgilobrivi WurWeli iyo. amasTan dakavSirebiT v. leqvinaZe wers - ,,dasavleT saqarTveloSi arqeopolisis Tanadrouli
Zeglis vardcixis (rodopolisis) masalis gacnobis Sedegad gairkva,
rom es fragmentebi sinamdvileSi miekuTvneba didi zomis adgilobriv farToyelian doqebs, romelTa formaze gavlena iqonia amforaTa garegnulma formam (iqve, gv. 239). e.i. eZebdnen berZnul-romauls
da aRmouCeniaT ki, ase vTqvaT, imeruli Cafebisa da doqebis fragmentebi.
vaskvniT - arqeologiuri masala TvalnaTliv aCvenebs, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelos im regionSi, romelic raionis dablobs miekuTvneba ar unda
veZioT berZnul-bizantiuri dedaqalaqebi, TavianTi saepiskoposo kaTedrebiT,
aramed unda verwmunoT erovnul wyaroebs, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo
Sedioda zogadqarTul saxelmwifosa da eklesiaSi Tavisi yofiT, kulturiT, adaT-wesebiT, simdidriTa Tu siRaribiT.
11.01.10
maS, sad mdebareobda arqeopolisi? rogorc iTqva misi samyofeli unda yofiliyo Tanamedrove maTumsa da cixisZirs Soris.
wyaros cnobiT, `qalaq arqeopolisis gareubani iyo onogurisi anu
wmida stefane~, amJamadac baTumis regionSi aris dasaxlebul punqti saxelwodebiT - ,,stefanovka~ (esaa baTumis gareubani, aeroportis gzatkecilTan
mimdebare tabiZis quCasTan).
moxirisi
baTum-aWariswylis regionSi `max~ fuZis mqone toponimebis erToblioba-Tavmoyra saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT mosazreba,rom amave fuZis
mqone `mox-ir-isi~ aq mdebareobda da ara quTaisis regionSi.
604

aWaraSia - punqti ,,maxo~ (Woroxis marcxena sanapiro)

misi gagrZelebaa punqti maxvilauri (marjvena sanapiro)
axloa punqti maxinjauri da xelvaCauri. iqve aWariswyalzea punqti
maxunceTi da mTa maxuncori 1386 m. zRvis donidan.
1) s. maxo aris q. xelvaCauris gagrZeleba md. Woroxis marcxena mxares,
axloa ergesTan (es punqti Woroxis marjvena sanapirozea);
md. `maxos wyali~ (Woroxis marcxena mxares);
`maxos ubani~ (baTumsa da erges Sua);
2) maxvilauri xelvaCauris gagrZelebaa marjvena mxares baTumis mimarTulebiT;
3) maxinjauri - amave regionSia, zRvispiras baTumis CrdiloeTiT 3-5 kmSi;
4) `maxunceTi~ (punqti aWariswyalze);
5) `maxuncori~ ( mTa aWariswyalTan,axloa ergesTan).

mox-irisi
max-o
max-vilauri
max-injauri
max-unceTi
max-uncori
ergedan vidre TiTqmis zRvamde Woeroxis mimdebare sakmaod vrceli
regionis soflebis, mdinarisa da adgilebis saxelebSi Cans fuZe-Ziri
`max~,rac sityva moxirisis naSTi unda iyos.
es faqti saSualebas iZleva gamoiTqvas mosazreba,rom moxirisi erqva
am regions da ara Tanamedrove quTaisis sanaxebs.
rodopolisi
arqeologia (arqeolog v. jafariZis wigni - ,,vardcixis naqalaqari~,
gamosca gamomcemloba mecnierebam 1989 wels).
arqeologi SesavalSive wers, rom aseTi qalaqi ucnobi iyo qarTuli
wyaroebisaTvis - ,,qarTuli waroebi TiTqmis srulebiT arafers gvamcnoben vardcixis Zveli istoriis Sesaxeb~ (v. jafariZe, vardcixis naqalaqari,
1989, gv. 3).
v. jafariZe, ise rogorc sxva arqeologebi, vardcixes uwodebs baRdadis
raionSi erTerT nacixars- varcixes. iqauri mosaxleobisaTvisac ki saxeli ,,vardcixe~ ucnobia.
savaraudod saxel `varcixis~ etimologia iseTivea, rogorc varZiisa,
varianisa, varkeTilisa da sxv.
varcixis Zvel saxelad miiCneva vardcixe, radganac 1737 wlis imereTis
rukaze erTerT axal cixes, ,,vardis cixe~ ewodeba da is miiCneva XVII
605

saukuneSi aSenebulad.
v. jafariZe yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe eWvmiutanlad miiCnevs, rom varcixe aris berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebis qalaqi rodpolisi.
535 wlis keisar iustinianes cnobiT ,,arqeopolisi da rodopolisi udidesi
da Zveli simagreebia lazeTSi~ (geo, II, 1965, gv. 35-36).
prokofi kesarielis mixedviT rodopolisi ,,yvelaze uwinares xvdeboda gzaze iberiidan kolxeTSi SesulT~ (iqve, gv. 186).
bizantiur kaTedraTa nusxebSi e.w. ekTezisebSi rodopolisSi iyo berZnuli
saepiskoposo kaTedra.
v. jafariZe eWvmiutanlad acxadebs, rom is Sedioda foTis mitropolitis daqvemdebarebaSi, maSasadame miiCnevs, rom cnobili fazisis berZnuli
samitropolito foTia, xolo varcixe - rodopolisia. Sesabamisad udgeba
Tavis arqeologiur kvlevas- varcixis gaTxrisas fiqrobda, rom Txrida
rodopoliss, magram man ver moi pova Sesabamisi arqeologiuri masala.
saepiskoposo qalaqSi gaTxris Sedegad Sesabamisi masala unda aRmoCeniliyo kidec. is bizantiis imperiis saepiskoposo centrs Txrida, amitom
qalaqis, anda saqalaqo cxovrebis Sesabamisi naSTi unda aRmoeCina, miT
umetes, rom iustinianes TqmiT rodopolisi udidesi da Zveli cixe-simagre
iyo, amitom am cixe-simagris Tu kedlebi ara misi saZirkveli mainc unda
aRmoCeniliyo.
araferi msgavsi v. jafariZes ar aRmouCenia.
man mxolod Sua saukuneTa momcro qarTuli eklesiis naSTi da aseve
Sua saukuneTa cixis nakveTebi aRmoaCina.
Tavis aRniSnul wignSi is TiTqmis yovel meore gverdze wers - ,,Wrilis
gasufTavebam qveda donezec ki mkveTrad gamoxatuli kulturuli
fena an raime erTeuli monapovari ar daadastura~ (v. jafariZe,
vardcixis naqalaqari, 1989gv. 14).
Txris Sedegad man daadgina: ,,am cixe-qalaqis teritoria ar Seicavs ax. w. pirveli saukuneebis araTu kulturul fenas, aramed am
xanis raime erTeul monapovars~ (maSasadame, varcixe ar SeiZleba iyos
strabonis radopolisi!).
sabolood ki daaskvna- `VI s. momdevno xanis mkveTrad gamoxatuli
kulturuli fena cixe-qalaqSi ar gamovlenila, yovel SemTxvevaSi
misi gamoyofa jerjerobiT ar xerxdeba~ (iqve, gv. 17). maSasadame arc
prokofis epoqis rodopolisia.
magram arqeologi mainc IV-VI saukuneebiT aTariRebs ,,cixis Sida
farTobis kulturul fenebs da safortifikacio nagebobebs~.
rusul reziumebSi v. jafariZe aRniSnavs, rom naqalaqaris teritoriaze qristianobamdeli fena ar dadasturda (iqve, gv. 146),
rac aRmoCnda aris ara importuli (berZnul-romauli samyaros produqciis naSTi) aramed adgilobrivi, da mxolod ,,mcire jgufi importisa~ (vardcixis naqalaqari, 1989,gv. 147),
ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom berZnul qalaqSi ,,adgilobrivi~ (me vity606

odi imeruli) nawarmi moexmaraT? yovelSemTxvevaSi, rogorc tabulebidan

Cans mopovebuli masala adgilobrivia (esaa ZiriTadad gviandroindeli
imeruli doqebi).
v. jafariZe Tavidanve aRniSnavs, rom varcixe iyo mcire dasaxleba
(vardcixis naqalaqari, 1989gv. 159), amitom igi romauli jaris sadgomi da
episkoposis samyofeli ver iqneboda,maSasadame varcixe ar iyo rodopolisi .
etimologia (rodopolisi - varcixe - vardeniki - ardaSeni
ardisubani)
polis - rogorc cnobilia berZnulad aris ,,qalaqi~. aqedan gamomdinare - rodopolisi - vardovani anda vardisqalaqia, Tumca varcixec
albaT SesaZloa rodopolisad Targmniliyo.
saqarTvelos da lazistanSi uamravi rodopolisi da vardiscixe vardovania.
magaliTad erTerTi vardcixe mdebareobs aWaraSi, sxalTiswylis xeobaSi xixaZirTan axlos, aqaa naeklesiari kvatia (sxalTis eklesiis aRmosavleTiT). sityva ,,kvatias~ fuZe-Ziri kvat igive kutia. sainteresoa rom
prokofi erT regionSi moixseniebs ,,quTaTissa~ da ,,rodopoliss~, aseve aq,
sxalTis regionSic erTadaa kvatias naeklesiari da vardiscixe.
v. kotetiSvilis ganmartebiT fuZe ,,ard~ aris sityvaSi ,,vardi~, Cven
istoriul saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi gvaqvs toponimebi am fuZiT,
magaliTad TeTriwyaros raionSia sofeli ,,ardisubani~, xolo lazistanSia ,,ardaSeni~, ,,vardovani~, ,,vardiSeni~ - gvxvdeba azrumTanac.
rogorc iTqva vardcixe - aWaraSia, varcixe ki ki geguTTan. is Cans,
geguTis cixe-darbazis mcveli erTerTi cixe iyo, romelic amave dros
xaniswylis gzas akontrolebda.
,,ardvani~ anu ,,vardvani~ unda yofiliyo Tavdapirveli saxeli arTvinisa, romelsac Zvel rukebze arTvanic ewodeba. cnobili soflebi vardeniki da vardaSeni iyvnen taosTan.
yvela es qarTuli saxeli - ardaSeni, arTvini, vardiSeni, ardisubani, Tu
vardis cixe, berZnulad albaT ,,rodopolisi~ iyo, Tumca rodopolisi
ufro qalaqis saxeli unda yofiliyo.
aTenSi dabeWdil lazikis istoriul rukaze, rodopolisis samitropolito ganlagebulia zigana-rizes mTianeTSi, misi centri ziganasTan
axlos yofila (am rukis mixedviT), xolo iv,javaxiSvilis 1923 wlis rukis
mixedviT punqti(qalaqi) saxelwodebiT `varda~ rizesTan axlosaa.
istoriul lazikaSi ramdenime rodopolisi yofila.
erTerT aseT rodopoliss, oRond ara saepiskoposo centrs, aramed cixeqalaqs, prokofi kesarielic axsenebs fazisis xeobaSi. Cveni azriT, is
liganis xeobaSi unda yofiliyo ganlagebuli, Woroxis sanapiroze.
n.adonci rodopolisis kaTedras miiCnevda pai pertTan mdebare erTerT
punqtad, Teodopolissa da pai perts Soris.
am arealze marTlac Zvel dross mdebareobda sofeli vardeniki (amJa607

mindeli taSpinar).
Cemi azriT ki rodopolisis saepiskoposo qalaqi iyo punqti `varda~,
romelic mdebareobda mdinare kalapotamosis napirze, trapezuntis regionSi da ara varcixe, romlis arqeologia miuTiTebs, rom iq arasodes
mdebareobda raime qalaqi.
rogorc iTqva, 1923 wels gamocemuli topograf ev. baramiZis mier Sedgenili rukis mixedviT, romlis redaqtoria iv. javaxiSvili q. ofis samxreTiT
(ofsa da rizes Soris) md. kalapotamosze iyo qalaqi (an didi daba)
saxelwodebiT ,,varda~, Tavisi eklesiiT.
rodopolisis lokalizeba mxolod misi saxelwodeis mixedviT xdeba.
varcixesac rodopolisi imis gamo uwodes, rom is erT-erT rukaze ,,vardiscixis~ saxeliTaa aRniSnuli.
Cveni kvleviT ki istoriuli rodopolisis eparqia moicavda of-rizes
mTianeTs vidre amJamindel giumiuSxanemde. Cvens misazrebas gvimtkicebs
Semdegi faqti:
XIX s.-Si berZenma sasuliero pirebma axal saeklesio olqs, romelic
maT aRadgines swored am regionSi uwodes saxeli- ,,rodopolisis samitropolito~ es samitropolito swored aRniSnul of-rizes mTianeTis regionSi mdebareobda vidre 1920-ian wlebamde (am droisaTvis Turqebma is
gaauqmes, radganac marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba am regionidan saberZneTSi gadasaxlda), es rodopolisis samitropolito mdebareobda ofrizes samxreTiT da gadaWimuli iyo giumiSxanemde.
ratom uwodes XIX s._Si konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semaval
rodopolisis samitropolitos swored es saxeli ,,rodopolisi~? me
vfiqrob imis gamo, rom maTi codniT aq istoriulad mdebareobda qalaqi
am saxelwodebiT rodopolisi (`varda~ anu ,,rodosi~). marTlac, aq am
saxelis qalaqi yofila kidec 1923 wlis rukis mixedviT.
marTlacda, ratom unda ewodebinaT berZnebs XIX s-Si `rodopolisis
samitropolito~ of-giumiSxanes mTianeTis regionisaTvis Tu istoriulad
rodopolisi iq ar mdebareobda?

Tavi XIX
fazisi foTi-fadisa-fasidi
fazisi
klimaturi periodebi
Ta doqtoris, geolog

foTis akvatoriaSi (teqnikur mecnierebag. maisuraZis Tvalsazrisi)

foTis, md. rionisa da misi deltis, aseve kolxeTis dablobis udidesi

nawilis geologiuri saxe ukanaskneli 2000 wlis manZilze ganpirobebuli
iyo klimaturi periodebiT.
geologiuri periodebi bolo aTi aTasi wlis manZilze pirobiTad dayofilia jgufebad (adre, Sua da gviani holocenebi).
maTgan Cven amJamad vimyofebiT periodSi, romelsac gviani (zeda) holo608

ceni ewodeba da misi klimaturi periodi iwodeba subatlantikurad.

am dros zRvis done mkveTrad icvleboda.
Tavdapirvelad, daaxloebiT brinjaos xanaSi (3000w), e.w. fanagoriuli
regresiis dros zRvis donem daiwia 6-8 metriT. xolo Semdeg, daaxloebiT I saukunidan daiwyo zRvis donis aweva da nulovan doneze
2 metriT maRla aiwia. am process `nimfeur transgresias~ uwodeben.
fanagoriuli regresiis dros Savi zRvis done imyofeboda 8-10
metriT dabla Tanamedrove donesTan SedarebiT (amis gamo amJamad
wyliT dafarul Selfis zolSi gaSenebuli iyo berZnul-romauli qalaqebi).
viTareba mkveTrad icvleba daaxloebiT qristes Sobis periodidan.
dedamiwaze klimatis globaluri cvalebadobis gamo daiwyo ukuprocesi _ aiwia zRvis donem (transgresia), amis gamo qalaqebi
moeqcnen wylis qveS. daTbobis periodi (globaluri) amJamadac
mimdinareobs.
md. rionTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom transgresiis, anu Savi zRvis
donis awevis gamo moxda md. rionis e.w. `Segubeba~.
saerTod, daaxloebiT I saukunis Semdeg
xdeboda mdinareTa Segubebebi, anu iwevda maRla zRvis done TiTqmis 2-4 metriT da amis
gamo es aweuli done aiZulebda mdinaris wyals dagubebuliyo, miT
umetes iseT gaSlil vakeze, rogoricaa
foTis Semogareni. amis
gamo mTel rionis vakeze Cndeboda Waobebi, anu mkveTrad izrdeboda wylis sarke (md. rionisa).
am movlenis gamo amJamadac am dablobze aris Waobebi da torfnari.
sazogadod ki, q. foTTan iyo md. rionis didi Segubeba, rac, rogorc
iTqva, daiwyo ZiriTadad I saukunidan.
am p ro ce ss ( S e gu be ba s) e wo de ba a se ve ` md i n ar i s k vd om a~
(geologiuri termini) da aRniSnavs eroziis bazisis stabilur
mdgomareobas, anu eroziis bazisi (am SemTxvevaSi Savi zRva) stabilurad inarCunebs maRal niSnuls, gaTanabrebuls mdinaris donesTan.
amis gamo mdinares Zalze uWirs Tavisi wylis zRvaSi Setana. is
TiTqosda eZebs gamosavals, icvlis kalapots, eZebs axal gzebs,
raTa Tavisi wyali rogorme Seitanos zRvaSi, dablobze iqmneba
meandrebi, anu mdinare iklakneba, xazavs sinusoidebs, amasTanave
xSirad Wris axal kalapots.
kolxeTis vakeze adgilobrivma mosaxleobam sagangebod am movlenis aRsaniSnavad SeimuSava termini _ `narionalebi~. esaa Rrma
arxebi, sadac odesRac mdinare miedineboda.
`narionalebi~ imas niSnavs, rom md. rioni icvlida kalapots, xSirad
iwyebda `xetials~ zedapirze.
amis kvali kosmosidanac Cans, kosmiur fotosuraTebze aris uamravi
narionalis aRnabeWdi samtrediidan foTamde.
mdinareTa Segubebebi transgresiis dros Cveulebrivi mdgomareobaa.
rogorc iTqva, fanagoriuli regresiis dros brinjaos epoqidan TiTq609

mis I saukunemde, zRvis done 8-10 metriT dabla imyofeboda (Tumca TandaTanobiT imatebda misi done).
fanagoriuli regresiis dros Savi zRvis zolSi zRvisgan gaTavisuflebul xmeleTze (Selfuri zona) gaSenda uZvelesi qalaqebi, magram es exeba
im Selfs, romelic garkveuli kuTxiT daxrilia zRvisken, magram foTTan
Selfuri zona TiTqmis zRvis donezea (imdenad, rom amJamadac SeiZleba foTTan wyalqveS moqceul teritoriaze 2 km-ze metic ki
fexiT gavla), anu zRvis donis dawevis drosac ki foTTan Selfis
magier gvqonda md. rionis mier Semotanili myari masala, romelic
ileqeboda foTis akvatoriaSi. maSasadame, aq qalaqis an qalaqebis
aSeneba SeuZlebeli iyo _ daWaobebisa da wyaluxvobis gamo ara
mxolod regresiis (zRvis ukan daxevis), aramed transgresiis (zRvis
donis awevis) drosac.
geologiuri WaburRilebi, romlebic dadgmulia foTis raionSi, aCvenebs,
rom 4 metri siRrmidan qvemoT, 15-25 metris intervalSi (TiTqmis 200 metr
siRrmemde), zRviur naleqTan erTad morigeoben torfis Sreebi, rac
metyvelebs imaze, rom mTeli meoTxeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, holocenis CaTvliT, es teritoria ganicdis stabilur daZirvas, rac gamoTvlilia. es aris weliwadSi 6-9 milimetri.
am labiluri, anu moZravi teritoriis gamo fanagoriuli regresiis
dros aq qalaqebi ver gaSendeboda (igulisxmeba foTis akvatoria).
(sxva viTareba iyo WoroxTan, engurTan da sxva mdinareebTan).
rioni aris RerZuli zoli mTaTaSua qvabulisa da mTeli Camorecxili
masala grovdeboda am qvabulSi, romelic (es masala) zRvisken miaqvs
rions, amis gamo teritoria aris labiluri, anu moZravi.
es niSnavs, rom es teritoria TandaTanobiT iZireba: 10 weliwadSi 6
santimetriT, 100 weliwadSi _ 60 santimetriT, xolo 1000 weliwadSi 6 metriT,
anu I saukunidan dRemde, anu 2000 wlis manZilze is CaiZira 10-12 metriT,
amitomac gvaqvs torfis Sreebi siRrmeebSi.
daskvna _ foTi ar aris antikuri qalaqi fazisi.
literatura: . , ` ~, 1966, ..
-, 1978.
doqtori, geologi g. maisuraZe
(geologis naazrevis gacnobis Semdeg me miCndeba aseTi kiTxva _ Tu
mdinare rioni ase xSirad icvlida kalapots, rogor aaSenes masze 120
xidi, miT umetes WaobebSi, rasac Tanamedrove teqnikiTac ver axerxeben?)
rionis qmedeba foTTan
ramdenime Cems werilSi gamovTqvi frTxili mosazreba, rom fazisi ar
mdebareobda Tanamedrove foTis adgilas. fasiselma akademikosebma es
varaudi mecnieruli kvlevebiT ganamtkices.
`fasisis saero akademiam~ gamosca aRniSnuli mecnierebis nakvlevi, romlidanac aRmoCnda, rom is adgili sadac amJamad qalaqi foTi mdebareobs,
2000 wlis win, strabonis dros, ueWvelad zRviT iyo dafaruli, anu Tan610

amedrove foTis adgili wylis qveS yofila moqceuli.

amis mizezs Semdegnairad aRwers ramdenime akademikosi:
mdinare rions zRvaSi yovelwliurad Seaqvs 10-12 milioni tona
sila, rac sanapirosTan daleqvis Semdgom iwvevs miwis matebas, anu
rionis SesarTavTan izrdeba xmeleTi da es mateba xmeleTisa 2000
wlis manZilze gvaZlevs mraval aTeul kilometrovan axal sanapiro zols.
s. gvasalia wers: `Tu ukve xsenebul ricxobriv monacemebs davubrundebiT da xmeleTis matebas weliwadSi saSualod 4 metrs vivaraudebT 2500
wlis manZilze zRvis sanapiro rionis SesarTavTan 10 km-iT mainc unda
yofiliyo gaziduli aRmosavleTiT dRevandeli sanapiros xazidan, Sesabamisad mTeli teritoria, romelzec dRes qalaqi foTia gaSenebuli da pirvel rigSi ki kunZulis ubani, gviandel warmonaqmnad
unda CaiTvalos~ (s. gvasalia `antikuri xanis kolxeTi~, krebulSi
`cotneideli~, t. II, 2008, gv. 57).
mecnierma Cemi mosazreba gamoTvlebiT daadastura.
marTlac, q. foTi ar SeiZleba iyos q. fazisi, radganac s. gvasalias
monacemebiT misi amJamindeli mdebareobis adgili 2500 wlis win zRvis
siRrmeSi iyo CaZiruli maSindeli sanapiro zolidan 10 km-is iqiT..
meore mecnierma (s. zaqaraiam) ki kvlevebiT daadastura es azri.
s. zaqaria wers: `q. foTis portis statistikuri monacemebiT 1804,
1870, 1892 wlebSi xmeleTma Sesabamisad weliwadSi 9 metri moimata!~
(iqve, gv. 69).
Tuki wina mecnieris(s.gvasalias) angariSiT erT weliwadSi xmeleTis 4
metri mateba 2500 wlis manZilze Tanamedrove foTis mdebareobis adgils
sazRvravda zRvis siRrmeSi 10 km-iT, meore mecnieris mier miTiTebuli 9
metriT matebis SemTxvevaSi is 2-jer ufro meti unda yofiliyo, maSasadame
daaxloebiT 20-22 km-iT daSorebuli Tanamedrove sanapirodan zRvis siRrmeSi. e.i. dRevandeli foTis adgilsamyofeli antikur xanaSi zRvaSi iyo
CaZiruli da daSorebuli sanapirodan 20-ze meti km-iT.
ramdenad realuria aseTi angariSi aRniSnul statistikur monacemebze
dayrdnobiT, iqneb mecnierebi cdebian?
ara, maTi azri dasturdeba niko nikolaZis piradi dakvirvebiT da
misi gazomvebiT. kerZod, s. zaqaraia mkiTxvels awvdis aseT cnobas _ `m.
berZniSvils mohyavs niko nikolaZis monacemebidan faqti, rom 1860-ian wlebSi
zed zRvis sanapiroze agebuli Suqura Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi, daaxloebiT 1910-15 wlebSi, napirs 2 versze metiT aRmoCnda daSorebuli~ (iqve, gv.
70). am cnobas Tan erTvis naxazi romelzedac avtoris mier miniSnebulia,
rom 55 wlis ganmavlobaSi xmeleTma moimata 2000 metriT (iqve, gv. 71). anu
uxeSad rom vTqvaT, naxevar saukuneSi xmeleTs 2 km-iT moumatia, cxadia erT
saukuneSi moimatebda 4 km-iT, rac 25 saukunis manZilze gvaZlevs 100 km-s!
miuxedavad mecnieruli kvlevisa, piradad me, mainc ver ganvazogadeb maT
Sedegebs, sinamdvileSi rionis sila-SlamiT ifareboda ara mTeli sanapiros perimetri, aramed mxolod rionis SesarTavis mimdebare teritoria. amas miuTiTebs iqve s. zaqaraias mier mocemuli kidev erTi statis611

tikuri cnoba. kerZod, `Turqma generalsimusma murad III-m 1578 wels foTTan, uSualod zRvis sanapiroze aago foTis cixe, romelic 280
wlis Semdeg, 1858 wels, zRvis napiridan 1,8 km-iT iyo daSorebuli.
saqmis realoba imaSia, rom rioni msoflioSi gamoirCeva, rogorc
naSali masalis (sila, Slami da sxv.) didi raodenobis zRvaSi
Semtani. mecnierTa mier araerTgzis dadgenilia, rom yovelwliurad md. rions zRvaSi Seaqvs 8-12 milioni tona naSali masala,
risi didi nawili zRvis sanapiros Soriaxlo ileqeba da iwvevs
xmeleTis matebas zRvis xarjze~ (iqve, gv. 70).
maSasadame, murad III-s rionis SesarTavis siaxloves augia foTis cixe,
romelic 280 wlis Semdeg zRvas ukve daSorebuli iyo 1,8 km-iT. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, xmeleTis mateba am adgilas ufro naklebi iyo vidre Suquras
pirze, ratom? saqme isaa, rogorc s. zaqaraias naxazidan Cans, Suqura ufro
axlo yofila md. rionis SesarTavTan, xolo foTis cixe ufro moSorebiT
mdgara.
maSasadame, 9 metri mateba xmeleTisa yofila ara Savi zRvis mTel sanapiroze, aramed uSualod md. rionis SesarTavTan. Tumca arc foTis cixesTan yofila mcire.
erTi sityviT, md. rionis SesarTavTan gaSenebuli qalaqi xmeleTis matebis gamo, 2500 wlis Semdeg, zRvis sanapirodan ramdenime aTeuli km-iT
iqneboda daSorebuli.
sxva sityviT rom vTqvaT, qalaqi md. rionis SesarTavTan, am mdinaris
Slamianobis gamo, ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi zRvas daSordeboda da
uvargisi gaxdeboda naosnobisaTvis.
im epoqaSi arc silis satumbi manqanebi gaaCndaT da arc rkina-betonis
jebirebs agebdnen.
maS sad aages q. fazisi?
samwuxarod es saukunovani kiTxva pasuxgaucemeli darCa. Tumca ki, piradad me mainteresebs ara antikuri qalaqi fazisis adgilsamyofeli, aramed
Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli fazisis samitropolito centrisa, kerZod, IVVII saukuneTa viTareba.
arqeologebis erTi nawilis azriT swored am epoqaSi mkveTrad aiwia
Savi zRvis donem, TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 3-4 metriT.
am klimatur epoqas uwodeben holocens.
anu zRva TandaTanobiT maRldeboda TiTqmis X saukunemde, XVI s.Semdgom
ki isev daiwia da Tanamedrove nulovan doneze dadga (d. wereTeli, `pleistocen gruzii~, 1966, (rusul enaze); p. v. fedorov, `pleistocen ponto-kaspia~,
1978, (rusul enaze).
rionis SesarTavTan, am viTarebis gamo, rogorc Cans, namdvili
tropikuli warRvna iyo.
erTi mxriv mdinares Semohqonda 10-12
milioni tona Slami, amave dros ki zRvis done maRla iwevda, rasac
Tan erTvoda dasavleTis qarebis gamo gaSlil vakeze mdinaris
Segubeba. Waobi da fafiseburi niadagi, araTu rionis sanapiroebs,
aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos vakis did nawilsac moicavda.

612

rionis dablobi (geologiuri mimoxilva)

foTi mdebareobs rionis dablobze zRvis donidan 1-3 m simaRleze (qse,
10, 351), uWiravs zRvispira vake, romelsac md. rionis erTerTi toti araTanabar nawilebad hyofs.
foTis datborvis sawinaaRmdegod sistematurad warmoebs mdinaris dinebis maregulirebeli samuSaoebi.
qalaqis mosazRvre miwebi metwilad daWaobebulia.
qalaqs samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Camoudis mdinare kaparWina, aqve mdebareobs paliastomis tba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom foTi-samtrediis zonaSi miwis zedapiris zogierTi monakveTi zRvis doneze dablac ki mdebareobs.
V-VIII saukuneebSi, geologiuri daskvnis mixedviT, mTeli es zedapiri
Txeli wyliT unda yofiliyo dafaruli.
saqme isaa, rom daaloebiT axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan Savi zRvis
done TandaTan maRla iwevda da aweuli iyo 1 da zogjer 2-3 metrT. zRvis
donis aweva gamoiwvia e.w. `nimfurma transgresiam~.
(regresiad iwodeba zRvis donis daweva, transgresiad ki zRvis
donis aweva).
es periodi, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis Casaxva-aRorZinebis
saukuneebia da CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani. am epoqaSi rionis
dablobi, miT umetes foTi, Cans, wyliT daifara, radganac zRvis
donem 1 metriT aiwia da aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda TiTqmis
aTasi weli.
CvenTvis sainteresoa sakiTxi, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara foTSi aseTi
wyaldidobisa da daWaobianebis epoqaSi, kerZod VI saukuneSi daarsebuliyo e.w. `fasisis samitropolito kaTedra~, rogorc Cvens Tanamedrove saistorio qarTul literaturaSia aRniSnuli?
ras niSnavs samitropolito centri? _ mitropoliti warmoSobilia
berZnuli sityvidan `mater~ da `polis~, niSnavs deda qalaqis, mTavari
qalaqis episkoposs. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, foTi yofiliyo regionis mTavari qalaqi aseTi dausrulebeli wyaldidobis dros, maSin, roca wylis
simaRle ara Tu iklebda, aramed TandaTanobiT matulobda XV-XVI saukuneebamdee? da Tu es mosazreba simarTlea(magram Cans,rom simarTlea,
radgan,sxva araqarTuli kvlevebiTac Savi zRvis done aweuli iyo) maSin
ismis kiTxva - saerTod arsebobda Tu ara aseTi saSinel klimatur
pirobebSi rionis dablobze qalaqebi? an Tundac soflebi?
rogorc Cans, arsebuli pirobebis gamo xalxi ara Tu aSenebda soflebs
(an qalaqebs), aramed aSenebulsac tovebda maT da mTiswineTs afarebda
Tavs.
amis magaliTad unda CavTvaloT paliastomis tbis eklesiis bedi.
quTaisis muzeumSi amJamadac dabrZanebulia `paliastomis xati~, romelsac Tan axlavs Txroba xatis Tavdapirveli eklesiis Sesaxeb.
kerZod, paliastomis adgilas yofila sofeli Tavisi eklesiiTa da cnobili xatiT, romelic TandaTanobiT wylis qveS moeqca, xalxma xati gamoasvena eklesiidan da mTebs Seafara-`amas ityvian naqalaqevs da Semdgomad
613

moculsa wylisagan~ _ wers vaxuSti paliastomze (qarTlis cxovreba,IV,

gv. 790).
rodis warmoiqmna paliastomis tba? SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara mis adgilze soflis, an qristianuli eklesiis arseboba?
eklesiebi CvenSi Sendeboda IV s-dan. SesaZlebelia, aq marTlac aSenda
eklesia, romelic zRvis donis awevis kvaldakval wliT daifara.
g. maisuraZis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT `I-II saukuneebSi ar SeiZleboda paliastomis tbis arseboba regresiis gamo~ (maS rogor
unda enaxaT foTTan tba strabonis epoqaSi?).
paliastomis tbis maqsimaluri siRrmea 3,2 m, saSualo siRrme aris 2,6
metri. transgresiisas, V saukenedan mainc,Tu ufro adredan ara,zRvis
amaRlebis gamo zRvaSi mdinare rionis wyals Sesvla uWirda, is gubdeboda da iSleboda mTel rionis dablobze, romelic TiTqmis nulovan donezea samtrediamde.
vfiqrob, rom am daWaobebis da mis Tanmdev cieb-cxelebis gamo, grigol
xanZTelma afxazeTis samefos (anu imJamindel dasavleT saqarTvelos)
barSi, ver i pova vercerTi samonastro adgili da amitomac mTaSi _ ubisas
monastrisaTvis Cauyria safuZveli.
TviTY daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSic ki, quTaisis midamoebi haviT uvargisad iTvleboda.
viTareba, anu klimaturi pirobebis Secvla dawyebula XVI saukunisaTvis. am saukunis Semdeg daiwyo `regresia~, anu zRvis donis
daweva, zRvis done nulovan donesTan SedarebiT daweula naxevari
metriT, radganac mis wina periodSi aweuli iyo erTi metriT, sabolood zRvas dauwevia TiTqmis metrnaxevriT.
am Secvlilma viTarebam wylisagan gaaTavisufla miwis didi farTobebi,
Waobma da, Sesabamisad, cieb-cxelebam ukan daixia, hava gaumjobesda da
mdinare rions _ iqamde Segubebuls mieca zRvaSi SedarebiT Tavisufali SeRwevis saSualeba. wylisagan gaTavisuflebul miwebze
xalxma daiwyo xvna-Tesva, gamoCnda axali sacxovrebeli adgilebi.
am dros, Cans, gamoCnda foTis mimdebare teritoriac, romlebic
aseve wylisagan gaTavisuflda. imis gamo, rom foTi SedarebiT
ufro maRlaa zRvis donidan, vidre misi momijnave teritoriebi,
osmaleTs maSinve miuqcevia misTvis yuradReba.
1578-79 wlebSi osmalebma es miwebi dai pyres da didi cixe-simagre aages.
1640 wels imereT-guria-samegrelos laSqarma ieriSiT aiRo cixe-simagre,
magram mas 1723 wels kvlav osmaleTi daepatrona 1828 wlamde.
XIX saukuneSi kvlav dawyebula transgresia, anu kvlav aiwia
zRvis donem da miaRwia nulovan dones. kvlav daiwyo TandaTanobiT datborva mimdebare dablobisa, rac amJamadac grZeldeba.
egrisis, argveTisa da guriis cixe-simagreebi da soflebi agebuli iyo
ara rionis dablobSi, aramed mTiswinebSi.
fasisis samitropolitos qalaqebi rodopolisi, saisini, petra
da ziganevi aRniSnuli mdgomareobis gamo unda veZioT ara rionis
dablobze,aramed sxva regionSi.
614

Waobis hava foTTan

holocenis bolo periodSi, rogorc aRiniSna, Savi zRvis donis TiTqmis
1-2 m-iT maRla awevis gamo mdinare rions uWirda Tavis wylebis Setana
zRvaSi, ris gamoc is gubdeboda kolxeTis gaSlil vakeze da warmoqmnida
uzarmazar Waobebs.
XVI-XVIII saukunisaTvis zRvis donem daiwia da Waobebis erTi nawili
daSra, amis miuxedavad, foTis mimdebare regionis klimati uvargisad iTvleboda. magaliTad, XVIII saukunis mogzauri mitropoliti timoTe gabaSvili ase axasiaTebs ruleT-kales (yulevis) garemos: `Waobiani, uxvnaleqiani da janmrTelobisTvis uvargisi~ (k. xaraZe, qarTveli mogzaurebi, 1987,
gv. 48).
foTis arqeologia
foTis aRmosavleTiT 15-20 km-is iqiT, mdinareebs rionsa da xobs Soris,
aRmoCnda gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis epoqis adamianTa namosaxlarebi
(namarnu, Ziguri, nosiri, sakire, civa, anaklia, eki, senaki, ergeta, ureki da
sxva).
gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis epoqaSi mecnier-geografia monacemebiT Savi zRvis done TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT daweuli iyo
ramdenime metriT (zRvis regresia).
am epoqaSi, zRvis donis dadablebis Sedegad daSra rionis dablobSi Waobebi da lagunebi, ris gamoc SedarebiT xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna adamianis cxovrebisaTvis, amis Sedegad warmoiqmna, albaT, aRniSnuli epoqis, anu gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis namosaxlarebi. marTalia,aRmoCnda ucxouri keramikis fragmentebic zRvispirze
ureksa da yulevis Sua Zv.w. VI da Semdgomi saukuneebisa,magram zRvis
piras ar aRmoCnda raime antikuri qalaqis namosaxlari.
arqeologi g. gamyreliZe sagangebod swavlobda q. fazisis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxs md. rionis SesarTavTan da momijnave mxareebSi. misi
nakvlevis daskvna aseTia _ `klasikuri da elinisturi xanis qalaqi
arqeologiurad ar aris dadasturebuli~ (g. gamyreliZe, `qalaq fasisis adgilmdebareobisa da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~ iberia-kolxeTi,
saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1,
2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX, gv. 172).
ufro metic, ara Tu klasikuri da elinisturi xanis raime naqalaqaris
arseboba, aramed berZnuli kulturis raime zegavlenac ki ar Cans
mosaxleobis yofaSi .
g. gamyreliZe wers _ `mniSvnelovania is faqtis, rom Zv.w. VIII-VI da
gnebavT IV saukunemde foTis midamoebSi da mTel kolxeTSi raime didi
cvlileba arqeologiur kulturaSi (keramikul da metalurgiul warmoebaSi, arqiteqturaSi, ideologiaSi Tu dakrZalvis wesSi ar SeimCneva. xsenebul
teritoriaze adgilobrivi sociumi rogorc cxovrobda ise cxovrobs, ar
Cans berZnuli kulturis raime zegavlena mosaxleobis yofaSi~ (g.
gamyreliZe, dasax. naSr, gv. 172).
g. gamyreliZe, romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla yvela arqeologiuri
monacemebi q. foTis mimdebare teritoriaze, Seiswavla yvela wyaro q.
615

fazisis Sesaxeb, askvnis, rom Tu foTi fazisia, maSin `e.w. didi berZnuli
kolonizacia Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi ar Sexebia foTs(q. faziss)~ (iqve, gv.
172).
g. gamyreliZe gulisxmobs, rom arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT,
q. foTs ar Sexebia `e.w. didi berZnuli kolonizacia~, cxadia, q.
fazisi miletelTa daarsebuli iyo da fazisi TviT iyo didi berZnuli
kolonizaciis Sedegi, magram, radganac q. foTTan ar aRmoCnda am kolonizaciis raime kvali, es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom q. foTTan
ar unda eZion q. fazisi, aramed sxva regionSi, iqneb Woroxis
SesarTavTan, ufro samxreTiT.
g. gamyreliZe ganagrZobs _ q. foTsa da mis SemogarenSi `ucxouri
nawarmi kolonizaciis epoqaSi ar Cans, xolo Zv.w. VI-V saukuneTa importuli nawarmi mcirea da sul daaxloebiT 100 erTeuliT (keramikis natexebi)
ganisazRvreba. amitom aq raRac intensiur berZnul sakolonizacio
moqmedebebze saubari jerjerobiT sruliad usafuZvloa~ (g. gamyreliZe, `q. fasisis adgilmdebareobis da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~, iberiakolxeTi, saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa
krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX, gv. 172).
aRsaniSnavia, rom mwiri arqeologiuri masala, mikvleulia, miwis qveS 6
metris siRrmeze, paliastomis tbis fskersa da zRvaSi _ `dRevandeli
foTis teritoriaze yvelaze Zveli arqeologiuri monacemebi adgil natexebTan paliastomis tbis dasavleT nawilSi Tixa-torfian fenebSi dadasturda. aq aRmoCnda Zv.w. IV s-is antikuri Savlakiani WurWlis qusli da
amforis Ziri (Zv.w. III s.). q. foTis midamoebSi aRmoCnda Zv.w. V s-is kolxuri TeTris 2 cali didraqma. q. foTSi, pirveli maisis quCaze, geologiuri
burRvis Sedegad, 6 metr siRrmeze aRmoCnda sinopuris msgavsi Zv.w. II-I ssTa keramikis naSTebi~ (iqve, gv. 174).
foTis midamoebSi cxovreba qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg gagrZeldeboda Cveuli gziT, anu adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofa iseTive iyo,
rogorc mTel danarCen istoriul dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac ukve IV
s-dan eklesiaTa mSenebloba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. aseve yofila Tanamedrove foTis maxloblad paliastomis tbis adgilas erT-erT sofelSi,
sadac idga eklesia( am droisaTvis, Cans, iqamde zRvis doneze ramdenime
metriT dadablebuli wyali maRldeboda da 0-van dones uaxlovdeboda
da kidev ufro maRla iwevda magram es neli TandaTanobiTi procesi iyo)
marTlac, paliastomis tbis nawilSi arqeologebma aRmoaCines sofluri dasaxleba, SeiZleba iTqvas qarTuli ti pisa, radganac mas ar
gaaCnia brwyinvaleba berZnuli civilizaciisa.
hidro-arqeologi wers _ `paliastomis tbis samxreT nawilSi kaparWanas boloSi, adgil `naeklesiarze~ aRmoCnda riyis qvebiT nagebi
kedlis naSTebi. tbis dasavleT nawilSi, malTayvasTan, dadasturda III-VIII ss-Ta namosaxlaris naSTebi. arqeologiuri kvleviT gairkva,
rom paliastomis tbaSi punqt `natexebSi~ Zveli namosaxlaria da
misi naSTebi 900 kvadratul metrze vrceldeba... paliastomis tbis
farTi 18 kv.km-ia, zRvisa da tbis done Tanabaria~ (iqve, gv. 126).
616

paliastomis tbaSi adgil `natexebis~ namosaxlaris keremika (aguri,

kramiti) iseTivea, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva nagebobebisa _
`agurebi zomebiT iseTivea, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua
saukuneebis naqalaqarebze _ biWvinta, soxumi, oCamCire, gudava, noqalaqevi,
mTisZiri, vaSnari, qobuleT-biWvnari, cixisZiri da gonio. paliastomis tbis
namosaxlarze armoCnda brtyeli gverdebdakecili kramiti... aq adgilobrivis garda aRmoCnda ucxouri brtyeli kramitis natexebic... `natexebis~
namosaxlarze aRmoCenili keramikuli tara _ adgilobrivi amforebi siaxloves iCens noqalaqevSi gaTxrilTan da saerTod dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xanis _ adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze (ganTiadi, oCamCire, cixisZiri, varcixe, qobuleT-biWvnari) adgilobrivia samzareulo keramika qoTnebi, jamebi, luTeriebi, doqebi, aseve sameurneo keramika-qvevrebi. adgilobrivia paliastomis tbis nasaxlaris
aRmoCenili masalis 75%, mTeli arqeologiuri masalis 25%-mdea ucxouri keramika, rac miuTiTebs sagareo urTierTkavSirs am nasaxlarisa. ase,
rom foTis arqeologiuri masala adgilobrivia da ar gansxvavdeba zogad qarTulisagan im epoqisaTvis. `amnairi WurWeli dasavleT
saqarTvelos IV-V ss fenebSi gvxvdeba~ (iqve, gv. 178). anda `aseTi minis
natexebi gaTxrilia webeldSi, soxumSi, noqalaqevSi, da sxvagan. msgavsi
fexiani sasmisebi IV-VIII ss-iT TariRdeba. minis fexiani sasmisebi dadasturebulia mcxeTaSi, urbnisSi, rusTavSi da sxvagan (g. gamyreliZe, `qalaq
fasisis adgilmdebareobisa da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~ iberia-kolxeTi,
saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1,
2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX, gv. 178).
erTi sityviT, foTis arqeologiuri masala miuTiTebs, rom iq
arsebuli `natexebis~ dasaxleba, Cveulebrivi, sxvaTa msgavsi adgilobrivi (qarTuli) sofeli iyo, Tavisi eklesiiT. is antikuri Tu
bizantiuri ti pis qalaqi ar yofila. `natexebi~ ki yvelaze didi
dasaxleba iyo foTis regionSi.
ismis kiTxva: ratom aRmoCnda foTis (`natexebis~) dasaxleba paliastomis sivrceSi? amis mizezi iyo Savi zRvis donis aweva anu transgresia,
romelic daiwyo axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan. Savi zRvis done
TandaTanobiT imatebda saukuneTa manZilze, imdenad amaRlda, rom Tanamedrove dones 3 metriT gadaaWarba. Savi zRvis wylis zedapiris amaRleba 3
metriT, katastrofuli iyo rionis dablobisaTvis, romlis didi nawili
zRvis doneze _ 0-van niSneulze mdebareobs. maSasadame, am dablobis didi
nawili wyliT Tu ara, WaobiT mainc daifara. Savi zRvis donis es mateba
perioduli yofila.
iqamde, rogorc iTqva, adrerkinis xanaSi Savi zRvis done regresiis
gamo ufro dabla iyo 0-van niSneulTan SedarebiT, anu amJamindel zRvis
doneze dabla. am dros xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmnila adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis, magram daaxloebiT I s-dan daiwyo zRvis donis aweva, e.i. jer
zRva gautolda 0-van niSneuls, procesi saukuneebi grZeldeboda. qristianobis gavrcelebis kvaldakval zRvac imatebda, magram mateba mainc
da mainc sagangaSo ar yofila, ramac saSualeba misca paliastomis
617

tbis adgilas aegoT eklesia, magram mateba grZeldeboda, zRvam win

waiwia. am droisaTvis albaT zRvis mateba ukve 1-2 metrs aWarbebda. es ki
ukve katastrofa iyo. Senobebi TandaTanobiT wyliT daifara, xalxma miatova sacxovrisi da mTian adgilebSi gadasaxlda. Cans, ufro quTaisisaken,
radganac quTaisSi gadaasvenes paliastomis eklesiis cnobili xati da
agreTve, guriaSi, jumaTSi gadaasvenes paliastomis sxva xati.
arqeologi kargad aRwers klimatur katastrofas _ `klasikur-elinisturi xanis fasisi mainc mikvleuli ar aris. es ki imitom xdeba,
rom xsenebul monakveTSi urTulesi paleomorfologiuri situaciaa. geomorfologiuri mdgomareobis mxriv yulev-foTi-urekis
zRvispireTi, TiTqos, amovardnilia saqarTvelos zRvispireTis (330
km.) saerTo konteqstidan. aq bundovania globaluri, Savi zRvis
regresiisa da transgresiis faqti fasisTan mimarTebaSi.
gaurkvevelia zRvis sanapiro Slefis lokaluri dinamikis sakiTxic. xSirad, geomorfologebi arqeologebis monacemebs eyrdnobian da sanapiroze namosaxlarebis ganlagebis mixedviT gamoaqvT
zogadi daskvnebi. Cveni azriT, sakiTxi kompleqsur Seswavlas moiTxovs. oRond, sasurvelia, rom jer geomorfologebma gagvcen pasuxi
Tu rogori iyo sanapiros dinamika da Zvelad sad erTvoda rioni
zRvas. maT unda gaiTvaliswinon globaluri (zRvis regresia-transgresia) da lokaluri (mdinareebis gamonatani naSali masala, mdinareebis rionis, fiCoris, xobis, sufsis Zveli kalapotebi, regionis
Waobianoba, torfianoba da sxva) monacemebi... sayuradReboa, rom aq
erTis mxriv xdeba rionis mier saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi didZali
naSali masalis gamotana, rac albaT deltis zRvaSi gawevas iwvevda, xolo meores mxriv xdeboda zRvis donis aweva, rasac sanapiros
mitaceba moyva~ (iqve, gv. 179).
cnobilma xatma `paliastomis RvTismSobelma~ dRemde moaRwia _ `foTidan,
paliastomis tbis midamoebidan, aris qarTuli (mxedrulwarweriani) barZimi, romelic q. quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi inaxeba (inv.
#3788)~. (iqve, gv. 176). barZims aqvs qarTuli Tumca gviandeli warwera, aseve
qarTulia paliastomis xatis warwerac, rac erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs,
rom taZari qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda da ara
berZnulisa. berZnul saepiskoposoebSi qarTuli wirva-locva da warwerebi, rogorc wesi, ar arsebobda. aqedan gamomdinare, Cans, arc fasisis
samitropolito centri yofila q. foTSi, iqneb fasisis samitropolito
da misi oTxi berZnuli saepiskoposo ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed
iq iyo, sadac maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb miuTiTa saxelganTqmulma mecnierma
n. adoncim, anu trapezuntis olqSi, Woroxis xeobis dasavleT nawilSi.
Tumca, g. gamyreliZis azriT, `fasisi zRvaSi unda iyos daZiruli~, amis
dasturia agreTve mecnier-geografebis monacemebi, romlis mixedviT Sav
zRvaze e.w. fanagoriuli regresiis damTavrebis Semdeg daiwyo Savi zRvis
transgresia (Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze), Sedegad zRvis
donem 3 metramde aiwia. Sesabamisad Zveli namosaxlarebi zRvis qveS unda
moqceuliyvnen. kerZod, amgvari procesebi ganviTarda CrdiloeT da samxreT
618

(mag. sinopi) SavizRvispireTSi, sadac mTeli rigi antikuri namosaxlarebi

moeqcnen wyalqveS (g. gamyreliZe, `qalaq fasisis adgilmdebareobisa da
definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~ iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX,gv.
180).
foTis (faTisis) istoria Revondis cnobiT
sad mdebareobda lazikis qalaqi fazisi? es sakiTxi TiTqosda
garkveulia,miiCneva,rom is amJamindeli foTia, magram kvleva sxvas aCvenebsarsebobda ramdenime qalaqi fazisi da aseve es saxeli (fazisi) sxvadasxva
mdinares erqva.
fasidiF(fazisi) Zvel qalaq polemonionsac erqva trapezunts
dasavleTiT.MEmeore qalaqi fazisi Woroxis sanapirozec iyo.
trapezuntTan axlos (150 km. dasavleTiT) SavizRvispirze, romaul provincia IV armeniis maxloblad mdebareobda qalaqi fasidi-fadisa, romelsac aseve cnobili saxeli- `polomenioni~ erqva.
q. fadisa-polemonionis CrdiloeTiT iSleboda Savi zRva, aRmosavleTiT
trapezunti, samxreTiT ki SemosazRvruli iyo kerasuntis mTianeTiT, romelic
kolxebis uZvelesi sacxovrisi iyo.
trapezuntis regions eqvTime mTawmideli uwodebs ,,sofeli megrelTa~
anu megrelTa qveyanas. Zveli somexi avtorebi mas `egerTa qveyanas~ anda
`egerias~ uwodebdnen.
qarTuli mTargmnelebi berZnul sityva lazikas Targmnidnen, ase: ,,sofeli
megrelTa~, amitomac, roca eqvTime mTawmidelma berZnulidan Targmna andria mociqulis cxovreba, man winadadeba ,,andria mivida trapezuntSi,
lazikis qveyanaSi~ ase Targmna - ,,andria mivida trapezuntSi megrelTa
sofelSi~.
erTi sityviT, Zveli qarTveli avtorebi lazikas uwodebdnen ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed vrcel regions istoriul qarTul miwa-wyalzekerasuntidan Woroxis SesarTavamde.
aq, rogorc aRvniSneT, kerasuntTan yofila da axlac aris qalaqi navsadugri fadissa anu faTisi igive faTi (foTi), mas axla fatra ewodeba
da mdebareobs Tanamedrove qalaq ordusTan axlos, mis dasavleTiT.
Tu fatsa anu fadissa (Ffadissa) -qarTulad faTsa anu faTia (igive foTi),
maSin istoriulad arsebula ori foTi, erTi samxreT egrisSi (lazikaSi)
trapezuntis regionSi, meore Crdilo egrisSi- dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
cxadia qalaq faTsas (faTs) icnobdnen somexi avtorebic. maT Soris
yofila VIII saukunis somexi istorikosi Revond vartapeti anu leonide
moZRvari. is Tavis ,,xalifTa istoriis~ X TavSi gadmogvcems erT sagulisxmo
cnobas qalaq-navsadguris faTisas anu somxurad fuTTis Sesaxeb.
kerZod arabTa xelisuflebisgan somxeTidan ltolvilma didebulebma
Tavi Seafares bizantiur qveyanas, anu trapezuntis regions. imperatorma
maT sacxovrisad uboZa egerTa qveynis anu trapezuntis regionis qalaqi
fuTTi (fadisa) aq isini cxovrobdnen eqvsiode weli, Semdeg gadawyvites
619

somxeTSi dabruneba, ikadres ukadrisi saqcieli, gaZarcves fadisas eklesiebi da gaiqcnen.

Revond vardapeti ase aRwers am ambavs- sumbat kurapalatma da sxva
didebulebma, somxeTidan gaZevebis Semdeg sTxoves bizantiis imperators
mieca maTTvis samkvidrebeli qalaqi, saZovrebi da sadgomi saqonlisaTvis
- ,,da man misca maT qalaqi romelsac ewodeba fuTi (foTi) egerTa qveynis
mxareSi, sadac daemkvidrnen eqvs weliwads~ (maqs. berZniSvili, Revondis
cnoba foTis Sesaxeb, universitetis Sromebi, t. 26(b), 1944, gv. 201).
rogorc aRiniSna, madlobis nacvlad, somxeTidan ltolvilma didebulebma eqvsi wlis mkvidrobis Semdeg gaZarcves fadisas (foTis) eklesiebi, moitaces saeklesio samkauli da dabrundnen samSobloSi.
,,roca es ambavi esma keisars, ewyina maTi aseTi usamarTloba, mouwoda
eklesiis winamRvrebs: mitropolitsa da arqiepiskoposebs, ubrZana CaeweraT wignSi wyevla da waekiTxaT aRdgomis dResaswaulis Sesrulebisas,
...waekiTxaT wyevla dRevandlamde, rac iqmna mizezi maTi daRupvisa~ (iqve,
gv. 202).
maqs. berZniSvilis kvleviT imperatorma qalaqi foTi somxeTidan
ltolvilebs dauTmo VIII s. dasawyisSi (715 wlamde), xolo TviTon levonidi
VIII-IX ss. dasawyisis mweralia.
maqsime berZniSvilis mtkicebiT Revontis mier aRwerili ambebi Seexo
dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaq foTs, TiTqosda is gadasca imperatorma
somex didebulebs, romelnic iq damkvidrnen TavianTi pirutyviT, roca
gamouyves saZovrebi, Semdeg ki maT foTis eklesiebi gaZarcves.
amis gamo adgilobrivi mitropoliti da arqiepiskoposebi mTeli saukunis manZilze TavianT eklesiebSi aRdgoma dRes wyevlidnen somxebs, ramac
Revontis cnobiT, TiTqosda imoqmeda da es wyevla mizezi Seiqmna somxeTis
dangrevisa.
ismis kiTxva, rionis foTi iyo Tu ara VIII-IX saukuneTa Sua samitropolito centri, sadac mitropolitTan Tavs iyrida ramdenime arqiepiskoposi, aqvs Tu ara foTs saZovrebi, sadac iyo ganTavsebuli somex ltolvilTa
saqoneli, iyo Tu ara foTSi eklesiebi, romelnic gauZarcvavT somex
ltolvilebs?
marTalia, Cveni mecnierebi miiCneven, rom fasisis samitropolito centri foTSi mdebareobda, romelsac eqvemdebareobdnen petras, ziginevis,
saisinisa da rodopolisis saepiskoposoebi, magram aRiareben imasac, rom
foTis samitropolito centri gadatanili iqna trapezuntSi VIII saukunisaTvis, radganac VII ms. saeklesio krebis oqms xels awers trapezunteli
igive fasiseli mitropoliti, amisi mizezi TiTqosda iyo afxazTa qarTuli samefos Camoyalibeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi VIII saukunisaTvis.
Cveni Tvalsazrisi ki mTlianad gansxvavdeba aRniSnulisagan, kerZod
Cveni foTi arasodes yofila berZnuli samitropolito centri da maqs.
berZniSvilisagan gansxvavebiT miviCnev, rom Revontis fuTTi ar iyo Tanamedrove foTi, magram veTanxmebiT mas,rom fuTs-foTs amave dros erqva
saxeli ,,fazisi~, radganac sityva fazisi nawarmoebia sityva faTisagan.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT Revondis foTi iyo trapezuntis regionis qalaqi
620

fadissa anu faTisa, romelic amave dros axlos mdebareobda romaul

armeniasTan, ufro zustad, romauli armeniebi (gansakuTrebiT IV da I armenia) uSualod emezoblebodnen qalaq-navsadgur fadissas (faTs). am mezoblobis gamo somexma ltolvilma naxararebma TavianTi pirutyvi advilad
mirekes am qalaqis saZovrebze, Semdeg ki imperators Txoves daekanonebina
maTTvis am qalaqis saZovrebi. vfiqrob gacilebiT Zneli iqneboda somxeTidan Tanamedrove foTSi saqonlis mirekva (romeli gziT unda mieyvanaT
Zroxebi, xboebi da xar-kameCebi somxeTidan foTSi? marTalia IXI-XX saukuneebSi foTi didi daWaobebis gamoAOgaWirvebiT daukavSires gzebiT quTaiss,
magram warmovidginoT adre Sua saukuneebi, roca foTi SemosazRvruli
iyo aTeuli kilometri siganis usasrulo WaobebiT, aramgonia rom am
Waobebis garRveva SeeZlo Sinaur pirutyvs. xolo fadissaSi somxeTidan
moxvedra, namdvilad advili iyo- armenia da kerasunti (e.i. fadisac) uSualod emezoblebodnen erTmaneTs).
am fadisaSi namdvilad iyo uamravi mSvenieri bizantiuri eklesia, romelTa
nangrevebi dausrulebeli siuxviTaa ganfenili trapezuntis mTel regionSi, amave regionSi Tavs iyrida mravali samitropolito (magaliTad
maT Sors swored aRniSnul zonaSi fadisasTan ebrjinebodnen erTmaneTs amasiis, neokesariis, koloneas, qaldeasa da trapezuntis
samitropolitoebi, romelTa SigniT uamravi saarqiepiskoposo iyo,
ai,
aqsamxreT egrisSi unda veZioT Cven Revondis faTi da ara
rionis WaobebSi,
faTsa, rogorc iTqva, mdebareobda qarTvelTa istoriul miwa-wyalze,
kolxebisa da tibaranebis Zvel samSobloSi, romelTac Semdeg qaldeaWaneT-lazika erqva, mas moicavda e.w. ,,sofeli megrelTa~ anu samxreTis
egrisi [rogorc xSirad aRvniSnavT, egri erqva aseve mimdebare adgilebsac,
magaliTad trapezuntis regionSive Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare qveyanas,
e gr i as ev e er qv a ad gi le bs q alde as m Ti an eT Si , ba ib ur di sa ke n
mdebareT.zogierT mdinaresac ki. ,,eregia~ amJamadac ewodeba qalaqs
arzrumTan, xolo ,,agri~ erT-erTi msxvili qalaqi da regionia amJamad
valaSkertis maxloblad. istoriulad arsebobda ara mxolod CrdiloeTis egrisi aramed samxreTis egrisic - trapezuntis regioni].
strabonis cnobiT iberiisagan somexTa mier mitacebuli pariadres kalTebi, Cans istoriuli samxreT egrisis nawili iyo. pariadres mTianeTs
qaldeasTan anu WaneTTan axlos uCveneben, is qarTuli tomebis uZvelesi
sacxovrisi iyo. aqedan trapezuntis zRvispiris CaTvliT iyo da amJamadac
kia SemorCenili uamravi qarTuli toponimi, adgilTa Tu mdinareTa saxelebi, erTi aseTi yofila fadissa (foTi), romelsac somxebi foTTs fuTTs uwodebdnen.
maqs berZniSvilis meore, mosazreba isaa, rom is somxuri wyaros fuTTs
uwodebs faziss.
berZeni mwerali Teofane Tavis naSromSi exeba faziss, es qalaqi ki m.
berZniSvils miaCnia Revondis foTTad, Teofanes cnobebi fazisTan dakavSirebiT m. berZniSvilma daukavSira dasavleT saqarTvelos foTs, aseve
foTad miiCnia Revondis foTTi.
621

Revondis fuTis rionis foTTan umarTebulo dakavSirebebis gamo maqs

berZniSvilis daskvnebic moulodneli da saocaria.
magaliTad, misi daskvniT dasavleT saqarTvelos foTSi da saerT o d d a s a v le T s a q ar T v e loS i ( r o me ls a c m k v le v ar i la zi k a s
uwodebs), erT periodSi somxebis didi raodenoba cxovrobda, is
wers ,,maTi ricxvi lazikeSi mciredi ar iyo, Revondis teqstic gvidasturebs maT ricxvmravlobas~ (dasax. naSr. gv. 216).
agreTve wers - ,,Revondisa da Teofanes urTierTSewameba gviCvenebs
Revondis somxebi fuTTsa Tu fazisSi arian 706-712 wlebSi, Teofanes armenielebic aq arian 706-713 wlebSi. Teofanes armenielebi mcirericxovanni
ar Canan, aseve ricxvmravlad vxedavT somxebs Revondis monaTxrobiTac...
aseTi identobis dadgena saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovidginoT fazis-lazikeSi somexTa yofnis faqti, savsebiT gvirkvevs dRemde amoucnobsa da bneliT
mocul kiTxvas, rogor gaCndnen armenielebi lazikeSi, rogor Semoartyes
alya arqeopoliss an ratom daixies fazisisaken da ara sxva romelime
punqtisaken... ase xerxdeba fuTT-foT-fazisSi somexTa cxovrebis
faqtis mTliani saxiT Tavidan bolomde aRdgena da imdroindel
istoriul viTarebasTan dakavSireba~ (iqve, gv. 218).
(m. TamaraSvili niko marTan dakavSirebiT werda - ,,is somex istoriksebze ufro metad ayalbebs istorias imiT, rom yvelafers somxebs miawers,
asomxurebs~. albaT, nawilobriv igives Tqma SeiZleba qarTveli sabWoTa
istorikosebis erT nawilzec. vfiqrob somexi istorikosebi ocnebaSic ver warmoidgendnen, rom odesme somxebma noqalaqevi aiRes
(m as a rqeo polisad mii Cne ven) , an da, rom som xeb i da savleT
saqarTvelosa da foTSi mravlad cxovrobdnen, magram, roca istoriuli geografia arasworad warmoisaxeba, roca dasavleT saqarTvelo
lazikad miiCneva, xolo foTi - ki fazisad, amis Sedegic
saxezea-dasavleT saqarTvelo somexTa istoriuli qmedebebis arealad isaxeba. qarTvelTa amgvarma warmosaxvebma da dabejiTebulma
mtkicebebma safuZveli misca Tanamedrove somex istorikosebs fantaziis
gafarToebisa, magaliTad, axlaxan internetSi daido ruka ,,somxeTi VII s.
geografiis mixedviT~ sadac istoriuli iberiis kuTvnili paradres kalTebi,
xorZene, gogarena, samxreT egrisi, qaldea-WaneTiTurT Woroxis xeobis CaTvliT - istoriul armeniad warmoadgines. isini qarTveli mecnierebis
zemoxsenebuli ,,daxmarebis~ gareSe amas ver SeZlebdnen).
maqsime berZniSvili Tavis grandiozul daskvnas Teofane bizantielis
Semdeg martiv cnobaze afuZnebs: ,,am wels filifikem gandevna armenielebi Tavisi miwa-wylidan da aiZula isini dasaxlebuliyvnen
meletinesa da meoTxe armeniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 206).
m. berZniSvilis azriT imperatorma filifike-vardanma (711-713)
somxebi gandevna dasavleT saqarTvelos q. foTidan saidanac isini iZulebiT meletinesa da meoTxe armeniaSi gadausaxlebia. dasavleT saqarTvelos foTi ar esazRvreba meoTxe armenias, xolo trapezuntis fadisa (fuTi-foTi) uSualod emijneboda meletinesa da
IV armenias. ase rom Revondis, Teofanesa da miqael asuris cnobebi
622

ar Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos foTs.

unda aRniSnos arsebobda fazisis saxelis mqone ramdenime punqti da
mdinare, maT Soris erT-erTi cnobili qalaqi fazisi mdebareobda md.Woroxis
marcxena sanapiroze zRvis piras, meore qalaqi saxelwodebiT fazisi ki
yofila Qqalaqi fadissa trapezuntis dasavleTiT. Teofanes meore cnoba
Seesabameba ara fadissa-faziss,aramed QWoroxis faziss (magram arc erT
SemTxvevaSi rionis dablobis foTs).
es cnoba aseTia - iustiniane rinitmatma (705-711) Tavisi mxedarTmTavari
leoni gagzavna lazikeSi, raTa mas alanebi aemxedrebina abazgebis winaaRmdeg.
am Txrobisas is axsenebs q. fazissa da armenielebs, rogorc bizantielTa
momxreebs- ,,romaelebi da armenielebi lazikaSi SeiWrnen da arqeopoliss alya Semoartyes da roca Seityves sarkinozebis mosvla - ukan
gabrundnen. roca sarkinozebi lazikaSi mividnen, romaelTa da armenielTa jari gaiqca da fazisisken daixia. aq iyo erTi cixe e.w. ,,rkinis cixe~,
sadac mtkiced idga vinme farsmani ... spaTarma (e.i. bizantielTa mxedarTmTavarma) kacebi gagzavna masTan da SeuTvala ...,,dagvexmare CavideT zRvis
napiramde da iqedan trapezuntSi gadavideT~ (iqve, gv. 214).
Cven garkveuli gvaqvs, rom fazisi erqva md. Woroxs, da iqve, axlos
mdebareobda qalaqi arqeopolisi (cixisZiris simagresa da baTums Sua.
Zveli avtorebis ,,altus portus~ anu Zveli qalaqi) xolo md. Woroxis
marcxena sanapiroze zRvis SesarTavTan mdebareobda q. fazisi (da ara
foTTan).
saerTod toponimi fazisi sxvadasxva variaciiT xSirad gvaqvs lazistanis
regionSi da maRla arzrumis SemogarenSi (istoriuli lazikis eparqiaSi),
magram saerTod ar gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, amJamadac ki zRvispirzea qalaq fazari, fasinleri,xolo md. arezTan q. fasoni.
unda aRiniSnos rom XI s-Si saxeli foTi sxvadasxva adgilebs erqva
zRvis piras. magaliTad erT-erTi iyo - xufaTi anu xu-faTiA(aq iyo sazRvao porti). fuZeebi `faT~ da `baT~ identuria `b-p-f~ gadasvlis gamo,
amitomac asevea saxelebic baT-umi, foT-i da xu-faT-i. saerTod es fuZeZiri `faT~ amoburcul adgils unda niSnavdes (kanis Termuli dazianebisas, roca vinmes kani amoiburceba amboben xolme- `kani daefoTla~, an
`kani aefutkna~. igulisxmeba kanze mcire burcobebis warmoqmna). Cans faTfoTs iseT adgilis uwodebdnen, romelic SedarebiT dabal garemoSi ufro
amoburculad Canda.
foTis buneba da garemo Waobebis daSrobamde (XX s.-mde)
mwerali ase aRwers rionis dablobSi XX s. 30-ian wlebSi Waobebis
daSrobamde arsebul viTarebas-,,Zveli mosaxle axalmosaxle glexs eubneba: ,,xo, xo, xo, ra iyo aq, ai aq, sadac axla Sen dasaxldi, miwa ar iyo. aq
iyo kisramde wyali, Wili, xaia, WonWyoSi Campali xeebi, aSmorebuli, bayayebiT savse Waobi, nadiric ki ver cxovrobda am adgilas. fexis dasadgami
alagi ar hqonda,
kudis dasadebi alagi ar hqonda, Waobi yviTeli
feris iyo. zed bututia exvia, murynis xeebi daxlarTuli iyo jaSqvidaTi.
623

Citi Tu gadafrindeboda aqaur usiersa da miuval tyeSi, aq avi suli

cxovrobda, uJmuri~ (m. Zvelaia, kolxeTis dablobi, 1973, gv. 7).
Tu rogor iyo daTrgunuli zRvispira dablobis mkvidrebi daWaobebis
gauvalobisa da gaudaburebis gamo wers Tedo saxokia - ,,senakidan CavediT
xeTaSi, samegrelos fantazia aqaurobas avsebda yovelgvari mavne sulebiT
da Cems norC fantaziasac auarecxeli masala eZleodba sazrdod. cecxlis piras yoveldRiuri baasis sagani iyo oCo-koCebi, tyis mefeebi, Winkebi,
patarebisa Tu didebis goneba am baasiT imdenad iyo Sepyrobili, rom mzis
Casvlis Semdeg samzareulodan saxlSi Semosvla martos gvesikvdileboda, metadre bnels RameSi. aqedan Seewova Cems sisxlsa da xorcs, Cems
fsiqikas pirvelyofili adamianis SiSi da zari~ (iqve, gv. 9).
uzarmazarma sabWoTa imperiam wamoiwyo da Tavisi prestiJis sagnad miiCnia daSroba Waobebisa dasavleT saqarTveloSi. cxadia, misi survili ufro
is iyo, rom Caisa da citrusebis sawarmoeblad moemzadebinaT niadagi,
raTa am produqtebiT moemaragebinaT aseul milioni adamiani, ucxoeTSi ki
valutiT maTi Sesyidva ar surda. amitomac grandiozuli samuSaoebi wamoiwyes rionis dablobis-,,kolxeTis Waobebis~ dasaSrobad, ar dazoges
muSaxeli da saxsrebi. imdroindeli mecnieri werda: ,,diad xuTwledebSi
kolxeTis zRvispira zolis Waobebis daSrobiT gaizarda sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisaTvis farTobebi, sadac amJamad meurneobebTan erTad lamazi
qalaqebi, dabebi da kolmeurneobaTa soflebia gaSenebuli~ (iqve, gv. 10).
es avtori CamoTvlis axal soflebsa da qalaqebs, maT Soris magaliTad
mohyavs foTTan mdebare yulevi. ,,misi midamoebi sabWoTa xelisuflebis
damyarebamde malariis kera iyo, axla ki TiTqmis mTlianad daSrobila
Waobebi - malariis budeebi da gaSenebulia mravali sofeli~ (iqve, gv. 10).
rionis anu kolxeTis dablobis didi nawili TiTqmis zRvis donezea,
rac iwvevs mis daWaobebas, amasTanave, arc Tu mcire monakveTebi am dablobisa zRvis doneze dablac ki aris.
garda amisa dablobis SuagulSi gamdinare wyaluxv rions uWirs Tavisi
wylis zRvaSi Setana, radganac, rogorc iTqva, misi dablobi da zRva TiTqmis erT donezea, amitomac is warsulSi meandrebis didi totebis saxiT
cdilobda zRvaSi SeRwevas.
narionali mitovebuli kalapotebi mravalia, mdinarem axali kalapotebiT gaikvlia gza dablobze. marTalia, amJamad is betonis kalapotSia
moqceuli, magram dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken mberavi qariSxlebis dros
gadmodis kalapotidan da tboravs dablobs.
mecnieri wers - ,,saerTod geologiur warsulSi kolxeTis teritoria
araerTxel iyo zRviT dafaruli~ (iqve, gv. 38).
amJamadac ki mimdinareobs mdinare rionis SesarTavis gadaadgileba (gv.
30).
m. Zvelaias TvalsazrisiT axlandeli paliastomis tba Zveli berZeni
istorikosebis epoqaSi (gulisxmobs I-VI saukuneebs) warmoadgenda zRvis
ubes, romelic, daaxloebiT XVI saukunisaTvis amoavso mdinare rionis
Slamma - ,,mas yovelwliurad ramdenime aTeuli milioni kuburi metri
naleqi (ZiriTadad Slamis saxiT) Camohqonda. es kolosaluri masala Tan624

daTan ileqeboda mdinaris zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas, xilo rionis

kalapoti cota CrdiloeTiT gadaadgilda. is uSualod zRvas SeuerTda.
ube iqca tbad, romelic paliastomis saxeliTaa cnobili~ (iqve, gv. 31).
m. Zvelaias TvalsazrisiT mdinareebi maldayva, Txiona, piCori Zvelad
uSualod uerTdebodnen zRvas, xolo rioni, rogorc aRiniSna - paliastomis ubes, amasTanave, misi mosazrebiT ,,gamoricxulia SesaZlebloba, rom
tbis fskerze aRmoCndes arqiteqturuli naSTebi im qalaqebisa da soflebisa, romelnic iq adre, tbis gaCenamde, iyvnen gaSenebulni~ (iqve, gv. 33).
magram, aseTi naSTebi aRmoCnda. vaxuStic iziarebda xalxSi gavrcelebul Sexedulebas paliastomis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, rom tbis adgilas
gaSenebuli iyo qalaqi, Semdeg xmeleTma Zirs daiwia, miwa gairRva ,,ucbad
wyali amovarda dedamiwidan, dafara sofeli, xalxi daixrCo~ (iqve, gv. 28).
soflis Tu qalaqis eklesiebidan xatebis gadasveneba mouswriaT
mTiswineTebSi. kerZod, quTaisSi gadausvenebiaT ,,paliastomis xati~, xolo
meore xati gadausvenebiaT jumaTis mTaze. rogorc erTi, ise meore xatis
legendebi amtkiceben, rom paliastomis adgili da Cans Sesabamisad mTeli dablobi daitbora. es unda momxdariyo g. Zvelaias azriT
XVI saukuneSi.
mdinare rionis wyali sasmelad uvargisi iyo misi didi Slamianobis gamo, saerTod, am dablobis wylebi sasmelad uvargisia - mecnieri
wers - ,,laboratoriuli kvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom kolxeTis dablobis
farglebSi farTod gavrcelebuli zedapiruli wylebi (mdinareebis, Releebis, Webis Tu Waobebis) metwilad sazianoa, gaWuWyianebulia sxvadasxva
saxis mavne baqtebriebiT.
rionis dablobis am wylebis uvargisoba Zveladac hqondaT SeniSnuli
adgilobriv mcxovreblebs, rac vaxuStim Tavis ,,saqarTvelos geografiaSi~ aRniSna - ,,arasada ars mdinare, Tvinier gubiswylisa, da igica mcire,
izrdebian WiT, aramed adgil-adgil WaTa Sina ars Wia, romlisa wylis smiT
gamoberavs yelsa da daekidebis kacsa da qalsa, viTarca parki didi, uwodeben
yiyvs~.
vaxuStis es aRwera, romelic Seexeba saWilaosa da samiqelaos midamoebis Webis wylebs, mTlianad SeiZleba gamodges kolxeTis dablobis
sxva raionebis zedapiruli da Wis wylebis dasaxasiaTebladac~
(iqve, gv. 46), amis gamo, bolo saukuneSi SemoiRes miwisqveSa wylebis gamoyenebis wesi (Rrma WaburRilebis gaTxriT).
rioni rom araa istoriuli fazisi iqedanac Cans, rom fazisis
wyali iTvleboda saukeTeso sasmelad, imdenad kargad, rom savaldebulo wesis Sesabamisad, fazisSi Securebuli gemebis WurWlebidan
Rvridnen sxva wyals da avsebdnen fazisis wyliT. imdenad sufTa
iyo es wyali, rom WurWelSi ar WuWdeboda ramdenime wlis manZilze. rionis wyali ki sasmelad uvargisi iyo.
mkvlevari wers, rom daWaobebam warmoqmna niadagebis ti pi, romelsac
ewodeba ,,Slamian-Waobiani~ (aseTia foTi-anaklias Soris), xobi-cxakaias
xeobaSia eweri ti pis niadagebi, ufro CrdiloeTiT odiSsa da guriis mTis
kalTebze - wiTelmiwa niadagebi.
625

rogorc aRiniSna, vaxuSti iziarebda gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss wyliT

gadafarvis Sesaxeb - ,,ityvian naqalaqevs da Semdgom moculsa wylisagan~.
zedmetma wyalma daaWaoba vrceli regioni rionis dablobisa. amitomac
is geografiulad ar eTanadeba prokofi kesarielis mier aRweril lazikas, romelic misi mtkicebiT iyo Zalze kldovani qveyana,arsad, is lazikaSi
ar miuTiTebs raime Waobiani adgilis Sesaxeb, amitomac prokofis
lazika ar iyo WaobiT moculi dasavleT saqarTvelos rionispira
dablobi da saerTod, didi daWaobebis gamo dasavleT saqarTvelos bari kulturulad ar iyo dawinaurebuli, lazika ki piriqiT,
Tavisi drois mowinave qveyana iyo.
paliastomis RvTismSoblis xati
paliastomis RvTismSoblis xatis saxelwodeba momdinareobs saqarTveloSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli Tqmulebidan paliastomis tbis gaCenis Sesaxeb.
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad RvTismSoblis xati paliastomis ,,cixe-qalaqis~ taZarSi esvena, saidanac im taZris mTavar xucesma silibistrom RvTismSoblis miTiTebiT, romelic mas gamoecxada- xati quTaisis cixe-qalaqSi gadaasvena. paliastomis qalaqi ki xalxiTuTr wyalSi CaiZira.
xats aqvs gviandeli warwera ,,...dedaqalaq quTaisis RvTismSobelo...~
rac imaze metyvelebs, rom ara TviT xati, aramed misi perangi mogvianebiT
quTaisSi unda iyos damzadebuli.
xati ferwerulia, vercxliT moWedili. centralur nawilSi warmodgenilia RvTismSobeli yrma iesoTi. RvTismSoblisa da qristes saxeebi Sesrulebulia ferweriT xeze, romelic dazianebulia.
xatis danarCeni nawili mTlianad moWedilia da daferilia oqroTi.
RvTismSobels da yrma iesos tanT acvia grZeli mosasxamebi.
xatis qveda aSiaze warweraa romelSic moxseniebulni arian imereTis
mefe giorgi III da Ze misi aleqsandre. quTaTeli mTavarepiskoposi CxatiZe
basili: ,,xati ese yovlad wmidisa RvTisa, pirveli moWedili daZvelebuliyo da Cven meored ganvaaxleT, Seiwire deda RmrTisao mcire ese
samsaxuri Cueni da meox gueqmen dRes mas gankiTxvasa amin. Seiqmna xati
ese xeliTa rafiel monazonisaTa qoronikon~.
aqedan gamomdinare xatis xelaxali moWedva me-17 saukuneSi momxdara.
xati Sesulia bagratis taZridan 1923 wels quTaisis muzeumSi.
xati restavrirebulia 1612 wels rafiel monazonis (meored momWedveli) mier.
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, rogorc iTqva, RvTismSoblis xati paliastomis ,,cixeqalaqis~ mTavar taZarSi esvena, saydris mTavaruxucesma silibistrom xatis STagonebiT ixila Cveneba (es silibistro gabriel xucesmonazonis
Soreuli winapari da naTesavi yofila), rom silibistro (mTavaruxucesi)
paliastomis taZarSi Sesuliyo, misi yovladwmida xati aeRo da cixe-qalaqidan gamoetana, radganac male igi wyalSi CaiZireboda.
mTavaruxucesma ar daijera. amis Semdeg RvTismSobeli orjer gamoecxada silibistros, magram mas veraferi Seasminao.
626

silibistrom arc sxvebTan gaamxila amis Sesaxeb. igi cixe-galavnis

gareT cxovrobda sxva saydris maxloblad.
male RvTis neba aRsrulda am cixe-qalaqze da wyalSi CaiZira ,xolo
yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xati RvTis SemweobiT warRvnas gadaurCa, TavisTavad, uxilavad, RvTis gangebiT, cixe-qalaqidan haerze
milivlivebda.
ixila Tu ara es saswauli silibistro mTavaruxucesma, daeca saswaulebrivi xatis winaSe da codvebis miteveba gamosTxova mas. roca igi xats
miuaxlovda, is haeridan daiZra da mTavaruxucesis xelebSi miesvena.
amis Semdeg silibistros isev gamoecxada RvTismSobeli da uwmidesi
xatis cixe-qalaq quTaisSi gadasveneba ubrZana, rac mTavaruxucesma aRasrula kidec. es xati bagratis taZarSi daasvenes. paliastomis cixe-qalaqi
ki xalxiTurT wyalSi CaiZira.
aq aRsaniSnavia:
-xatis warwera miuTiTebs, rom meored moWedvis dros xati ukve quTaisSi yofila dasvenebuli. ,,...dedaqalaqisa quTaisisa RuTismSobelo...~, rac
imaze metyvelebs, rom xati meored quTaisis RvTismSoblis saxelzea gaWedili da uSualod quTaisSi unda iyos damzadebuli misi meore perangi,
pirveli ki Cans paliastomuri iyo.
rogorc iTqva,xati ferwerulia, vercxliT moWedilia (zoma 135 X 92,5 sm).
mis centralur nawilSi warmodgenilia RvTismSobeli yrma iesoTi xelSi.
rogorc iTqva xatis qveda arSiaze saubaria xatis xelmeored moWedvis
Sesaxeb. aq moxseniebuli arian imereTis mefe giorgi III (1606-1639 ww.) da
misi Svili aleqsandre. aqedan cxadia, rom xatis xelaxali moWedva me-17
saukunis dasawyisSi momxdara, kerZod, 1612 wels, sxva mosazrebiT ki, 1548-1568
wlebs Soris. (warwera gamoqveynebuli aqvs m. nikoleiSvils ,,me-17 saukunis istoriuli masalebi quTaisis muzeumSi~, quT. muzeumis masalebi II, 1971
w. gv. 33-35).
episkoposi fazisisa (fasidisa), anu trapezuntisa
VII msoflio saeklesio krebis (787w.) aqtebs xels sxva monawileebTan
erTad awers trapezunteli mRvdelmTavari: `qristefore episkoposi fazisisa, anu trapezuntisa~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 212).
VIII saukuneSi bizantiis imperia arabobis gamo didi gasaWiriT flobda
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis viwro zols q. trapezuntis CaTvliT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazRvari q. trapezuntTan mTavrdeboda.
iqamde trapezuntis episkoposs ar gaaCnda Tavisi samitropolito. is
TviTon Sedioda erTerTi saepiskoposos saxiT polemonis pontos
mitropoliis SemadgenlobaSi (amas adasturebs VII-VIII saukuneTa nusxebi) (iqve, gv. 212).
safiqrebelia, rom iqamde ubralo qalaqis (trapezuntis) episkoposma
gadawyvita mieniWebina Tavisi qalaqisaTvis samitropolito Rirseba,
risTvisac saWiro iyo, rom mas hqonoda Tavisi sakuTari iurisdiqciis qveS
ramdenime saepiskoposo kaTedra. Cans am dros misi mzera mii pyro trape627

zuntis marcxniv mdebare Zvelma qalaqma polemonionma, romelsac imJamad

fadissa-fasidi erqva (trapezuntis marjvniv male rizes samitropolito
Camoyalibda).
maSasadame Tavisi xelmoweriT trapezuntelma qristeforem Tavisi pretenzia ganacxada polemonion-fadissa-fadis-fazisis mimarT.
adastureben Tu ara wyaroebi am mosazrebas? diax:p.ingoroyvas kvleviT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoTa
nusxebSi e.w. noticiebSi trapezuntis kaTedras aseve ewodeba `polemonis pontos kaTedra~(p.ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv, 237,
SeniSvna1),kerZod #3 da #4 noticiaSi (806-815 wlebi) da aseve #5
noticiaSi (820-829 wlebi) trapezuntis kaTedra polemonis pontos
kaTedrad iwodeba(iqve,gv,237).
rogorc iTqva pontos qalaq polemons(polemonions) aseve erqva fadisafasidi. es saxeli fadisa-CvenTvis Zalze sainteresoa. saqme isaa,rom rogorc
aRiniSna, 787 wels mitropolitobis pativis mosurne tra pezuntelma episkoposma qristeforem msoflio krebis aqtebs xeli moawera aseve rogorc
fasidis episkoposma (`episkoposi trapezuntisa da fasidisa~).
rogorc iTqva, im epoqaSi pontos mTavari qalaqi polemoni ukve Tmobda
Tavis poziciebs da dedaqalaqis metropolisis saxeli ufro trapezunts
Seefereboda, imJamad didi politikuri Zvrebi SeimCneoda, raTa Camolibebuliyo axali administraciuli erTeuli `xaldeas Temi~ centriT q. trapezuntSi (iqamde VII s -dan q. trapezunti armeniakonis TemSi Sedioda), mas
SemdgomSi marTlac gamoeyo sakmaod vrceli axali administraciuli erTeuli `xaldea~, romlis sazRvari aRwevda md. Woroxamde, anu fazisamde
(da ara foTamde!). armeniakonis Temis sazRvaric aseve aRwevda md. fazisamde,
e.i. Woroxamde da ara foTamde.
xaldeas Temis dedaqalaqi trapezunti iyo. mas aseve ufro martivadac
uwodebdnen `lazikas~, lazikis Tems.
amis gamo polemonion-fadisa/fasidi SedarebiT daemcro da qristeforem ganacxada pretenzia am qalaqze. Tavisi xelmoweriT qristeforem
daafiqsira, rom is iyo ara mxolod trapezuntis, aramed polemonis episkoposi, romelic trapezuntidan arc Tu daSorebiT-100 kilometrSi mdebareobda.
Zvel polemons amJamad fadisa rom hqvia es naTqvamia 2001 wels vaSingtonSi dabeWdil wignSic Byzantine Seals
30.Polemonion
Polemonion,a twin tovn witch Fadisane/Fatsa, gave its name the rivier Boleman(Catalogue
of Bizantine Seals at Dumbarton oaks and in the Fogg Museum of art,volume 4,the East,2001,83).
fadisa/fatsasTan gamaval mdinares amJamadac bolemoni/polemoni hqvia.

fazisis akademia
IV s-Si fazisTan yofila akademia.
Temistiosis werilis Tanaxmad, is mdebareobda `kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi, md.TermodontTan da TemiskirasTan~.
Temiskira da Termodonti cnobili punqti da mdinarea trapezuntis
628

dasavleTiT.
erTaderTi regioni, romelic romaul-bizantiur samyaroSi erTdroulad iTvleboda armeniad da amasTanave kolxeTad _ iyo ponto-trapezuntis regioni.
iustinianem, imperiis xelaxali administraciuli dayofis dros VI s.-Si
ponto-trapezunti Seiyvana I armeniaSi, amis Semdeg ki VII s-is dasawyisSi
imperiam ufro axali administraciuli dayofis Semdeg, ponto Seiyvana
`armeniakonis TemSi~.
ase, rom ponto-trapezuntis regioni _ bunebrivad wodebuli `kolxeTad
~, amavdroulad, armeniis administraciul erTeulSi Sedioda, Temistiosis
werilis `fazisi~, radganac Termodontsa da TemiskirasTan mdebareobda,
amis gaTvaliswinebiT _is moqceuli iyo ponto-trapizonis regionSi, aq
unda yofiliyo `fazisis akademia~ (trapezunti didi saswavlo kerac iyo.
amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, rom cnobilma somexma maTematikosma
VII saukunisa anania Sirakunma ganaTleba miiRo trapizonSi berZen mecnier
tusikTan, aq man maTematikis garda Seiswavla filosofia, kosmografia da
geografia. is monawileobda uZravi kalendris SedgenaSi. misi naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia `ariTmetikis saxelmZRvanelo~, `kosmografia~, `mTvaris
ciklis cxrilebi~ (v. Caloiani, anania Sirakacis msoflmxedveloba `bizantiiskiis vremennik~, 1957, t. 12, rus. enaze).TviT wyaro iZleva am mosazrebis
gamoTqmis uflebas,esaa IV s-is ritorisa da filosofosis Temistiosis
werili `ritorikis nayofi movwyvite ... pontos boloSi fasisis maxloblad, sadac argom Tesaliidan wamosulma daisadgura ... iq, sadac
cnobilia Termodonti, amaZonT saqmeebi da Temiskiri. da ai, aseTi
barbarosuli da pirquSi adgili erTi kacis sibrZnem gaxada elinuri muzebis taZrad. im kacis, romelic damkvidrda kolxebisa da
armenielebis qveyanaSi da aswavlida, Tu rogor gaiwvrTna ritorikul
xelovnebaSi da rogor brwyinavde elinur dReobebze~ (Temistiosi,
georgika, I, gv. 50).
sad mdebareobda `ritorikuli skola~?1. pontos boloSi;
2. fazisis maxloblad;
3. TermodontTan;
4. TemiskirasTan;
5. kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi.
maSasadame, es skola ar iyo mxolod kolxebis qveyanaSi, is iyo
`kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi~.
arsebobs ori mniSvnelovani mosazreba Temistiosis mier naxsenebi qalaqis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb.
erTi ekuTvnis cnobil qarTvel mecniers s. yauxCiSvils, meore cnobil evropel mecniers oto zeeks.
am ukanasknelis mixedviT, es iyo qalaqi sinopi (georgika I, gv. 45).
629

s. yauxCiSvilis azriT ki, foTTan axlos mdebare romelime qalaqi.

ganvixiloT orive Tvalsazrisi.
sinopi mdebareobda Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze kerasuntTan da
amasiasTan axlos, anu iq, sadac miedineba amJamad md. TermoCai, Zvelad
Termodontad saxeldebuli mdinare.
maSasadame, sinopi mdebareobs Temistiosis mier naxseneb mdinaresTan,
TermodontTan axlos.
Termodonti, Tavis mxriv, Temistiosis epoqis meore cnobili avtoris,
antikuri istoriografiis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgenlis, amiane marcelines cnobiT, gaedineboda md. halisTan axlos. md. haliss amJamad
yizil-irmaki ewodeba.
maSasadame, Temistiosis mier naxsenebi fazisTan axlos mdebare qalaqi,
sadac ritorikuli skola mdebareobda,axlos iyo amJamad cnobili Semdeg punqtebTan _ 1. qalaq kerasuntTan, 2. md. TermoCaisTan, 3. md. yizilirmakTan. isini istoriulad mdebareobdnen romaul provincia pontoSi,
kerZod ki, helenopontoSi (paflagoniis mezoblad).
amiane marcelines cnobiT, md. Termodonti `saTaves iRebda armoniosis
mTidan~ (georgika, I, gv. 109).
s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, `amianes mixedviT md. Termodonti md. halisTan
axloa~ (georgika, I, gv. 151).
sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi is faqtic,rom md.kelkitis regionSi, Zvel amasiasa tokats Soris, q.Termes gaswvriv md. irisis xeobaSi, amJamadac ki aris
qalaqi saxelwodebiT `fazari~. is kolxebis istoriul qveyanaSia.
es faqti uflebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT mosazreba,rom md.kelkits zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas fazisi erqva.
es saxeli mraval mdinares erqva trapezuntis regionSi e.i. kolxebis
istoriul qveyanaSi.
rogorc iTqva, `ritorikuli skola~ mdebareobda `kolxTa da armenielTa qveyanaSi~. cnobilia, rom istoriul periodSi e.w. `romauli armenia~
dayofili iyo I, II, III da IV armeniebad. `pirveli armeniis provinciaSi~
Seyvanili iqna yofili elenopontos provincia anu istoriuli kolxeTi.
maSasadame, cnobili ritorikuli skolis qveyana oficialurad I
armeniis provinciaSi imyofeboda, Tumca ki is istoriulad kolxebis qveynad iwodeboda. maSasadame, is erTdroulad `kolxebisa da armenielebis~ qveyanaSi iyo. o.zeekis Tanaxmad sinopTan axlos-kolxebis istoriul qveyanaSi.
fazisis akademiasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTxel mimovixiloT
md.Termodontisa da Temiskiris(Temiskura) adgilmdebareobamd. Termodonts, rogorc iTqva, amJamad ewodeba md. Terme (Terme Cai,
TurqeTSi) istoriul amaZonebis qveyanaSi, am mdinares axsenebs herodote
(II, 104-9), qsenofonte (anabazisi, V, 6,9VI, 21). TviTon amaZonebi kolxeTidan
gamosulebad miiCnevian, amaZonebis qalaqi iyo Temiskira.
Temiskira mdebareobda TermodontTan axlos prokofi kesarielis cnobiT (omi goTebTan, VIII, 2).
Termodonti da Temiskira iyo amisosis maxloblad.
630

Termodontze cxovrobdnen asurebi makronebis gverdiT. isini amtkicebdnen, rom kolxebisagan miiRes windacveTis Cveuleba.
iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT, `winaT kolxebs md. TermodontTan unda
ecxovraT~ (qarTveli eris istoria, Sesavali, I, 1950, gv. 10).
aqve cxovrobdnen xalibebi (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo,
gv. 80).
strabonis cnobiT, Termodonti da Temiskira pontoSi mdebareobda (da
ara kolxeTis CrdiloeTSi, straboni, I, 3,7).
md. Termodonti (Terme-Cai) (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo,
berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, 1967, gv. 24) kerasuntis
samxreTiT miedineba (iqve, gv. 19).
`xalibebis Semdeg aris tomi asiria, mdinare Termodonti, elinuri qalaqi Temiskira... elinuri qalaqi kerasunti~ (wers skilaqs kariandeli (iqve,
gv. 51).
`mdinare Termodonti Camodis armoniosis mTidan da miedineba Temiskiris
WalebSi, sadac odesRac amazonebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gadasaxlebuliyvnen~
(georgika, I, gv. 109).
amianes mixedviT, Termodonti md. halisTan axloa da iq cxovroben
xalibebi. kerZod, Termodontsa da kerasunts Soris.
straboni xalibebs odnav CrdiloeTiT, trapezuntTan aTavsebda (gv. 151).
maT sazRvraven bizarebi, sapirebi, makronebi da filirebi.
kolxebis es Zveli qveyana bizantiis imperiam Seiyvana Aarmenia I-is provinciaSi, romelsac emezoblebodnen Aarmenia IV, armenia II da Aarmenia III.
maSasadame Temiskira Termodontis regioni erTroulad imyofeboda kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi.
sinopi, Termodonti da Temiskira pontos provinciis erT boloSi mdebareobdnen, meore boloSi md.Woroxi gaedineboda.
aq, md.kerasuntTan makronebis tomis gavlis Semdeg qsenefonte fasianebis tomisaken gaemarTa(cxadia is ukanve ar dabrundeboda da araqsis anda
rion-Woroxis xeobebisaken ar gaemarTeboda,sadac aseve fasianebi cxovrobdnen). maSasadame erTerTi fasisi md.kelkitis qvemowelzecaa saZebni.
es regioni erTdroulad iyo pontos bolo, kolxebisa da armenielebis
qveyana, aq iyo md.Termodonti da qalaqi Temiskira da Cans fazisic, amitom
aq eZebda otto zeeki Temistiosis ritorikul skolas.
s.yauxCiSvili foTTan aTavsebda ritorikul skolas, magram arcerTi
sxva Taxvedra am mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad ar arsebobs, magaliTad
foTi arasodes iwodeboda armenielebis qveynad. foTis regionSi
ar miedineba mdinare Termodonti da ar aris punqti Temiskira,
maSin roca Temistiosis mier moxseniebuli yvela monacemi ufro sinopis
anu pontos meore bolos Seesabameba.
(rogorc iTqva,q.Termes gaswvriv md. irisis xeobaSi, amJamadac ki aris q.
fazari, meore qalaqi amave saxelwodebiT-fazari mdebareobs aseuli
kilometriT daSorebiT-rizesa da xofas Sua. mis gaswvriv Woroxis sanapiroze mdebareobs kargafazaris qedi, amave regionSia araqsis pirze
631

q.fasinleri.
rogorc Cans, erT dros fasinleri, kargafazari da fazari(II) qmnidnen
erT regions fazisis saxelwodebiT.
Cans, aRniSnul regionSi gamaval sam mdinares araqss, kelkitsa da Woroxs
fazisi erqva).
`faz~ fuZis mqone saxelebis ganvrcoba istoriul
lazikaSi(trapezuntis regionSi)
n. adoncis mixedviT, iustinianes epoqaSi da aseve VII s.-Si armeniis
administraciuli sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde.
is wers _ `iustinianes Semdgom epoqaSi VIIs. dasawyisidan imperiis axali dayofis Sesabamisad, erTerTi vrceli administraciuli erTeuli iwodeboda armeniad, (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs `armeniakoni~). misi sazRvrebi gadaSlili iyo sinopidan fazisamde da evfratamde. bizantiis provinciebis
reorganizaciis Semdeg Seiqmna axali olqi `armeniakoni~. man gaaerTiana
yofili olqebi kapadokia, I da II armeniebi da ponto. konstantine porfirogenetis Tanaxmad, man es saxelmwodeba- `armeniakoni~ miiRo
somxebis saxelis mixedviT, romlenic iq mezoblad cxovrobdnen~
(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 203).
maSasadame, VII s. dasawyisSi `armeniakonis Temis~ sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde. Tuki fazisi foTia, maSin foTamde aRwevda am `armeniis~ sazRvari.
sabednierod, n. adonci fazisis qveS iseve, rogorc yvela Zveli avtori,
gulisxmobs ara rions, aramed md. Woroxs. es mdinare marTlac iyo berZnuli lazikis Crdilo sazRvari. saqme is iyo, rom TviT n. adoncis Tanaxmad,
saeklesio geografiam Semoinaxa imperiis administraciuli dayofis (diokletianesdroindeli) saxe imiT, rom Tavis saWiroebisTvis iyenebda mas.
e.i. lazikis Zveli saxeli, misi teritoriis Zveleburi gageba Semoinaxa eklesiurma dayofam.
n. adonciT lazikaSi trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali bizanis,
pai pertis, keramevis, lerionisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi, Sesabamisi qalaqebi ganlagebulni iyvnen Teodosiopolis-trapezuntis SemaerTebeli
gzis sanapiro regionSi, anu istoriuli WaneTSi, maT momcvel saeklesio olqs ewodeboda `samitropolito lazikaSi~, anu swored am
mxareeebs erqva lazika bizantiuri saeklesio geografiis mixedviT da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos.
lazika~ berZnuli eklesiuri gagebiT erqva aRniSnul regions
(e.i. qaldea-Wanikas) da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am regionSi mraval punqts erqva `fazisi~. iq
iyo `fasianis~ saepiskoposo, fasisis samitropolito, araqssac fasisi erqva _ porfirogenetis mixedviT _ erTi `fasisi~ yofila trapezuntTan, is
iyo aseve Termodontisa da Temiskiras siaxlovesac _ Temistiosis werilis Tanaxmad.
amJamadac ki trabzonis olqSi,rogorc aRiniSna, mraval punqts `fazari~ ewodeba,magaliTad-`salpazari~-q.tonias marcxniv, aseve `eskipazari~
632

ofTan axlos, sxvaa `dernekpazari~ ofis samxreTiT (yvela trabzonis

guberniaSi), Tu aras vityviT TviTon qalaq `fazarze~ rizesTan axlos.
ase rom amJamadac ki `fas-faz~ fuZiT trabzonis regionSi mravali
punqtis saxeli iwarmoeba.
es faqti imis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs,rom eTnikuri qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul Semdgom lazistanis regions istoriuladac fazisis regioni erqva,
aq mdebareebda fazisis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi.
murie da kalfoglu fazisisa da akamfsisis Sesaxeb
frangi orientalisti Jan murie Tavis naSromSi (baTumi da Woroxis
auzi, baTumi, 1962) miuTiTebs, rom misi naSromi daiwera diubua de monperes
(`mogzauroba kavkasiis garSemo~), d. baqraZis (`arqeologiuri mogzauroba
guriasa da aWaraSi~) da g. wereTlis (`Cemi mogzaurobis~) gamoyenebiT.
Jan muries azriT, bizantieli mwerlebi baTumTan gamdinare Woroxs
moixseniebdnen boasis, fazisisa da akamfsisis saxeliT.
es swori Sexedulebaa, Tumca ki sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebi mas akritikeben da amboben mis Sesaxeb _ `cxadia, murie ver garkveula prokofi
kesarielis cnobebSi~ (a. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli
istoriisTvis, 1989, gv. 11).
Jan murie baTums klarjeTTan akavSirebsbaTumi klarjeTis nawils Seadgenda XI-XVss-Si, Semdeg gadaiqca nawilad guriisa (1561w. rostom gurielma Turqebi xofadan da arqabedan
gandevna), xolo XVII s-dan Turquli lazeTisa da baTumis olqis nawilia.
sxva avtoris kalfoRlus naSromi _ ..
. ` ~, . XVIII.
. 1. 1906 . 40) Seexeba md. Woroxs, baTumsa da mimdebare mxareebs.
misi azriT, arianes mier moxseniebuli mdinare akamfsisi _ Woroxia.
miaCnia, rom Turqebis mier trapezuntis aRebamde (1461) baTums ewodeboda
`baTisi~, anu `baTi~ (ix. wignSi m. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi..., 1989, gv.
14).
CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom `baTi~ da `foTi~ etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan, baTi _ faTi _ foTi an piriqiT foTi _ faTi _ baTi. baTi da foTi
msgavsia etimologiurad, amitomac SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Zvel qarTul
wyaroSi, kerZod, giorgi mTawmidelis mier naxseneb `foTSi~, sadac gemiT
mivida bizantiidan g. mTawmideli, unda igulisxmebodes ara Tanamedrove
foTi, sadac, Cveni azriT, im dros navsadguri ar iyo Zlieri daWaobebis
gamo, aramed Tanamedrove xufaTi an baTumi, sadac namdvilad iyo navsadgurebi.
kalfoglu baTumsa da lazikas erTmaneTs ukavSirebda, misi azriT,`baTisis~
midamoebSi xdeboda iran-bizantielebis Setakebebi~ (iqve, gv.
15). navsadguri iyo imave regionis punqt xufaTSi. xu-faTi (xufaTi), baTi da
foTi etimologiurad msgavsni arian.
marTlac, bagrat IV konstantinopolidan samSobloSi, imJamindel
dedaqalaq quTaisSi dabrunda Semdegi gziT _ `gamogzavna berZenTa mefeman didiTa didebiTa, niWiTa da ganZiTa miuwvdomeliTa da miegeba yoveli
633

laSqari afxazeTisa zRvispirsa _ xufaTs da iyo sixaruli da RmrTisa

madloba didi, brZana da Semovida saxlad Tvisad quTaTiss~ (q.c. I, 304). E
e.i sataxto qalaq quTaisSi bagrati Sevida ara foTis mokle gziT
(radganac ar arsebobda aseTi gza da porti), aramed ufro Sori da
grZeli _ xufaT-quTaisis gziT .
aseve,xufaT-artanuj-artaanis gziT isargebla daviT aRmaSenebelma da
Tavisi laSqari xufaTidan taoSi am gziT gadaiyvana TurqebTan sabrZolvelad (q.c.I, gv. 333). giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebi `foTi~ unda
iyos aRniSnuli `xufaTi~. etimologiurad foTi da xufaTi erTmaneTTan
axloa.
fasisis anu fasianis qveyana konstantine porfirogenetis
cnobiT
qarTuli enciklopediis Tanaxmad, foTi iyo fazisis samitropolitos centri (qse, 10, 1986, gv. 351).
Tu ase iyo, maSin foTi dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo administraciuli erTeulis dedaqalaqi yofila, radganac mitropoliti wesis
Sesabamisad provinciis dedaqalaqSi ijda.
Cveni mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, fazisi (foTi) lazikis (gulisxmobdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos) qalaqi iyo, magram, radganac is konstantinopolis sapatriarqos samitropolitos centri iyo, maSasadame, fasisi (foTi)
lazikis dedaqalaqi yofila VI-VII saukuneebSi.
esaa zRvis donis momatebis saukuneebSi, romelmac gamoiwvia md. rionis
zRvaSi Sedinebis Seyovneba da misi dagubeba, rionis SesarTavis datborva,
amitom saeWvoa, foTi araTu dedaqalaqi, aramed saerTod qalaqi yofiliyo
aRniSnul VI-VII ss-Si.
garda amisa, iseTi upirvelesi mniSvnelobis wyaro, rogoricaa 952 wels
dawerili konstantine porfirogenetis istoria, ar iZleva saSualebas
fazisi ewodos mxolod da mxolod erT mdinares, anda erT romelime
konkretul qalaqs.
konstantine porfirogeneti X saukuneSi, faziss uwodebs mdinare araqss,
xolo `fasians~ _ am mdinaris pira erTerT qveyanas.
fasiani qarTuli basiania, magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli
basiani mxolod erTi nawili SeiZleboda yofiliyo fasianis qveynisa,
radganac es iyo vrceli olqi, romelSic karini da Teodosiopolic Sedioda _ `domestiki movida Teodosiupolis cixeSi, moarbia misi
midamoebi, fasianis miwa-wyali~ (geogika, IV, naw. II, gv. 262) an `ioane
gaemgzavra timis (dvinis) cixis winaaRmdeg. gzaSi man moarbia mTeli fasiani~ (iqve, gv. 263).
`porfirogenetma mefe leonma gaigo, rom im adgils, romelsac fasiani ewodeba, sarkinozebi mividnen da iqauri eklesiebi cixeebad
gadaaqcies, gagzavna lalakoni, patrikiosi da armeniakTa Temis
strategiosi koloniis strategiosiTurT, mesopotamiis strategiosiTurT da qaldiis strategiosiTurT.... moarbies mTeli fasiani,
634

romelic maSin sarkinozebs eWiraT~ (iqve, gv. 261).

fasianis qveynis mdinares (araqss) konstantine porfirogeneti uwodebs
md. fasiss da amasTanave mravaljer is wers _ iberiisa da bizantiis
sazRvrad daido `eraqsi, anu fasisi~ (iqve, gv. 273). `eraqsi anu
fasisi~ kidev mravaljer iwodeba mis TxzulebaSi.
daskvna
TavSi moyvanilia mtkicebulebani imisa, rom klimatur-geologiuri viTarebis gamo I aTaswleulSi cnobili qalaqis- fazisis adgilsamyofeli
foTTan ar unda yofiliyo (SesaZloa erTerTi q. fazisi mdebareobda
Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze zRvispiras).
rac Seexeba trapezunteli ierarqis mier VIII s.-Si naxseneb qalaq `fasids~
da (ara faziss), is trapezuntis dasavleTiT (istoriul samxreT egrisSi
anu lazikaSi) Mmdebareobda da oficialurad erqva polemonioni (fadssa).
amave qalaqs axsenebs Revondi (da ara foTs).
saxeli `fazisi~ erqva ara marto ramdenime sxvadasxva qalaqs, aramed
mdinaresac, maT Soris araqss,Q Woroxs, rions, yubans da sxv. am mdinareTa
Soris yofila kelkitic, romlis zRvasTan SesarTavis monakveTs aseve
faziss uwodebdnen. qsenofonte aq axsenebs fasianebis toms (md. TermodontTan axlos). fasianebi aseve araqsis xeobaSi cxovrobdnen.

Tavi XX
afxazeTi
I. konstantinopolis patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werilebi
afxazTa mefeebs
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos arasodes ganucxadebia pretenzia dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavisi Zveli iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT konstantinepols msgavsi pretenzia rom
hqonoda gamoTqvamda rogorc warsulSi, ise meoce saukuneSi saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis procesis dros.
cnobili berZeni kananisti sardeli mitropoliti maqsime Tavis wignSi
,,saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia~ (aTeni, 1966) konstantinepolis araviTar pretenzias ar gamoTqvams saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT.
es Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro adre gamoTqva cnobilma kvlevarma mixeil
TarxniSvilma. is wers- ,,bizantias arc patriarqobis dros arc sxva
romelime xanaSi araviTari pretenzia ar ganucxadebia saqarTvelos eklesiis Sesaxeb~ (miqel TarxniSvili, werilebi 1994, gv. 463).
aRniSnuli mosazrebis TvalsaCino magaliTia konstantinopolis patriarq nikoloz mistikosis werilebi afxazTa mefeebis mimarT (iqve, gv. 436438).
bizantiis gamoCenilma ierarqma nikoloz mistikosma, romelic wm. fotis
mowafe iyo, mravali princi puli mniSvnelobis werili miwera Tavisi epoqis mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo da saeklesio pirebs. maT Soris is werda
635

afxazTa mefeebsac. m. TarxniSvilis gamokvleviT mas 902 wels werili

miuweria afxazTa mefe bagratisaTvis, 906-907 wels konstantinesaTvis,
924-925 wlebSi mefe giorgisaTvis.
sabWoTa epoqis istorikosTakvleviT nikoloz mistikosis epoqa, mecxemeaTe saukuneebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo `dasavleT saqarTvelos
eklesiisaTvis~, radganac iqedan TiTqosda am epoqaSi gandevnili iqna berZnuli saRvTismsaxuro ena, gandevnili iqnen berZeni sasuliero pirebi, gauqmda
berZnuli eparqiebi da saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. maTi adgili ki TiTqosda
daiWira qarTulma.
rogorc cnobilia, zemoT aRniSnuli afxazTa mefe giorgis mier dasavleT saqarTvelos centrSi daarsebuli iqna Wyondidis saepiskoposo
kaTedra. cxadia Tu dasavleT saqarTvelo konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda, mis centrSi Wyondidis qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedrisa da eparqiis daarseba SezRudavda kidec iq berZnul eklesias anu konstantinopolis sapatriarqos kanonier ufleba-mosilebas, es
ki unda asaxuliyo da aisaxeboda kidec mefe giorgiadmi miweril konstantinololis patriarqis mier miweril werilebSi, epoqis sxva dokumentebSi.
am kuTxiT suraTis Sesaswavlad kargi saSualebaa swored am epoqis
konstantinopoleli patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werilebi.
afxazTa samefo, rogorc cnobilia moicavda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos.
902 wels konstantinopolis patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi dasavleT
saqarTvelos (afxazTa) mefe bagrats uwodebs ,,RvTis moyvaresa da zne
tkbil~ adamians, romelic siyvaruls badebs nikoloz mistikosis gulSi.
ufro metic patriarqi mefes uwodebs ,,RvTis kacs~, sakuTar Svils, mamobrivi amboriT esalmeba mas. patriarqi mefes uwonebs ,,RvTiv aRtyinebul
miswrafebas~ alanTa eris saxsnelad. erTi sityviT patriarqi Zalze aqebs
da yovelmxriv emadliereba afxazTa mefes.
werilidan srulebiT ar Cans raime kvali imisa, rom dasavleT
saqarTveloSi izRudeboda berZnuli saeklesio iurisdiqcia, ar
Cans raime kvali imisa, rom am samefoSi gaauqmes berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi da rom misi berZeni mRvdelmTavrebi idevnebodnen.
Tu ki patriarq nikoloz mistikosis dros
Seicvala iseTi
cnobili berZnuli saeklesio kaTedrebis statusi ,rogorebic iyvnen
fasisis, rodopolisis, ziganas, saisinisa da petras kaTedrebi,
imdenad,rom isini Camoacales konstantinopolis sapatriarqos da
Seiyvanes qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, cxadia es adgilobrivi
mTavrobis nebarTviT moxdeboda.
adgilobriv mefeebs ki im droisas- bagrats, konstantinesa da
giorgis
Tbil
werilebs werda konstantinopolis patriarqi.
SeuZlebelia am didmniSvnelovani eparqiebis dakargviT konstantinopoli AaRSfoTebuli rom ar Yyofiliyo, miT Uumetes dasavleT saqarTvelos mTavrobis mimarT.
rogorc iTqva,aRniSnul Tbil werilibSi saerTod ar ixsenieba
636

`gauqmebuli~ didmniSvnelovani kaTedrebi da iq mxolod axalqristian alanebzea saubari.

cxadia Tuki konstantinopolis patriarqi did mzrunvelobas iCenda
afxazeTSi stumrad myofi alaniis episkoposis mimarT da Txovda afxazTa
mefeebs yovelmxriv, yoveli saSualebiT daxmareboda alaniis episkoposs,
miTumetes gacilebiT ufro daexmareboda berZen sasuliero pirebs Tu
isini dasavleT saqarTveloSi ukaTedrebod darCnen da idevnebodnen.
aRniSnuli werilebis ganxilva uflebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT azri rom
IX-X saukuneebSi afxazTa samefoSi msgavs devnas adgili ar hqonia.
nikoloz mistikosis yvela werili afxazTa mefeebis mimarT guliTadi
da gulTbilia.
kerZoT 906-907 wlebSi patriarqi afxazTa axal mefes konstantinesac
wers werils. mas uwodebs ,,brwyinvale sayvarel Svils~, xolo mis gardacvlil mamas bagrats ki uwodebs netars, romlis gardacvaleba konstantinopolma jerovnad iglova.
patriarqi RmerTs hmadlobs imis gamo, rom gardacvlilis nacvlad taxtze
avida mamis saTnoebis mqone axali xelmwife, gonieri da brZeni. axal
mefesac patriarqi sTxovs daexmaros alaniis episkoposs da gaaumjobesos
misi sacxovrebeli pirobebi.
TiTqmis 20 wlis Semdeg konstantinopolis patriarqi werils wers mefe
giorgis. uwodebs mas keTilSobils, romelic RmerTma daadgina, da Semkobilia sulieri SaravandediT. patriarqi gamoTqvams did sixaruls, rom
mefe brwyinvale magaliTs iZleva Tavisi keTilSobili qcevebiT.
werilidan Cans, rom mefes da patriarqs iqamdec hqoniaT werilobiTi
urTierToba. mefes daintereseba gamouTqvams gaego bulgareTis ambebi.
patriarqi pasuxobs mas da Txovs rogorc SeSvenis mis mefur didebasa da
brwyinvalebas Zveleburad daicvas patriarqTan gulwrfeli megobroba.
patriarqi am werilSi mefes megobars uwodebs samjer.
m. TarxniSvilis mier Targmnili am werilebidan kargad Cans, rom 902-925
wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi adgili ar hqonia berZnuli eklesiis devnas da arc wina epoqaSi wina mefeebis dros.
maSasadame mecxre-meaTe saukuneebSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqo ar
gamoTqvamda pretenzias qarTuli eklesiis mimarT.
ismis kiTxva mecxre-meaTe saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesia Tuki
SeiWra konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi,am epoqis konstantinopoleli patriarqebi (magaliTad nikoloz mistikosi) ratom ar gamoTqvamdnen pretenziebs qarTuli eklesiis mimarT?
pasuxi aseTia: sinamdvileSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eparqiebi lazikaSi ganlagebulni iyvnen ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
aramed
trapezuntis axlo mTianeTSi, romelsac wyaroebSi `sofeli
megrelTa~ erqva. aq iyvnen ganlagebulni fazisis samitropolitos
petras, ziganas, rodopolisisa da saisinis eparqiebi.
aqedan gamomdinare dasavleT saqarTvelo ar Sedioda konstanti637

nopolis iurisdiqciaSi.
bunebrivia ararsebuli berZunli saepiskoposoebis gauqmeba SeuZlebeli
iyo, da amitomac konstantinopolis sapatriarqos arasdros gaaCnda
pretenziebi saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT.
H 838
afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, istoriulad yovelTvis zogad qarTuli eklesiis erT nawils warmoadgenda, qarTuli eklesiis meore
nawili iyo qarTlis sakaTalikoso.
zogad qarTuli eklesiis mTlianoba miiRweoda saerTo saeklesio samarTliT, saerTo sjuliskanoniT, saerTo qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro eniT,
saerTo tradiciebiTa da saqarTvelos patriarqis
saerTo meTaurobiT.am or pirvelierarqs Soris erTs uxucesi,xolo
meores umrwemesi ewodeboda.
erTian qarTul eklesiaSi wodeba `kaTalikosi~ Seesabameboda berZnuli sapatriarqoebis `mitropolitis~ wodebas.
rogorc berZnuli sapatriarqos mitropolits uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen Tavisi episkoposebi,aseve qarTlis kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi,
xolo afxazeTis kaTalikoss dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, xolo orive
es sakaTalikoso erTiani qarTuli eklesiis saeklesio administraciuli erTeulebi(samitropolito olqebi) iyvnen.
rogoc iTqva, maTi zemdgomi saeklesio instituti iyo saerTo sjuliskanonis da saeklesio samarTlis SemmuSavebeli adgilobrivi saeklesio
krebebi.
es sakaTalikosoebi aRiarebdnen aseve upiratesi pirvelierarqis avtoritets. mas `uxuces patriarqs~ uwodebdnen. misi movaleoba iyo uzunveleyo sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiaSi(e.i.qarTlisa
da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebSi) saerTo sjuliskanonis dacva,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi axali saerTo kanonebis SemuSaveba(mag.XVI
s.-is `samarTali kaTalikosTa~).
aRsaniSnavia, rom saeklesio krebis mier afxazeTisa da qarTlis
kaTalikosTa monawileobiT gamocemul kanonebs mTels saqarTveloSi (cxadia afxazeTSic) savalddebulod aRsasrulebeli Zala eniWeboda samoqalaqo samarTlis sferoSic.
zogierT saelesio-sakanonmdeblo krebas miRebuli aqvT kanonebi,
romelnic ufro saero-samoqalaqo samarTlis sferos ganekuTvnebian, aseTebia magaliTad sasjelTa CamonaTvali qurdobisaTvis, yaCaRobisaTvis da
sxva msgavsi. rogorc aRiniSna am kanonebs savaldebulod aRsasrulebeli
Zala eniWeboda.
`uxuces~ pirvelierarqad anu `saqarTvelos patriarqad~,rogorc wesi
,irCevdnen mcxeTel kaTalikoss, magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi biWvinTel anu afxazTa kaTlikoss gadaecemoda es tituli (`saqarTvelos partiarqi~).
magaliTad Sah-abasis Semosevebis Semdeg (XVII saukunesa da XVIII s.I
638

naxevarSi) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefoebma dakarges suvereniteti

(musulmanuri mmarTvelobis qveS moeqcnen), xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo
Zveleburad marTlmadidebel mefe -mTavarTa mier imarTeboda.
am faqtma gazarda dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTvelTa(mefeTa
da kaTalikosTa) avtoriteti,rac maT titulaturaSic aisaxa, magaliTad afxazeTis kaTalokosTa titulaturaSi gamoCnda tituli
`saqarTvelos patriarqi~, ucxouri wyaroebis danaxmad am epoqaSi
afx azeT is
kaTalikos i
sr ulia d
sa qarT velo s(ib erii s)
uxuces(upirates) pirveliararqad iTvleboda,
magaliTad antioqia-ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi(XVII s.) amis Sesaxeb werda` i b e r i a S i o ri a v to k e f a lu r i a r q i e p i s k o po s i a , r o m e lT a c
qarTvelebi uwodeben kaTalikosebs. qvemo Iberia, romelsac Zvelad kolxeTsa da lazikas uwodebdnen, aqvs eparqiebi imereTSi,
guriaSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTsa da mesxeTis nawilSi...
zemo da qvemo iberias Soris sazRvari aris qedi... qvemo iberiis
kaTalikosi pativiTufro metia zemo iberiis kaTalikosze... iberebi qvemo iberiis kaTalikoss miiCneven ufros kaTalikosad, radganac mefe, e.i, imereTis Tavi, maTTan iwodeba mefeTa-mefed~(sardeli
m i tr o p oli ti m a qs i m i, q ar T u li e k le s i a d a m i s i a v to k e fa la
`Teologia~,aTeni,1966 w.gv.48, Targmani berZnulidan rusulad,1981).
XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi aRsdga aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
saxelwifoebrivi suvereniteti da samefo taxti kvlav marTlmadide belma xelmwi feebma daiWir es, am faqta Zveli avtori teti
daubruna mcxeTel kaTalikoss,da is Zveleburad `uxuces~ pirvelpatriarqad iqca qarTul saeklesio samyaroSi,rac cxadia saeklesio samarTlis sferoSic aisaxa,magaliTad afxaz kaTalikosTa
taxtze mjdomi wm.dosiTeos quTaTelis dros anton kaTalikosis
dikasteriis(saeklesio sasamarTlo) samarTalis sferoSi Sedioda
aRmosavleTTan erTad dasavleT saqarTveloc(mitropoliti anania
jafariZe,saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi,t.
).M
XIX s.-Si mTeli es sistema moiSala, radganac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma ruseTis saimperatoro xelisuflebam.
1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis saxelmwifom daubruna saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefalia, romelic
iqamde 1917 wlis 25 martis aqtis safuZvelze aRdgenilad gamoacxada saqarTvelos eklesiis mRdelmTavrebma da mrevlma.
ruseTis imJamindelma mTavrobam cno saqarTvelos eklesiis Sinagani struqtura, kerZod avtokefaliis gamocxadebis Semdeg saeklesio krebam eklesiis pirvelierarqs mianiWa sruliad saqarTvelis kaTalikos partiarqis tituli, maSasadame is aerTianebda ukve
saukunis manZilze ar arsebuli(gauqmebuli) qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikoso kaTedrebs. mas ukve uSualod eqvemdebareboda
dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi. amis Semdeg
tituli mitropoliti aRniSavda mxolod pativs episkoposisa da
639

ara ierarqiul Tanammdebobas. es tituli mxolod saepiskoposo

jildos warmoadgens.
Sesabamisad cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis mmarTvelis Tanamdebobrivi
tituli aris episkoposi da mas RvawlisaTis SesaZloa jildos
saxiT EeboZos mTavarepiskoposis anda mitropolitis wodeba.
saqarTvelos patriarqs mieniWa ufleba mudmivad an droebiT
marTavdes romelime eparqiasac. 1917-18 wlebis krebebma mas samarTavad gadasca mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqia, 2010 wlis krebam(wm.sinodma)
cxum-afxazeTis eparqia,sxvadasxva wlebSi saqarTvelos patriarqebi sxva eparqiebsac marTavdnen,mag.manglisisa,quTaisisa da sxva.
afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, viTarca qarTuli eklesiis erTerTi administraciuli erTeuli (berZnuli samitropolitos fardi) daaarsa saqarTvelos saeklesio mmarTvelobam, rac xelmwifis karis mierac iqna dadasturebuli (,,aman bagrat ganaCina kaTalikozi afxazeTs~ - gvamcnobs qarTlis cxovreba), dasavleT saqarTvelo imTaviTve qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda (IV s-danve), afxazTa samefos Camoyalibebam warmoqmna safuZveli qarTuli eklesiis afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebisa.
amitomac araa swori n. lomouri, romelic acxadebs rom VIII s-Si konstantinopolis sapatriarqos gamoeyo dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis)
eklesiac (lomouri 2009, gv. 40-46).
ivane minCxi _ `qarTveli~
Zvel qarTvel moRvaweebs saxelebs uwodebdnen ara regionuli warmomavlobis, aramed zogad-erovnuli identobis Sesabamisad.
magaliTad wmida ilarions, miuxedavad imisa, rom is iyo kaxeTidan, rac
mis biografiaSicaa asaxuli, uwodebdnen `qarTvels~.
argveTis erisTavebsac wm. daviTsa da konstantines `qarTvelni~ erqvaT,
Tu aras vityviT taoeli ioane mTawmidelisa Tu javaxeli giorgi mTawmidelis Sesaxeb, romelTac wyaroebSi aseve `qarTvelni~ erqvaT. gamonaklisi araa afxazTa samefos moRvawenic, kerZod, magaliTad Wyondidis sanaxebSi mcxovreb poetsa da kompozitors ivane minCxs `qarTveli~ erqva
mTeli qarTuli samyaros moRvaweTa msgavsad [Tumca, aris erTi gamonaklisi abo Tbilelis mimarT, romelsac sagaloblebis dasaTaurebebSi `qarTvels~ uwodebdnen. Cven gamokvleuli gvaqvs, rom abo Tbilelis `qarTvelis~ wodeba gamoxatavda imas, rom abo Tbileli iyo qarTuli eklesiis
wmidani da ara somxurisa, am ganmartebis darTva saWiro gaxda, Cans, imis
gamo, rom abos epoqaSi Tbilisis amirebma ufro meti yuradReba miapyres
somxur eklesias imdenad, rom Tbilisis mxare qvemo qarTli (samSvildetaSir-Zoragerti) somxuri eklesiis wevr kvirikianTa samefo ojaxs gadasces, TviT bilisSi(saamiros centrSi) marTlmadideblur(bizantiuri) AaRmsareblobis devnis gamo monofizituri mrevli gaizarda.
amis gamo, zogadad TbiliselTa sarwmunoebrivimarTlmadidebluri orientacia saeWvo gaxda, amitom daWirda ganmartebiTi warwera `qarTveli~
abo Tbilelis sagalobels, rac ganmartavda, rom is iyo wmidani qarTuli
640

eklesiisa da ara somxurisa. sxva viTareba iyo, magaliTad, mTawmidaze,

sadac qarTveli berebi xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom isini ara mxolod
eklesiurad, aramed `naTesaviTac~ qarTvelebi iyvnen].
ivane minCxs, iseve, rogorc qarTuli samyaros sxva moRvaweebs,
`qarTvels~uwodebdnen. is iyo qarTuli leqsis didostati, imdenad saxelovani poeti da musikosi, rom misi sagaloblebi X s-Si
mTel qarTul samyaroSi gavrcelda. is ara marto werda teqstebs
(Tanamedrove sityvebiT rom vTqvaT), aramed maT urTavda musikalur
kompoziciebs. ufro metic. mas SemouRia qarTuli galobis axali
forma, e.w. `spaduqni~ da `morTulni~. `saxeldobr, es galobani
moicavs ara cxra saleqso sazomis monacvleobas cxra musikalur
kompoziciasTan erTad, aramed aq xuTi saleqso sazomi Sewyobilia
cxra musikalur kompoziciasTan~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv.
672).
mis sagalobelTa Sesaxeb aRniSnulia: `Tqmulni netarisa minCxisa qarTvelisani~ (iqve, gv. 671).
ivane minCxi warmoSobiT Wyondidis sanaxebidan _ inCxidan (inCxuri) yofila.
amitomac mas `minCxs~ eZaxdnen.
misi warmoSobis adgili ganudidebia afxazTa mefe giorgi II-s,
romelsac Zlier uyvarda da pativs scemda ivane minCxs, imiTac, rom
WyondidSi saepiskoposo kaTedra ganuwesebia.
ivane minCxi X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gardacvlila (iqve, gv. 670).
is iyo rusTavelis erT-erTi winamorbedi.
konstantinopolis patriarqis nikoloz I-is (gard. 925w.)
adresati mefe giorgi II _ `didi da kargi~
wmida patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi, rogorc cnobilia, werilebs werda
afxazTa mefe giorgi II-s, sabWoTa epoqis mkvlevarebis sityviT, swored mis
epoqaSi (X-is dasawyisSi) TiTqosda qarTulma eklesiam konstantinopols
CamoarTva kaTedrebi afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) da maTze Tavisi ufleba ganaxorciela. miiCneva, rom cnobili saepiskoposoebis (fazisisi, rodopolisis, saisinis, petras, ziganas) dakargviT konstantinopolma
dakarga Tavisi iurisdiqcia mTel dasavleT saqarTveloze (afxazeTze).
aisaxa Tu ara aseTi umwvavesi momenti nikoloz mistikosis werilebSi
afxazTa mefis mimarT? araviTari odnav miniSnebas, an nakvalevs werilebi
amisas ar Seicavs. piriqiT, arsebobs sabuTi, saidanac kargad Cans, rom
araviTari teritoriuli pretenzia ar arsebobda konstantinopolisa da
(das.saqarTvelos) afxazeTis mefeTa Soris, aRsaniSnavia, rom somexTa patriarqisadmi werilSi igive nikoloz mistikosi wers aseT raimes: `kavkasiis
da afxazeTis miwebi Sens `iurisdiqciaSi igule~. mas sadavo sakiTxebi
rom hqonoda dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT, somex patriarqs miwerda kidec
amis Sesexeb da ityoda, rom miwebi afxazeTSi Sediodnen konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi. amasve miwerda afxazTa mefes giorgi II-s.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, WyondidSi X saukuneSi Seqmnil saga641

lobels aqvs zedwerili `es galobani mas kargsa giorgi mefesa, didsa,
didiTa vedrebiTa aRuwervebian minCxisada~.esaa is afxazTa mefe giorgi II
(922-957), romelsac werilebs werda patriarqi konstantinopolisa, igi iyo
qarTuli enisa da kulturis udidesi moyvaruli, imdenad, rom is evedreboda, `didi vedrebiT~ mimarTavda Tavisi samefos poetsa da kompozitors
ivane minCxs,rom mas daewera axali qarTuli sagaloblebi.
meore mxriv, nikoloz mistikosic evedreboda, rogorc werilebidan kargad Cans, afxazTa mefes giorgi II-s Tavisi mfarveloba ar moeklo alaniis
eparqiisadmi. miuxedavad xvewna-mudarisa da Sesabamisi mimarTvisa, Cans,
giorgi mefes imdenad didi yuradReba ar miupyria ucxo patriarqis saTxovrisadmi. samagierod, misi yuradReba mSobliurisadmia mi pyrobili. misi
`vedrebis~ Sedegad ivane minCxs, viTarca kompozitors da poets, SemouRia
damoukidebeli saleqso sazomebi e.w. `spaduqni~ da `morTulni~, cxadia,
Tavisi Sesabamisi musikiT (musikaluri kompoziciiT), romelsac aRtacebiT
Sexvedria mTeli qarTuli samyaro X saukuneSi, ris gamoc afxazeTis gareTac is Zlier gavrcelebula (p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 672).
sinur xelnawerSi dacul sagalobels ivane minCxis mier darTuli aqvs
Semdegi kidurwerili: `wmidao giorgi, Seewie giorgi mefesa winaSe meufeTa meufisa da adide~ (iqve, gv. 670).
abazgiis avtokefalia _ s. yauxCiSvilis Secdoma
s. yauxCiSvilis (`georgika~, IV, nawili2) noticiebis cxrilebSi konstantinopolis avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa Soris ramdenjerme gvxvdeba
`abazgiis~ eparqia, kerZod, noticia I-Si, noticia VI-Si, notocia VII-Si da
noticia VIII-Si, magram aq yvelaze saintereso is momentia, rom TviT s.
yauxCiSvilis ganmartebiT, zogierTi noticiis berZnul dedanSi,
sinamdvileSi weria ara `abazgia~, aramed `amasia~, xolo s. yauxCiSvilma CaTvala, rom dedanSi daSvebulia Secdoma da `amasiis~ nacvlad yvelgan Cawera `abazgia~. Tanac `amasiis~ nacvlad Tavis mierve dabeWdil berZnul teqstebSi Secvala sityva `amasia~
sityva
`abazgiiT~ da aseve dabeWda.
s.yauxCiSvilis am Tamamma qmedebam, roca man berZnul teqstSi
ramdenime adgilze Secvala sityva `amasia~ sityva `abazgiiT~ da
aseTi Secvlili saxiT dabeWda (gamosca), aman() mkvlevarTa Taobebs
Seuqmna STabeWdileba TiTqosda berZnul dedanSi dawerilia
`abazgiis avtokefalia~, sinamdvileSi ki weria `amasiis avtokefalia~.
`amasia~ iyo trapezuntTan axlos cnobili savaWro-ekonomikuri centri da am qalaqis episkoposs didi gavlena hqonda. TviT s. yauxCiSvilis
cnobiT, noticia VI-s dedanSi `avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa~ nusxaSi
weria _ `35. eparqia amasiisa _ sebastopolis arqiepiskoposi~ (georgika IV, nawili 2, 1952, gv. 139).
s. yauxCiSvilma dednis am Canawers daurTo ASeniSvna _ `aSkara
Secdomaa, unda iyos `abazgias~ (georgika, IV, 2, gv. 139, SeniSvna 2).
amis Semdgom wignze TandarTul oficialur ganzogadebul no642

ticiaTa cxrilSi s. yauxCiSvilma `amasiis~ adgilas Cawera `abazgia~ (ix. gv. 192-Tan CarTuli sqema). sinamdvileSi ki qalaqi sebastopoli swored qalaq amasias regionSi mdebareobda, Tumca sebastopoli SesaZloa cxumsac erqva(s. yauxCiSvilma Cans am saxelis `sebastopolis gamo~ miiCnia amasia abazgiad).
noticia VIII-Si aseve `avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa nusxaSi weria _ `eparqia amasiisa _ sebastiupolis arqiepiskoposi~ (georgika,
IV, 2, gv. 141). aqac dedans s. yauxCiSvilma daurTo SeniSvna _ `unda
iyos `abasgiisa~ (iqve, gv. 141) da Semdgom yvelgan noticia VIII-Si
dednis `amasia~ s. yauxCiSvilis mier Secvlili iqna `abasgiiT~ da
mkiTxvelisTvis miwodebuli iqna berZnuli SriftiT.
mkiTxvels
eqmneba STabeWdileba,rom am TiTqosda dedanSi sinamdvileSi weria `abasgia~. rac ase ar aris.
ase rom, `abasgia~ avtokefalur saepiskoposoTa ricxvSi sinamdvileSi
ar yofila moxseniebuli noticia VI-sa da noticia VII-Si, maSasadame, darCa
noticia I da noticia VIII. am noticiebSi namdvilad aris moxseniebuli
saxeli `abasgia~?
me piradad Zalze veWvob, Tumca es saintereso sakvlevi sakiTxia. mizezi isaa,rom im teritorias sadac qarTuli wyaroebiT
mdebareobda `afxazeTis saerisTavo~, (e.i. teritoria md klisuras iqiT)
berZnul wyaroebSi ewodeba `alania~. amitomac Tu am teritoriaze saarqiepiskoposo mdebareobda berZnul wyaroebSi misi saxeli iqneboda `alaniis saarqiepiskoposo~ da ara abazgiisa.
afxazeTis saeklesio miwebi
afxazeTi istoriulad erqva teritorias md. klisuras marjvena sanapiros iqiT nikofsiis mimarTulebiT.
klisuras marcxena sanapiros aqeT mcxeTisaken Savi zRvispireTi da
mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo iberiad, anu qarTlad ganixileboda Sesabamisi mcxeTuri saeklesio iurisdiqciiT.
mefe miris gardacvalebis Semdeg misi anderZis Tanaxmad dasavleT
saqarTvelo, viTarca sauxuceso teritoria, ergo mefis Zmas arCil II-s,
amasTanave gansakuTrebuli uflebebi afxazeTSi moi pova afxazTa erisTavma
leon I-ma, romelic politikurad gaTavisuflda berZnebisagan. amis Semdeg
man gadawyvita qceuliyo `qarTlis erisTavad~ anu mieRo `qarTlis eriTavis~
tituli. risTisac Tavisi samarTavi teritoria Seiyvana qarTlis samefos
SemadgenlobaSi im pirobiT,rom SerTavdnen mefis qaliSvil guranduxts.
Ppirobis aRsrulebis Semdeg leon I aRmoCnda im `siZeTa~ siaSi, romlebsac SeeZloT legitimuri ufleba ganecxadebinaT qarTlis (iberiis) samefo taxtze. am uflebis damadasturebeli erT-erTi niSani, kerZod, `samefo
gvirgvini~ miiRo kidec samefo ojaxidan. Mmaleve, dasavleT saqarTvelo,
viTarca saufliswulo teritoria, gadaeca guranduxts, leon I-is meuRles.
maT ojaxs amis Semdeg ukve ekuTvnoda miwa-wyali md. klisuradan lixis
qedamde, romelsac legitimuri samefo dinastia marTavda. samefo legitimacia afxaz mefeTa ojaxSi guranduxtma miitana. guranduxtis vaJma leon
meorem afxazTa mefis tituli miiRo,magram mas sruli ufleba hqonda
643

saqarTvelos (qarTlis) samefo taxtzec dedis mxridan.afxatTa mefeebi

xosroian-gorgasliani mefeebis politikuri memkvidreebi gaxdnen. maTi
samefo amave dros `saqarTvelo~ iyo.
md. klisura ukve aRar iyo sazRvari bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris.
sazRvarma gadaiwia ufro CrdiloeTiT. afxazeTis gafarToebis Semdeg
biWvinTa iqca saeklesio centrad mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosi. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqcia ganivrco afxazeTis samefoze.
rogorc iTqva, am gaerTianebamde afxazTa saerisTavo moicavda teritorias md. klisuramde, xolo Semdeg misi sazRvari gadmoiwia lixis qedamde. afxazeTis eklesiam mcxeTidan miiRo miwebi klisuradan vidre lixamde. p. ingoroyvas Tanaxmad, man miiRo mxolod argveTis miwebi, Cemi azriT
ki miwa-wyali md. klisuridan lixamde, sadac iqamde xorcieldeboda ara berZnebis iurisdiqcia, aramed mcxeTisa, wirva-locvis
qarTuli eniT.

Tavi XXI
abazgia
abaSa-xubuSqia
qarTuli tomebis vanis tbasTan cxovrebis Sesaxeb m. qurdiani wers vanis tbis samxreTiT mdebare xubuSqias qveyana saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe enis mqone eTnosma daarsa (m. qurdiani, xubuSqia, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli, 2001, gv. 130).
is wers, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, samxreTSi qarTveluri onomastikis sistematurma figurirebam adreve Cauyara safuZveli
hi poTezas, rom qarTvelur tomTa pirvelsacxovrisi saerTod samxreTSi
mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 132).
Tumca ki TviT m. qurdianis TeoriiT qarTvelTa winare samSoblo aris
gansaxlebis Tanamedrove teritoria,saidanac xdeboda qarTveluri tomebis (karduxebis, mesxebisa da sxv.) samxreTiT eqspansia, CrdiloeTidan samxreTSi waweuli es tomebi aarsebdnen saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs TavianTi
ZalauflebiTa da toponimikiT (iqve, gv. 135). misi TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi odesRac cxovrobda saerTo-qarTveluri tomi
romlis saxelwodeba dakavSirebuli unda iyos eTnonimTan ,,abaSi~. ,,es
fuZe - rogorc hidronimi da toponimi - faqtia saqarTveloSi. magram
warmoadgenda Tu ara is eTnonims? a) abaS-i unda edos safuZvlad
eTnonims abSil-i//afSil-i. igi miRebuli Cans abaS-fuZeze il sufiqsis
darTviT - ,,abSil~; b) ar aris gamoricxuli rom abaSil-abSil
mTliani fuZec yofiliyo. abSilidan aris miRebuli afSil-i. amdenad, sruli ueWvelobiT SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom arsebobda qarTveluri tomi, romlis saxelic qarTulad iyo abaS-i (an
abaSili). am eTnonimis svanuri forma - abasg, abazg, abaSq (ar aris
gamoricxuli zogierTi svanur dialeqtSi - abasq-abasg-abask) swored
644

svanuridan unda iyos nasesxebi. berZnulSi abaSebis tomis aRmniSvneli terminebi - abask-ebi, abazg-ebi... berZnebi xSirad moixseniebdnen erTsa da imave toms sxvadasxva saxeliT, vTqvaT TviTsaxelwodebiT da mezobelTa mier darqmeuliT, da mas am saxelebis
Tanaxmad or an met tomad warmosaxaven da Semdeg erTmaneTis
gverdiT aRweren~ (iqve, gv. 129). Sesabamisad abaSTa erTi tomi berZnebma
ori saxeliT moixsenies, Tavdapirvelad qarTuli abSil-i uwodes, Semdeg
ki svanuri abask-abazgi. anda SesaZloa saerTo qarTveluri tomi am droisaTvis ukve sam sxvadasxva qarTvelur enaze metyvelebda magaliTad abaSebi
(abSilebi) - qarTulad, abazgebi (abaskebi) - svanurad - wers m. qurdiani. is
uSvebs albaTobas, rom abaSebis am tomma, romelsac zanurad - xubuSqebi
erqvaT, ilaSqra vanis tbisken da iq saxelmwifoc Seqmna.
vanis tbis samxreTiT e.w. ,,nairis~ sartyelSi qarTvelTa cxovreba m.
qurdians ar eeWveba. is imowmebs n. xazaraZes, romlis mixedviTac qristeSobamde XII-VII saukuneebSi arsebobda muSqebis ori qveyana - erTi - evfratis zemo welidan tigrosis saTaveebisa da zemo welis marcxena napiris CaTvliT (e.i. wina aziaSi), meore ki mcire aziaSi. md. halisis (yizilirmakis) Sua welis samxreTiT (n. xazaraZe, saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis
problemebi (mosxebi), 1984, n. xazaraZe, saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli terminologia, 1993, n. xazaraZe. Tsu axalcixis filialis Sromebis krebuli, I, 1998).
m. qurdiani miiCnevs, rom muSkebis es orive qarTuli qveyana saqarTvelodan
gasuli tomebis eqspansiaTa - laSqrobaTa Sedegad gaCnda iseve, rogorc
xubuSqias qveyana (iqve,gv. 130).es Tvalsazrisi ar dasturdeba, radganac
wyaroebi miuTiTeben ara tomebs moZraobas CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, aramed piriqiT samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken.
abaSa-abazgia
(abasxi-abaSxi-abasgi)
m.qurdianis azriT abaSelTa megrulenovani tomi SeiWra da vanis tbasTan
iq daaarsa ,,xubuSqias~ samefo II aTaswleulSi qristesSobamde( ,,kavkasur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli~ 2001.gv.130).
Tu aseTis daSveba SesaZlebelia, SeiZleba davuSvaT sapirispiroc, rom
samxreTSi, araqsze anu fazisze mcxovrebi fasianelebi, igive basianelebis
nawili (bas-xi,mes-xi) gadasaxlda
ufro CrdiloeTiT- dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, sadac maT basxebi,abasxebi,abazgebi daerqvaT.
basian-eli=bas-xi=abasxi=abazgi.
saxel abasgTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos,rom `baS~ fuZiT mravali
toponimia rionze q.abaSas irgvliv.
sofeli `Sua baSi~ mdebareobs mdinare rionis marjvena sanapiroze,
samtrediis raionSi (Sua baSs esazRvreba wyaltubos raionis sofeli
sayulia), sofeli (qalaqi) abaSa mdebareobs samegreloSi, sofeli Zveli
abaSa _ misgan sakmaodaa daSorebuli(Zveli abaSa senakTan mdebareobs,
noqalaqevis mxares), sofeli `zemo abaSa~ mdebareobs md. rionis marcxena napiras, istoriul guriaSi, kerZod, amJamad samtrediis raionSi, sofel
645

sajavaxosTan axlos (esazRvreba Coxatauris raions).

`baSi~ Zvel saqarTveloSi erqva brtyel adgils, did wyliT
gajerebul vakes.
zemo abaSa, Sua baSi (zemo da qvemo baSebi), Zveli abaSa, abaSa _
yvela am punqtebis SemaerTebeli xazi kravs wres, romelic mdebareobs
rionisa da cxeniswylis wyalTaSua da mis irgvliv mdebare teritoriaze
(samtrediis irgvliv).
fuZe `baSi~-sagan SeiZleba iyos nawarmoebi abSili (il _ sufiqsis
darTviT) _ abaSili _ abSili da abazgic (abaS-xi ! abas-gi)
rogorc iTqva, md. rionis xeobaSi, qvemo welis sxvadasxva erTmaneTisgan
daSorebul regionSi, mdinarispiras gvaqvs erTi da imave saxelis mqone
punqtebi:
1. abaSa _ samegreloSi (senakTan);
2. zemo abaSa _ guriaSi (sajavaxosTan);
3. zemo baSi _ imereTSi (sayuliasTan);
4. sofeli baSi _ samtrediasTan;
5. Sua baSi-samtrediasTan.AN
baSi _ sibrtyea, vake adgilia, wyliT Sejerebuli, anu wyliani didi
vakea, rac yvela ab `baSs~ aerTianebs.
saerTod, `baSi~ XX saukunis dasawyisSic ki erqva `brtyel gadasafarebels~ e.w.brezents.
baSi rom _ gaSlil,sibrtyis mqone zedapirs
(`brezents~) rom
erqva Cans 1924 w. ajanyebaSi monawilis mogonebidan-is wers:`erTi nawili ajanyebulebisa sulgrZelad eloda ganaCens, Cayrilni
erTad kamionebSi, zevidan afarebdnen `baSebs~ _ brezentebs. maTi kvnesa
mtkvris zedapirze burusiviT iyo dafenili~ (arCil gedevaniSvili, `Tavganwirulni~, 1996, gv. 118).
ase aRwers rusi bolSevikebis moqmedebas TviTmxilveli, maT gaTxril
miwaSi (ormoSi) CauyriaT ajanyebulebi, zemodan ki (ormosaTvis) brezenti
anu `baSi~ gadaufarebiaT, e.i. baSi erqva brtyel, gaSlil raimes.
Sesabamisad rionispira brtyel vakes abaSidan samtrediamde SeaZloa `baSi~ erqva, xolo mosaxleobas abaSxi-abaski-abasgi. maSasadame saxeli abaSxi,abasxi,abazgi SeiZleba iyos satomo saxeli basianel
mesxebTan dakavSirebuli da aseve iyos ara satomo saxeli,aramed aRniSnavdes vake,wyliani adgilis mcxovrebs. aRsaniSnavia,rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi qveyana `abaSi~ aris wylian-lerwmebiani vake iseTi rogoric albaT iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos abaSabaSis vake. safiqrebelia, rom SesaZloa basianis qveyanac misi msgavsi iyo
da masze mcxovreb tomsac Tavisi saxeli misca-fasianelebi,basianelebi.
Tu asea,maSin sityvebi abazgi da afxazi sxvadasxa warmoSobisaa da
erTmaneTs ar udrian.
abazgi yofili basianelia, xolo afxazi afxazeTis mkvidria,romelmac
xazarTa zemoqmedebiT miiRo saxeli,radganac saxeli afxazi SesaZloa
saxel `xazarTan~ iyos dakavSirebuli, Tumca armeniis qarTvelur sam646

yaroSic iyo toponimi `safxazi~ ( xaz -ar-eTi; a-f-xaz-eTi; sa- f-xaz -i

(toponimi).
mas Semdeg, rac Crdilo kavkasiaSi xazarTa tomma hegemonoba moi pova
VII s. bolodan, ufro ki VIII s.-Si, Cans im epoqis saqarTveloSi Crdilo
kavkasias `xazareTs~ uwodebdnen.
baSi _ enguris xeobaSi
(basxi)
rionis auzSi erTmaneTisagan Zalze urTierTdaSorebiT mdebareobs
ramdenime `baSi~ (qvemo da zemo baSi, abaSa).
isini moTavsebulni arian sxvadasxva raionebSi (samtredia-abaSa). `baSebi~ sazogadod mdebareoben gaSlil _ gabaStul(imer.), farTod gaSlil
adgilebze, vakeze da, saerTod, baSi~ brtyel, gaSlil vakes erqva.
amave saxelis mqone sofeli `baSi~ mdebareobs enguris xeobaSic, aseve
vake adgilas galisa da zugdidis SemaerTebel gzasTan.
orive auzSi _ orive mdinaris xeobaSi vake adgilebze abaSebis da
baSebis simravle gvafiqrebinebs, rom SesaZloa erT dros rionis dablobs
saerTod `baSi~ (vake) erqva, xolo iqaur mkvidr mosaxleobas Sesabamisad
ewodeboda baS-gi, baSxi, baski, abaSgi, abaSki, abaSxi. aqedan abasgi, abaSki,
abasxi (basxi). marTlac, Zvel wyaroebSi Cven gvxvdeba zRvispira tomebi
abasgebi, baskebi, baskunebi, da a.S. unda vigulisxmoT, zemoTmoyvanilidan
gamomdinare, am sityvebiT (abasgi, basxi, baskuni da a.S.) aRiniSneboda ara
romelime eTnikuri jgufi, aramed is mosaxleoba, romelic konkretul
wylian-Waobian vake adgilas, vakobSi, anu baSSi cxovrobda.
noqalaqevis eklesia
q.senakTan noqalaqevis eklesia g.CubinaSvilis TvalsazrisiT SesaZloa
iyos iustinianes mier a b a zgi a S i agebuli RvTismSoblis taZari
(g.CubinaSvili, noqalaqevis sakiTxisaTvis. TuS. t.XI. gv.118). amave Tvalsazriss aviTareba i.kulakovski (i.kulakovski `sad aigi iustinianes mier
abazgebis eklesia?~arqeologiuri SeniSvnebi, V, 1897 ,gv. 33. rus.enaze).
afsilia - sufsili
afSileTi da abazgia mdebareobdnen lazikis CrdiloeTiT da moicavdnen SavizRvispira provinciebs.
Tu lazika aris klarjeTi da bolo klarjeTisa, maSin unda vigulisxmoT, rom afSileTi
mdebareobda Tanamedrove `bolo klarjeTisa
zRvispiris~ (anu Woroxis SesarTavSi mdebare provinciis e.i. Tanamedrove
baTumis olqis) CrdiloeTiT, xolo abazgia kidev ufro maRla _ safiqrebelia eseni iyvnen qobuleT-guriis sanapiro (qobuleTisa da ozurgeTis,
samtrediisa da abaSis raionebi), md. sufsis xeoba.
sufsa am regionSi dominanti mdinarea. sufsis olqis mcxovrebT
unda rqmeodaT- sufsari_sufsili aqedan afsili. .amave olqSia aseve
meore mdinare msgavsi fuZis mqone, esaa md. sefa (gaedineba urekTan).
647

ase rom mdinareebi sufsa da sefa erT olqSi gaedinebian, erTmaneTis

maxloblad. SesaZloa swored am olqs erqva `afsilia~,es Zveli saxeli
iqaurma mdinareebma Semoinaxa (sefa-sufsa-afsilia).
sityva sufsilidan unda iyos miRebuli: afsili-afSili
Wyondidi
ra aris Wyoni?
CvenSi gavrcelebuli azriT, Wyoni muxaa,
etimologiuri Zieba ki sxva suraTs aCvenebs.
Wyoni, Cans, erqva urTxlis xes an Zelqvas.
martvilSi, Wyondidis taZris ezoSi Zveli Zelqvebia,magram araa
Zveli muxa (sul axlaxan darges muxis norCi nergi).
vfiqrob, niSani Wyondidisa Zelqva anu urTxel-uTxovris xea.
TanxmovanTa jgufi `Wy~ xSirad urTierTmonacvleobs Tx, ty, jR jgufTan
(magaliTad: Txapnis-tyapnis-jRabnis), Sesabamisad, `Wy-oni~ igivea, rac `Txoni~.
`Txo~ fuZe aqvs xe `uTxovars~ _ misi Tavdapirveli forma unda yofiliyo Txo-ri.
Zelqvas aseve ewodeba _ uTxovari (uTxuari), romelic `Tx~ fuZidan
agebuli sityvaa.
sityva Wyoni gvaZlevs Txon-uTxmelas (urTxmeli,uTxovari) da
ara sityvas -muxa.
Wyoni unda iyos adgilobrivi saxeli Zelqvisa, anu uTxovarisa
(urTxmelisa).
Tx
Wy ty
Tx-oni=Wy-oni
u-Tx-ovari
aRsaniSnavia, rom am fuZidanve unda iyos nawarmoebi aseve meore saxeobis mcenaris saxeli-Txmela(Txoni=Txomi=Txomela=Txm-ela)
xemcenare muryvams dasavleT saqarTveloSi, `Txmela~ hqvia. sityvebi
Txmela da uTxovari, Cans, erTi fuZidan amodian.
sityva muryvams SesaZloa igive fuZe aqvsmuryvami- mu-r-yva-mi
yvami
(W)yvami
Wyvami
Wyoni

(Tu `mu~-sa da `r~-s winsarTavebad miviCnevT).

(Tu `W~-s TanxmovanTkompleqs `Wy~-s dakargul
nawilad miviCnevT da mas aRvadgenT).
(`m~ da `n~ zogjer erTmaneTs enacvleba).

aqedan Cans, rom saxelebi muryvami (yvami) da Wyoni erTi fuZisa SeiZleba yofiliyvnen. aseve albaT SesaZlebeliamuryvami-muryomi-muryoni-murWyoni-Wyoni .
maSasadame QWyondidi niSnavs did uTxovris xes
dinastiaTa svanuri Ziri
648

1. egrisSi- dadianebi iyvnen svaneTis erisTavebis vardaniZeebis ganayofebi;

2. guriaSi- gurielebi emoyvrebodnen da enaTesavebodnen svanebs (ix.
d. yazbegis wigni);
3. afxazeTSi- afxazTa mefeebi erT periodSi iyvnen svani Savlianebi.
svani _ vardaniZeebi, gurielebi, Savlianebi da

dadianebi

()
(adiRe-qaSagni)
ruka _ ` IX-XI ~ (ix. wigni , 1987, gv. 78)
mixedviT, adige (qaSagi) ganlagebuli iyo uSualod saqarTvelos (abxazTa
samefos) mezoblad, Crdilo-dasavleTiT, Savi zRvis piras da cxumamde
CrdiloeTidan esazRvreboda afxazeTis sazRvars. mis gverdiT iyo (
() _ alani (iasebi) vidre Tergamde (yubansa da Tergs Sua).
sxva rusuli wignebiT ki, adiRe mdebareobda kidev ufro dasavleTiT,
afxazeTs ki CrdiloeTidan esazRvreboda ara adige, aramed alania.
Temur lengis Semdeg, am adgilebSi Casaxldnen Cerqezuli tomebi (sinurcimbiruli tomebi), maTac, Cans, uwodes saxeli `adige~ iqamde at teritoriaze mcxovrebi Zveli xalxis saxelis mixedviT.
XIX saukunis erTi rusi generlis cnobiT, adiRe-ubixebs hqondaT sakuTari damaluli ena, oficialurad laparakobdnen Cerqezul enaze, magram
hqondaT damaluli sakuTari ena, romelsac Cerqezebis SiSiT ar amxeldnen.
Cemi azriT, isini iyvnen naSTebi Zveli jiqebisa, romlebic dai pyres Temur-lengis epoqaSi Cerqezebma da daimones.
kosag-qaSagisagan, Cemi azriT, sityva Cerqezi etimologiurad ar miiReba.
Semdeg, rogorc cnobilia, Cerqezulma tomebma dai pyres abazebi, maTi saxelic miiTvises, Semdeg igive moimoqmedes afxazTa mimarTac.
`ebze stalin~
XX s. 30-ian wlebSi kultad gadaqcevis epoqaSi ssrk xalxTa momReralTa gundebi umRerodnen stalins.
CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom yaraCai-CerqezeTis imJamindeli olqis momReralTa gundic umReroda did belads aseTi sityvebiT-`ebze stalin~ e.i
`qarTvelo stalin~.
iqauri mosaxleoba qarTvelebs uwodebs `ebze~-s. e.i. `ebze stalin~ niSnavs-`qarTvelo stalin~.
rogorc cnobilia, sityva `abaz~-iT aRniSnaven afxazebs,
aRniSnuli mosaxleoba kargad icnobda maT Mmezobel abazinebis
tomsa da afxazebsac. TiTqos maTTvis unda ewodebivaT sityva `ebze~,
magram isini am sityviT qarTvelebs moixsenebdnen. ratom?
am sityviT -`obez `ebze~ aRniSnavdnen qartvelebsroca temur lengma Crdilo kavkasiaSi Camoasaxla adiRe-Cerqezuli
xalxi, am xalxebis sxvadasxva mraval toms sakuTari saxelic ki ar gaaCn649

da, amitomac am tomebs maTi gansaxlebis axali adgilis anda maT mier
dapyrobil- damorCilebuli adgilobrivi tomis saxeliT moixsenebdnen,
rogorc magaliTad egvi pteSi mcxovreb arabebs `egvi ptelebs~ uwodeben,
crdilokavkasiaSi mcxobrabi `abazebi~`ebzeebi~(`qarTvelebi) roca erTerTma adiReurma tomma dai pyro am dampyrobel tomsac abazebi,E`ebzeebi~
uwodes, magram sxva adiRe-CerqezebisaTvis zogadad `ebze~ mainc qarTvels
niSnavda. unda gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom Tavdapirvelad `abazi~ adgilobrivi qarTuli tomis saxeli iyo. damorCilebis Semdeg misi saxeli `abazi~ uwodes dampyrobel Cerqezul toms-e.w. `abazinebs~.
magram zogad adiRe-Cerqezul metyvelebaSi sityva abazi- `ebze~ zogadad
mainc qarTvels aRniSnavda. amitomac maTTvis `qarTeli stalini~ iyo `ebze
stalini~ da aseve umRerodnen mas.

daskvna
safiqrebelia,rom saxelebi `safxazi~ da afxazi erTmanTTan iyos
d a k a v i r e b u l i , d a m i u T i T e b d e s q a r T u l i to m e b i s m i g r a c i a s
samxreTidan CrdiloTisaken

Tavi XXII
svaneTi I_VI ss.-Si
`svanebs uwodeben iberielebs~(straboni, XI, II, 19)
`im xalxTa Soris, romelnic Tavs iyrian dioskuriadaSi arian ftirofagebic, romlebmac es saxeli miiRes usufTaobis da WuWyis gamo. maT axlos cxovroben soanebi, romlebic arafriT Camouvardebian maT usufTaobiT, magram sjobnian ZlierebiT, da SeiZleba iTqvas,rom isini TiTqmis
yvelaze kargi meomrebi da Zlierebi arian yvelasTan SedarebiT, yovel
SemTxvevaSi isini batonoben yvela xalxze, romelnic kavkasiis maRlobebi
uWiravT dioskuradis garSemo. maT yavT mefe da sabWo 300 kacisagan, rogorc
amboben SeuZliaT 200 000 kacisgan Samdgari jaris gamoyvana, marTlac
mTeli xalxis masa brZolisunariania, Tumca araorganizebuli Zala, maT
qveyanaSi rogorc gadmoscemen mTis nakadebs CamoaqvT oqro da barbarosebi
iWeren faceriT da bewviani tyaviT aqedan, amboben warmoiSva miTi oqros
sawmisze. zogierTebi maT agreTve uwodeben iberielebs - dasavleTelebis msgavsad, oqros silis gamo, romelic orive qveyanaSia~ (straboni, XI, II,
19).
-` , ~(straboni, XI, II, 19).
`svanebi TavianTi isris boloebisaTvis iyeneben Sxams, romlis suni dauWrel adamianskac ki tanjavs, sxva xalxebs kavkasiis axlomcxovrebT ufro
mokrZalebuli da umniSvnelo miwebis farTobi uWiravT, xolo albanur
da iberiul tomebs, uWiravT umetesi nawili kavkasiis aRniSnuli yelisa,
650

maTac SeiZleba kavkasiuri tomebi vuwodoT, maT uWiravT nayofieri miwebi

da SeuZliaT kargi meurneoba~ (straboni, XI, II, 19).

svanebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi

,,Zvelad svanebi gacilebiT met teritoriaze iyvnen dasaxlebuli, vidre
mogvianebiT, razec metyveleben, rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimikis analizi, romelic svanur saxelwodebebs
avlens kolxeTis rogorc mTian, ise dablob nawilSi~ (g. meliqiSvili.
Zveli saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, 1959, gv. 93. rus. enaze).
,,sakmaoa Tvali gadavavloT dasavleT saqarTvelos baris mosaxleobas
da saocar suraTs davadgenT: am mosaxleobis didi nawili swored svanuri modgmisani arian, gansakuTrebiT samegrelo, raWa, leCxumi da es momenti uZvelebi droidan modis~ (n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis
geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II, 1980, 93).
svanuri warmoSobis mosaxleoba okribaSic yofila, maT Soris xorxomeliZeebi da sxvani (d. SaviniZe, svaneTis mosaxleoba, qarTuli memkvidreoba, II, 1998, gv. 275-278).
s. yauxCiSvilis mosazrebiT sityva ,,baTumi~, svanur fuZe ,,baT~-idanaa
warmomdgari. svanuri toponimebis gavrcelebas aWara (qvemo-guriis) arealSi eTanxmebian arqeologebic, radganac miiCneva, rom svanebi samxreTiTac cxovrobdnen adreul xanebSi.
am mosazrebas TiTqosda istoriuli sabuTebic eTanxmeba. sabolood
araa garkveuli, magaliTad gurielebis svanTa erisTavebad wodebis, gurielebisa da svaneTis mWidro urTierTkavSiris mizezebi, Tumca Zalze mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi arsebobs.
ucxouri wyaroebi iZleva safuZvels fiqrisas, rom garkveul istoriul
etapze ,,svanebs~ uwodeben guria-aWaris mosaxleobas.
Tamaris epoqaSic ki svanebs gaaCndaT didi saxelmwifoebrivi uflebebi.
rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom ,,svanebis~ qveS ar igulisxmeba mxolod dRevandeli mestiisa da lentexis mosaxleoba, aramed krebiTi erToba dasavleT
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawilisa.
,,istoriani da azmani SarevandeTTani~ - wers: ,,da erisTavni mis Jamisani
eseni iyvnes: baram vardanis Ze - svanTa erisTavi, kaxaber kaxaberiZe raWisa da Takueris erisTavad, da oTaRo SarvaSiZis Ze cxumis erisTavad,
amanelisZe argveTis erisTavad da odiSis erisTavad bediani~ (q.c. II, 1959,
gv. 33).
aq svanTa erisTavad guriis erisTavi igulisxmeba? yovel SemTxvevaSi
CamonaTvalSi sityva ,,guria~ araa naxsenebi.
is didi mniSvneloba, romelic Tamaris epoqaSi hqondaT svanebs _ gulisxmobs did mosaxleobas:
- dasavleT saqarTvelos ajanyebis dros, roca mojanyeebs surdaT giorgi
rusis samefo taxtze dabruneba svanebs didi wona hqondaT: ,,gardamovides suanni didebulni da mexeveni da gardamoitanes rusi, mefe651

yofili da misca dedofalma simtkice rusis uvnebelad gaSvebisaTvis~ (q. c. II, 1959, gv. 54).
yuradsaRebia aq naxsenebi ,,svani didebulebi~ saqme isaa, rom ajanyda
ara mxolod svanebi, aramed mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo, SeiZleba iTqvas vardan dadiani iyo lideri, didebulebisa, - maT xom ar uwodebs
mematiane ,,svan didebulebs~?
aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc afxazeTis, ise odiSis erisTavebi svanuri warmoSobisani iyvnen. anu dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulebis urmravlesoba svanuri warmoSobis iyo (ix. qvemoT), afxazTa,
CvenTvis cnobili, ori mefe aseve svani iyo.
aseTi faqtebi SesaZloa gadmonaSTia imisa, rom odesRac mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos ,,svaneTi~ erqva.
Cveni kvleviT bizantielTa da sparselTa omis ,,svaneTisaTvis~
VI s-Si gulisxmobda ara davas dRevandel mestiisa da lentexis
raionze aramed mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, am ukanasknels uwodebdnen isini imJamad ,,svaneTs~.
Cans qarTul wyaroebSic airekla es faqti. kerZod am ,,svaneTSi~ (e.i.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi) rodesac Camoyalibda odiSis, afxazTa, argveTis,
svanTa saerisTaoebi _ yvela didebuli Sesabamisad svanuri warmoSobisa
aRmoCnda.
rac aisaxa maT samefo dinastiazec, yovel SemTxvevebi, rogorc iTqva,
cnobilia ori afxazTa svani mefe: Savliani ioane da Savliani adarnase.
vardaniZeebi iyvnen guriis erisTavebi, dadianebic vardaniZeTa erT-erTi
Stos STamomavlebi arian, vardaniZeebi iyvnen aseve svaneTis erisTavebic,
magram TviT vardaniZeebis gvaris damfuZnebeli iyo vardan svanTa erisTavi
- rogorc miiCnevs e. TayaiSvili. Tumca giorgi CubinaSvilis varaudiT
vardaniZeTa didebuli gvaris damfuZnebeli iyo X s. lentexis xatis
warweraSi moxseniebuli vardani (a. maruaSvili, maruSianTa, ganStoeba vardaniZeebi, ,,svaneTi~, 2008, gv. 281).
aqedanac Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulebi svanuri warmoSobisani iyvnen. vardan svanTa erisTavi - ar unda yofiliyo mxolod
mizezi am mniSvnelovani faqtisa, aramed mas istoriuli safuZveli unda
hqonoda. misi mTavari mizezi unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos svanuri safuZvlebi.
XI saukunis jumaTis xatis (g. CubinaSvilis daTariRebiT), warweraSic
moxseniebuli erisTavT-erisTavi varden II vardanisZe, igive svanTa erisTavi
vardania (iqve, gv. 282. is iyo giorgi II-is Tanamedrove) misi winaprebi iyvnen
(erisTavT erisTavi bakuri (X s., vardan erisTavi XI s. 30-iani wlebi, Cans
maTi STamomavali iyo ivane II vardaniZe (XI_XII s. damdegi) yvela isini
dakavSirebuli arian svaneTis saerisTavosTan (iqve, gv. 282).
aseve, miiCneva, rom vardaniZeTa sagvareulo warmoqmnili maruSianTa sagvareulodan (iqve, gv. 282). cnobili mxedarTmTavris zviad erisTav maruSianis Svilis saxelic vardani yofila (iqve, gv. 283). mefe giorgi I-isa da
maruSianebis konfliqtis Semdeg TrialeTSi baRvaSebi damkvidrdnen.
652

a. maruaSvilis mosazrebiT vardaniZeTa sagvareuli warmodgeba mefis

mier dasjili zviad II maruSianis vaJis - vardanis STamomavlebisagan
(iqve, gv. 285). Tu es asea, rogor SeZles drois mcire monakveTSi vardaniZeebi qceuliyvnen svaneTis, guriis da odiSebis erisTavebad, maT xelSi gadasuliyo didi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi?
ufro safiqrebelia, rom es mniSvnelovani faqti imisa, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelos yvela samTavro saxli savanebis xelSi aRmoCnda, mowmobs
svanebis did ganvrcobas da masTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
T. qarTveliSvilis mosazrebiT vardaniZeebi XI s. 70-ianelebidan guriaSi flobdnen mamulebs, magram erisTavis wodeba ar gaaCndaT, XIV s.-Si
gurias daeufla dadiani, maTi gavlenis Sesasusteblad bagrat V-m Seiwyala ajanyebuli svanTa erisTavi da uboZa guria (T. qarTveliSvili, svanTa
erisTavebis vardaniZeebis guriaSi damkvidrebis sakiTxisaTvis, ,,svaneTi~,
gv. 271).
guriis yvelaze SesaniSnavi xatebis warwerebi miuTiTebs, rom am regionis mmarTvelebs ,,svanTa erisTavis~ tituli gaaCndaT.
es gvafiqrebinebs, rom gurias erT periodSi svanTa qveyanadac
icnobdnen .
d. baqraZes jumaTis wm. giorgis xatis warweraSi dasaxelebuli erisTavTerisTavi vardani vardanisZe miaCnia guriis erisTavebis - gurielebis
winaprad.
vaxuStis cnobiT gurieli ityvis vardanisZeobasa~ (q. c. IV. 1973, gv. 37).
bagrat V-s dros 1362 wels ,,ukudgnen suanni~, maT dawves quTaisi da
mosaxleoba daatyveves. mefem Sekriba mTeli samefos laSqari. egrisis
gziT da raWisa da leCxumis mxareebidan mojanyeebs alya Semoartya.
daapatimra svanTa erisTavi-vardanisZe, Semdeg ki Seiwyala da ,,misca guria
saerisTaod~, xolo svanTa erisTavad sxva dasva - wers vaxuSti. ratom
misca guria saerisTaod svanTa erisTavs da ara sxva kuTxe? guriaSi
iqamdec erisTavobdnen isini.
am drosaTvis, Cans, guriam ukve miiRo Camoyalibebuli samTavros saxe.
mis mosaxleobas ukve aRar erqva svanebi, aramed gurulebi. svanebi axla
mxolod mTis erTi regionis mosaxleni arian.
saukuneebiT adre vardaniZeTa gvari daufuZnebia - vardan svanTa erisTavs
(e. TayaiSvilis miCneviT - XI s. 70-iani wlebSi, giorgi II-is Tanamedroves)
- ,,TavadTa amis samefosaTa niania qvabulis Zemam da ivane li paritis Zeman da vardan svanTa erisTavman... gaadginna suanni avis moxarkulni~ (q. c. I. 1955, gv. 315-316).
giorgi CubinaSvilis varaudiT vardaniZeTa gvaris damfuZnebeli X s.
fayis (lentexi) xatis warweraSi moxseniebuli vardani (a. maruaSvili,
maruSianTa ganStoeba vardaniZeebi, ,,svaneTi~, 2008, gv. 281).
erisTavT-erisTavi bakuris Ze vardanis SekveTiT SeuqmniaT skaldis (kldis) anu fayis mTavarangelozTa xati.
mematianis sityviT, rogorc aRiniSna giorgi II-m svan didebulTan erTad,
kerZod vardan svanTa erisTavTan erTad ,,gaadginna suanni avisa moxarkulni~
(q. c. I. 1955, gv. 315-316).
653

XI s-Si svanTa erisTavi ratom ibrZoda ajanyebuli svanebis winaaRmdeg?

cxadia, svaneTis damSvideba misi (e. i. svanTa erisTavis) movaleobas Seadgenda, magram me vfiqrob, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme Seexeba ara Tanamedrove svaneTs (lentexisa da mestiis raionebs), aramed ,,svanni~
erqv a dasav leT saq arTvelo s dablobSi mc xovreb mosaxle obas
(albaT ufro guriis regionSi), sadac Sevida varden erisTavic
sxva didebulebTan erTad da daamSvida ajanyebulebi. amis Sedegad unda gadacemodaT maT guria samarTavad XI s.-Sive da ara XIVXV saukuneebidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi xatebis warwerebi am mosazrebas mxars uWers.
Tuki dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils ar flobdnen svanebi da Sesabamisad mas ar erqva svaneTi, saidan moi poves svanma didebulebma didi
wona da gansakuTrebuli uflebamosileba gaerTianebul saqarTveloSi?
erTerT magaliTad miviCnevT Cven faqts imisa, rom mefe Tamars samxedro
Zalauflebis simboloebs anu mxedarTmTavris ufleba-movaleobas
aniWeben svani didebulebi imiT, rom mas mefed kurTxevisas xmals
gadascemen - kerZod ki ,,moxele svanebi~ da svaneTis erisTavi ,,da srul yves moxeleTa svanTa da didebulTa vardanis ZeTa,
saRiris ZeTa da amanelis ZeTa moReba da dadeba xrmlisa~ (q. c. II,
1959, gv. 27).
Sesabamisad Tamarma kaxaber vardanisZes - ,,didsa da gvarian kacs~ uboZa meWurWleTuxucesoba~ iqve, gv. 33).
vin iyvnen ,,moxele svanebi~ - romelTac Tamaris mefobis dasawyisisas
aseTi didi uflebebi gaaCndaT, radganac am dros da Tamaris mefobis
dawyebamde gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos birTvs Zveleburad ,,afxazTa samefo~ warmoadgenda, unda vifiqroT, rom es ,,moxele svanebi~ iyvnen afxazTa samefos mmarTvel saxelmwifo moxeleTa aparatis is zeda
fena, romelTa xelSic iyo Tavmoyrili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi, maT Soris erTerTi kaxaber vardanisZe gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos meWurWluTuxucesad iqna aRiarebuli. qveynis mmarTvel
,,TavadTa~ Soris svan didebulebs Rirseuli adgili eWiraT. mematiane
magaliTad wers ,,TavadTa amis samefosaTa niania qvabelisZem, ivane li partisZem da vardan svanTa erisTavman~ (q. c. I, gv. 33).
,,gurielTa svanTa erisTavis tituliT moxseniebas rac Seexeba, mas atareben
XIV saukunis II naxevarsa da XV saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe: svimon, kaxaber da giorgi gurielebi. isini ukve aRar ganageben svaneTs da titulaturaSi amis aRniSvna tradiciis wyalobiT xdeba~ (T. qarTveliSvili, svanTa
erisTavebis vardaniZeebis guriaSi damkvidrebis sakiTxisaTvis, krebuli
,,svaneTi~, 2008, gv. 27).
maSasadame, dadianebi iyvnen - vardaniZeTa erTerTi - Stos STamomavlebi (iqve, gv. 269);
uSualod svanTa erisTvebi iyvnen vardaniZeebi;
guriis mflobelebi iyvnen - svani vardaniZeebi;
afxazeTis mefeebi - ioane da adarnase iyvnen - svani Savlianebi.
654

svanma vardaniZe maruSianma iTava saqarTvelos gaerTianebis saqme.

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mxedarTmTavari zviad erisTavi
iyo maruSiani.
SarvaSiZe - SarvaSiZeebi - amJamadac guriaSi cxovroben.
es miuTiTebs, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos svani didebulebi dasavleT
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo aparatis did nawils Seadgendnen, es unda yofiliyo anarekli faqtisa, rom odesRac dasavleT saqarTvelos met nawils svaneTi erqva. Sesabamisi iyo maTi locvac uflisadmi-,,adide erTobili saqarTvelo da erTobili svanni~.

`ganvlo Woroxi da Sevida svaneTs~

(qarTlis cxovreba, t.I. gv. 42).
svaneTis adgilmdebareobis garkvevisaTvis SeiZleba gamogvadges qarTlis cxovrebis CanarTi andria pirvelwodebulis cxovrebisa, romelic
Targmnilia berZnulidan da Setanilia qarTul matianeebSi.
aq svaneTis adgilmdebareoba ganisazRvreba md.WoroxTan, is moxseniebulia md. Woroxis Semdeg.
andria pirvelwodebulis mimosvlis berZnul dedanSi naTqvamia, rom
andriam gadalaxa md. fazisi, qarTvelma mTargmnelma ki mis nacvlad
dawera md. Woroxi.
rogorc cnobilia dedanSi ewera mdinare `fasisi~, xolo mTargmnelma
is Targmna ise, rogorc sinamdvileSi ewodeboda am mdinares, anu `fasisi~
iTargmna ara md. rionad, aramed Woroxad.
aq nabrZanebia andrias saqarTveloSi pirveli mogzaurobis Sesaxeb, kerZod, pirvelad andria movida trapezuntSi- `megrelTa qveyanaSi~ (ase iTargmneboda berZnuli `lazika~ qarTulad), Semdeg TanamgzavrebTan erTad
Semosula qarTlSi, mouvliaT is.
`movidodes qalaqiTi-qalaqad da sofliTi-soflad~. Semdeg Sesulan
taoSi _ `warvles taos kerZi qveyana da vidre mdinared Woroxamde,
yoveli igi soflebi mis kerZisa movles da daucadebelad qadagebdes saxelsa RvTisasa, da esreT qadagebiTa miiwvies svaneTisa
qveyanasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 42).
sxva nusxaSia _ `andria simon kananeliTurT pirvelad qarTlad da
gananTla qarTli da naTel-sca da merme ukun iqca da ganvlo Woroxi
da Sevida svaneTs~ (iqve, gv. 42, SeniSvna).
e.i. svaneTis qveyana Woroxis Semdegaa, anu Woroxis gadakveTis Semdeg
mivadgebiT svanebis qveyanas.
maSasadame, berZnul wyaroSi svanebis sacxovrisi md. fazisTan mdebareobda. Zveli qarTveli mTargmnelebi ki faziss Woroxs uwodebdnen da
iqve sazRvravdnen svanebis sacxovriss.
aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom svanebis samxreT dasavleT saqarTveloSic cxovreba wyaroebiTac dasturdeba. am mxaris garda sxva kuTxeebic moiara wm.mociqulma655

Teimuraz batoniSvilis ,,iveriis istoriis~ cnobiTmociqulma andriam

1) mcxeTis jvris goraze jvari aRmarTa (erqva jaWvis monasteri)
2) Sevida kaxeTSi, gadaiara iori, mivida gremis goraze sadac miqel
mTavarangelozis eklesiaa.
3) ,,qristeTis gziT... movida xevsa mTiuleTisasa lomekis mdinaresa
zeda~ (Tergi),
4) mivida myinvarwveris ZirTan, avida maRal mTaze, aRmarTa jvari da
eklesia wm. stefane pirvelwodebuli.
svaneTi da aWara-guria
svaneT-guriis kavSir-erTobis Sesaxeb istoriuli sabuTebis damowmebiT
miuTiTebda dimitri baqraZe wignSi `mogzauroba guria-aWaraSi~.
amJamadac, svaneTSi sofel ienaSis (latalis Temis) mosaxleTa umravlesobas gvarad farjianebs, TavianTi Tavi miaCniaT guria-svaneTis erisTavTa
STamomavlebad (ix. gazeTi `uZleveli mxedari~ (zemo svaneTis eparqiis
gazeTi), #4, 2007, gv. 9). am sofelSi inaxeba ioane winaswarmetyvelis xati
mamia gurielis mier Sewiruli. JamTa aRmwereli aRnSnavs, rom laSa-giorgis Zis ulu-daviTis gamefebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda erisTavi
sargis farjiani.
(saerTod svanebi, viTarca afxazTa samefos legitimur uflebaTa matareblebi, afxazeTis samefos uSualod warmoadgendnen saqarTvelos mefeTa kurTxevisas. samefo insigniebsac isini gadascemdnen saqarTvelos axal
mefes).
s. yauxCiSvili miuTiTebda _ `sityva baTomis Ziri `baT~ unda enaTesavebodes svanur sityvas `baC~, romelic qvas niSnavs. es Tvalsazrisi SemdgomSi
gaiziara aq. inaiSvilma da igi axali sayuradRebo masalebiT Seavso~ (a.
kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisTvis, 1989, gv. 19).
a. inaiSvilma Seiswavla baTumis toponimika. mxari dauWira s. yauxCiSvilis mier 30-ian wlebSi gamoTqmul da Semdeg araerTxel ganmeorebul
mosazrebas saxel `baTumis~ svanur baC (qva) saxelTan igiveobis
Sesaxeb, amasTan svanur baT-baC saxelTan daakavSira man hidronimi `yoroli~ da `yoroni~. baT-baC Zirs daukavSira man yoroliswylis Senakadis
saxeli _ `leC~, romlis formad `lebaCa~ miiCnia da svanur `lebCers~
(qviani) miusadaga (a. inaiSvili, baTumis etimologiisaTvis _ aWaruli dialeqtis dargobrivi leqsika, I, 1976, gv. 73-87).
a. inaiSvilis azriT, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi,
e.i. aWarasa da guriaSi svanurenovani onomastika Tavdapirvelia da,
amdenad, ufro Zveli, romelic Semdgom saukuneebSi gadafarula zanurenovaniT. aWara-guriis zRvispireTSi (saerTod samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi)
svanurenovani onomastikis gverdiT `zanurenovani toponimebi gacilebiT
metia, rac kanonzomieria, radgan zanurenovani mosaxleoba SedarebiT gvian mosuli Cans. zanurma fenam uTuod gadafara svanuri onimastikoni, releqtis saxiT rom mainc SemorCenila~ (iqve, gv. 81-86).
aqedan gamomdinare, Zveli qarTuli wyaros cnoba, rom wm. andria
656

mociquli md. Woroxis (fasisis) gadakveTis Semdeg Sevida svaneTis

qveyanaSi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo svaneTad iwodeboda _ ufro
gasagebi xdeba.
svanuri nakvalevi SavSeTsa da samcxeSi
SavSeTSi _ imerxevSi, ramdenime sofelSi SemorCenilia mikrotoponimi _ `svaneTi~, `svanisxevi~.
magaliTad, sofel iviTSi aris aRniSnuli mikrotoponimi `suaneTi~ (ix. tariel futkaraZe, `imerxevi~, 2007. gv. 84).
xolo sofel baZgireTSi aris mikrotoponimi _ `suanisxevi~ (iqve,
gv. 92)
andria pirvelwodebulis qadagebebis adgilad samcxeSi dasaxelebulia qalaqi `sosangeTi~, qarTveli mkvlevarebi XIX saukunis bolos da XX
saukunis dasawyisSi `sosanigeTs~ aTavsebdnen samcxeSi, kerZod ki awyuris
sanaxebSi. `sosanigeTi~ etimologiurad moicavs prefiqss `so~, fuZe _ `sanig~ da sufiqss `e~-Ti. `so-sanig-eTi~.
`sanigebad~ XX saukunis mecnerebi miiCneven Wanebs, magram is SeiZleba
svanebis erT-erTi tomis saxeli yofiliyo. C-299

svaneTis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod miviCnieT erekle

kvanWianis werili, romelsac Tan vurTavT am naSromse.kvanWiani
dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo nawilis, e.w. `megrizacia~
lazTa samefos Zlierebis epoqaSi (III-VI saukuneebi)

jer kidev n. janaSia miuTiTebda svanur toponimur monacemebze (`lanCxuTi~, `foTi~) dayrdnobiT, rom mdinare rionis xeobis orive mxare) dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobi dioskuriamde da ufro CrdiloeTiT, xobis,
enguris da webeldas xeobebi, aseve istoriuli argveTis Crdilo nawili,
Semdegdroindeli leCxumi da raWa, svaneTis mTianeTTan erTad, saerTod,
dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo nawili, Tavdapirvelad svanuri tomebiT
iyo dasaxlebuli. `enobrivi monacemebiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulsa da I
aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi svanuri tomebi dasavleT saqarTvelos baris raionebSi vrcladaa gavrcelebuli (`iS~ sufiqsiani
toponimika) (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, gv. 341).
toponimur masalaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kolxebis
CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi fasianebi svanuri tomi unda yofiliyo. Qqsenefontes epoqaSi (Zv. w. V s.) etimologiuradac, `fa-sianebi~ waagavs antikuri
avtorebisaTvis kargad cnobili xalxis `suanebis~ saxels. (`fa-prefiqsi,
`siani~-`suani~).
kolxeTi, Zveli berZnuli wyaroebiT, Tavdapirvelad moicavda Savi zRvis
samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiros trapizonamde. berZnuli kolonizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad Seicvala da gafarTovda kolxeTis cnebis gagebac.
657

herodotesaTvis kolxeTis Crdilo sazRvari aris mdinare fazisi, kolxeTi ki sxvadasxva tomebiTaa dasaxlebuli. es araa erTi eTnosis, erTi
xalxis qveyana. strabonis epoqaSic (I saukune) kolxeTi krebiT saxels
warmoadgens vrcel sanapiro teritoriisa ukve trapizonidan biWvinTamde.
am dros mdinare fazisis, xobis, engurisa da agreTve webeldas xeobebSi
mcxovreb svanebsac (vidre dioskuriamde) Cans berZnebma, qveynis saxelis
mixedviT, `kolxebi~ uwodes, raTa isini ganesxvavebinaT mTis svanebisgan.
marTlac, Zveli avtorebi maT `suano-kolxebs~ uwodebdnen. ptolemaiosi (I
saukune) mTis svanebisa da baris svanebis gansxvavebis mizniT uwodebs
ukanasknelT `suano-kolxebs~. Eeseni (mTis svanebi da `suano-kolxebi~)
erTi eTnosia, mravalricxovani xalxi, strabonis mixedviT, maT saomrad
gamohyavT 200 aTasi mebrZoli (es ufro metia, vidre iberebisa da albanelebis jari erTad).
ptolemaiosi axsenebs kolxeTis sxvadasxva tomebs, maT Soris lazebsa
da manrilebs (`ekritikes qveynis mcxovrebT~), Cveni mecnierebis azriT,
Tanamedrove megrel-Wanebis winaprebi unda yofiliyvnen lazebi. manralebi
ki (sxva tomi) egrisis qveynis (`ekritikes~) mcxovrebni. `klavdios prolemaiosis cnobidan is gamomdinareobs, rom `egrisi~ da `megreli~ (`margali~) saxelebi Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT, eTnikurad aramegrul nawils unda rqmeoda da qveynis dasavleT nawilsa da
sakuTriv megrul (zanur) mosaxleobaze SemdegSi gavrcelda. SeiZleba es
laz-megrelTa mier am mxareSi mtkice hegemonobis mopovebas da lazikis
samefos Zlierebis xanasac (Sdr. megrulSi _ `margali~ _ terminis xmareba mdabio fenis, glexobis aRsaniSnavad. `zino-squas~ _ zeda fenis, aznaurobis sapirispirod) ukavSirdebodes~ (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,
1970 t. I, gv. 424).
svanebs, romelTac strabonis mixedviT hyavdaT basilevsi da sabWo 300
kacisagan Semdgari~ (Strabo, XI, 2,19). svanebs, rogorc straboni iqve wers,
`zogierTebi iberiul tomebad miiCneven~ (iqve, XI, 2,19).
svanebs, rogorc aRvniSneT, 200 000 kaciani laSqari hyavT, `mTeli xalxi
meomaria~, e.i. yvela mamakaci (brZolis unaris mqone) salaSqrod gahyavdaT.
albaT es iyo mTeli mosaxleobis mesamedi, aqedan gamomdinare, svanebis
saerTo ricxvi 600 000 mainc unda yofiliyo. Tu gavixsenebT, rom imJamad
tuafsedan lazebamde svanebis garda aseve cxovrobdnen kerketebi, aqelebi da henioxebi (maTgan zogierTi sakmaod didi tomi iyo, henioxebs oTxi
basilevsi hyavdaT), eseni, svanebTan erTad, Tanamedrove afxazeTsa da svaneTSi ver moTavsdebodnen ukiduresi mravalricxovnebis gamo. amitomac
unda vifiqroT, berZeni mwerlebis `suanokolxebi strabonisa da ptolemaiosis epoqaSi Tanamedrove lanCxuTamde iyvnen gansaxlebulni da mxolod lazTa samefos Zlierebis epoqaSi (III-IV ss qristes aqeT) ufro
CrdiloeTiT wainacvles anda maTSi moxda lazuri tomebis `SeRweva-infiltracia~. Amis Sedegad suano-kolxebma SeiTvises lazuri (Semdegroindeli megruli) metyveleba. swored am process vuwodebT Cven `megrizacias~. g. meliqiSvili lazeTis samefos sazRvrebis CrdiloeTiT ganvrcobas ukavSirebs III s. bolodan `romaelTa Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas aRmo658

savlur provinciebSi~. rogorc ariane wers, I-II ss-Si md. WoroxTan miwawyali (fazisamde) iberiis samefos da mis qveSevrdom tomebs eWiraT, am
droisTvis ukve romaelTa gavlenis sferoSi myof lazeTis samefos aRniSnul adgilebSi mcxovrebi iberiuli tomebi SeuerTebia: `aq adre iberias
hqonda fexi mokidebuli, axla ki romaelTa da lazTa samflobeloebi
Cans, iberia aqedan gandevnili Cans, zogi misi samflobelo lazTa samefos
SemadgenlobaSia Sesuli~ (narkv. I, gv. 555).
kidev ufro gafarTovda lazTa mflobeloba CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT
(Sesabamisad Tavisi dialeqtiT) VI s-Si dasavleT saqarTveloSi bizantielebTan sparselebis damarcxebis Semdeg. g. meliqiSvili wers _ `kidev
ufro met warmatebas miaRwies lazTa mefeebma CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT,
menandres (VIs.) mowmobiT lazTa samefo IV s. bolosTvis didad gaZlierebula da svanebi daumorCilebia~ (iqve, gv. 555).
s. janaSias azriT, IVs. dasasrulisaTvis unda daeqvemdebarebinaT lazebs svanebis garda aseve afSilebi, abazgebi da sxva mezobeli tomebi
(iqve, gv. 556). `lazTa mefeebma sabolood moaxerxes iberiis mflobelobis
likvidacia das. saqarTveloSi da iqauri samflobeloebi SeierTes~ (iqve,
gv. 556).
maSasadame, lazTa mefeebma bizantielebis (romaelebis) daxmarebiT jer
Woroxsa da rions Sua mdebare teritoriis SeerTeba SeZles, Semdeg ki
ufro CrdiloeTiT svanebiTa da sxva tomebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wylis
mierTeba, ramac aq, cxadia, svanuri toponimikis Semdeg lazuri (megruli)
toponimikisa da enis ganvrcoba ganapiroba. am process SeiZleba vuwodoT
md. rionis orive sanapiros da zRvispira teritoriis momcveli mxaris
`megrizacia~. samecniero literaturaSi e.w. `qarTizacia~ ganimarteba,
rogorc `qarTis tomebis~ SeRweva _ infiltracia _ araqarTul an araqarTvelur tomebSi... sadac SeaRwevda qarTlis elementi, vrceldeboda qarTuli
ena da aRm. qarTuli kultura. aseTi viTareba Seiqmna ara marto aRmosavleTiT hereTis (albaneTi) teritoriaze, aramed dasavleT saqarTveloSic
(qse, t. X, gv. 459-160. statia `qarTvelebi~).
`qarTizaciis~ gverdiT, rogorc toponimikisa da saistorio wyaroebis
Seswavla aCvenebs, mimdinareobda agreTve e.w. `megrizaciis~ procesi.
unda davaskvnaT, rom Cvens Tvalwin aris ori Tvalsazrisi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi qarTveli tomebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb, erTi TvalsazrisiT,
romelic amJamad ufro miRebulia, dasavleT saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan
dasaxlebuli iyo megrul-lazuri tomebiT, Semdgom aq moxda `qarTis
tomebis~ gansaxleba (kerZod, md. Woroxidan vidre md. rionamde), ris Sedegadac aRniSnuli megrul-lazuri mosaxleoba gaiyo orad, erTi nawili
aRmoCnda md. rionis marjvena sanapiroze, meore nawili ki md. Woroxis
marcxena sanapiroze gansaxlebuli. esaa dasavleT saqarTvelos e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria.
meore TvalsazrisiT ki, uZvelesi droidanve dasavleT saqarTvelos
zRvispireTi dasaxlebuli iyo svanebiT (`suano-kolxebiT~), romelTac
agreTve iberebsac uwodebdnen (strabonis cnobiT). mxolod III-IV ss. Semdgom,
659

lazTa samefos gafarToebasTan erTad, aq moxda lazuri tomebis SeRwevainfiltracia (svanur mosaxleobaSi md. rionis, xobiswylis da enguris
xeobebSi vidre mTis svanebamde). esaa dasavleT saqarTvelos e.w. `megrizaciis~ Teoria.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT ki, ar momxdara dasavleT saqarTvelos arc `qarTizacia~ da arc `megrizacia~- gansaxilvel xanaSi, radganac uZvelesi
droidan VIII-IX ss-mde, dasavleT saqarTvelo dasxlebuli unda
yofiliyo jer kidev naklebad
diferencirebuli saerTo fuZeqarTuli enis matarebeli xalxiT
(iseve, rogorc aRmosavleTi),
romlis diferenciaciac daiwyo SemdegSi (saqarTvelos saxelwifos rRvevis kvaldakval anu XIII s-dan).
Sesabamisad, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis Camoyalibebisas (anu
wmida werilis Targmnis xanaSi) iqaur tomebs aerTianebdaT jer
kidev daunawevrebuli ena (e.i. Zveli qarTuli), Sesabamisad is erTi
xalxi iyo(Tumca tomebad danawevrebuli).
`egrisi _ romel ars svaneTi~
farnavazis Zem saurmagma Crdilo kavkasiis mosaxleoba Camoasaxla qarTlis samefos CrdiloeT nawilSi _ `saurmag warmoiyvana igini yovelTa
kavkasiis naTesavTa naxevarni, ...dasxna mTiuleTs didoeTiTgan vidre
egrisamde, romel ars suaneTi~ (q.c. I, gv. 27).
aq sainteresoa, rom strabonic wers TiTqmis imaves, rom iberiis Crdilo
mTianeTi dasaxlebulia skviTuri modgmis iberebiT da rom es skviTuri
iberebi da iberebi TanamonaTesaveni arian.
Cveni mematianec aRniSnavs imaves: misi cnobiT, Crdilo kavkasia dausaxlebeli iyo, Semdgom iq gadaasaxles samxreT kavkasieli mosaxleobadatyvevebuli qarTvelebi da isini TandaTanobiT gadaiqcnen Crdilo kavkasiis mkvidr mosaxleobad _ `arca iyo kaci kavkasiasa CrdiloT da umkvidro
iyo qveyana igi kavkasiiTganve vidre mdinaremde didad, romeli Sesdis
zRvasa darubandisasa... gamovida xazarTa mefe gardavlo mTa kavkasia, misca Zesa Tvissa tyue somxiTisa da qarTlisa da misca qveyana kavkasiis
nawili, lomekis mdinarisa dasavliT, dasavleTamde mTisa da daeSena
uobos da naTesavni misni arian ovsni~ (q.c. I, gv. 12).ovsni anu `skviTni~
qarTuli wyaros mixedviT am e.w.`skviTebis~(rogorc axali xalxis)
formirebaSi `tyve qarTvelebs~ hqoniaT wvlili.
Crdilokavkasielni, raRac xarisxiT qarTvelTa genetikuri memkvidreebi iyvnen da isini farnavazis Zes Camousaxlebia da dausaxlebia `didoeTidan vidre egrisamde, romel ars svaneTi~.
svaneTi-kaxeTi
`CrdiloeTiT egriss svaneTi ekra, istorikosi ambobs: `didoeTidgan
vidre egrisamde... ars svaneTi~ (cxovreba mefeTa) _ wers iv. javaxiSvili
(iv. javaxiSvili, t. II, gv. 50).
didoeTsa da egriis Sua moqceuli iyo raWa, dvaleTi da fxovi, Cans,
isinic svanur tomebad miiCneoda. ufro metic, iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT, sva660

neTs kaxeTTanac hqonia siaxlove, matianeebSi daculi cnobebi `qarTvel

tomTa mosaxleobis vgoneb ZvelisZvel mdgomareobas gvisuraTebs... svanebs, Tavdapirvelad, ueWvelia axlandelze meti miwa-wyali unda sWerodaT da mravali sxva sabuTic svaneTsa da kaxeTs erTmaneTs uaxlovebs~ (iqve, gv. 51). wyaroebSi ar Cans svaneTis sazRvrebi XII saukunemde
(iqve, gv. 51).
aRsaniSnavia,rom cnobili wanarebis tomi (maT mier kaxeTSi hegemonobis
damyarebamde (arabobisas), Tavdapirvelad Tanamedrove yazbegis raionSi
cxovrobda, maTi saxeli (wanarebi) , yazbegis raionis zogierTi toponimi
da saxeli `suani~ etimologiurad erTmaneTTan axloa. magaliTad iqauri
toponimebia `sondosxevi~, `sno~, `sioni~, romelTa fuZe-Zirebi sond(son),
sno, sion(son), rogorc saxel `svanTan~, ise `wanarTan~ unda iyos dakavSirebuli (safiqrebelia, rom sion saxelis Tavdapirveliforma ar unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli cnobil saeklesio `sion~ saxelTan ,aramed iqve
arsebul toponimebis saxelebTan son, sno, da wan)
istoriaSi dakarguli svaneTi
V-VI ss. berZeni istorikosebis TxzulebebSi mravlad gvxvdeba cnobebi
svaneTis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT VI s-Si sparseT-bizantiuri omebis aRwerisas.
svaneTisTvis ori imperia ibrZoda TavgamodebiT. amis miuxedavad, aseTi
did da mniSvnelovan qveyanis sazRvrebi aqamde dadgenili ar iyo. Cvenma
mecnierebma mas adgili ver mouZebnes. amitomac aRniSnavda didi iv. javaxiSvili, rom `wyaroebSi ar Cans svaneTis sazRvrebi XII saukunemde~ (iqve,
gv. 51).
berZeni avtorebis aRweriT, svaneTi didi qveyana iyo, xolo svanebi _
Zlieri xalxi, strabonis cnobiT-svanebs iberebsac uwodebdnen(
-
, . straboni, XI, II, 19).
strabonis cnobas eTanadeba prokofis cnobac:
-`svaneTi iberiis nawilia~- umtkicebdnen sparseli Sahebi da maTi di plomatebi bizantielebs~- wers is.
Tanamedrove svaneTis Zvel svaneTad CavTvla aSkarad Seusabamobaa, radganac, rogorc wyaroebidanac kargad Cans, patara, miuwvdomeli mTiani regionisTvis (Semdgomi mestiisa da lentexis raionebisaTvis)- ori imperia
ar ibrZolebda erTmaneTTan TiTqmis erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
wyaroebi sxva, ufro farTo da mniSvnelovan qveyanaze miuTiTebs.
sazavo molaparakebebis Semdeg dadginda, rom lazika _ bizantias unda gadacemoda, xolo svaneTi _ sparseTs.
Tuki lazika mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo (imereTis skande-Sorapanidan Sav zRvamde), xolo svaneTi _ Tanamedrove mestiisa da lentexis
raionebi, maSin sparselebs teritoriulad xelic ar miuwvdebodaT TavianT sapatrono qveyanaze, radganac maTsa da svaneTs Sua lazika iqne661

boda moqceuli.
Zvel svaneTze meti informacia aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebas~, sadac naTqvamia: `egrisi, romel ars svaneTi~, am cnobiT TiTqosda svaneTi ewodeboda egriss, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos.
magram,saqme isaa, rom Tanamedrove istorikosebi VI saukunisaTvis dasavleT saqarTvelos ara svaneTs aramed lazikas uwodeben, rac qmnis Seusabamobas.
Cveno kvleviT ki VI s.-Si politikuri mniSvnelobiT lazika erqva ara
dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed erge-ligan-klarjeTs (da `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispirs~).
ai, am lazikis damarcxebis semdeg bizantia-sparseTis gacxarebuli omebi mimdinareobda ukve mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis, anu egris-svaneTisTvis.
iqamde ki lazika, anu `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~ dainarCuna bizantiiam.
sazavo molaparakebebis dros erT periodSi dadginda, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelo anu egris-svaneTi gadacemoda sparseTs, viTarca nawili iberiisa,
xolo iberia sparseTis xeldebul qveyanad iyo aRiarebuli, maSasadame, iberia Tavisi nawiliT _ egris-svaneTiT sparsesTs darCa,
xolo klarjeTi anu lazika ki bizantias. Tumca Semdgom egrissvaneTisTvis brZolebi kidev didxans gagrZelda.
qarTuli wyaroebiTac, egris-svaneTi mudam iberiis nawili iyo. C-244
afsilebi
berZnuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom lazikis Semdeg mdebareobda afsilebis qveyana, xolo afsilebis qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda misimielebis qveyana.
Cven garkveuli gvaqvs, rom afsilebis qveyana _ esaa Tanamedrove guriis
zRvispira nawili _ md. sufsas xeoba. xolo misimielTa qveyana, Cans, erqva
Tanamedrove guriisa (da nawilobriv aWaris) mTianeTs.
afsileTs da misimineTs, Cans, miiCnevdnen im svaneTis qveynis nawilad,
romelic Woroxis zemoT mdebareobda.
`svaneTis qveynebi~ iyo, Cans, afsileTi, misimineTi, abaSgia da e.w `afxazeTis alania~.
abaSgia _ rionis xeobaSi, misimineTi da afsilebi mis qvemoT, xolo
alania _ maRla, Semdgom afxazeTSi.
VI s. omisas svanebi ufro metad emxrobodnen sparselebs, amitomac
bizantielebma Crdilo kavkasiidan Semoiyvanes alani mebrZolebi da svanebis miwebze daasaxles Semdgom afxazeTSi.
Cans, qarTul tomebs (svanebs,afsilebs,abaSgebs) `svaneTis omebis~ dros(
VI s. da VII s. dasawisi) wauweviaT Crdilo da Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, imdenad, rom murvan yrus dros, VIIIs. dasawyisSi afSileTi
erqva ara Tanamedrove sufsis xeobasa da mimdebare qveynebs, aramed cxumTan (soxumTan) mdebare regions, Sesabamisad, Crdilo _ Crdilo-dasav662

leTiT gadauwevia yvela toms.

Tuki iqamde abaSgebi Tanamedrove q. abaSasTan (samtrediis regionSi)
binadrobdnen, Semdgom Cans, isini gadasulan Tanamedrove afxazeTSi, svanebic CrdiloeTiT arian daZrulni da am droisaTvis maT daiWires is
raionebi, romelnic amJamad uWiravT.
[mxolod Zalze gvian, mas Semdeg rac Temur lengis Semdeg Crdilo
kavkasiaSi adiRe-Cerqezebi Casaxldnen da daiwyes mkvidri kavkasiuri tomebis
asimilireba da afxazeTis dapatroneba, maT erTerT toms qarTveli abazabaSkebis saxeli miuTvisebiaT da Semdeg afxazebisa, am tomebs iqamde
sakuTari saxelebic ar gaaCndaT da saxelebs maT mier dapyrobil-damonebuli xalxebis mixedviT uwodebdnen).
misimielebis tomi, Cans cxovrobda gubazoelis xeobasTan, vansa da
Coxataurs Sua. es tomi mxolod ucxouri wyaroebiTaa cnobili.
misimielebis tomi bizantielebma mTlianad gawyvites, TiTqos am faqtis
gadmonaSTia qarTuli gamoTqma- ,,sinsila gawyda~, rac wyevlaa da pirwmidad gawyvetas niSnavs, aqedan gamomdinare xom ar erqva qarTulad misimielTa toms aseve `sinsila? xom ar warmodgeba tom `sinsilas~ saxelidan
gvari `simsive~?
sinsila=sim-sila
sim-sive
mi-sim-iani
xolo, afsilebis satomo saxelidan unda iyos warmomdgari gvarebiafSilva,afsnaZe.

unda vifiqroT, rom sityva `suanebi~, `svanebi~ etimologiurad dakavSirebulia wyalTan, mis fuZeSi umTavresia `su~, ,,s~, `S~, rogorc sityvebSi
mesxi, afSili, abasxi, misimieli,
SesaZloa svaneTi VI s.-Si erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos da svanebis
nawili _ rionis WaobebSic cxovrobda mTebSi asvlamde, xolo mTielebi
iyvnen klarjebi, gurulebi, egriselebi, argvelebi da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxi (ara Waobis xalxi) _ fuZe _ `gr~.
Sesbamisad, erge-klarjeTis mosaxleoba qmnida lazebis samefos, xolo
egriselebi, argvelebi da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba qmnida
iberias, calke idga rionis Waobebi, sadac cxovrobda `gaSlili wylis~
anu Waobis xalxi (,,faS~, ,,suan~, ,,bas,~ ,,mes~ xalxi), es Waobis xalxebi (e.i.
afSilebi, svanebi da sxva) sadavo iyo lazikasa da iberias Soris VI s.
erT periodSi.
rionis vrceli Waobebi iyo mkvdari regioni, mas ver amCnevdnen da arc
aRwerdnen Zveli avtorebi, swored am mizezis gamo _ gauvali, ugzo-ukvlo
Waobebsa da ekal-bardebiT daburuli mxare, vrceli kera malariisa da
cieb-cxelebisa, sadac mdored miizlazneboda rioni, romelic zRvas imdenad nela erTvoda - SeuZlebelia yofiliyo prokofis da sxvebis mier
aRwerili mCqefare mdinare fazisi.
rioni, miuxedavd imisa, rom XX s-Si Waobebis daSrobis grandiozuli
663

samuSaoebisa, amJamadac mainc mdored erTvis Sav zRvas, kerZod, zRvis Relvis
dros, ara mdinare Sedis zRvaSi, aramed piriqiT, zRva Sedis mdinaris kalapotSi da is zRvis wylis sadinari xdeba. karg amindSi mdinarisa da
zRvis SeerTeba aseTia _ isini TiTqosda erTmaneTs enacvlebian, xan mdinare
Sedis zRvaSi da xan zRva Semodis mdinaris kalapotSi. am process adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sagangebo terminiT aRniSnavs _ `zi pi~ am terminiT
aRiniSneba sinusoiduri silis gorakebi mdinaris kalapotSi, romelic
warmoiqmneba swored am aRwerili procesis gamo.
md. boasi _ s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, iyo ori boasi: erTi erTvoda Woroxs,
meore ki rions. Cemi azriT, radganac Zvel avtorTa dabejiTebul miTiTebiT boasi gamoedineboda WaneTis mTebidan (georgika, 2, gv. 100). cxadia,
igulisxmeba ara yvirila, aramed Woroxis Senakadi, anda Woroxi Tavis
saTavesTan.
saqarTvelos kuTxeebsa da lazikeSi mravali erTnairi toponimi da
hidronimi iyo. magaliTad, egriswyali (afxazeTSi (bediasTan) da `egres-su
anu egriswyali trapizonis mxares (iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, t. II, gv. 123), klisura (cxumTan) da `klasuri~ (trapizonisaken) (iqve, gv. 23). `pitia~ _ `trapizonTan~, `pitiunti~ cxumTan, sebastopolisi, trapizonis olqSi da abazgiaSi. `zegana~ (`zeganTa sofeli~) XI s-Si Sida qarTlSi (T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, gv. 33) da `zigna~ qaldiaSi (trapizonis mxare), aseve ziginevi (afxazeTSi), zegani sof. kldeeTTan, zestafonSi. q. fazari (igive fazisi), (Zveli
aTina trapizonTan) (georgika II, 1965, gv. 102) da fazisi. `boasi~ erqva Woroxs
an mis Senakads prokofi kesarielis mixedviT, aseve rogorc zogierTi
fiqrobs md. yvirilasac. fazisi erqva Woroxsac da aseve rionsac. magaliTad, prokofi kesarieli lazikas ase aRwers _ `lazike yovelgan, mdinare
fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares
uzarmazari kldeebia romlebic iq viwrobebs qmnian, aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben~ (georgika II, 1965, gv 102). md. rionTan dasavleT
saqarTvelos barSi kldeebi arsadaa, is aris Woroxis sanapiroebze, istoriul lazikeSi. prokofi garkveviT wers _ `md. boasi gamodis WaneTis
sazRvris maxloblad armenielTa adgilebSi, romlebic farangionis garSemo
cxovroben. TavSi is karga manZilze marjvniv mimdinareobs. Txelia ...
vidre im adgilamde, sadac marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba, mis Semdeg rac es mdinare miaRwevs im adgils,
sadac kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebia, aq, radgan mas bevri sxva wyalic
emateba, is izrdeba Zalian da nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fazisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi, vidre evqsinad wodebul zRvamde, sadac misi SesarTavia da mis orive mxriT lazike aris ~
(georgika, II, gv. 100).Woroxis SesaniSnavi aRweraa.

664

Tavi XXIII
alania
`alanTa qveyana, romel ars afxazeTi~
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, egrosis wili qveyana aRwevda md. yubanamde (`mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa~), Tumca farnavaz-qujis mier daarsebul `qarTlis samefoSi~ misi mxolod erTi nawili Sesula, kerZod, qarTlis samefos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari gavlebul iqna md. egriswyalze,
romelzec mdebareobda qalaqi bedia.
maSasadame farnavazis dros qarTlis samefos saxelmwifo sazRvari
bediasTan gadioda.
mdinare egriswyali amave dros yofila sazRvari qarTlis samefosa da
`saberZneTs~ Soris aleqsandre makedonelis droidan (q.c., 1955, I, gv. 177).
vaxtang gorgaslis Semdgom qarTlis samefos sazRvarma gadaiwia ufro
CrdiloeTiT Dda Ddaido mdinare klisuraze (kelasurze).
md. kelasuris iqiT, e.i. aRmosavleT sanapiros mxares mdebare qveyanas
VIII s-dan `afxazeTi~ erqva, xolo aqeT, e.i. dasavleT sanapiros mxares `qarTlis samefo~. sazRvari bizantiasa da qarTlis samefos Soris aq, rom
yofila es Cans `qarTlis cxovrebis~ sxva cnobidanac. kerZod ki imperatoris brZanebidan imJamad ( VIII s. daswyisSi) mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof
afxazeTis erisTavisadmi. qarTlis samefos am sazRvarTan dakavSirebiT
keisari Semdeg brZanebas aZlevs Tavis moxeles-afxazeTis erisTavs leon
I-s : -` yovladve sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa Cvengan qmnil ars vneba...
xolo Senda mibrZanebies erisTaoba afxazeTisa, Sen da SvilTa SenTa da
momavalTa SenTa miukunisamde. aramed keTilad pativscmdi mefeTa da
erTa magaT qarTlisaTa, da amieridan nuRaramca xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa maTTa egrisaTa~(q.c.I.gv.240).
am brZanebaSi orjeraa naxsenebi qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi,romelTac
iqamde bizantielebi xSirad arRvevdnen(`sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa Cvengan qmnil ars vneba~), amieridano ki, wers imperatori, jerovnad unda
sce pativi qarTlis mefeebs da maTi samefos sazRvrebs egrisSi (`amieridan nuRaramca xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa maTTa
egrisaTa~), qarTlis samefos sazRvari egrisSi, rogorc iTqva, imJamad md.
klisuraze gadioda, maSasadame am sazRvris darRveva akrZala keisarma.
brZanebaSi CamoTvlilia is damsaxurebani, romelnic miuZRodaT qarTlis mefeebs bizantiis imperiis winaSe, miuxedavad amisa Cven xSirad
varRrvevdiT maT sazRvrebs, axla ki arabebis Semosevis gamo saWiroa
davafasoT es damsaxurebani da aRar davarRvioT qarTlis sazRvrebi, Sen
ki kerZod, wers keisari afxazeTis erisTavs, aRar daarRvio qarTlis samefos sazRvari egrisSio.am cnobidanac Cans,rom qarTlis samefos sazRvari
egrissa da afxazeTs Sua mdebareobda VIII s. dasawyisSi.
romeli tomi iyo hegemoni VIII s.-mde klisura-kelasuridan vidre yubanamde?
iqauri mkvidri mosaxleoba yofila `egriselebi~ (`qarTlis cxovrebis~
665

mixedviT, egrosis wili qveyana aRwevda md. yubanamde, egriselebi iyvnen

TviT egriselebi, svanebi da afxazebi, romelnic VIII saukunidan gamoCndnen), magram qveyana teritoriulad Sedioda saberZneTis imperiaSi (anu
bizantiaSi).
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba bizantielebis mier iyo damorCilebuli. bizantielebi mkvidri mosaxleobis ajanyebaTa dasaTrgunad dapyrobil
teritoriaze romelime sxva toms gaabatonebdnen xolme.
Semdeg droindel afxazeTSi, rogorc qarTuli, ise berZnuli wyaroebidan Cans, VI-VII ss.-Si bizantielebs gaubatonebiaT alan mebrZolTa
razmebi. alanebisa da bizantielebis megobrobis Sesaxeb sparseli Sahebic miuTiTebdnen VI saukuneSi bizantielebTan molaparakebebis dros.
Crdilo kavkasiaSi xazarebis gabatonebamde alanebs hqondaT hegemonoba Tavis xelSi aRebuli,maT Soris SavizvispireTis mTebSic,amitomac
imJamindeli(e.i.VI-VII ss.) alania Semdgom afxazeTad saxeldebul teritorias uSualod esazRvreboda.
bizantielTa mokavSire alanebi afxazeTis gziT Sediodnen dasavleT
saqarTveloSi sparselebTan saomrad.
qarTuli wyaroebic im teritorias, romelsac Semdgom sakuTriv afxazeTi ewoda _ alanias uwodebdnen. es iyo klisuras iqiT teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili.
Tamaris istorikosi wers: _ `giorgi III `Jamsa zamTrisasa gardavidis
lixTimereTs da miuwios zRvad pontosad da moinadiris alanTa qveyana,
romelic ars afxazeTi~ (`istoriani da azmani~, q.c. II, 1959, gv. 15).
alania _ gvian Sua saukuneebSic ki erqva afxazeTis erT nawils.
Crdilo kavkasiis, donis, dunaisa da dneprispireTSi alanTa Zalze mravalricxovani momTabare xalxi ise iyo gaZlierebuli V-VI saukuneebSi, rom
evropaSic ki laSqrobdnen.
araa gasakviri, rom maT mebZolebs VI s.-Si dasavleT saqarTvelos siRrmeebSi (bizantia-sparseTis omisas bizantielTa nebiT) fexi hqondaT mokidebuli, e.i cixe-simagreebi da mniSvnelovani punqtebi eWiraT garkveuli
droiT.
alanTa Semdgom aq xazarTa gavlena gaZlierebula arabebis Semosevebis Semdgom.
`alania~ afxazeTSi
V-VI ss-Si alanTa
saxeliT cnobili momTabare mravalricxovani
xalxebi TareSobdnen vrcel teritoriaze ruseTisa da aRmosavleT evropis
samxreTiT (dunaidan dnepramde).
Aalanebi Sedgebodnen sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmoSobis tomebisagan, miiswrafodnen SeWriliyvnen romis, bizantiis da sparseTis ekonomikurad
ganviTarebul qveynebSi da gaeZarcvaT.
isini ori mimarTulebiT laSqrobdnen: samxreTiT kavkasiis qedis gavliT iswrafodnen sparseTsa da mcire aziaSi SesaWrelad, xolo dasavleTiT ki utevdnen evropas. amitomac Cndebodnen kavkasiis sxvadasxva
nawilebSi,
666

V s-Si isini centraluri kavkasiis gziT saqarTveloSi SemoiWrnen, m

agram vaxtang gorgaslis RvawliT fexi ver moikides.
VI s-Si, roca qarTlis samefo dasustda, isini bizantiam, viTarca mokavSireebi sparselTan omSi droebiT gaabatona dRes afxazeTad cnobil
miwa-wyalze.
aseTi Tvalsazrisis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva is faqti, rom `alania~
daerqva afxazeTis erT mniSvnelovan nawils (Zveli xanidan XVIII saukunis
CaTvliT) da aseve berZnul wyaroTa analizi.
vaxuSti bagrationi wers alaniis Sesaxeb _ `xolo alani ars suaneTis dasavliT da bediis CrdiloT, aqvs aRmosavliT sazRvari svanTa, samxriT kavkasi bedia-odiSs da amas Sorisi, udis SuaSi svaneTis mdinare. mosavliT da pirutyviT viTarca svaneTi, aramed kacni
kerpni, usjuloni, pirvel iyvnen qristianeni da aw kerpni da romelnime mahmadiani~ (q.c. IV, 789).
`svaneTis mdinares~ vaxuSti Cans uwodebs bzifiswyals, radganac sxvagan wers _ `amis biWvintis dasavliT dis kappetis mdinare, didi da Cqarad
mdinare, gamodis ese raWis mTas, kavkassa, gamovalis svaneTs, alans da mas
qvemoTa moerTvis zRvasa~ (iqve, gv. 785).
maSasadame, provincia alani, anu alania mdebareobda afxazeTSi
bediis CrdiloeTidan vidre biWvinTis CrdiloeTamde, anu TiTqmis
mTeli afxazeTis mTiani zoli ekuTvnoda svaneTsa da alanias.
saerTod, sityva afxazeTi Cvens istoriografiaSi VIII s.-dan Cndeba. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bedia TviTve iyo sasazRvro qalaqi, radganac masze
gamavali mdinare egriswyali iyo sazRvari qarTlis samefosa da saberZneTs Soris(farnavazidan vaxtang gorgaslamde), Cans, am mdinare egriswyalis marjvena sanapiro qveyana iqamde `alaniad~ iwodeboda, xolo
marcxena ki qarTlad (egrisad), e.i. md. egriswylis marjvena sanapiros
alania ewodeboda VIIIs-mde, e.i. iqamde, sanam mas afxazeTi daerqmeoda.
aseTi mosazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva mematianis aseTi gancxadeba _ `alanTa qveyana, romel ars afxazeTi~, kerZod, mematiane wers _ giorgi
III `Jamsa zamTrisasa gardavidis lixTimereTs da miuwiis zRvad pontosad da moinadiris alanTa queyana, romel ars afxazeTi~ (istoriani da
azmani, q.c. II, 1959, gv. 15).
maSasadame, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom md. egriswylis iqiT mdebare qveyanas
pirveli aTaswleulis raRac periodSi (ufro metad VI-VII saukuneebSi),
VIII saukunemde erqva `alania~, xolo afxazTa hegemonobis periodSi ki
misi saxeli Seviwrovebula.
alania darqmevia afxazeTis mxolod erT, Tumca mniSvnelovan nawils _
mTian teritorias bediidan vidre biWvinTamde.
svaneTis uSualo mezobeli afxazeTis mTianeTSi alania yofila svaneTamde _ `svaneTi sigrZiT ars raWis Txemidan alanamde~ (iqve, gv. 787).
marTlac, vaxuStis (da sxva wyaroTa) cnobiT, cxumamde, anu soxumamdec
ki ver aRwevda istoriuli afxazeTi, radganac cxumis iqiT `anakofia alaniTurT~ sxva qveyana iyo, xolo sakuTriv afxazeTi ufro
CrdiloeTiT (anakofiidan md. yubanamde) mdebareobda.
667

mematiane wers, rom afxazTa pirvelma mefe leonma Tavisi samefo gayo
rva saerisTavod:
`1. dasva afxazTa(erisTavi) da misca afxazeTi, jiqeTi, vidre xazarTa
mdinaremde;
2. dasva (erisTavi) cxoms da misca egris iqiTi anakofia alaniTurT;
3. dasva bedias da misca egrisis aRmosavliT cxeniswylamde da a.S.~ (q.c.
IV, gv. 796).
maSasadame, cxumis saerisTavoSi Sedioda `anakofia-alaniTurT~,
mis marjvniv mdebareobda bediis saerisTavo, xolo marcxniv afxazTa saerisTavo.
mefe leonis dayofis mixedviT `alania~ mdebareobda bediidan biWvinTamde.
cxumis erisTavi amave dros anakofia-alaniis erisTavic iyo, radganac
am saerisTavoSi mdebareobdnen aRniSnuli erTeulebi. e.i. cxumis saerisTavo
aerTianebda anakofiisa da alaniis `qveynebs~, TviTon cxumi ki wyaros
mixedviT `afSileTSi~ Sedioda. maSasadame, cxumis saerisTavoSi alania-anakofiasTan erTad afSileTic Sedioda, xolo afxazTa saeriTavo, rogorc iTqva) ufro CrdiloeTiT iyo.
vaxuStis cnobiT, leon I-is dros `afxazTa samefos~ jer kidev ar erqva
es saxeli (e.i. afxazeTi).
leeon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg gamefda leon II `afxazTa erisTavi~,
mas unebebia Tavisi vrceli samefosaTvis ewodebina `afxazeTi~. e.i. iqamde
afxazeTi erqva anakofia-cxumis iqiTa teritorias vidre mdinare yubanamde. axla ki,afxazTa erisTavis gamefebis Semdeg, afxazeTi ewoda vrcel
qveyanas lixis mTidan yubanamde. es afxazTa erisTavi- leon meore, qarTlis mefeTa memkvidris guranduxtis vaJi iyo, guranduxts ki ekuTvnoda `egrisi, argveTi, Takveri da guria~.
saerTod, qarTuli matianeebis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, aseTi viTareba
iyo: mdinare egriswylamde (Semdeg ki md. Kklisuramde) ganfenili iyo
`qarTlis samefo~, mdinare klisuras (kelasuris) iqiT (marjvniv) ki `saberZneTis~ anu bizantiis imperiis miwa-wyali iyo.
bizantielebs aq (anu md. kelasuridan yubanamde) hyoliaT TavianTi
erisTavi leon I, mas usargeblia arabTa Semosevebisas bizantiis dasustebiT, aseve xazarebTan naTesaobiT da xelsayreli politikuri momentis
Sedegad VIII s-is dasawyisSi moupovebia damoukidebloba bizantielebisagan, mas amave dros SeurTavs qarTlis mefeTa qaliSvili guranduxti (asuli mir mefisa).
qarTlis mefe arCilis (miris Zmis) gardacvalebis Semdeg guranduxts
samefo ojaxidan mziTvis saxiT ergo e.w. `sauxuceso~miwa-wyali.
es iyo samefo sakuTreba dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ `egrisi, argveTi,svaneTi,
Takveri da guria~ (iqamde es mxare arCils ekuTvnoda).
mdidari mziTviT Sevida guranduxti afxazTa erisTavis ojaxSi,rogorc
vTqviT es iyo vrceli miwa-wyali dasavleT saqarTveloSi-Semdegdroindeli imereTi,samegrelo,svaneTi,raWa-leCxumi da guria.
668

cxadia SeuRlebis Semdeg, leon I-ma Tavisi meuRlis am mziTvze Tavisi

uflebamosileba ganaxorciela. amis gamo maTi (e.i. guranduxtisa da leon
I-is) vaJi leon II ukve vrcel qveyanas flobda lixis qedidan yubanamde,
am qveyanas man male Tavisi saerisTaos saxeli `afxazeTi~ daarqva.
Mrogorc iTqva, mamis gardacvalebamde leon I-isa da guranduxtis vaJi
levan II erisTavobda afxazeTs anu mamis mier daniSnuli iyo afxazeTis
erisTavad. `ese leon, Semdgomad xosrovanT gardacvalebisa, gamefda da
dai pyra sruliad egrisi da `aman uwoda afxazeTi samefosa Tvissa da
moiRo saerisTaosa Tvisisa saxeli egrissa zeda~ (gv. 742).e.i. iqamde
yvela es teritoria lixis mTdan yubanamde egrisad iwodeboda, leon IIm ki mas afxazeTi uwoda.
A
qarTvel mefeTa alani meuRleebi
xazarTa Semdgomac vidre mongolebis Semosevebamde alania mdebareobda afxazeTis mezoblad im teritoriaze, romelzec Semdgom Temurlengma Caasaxla adiRe-Cerqezebi (dasavleT imierkavkasiaSi, sadac amJamad
esenduki, kislovodski da maTi mezobeli qalaqebia), [`provaslavnaia enciklopediis~ Tanaxmad adiRe-Cerqezebi da Turqulenovani xalxebi Crdilo
kavkasiaSi Caasaxla Temur lengma (iqamde isini cxovrobdnen ara kavkasiaSi, aramed ufro Crdilo aRmosavleTiT). Sesabamisad, Crdilo kavkasiaSi
Temuris Semdeg Cerqezebi aRmoCndnen afxazeTis mezoblad, im teritoriaze, romelsac mongolebamde alanebi flobdnen].
imis gamo, rom mongolebamde Crdilo-dasavleT kavvkasiaSi gaZlierebuli iyo alanTa tomi da maT saxelmwifoc ki gaaCndaT afxazeTis uSualo
momijnaved, saqarTvelos mefeebi cdilobdnen maTTan damoyvrebas, irTavdnen
alan mefeTa asulebs.
giorgi I-s SeurTavs `osTa mefis asuli~ (pirveli colis Semdeg). `mis
meore cols, giorgi kedrenes sityviT, alde rqmevia. giorgis gardacvalebis
Semdeg deda da Svili cxovrobdnen cixe anakofiaSi... demetre Tavis gvorgvinosan naxevarZmas (e.i. bagrat IV-s) ar endoboda... amitom warvida... mimarTa
berZen mefesa da wautana Tana anakofia afxazTa mefeTa~ (iv. javaxiSvili,
II, gv. 140) e.i. alanTa dedofalma aldem da misma Svilma demetrem anakofia
keisars gadasces 1032 wlisTvis.
am cixis berZnebisagan gasaTavisufleblad qarTvelebma mravali aTeuli weli ibrZoles. aqedan Cans, rom anakofia _ kavSirSia alaniasTan,
radganac bizantielTa laSqari afxaz mefeebs mravaljer daumarcxebiaT.
mxolod giorgi II-s (daviT aRmaSeneblis gamefebis win) auRia anakofia _
`Semdgom amisa momadla RmerTman mZlavrebisagan berZenTasa waxmulni
cixeni, wauxvna berZenTa anakofia, Tavadi cixeTa afxazeTisaTa~ (q.c. I, 1955,
gv. 317).
TviTon bagrat IV-s colad hyavda `osTa mefeTa asuli borena~, aseve im
epoqis sxva mraval qarTvel mefes, rac, rogorc iTqva, Crdilo kavkasiaSi
alanTa (osTa) samefos siZlieriT iyo ganpirobebuli.

669

alaniis eparqia `pravaslavnaia enciklopedias~ mixedviT

bizantiuri (dasavluri) alaniis mmarTveli dinastia X saukuneSi moinaTla, amave dros, daarsda alaniis eparqia.
alaniis eparqiis daarsebaSi monawileobda konstantinopolis
patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi, berZeni misionerebi _ beri eqvTime
(912 wlidan) da mTavarepiskoposi petre (914-9).
masSi monawileobdnen afxazTa mefeebi konstantine III da giorgi II.
alaniis mitropolitis saxeliT cnobil kaTedras konstantinopolis
kaTedraTa Soris 61-e adgili eWira.
am mitropoliis centri ucnobia. mas ar gaaCnda Tavisi saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.
Tumca mas miweren jiqeTis eparqias.
rusi mecnierebis azriT, alaniis eparqiis kaTedra X-XI saukuneebSi mdebareobda md. zelenjukis xeobaSi [sinamdvileSi ki es xeoba am droisaTvis svanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, vinogradovis kvleviT am xeobis eklesiaTa naSTebis arqiteqtura qarTulia].
alaniis eparqiis kaTedra Semdeg (1084-1105) gadatanil iqna trapezuntTan axlos q. sitiriupolSi, romlis arqiepiskoposi `alaniis mitropolitis~ tituls atarebda.
1204-1261 wlebSi alaniis mitropolits adgendnen komnenTa imperiis dedaqalaqis, trapezuntis, ierarqebi.
XIII saukunidan konstantinopolma alaniis iurisdiqcia oficialurad
gadasca trapezunts, 1386-1461 wlebSi alaniis mitropoliam trapezuntidan
gadainacvla sevastiaSi.
saerTod alaniis eparqiis mrevls XIII-XV saukuneebSi ZiriTadad
Seadgendne n ara eTnikuri alan ebi, aramed Crdilo- aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis eTnikurad nairgvari mosaxleoba. mxolod pirobiTad erqva maT qveyanas alania, rac XIII saukunemdeli viTarebis
anarekls warmoadgenda
-s cnobiT- konstantinopolis sapatriarqos alaniis eparqia arsebobda X saukunidan XVI saukunis bolomde, Crdilo kavkasiaSi, `alaniis
qveynis~ sazRvrebSi, magram Crdilo kavkasiis didi nawili saqarTvelos
eklesiis iurisd iqciaSi Sedioda, gansakuTreb iT Temur lengis
Semosevebamde,roca iqauri mosaxleoba qristianuli iyo.
`pravaslavnaia enciklopedia~, ratomRac, alanurad miiCnevs qarTuli kulturis zogierT Zeglsa da qarTul saeklesio arqiteqturasac ki,
`pravaslavnaia enciklopedias~ mier qarTuli materialuri kulturis
Zeglebis nawili miCneulia `alanurad~, romelnic TiTqosda qmnian e.w.
`alanuri centraluri da aRmosavluri Zeglebis jgufs~.
e.w. centralur-aRmosavluri `alanuri Zeglebi~ sinamdvileSi aris qarTuli (mag. tyoba ierdi), romelic -m miakuTvna alanurs, miuxedavad imisa,
rom am cnobili eklesias hqonda ara berZnuli aramed qarTuli warwerebi.
alaniis umTavresi (ZiriTadi) nawili mdebareobda Crdilo-dasavleT
kavkasiaSi _ ialbuzis dasavleTiT, magram teritoria md. zelenjukis CaTv670

liT svanebiT iyo dasxlebuli da qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda.

aqaur naeklesiarebs adgilobrivi mosaxleoba `Soanskie cerkvi~-s (svanur eklesiebs) uwodebs, miuxedavad amisa amJamad maT sruliad aramarTebulad alanurad ganixilaven da alaniis samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi
aTavseben.
sinamdvileSi Crdilo kavkasiis is teritoria, romelzec aRniSnuli svanuri eklesiebia svanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli XIX s.-Sic ki. rodesac e.w.
Tavisufali svaneTis sazRvari aqamde aRwevda. Semdeg is ruseTma miitaca
da sabWoTa epoqaSi romeliRac mTis respublikas gadasces. amJamad ki
eklesiis istorikosebma es `Soanskie cerkvi~ (svanuri eklesiebi) alaniis
mitropolias miakuTvnes.
alaniis e.w. dasavluri Zeglebis absoluturi umravlesoba Tavmoyrilia afxazeTis svaneTisa da saerTod svaneTis mezoblad, mamisonis da qluxoris uReltexilis CrdiloeTiT.
alanebi CrdilokavkasiaSi
alanebi iranulenovan xalxad miiCneva, sarmatebis monaTesaveebad. pliniusis mixedviT, erTerTi sarmatuli tomi iyo roksolani (SesaZloa `mwiTuri alanebi~).
I saukuneSi alanebi gamoCdnen sarmatuli tomebis (aorsebis da sirakebis) gansaxlebis adgilze Crdilo kavkasiasa da iqiTa stepebSi. ptolemeusi axsenebs toms _ `alanorsebs~ IIs-Si.
I saukuneSi Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi, sadac iqamde skviTebi da sarmatebi binadrobdnen, Seiqmna alanebis samxedro-politikuri gaerTianeba,
romelic arbevda mezobel xalxebs, ibrZodnen evropasa, aziasa da afrikaSic ki. am mizniT isini ierTebdnen anda ikavSirebdnen mezobel aTeulobiT sxvadasxva xalxs.
IVs-is 70-ian wlebSi alanur tomebs uWiravT uzarmazari teritoria
Crdilo kaspiispireTidan SavzRvispireTamde.
IV saukuneSi alanebi hunebma daamarcxes.
didi nawili alanebisa wavida dasavleT evropaSi, ibrZodnen galiaSi
(406) da espaneTSi (411), iqidan gamoaZeves vestgoTebma (429), alanebma Crdilo afrikaSi `vandalebis~ saxelmwifos SeqmnaSi miiRes monawileoba.
hunebis Semosevis gamo alanebis masiuri gadaadgileba moxda kavkasiis
mTebisaken.
aq isini Seerivnen avtoqtonur mosaxleobas, romelic iberiul-kavkasiur ojaxSi Sedioda. eTnoSerevis am faqtiT xsnian rusi mecnierebi araerTgvarovnebas alanuri eTnikuri wrisa, da, amasTanave, materialuri kulturisa ( I, gv. 442).
- s mixedviT alanebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ekavaT didi teritoria
daRestnidan azovis zRvamde.
Crdilo kavkasiis stepebSi hunebi xazarebma Secvales da xazarTa Semdeg yivCaRebi () movidnen. isini alanebs CrdiloeTidan esazRvrebodnen. alanebs qarTuli wyaroebi `osebs~ (`ovsebs~) uwodebdnen, rusebi
asebs (iasebs).
671

IV-XIII saukuneebSi alanebi warmoadgendnen mniSvnelovan samxedro Zalas.

im drois didi saxelmwifoebi _ bizantia, irani, arabTa xalifati da xazareTi erTmaneTs eqiSpebodnen alaniaSi gavlenis mosapoveblad.
IV-XIII saukuneebSi `alanuri laSqari~ monawileobda samxedro saqmeSi
britaneTidan CineTamde.
VI saukuneSi (da VII saukunis dasawyisSi) iran-bizantiis omis dros
kavkasia gaiyo am or saxelmwifos Soris gavlenis zonebad.
dasavleT alania _ romelic iyo alanuri saxelmwifoebriobis da kulturis centri, bizantiuri gavlenis qveS iyo.
VIII-IX saukuneSi dasavleT, anu bizantiur alaniaSi, yubanis zemowelze
gadioda `abreSumis didi gzis~ monakveTi, rac alanias bizantiasTan akavSirebda.
rusi istorikosebis azriT, xazarTa kaganatis daqcevis Semdeg alaniis
eparqia gavrcelda aRmosavleTiT mdinare Tergamde, moicva aRmosavleT
alaniis olqebi.
XIII saukuneSi monRolTa dapyrobebma daamxo dasavleT alaniis saxelmwifo warmonaqmni.
XIV-XV saukuneSi TaTar-monRolTa omebis Semdeg da Temur lengis
brZolebis Sedegad sruliad Seicvala eTnopolitikuri ruka Crdilo
kavkasiisa. gamoCnda axali Cerqezul da Turqulenovani xalxebi, romlebic
esaxlebodnen gaukacrielebul alaniaSi, anu Crdilo kavkasiaSi. maT gamoaZeves gadarCenili alanebi anda Seerivnen maT. moitanes TavianTi Cvevebi
da rwmena, xolo XVIII saukuneSi miiRes musulmanoba.
XIV-XV - .
. -
.................. (, I,
gv. 443)
Cerqezulenovani
xalxebi (maT Soris afsuaTa winaprebic) afxazeTis sazRvarTan gamoCdnen mxolod Temur-lengis Semdeg.
vaxuStis cnobac amave informaciis Semcvelia
oqros urdos damangrevelma Temur-lengma (1336-1405) Semoiyvana
Crdilo kavkasiaSi tomebi, romelnic iqamde cxovrobdnen kaspiispireT-yazaxeTSi. `sino-tibetur-eniseuri enis~ matarebeli es tomebi,
Seerivnen adgilobriv Crdilokavkasiur iberiul mosaxleobas da
TandaTanobiT Camoyalibdnen e.w. `sinokavkasiur~ enebis matarebel
tomebad. M
safiqrebelia, rom mkvidri Crdilokavkasieli iberebis (Zveli
afxazebis, svanebis, piriqiTeli raWvelebis (romelnic Tanamedrove
raWis mezoblad Crdilo kavkasiaSic cxovrobdnen), piriqiTeli
xevsurebis, kaxeTis mTiuleTis mcxovrebTa da Semosuli momTabare
tomebis (Cerqezebis, avarebisa da sxv.) urTierTSereviT
Camoyalibdnen axali xalxebi, TavianTi axali enebiT -Tanamedrove Cerqezebi, CeCnebi, yabardoelebi da daRestnelebi da sxvebi.
672

`nomadTa alaniis samitropolito kaTedra~

alaniis mitropoliasTan dakavSirebiT `pravoslavnaia enciklopediaSi~ gamoTqmuli umarTebulo mosazreba, TiTqosda mas gaaCnda Tavisi iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi da samRvdelmTavro kaTedra, ufro metic, sruliad
umarTebulod Tanamedrove yazbegis raioni da saerTod istoriuli dvaleTi TiTqosda alaniis samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. sinamdvileSi alania iyo, SeiZleba iTqvas, mxolod pirobiTi saeklesio olqi,
romelsac ar gaaCnda Tavisi fiqsirebuli iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi.
momTabare, nomaduri cxovrebis mqone alanTa toms gaqristianebamde
mudmivi sacxovrebeli ar gaaCnda. rogorc cnobilia, iurisdiqciis saeklesio sazRvrebi ZiriTadad emTxveoda saxelmwifo administraciuls. aqedan
gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom eklesias, am SemTxvevaSi ki samitropolito
olqs, hqondes Tavisi iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi, is unda mdebareobdes raime
saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi, romelsac es eklesia aRiarebs da mis administraciul dayofas TavisTvis sasurvelad miiCnevs. am mxriv alanTa mdgomareoba sul sxvagvari iyo. maT XIs-mde ar gaaCndaT TavianTi mudmivi
saxelmwifo, sxvis, maTi Tanafardi erebis saxelmwifoebs Tavs esxmodnen
da anadgurebdnen, Semdgom iq droebiT esaxlebodnen da eweodnen maT mier
damorCilebuli qveynebis mtaceblur eqspluatacias. roca amowuravdnen
mis sasicocxlo resursebs, icvlidnen sacxovriss da sxva xalxSi, an sxva
qveyanaSi gadadiodnen da i pyrobdnen. amitomacaa naTqvami konstantinopolis sapatriarqos erT dokumentSi _ `alaniis mitropolias sruliad ara
aqvs sakuTari samRvdelmTavro kaTedra, radganac aqauri xalxi momTabareobas, nomaduri cxovrebas eweva~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 259).
prokofi kesarielis da misi epoqis avtorTa Cvenebebidan Cans, rom VI sSi dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobisas bizantielebs dasaxmareblad Crdilo kavkasiidan mouwveviaT alanebi, isini dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT
regionSi gamagrebulan kidec (risi anabeWdi toponimikam Semoinaxa, mag.
mxare `alania~ afxazeTSi).
Cans, bizantielebs alanebisTvis gadauciaT kidec zogierTi cixe-simagre
da radganac isini momTabareni iyvnen, maleve albaT VII s-Si datoves
kidec dasavleT saqarTvelo. prokofidan TiTqmis ise Cans, rom alanebis
xelSi mis dros iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos cixe-simagreTa erTi nawili
TviT dRevandel guriamde. maT gverdiT Canan qarTuli tomebi, romlebic
ebrZodnen erTdroulad bizantielebsa da alanebs, rac cxadia, sabolood
bizantielTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda VI s-Si.
VIII s-Si afxazTa samefos daarsebis Semdgom ki, alanebma saerTod datoves dasavleT saqarTvelo.
afxazTa mefis giorgi II-isadmi konstantinopolis patriarqis Txovna,
rom mas nomadi anu momTabare alanebSi qristianobis SesanarCuneblad
gamoeCina mzrunveloba _ gagebuli iqna Sesabamisad.
kerZod miuxedavad konstantinopolis saeklesio centris didi pativiscemisa mefe giorgim, Cans, ar daakmayofila Txovna nikolz mistikosisa,
673

radganac alaniis saepiskoposo centric ki, ara Crdilo kavkasiaSi, aramed

trapezuntis maxloblad iqna daarsebul. mtkiceba imisa, rom alaniis kaTedra TiTqosda zelenjukis xeobaSi mdebareobda (radganac iq mravali
eklesiis nangrevi aRmoCnda) _ mxolod varaudia.
Cveni azriT, piriqiT, afxazTa mefeebma yvela xerxs mimarTes, raTa konstantinopols afxazeTis maxloblad, Crdilo kavkasiaSi kaTedra ar daarsebina.
saqme issa, rom teritoria md. yubanamde qarTuli mxaris mier saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriad ganixileboda-kerZod egrosis wil qveynad.
ufo meti-saqarTvelos sapatriarqo Tavis iurisdiqcias yirimis naxevarkunZulamde axorcielebla.
es asaxulia kidec saeklesio samarTlis ZeglSi-`biWvinTis iadgarSi~.
am Zeglis mixedviT afxazeTis sakaTalikoso Tavis iurisdiqcias `kafamde~ axorcielebda (kafa-Semdgom feodosias erqva, yirimSi, qerCTan).
ufleba, rom mTeli Crdilo kavkasia saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda qarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT daumtkicebia VI msoflio saeklesio krebas.
es ufleba,rom Crdilo kavkasia saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi
Sedioda-qarTuli mxarisaTvis realobas warmoadgenda,amitomac nikoloz
mistikosis Txovna mefe giorgis mier ar iqna dakmayofilebuli, rogorc
iTqva, es iqedan Cans,rom alaniis episkoposebis kaTedra ara Crdili kavkasiaSi, aramed trapezuntTan iqna daarsebuli.
Mmefe giorgis uaris gamo konstantinopolma Crdilo kavkaiaSi alaniis
eparqia imJamad ver daarsa,amitimac iZulebuli gaxda Soreul trapezuntSi daearsebina pirobiTi, ase vTqvaT virtualuri saeklesio kaTedra
alaniis eparqiis saxelwodebiT-Tavisi mRvdelmTavriTa da StatiT. 1084
wels is trapezuntis axlos iyo.
Cveni azriT is iqamdec iq arsebobda da ara Crdilo kavkasiaSi.
Tanamedrove istorikosebi uSedegod eZeben Crdilo kavkasiaSi alaniis
eparqiis saeklesio centris adgilsamyofels, sinamdvileSi alaniis
mRvdelmTavrebi imTaviTve trapezuntTan erT-erT monasterSi isxdnen, ase
vTqvaT molodinis reJimSi. maTi movaleoba iyo rogorme SeenarCunebinaT
TavianTi virtualuri kaTedra xelsayrel politikur momentamde.
maT sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom marTalia saukuneebi elodnen am moments magram is dadga- saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dasustda Temur-lengis
Semosevebis Semdeg.
iqamde, mongol-TaTarTa mier alaniis samefoc daeca. Crdilo kavkasiis
zRvispireTi ukontrolo zonad iqca. Mmxolod amis Semdeg SeZles alaniis mRvdelmTavrebma trapezuntis olqidan aRniSnul zonaSi TavianTi
uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba.
alaniis kaTedras uSualod alan xalxTan kavSiri ar hqonia. misi samwyso ar yofila alani xalxi. alania konstantinopolisaTvis XIV-XVI ssSi erqva SavizRvispireTs, daaxloebiT qerCidan tuafsemde, romlis mouwyobel portebSic vaWroba iyo gaCaRebuli Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis
saWiroebisaTvis. am saukuneebSi Seicvala iqauri mosaxleobis eTnosaxe.
674

Camoasaxles axali xalxebi-ZiriTadad warmarTebi da musulmanebi,magram

maT savaWro saqoneli esaWiroebodaT. am saqonliT ki qristiani vaWrebi
vaWrobdnen, romelTagan aRebuli baJis erTi nawili trapezuntTan mdebare alaniis samitropolitos salaros avsebda, ramac miviwyebuli alaniis samitropolito warmoaCina trapezuntis sxva kaTedraTa Soris. Magram
es gabrwyineba droebiTi iyoosmalTa mier trapezuntis imperiis damxobam aiZula bolo trapezunteli mitropolitrbi Sesuliyvnen saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi
da guriaSi gadmoetanaT TavianTi kaTedra. bolo alaniis mitropolitebs
gelaTSi mjdomi afxazTa kaTalikosebi svamdnen TavianT kaTedrebze. es
iyo kanonzomieri aqti, radganac afxazTa sakaTalikosos samwysoSi, rogorc
iTqva kanonikurad vrceli teritoria Sedioda kafadan vidre trapezuntis olqamde da, amis gamo, istoriul alanias saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
iurisdiqcia moicavda. erTi sityviT alanis samitropolitos samarTalmemkvidre saqarTvelos sapatriarqoa da ara ruseTis eklesia, rogorc
miiCnevs `pravaslavnaia enciklopedia~.
adiRe
adiRe-Turqulenovanma xalxebma XIV-XVss-Si TaTar-monRolTa samxedro
eqspediciebisa da Temur lengis gamaukacrielebel laSqrobaTa Semdgom
daiWires alaniis teritoria, mas Semdeg, rac iqidan gaaZevs anda Seerivnen
adgilobriv mosaxleobas (, I, 2000, gv. 443).
adiRevelebs qarTvelebi uwodebdnen Cerqezebs (rusebi `kasogebs~), amJamad cxovroben krasnodaris mxareSi. Sida eTnikuri jgufebia _ abaZexebi,
bJedugebi, Sapsugebi, Temirgoelebi, xatukaevelebi, egerukaevelebi, gamxegebi, maxoSevelebi da xakuaCebi _ adiRevelebs aqvT 4 dialeqti, eWiraT teritoria tamanis naxevarkunZulidan afxazeTamde, azovispireTamde da md.
yubanamde.
TviTsaxelwodeba `adiRe~, savaraudod, ireklavs jiqebis tomis saxels _
`a-jiq-a~ (-e). a-Zige (adiRevelebs afxazebi `azixu~-s uwodeben). jiqebi
gvxvdebian strabonis geografiaSi (XII) da sxva berZen-laTin avtorebTan.
VI-Xss jiqebis saxeli bizantiur wyaroebSi maTi xsenieba gaqra.
XIII s-Si Cndebian Cerqezebi (), Cerqezebsac adiRe saxeli ewodaT.
Cemi azriT, Temur-lengis Semdeg Crdilo kavkasiaSi Semoiyvanes axali
tomebi ural-cimbiruli warmoSobisa. sino-Cinurenovani xalxebi anu Cerqezebi (am enaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba Cerqezul adiReuri enebi). maT qarTvelma
uwodes saxeli, im Zveli xalxisa, anu jiqebisa, romelic adre aq, maT mier
dakavebul teritoriaze cxovrobda. es axalCamosaxlebuli Cerqezebi,
radganac jiqeTSi dasaxldnen, jiqebad iwodnen, Semdeg ki es saxeli
qarTvelebisagan gadaiRes rusebma _ `adiges~ formiT.

675

Tavi XXIV
mefeebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi
`qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli
`qarTvelTa samefos~ saxelwodeba da `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli dakavSirebulia taosTan da basian-karinTan.
magaliTad sumbat daviTisZis Txzuleba ,,qarTvelTa mefed~ pirvelad
axsenebs adarnases, daviT I-is Zes - ,,aman adarnase aRaSena bana, xeliTa
kvirike banelisaTa~ (,,cxoreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~, 1990, gv. 48) es
moxda IX saukunis bolos.
adarnase I (mefobda 888-923) iyo SviliSvili bagrat I kurapalatisa
(+876) da, rogorc aRiniSna, Svili daviT I-isa (+881) mas hqonda ,,qarTvelTa
mefis~ wodeba.
adarn ase I ekuT vnoda aSo t I-is (78 6-826) ST amomavalTa taos
Stos( mxolod am Stos hqonda ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis tarebis ufleba).
aSot I-is STamomavalTa meore, klarjeTis Sto am tituls ar atarebda.
bizantiuri karic ganasxvavdeboda am Stoebs da taos Stos wevrebs ufro
maRal tituls ,,kurapalatisas~ aniWebda, maSin, roca klarjuli Stos
zogierT wevrs ,,magistrosobiT~ akmayofilebda.
923 wlidan 958 wlamde adarnase I-is Svilebs_ daviT II-s, bagrat Is, aSot II-sa da sumbat I-s morigeobiT gadaecaT ,,qarTvelTa mefis~
tituli, anu isini (Zmebi) Cans, asakis ufrosobis Sesabamisad, erTimeoris
Semdeg atarebdnen am tituls. maT Svilebsac (STamomavlobasac) Cans asakiT ufrosobis mixedviT mieniWaT ufleba ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ wodebisa.
kerZod sumbat I-is Svili bagrat II regveni 958-994 wlebSi iyo ,,qarTvelTa mefe~, mis Semdeg ki maTi didi ojaxis (saxlis) Svili bagrat pirvelis
Ze daviT III kurapalati 994-1001 wlebSi iyo ,,qarTvelTa mefe~.
aqedan Cans Semdegi, ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli gadaecemoda ara mamidan
ufros Zes, (rogorc mcxeTel mefeebs hqondaT aseTi wesi), aramed gadaecemoda samefo saxlis (samefo ojaxis) wevrebs ufrosobis mixedviT, es ufrosoba albaT ganisazRvreboda asakiT, xnovanebiT.
`qarTvelTa samefo saxlis~ Tanabaruflebiani wevrebi iyvnen
adarnase I-is Svilebi da SviliSvilebi, e.i. daviT II, bagrat I, aSot
II da sumbat I, maTi Svilebi bagrat II regveni, daviT III kurapalati da sxva is wevrebi am samefo ojaxisa, romelnic imJamad
yvelaze ufrosebi iyvnen xnovanebiT. roca maT Soris romelime
gardaicvlebida `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli samefo ojaxis im wevrs
gadaecemoda, romelic asakiT yvelaze ufrosi iyo.
Zveli iberiis samefo saxlSi aseTive wesis arsebobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda straboni.
es wesi Cans asaxulia farnavazis cxovrebaSi, roca quji ucxadebs
farnavazs, rom ,,Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi~, anda ,,me var mona Seni~, aqedan Cans rom quji da farnavazi erTi
676

samefo saxlis wevrebi iyvnen, magram am dros saxlis ufrosoba albaT

asakis Sesabamisad farnavazs ekuTvnoda. radganac farnavazis dai qujim
SeirTo,SesaZloa marTlac quji asakiT farnavazze ufro patara iyo.
yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi wesis arseboba taos anu qarTvelTa samefoSi
cxadia.
rogorc aRiniSna ,,qarTvelTa mefoba~ gadaeca adarnase I-s
da
Semdeg mis Svilebs morigeobiT, kerZod jer qarTvelTa mefe gaxda daviT
II magistrosi (923-937 wlebSi), mis Semdeg 937-945 wlebSi qarTvelTa
mefe iyo misi Zma bagrat I magistrosi, amis Semdeg aSot II kurapalati 945-954 wlebSi, 954-958 wlebSi ki sumbat I erisTavT-erisTavi, am
ukanasknelis Ze bagrat II regveni gaxda qarTvelTa mefe 958-994 wlebSi,
994-1001 wlebSi ki ,,qarTvelTa mefe~ iyo daviT III kurapalati, romelic
iyo bagrat II regvenis mamis `saxlis~ wevri, anu bagrat II regvenis mamis
Zmis (,,qarTvelTa mefis~) bagrat I magistrosis SviliSvili.
bagrat II-is Semdeg asakis mixedviT Cans ,,qarTvelTa mefoba~ unda mieRoT bagrat II-is ZmaTa Svilebs ufrosobis mixedviT da radganac adarnase II gardacvlili iyo, es tituli da taxti ergo mis Zes daviT III
kurapalats. (ZmaTa Soris samefo taxtis gadacemis wesi aRdgenila Semdeg muxranel bagrationTa ojaxSi, magaliTad giorgi XI-is Semdeg qarTlis taxti mis Zmas ergo, Semdeg ki sxva Zmebs. am wesis aRdgenas, rogorc
fiqroben, cdilobda darejan dedofali, erekle II-is meuRle, raTa ufrosobis wesiT, ZmaTa Semdeg taxti mis Svilsac rgeboda).
sainteresoa, ratom miiRo aSot I didis STamomavalTagan mxolod erTma Stom ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli, Tanac amasTan erTad, es tituli, mxolod taos qveynis mflobelebs eniWebodaT da es tituli imavdroulad
taos mefobas niSnavda.saerTod ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ wodeba taosTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom arian-qarTli moicavda swored taosa
da basians (Cveni kvleviT), arian-qarTli ki qarTvelTa uZvelesi samefo
yofila. misi mefis Ze iyo azoni, mcxeTaSi gamefebuli. maSasadame VIII-IX
ss-Si, Cans, jer kidev axsovdaT, rom ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli tao-basanis
ZvelTaZvel mflobels hqonda.
aSot I-is STamomavalTa taos Stos es tituli unda mieRo an mcxeTeli
xosroani mefeebis memkvidreobiT, anda sxva gziT.
fiqroben,rom xosroiani mefeebi taos ar flobdnen, amitom es tituli (qarTvelTa mefisa) aSotis ojaxSi savaraudod Seitana aSotis Zis
bagrat I-is meuRlem somexTa mefis sumbat aRmsareblis asulma,misi mama
sumbati Cans, ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa~ mefed iwodeboda.
taos ,,qarTvelTa samefos~ warsuli legitimurobis Sesaxeb Cven SesaZloa cnobebi moviZioT armeniis bagratuni mefeebis IX-X ss titulaturidan:-,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe.~ ufro adre maT hqondaT tituli ,,somexTa
da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavi~.
cnobilia, rom gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebsac hqondaT msgavsi
tituli ,,afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa, somexTa mefeebi, SahinSa da SirvanSa~ XII saukunedan, magram armeniis mefeebs gacilebiT adre, arabobis
677

dros hqondaT wodeba ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~. es tituli TavisTavad gulisxmobs,rom misi mflobeli aerTianebda somxebisa da qarTvelebis qveynebs. sad mdebareobda is `qarTvelTa qveyana~, romelsac imJamad
armeniis mefe flobda? cxadia es iyo saqarTvelos romeliRac mxare.
CvenTvis, maSasadame, sainteresoa, is Tu IX-X ss-Si armeniis mefeTa titulaturaSi
romel teritoriaze mdebare administraciuli erTeuli igulisxmeboda ,,qarTvelTa qveynis (samefos)~ qveS.
Tu vityviT, rom aq igulisxmeboda mcxeTis qarTlis samefo, unda iTqvas,
rom arabobis Semdeg aseTi samefo aRar arsebobda, piriqiT, TbilisSi
Camoyalibda arabuli saamiro, romelSic mcxeTac moiazreboda teritoriulad, ase rom Tanamedrove Sida qarTlSi IX-X ss-Si saxelmwifoebrivi
erTeuli ,,qarTvelTa samefos~ saxiT ar arsebobda. arabTa saamiros dasustebis Semdeg Sida qarTli `afxazeTis~ nawilad moiazreboda.uxtanesTan
mcxeTis da Tbilisis mimdebare qarTls `afxazTa qveyana~ ewodeba.mas
`afxazTa~ mefeebi marTavdnen da ara `qarTvelTa~ mefeebi. maSasadame
armeniis mefeTa titulaturaSi `qarTvelTa mefe~, ar igulisxmeboda Sida
qarTlis mmarTveloba.
iqneb Semdgomi saqarTvelos mefeebis erT-erTi tituli ,,qarTvelTa
mefe~ gamogvadges am Ziebisas.
qarTvelTa samefos, rogorc wesi am periodSi (X s.-dan) uwodebdnen
tao-klarjeTis samefos, ufro zustad taos samefos. mas bagrationi mefeebi marTavdnen klarjeTTan erTad.
kidev erTxel, rom vTqvaT ,,qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS igulisxmeboda
tao-klarjeTis samefo, taos samefo.
iqneb armeniis mefeTa titulaturaSic ,,qarTvelTa mefe~ gulisxmeboda
taos da aseve mimdebare qarTuli provinciebis (basinis, karinis an vanandis) mflobelobas?
marTlac armeniis mefeebis tituli ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~ ar
gulisxmobda Sida qarTlis flobas, radganac is sadavo teritoria iyo,
ufro zustad, is Sedioda Tbilisis saamiroSi da saamiros dasustebis
Semdeg iqca sadavod.
armeniis mefeebis tituli ,,qarTvelTa mefe~ realur administraciul
erTeuls gulisxmobs da es unda yofiliyo ,,tao-basiani~.
marTlac es ase Cans aristakes lastivertecis naSromis mixedviT.
aristakes lastivertecisTvis ,,qarTvelTa qveyana~, ,,saqarTvelo~ mdebareobda ara anisis CrdiloeTiT, aramed anisis dasavleTiT. misTvis ,,qarTvelTa qveyana~ da ,,saqarTvelo~ moqceuli iyo berZenTa da sparselTa qveynebs Soris. mizezi amisa iyo is, rom marTlac, anisis CrdiloeTiT taSirZorakertis ,,somxuri samefo~ mdebareobda,xolo mis maRla, rogorc iTqva Tbilisis saamiro, romelic ebrjineboda ,,kavkasieli mTielebis~ qveynebs.
Cven gvainteresebs, rogorc iTqva, IX-X ss-Si romel qveyanas uwodebdnen
somxebi ,,qarTvelTa qveyanas~, ,,saqarTvelos~ da ,,qarTvelTa samefos~.
ari stak es lastiv erte ci ga mWvi rvaled we rs i mis S esax eb, rom
,,qarTvelTa~ qveynebi moqceulni iyvnen anisis dasavleTiT, karinis
678

(arzrumis) mxares da masSi taosTan erTad basianic igulisxmeboda.

magaliTad, a. lastiverteci gadmogvcems aseT ambavs, giorgi afxazTa
mefem Seariga anisis mefis gagikis Svilebi - ,,movida afxazTa mefe giorgi
da mSvidobianad Seariga isini. sumbats asakiT ufrosobis gamo giorgim
misca wili - anisis cixe, mis garSemo mdebare gavarebiTurT, xolo aSots
- qveynis Sida mxare, romelic sparseTsa da saqarTvelos uyurebda. sumbati daTanxmda da dabrunda Tavis qalaqSi~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria,
1974, gv. 44).
am istoriidan Cans, Tu sad mdebareobda im epoqis somxebisaTvis ,,saqarTvelo~. sumbats mieca anisis qveyana, xolo mis Zmas - aSots, anisis qveynis
samxreTiT mdebare armeniis ,,Sida mxare~, romelsac dasavleTiT esazRvreboda ,,saqarTvelo~ (,,saqarTvelos uyurebda~), xolo aRmosavleTiT ki
,,sparseTi~ (,,sparseTs uyurebda~). anu ,,saqarTvelo~ (ufro zustad
`qarTvelebis qveyana~) Sida somxeTis dasavleTiT iyo, im Sida somxeTisa,
romelsac CrdiloeTiT anisis mxare esazRvreboda.
maSasadame, aristakesis mier igulisxmeboda, rom ,,Sida somxeTis~ dasavleTiT mdebare basiani, tao da sxva mxareebi iyo ,,saqarTvelo~. giorgi Iis samflobelo ki iyo mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare ,,afxazeTi~ anu is rasac
Cven amJamad vuwodebT ,,saqarTvelos~ aristakesisaTvis iyo ,,afxazeTi~, xolo basiani (da tao) misTvis iyo ,,saqarTvelo~.
aristakesi mudam wers, rom basiani - qarTvelTa qveyanaa, magaliTad,
basianis aRmosavleTiT mdebare Sirimnis brZolis Sesaxeb a. lastiverteci gadmogvcems aseT ambavs, Sirimnis (somxurad SRfa) brZolaSi qarTvelTa damarcxebis Semdeg, moxda bunebis saswauli, kerZod daiWira Zalze
didi yinvebi, iseTi, rom basilis jari ukuiqca da maTi qoneba ki adgilobriv mosaxleobas darCa. sabolood bizantiis imperatori ,,aSkarad mixvda, rom mxolod uflis xels SeuZlia misTvis qarTvelebis qveynis gadacema, rogorc mefeTa wignSi weria: ,,ver uZlos Zlierman
kacman, ufalman uZlur yos mxdomi Tvisi~, mefe daiZra jariT, ganvlo
mravali adgili, wavida da miaRwia Tavis qalaq konstantinopols. sami
wlis Semdeg man didi ZRveniT gagzavna afxazis Svili, TviTon ki igi
sasikvdilo senma Sei pyro~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 53).
maSasadame, marTalia basili bulgarTmmusvrelma daamarcxa qarTvelebi tao-basianSi, magram mainc qarTvelTa qveyana sabolood ar misca ufalma, radganac uflis mier movlinebuli yinvis gamo basianidan iZulebiT
dabrunda konstantinopolSi da mZevlad wayvanili `afxazi~ mefis giorgi
I-is Ze 3 wlis Semdeg ukan daabruna.
aq CvenTvis mTavaria Tu romeli qveyana iyo
qarTvelTa qveyana
aristakes lastivertecis mixedviT
eseni iyvnen_ tao, basiani da
TviTon SRfas anu Sirimnis qveyana, romelic airaratis arSaruniqis gavarSi, arSavirSi, araqsisa da aSurianis SesarTavSi mdebareobda, am arealSi jer kidev cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, romelTac
ufali SeewiaT basili II-is konstantinopolSi ukandaxevis dros
yinvis saxiT, amitomac wers aristakes lastiverteci- am adgilebidan
679

yinvis gamo gaqceuli basili mixvda, rom ,,mxolod uflis xels SeuZlia
misTvis qarTvelTa qveynis gadacema~ (iqve, gv. 53).
maSasadame `qarTvelTa qveyana~(iverTa qveyana)
qalaq
anisis
dasavleTiT mdebareobda.
amitomac daarsa aRniSnul teritoriaze (anisis dasavleTiT) basili IIis Zmam imperatorma konstantinem bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli
,,iberiis Temi~.
iberiis TemSi anisic ki Seiyvanes, marTlac anissa da mis garSemo
mravali qarTuli eklesia da qarTuli saepiskoposoc arsebobda,
rasac Cqmalavdnen sabWoTa istorikosebi.
am ukanasknelTa azriT `prozeliturma qarTulma eklesiam~ daiwyo aRniSnul qveynebSi (e.i. tao-basin-karin-airarat-SiraqSi) somxebis ,,gaqarTveleba~ qalkedonitobis miRebiT, sinamdvileSi, qarTul eklesias aseTi qmedebis survili arasodes hqonia, misi gamarjveba emyareboda mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikur qarTul TviTSemecnebas, maT erovnul gamofxizlebas
arabTa uRlis gadagdebis Semdeg.
istoriuli iberiis miwa-wyalze (gugarqSi, xorZensa da pariadreSi), mcxovrebi qarTvelebi marTalia,TiTqmis aTasi weli somxur-bizantiur-sparsul da arabul garemoSi imyofebodnen, magram
m a T m a i n c S e Z le s e r o v n u l- e T ni k u r i v i n a o b i s S e na r C u n e b a I
aTaswleulSi, amitomac Seqmnes kidec maleve
,,iberiis Temi~, administraciuli erTeuli bizantiis imperiaSi. Aarzrum-tao-basian-valaSkertSi qarTveloba kidev didxans cxovrobda, maT saboloo gamusulmanebamde anu, XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde (erTi_ ori qarTveli mRvdeli aq
XIX saukuneSic moqmedebda).
tao-basianis mflobel somex mefeebs IX-X ss-Si (am teritoriaze qarTvelTa cxovrebis gamo) aseve hqondaT tituli ,,qarTvelTa mefisa~, anda erqvaT ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavebisa~. igulisxmebda somxeTis samefoSi Semaval qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul tao-basian-karanis floba, es faqti markirdeboda `qarTvelTa mefis~ Sesabamisi tituliT
armeniaSi Semavali ,,qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS rogorc iTqva, ar igulisxmeboda Sida qarTli da mcxeTa, aramed tao da basiani mimdebare
mxareebiTurT.
p. ingoroyvas kvleviT ufro adre, daaxloebiT VII saukunisaTvis taos
mflobels hqonia ,,qarTvelTa mTavris~ tituli. misi saxeli vaSdeni yofila.
maSasadame tao-basiani `qarTvelTa samTavrod~ VI-VII saukuneebSic iwodeboda, Tumca armeniaSi iyo moqceuli, Semdeg is ,,qarTvelTa samefod~
iwoda kvlav armeneli mefeebis mflobelobis qveS.
SesaZloa armeniis mefe, sumbat aRmsarebelma, romelic albaT aseve
iwodeboda ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefed~, Tavis qaliSvils mziTvad gaatana ,,qarTvelTa samefo~ (anu tao-basiani), es qaliSvili ki SeirTo klarjeTSi Casulma aSot I kurapalatis Zem bagrat I-ma, romelic 876 wels
gardaicvala. bagrat I-is Zeebs ewodaT ,,taos Sto~ da isini rogorc
aRvniSneT mis Semdeg iwodebodnen ,,qarTvelTa mefeebad~. maSasadame, Tu aseTi mosazreba sworia, bagrat I-is STamomavlebs ,,qarTvel680

Ta mefis~ tituli ergoT dedisagan anu bagrat I-is meuRlisagan,

romelic somexTa mefis sumbat aRmsareblis qaliSvili iyo. SesaZloa man mziTvis saxiT qmris, bagrat I-is ojaxSi Seitana taobasianis mflobeloba titul - ,,qarTvelTa mefesTan~ erTad da es
tituli misma Svilebma da STamomavlebma dainarCunes. I aTaswleulSi es Cveulebrivi movlena iyo.
,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~
870-880 wlebisaTvis ,,somxeTSiac moikribes Zala adgilobrivma erisTavebma.
sxvebze ufro Zlieri iyo erisTavT-erisTavi aSot bagratuni... mas ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ saxeli miuRia~ (iv. javaxiSvili,
Txzulebani, tomi II, 1983, gv. 102).
iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT aSot bagratunma ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa
erisTavT-erisTavis~ saxeli albaT imis gamo miiRo, rom mas Sida qarTlSi
ulaSqria, sadac afxazTa mefes SebrZolebia da rogorc aRniSnuli tituli afiqrebinebs mecniers, kidec gaumarjvnia. maSasadame Sida qarTli mis
xelSi gadasula. rogorc iTqva esaa varaudi, raime wyaro amas ar miuTiTebs. iv. javaxiSvils rogorc iTqva mxolod aSotis ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ tituli afiqrebinebda amas.
Cveni azriT, ki ,,qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ Tu ,,qarTvelTa mefis~
tituli miuTiTebda ara Sida qarTlis aramed tao-basianis mflobelobas,
marTlac ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli maleve, SemdgomSi taos mflobelebs
hqondaT.
meore magaliTic gvaqvs, romelic Cvens mosazrebas garkveulad aZlierebs.
es magaliTia tituli tao-basianis mflobelebisa VI-VII saukuneebSi.rogorc
iTqva, p. ingoroyva Zvel somxur wyaroze dayrdnobiT miuTiTebs, rom, am
mxareebis mflobels VI-VII saukuneebSi ,,qarTvelTa mTavris~ anu ,,iverTa
mTavris tituli~ hqonda.
maSasadame, am titulis Sesabamisad tao-basianis mxareebSi VI-VII saukuneebSi arsebobda politikur-administraciuli erTeuli ,,qarTvelTa
samTavro~ (SevadaroT, rom IX-X saukuneebSi iqve iyo ,,qarTvelTa samefo~).
aRniSnuli ,,qarTvelTa samTavro~ arsebobda qveyanaSi, romelsac xan
,,bizantiuri armenia~ xan ki ,,persarmenia~ erqva. VI-VII saukuneebSi taobasianis ufals ,,qarTvelTa mTavari vaSdeni~ erqva. vaSden ,,qarTvelTa
mTavars~ Tavis diswul hamamTan dava hqonia.
hamami qaldea-WaneT-zRvispireTis mflobeli yofila. vaSdeni ki, rogorc
iTqva, mis zemoT, zeganze gadaSlili da vrceli qveynisa, tao-basianisa.
maSasadame, marTalia es qveyana armeniis nawilad iTvleboda (igulisxmeba
tao-basiani), magram mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikuri TviTsaxelis Sesabamisad ,,qarTvelTa samTavro~ erqva VI-VII saukuneebSi.
,,qarTvelTa samTavro~, Cans, IX saukuneSi somexTa mTavris anu erisTavTerisTavis aSotis xelqveS moqceula, maSasadame, Sesabamisad mas miuRia
wodeba ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavisa~ Semdeg ki wodeba
,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefisa~ (daaxloebiT IX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi).
681

erTi Taobis Semdeg ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli mieniWa adarnase I kurapalats, qarTvel bagrationTa Stodan, qarTveli aSot I didi kurapalatis
SvilTaSvils, adarnase amave dros iyo taos erTpirovnuli mflobeli,
maSasadame taos mflobeloba mis mepatrones aZlevda uflebas hqonoda
tituli ,,qarTvelTa mTavari~ anda ,,qarTvelTa mefe~, taos mflobeloba
mis mepatrones uflebas aZlevda ,,qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~
wodeba hqonoda.
Tu davubrundebiT qarTvel bagrationebs SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, rogor
gaxda adarnase I taos mflobeli?
taos mflobeloba mas uflebas aZlevda, rogorc iTqva ,,qarTvelTa
mefis~ tituli etarebina. iyo Tu ara misi mama daviT I taos mflobeli?
Tu daviT I, romelic 881 wels mokles, ar iyo taos mflobeli unda
vifiqroT, rom misma Svilma adarnase I-ma aSot somexTa mefis memkvidreebisagan miiRo samarTavad taos (e.i.`qarTvelTa~) qveyana, xom ar miaTxova
aSot somexTa mefis memkvidrem Tavisi qaliSvili adarnase I-s da mziTevis saxiT miiRo tao siZem?
iqneb sxva msgavsi gziT?
aseve sakiTxavia, iyo Tu ara somexi bagrationi aSoti vaSden `iverTa
mTavris~ uflebrivi memkvidre, vaSden iverTa mTavris memkvidre iqneb qarTveli bagrationebi adarnase, daviT I da misi mama bagrat I iyvnen?
mirdatis Zeni da bagrationebi klarjeTSi
vaxtang gorgasali+elene
mirdati mirdatis dai (SerTes guram bagrations)
sikvdilis win vaxtang gorgasalma Tavis meore colis elenes _ keisris asulisagan SeZenili Svilebis samyofelad daadgina qarTlis samefos teritoria, moqceuli egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua _ misi anderZi
momaval mefe ufliswul daCisadmi aseTi iyo _ `sazRvari afxazeTisa,
romelic mocemul ars egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua, igi TviT
ZmaTa SenTa dedisa ars _ igi aqundes maT~ (q.c. I, gv. 204).
marTlac, keisris asuls teritoria klisurasa da egriswyals Sua mziTvad mohyva bizantiis keisrisagan da is SeuerTda qarTlis samefos. Ees
teritoria klisurasa da egriswyals Sua ergo saerisTavod elenes Svilebs.
am miwa-wyals ewoda `dasavleTi qarTlisa~.
vaxtangis anderZis aRsasruleblad _ `coli da orni Zeni vaxtangisani
wariyvanes erisTavTa da dai pyres dasavleTi qarTlisa~ (q.c. I, gv. 204),
e.i.faqtobrivad daeuflnen teritorias egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua.
egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua moqceul teritorias `dasavleTi qarTlisa~
ewodeboda (q.c. I, gv. 204). maTi erisTavebi iyvnen vaxtangis Svilebi leoni
da mirdati.
leonis gardacvalebis Semdeg daCi mefem gadawyvita eTxova mirdatisaTvis, raTa mas gaecvala teritoria,e.i. moenacvlebina teritoria, kerZod,
682

gadaecvala Tavisi saerisTavo sxvagan, marTlac _ `daCi mefeman gaucvala

qveyana da aRiRo mirdatisagan egris-wyalsa da klisuras Sua mirdatis
deduli sazRvari saberZneTisa da misca nacvlad javaxeTi tasiskaridan vidre zRuamde sperisa da erisTavobda mun~ (q.c. I, gv. 205).e.i.
teritoria egris-wyalsa da klisuras TviT qarTlis mefe daCim daiWira,
rogorc samefo miwa-wyali, xolo sanacvlod iqaur erisTavs mirdats
ufro samxreTiT-taSiskaridan zRvamde moqceuli teritoria gadasca
saerisTavod.
klarjeTSi iqamde erisTavebi iyvnen artavazis STamomavlebi .
maT axla daemataT axali erisTavebi _ vaxtang mefis STamomavlebi, maT
`Svilni mirdatisni~ erqvaT.
VI s-Si `Svilni daCisani hmorCilebdes sparsTa, xolo Svili mirdatisni
daadgres morCilebasa berZenTasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 207).
VI s-Si qarTlis sparsTagan dapyrobis Jams _ qarTvel mefeTa saxlis
Svilebi _ `Svilni bakurisni darCes mTiuleTs kaxeTisasa da naTesavni
mirdatisni, vaxtangis Zisani, romelni mTavrobdes klarjeTs da
javaxeTs, igini darCes kldeTa Sina klarjeTisaTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 217).
am umefobis Jams `ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqvnes yovelni
erisTavni qarTlisani zemoni da qvemoni da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe
berZenTa mefisa da iTxoves raTa uCinos mefe~ (q.c. I, gv. 217).
`maSin keisarma mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa,
berZnis colisagan, romelsa erqva guaram, romeli mTavrobda klarjeTs da javaxeTs, mosca keisarman kurapalatoba da warmogzavna
mcxeTas~ (q.c. I, gv. 218).
bagrationebi vaxtang gorgaslis berZeni meuRlis STamomavlebis _ mirdatisa da misi dis genetikuri da legitimuri memkvidreebi iyvnen, kerZod,
mirdatis dis Ze iyo iberiis anu qarTlis samefos pirveli kurapalati
guaram I bagrationi _
`xolo ese guaram iyo dediT xosroiani da mamiT bagrationi. ese
bagratoanni Svilis-Svilni da naTesavni arian ama guaramisni~ (q.c.
I, gv. 218). `ese guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda berZenTasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 221).
mematianis cnobiT, sazogadod, vaxtang gorgaslis Zeebidan ori Sto
Camoyalibda _ baqarianebi da mirdatianebi.
baqarianebi marTavdnen qveyanas VI s-Si, roca sparselebma qarTli dai pyres.
sparseTSi areulobis dawyebiT isargebles qarTvelma didebulebma da
bizantiis keisars Txoves maTTvis mefe daeniSna.
marTlac, keisarma qarTlis mefed daniSna `mirdatis dis~ Svili _
guaram bagrationi. A
aq Seusabamoba qronologiurad isaa, rom mirdati V s-Si cxovrobda,
xolo guaram kurapalati TiTqmis asi wlis Semdeg. ase rom, `mirdatis
da~ uSualod guaram I kurapalatis deda ver iqneboda.
safiqrebelia, rom `mirdatis dai~ klarjeTSi SeirTo adgilobrivma didebulma da am ojaxidan gamosuli qaliSvili SemdgomSi
SerTes guaram kurapalats.
683

Yyovel SemTxvevaSi klarjeTidanaa warmomavlobiT guaram kurapalati

da misi ojaxi. mematianis cnobiT, kurapalati guaram II bagrationi iyo _
`ocdamecxramete mefe qarTlisa~.
Tu ligan-klarjeTi lazikaa, berZnuli wyaroebiT cnobilia maTi `basilevsebis~ saxelebi _ eseni iyvnen gubazi da waTe. xolo qarTuli wyaroebiT klarjeTis erisTavi iyo artavazi.
am adgilobrivi didebulebis (waTes, gubazis da artavazis) ojaxebidan unda yofiliyo guaram kurapalatis deda, TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom es ojaxebi Tavis droze mirdatTan, vaxtangis ZesTan iyvnen
damoyvrebulni. (SeiZleba `mirdatis dis~ wyalobiT Sevida gubazisa da
waTes ojaxSi `basilevsad~ wodebis legitimuri ufleba).
Semdeg ki am ojaxis siZem _ guaramma (SesaZloa, aseve `basilevsma~)
miiRo qarTlis mefis wodeba, Tumca imperatorma mxolod `kurapalatoba~
akmara. arabobis dros ki es ojaxi mcxeTidan kvlav klarjeTs daubrunda.
Zveli lazikis mefeebis warmomavloba WaneT-taos samefodan
lazebi da Wanebi zogjer erT tomad, zogjer ki erTmaneTis mezoblebad warmodgebian bizantiel mweralTa mier, lazika WaneTs moicavda da
ufro zogadi erTeuli iyo.
lazTa ramdenime mefea dasaxelebuli wyaroebSi IV-V saukuneebisa, Tumca ki iqvea naTqvami, rom arsebobda winandel lazTa mefeTa genealogiuri
siebi.
favstos bizantielis Txzulebidan SeiZleba gavigoT,rom lazTa mefeebis qveS igulisxmeba WanTa mefeebi da WaneTis samefo. is IV saukuneSic
arsebobda.
Zveli lazeTis samefo mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed
istoriuli qarTlis samefos gareT da moicavda WaneTs, mimdebare zogierT mxaresTan erTad,axali lazeTis samefo ki klarjeT-ligans moicavda.
favstosi, kerZod, wers, rom IV s-Si somxeTis mefes mimarTa taos mflobelma manuel mamikonianma Semdegi sityvebiT: `Cveni winaprebi Wenastanis mefeebi iyvnen... sisxlisRvris gamo davtoveT samSoblo da
movediT Tqvens karze mSvidobis saZebnelad~, e.i Wenistanis mefeebi taos mflobelebi iyvnen.
p. ingoroyva imowmebs n. adoncs, rom `Wenastani~ aris WaneTi, taos
gverdiT.
favstosis cnobiT, WaneTis, anu lazeTis Zveli samefo, Cans, erT periodSi imdenad Zlieri yofila, rom misi mefeebis Rirseba aranaklebi yofila
somexTa mefeebisaze.
amasTan dakavSirebiT manueli somexTa mefis winaSe ambobs _ `Cven arasodes vyofilvarT Tqveni msaxurni (e.i. WaneTis samefo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo), aramed viyaviT Tqveni amxanagi (anu RirsebiT Tanaswori) da iqneb Tqvenze metad saxelovannic~.
am cnobidan Cans, rom Zvel lazeTs, anu WaneTs IV saukunemde hyavda
684

saxelovani samefo dinastia.

am dinastiidan unda yofiliyvnen lazTa mefeebi waTe, gubazi da
sxvebi,Semdeg maT sammarTvelod klarjeT-liganic gadaecaT (istoriuli
WaneTis gareT VI s-is lazikaSi Sedioda fazisis anu md. Woroxis SesarTavi
da misi dasavleTi sanapiro, aRmosavleTis erT nawilTan erTad mdinaris
saTaveebis CaTvliT).
p. ingoroyva, somxur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT varaudobs, rom III
saukunisaTvis WaneTis samefo WaneTTan erTad moicavda taosac.
III saukuneSi samefo saxlis SigniT Sinauri SfoTis gamo tao iqaurma mmarTvelma (WaneTis samefo ojaxis taos Stom) gadasca somexTa
samefos, anu tao dapyrobis gareSe Sevida somxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 490) da aseve dapyrobis
gareSe (daaxloebiT 500 wlis Semdeg) tao somxeTis mefem ukan gadasca
saqarTvelos- aSot I kurapalatis Zes bagrat I-s
WaneTs - qaldea/qarTea/erqva, taos ki- `qarTvelTa~ samefo. maSasadame orive am qveyanas-WaneTsa da taos anu `qaldeasa~ da `qarTvelTa~
samefos TviTsaxelwodeba-`qaldea~-`qarTu~ erTi fuZidan amomavali
sityvebia,aqedan gamomdinare es ori qveyana albaT odesme erT mTlian
samefos Seadgenda `qarTu~ saxelis mqones(iqneb is iyo `arian-qarTli~
kolxeTis saxeliT cnobili berZnul samyaroSi?maTsaxelTa fuZeebic/qarTkol/ xom identurebi arian?).
rogorc aRiniSna, favstos bizantielis saistorio TxzulebaSi manueli
Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs somxeTis mefes varazdats (374-377ww.) `Cven
arasodes vyofilvarT Tqveni msaxurni, aramed viyaviT Tqveni amxanagni da
iqneb Tqvenze metad saxelovanic, radgan Cveni winaparni iyvnen mefeni WenastanSi, magram ZmaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis gamo moxda didi sisxlisRvra,
Cven davtoveT samSoblo da movediT aq mSvidobis saZebnelad~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 489).
rogorc aRiniSna, Wanistans, anu WaneTs Tavisi mefeebi hyolia ukve
III s-Si, radganac manuels mefisaTvis miumarTavs 228-297 wlebSi
(iqve, gv. 490).
favstos bizantielis es cnoba eTanadeba sxva berZen-bizantiel avtorTa cnobebs, romlebic lazTa, anu kolxTa mefeebisa da tomis Sesaxeb
ambobdnen: `isini Zalze amayebi arian da qedmaRloben kolxeTis Zveli
didebis gamo~, favstosis cnobiTac, Wanebis mefeTa STamomavali armeniis
mefesTan ambobs: `Cveni dinastia Tqvenze metad saxelovanic SeiZleba iyos~.
es ori cnoba erTmaneTis identuria da miuTiTebs kolxeT-lazeTis Zveli samefos Sesaxeb.
aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Zveli lazikis anu WaneTis
samefo dinastiis erTi frTa, Cans Siga areulobis gamo iZulebuli gamxdara Tavi somxeTisaTvis Seefarebina da Tavisi samefos erTi nawilis
(taos) gadacemiT somexTa mxardaWera moupovebia,xolo meore frTas Zveli lazeTis (WaneTis) samefo dinastiisa WaneTis ZiriTadi nawili daukargavs V saukuneSi. amdros bizantiis imperatori molaparakebia lazTa
mefe gubaz I s da misTvis samefos erTi nawili CamourTmevia. am dros
685

sazRvari punqt xufaTze gadebula. sanacvlod, VI saukuneSi iustinianes

dros lazTa mefeebisaTvis mmarTvelobaSi gadauciaT klarjeT-ligani.
ase Camoyalibebula `axali lazikis~ samefo `Zveli lazikis~ saxelovani
dinastiis mmarTvelobiT.
bagrationebi baiberdidan klarjeTSi
bagrationebis sagvareulo (Tavdapirveli) cixe-simagre yofila baiberdi- istoriul sperSi. n. adonci wers `viciT, rom kantoni speri ekuTvnoda
bagratid Tavadebs~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 122).
n. adonci cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom speri _ bagrationebis Tavdapirveli
mamuli iyo, iRebs Zveli somxuri wyaroebidan da wyarod miuTiTebs `fausti~, V, 44; sebeosi, 139.
pontos zRvispireTSi Camosaxlebuli qarTvelebisaTvis nabuqodonosors
xorenacis mixedviT, uflad daudgenia mihrdatis darehis(dariosis)
STamomavlebi(m.xorenaci,somxeTis istoria,1984,gv.107). es `pontospireTi~
moicavda vrcel mxares sinopidan dasavleTsaqarTvelos CaTvliT, trapezuntis olqs baiburdisa da Semdgomi arzrumis CaTvliT. bagrationTa
Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi, rogorc iTqva, baiberdi yofila.
baiberdi CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom aq yofila pai pertis saepiskoposo, Semavali trapezuntis samitropolitoSi. es samitropolito ki, noticiebis mixedviT, lazikaSi yofila.
aqve, sperTan mdebareobda WaneTis mTianeTi. maTi saerTo berZnuli saxeli `lazika~ yofila, VI s-Si iustinianem dai pyro trapezuntis Crdilo
SavizRvispireTi da iq daaarsa qalaqi petra. ramac safuZveli daudo
spars-romaelTa omebs petrasaTvis.
g. meliqiSvilis Tanaxmad, kolxeTis barSi Casaxlebula trapezuntis
samxreT-aRmosavleT mTianeTis mosaxleoba-Wanebi(sanebi?), berZnebi maT,Cans,
_ lazebs uwodebdnen. maT albaT bagrationebis cnobili sagvareulos
warmoadgenlebic wayvnen (Wanika baiberdTan axlos mdebareobda). es sagvareulo VI saukuneSi iberiaSi gamefda droebiT, IX saukunidan ki cnobilia bagration mefeTa klarjul-artanujuli da taouri saxlebi. safiqrebelia, rom isini yvelani gamomdinareobdnen speris (baiberdis) fuZe sagvareulo saxlidan.
rogorc iTqva, `kantoni speri ekuTvnoda bagratid Tavadebs~ (n. adonci,
armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 122) da is wyarod miuTiTebs `fausti~, V,
44; sebeosi, 139.
bagrationebs TavianTi gvari aRebuli hqondaT dedis mxridan
`gadmovida arCil egrisiT da dajda nacixarsa xidrisasa. maSin movida
misa mTavari erTi, romeli iyo naTesavisagan daviT winaswarmetyvelis,
saxeliT adarnase, Zmiswuli adarnase brmisa, romlisa mama misi mzaxebul
iyo bagratonianTadve da berZenTa mier dadginebuli iyo erisTavad
areTa somxiTisaTa da tyveobasa mas yruisasa STasul iyo igi SvilTa
Tana guaram kurapalatisaTa klarjeTs da mun darComil iyo. iTxova arCilisagan da rqua `ukueTu inebo da myo me viTarca mkvidri Seni, momec
686

queyana~ da misca Sulaveri da artaani~ (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, I, gv. 243)

e.i. adarnase mTavari, romelic mivida mefe arCilTan, iyo daviT
winaswarmetyvelis STamomavali mamis mxridan, xolo dedis mxridan is
iyo
bagratoniani.
TvTon am mTavars da mis mamasac bagratoniani qalebi hyavdaT SerTuli,
es Tvalsazrisi gamomdinareobs wyaroSi naxmari siyvidan `mzaxali~.
`damzaxeba~-niSnavs `damoyvrebas~(Zvelo qarTuli enis SeerTebuli
leqsikoni~,2008,gv,102). mZaxali axlac colis naTesavia.
`romlisa mama mzaxebel iyo bagratonianTadve~- niSnavs, rom mTavris
mamasac bagrationebis qali hyavda SerTuli, anu bagrationebi misi `mzaxlebi~ _ naTesavebi iyvnen dedisa da colis mxridan.
`berZenTa mier dadginebul iyo areTa somxiTisaTa~ niSnavs, Semdegs artaani arCilis samefoSi Sedioda, xolo klarjeTi `berZenTa~ uflebis
qveS iyo, danarCeni qvemo mxareebi (tao, TorTomi, speri da a.S.) _ im
momentSi `somxeTis ared~ iTvleboda (herakle keisris wyalobiT) sadac
bizantielTa nebiT mTavrobda adarnase, daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavali. arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg isEmoridebia arabebs da klarjeTSi
gadasula, sadac darCenila sacxovreblad. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arCil
mefis dabrunebis Semdeg ki, misula masTan da misTvis uTxovia raTa mieRo
qveynis mkvidrad da Caericxa samefo erisTavTa wreSi. arCilma Seusrula
Txovna da misca samflobelod artaanisa da Sulavris provinciebi. maSasadame adarnases ukve ufleba gaaCnda sam qarTul provinciaze, 1.misi
imJamindeli mamulebi bizantiis xeldebul klarjeTSi iyo da 2.amave
dros is iyo qarTlis samefos erisTavi, 3.xolo misi Zirimamuli
ta o - s p e r i s m x a r e e b i i y o . e seni a- a rtaan i(aq edan `artanuj eli
xelmwife~?artaanSi xom ar Sedioda artanuji?) klarjeTi(`klarjeli
xelmwife~) da tao(`taoeli xelmwife~)- bagrationTa mamuli qveynebi.
SesaZloa, pirveli bagrationebi iyvnen legitimuri memkvidreebi
lazTa anu `klarjTa~ `mefeebisa~ anu im `lazTa mefeebisa~, romelTac berZnul-bizantiuri samefo kari aniWebda samefo titulebsa da
sigelebs (amas unda miuTiTebdes pirveli bagrationi mefeebis titulatura `klarjeli xelmwife~, aseve, isini rogorc iTqva, iyvnen
`arta nujeli~ da `taoe li~ xelm wifeebi) Cans am `legiti muri~
uflebiT aRWurvil-gamSvenierebuli guaram I bagrationi Sevida
xosroinTa samefo ojaxSi viTarca siZe, vaxtang gorgaslis dros,
xolo SemdegSi ki bagrationebma
arCil mefe-erisTavis samefo
saxlis memkvidreoba miiRes.
maSasadame, adarnase mTavari, Tavdapirvelad, dadgenili iyo `somxeTis areTa erisTavad~ (Cans, igulisxmeba armeniis qarTuli mxareebi tao-speri da basiani), Semdeg arabobis gamo gadasula klarjeTSi (bizantielTa xeldebul qveyanaSi).
klarjeTis mezobeli artaanisa da Sulaveris `qveynebi~arCilis
samefoSi Sedioda-isini gadaeca adarnase bagrations arCilis mier.

687

berZnuli sakariskaco titulebi

berZnuli sakariskaco titulebi ar hqondaT farnavazian-xosroian mefeebs, magram VI s-dan is damkvidrda qarTul samefo karze, am titulis
mqoneTagan pirveli, iyo klarjeTis erisTavi guram bagrationi, vaxtang
gorgaslis siZe, romelic avida samefo taxtze. mis Semdgom es titulebi
(`kurapalati~ da sxva) vidre XII s-mde hqondaT qarTvel mefe-erisTavebs.
Cemi azriT, es tituli iqamde hqondaT lazikis (e.i.klarjeTis) basilevsebs (erisTavebs) da qarTlSi gamefebis Semdeg is (tituli) SeinarCunes.
SesaZloa, aseTi bizantiuri titulebi abazg erisTavebsac hqondaT (e.i.
VI-VII ss) da roca saqarTvelos taxtze avidnen Zveli titulebic dainarCunes).

Tavi XXV
`ena~
Zveli qarTuli ena - salaparako norma regionebSi
Cvenamde moRweul Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi, miuxedavad maTi
warmomavlobisa yvelgan daculia erTi da igive enobrivi norma.
Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi ar igrZnoba kuTxuroba, mxareebisTvis niSandoblivi metyvelebis (enakavebisa Tu dialeqtebis) gavlena.
rogorc iTqva, romel regionSic unda iyon isini dawerilni (afxazeTSi,
egrisSi, svaneTSi, argveTSi, guriasa Tu tao-klarjeT-kaxeT-hereTSi)_ enobriv-gramatikuli norma erTi da igivea.
ra iyo amis mizezi?
mizezi, Cans, iyo is, rom IV-Xss-Si (da Semdeg) qarTuli ena ar iyo daSlili dialeqtur doneze, saliteraturo normis dacva (da, amitomac, misi
Seswavla) ar iyo saZnelo saqme kuTxeebSi moRvawe mwerlebisaTvis (isini
xom ZiriTadad berebi iyvnen, umetesi, safiqrebelia, arcTu mainc da mainc
ganswavluli).
Zveli qarTuli ena dialeqtur doneze daSlili rom yofiliyo I
aTaswleulSi (an mis maxlobel xanaSi), es uTuod aisaxeboda mwerlobaSi.
magaliTad, XXD saukuneSi Cven gvyavda sagangebod, umaRles saswavleblebSi ganswavluli mwerlebi, miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc amJRavnebdnen
TavianTi kuTxeebis metyvelebaTaTvis damaxasiTebel niSnebs, magaliTad,
galaktion tabiZes aqvs- `gadiwera Cemi leqsi~ (unda iyos gadaiwera), vaJafSavela da TviT akakic, romelic gmobda literaturaSi kuTxuri metyvelebis danergvas, TavianT SemoqmedebaSi avlendnen TavianTi kuTxeebis salaparako normebs, Tu aras vityviT otia ioselianze, o. CxeiZesa, e. TaTaraiZesa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. ratom?
mizezi amisa aris is, rom XX saukuneSi dialeqtur doneze qarTuli ena
mkveTrad iyo dayofili, ramac saliteraturo mwerlobaSic gaJona.
magaliTi gviCvenebs Semdegs: aseve rom yofiliyo dayofili Zveli
688

qarTuli ena (e.i. Zveli dialeqtebi Zalze ganviTarebulni rom

yofiliyvnen), Cven amis asaxvas uTuod vpovebdiT Zvel qarTul
literaturaSi, sadac amis niSan-wyalic ki ar Cans.
marTalia, k. kekeliZem daamkvidra Tvalsazrisi, rom haemetoba anda xanmetoba TiTqosda dialeqturi normis asaxva iyo, magram, safiqrebelia, rom
xanmetoba da haemetobac iyo saerTo sazogado saliteraturo movlena.
e.i. xanmetobis dros xanmeti iyo mTeli literatura, anu xanmetoba mTeli
xalxis salaparako enis norma iyo, roca xani Seicvala haeTi, haemetoba
iqca saliteraturo normad, anu is ar iyo romelime kuTxis movlena, aramed
mTel qveyanaSi salaparako enis norma iyo, enis ganviTarebis Sedegi.
meore magaliTi, rasac patriarqi ilia II miuTiTebs xolme, aris is, rom
Zveli qarTulis normebi da leqsika amJamadac daculia kuTxeebSi, magaliTad, imereTSi gavrcelebuli sityva `tyli pi~- Zveli qarTulia (elenTa _
axali qarTuli sityvaa), Zveli qarTulis sityvebi `kveri, kveJo~ _ imereTSi axlacaa gavrcelebuli (axal qarTulSia- CaquCi), aseve sityva `kuro~
(axali qarTulis buRa) da sxva.
amJamadac, rogorc mTis, ise baris kiloebis uamravi gramatikuli
warmoTqma da leqsikuri erTeuli _ Zveli qarTulidanaa darCenili, rac miuTiTebs, rom Zveli qarTuli odesRac am kuTxeebis salaparako norma iyo.
zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba
zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad arsebobs sami Tvalsazrisi.
I. akad. g. meliqiSvilis naSromebis mixedviT (romelic mkafiod aisaxa
,,saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebSi~) zanur-qarTuvli enobrivi erTobisaTvis Zveli welTaaRricxvis XII-VI saukuneebi iyo Sualeduri xana, daaxloebiT es periodi emTxveva kolxuri kulturis ayvavebis xanas, amitomac
qarTul-zanur erTobas aseve kolxuri periodi ewodeba, igulisxmeba rom
XII-VI ss. kolxeTis ena iyo aRniSnuli qarTul-zanuri.
mxolod am periodis dasasruls Seexeba g. maWavarianis da T. gamyreliZis mier ,,sinanta sistebSi~ (1984) gadmocemuli Teoria, rom qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTobis daSla daiwyo ara qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi,
aramed ufro gvian `Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze~. Zveli da
axali welTaRricxvebis mijnis qveS cxadia unda vigulisxmoT I-II saukuneebi qristeSobis epoqa. am dros qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebisas, wm. saxareba warmarTa Soris berZnulad ikiTxeboda da Tarjimnis
mier zepirad iTargmneboda. saxarebis zepiri Targmanis ena mTel istoriul saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze erTidaigive yofila, amis mizezi iyo zanurqarTuli enobrivi erToba. anu rogorc aRmosavleT,ise dasavleT
saqarTveloSi I-III saukuneebSi imJamad moRvawe uamravi mqadagebeli qristianobisa da aqa iq dafantuli qristianuli Temebis moZRvrebi saqarTvelos xalxs Tavis enaze acnobdnen wmida werils, es ena ki jer kidev
dauSleli zanur-qarTuli iyo,rac Semdeg maleve safuZvvlad dadebia
689

Zvel qarTul saeklesio-saliteraturo enas, romelzec iTargmna wmida

werili.
II. meore Tvalsazrisi gamoTqva arqeologma o. jafariZem, romlis mixedviTac qarTul-zanuri erToba arsebobda ufro adre TrialeTuri da ara
kolxuri kulturis xanaSi, qarTul-zanuri erToba misi azriT TrialeTuri kulturis dasasruliT unda daTariRdes (o. jafariZe, arqeologiuri
gaTxrebi TrialeTSi, 1969, gv. 232-235).
III. mesame Tvalsazrisi ekuTvnis T. miqelaZes. is kolxur kulturas
megrul-Wanur (zanur) eTnikur samyaros ukavSirebs. misi azriT, qarTulzanur erTobis daSla ara ugvianes Zv. w. II aTaswleulis damdegs unda
momxdariyo (ix. miqelaZe, Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT-dasavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan, 1974).
(n. xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, 2001 gv. 416).
misgan gansxxvavebiT,
Cemi Tvalsazrisi mTlianad eTanxmeba akad. g.
meliqiSvilis, akad. T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis Teorias, romelTa
mixedviTac zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba arsebobda farnavazis
mier Zveli qarTuli erTiani saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis epoqaSi
da is mxolod maSin iwyebda dialeqtur doneze daSlas. ufro
metic, im enobrivi reformebis Semdeg, romelic Zveli qarTuli
saistorio wyaroebis cnobiT gaatara mefe farnavazma, moxda enobrivi mTlianobis saxelmwifebrivi dafiqsireba, zanur-qarTuli
gadaiqca saxelmwofo da kulturis enad, mas ewodeba `Zveli qarTuli
ena~.
anu Zveli qarTuli ena iyo e.w. zanur-qarTuli jer kidev dauSleli
ena. wyaroTa mixedviT farnavazis samefos formirebaSi aqtiurad monawileobda egrisis mosaxleoba. zan-qarTuli ena, anu Cemi TvalsazrisiT igive
Zveli qarTuli ena, gadaiqca saxelmwifo savaldebulo enad da amasTanave
is dafiqsirda viTarca erTaderTi RvTismmsaxurebis da kulturis ena.
Zveli qarTulis pirvandeli formebi xanmeturi da hemeturi - ufro
axlos idga zanur-qarTul enasTan, vidre Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebi.
megrul-lazuri dialeqti saliteraturo zogadqarTuli enis
saTaveebTan
arqeolog virjilio korbos mier md. iordanis napirze, beTlemis CrdiloeTiT 1952 wels aRmoCenili monasteri wyaroebSi iwodeba ,,lazTa monastrad~ (e. mamisTvaliSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, gv. 85). es
monasteri V saukunis 40-ian wlebSi augia petre iberis moZRvars ioane
lazs.
VI saukuneSi, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, iustinianes ganuaxlebia ,,lazTa
monasteri ierusalimis udabnoSi~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 223).
e. mamisTvaliSvilis mosazrebiT am monasterSi ioane lazTan lazeTidan
wmida miwaze Casuli ber-monazvnebi iyridnen Tavs (e. mamisTvaliSvili,
qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, 1998, gv. 85).
lazTa monasteri imiTaa saintereso, rom aq aRmoCnda qarTuli
690

damwerlobis yvelaze adrindeli Zeglebi, lazTa monastris qarTuli

warwerebi arian dRemde aRmoCenil qarTul warweraTa Soris yvelaze uZvelesni, isini naxevari saukuniT win uswreben dRemde yvelaze Zvelad miCneul bolnisis warwerebs (g. wereTeli, uZvelesi
qarTuli warwerebi palestinidan, 1960, gv. 29).
ierusalimis udabnos lazTa monasterSi aRmoCnda oTxi qarTuli warwera.
ismis kiTxva, ratom aRmoCnda lazTa monasterSi qarTuli warwerebi?
q a r T u li e n a i s to r i u li s a q a r T v e lo s y v e la k u T x e S i ( d a
lazeTSic) erTad-erTi saliteraturo, saxelmwifo, kulturis, saeklesio da administraciis enas warmoadgenda, magram, radganac XX
saukuneSi gaCnda tendencia imisa, rom sxva kulturis nawilad warmoadginon egris-lazeTi,saWiroa am kiTxvis dasma.
am kiTxvis pasuxis Ziebisas Cven SeiZleba gavixsenoT ori kesarielis,
kerZod prokopi kesarielisa da gelasi kesarielis cnobebi lazeTis
enisa da eklesiis Sesaxeb.
kerZod, magaliTad, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT lazeTis qveynis cnobil qalaqs, romelsac berZnulad erqva ,,kutaia~, lazur enaze ewodeboda
,,quTaTisi~. maSasadame, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT ,,quTaTisi~ lazuri
sityvaa, lazebis eniT Sesabamisad nawarmoebi, magram es sityva Tavisi
sufiqsebiT aris Zveli qarTuli enis mixedviT nawarmoebi, es miuTiTebs
rom qarTuli saliteraturo ena da lazuri dialeqti prokofi
kesarielis dros uaRresad Zalze axlos idgnen erTmaneTTan, Zveli
qarTuli saliteraturo ena ki igive saeklesio enaa, romelzec iTargmna
wmida werili da daiwyo wirva-locva saqarTveloSi.
lazebis saeklesio enac Zveli qarTuli unda iyos, radganac gelasi
kesarielis cnobiT iberebma da lazebma ,,tyve qalis~, anu wmida
ninos mier erTad miiRes qristianoba.
e.i. gelasi kesarielis am cnobiT wmida nino lazebis ganmanaTlebeli iyo, Sesabamisad is iyo erTiani qarTuli eklesiis damaarsebeli, erTi
eniTa da saeklesio tradiciebiT.
Cans, wmida ninos dros lazuri jer kidev ar iyo bolomde gamoyofili fuZe qarTuli enisagan.
marTalia, amJamad miRebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom zanur-qarTuli enobrivi
erToba daiSala qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT adre, magram ar unda
iqnas daviwyebuli g. maWavarianisa da T. gamyreliZis is Tvalsazrisi,
romelic maT gamoTqves wignSi ,,sosantTa sistema~, rom zanur-qarTuli
enobrivi mTlianoba welTaaRricxvis mijnaze jer kidev arsebobda, anu
axali welTaRricxvis dawyebisas, I-II saukuneebSi qristianobis qadagebisas mociqulebis mier zanur-qarTuli enobrivi mTlianoba jer kidev arsebobda.
III-IV saukuneebSi wmida werilis adgilobriv enaze zepirad qadagebis epoqaSi, Cans yvela qarTuli tomisaTvis gamoyenebuli iqna
imJamad yvelasaTvis gasagebi jer kidev erTiani ena - es unda
yofiliyo zanur-qarTuli saerTo ena, romelsac SemdgomSi ewoda
691

,,Zveli qarTuli ena~ da gadaiqca saliteraturod.

zanur-qarTuli saerTo ena, romelsac SemdgomSi ewoda ,,Zveli
qarTuli ena~ Cans, saeklesio oficialur enad gadaiqca IV saukuneSi,
roca zepiri saliteraturo ena iqca damwerlobis enad.
wmida werilis qarTuli Targmanebis Caweris dros gamoyenebuli iqna
mTel ibJamindel qarTul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli e.w. ,,zanur-qarTuli
saerTo ena~, romelic iqamdec, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo gamoiyeneboda zepiri qadagebebisaTvis.
am mosazrebas ganamtkicebs faqtebi imisa, rom V saukunis ierusalimis
lazur monasterSi aRmoCnda ara lazuri dialeqtiT Sesrulebuli
warwerebi, aramed saliteraturo zogad qarTuliT, aseve faqti imisa,
rom ioane lazi V saukunis dasawyisSi, Cvil petre ibers wmida werils
aswavlida qarTuli eniT.
wmida petre iberiis cxovrebis mixedviT 411 wels dabadebuli petre
iberi mZevlis saxiT waiyvanes konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze 423
wels sul 12 wlis asakisa. am droisaTvis mas ioane lazis daxmarebiT
ukve zepirad hqonda Seswavlili wmida werili qarTul enaze.
misi cxovrebis aRmweris cnobiT berZnuli ena da mwerloba petre ibers
Seuswavlia konstantinopolSi, xolo Semdeg ierusalimSi Seuswavlia asuruli ena da mwerloba. aqedan Cans, rom petre ibers samSobloSi wmida
werili Seswavlili hqonda ara berZnul da asurul enebze, aramed sxva
enaze, romeli unda yofiliyo es ena Tu ara qarTuli?
lazTa monasterSi aRmoCenili qarTuli warwerebi ganamtkicebs am mosazrebas.
maSasadame ioane lazi, rogorc mematiane wers, 3 wlis asakidan petre
ibers aswavlida qarTuli eniT.
aq Cven SeiZleba davsvaT kidev erTi kiTxva, ufliswulis aRsazrdelad
iberiis samefo karze lazeTidan miiwvevdnen Tu ara iseT moZRvars, romelmac
saukeTesod ar icoda qarTuli ena?
amis mizezi, rogorc iTqva, iyo is, rom zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba
I-V saukuneebSi jer kidev SenarCunebuli iyo. iJamad lazuri da vTqvaT
qarTl-kaxuri Zalze axlo dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen erTmaneTis mimarT,
maSasadame megrul-lazuri iseve idga zogadqarTuli saeklesio-saliteraturo enis saTaveebTan, rogorc sxva kiTxvaTa dialeqtebi. am kiTxvis
erTaderTi pasuxi unda iyos is, rom Cans qarTuli ena ufro sworad
qarTuli saliteraturo-saeklesio ena ar warmoadgenda qarTl-kaxeTis
mosaxleobis dialeqtze aRmocenebul enas, rogorc axla weren, aramed
zogadqarTul saerTo-saeklesio enas, romelic lazeTSic iseve gasagebi
iyo, rogorc vTqvaT kaxeTSi.
rogorc iTqva, am mosazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva Semdegi faqtebi:
1) ierusalimis lazTa monasterSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi IV-V saukuneebis qarTuli warwerebi, yvelaze pirvelni qarTul warweraTa Soris.
2) gelasi kesarielis cnoba, rom ,,tyve qalma~ anu wmida ninom moaqcia
,,lazebi da iberebi~, e. i. lazebis gamaqristianebeli iyo wmida nino,
692

zogadqarTuli eklesiis damaarsebeli, amis asaxva iyo is, rom Zveli saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris svaneTsa, afxazeTsa Tu samegreloSi, iseve
rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arsebobda erTi saeklesio, anu wirvalocvis ena, romelzec iTargmna wmida werili.
3) erTaderTi lazuri sityva romelic Semonaxulia berZnul wyaroebSi
,,quTaTisi~, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT lazuri enis Sesabamisad iyo
nawarmoebi, sinamdvileSi is zogadqarTuli sityvaa. rac safuZvels iZleva
mosazrebisa, rom zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba jer kidev ar iyo daSlili VI saukuneSi. zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTobis gamo iyvnen qarTulenovanni egris-lazeTidan gamosuli saeklesio moRvaweebi da didi mamebi - ioane lazi da ioane minCxi, sxvani, aTeulobiT da aTasobiT mama
Semoqmedni zogad qarTuli kulturisa.
qarTuli kulturis mkvlevarTa mier faqtiurad dRemde miviwyebulia
udidesi da gasaocari Rvawlis wmida werilis pirveli qarTveli mTargmnelebisa anu IV-V saukuneebis moRvaweebisa, romelnic idgnen qarTuli
sasuliero mwerlobis saTaveebTan. maTi Rvawli erTgvarad gadaCrdila
X-XI saukuneebis mTargmnelTa didma muSaobam. unda iTqvas, rom TviTon XXI saukuneebis didi mTargmnelebi - giorgi mTawmindeli, efrem mcire da
sxvebi Zalze afasebdnen pirvelmTargmnelTa namuSakevs.
bolo 1500 wlis ganmavlobaSi anu V-XX saukuneebSi qarTul eklesiaSi
gamoyenebuli teqstebi SemuSavebulia anu Targmnilia ,,pirveliTganve~ anu
IV-V saukuneebSi, isini TiTqmis ucvlelad movidnen dRemde da gamoyenebulni arian saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis.
eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebma xelaxla ki ar Targmnes wmida werili, aramed pirvelmTargmnelTa teqstebi Seaderes da dauaxloves X-XI
saukuneebSi bizantiis eklesiaSi gamoyenebul berZnul redaqciebs.
IV V ss. pirvelmTargmnelTa didi pleadis wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen ioane lazi, moZRvari petre iberisa, TviTon petre iberi,
TiTqmis maTi Tanamedrove, iberiis samefo karze moRvawe pirebi da
Cans ierusalimSi, petres garemos wevrebi.
somexTa wmida werilis Targmna maT epoqaSi daiwyo IV saukunis bolosa
da V saukunis dasawyisSi. miiCneva, rom mesrop maStocma somxuri anbani 405
wels Seqmna. daaxloebiT amave dros albaT ukve intensiurad muSaobdnen
wmida werilis qarTulad gadmosaRebad.
pirvelmTargmnelTa didi pleadis wevri anda SeiZleba meTauric iyo
ioane lazi, unda vifiqroT, rom mis monasterSi ierusalimSi aRmoCenili
warwerebi amas adasturebs - isini SeiZleba marTlac pirveli iyvnen qarTul
saeklesio warweraTa Soris.
lazTa monastris satrapezos iatakis mozaikur warweraSi naxsenebi pirebi,
safiqrebelia, wmida werilis qarTveli mTargmnelebi iyvnen, misi teqsti
aseTia: ,,SewevniTa qristesiTa da meoxebiTa wmidisa TevdoresiTa
Seiwyalen antoni, abai da iosia, momsxmeli amis sefisai da dedmamai iosiaisi, amen~.
miiCneva, rom monasteri aSenebuli yofila wmida Tevdores saxelze,
winamZRvari yofila antoni, mozaika ki daumzadebia (mousxams) iosias (e.
693

mamisTvaliSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, 1998, gv. 86).

Cveni azriT, romelic adreve gamovTqviT (ix. mitropoliti anania ,,ioane
lazi~, ,,petre iberi marTlmadidebeli episkoposi~) aq moxsenebuli pirebi
antoni, abai da iosia unda yofiliyvnen wmida werilis qarTveli
pirvelmTargmnelebi, petre iberis samefo karis moRvaweebTan erTad.
aseTi varaudis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva is, rom jer kidev XIX saukuneSi am warweris aRmoCenamde pirvelmTargmnelebis saxelebs TiTqmis amave
TanmimdevrobiT gadmocemdnen, oRond maT umatebdnen ,,daviTis~ saxels.
xolo bakur mefis karze qarTuli anbanis SeqmnisaTvis da saliteraturosaeklesio enis SemuSavebisaTvis gaweul Rvawls aRwerdnen movses xorenci da sxva somexi avtorebi IV-V saukuneebisa.
antoni da abai sxvadasxva pirebi unda yofiliyvnen.
ara anton abati, aramed antoni da abai.
ZvelqarTuli saxeli abai saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo, misganaa gvari
abaiSvili. iosia ki unda yofiliyo ara mozaikis momsxmeli xelosani,
aramed qtitori, romlis safasiTac (TanxiTac) moisxa iataki.
saerTod xelsnebis saxelebs Zvel teqstebSi adgils ar uTmobdnen, miT
umetes aseT gamoCenil adgilas. xolo qtitorebis moxsenieba, miT umetes
Tu isini cnobili adamianebi iyvnen - miRebuli wesi iyo.
maSasadame, Cven unda vifiqroT, rom bakur mefis karze IV s-is bolodanve
gaCaRebuli iyo mTargmnelobiTi muSaoba. am saqmisaTvis samefo karze
unda miewviaT ioane lazi, xolo roca ufliswuli daibada - is (ioane
lazi), rogorc am saqmis_ axladfexadgmuli qarTuli literaturis specialisti - dainiSna mis aRmzrdelad.
marTlac, 411 wlisaTvis - qarTuli saeklesio literatura sul axali
Camoyalibebuli unda yofiliyo (411 wels, rogorc iTqva daibada petre
iberi). Zvel somxur wyaroebSi, rogorc iTqva, Semonaxulia cnobebi, rom
qarTuli saeklesio anbanis da qarTuli saeklesio enis CamoyalibebisaTvis muSaoba mimdinareobda IV s-is bolosa da V s-is dasawyisSi qarTlis samefo karze.
bakuri - petres papa dedis mxridan, aseve buzmariosi buz-mihri mamis
mxridan iveriis mefeebi iyvnen swored am dros, maT uTuod Rvawli miuZRviT qarTuli wmida werilis Targmnis saqmeSi, Cemi fiqriT amitomac arian
isini moxsenebulni lazTa monasterSi sxva pirvelmTargmnelTa msgavsad.
petres mama - buzmariosi cxadia, am saqmis xelisSemwyobi iqneboda, deda
- bakurduxtTan erTad (buzmariosi - Cans Zvel saqarTveloSi cnobili
saxeli iyo, adigenis raionis sofel udeSi dafiqsirebulia toponimi ,,buzmareTi~, petres saxeli ki maruani yofila siymawvileSi, saxel maruanisgan
SeiZleba iyo nawarmoebi gvari - maruaSvili, saerTod ki saxeli maruani
igive miriani unda iyos - iberiis samefo karze cnobili saxeli).
ase, rom ,,lazTa monasterSi~ Cven unda gvqondes pirvelqarTvel mTargmnelTa saxelebis CamonaTvali. maTi moxseneba am monasterSi saWirod
miuCneviaT, radganac maTi pleadis wevri unda yofiliyo monastris damaarsebeli ioane lazi. maTi RvawliT giorgi mTawmindelisa da giorgi
mcires sityviT _ ,,pirveliTaganve gvqondes werilnica da sarwmunoebai
694

WeSmariti da marTali~.
wmida werilis qarTuli pirvelTargmanebi WeSmariti da marTali yofila, amitomac X-XI ss-is ,,mTargmnel-redaqtorebs~ isini ar SeucvliaT. am
teqstebma dRemde ucvlelad moaRwies da saeklesio msaxurebaSi gamoiyenebian.
k. daneliam, gamoCenilma enaTmecnierma, gamowvlilviT Seiswavla XI s.
dasawyisSi ,,Tarmnili~ teqstebi da mivida daskvnamde, rom sinamdvileSi
XI s-Si xelaxla ki ar iTargmna berZnulidan qarTul enaze wmida werili
da sxva saeklesio teqstebi, aramed moxda Zveli, ukve arsebuli qarTuli
Targmanebis (teqstebis) Sedareba-redaqtireba imJamindel berZnul redaqciebTan da amis Sedegad miRebul iqna eklesiisaTvis ,,kanonikuri~ teqstebi.
maSasadame eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebi, maTi epoqis wmida mamebi iyvnen
ara mTargmnelebi am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, aramed mxolod redaqtorebi. ,,am faqts mxolod danaxva unda~ - werda am faqtSi absoluturad
darwmunebuli k. danelia, radganac man es teqstebi, rogorc iTqva enaTmecnierulad gamowvlilviT Seiswavla.
aRsaniSnavia, rom giorgi mTawmideli Tavis anderZSi swored am faqts
aRniSnavs, rom is iyo ara ,,axlad mTargmneli~ wmida werilisa, aramed
mxolod ,,Semmowmebeli~ anu redaqtori romelic ,,awamebda~, adarebda
erTmaneTs ukve arsebul Zvel qarTul teqstebsa da imdroindel berZnul
redaqciebs.
erTmaneTTan ,,Sewameba~ anu Sedareba cxadia udides codnasa da Sromas
iTxovda mSromel-redaqtorisagan. giorgi mTawmidelis anderZis ori
redaqcia arsebobs, erTi redaqcia
(Seuryvneli teqsti anderZisa) daucavs samegreloSi, moqvSi dacul saxarebas, aseve breTis, axalcixisa, eCmiaZinisa da ubisis saxarebebs. am Seuryvnel anderZSi naTqvamia _ ,,ese
wmidai oTxTavi ara Tu axlad gviTargmnia, aramed friadiTa iZulebiTa ZmaTa vieTme berZnulTa saxarebaTai da Segviwamebia friadiTa gamowvlilviTa~. am anderZidan sruliad aSkarad Cans, rom giorgi
mTawmidelma ki ar Targmna _ am sityvis Semdegdroindeli gagebiT wmida
oTxTavi, aramed mxolod ,,Seawama~ anu Seadara berZnul redaqciebs da
Caaswora maT mixedviT.
Semdgom saukuneebSi aRniSnul wmida mamebs siyvaruliT uwodebdnen
,,mTargmnelebs~.
maTi xelidan gamosuli wmida werilis redaqciebi iqca oficialur
saeklesio teqstebad, amitom pativiscemisa da siyvarulis niSnad maT ,,mTargmnelebis~ aRniSnuli wodeba daimkvidres.
Cans am damokidebulis gamo SemdegSi romeliRac gadamwers am Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad ,,Seusworebia~ giorgi mTawmidelis anderZi, kerZod
misgan amouRia zogierTi sityva, ramac warmoSva anderZis axali teqsti
iseTi saxisa, romelic dResdReobiT ufro gavrcelda.
amJamad, ratomRac imaleba anderZis pirvelsaxe, romelic Seryvnilad
miiCneva.
sinamdvileSi giorgi mTawmideli TviTon uxsnis mkiTxvels Tu ratom
ar esaWiroeboda Zvel qarTul teqstebs xelaxla Targmna.
695

misi Zalze dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT daaxloebiT IV-V ss.-Si Sesrulebuli Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi ,,wmidadaa Targmnili~ Tavisi drois mTargmnelebis mier. amis gamo ZvelpirvelmTargmnelTa xelidan gamosuli teqstebi iyvnen ,,keTilni~ anu misaRebi eklesiisaTvis, maS ratom dasWirda am
,,wmidad da keTilad~ Targmnil teqstebs Sedareba berZnul redaqciebTan
XI s. daswyisisaTvis? am kiTxvas TviTon cems pasuxs giorgi mTawmideli.
giorgi mcires sityviT, ,,friadi iZulebiT~ giorgi mTawmidels gauwevia
udidesi Sroma, romelic ase saWiro iyo imJamindeli qarTuli eklesiisaTvis, raTa cilismwameblebs (,,mabraloblebsa da mayvedreblebs~) avtoriteti ar SeebRalaT qarTuli wmida werilisaTvis. giorgi mTawmidelis sityviTac, mis gverdiT yofilan sasuliero pirebi `Zmanni~, romelTac dabejiTebiT uTxovniaT gaewia es Sroma.
erTi sityviT, giorgi mTawmidelma iRvawa qarTuli wmida werilis avtoritetis amaRlebisaTvis, daumtkica yvelas, rom is iseTive Rirsebisa
iyo, rogorebic iyvnen yvelaze kargi berZnuli redaqciebi misi droisa.
Tumca ki miaCnia rom ufro Zveli, pirvelqarTuli Targmanebi Zalze kargi
Targmanebi iyvnen _ is wers anderZSi _ ,,Cvenni yovelni saxarebani
pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnilia da keTilad _ xanmetnica da sabawmidurnica~ (n. papuaSvili, axali aRTqmis qarTuli Targmani, 2007, gv. 92).
maSasadame, giorgi mTawmideli didad afasebda qarTvel pirvel mTargmnelTa skolis muSaobas. es skola, rogorc iTqva, Camoyalibda IV saukunis bolosa da V saukunis dasawyisSi, somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT bakur
mefis karze. anu petre iberis papis ojaxi iyo mecenati, sponsori da
damkveTi im didi muSaobisa, romelic esaWiroeboda axalfexadgmul qarTul
saeklesio mwerlobas, romelic am ojaxis Tvalwin yalibdeboda.
movses xorenacis sityviT, qarTvelTa samefo karze SemoukrebiaT qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxidan qarTuli enis mcodneebi.
sxva wyarodan Cans, rom maT Soris erTerTi rCeuli yofila ioane lazi
_ radganac swored is airCies axalgazrda ufliswulis aRmzrdelad, anu
sityvierebis maswavleblad.
marTlac, man patara petres zepirad Seaswavla axalaTargmnili wmida
werili.
es iyo, ase vTqvaT _ pirveli aprobacia pirvelmTargmnelTa moRvaweobis
Sedegis dasadgenad.
misi cxovrebidan Cans, rom petres marTlac keTilad Seuswavlia wmida
werili, imdenad, rom SemdgomSi yvelas aocebda wmida werilis codniT
konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze.
qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobac pirvel nabijebs dgamda petres siymawvilis wlebSi.
saqme is iyo, rom Tu ki mesrop maStocs mravali Zieba dasWirda
somxuri anbanis aso-niSnebis moxazulobis mosaZebnad, qarTvel
mamebs ar esaWiroebaT amdeni Zieba _ qarTlis samefo karze iqamde
saukuneTa manZilze iyenebdnen e.w. armazul damwerlobas.
armazuli damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli warwerebi aRmoCenilia vanSi,
borSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), mcxeTaSi da sxvagan. es iyo fini696

kiuri damwerlobidan warmoSobili arameuli damwerlobis erTerTi saxe.

rogorc Cveni Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis (r. patriZe) naSromebidan Cans, Cvens pirvel wmida mamebs mouZebianT arameuli damwerlobis pirveli saxe, anu am anbanis saukeTeso varianti da is daudviaT safuZvlad qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobisaTvis.
magaliTa d asomTavruli ,,a~, aris ara meuli anbanis pirveli
asoniSani, romelic igive saxisaa, maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom
arameuli ,,a~ swori xazebis urTierTgadakveTiTaa miRebuli, xolo
asomTavrulis a, igive xazebia, oRond damrgvalebuli saxisa.
arameuli anbanis samkuTxedebi _ asomTavrulSi wreebiTaa gadmcemuli. magaliTad aso niSani bani arameulsa da qarTulSi erTidagivea, oRond arameulSi ani da bani samkuTxedis formis mqonea,
xolo qarTulSi is mrgvalia.
cxadia, anbanSi saWiro iqneboda ramdenime aso-niSnis damateba, Tumca,
SesaZloa iqamdec, armazulSi es aso-niSnebi arsebobda kidec.
yovel SemTxvevaSi armazulis Tavdapirveli - deda saxe (Zveli
arameuli) unda yofiliyo safuZveli qarTuli saeklesio anbanisa.
maSasadame qarTvelma pirvelTargmanebma ioane lazisa da petre iberis
epoqaSi SeZles armazul-arameulis damwerlobis safuZvelze asomTavrulis Seqmna, amasTanave qarTulad Targmna wmida werilisa da aseve misi
Cawera qarTulive saeklesio asoebiT.
aqedan Cans, rom ioane lazi idga zogadqarTuli saliteraturo
enisa da qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobis saTaveebTan.
rogorc aRiniSna, amis mizezi unda yofiliyo is, rom ioane lazis dros
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxis metyveleba Zalze axlos idga imJamindel megrul-lazurTan, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebis
metyvelebebTan. saerTo saliteraturo ena is-is iyo isaxeboda da ibadeboda ioane lazis SromiT.
enaTmecnierulad aseve iyo evropisa da aziis sxva regionebSic. magaliTad, IX-X saukuneebSi rodesac kirilem da meTodem slavurad gadmoiRes
wmida werili, slavuri saerTo enas warmoadgenda zogadad slavebisaTvis,
mxolod Semdeg XIV-XV saukuneebisaTvis TandaTan Caisaxa slavur enaSi
ukrainuli, belarusuli, da e.w. ,,velikorusuli~ (moskovuri) ena-metyvelebani, dasavleT slavebSi Semdgom Camoyalibda serbuli, bulgaruli da
sxva enebi. ase, rom slavuri wmida werili, saerTo iyo enobrivad
SemdegCamoyalibebuli ukrainelebis, belarusebis, da sxva slavuri
xalxebisaTvis. msgavsadve laTinuri ena, romelzec iTargmna pirvel
saukuneebSi wmida werili, iqca safuZvlad Semdeg Camoyalibebuli franguli, espanuri, italiuri Tu ruminuli enebisaTvis. maSasadame jer iTargmna
laTinurad wmida werili, xolo Semdgom Camoyalibda laTinuri enis safuZvelze sxvadasxva xalxebis enebi, amitomac am xalxebisaTvis laTinur
enaze wirva-locva pirvel xanebSi sanam am xalxebis enebi Tanamedrove
saxes miiRebda, sruliad gasagebi iyo. cxadia, am erTgvari zogadi wesisagan ar unda yofiliyo gamonaklisi qarTulic.
697

IV-V ss.-Si zogadqarTul enaze iTargmna wmida werili, romelic

gasagebi iyo yvela kuTxis qarTvelTaTvis, radganac es ena imJamad
mSobliuri da gasagebi iyo yvela kuTxis mcxovrebisaTvis, mxolod
Semdeg saukuneebSi am kuTxeebis metyvelebani gadaiqca erTmaneTisagan daSorebul dialeqtebad. e.i. ioane lazis dros lazeTis Tu
kaxeTis qarTveloba metyvelebda erTmaneTisaTvis gasageb saerTo
enaze, romelzec iTargmna wmida werili da romelsac SemdgomSi
ewoda Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ena. mxolod Semdeg saukuneebSi, rogorc iTqva daSordnen erTmaneTs es metyvelebani.
enebi swrafad viTardebian, amitomac gvaqvs Zveli berZnuli, Zveli somxuri, Zveli qarTuli da a.S. Cven erTmaneTs vadarebT Tanamedrove megrulsa da Zvel saeklesio-saliteraturo enas. rogorc viciT Tu arsebobs
Tanamedrove megrul-lazuri, unda yofiliyo Zveli megrul-lazuric.
ra saxisa iyo is (megrul-lazuri) 1600-1500 wlis win, ioane lazis dros?
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rogorc mravaljer aRvniSneT, IV-V saukuneebSi megrullazuri Zalze axlos idga saliteraturo Zvel qarTulTan. amitomac
ioane lazi, albaT mSobliur dialeqtze dayrdnobiT sxvadasxva kuTxeebis mamebTan erTad ayalibebda saliteraturo-saeklesio enobriv normas,
raTa gasagebi yofiliyo rogorc mTis, ise baris morwmuneebisaTvis, qveynis rogorc erT, ise meore kuTxeSi.
Cvens Tvalsazriss, rom ioane lazis epoqaSi megrul-lazuri saliteraturo qarTulis erTerT safuZvels warmoadgenda ganamtkicebs Zvel matianeTa da wyaroTa cnobebi, magaliTad ,,moqcevai qarTlisaisais~ cnobiT,
aleqsande makedonelis epoqaSi arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni samxreTidan
wamouZRva samxedro elitis mravalsulian ojaxebs, romelTac Camoayalibes saxelmwifo - ,,qarTlis samefo~. amave wyaros cnobiT mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda egrisi - dasavleT saqarTvelo, radganac am saxelmwifos
Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari gadioda md. egriswyalze.
sad mdebareobda arian-qarTlis samefo, saidanac CrdiloeTiT, maT Soris
egrisSi, Casaxlda axali qarTuli saxelmwifos Semqmneli azonis samxedro
elita? vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT klarjeTi azonis mamuli qveyana
iyo, misi mimdebare mxareebiT. e.i. arian qarTli moicavda klarjeTs, qaldeas,
tao-basiansa da im mezobel kuTxeebs.
lazebis qveynis _,,qaldeas~ da ,,qarTlis~ etimologia erTi da igive
unda iyos, radgan orive sityvis fuZeSi Tanmxovnebia ,,qld~ da ,,qrT~,
cxadia, es erTi fuZea, radganac l-r, d-T identuri bgerebia. lazTa (WanTa)
qveyana qaldeas saxels Semounaxavs arian-qarTlis qveynis saxelis fuZe
,,qarT~.
Zvel wyaroebSi ,,samegrelo~ da ,,sofeli megrelTa~ erqva trapezunqaldeas regions, sadac pirvelad iqadaga andria pirvelwodebulma. am
qveynis anu qaldeas xalxis ena Semoinaxa - saliteraturo Zvelma qarTulma
enam.
XX saukuneSi, sabWoTa okupaciis dros, saqarTveloSi Sesabamisma samecniero wreebma gaabatones Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda Zvel qarTul saliteraturo enas IV-V saukuneebSi safuZvlad daedo qarTl-kaxuri dialeqti.
698

es Tvalsazrisi Zireulad gansxvavdeboda saqarTveloSi iqamde

aTaswleulTa manZilze arsebulisagan,rom Zveli qarTuli saerTo ena
iyo qarTuli eklesiis mrevlisaTvis,romlis iurisdiqciaSic yoveli qarTuli Temi Sedioda afxazeT-svaneTidan araqsamde da Semaxiamde.
lazikis samitropolitos Zveli mosaxleobis ena
strabonis mier naxsenebi pariadres, xorZenasa, gogarenasa da mimdgomi
olqebis mosaxleobis, anu Zveli iberebis, ena unda yofiliyo sustad diferencirebuli fuZe qarTveluri ena, anu is ena, romelic safuZvlad daedo
Zvel qarTul saliteraturi mwerlobas _ amis gamo Zveli qarTuli enis
codna am mxareebidan gamosuli qarTvelebisTvis (taos, basianisa da mezobeli mxareebis mcxovrebTTvis) bunebrivi iyo, amis anareklia is, rom
mimdgomi mxareebidanac gamosuli moRvaweebis somxurenovan TxzulebebSi
qarTulenovnebis naSTebia SemorCenili, magaliTad, grigol parTelis arabulenovan cxovrebaSi qarTuli sityvebi gvxvdeba, iseve, rogorc daviT
uZlevelis naSromebSi.aseve sasuncis eposSi- ,,daviT sasunci~ - somxuri
xalxuri sagmiro eposi, ZiriTadi plastebi VIII-X ss ganekuTvneba,Caiweres
1874 w. asaxavs 4 Taobis sagmiro saqmeebs.
am mxareebis (iberebis yofili sacxovrisis,romelic Semdgom `armeniis~
nawilad iqca) mosaxleobis qarTuli warmoSobis gamo, imdenad mSobliurerovnuli iyo es qveynebi, rom aq moRvaweoba eTnikurad qarTvel sasuliero pirebs ar uWirdaT. erTi magaliTia kirioni, romelic mcxeTis kaTalikosad arCevamde aRniSnuli miwa-wylis, kerZod airaratis provinciis
erTerTi umTavresi mRvdelmTavari iyo da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misma
erovnul-qarTulma gamoRviZebam, anu brZolam gugarqis qarTvelTa qarTuli identobis aRorZinebisaTvis, iqonia udidesi gavlena ara marto gugarqis qarTvelobaze, aramed gugarqis samxreTiT mdebare araqsis xeobisa da
pariadres kalTebze mcxovrebi qarTvelebzec. aq (Savi zRvidan vanis
tbamde) mosaxleobis mier qarTuli erovnuli identobis aRorZinebis
procesi gagrZelda VIII-X saukuneebSic. qarTuli identobis aRorZinebas
pariadre-gugarqis vrcel regionSi xeli Seuwyo arabTa sustma mmarTvelobamac, rac dagvirgvinda e.w. `zemo qveynebSi~ X saukunisaTvis qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis ganvrcobiT vanis tbamde.
XI saukuneSi bizantiam aRniSnuli miwa-wyali CamoaSora saqarTvelos. iqauri qristiani marTlmadideblebi ganaSora mcxeTis deda
eklesias
da Seiyvana konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis
samitropolitoSi, magram am qmedebiT bizantiis imperiam, iseve,
rogorc VI-VII ss-Si, ZirTadad TavisdauneblieT, xeli kvlav Seuwyo qarTvelTa Soris somxuri identobis ganvrcobas, radganac iqauri
qarTveloba faqtiurad somxur-qalkedonituri eklesiis iuridiqciaSi moeqca.
armenizaciis procesis Tavidan asacileblad iqaurma qarTvelobam mxolod is moaxerxa, rom eklesiurad ganSorda somxur centrebs
da
(marTalia araqarTul, magram mainc)
qalkedonitur
699

saepiskoposoebSi gaerTianda.
iqaur qarTul samrevloTa bazaze Camoyalibda lazikis, anu trapezuntis samitropolitoSi qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebi -olnutisa, xorZenasi, bizanasi, andakisa da sxva, xolo vanis tbis irgvliv
iyo somxur-qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebi wm. nikolozisa, arWeSisa,
berkrisa, vanisa da sxva.
pariadres mTa mTa-qedTa grandiozuli sistema, rogorc iTqva, ganfenili iyo Termodontidan karin-arzrumamde, Zveli eris II saukuneSi mxolod
misi erTi, samxreTi kalTa Camoacala armeniam iberias strabonis cnobiT.
es imas niSnavs, rom pariadres Crdilo kalTebi strabonis dros
kvlav iberebiT, iyvnen dasaxlebulni, aseve araqsis sanapiroebi
kvlav qarTvelTa sacxovrisad darCa TviT X saukuneSic ki konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT.
araqsi sazRvari iyo iberiasa da bizantias Soris, aRniSnulis gamo
aqauri mosaxleobis bunebiTi ena iyo qarTuli ena da es ena maT `qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad ar SeuZeniaT.
ucxo tomebis e.w. qarTizaciis arc Zala da arc unari arabobisgan
daSlil-danawevrebul qarTul saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebs ar SeswevdaT. piriqiT,sper-karin-basian-imiertaos qarTvelobis mZafri da yoveldRiuri armenizacia mimdinareobda.
mxolod rCeulebma SeZles erovnuli identobis SenarCuneba, maTgan erTerTi pirveli iyo kirioni, magram sxvebma imJamad es ver SeZles. yvela
monacemebiT eTnikurma qarTvelma nerse iSxnelma somexTa kaTalikosma es
ver SeZlo, Tumca ki Tavis saeklesio-politikur sayrdenad SedarebiT nakleb armenizirebuli tao airCia da iq iSxnis saepiskoposo centri gadaitana.
aRniSnuli regioni, sadac qsenefontem qarTuli tomebi aRwera, SemdgomSi
somxeTis erTerT centrad iqca, Tumca erovnulad vinaobaSeryeuli mosaxleobiT. amitomac mis erT nawils armenoxalibebic ki daerqva pirvelsukuneebSi.
somxeTi erTenovani qveyana ar yofila, aq gavrcelebuli yofila sxvadasxva enebi, kerZod, korduelTa ena, albanelTa ena, sivnielTa ena, xoiTelTa (artinis) ena, orTielTa ena, dasavleT WaneTisken ki `ar ismoda somxuri
ena~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule,gv. 499).
VIII s-is somexi mwerali stefanos sivnieli werda, rom somxeTis 7
mxare somxeTis sanapiroebze, enobrivad ganirCeoda Sida somxebisagan, radganac am mxareebSi adgilobrivi enebi (`mosazRvre dialeqtebi~) yofilan
gavrcelebulni. es mxareebi yofilan tao (imier tao), speri (zemo speri),
xoiTi _ sasunis mxare, arwaxi, sivnieTi, korduena (korWea) da sxvebi. korduenaSi am droisTvis, p. ingoroyvas sityviT, qurTuli yofila gavrcelebuli, Tumca ki korduena Zvel qarTuli qveyana iyo n. adoncis sityviT.
qarTuli ena taosa da sperSi yofila gavrcelebuli. xoiTel-sasunelTa
ena orTaelTa enad iwodeboda da `artani~-s saxeliTac iwodeboda (Sdr.
artaanelTa, anu qarTuelTa ena).

700

qarTulenovnebis naSTebi Crdilo armeniaSi

Crdilo, SuaAda dasavleT armenia karduxebisa da xalibebis epoqaSi
(Zv.w.V_IV ss.) qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, amitomac aq mdebare
vrceli miwa wyali pariadres mTianeTidan, xorZenesa da gogarenas CaTvliT iberebis sacxovrisi iyo.
strabonis cnobiT, mxolod qristeSobamde II saukuneSi SeZlo imJamad
gaZlierebulma armeniam iberebisagan mietacebina maTi samSoblos mniSvnelovani nawili- pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarena
es teritoria armeniis nawilad gadaiqca.
marTalia saqarTvelos didma mefeebma (farnavazma,mirianma da vaxtang
gorgasalma) ilaSqres am mxareebSi,raTa samSoblosaTvis daebrunebinaT
mitacebuli teritoriebi, magram amaod.
ukve Crdilo da dasavleT armeniad gadaqceul yofil iberiaSi daiwyo
mkvidri mosaxleobis(e.i. qarTvelebis) armenizaciis TiTqmis Seuqcevadi
procesi.
miuxedavad amisa qarTulenovnebis naSTebi mainc Jonavs am mxareebidan
gamosuli zogierTi somexi moRvawis Txzulebidan da TviT xalxuri Semoqmedebidanac ki. magaliTad:
qarTulenovnebis naSTi gvxvdebaa. daviT sasuncis cxovrebaSi, sadac gvxvdeba Semdegi qarTuli
sityvebi: nena, amirani, biWi, kakaba, iqvea lazizmebi (v. goilaZe, gv.
39).
b.
qarTulenovnebis naSTia agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovreb aSi;
g.
vanis tbispira mxaris qarTulenovnebas mianiSnebs asureli
mamebis
qarTulenovneba. v. goilaZis azriT, isini am mxareebidan
iyvnen;
d. daviT anRaTis wignSi gvxvdeba qarTuli sityva;
armeniaSi am qarTulenovan naSTebs Cveni mecnierebi `qarTizaciad~ Tvlian.
qarTizacia _ esaa procesi zemodan qvemoT da ara qvemodan zemoT, anu
jer Sedis umaRles fenebSi ganaTlebis, kulturis, urTierTobis, saxelmwifo da saeklesio enad qarTuli ena da kulturuli fenebi iTviseben am
enas, Semdeg SeiZleba is gavrceldes dabal fenebSic. Tu ase Zlieri iyo
qarTizacia da man SeZlo mesxeTis (tao-klarjeTis) sruli `gaqarTveleba~ imdenad, rom dResac, XXI s. dasawyisSi, taoeli glexebi qarTulad
laparakoben, maSin, roca tao erTian saqarTveloSi sul 2-3 saukune iyo,
ratom ver gaxda es SesaZlebeli samegreloSi, sadac qarTuli ena, eklesia
da kultura uwyvetia dRemde? amitom iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa biWi (buSis
mniSvnelobiT) ( es sityva gvxvdeba daviT sasuncis cxovrebaSi) goWi (es
sityva gvxvdeba grigol parTelis cxovrebis arabul TargmanSi) da sxva,
aris xalxis Sida enobrivi samyarodan mosuli da ara kulturuli zemoqmedebis, anu qarTizaciis Sedegi.

701

enis SenarCunebis mizezebi

trapezunt-arzrum-valaSkertis arealSi, mcxovrebma mkvidrma qarTulma
mosaxleobam SeZlo qarTulenovnebis SenarCuneba, rac gansakuTrebiT gamovlinda arabobis dasrulebis Semdgom IX-X saukuneebSi.
arabebis Semosevamde aRniSnuli miwa-wyali erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles bizantiisa da sparseTis imperiebma da mas armeniis nawilad miiCnevdnen. radganac IV-V saukuneebSi somxeTis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda.
strabonis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, jer kidev qristeSobamde II saukuneSi
Camoacala is armeniam iberias. Sesabamisad bizantielebmac da sparselebmac
TavianT mier dapyrobili qarTuli miwebis nawili Seiyvanes e.w. ,,dasavleT armeniaSi~, sxva nawili ,,maRal armeniaSi~, nawili ki ,,persarmeniaSi~
da a.S.
miuxedavad dampyrobelTa xSiri cvlisa, arzrum-tao-valaSkertis regionis mkvidrma qarTvelebma mainc SeZles qarTulenovnebis
SenarCuneba, amis erTerT mizezs asaxelebs v. goilaZe, Tumca sxva regionTan dakavSirebiT is wers: ,,SuamdinareTi da vanis tbis irgvliv mdebare
raioni, marTalia arerTi dampyroblis da saxelmwifos xelSi iyo, magram,
rogorc Cans, ama Tu im teritoriaze Sesuli da gabatonebuli ucxo eTnikuri elementi, yovelTvis ver axerxebda damxvduri mosaxleobis asimilacias. maTi moTaveobiT Seqmnili saxelmwifos dacemis Semdeg Zveli mosaxleoba arsebobas ganagrZobda, da ara Tu eTnikur Segnebas, zogjer enasac
mSobliurs inarCunebda rogorc cnobilia, ase moxda aRmosavleT mcire
aziaSi Zv. w. XIII s. damlevs xeTebis saxelmwifos daRupvis Semdeg muSqebma
Tavisi eTnikuri saxe da ena SeinarCunes, albaT ase moxda SuamdinareTSic.
asureTis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, rogorc ,,Zveli msoflios istoriaSia~
miTiTebuli, ,,ar momxdara raime mniSvnelovani eTnikuri cvlileba! daiRupa mxolod asiriuli sazogadoebis zeda fena, nawilobriv qalaqelebi.
soflis mosaxleoba darCa Tavis adgilas da maTi STamomavlebi cxovroben
Crdilo eraySi dRemde, Tumca aqaduri ena didi xnis win dakarges~ (Zveli
msoflios istoria, t. II, moskovi, 1982, rus. enaze. gv. 42. v. goilaZe, asurel
mamaTa samSoblo, 2002, gv. 49).
msgavsadve, arabTa batonobis dasasrulisTanave, yofili dasavleT armeniisa da agreTve persarmeniis mkvidrma mosaxleobam (taos, basiansa da
mimdebare regionebSi) warmoaCina, rom isini SesaniSnavad flobdnen qarTul
enas, ufro metic, maT gaaCndaT qarTuli identoba, Tumca ki ganaTlebis
mqone qarTveloba flobda somxur enasa da wera-kiTxvas. amJamad maT,
usafuZvlod, `somexi-qalkedonitebis erT gaqarTvelebul nawilad~ miiCneven.
somexi qalkedonitebis ena
bizantiis imperiaSi somex-qalkedonitTa monastrebsa da eklesiebSi wirva-locva da saerTod RvTismsaxureba mimdinareobda somxur
enaze. amis Sesaxeb arsebobs wyaroebi. magaliTad, wmida saba ganwmedilis
monasterSi, romelic somxeTidan Sors, antioqiaSi mdebareobda, RvTismsaxurebis enad somxebisaTvis somxuri iyo nebadarTuli.
702

somexi-qalkedonitebi somexeTis patriotebi iyvnen da maTTvis Zalze

Zvirfasi iyo erovnuli kultura da somxuri eklesiis tradiciebi. amitomac mtkiceba maTi e.w. `gaqarTvelebisa~ ufro maTi patriotizmis Seufaseblobaa.
`gaqarTvelebis~ Teoria mxolod politikuri mizniT Camoyalibda XX
saukunis dasawyisSi somxuri nacionaluri interesebis dasakmayofileblad. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb TviT somexi avtorebi weren `pravoslavnaia
enciklopediaSi~:
`somexi qalkedonitebi TviTon TavianT Tavs Tvlidnen saak parTevis, mesrop maStocis da nerse didis memkvidreebad (da ara farnavazis, kirionis da grigol xanZTelisa. Mmitr.a.j.). somxuri ena
somex-qalkedonitTa saRvTismsaxuro ena iyo im SemTxvevaSic ki,
roca isini Sekedlebulni iyvnen berZnul monastrebs (maS rogor
xdeboda maTi `gaqarTveleba~? Mmitr.a.j.), magaliTad, `somexTa saqmeebis moTxrobebis~ Tanaxmad, VI saukuneSi saba ganwmedilis monasterSi somxebs nebas rTavdnen RvTismsaxureba mSobliur enaze
hqonodaT, imis Semdegac ki, rac somxeTSi gaimarjva antiqalkedonurma mimarTulebam, somexi-qalkedonitebi mainc inarCunebdnen
mSobliur enas da mas iyenebdnen samisionero miznebisaTvis (amis
Sedegad SeZles maT VI-VII saukuneebSi taosa da sxva qarTul
Tavisuflebadakargul olqebSi gabatoneba, iSxnis kaTedris daarseba
qarTvel-qalkedonitTa Soris. e.a.), magaliTad, iosebi, konstantinopolis marTlmadidebluri somxuri Temis wevri, romelmac konstantinopolSive Seiswavla somxuri ena da mwignobroba, 991w. Targmna
berZnulidan mokle wliuri svinaqsari konstantinopolis eklesiisa, romelic man Seavso somxuri wyaroebis cnobebiT da gagzavna
somxeTSi. somex-qalkedonitTa wreebidan gamovida aseve berZnulidan gamomavali Tveni XI s-sa, somexi-qalkedonitebi monawileobdnen somxuri literaturis Seswavlasa da ganviTarebaSi~, _ wers
pravaslavnaia enciklopedias statiaSi v. aruTinova-fidaniani (pravoslavnaia enc. t.III, 2001, gv. 328).
qarTulad iTargmneboda somex-qalkedonitTa mdidari somxurenovani
literatura, aseve somex-qalkedonitTa dogmatur-saRvTismetyvelo polemikuri traqtatebis Semcveli wignebic iTargmneboda qarTul enaze (iqve,
gv. 328). somxur-qalkedonuri agiografiuli, egzegetikuri da filosofiuri literaturis qarTuli Targmna mimdinareobda rogorc V-VIII, ise IXX saukuneebSic (iqve, gv. 328).
qarTulTan SedarebiT, somxur-qalkedonituri literatura gacilebiTi siRrmiTa da sisavsiT gamoirCeoda berZnuli da siriuli qalkedonuri teqstebis somxur enaze ZvelTaganve fundamenturi gadmoRebis gamo.
aTonis mTis berebi aRniSnavdnen kidec, Tu ra mwirad miaCndaT TavianTi
epoqis mSobliuri literatura da iRwvodnen eTargmnaT sxvadasxva enebidan.
aqedanac Cans,rom somexi qalkedonitebi somxebad darCnen da SeuerTd703

nen maTTvis mSobliur somxur eklesias, xolo imJamindel somxeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi yovel gzas eZebdnen, raTa mSobliur qarTul
eklesiis wiaRs dabrunebodnen.
Zv. lazuris da Zv. qarTulis erTianobis mtkicebulebani
qaldea bizantiur epoqaSi erqva saxelmwifo - administraciul olqs
anu Tems WaneT-lazikaSi.
trapezuntis mimdebare mxareebs iqamdec erqva qaldea. is ZiriTadad
dasaxlebuli iyo WanebiT.
es qveyana sainteresoa Tavisi saxelwodebiT.
rogorc cnobilia, qaldea jer kidev qristeSobamde aTaswleulebiT
adre erqva SuamdinareTis erTerT olqs, SemdgomSi ,,qaldu~ urartuelebma
TavianT mTavar ,,RmerTs~ uwodes, magram maTgan, anu semitur da urartul
,,qaldTan~ gasxvavdeboda qarTuli ,,qaldu~, romelic, rogorc Cans ufro
leviur-frigiul samyarosTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
gordu, qordu, qaldu - frigiel samyaroSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli saxelebi iyo. saxelebi `galt~, `galatu~ saxelebi aseve mcire aziaSi gadmosaxlebul kelt-galatebsac gaaCndaT.
ufro Zvelia saxeli ,,kardu-karduxi~, romelic vanis tbasTan mcxovreb
qarTvelur toms erqva.
karduxebis qveyanaSia saZebni is Zveli iberia, saidanac qristeSobamde
VI saukuneSi nabuqodonosors - babilon-mesopotamiis mefes gadmousaxlebia iberebi pontos zRvis pireTSi, dasavleT saqarTvelo-trapezuntis
regionSi, romelsac daerqva kidec saxeli - qaldea, iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT: `qarTu Wanebisa da lazebis qveyana qaldea aris~
`iberiel-megreli Stos tomebis sakuTar saxelebSi erTi da igive qveynis saxeli gvxvdeba. igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am qveynis saxeli
orive Stos tomebis saxelwodebaSi moi poveba, ueWvelia igi qarTvelebis
Tavdapirveli samSoblo unda yofiliyo.
samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos warmomadgenels, svanebsac aqvT SerCenili - es karTu, anu qarTu ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea aris~ (iv. javaxiSvili ,,qarTveli eris istoria, I, 1981, gv. 403-404).
WaneTs -qaldeas, mis xalxs ki qaldevelebs uwodebdnen.
iv. javaxiSvilis azriT sityva `qaldeveli~ miRebulia qarTvelTa fuZe
qveynis `qarTu~-s saxelidan (iqedanvea `qarT~-ueli da svanebis sasoflo
Temebis `xalde~ da sxva msgavsi saxelebic).
aRsaniSnavia, rom prokofi da sxva Zveli berZen-romaeli avtorebi ar
axseneben sityva `egriss~, radganac saxelebi `egrisi, guria, argveTi~ da
sx. momdinareoben erTi saerTo fuZidan `gur~, `gor~, rac etimologiurad
Zalze axloa fuZe `kol~-Tan, am fuZidanaa nawarmoebi `kolxi~ da `kolxida~, md. enguris Zveli saxelwodeba `eguri~, aseve egrisis Zveli saxelwodeba `eguri~. Cans saxelebi eguri da kolxida erTmaneTis mimarT identurni iyvnen.
fuZe `gur~ saerTo mniSvnelobisa unda yofiliyo.
704

fuZe `gur~, rogorc iTqva,albaT igive `kol~ (kolxida) fuZea.

amave fuZidanaa Cans argueTi, guria, egurisi (egrisi).
amave `gr~ fuZidanaa `gardmani~, `gardabani~, `agaraki~, `garisi~ (amJamad
TeTriwyaro), algeTi, liganisxevi (lig-rig) da sxva.
amave fuZidan (`rg~, `gr~) unda iyos nawarmoebi qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli
eTno saxelebi - `georgia~, ~georgien~, `gurj~ `gurZ~.
ase, rom `kolx~ dakavSirebulia `qarT~ da qarTvelTa qveynis saxelebTan (gurgaq, georgien, georgia, gurZistan).
Zveli avtorebi dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben, rom SavizRvispirze (Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi) cxovrobda `kerketebis~ tomi, xolo Crdilo kavkasiaSi tomi `georgebi~, Cemi azriT `kerketebi~ igive `gerg~, `georg~ tomia.
Zalze cdebodnen qarTveli sabWoTa mecnierebi, roca amtkicebdnen, TiTqosda
`kerketebi~ igive `Cerqezebi~ arian etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT. aq ucanauri isaa, rom Turquli sityva `Cerqez-Carqaz~ Sua saukuneebSia dafiqsirebuli da araa ZveliwarmoSobisa. maSin roca etimologiurad `kerketi~ yvelaze ufro axloa `gerget~ - `gerg~ `georg~ `gogar~ fuZeebTan
(Sed. `gergetis mTa~ yazbegis r-Si).
sabWoTa istoriografia XX s-Si amtkicebda, rom TiTqosda `kolxi xalxi~
sxva eTnosi iyo, xolo `qarTvelebi~ sxva, etimologiuri Zieba sxvas aCvenebs.
enobrivadac lazebis anu `kolxebis~ ena da danarCeni qarTvelebis ena
erTidaigive unda yofiliyo, axlos mdgomi Zvel qarTulTan.
am gancxadebis Tqmis uflebas iZleva prokofi kesarielis cnoba, rom
lazebis eniT cixesimagre kotaions erqva `quTaTisi~: _
prokofi wers- `am mxares Camoudis erTi mdinare, saxelad reoni,
mis sanapiroebTan Zveladve kolxebs augiaT cixe, ... maSin am cixes
kotiaions uwodebdnen elinuri eniT, amJamad ki mas lazebi quTaTiss eZaxian, berZnuli enis ucodinarobiT mosdiT, rom am saxelwodebis namdvili saxe Seryvnes. ase aqvs es moTxrobili arianes.
sxvebi ki amboben, Zvel droSi am adgilas qalaqi iyo da kvitaioni ewodebodao, aqauri iyo aieti, ris gamoc poetebi mas kvitaiels
eZaxdnen, kolxidis qveyanas ki kvitatidso ... quTaisis maxloblad
ki aris erTi metad magari cixe, saxelad uqimerioni~ (georgika,gv.
196).
maSasadame, lazebma, TavianTi enis bunebis Sesabamisad, awarmoes im
cixis saxeli, romelsac berZnebi kvitaions uwodebdnen. lazebma TavianT
enaze mas uwodes `quTaTisi~. Cven viciT, rom es sityva nawarmoebia Zveli
qarTuli enis Sesabamisad _ quTaTisi (sufiqsi `aT~,rogorc, magaliTaTbaRdaTi, gelaTi, mamaTi, da sufiqsi `isi~,rogorc,magaliTad -Tbilisi, Zmuisi da a.S.), aqedan safiqrebelia, rom lazuri ena igive iyo rac Zveli
qarTuli ena, yovelSemTxvevaSi es ase yofila I saukuneSi arianes dros, im
drosac Turme am cixes lazuri enis Sesabamisad `quTaTisi~ erqva da VI
s-Sic prokofis drosac.es faqti amtkicebs imas,rom Zveli lazuri da
Zveli qarTuli erTi ena iyo anda erTi enis axlo dialeqtebi.
Zv. lazuri da Zv. qarTuli enis erTianobis, erTi bunebis gamo moRvaweobdnen erTad ioane lazi da petre iberi ierusalimSi. swored qarTul
705

enas aswavlida petre ibers misi aRmzrdeli ioane lazi saqarTveloSive,

6 wlis asakidan (ixileT gamokvleva `petre iberi marTlmadidebeli episkoposi~) ... Tu ara enobrivi erToba dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi
ratom Secvlidnen wirvalocvis berZnul enas Zveli qarTuli eniT I
aTaswleulSive, Tumca ismis kiTxva isini saerTod wiravdnen berZnul enaze
Tu imTaviTve, IV s-danve qarTulenovani anu mSobliurenovani wirva-locva
hqondaT?
Zveli lazuri ena
prokofi erT adgilas axsenebs lazur enas da Tanac saubrobs lazuri enis Sesabamisad sityviswarmoebis Sesaxeb, kerZod saubari exeba
qalaqis saxel `quTaTiss~.
prokofis mtkicebiT sityva `quTaTisi~ nawarmoebia lazuri enis bunebis Sesabamisad. kerZod qalaqis Zveli saxeli yofila berZnuli kutaia.
xolo am enis ucodinarobis gamo lazebs TavianTi enis bunebis Sesabamisad misgan uwarmoebiaT `quTaTisi~, sinamdvileSi quTaTisi isevea nawarmoebi rogorc imave regionis baRdaTi, gelaTi, mamaTi da sxva. `aTi~ daboloeba saliteraturo qarTulis anu Zveli qarTulis bunebrivi normaa, megrulad quTaTiss `quTaS~-s uwodeben, amitomac radganac `quTaTisi~ Zveli
qarTulis enobrivi normebiTaa nawarmoebi, magram prokofi mas `lazur
enad~ aRiqvams, unda vifiqroT, rom VI saukunisTvis jer kidev ar iyo
dasrulebuli lazur-qarTulis diferenciacia da arsebobda saerTo fuZe
ena, romelic erTdroulad iyo lazurica da qarTulic. am mosazrebis
gamoTqmis uflebas albaT isic iZleva, rom T. gamyreliZesa da g. maWavarianis mixedviT `zanur-qarTulis diferenciacia I aTaswleulSi daiwyo~
(sonantTa sistema), Cans aRniSnul regionSi am diferenciaciis procesi VI
s-Si jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli. amiT unda aixsnas albaT is movlena,
rom Cven uamravi zanuri toponimi da hidronimi gvaqvs guriasa da samxreT
sasqarTveloSi. sinamdvileSi SesaZloa isini iyvnen ara zanuris, aramed
jer kidev gaudiferencirebeli zanur-qarTulis enobrivi naSTebi. yovel
SemTxvevaSi prokofis mier zanurad miCneuli `quTaTisi~ sinamdvileSi
Zveli qarTuli enis bunebis Sesabamisadaa nawarmoebi. maSasadame lazebsa
da iberebs erTi ena hqondaT. amiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli petre
iberis maswavleblis ioane lazis qarTulenovneba, maTi cxovrebis mixedviT, ioane yrma petres qarTulenovan wmida werils aswavlida. aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio qarTulenovneba I aTaswleulSive. Cans es
ena aq yvelas esmoda, radganac adgilobrivi metyvelebani, dialeqtebi
iyvnen saerTo ukve saeklesiod gadaqceuli enisa.

sityva `lazikis~ etimologiisaTvis

`lazi~ eTnonimia, romliTac berZeni avtorebi moixsenebdnen samxreTaRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mosaxleobas. es sityva cnobilia ukve I-II
saukuneebidan.
706

aRniSnuli regioni, rogorc cnobilia dasaxlebuli iyo qarTveluri

tomebiT.
tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobas niko mari aRniSnul periodSi megrel-Wanebad
miiCnevda.
mesxeTSi dResacaa mravali toponimi, rogorc fiqroben, megruli warmomavlobisa (ude, xviliSa da sxv.).
aRniSnul, I-II saaukuneebSi g. maWavarianis kvlevis Tanaxmad jer kidev
arsebobda saerTo qarTveluri e.w. `zanur-qarTuli ena~, romlis diferenciaciac is-is iyo iwyeboda (T. gamyreliZe; g. maWavariani; sonantTa sistema,
1965. gv. 17).
ase, rom aRniSnuli toponimebi(mag. ude,xviliSa da sxva), SesaZlebelia
iyos ara megruli, aramed jer kidev gauyofeli e.w. `zanur-qarTuli~ enis
toponimuri naSTi.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva `lazi~, xom ar
aris (zanur-qarTuli) sityva `klarjisagan warmoSobili berZnuli enis
niadagze?
lazikis saepiksoposoebi, XI saukunisaTvis mdebareobdnen trapezuntsa
da vanis tbas Soris. IV-VI saukuneebSi es miwa-wyali moqceuli iyo bizantiis imperiaSi da iq Camoyalibebuli iyo administraciuli erTeulebi e.w.
`maRali armenia~, `mcire armenia~, wofki (sofena), alzniki, turuberani da
sxva. am olqTa Soris aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi ufro metad `alznikis~
olqisken mdebareobdnen.
rogorc cnobilia, qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi sityva `lazika~ ar
gvxvdeba. is yovelTvis iTargmneboda (`sofeli megrelTa~ an `samegrelo~) da igulisxmeboda trapezuntis sanaxebi, sadac, somxuri wyaroebiT,
`egris~ olqi iyo ganlagebuli.
maSasadame, sityva `lazika~ qarTuli samyarosaTvis ucxo iyo misi sufiqsis
-`ik~ gamo. marTlac, Cveni azriT, sityva `lazika~ nawarmoebia somxuri
enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sufiqsiT `ik~, iseve, rogorc `utik~, `alznik~,
`parsaik~, `korsaik~ da sxva. Tumca misi fuZe `laz~-qarTulia. strabonis
cnobiT am fuZe `laz~-iTaa nawarmoebi xalibebis aRmniSvneli eTnonimi
`alazonebi~ da maTi qveynis saxeli -`alazonia~.
xalibebi anu alazonebi mravalricxovani xalxi iyo.
maTi zogierTi sacxovrisi SemdegSi somxebma daimkvidres. maT Soris
unda yofiliyo somxuri provincia saxelwodebiT -`Aalznik~. sityva `lazik~
SesaZloa iyos `alznikis~ variacia, marTlac, `alznik~-Si ganlagebuli
iyo lazikis saepiskoposoebis erTi jgufi.
kidev erTxel SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom trapezuntis mxareebisaken mcxovrebi qarTuli tomebis eTnonimebSi gvxvdeba qarTvelTA ARmniSvmeli
eTnofuZe `gr~ sxvadasxva variaciebiT, MmagaliTad, beqirebis tomi cxovrobda
trapezuntidan afsarosamde da maT qveyanas ,,beqirias~ uwodeben.
trapezunti mdebareobda regionSi, romelic ,,makroniad~ iwodeboda.
trapezuntis dasavleTiT farnakia ,,tibareniad~ iwodeboda.
yvela tomis saxelSi gamoiyofa zemoTaRniSnuli fuZe- `gr~, `qr~, `kr~,
`bgr~.
707

beqirebi - beqir =
bqr =bgr
makronebi - makron = kr = gr
tibarebi - tibar = ibar = br
beqirebi cxovrobdnen iq, sadac Semdeg Zidritebi, romelsac Semdeg ewoda ,,lazika~.
amave eTnofuZiT unda iyos nawarmoebi cnobili eTnosaxelebi `kolxi~
da `kolxida~.
,,n. mari qarTuli sityva ,,glexis~ Sesaxeb dasZens - socialuri termini
glexi Sesatyvisi somxuri ,,greh-ik-isa~, mdabiuri wodebrivi saxeli. glexisagan warmoiqmna ,,glaxaki~, ,,glaxa~. ,,glaxa~ igive ,,kolxia~, aRniSnavs
glexs an monas~ (i. abulaZe, Sromebi, t. II, 1976, gv. 168).
n. mari wers ,,ZiriTadi socialuri terminebi kavkasiaSi aris eTnikuri
warmoSobisa, udablesi fena qarTvelebsa da somxebSi iwodeba kolxebis
saxelis mixedviT qarTulad ,,glexi~, somxurad ,,grexiki~ (n. mari, baTumi,
ardagani, yarsi, petrogradi, 1922, gv. 31 (rusul enaze).
Cemi azriT ,,glexi~ Seicavs fuZe-Zir ,,gl~ anu ,,gr~-s am fuZiT ki iwodebodnen qarTvelebi (georgien, gugarqi, egrisi, guria da a.S.) qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT maT zeda fenad iqcnen makedonelebi, moqcevais ,,arianqarTvelebi~, mkvidri qarTvelebi ki iqca qveda fenad - glexad. ase, rom
glexs kavSiri aqvs ara mxolod sityva `kolxTan~, aramed zogad qarTul
eTno fuZesTan `gr~, `gl~-sTan.es eTnofuZe TiTqmis yvela qarTuli tomis
saxelSi Cans,magaliTad

Tavi XXVI
hereTi
hereTs mematianeebi SemdgomSi uwodebdnen `rans da movakans~
varsqen pitiaxSi sparsTa mefem daniSna `erisTavad ranisa~. Tavis
samSobloSi sparseTidan dabrunebisas igi jer Sevida qveyanasa `hereTisasa~ (`SuSanikis wameba).
Semdegdroindeli mematianec aRwers varsqenis ambebs. igi, mematianis
cnobiT, iyo `somxiTis kaci~, anu gugarqis(Zveli xunanis saerisTavos) mmarTveli.
aq md. anakertis mtkvarTan SesarTavTan varsqeni sikvdiliT dasaja
qarTlis mefe bakurma, xolo misi colis gvami `dafles curtavs~ (q.c. I,
gv. 216),
varsqenis nacvlad sparseTis Sahma `ranisa da movakanis~ erisTavad
gamogzavna sxva erisTavi (iqve, gv. 217).
aqedan Cans, rom
qarTuli wyaroebis
hereTi Semdegdroindel
qarTul wyaroebSive iwodeboda `ranad da movakanad~, xolo SuSan708

iks sxva wyaroebSi `ranis dedofali~ ewodeba, e.i. hereTi rania

movakanTan erTad da ara aRmosavleT kaxeTi.
hereTi erqva ara saingilos, aramed
Saqs da ranis olqis mxareebs, magaliTad:1. qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT gloniqori iyo erisTavi ,,qarTl-hereTisa~, Semdgomi wyaros mixedviT ki ,,qarTl-ranisa~; anu hereTi iyo
ranis olqis nawili.
2. rogorc iTqva, wmidanis cxovrebis sxvadasxva variantSi SuSaniki
iwodeba zogjer dedofliad ranisa, zogjer ki dedoflad hereTisa.
`rani da hereTi~ (q.c. I, gv. 14) erqva Tanamedrove ganjisa da
Saqis raionebs.
hereTis anu

ranis mefe

1) herTa mefeebs Semdgom saukuneebSi ranTa mefeebs uwodebdnen, amitomac gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSi gvxvdeba - ,,ranTa
da kaxTa mefe~.
2) hereTis dedofali SuSaniki Semdgom wyaroebSi ,,ranTa dedoflad
iwodeba~.
e. i. hereTi da kaxeTi sxvadasxvaa (rania da kaxeTia).
hereTi rani da Saqia, ranis mdebareoba ki cnobilia. esaa - kirovabadis
raioni.
sabWoTa istorikosebis azriT (d. musxeliSvili ,,saqarTvelo IV-VIII
ss.-Si) - hereTSi TiTqosda Sedioda bodbe. bo db e - `a lb an elTa
araqarTul qalaqad,
moixsenieba avtoris mier~. Tu es ase iyo
maSin kaxeTis didi naweli - istoriulad albanelTa qveyana yofila~
(XX s. sabWoTa istoriografiis Sedegi)
1) wmida nino ki bodbeSia dakrZaluli is ,,qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelad~ iwodeboda da ara albanelebisa, radganac yovelTvis miiCneodarom
bodbe qarTlis qveynis nawili iyo da ara albaneTisa.
2) movses xarenaciT ,,advilad gasagebi tkbili eniT nunem iqadaga
qarTvelTa qveyanaSi klarjeTidan masquTebamde~, maSasadame mTeli zoli, mtkvris marcxena napiri masquTebamde `qarTvelTa qveyana~ iyo,
qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da ara albanelebiT!
3) movakani - qarTuli sityvaa - ,,mo-vake-ani~ da niSnavs `vake adgilis
qveyanas~ masquTebi movakanis boloSi cxovrobdnen.

gulgula- punqti hereTis sazRvarTan

Cveni mecnierebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT `gulgula~, toponimi, romelsac xmaroben Zveli mematianeebi, mdebareobda TelavTan da aqamde aRwevda
hereTis sazRvari.
709

es rom ase yofiliyo, ratom weren Zveli mematianeebi, rom nekresi kaxeTSia da ara hereTSi, nekresi xom Telavis qvemoTaa?
mematiane wers, rom qristeSobamde 200-100 wliT adre farnavazis Semdgom,
meoTxe mefe farnajomma `iwyo Senebad kaxeTs qalaqsa nelqarissa,
romel ars nekresi~ (q.c. I, gv. 29), xolo Semdgom mecxre mefem arSak II-m
`ganaSvena nelqar, qalaqi kaxeTisa, romel ars nekresi~ (iqve, gv. 33).
qarTlis cxovrebis zogierTi redaqciis arSiazea minaweri _ `hereTi
aris mciris alazniT amoRmarT, vidre gulgulamde civs aqeT da vidre
azanburamde da mtkvramde~ (q.c. I, gv. 5).
`movakani ars mciris alaznis Sesayars qveviT vidre zRvamde mcire
alazani ioria~ (iqve, gv. 5).
`xolo heross misca queyana mtkvrisa CrdiloT, mcirisa alaznisa
SesarTaviTdan, vidre tyetbamde, romelsa aw hqvian gulgula. aman heros
aRaSena pirvelad qalaqi SesakrebelTa Soris orTave alazanTasa da uwoda saxeli Tvisi hereTi... da aw mas adgilsa hqvian xoranTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 5).
aqedan Cans, rom gulgula anu tye-tba unda veZioT ara TelavTan,
aramed kavkasionis mTaze, iq, sadac Saqis sazRvari aRwevda, anu
gulgula iyo kavk asion is ro meli Rac m wver valTa n.as eTi
punqti,TiTqmis imave saxelis mqone-xilxala-namdvilad aris kidec
Cvens mier saZebn regionSi,1923 wlis iv.javaxiSvilis redaqtorobiT gamocemul `saqarTvelos istoriul rukaze~ punqti xilxala
mdebareobs nuxpatsa da areSs Sua,Saqis regionSi.
vaxuStis drosac, Cans cnobebi gulgula-tye-tbis Sesaxeb ukve dakarguli yofila da is TelavTan uZebniaT, magram VIII saukunesa da Semdgom
kaxeTi nuxpatamde anu Saqamde aRwevda,mematiane wers-

`movida arCil kaxeTad da yovelTa taZreulTa misTa miuboZa

kaxeTi da aznaur yvna igini, aRaSena eklesia samZors, SeirTo coli...
da dajda wuqeTs da aRaSena kasri da xevsa lakuastisasa aRaSena
cixe da povna wuqeTs mTavarni... da aRaSena cixe-qalaqi erTi nuxpats orTa wyalTa Sua~(q.c.I.gv.243).
aqedan Cans,rom kaxeTSi misuli arCilis samefos sazRvari nuxpatamde aRwevda.marTlac punqti xilxala(romelic Cven gulgulad
migvaCnia) nuxpatTan mdebareobda
`aman juanSer (arCilis Zem) SeirTo naTesavi bagratonianTa, asuli adrnasesi, saxeliT latavri... naTesavni daviT winaswarmetyuelisani, romeli-igi
xorcielad mamad RmrTisad iwoda~(q.c.I.gv.251).
.

710

gulgula-xilxala
vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT hereTis sazRvari aRwevda gulgula-tyetbamde. miiCneva,rom is mdebareobda TelavTan.
Cveni azriT, vaxuStis wyaros gulgula unda iyos ara TelavTan mdebare
punqti, aramed giSsa da nuxpatos aRmosavleTiT (daaxloebiT 30 km.-Si)
mdebare punqti xilxala. es qalaqi(xilxala) mdebareobda Semaxiasa da
giSis SemaerTebel mniSvnelovan savaWro gzaze,romelic iyo ufro grZeli saxelmwifoTaSorisi gzis nawili. am adgilas qalaqi xilxala dafiqsirebulia 1923 wels iv.javaxiSvilis redaqtorobiT gamocemul rukaze. am
rukis mixedviT arc Tu moSorebiT mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze iyo meore
punqti amave saxelisa xilxala.maT Soris is gansxvaveba iyo,rom giSTan
mdebare xilxala saerTaSoriso gzaze mdebareobda,xolo mtkvris xilxala ara.
nuxpatos mezoblad rom mdebareobda `gulgula~, es Cans ufro
Zveli wyarodan (wm.arCilis cxovrebidan) amoRebuli Semdegi fraza- `
kualad moesra noxpatelTa simravle yrusa da arCil naTel-sca maT
iZulebiT.Semdgomad moiyvanna Zmiswulni adarnases brmisani da dasxna
SakixiT da daemkvidrnen igini gulgulamde da misca qvrivi abuxosrosi
da wuqeTi cixe-kariTurT~(qarTlis cxovreba,IV 1973,gv.126).
aq naxsenebi yvela punqti erT regionSi mdebareobs-noxpato, igive
nuxpato, Sakixi(Saqi), da wuqeTi, iqve,anu nuxpatosTan axlos unda yofiliyo gulgulac,romelsac,Cans Semdgom xilxala uwodes.
davuSvaT am fragmentis punqti `gulgula~ mdebareobda TelavTan, maSin
cnoba Seusabamo gamodis,radganac Sakixisa da wuqeTis umniSvnelo
mmarTvelebis xelSi aRmoCenila kaxeTis mniSvnelovani nawili Telavamde,
maSin am arealSi sxva mmarTvelebisaTvis adgili aRar darCeboda.

Zvel saqarTveloSi Tavisi TvaliT xedavdnen rom uvrcelesi qveyana

vidre mtkvar-araqsis SesarTavamde da Semaxiis mTebamde qarTvelebiT iyo
dasaxlebuli, qarTuli wirva-locviT, eniT, kulturiT da TviTSemecnebiT,
amitomac, roca am mxareebSi TandaTanobiT sparselTa nebiT Crdilokavkasielebi da Semoyvanili mesulmanuri tomebi gabatondnen saqarTvelos xelisufleba ibrZoda mis gasaTavisufleblad.
Tu rogor esaxebodaT es miwa-wyali kargad Cans 1783 wlis traqtatSi
ruseTsa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebs Soris. ereklesa da ekaterine IIs Soris dadebuli 1783 wlis 24 ivliss dadebuli traqtatis meore muxlSi
naTqvamia:
,,muxli II - yvela is teritoria, romelic uwin saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda,
xolo amJamad TurqeTs, sparselebsa da lekebs upyriaT, rogoricaa saaTabagos, ranis, movakanis, axalcixis, javaxeTis, livanis, aWaris, nuxis, Saqis,
Sirvanisa da sxva, - saqarTvelos daubrundeba da mis Semadgenel nawilad
iqceva~ (wignidan m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde, 1995,
gv. 121).
711

somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT wmida grigolis SviliSvili grigoriosi

kaTalikosad unda gaegzavnaT ,,iberebisa da albanelebis qveyanaSi, masagetebis mezoblad - azerbaijanSi, kaspiis zRvis piras~ (TamaraSvili, 1995, gv.
276).
aqedan Cans, rom xorenacis `masquTebis qveynamde~ qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen,
amas imeorebs meore somxuri wyaroc - masagetebis mezoblad (kaspiis
zRvasTan) cxovrobden iberebic da albanelebic. albaneTis qveyanas rani
(hereTi erqva), qarTvelebis sacxovrisi ki grZeldeboda albanelebis CrdiloeTiT Semaxiis mTebamde.

Tavi XXVII
iazoni-amirani
iazoni da amirani pelasgur kavkasiuri identoba
aqamde yuradReba aravis miuqcevia im saocari faqtisaTvis, rom qarTuli eposis gmiris amiranisa da argonavtebis meTaur iazonis ambebi ara Tu
saocrad emsgavseba erTmaneTs, aramed identuricaa, kerZod amirani da iazoni erTi sqemiT moqmedeben:
1. iazoni midis medeas mamis samefoSi; amirani midis yamaris mamis koSkSi;
2. medeas mama adamian-RmerTia, zevsis STamomavalia, magiuri Zalis mqonea
- Tesavs kbilebs da amodian veSapebi, aseTive bunebisaa amiranis sacolis
mamac - ,,yamars mama caSi hyavs~ - wvimis da amindis momcemia;
3. medea uRalatebs sakuTar mamas da midis Tavisi ojaxidan, aseve yamaric lanZRavs Tavis mSoblebs da midis mamis saxlidan Tavis mSoblebze nawyeni maT eubneba-,,misusurebdiT danasa~.
4. medeas Tavisi mamis saxlidan malulad miaqvs saganZuri oqros
sawmisi, yamarsac malulad miaqvs Tavisi ojaxidan simdidre - jadosnuri
jam-WurWeli.
5. iazons daedevneba medeas mama; aseve amirans daedevneba yamaris mama.
6. umTavresad aRsaniSnavia, rom - orive qali (yamari da medea) aswavlan
TavianT qmrebs rogor daamarcxon misi (qalis) axlonaTesavebi;
yamari amirans aswavlis rogor daamarcxos mamamisi - ,,maRla nuki scem
spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa, daecemian ZarRvebi, daecemian Zirosa~;
msgavsadve, iazoni medeas daxmarebiT amarcxebs mis Zmas arfsirtes da
hklavs.
7. iazoni Tavis megobar TanamolaSqreebTan erTad midis medeas qveyanaSi, aseve amiranic Tavis megobar-TanamolaSqreebTan badrisTan da usupTan
erTad midis yamaris qveyanaSi.
712

8. iazoni klavs gveleSaps, amirani hklavs veSaps.

9. iazonic da amiranic oqros mflobelebi arian, iazons aqvs oqros
sawmisi, amirans aqvs oqros kbili.
10.iazonic da amiranic TanamolaSqreebTan erTad ieriSiT iReben koSks
(ukarebo brolis koSks ,romlis kari iq Cndeba, sadac amirani wixls
dakravs) an maRali simagris kedels (iazonis molaSqreni).
unda arsebobdes argonavtebisa da amiranis eposebis gmirebis moqmedebaTa msgavsebis sxva niSnebic.
straboni, aseve sxva berZen-romaeli istorikosebi midebs, Crdilo somxebs, albanelebsa da iberelebs, aseve kavkasiis zRvispira tomebs miiCnevdnen argonavtebisa da medeas STamomavlebad.
amiranisa da iazonis gmirobis ambebis msgavseba ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi.
rogorc Cans balkaneTidan kavkasiisaken gadmosaxlebaTa dros
frigielebs, pelsagebs da sxva tomebs da ufro adre, Cans, piriqiT kavkasielT
balkaneTSi Tan gadahqondaT gmirebis ambebic.
luviaSi - vanisa da urmiis tbasTan mcxovrebi karduxi - gordienebi
Cans gadasaxldnen trapezuntisken daaxloebiT qristeSobamde VIII-VI saukuneebSi. es unda iyos asaxuli Zvel avtorTa cnobaSi, rom nabuqodonosorma
iberebi da libielebi (luvielebi) [Cans, karduxebis(gordienebis) qveynidan] gadaasaxla pontos zRvispireTSi, trapezuntisaken. iberebi da pelazgebis gmirebi albaT amitom emsgavsebian erTmaneTs.
e.i. karduxebis qveynidan anu luviidan nabuqodonosorma mosaxleoba
gadaasaxla trapezuntisken SavizRvispireTSi.
maSasadame, amirani da azoni erTi sqemiT moqmedeben:
1) amirani midis yamaris mamis koSkSi azoni midis medeas mamis (aietis) samefoSi;
2) yamars mama caSi hyavs - wvimis da amindis momcemiamedeas mamac msgavsi gmiria, Tesavs kbilebs da amodian veSapebi;
3) yamari lanZRavs Tavis mSoblebs da midis mamis saxlidan -ambobs
,,misusurebdiT danasa~,Tan miaqvs ganZi WurWeli,
medeac midis mamis saxlidan, miaqvs ganZi sawmisi;
4) amirans daedevneba yamaris mama,
iazons daedevneba medeas mama;
5) rac yvelaze mTavaria - orive es qali aswavlian TavianT qmrebs Tu
rogor daamarcxon misi axloblebi anu colis axlo naTesavebi.
yamari Tavisi sakuTari mamis mokvlis xerxs aswavlis amirans,
a m bobs - `maRla nu ki scem spilosa dabla Semohkar rbilosa daeWrebian
ZarRvebi, daecemian Zirosa~,
am xerxiT, yamaris RaltiT, amirani klavs yamaris mamas
medeac aswavlis iazons rogor moklas misi Zma arfsiste. am xerxiT
medeas RalatiT, iazoni amarcxebs medeas Zmas;
713

6) amirans hyavs TanamolaSqre megobrebi(argonavtebi) da maTTan erTad

midis yamarTan,
iazons hyavs TanamolaSqre megobrebi(badri da usupi) da maTTan erTad
midis medeasTan;
7) iazonic amarcxebs gveleSaps da amiranic;
8) iazonic da amiranic oriveni oqros mflobelebi arian, erTs - oqros
sawmisi aqvs, meores - oqros kbili;

amirani iasonia, xolo medea - yamari

f. haasis TvalsazrisiT Zveli mcireaziuri rwmenebi Semdgom sicocxles berZnul antikurobaSi poulobdnen (n. abakelia, medeas miTologiuri
saxis interpretaciisaTvis, krebuli - eTnografiuli Ziebani, 1988, gv. 5).
iazons Tavisi gmirobisaTvis ,,qalRvTaeba~ medeas daxmareba dasWirda.
f. haasis mier dadgenilia rom aseTi miTebi mcireaziaSi iyo gavrcelebuli, saidanac SeaRwia antikur samyaroSi, Sesabamisad gamoyofs da erTmaneTis gverdiT ayenebs wyvilebs inarasa da xufasias, medeasa da iazons,
n. abakeliam maT rigSi Caayena dali (nadirTpatroni) da monadire - qarTuli miTebis personaJebi.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT iasonisa da medeas miTi garkveulwilad identuria
amiranisa da yamaris Tqmulebisa, romelic Cans mcireaziis mkvdr qarTvelTa
winaprebs Soris iyo gavrcelebuli.
f. haasis cnobiT centralur anatoliaSi gavrcelebuli yofila miTi
gvel iluanqaze, romelic ebrZvis amindis RvTaebas.
amindis RvTaebas ki, Tavis mxriv exmareba qalRmerTi inara.
mas (inaras) surs daamarcxos iluanqa, risTvisac Tavis mxriv masac
esaWiroeba mokvdavi xufasias daxmareba.
xufasia da inara amyareben satrfialo kavSirs, inara aZinebs gvels.
miiCneva, rom es mcireaziul (xaTur-protoxeTuri) miTi safuZvelia iasonmedeas ambisa.
Tqmulebis erTi versiiT iasons ylapavs gveleSapi ,,am epizods, f. haasis
aRniSvniT, aseve vxvdebiT qarTuli ,,promeTeosis~ erT TqmulebaSi, romelSic gveleSapi amirans ylapavs~ (iqve, gv. 8).
Cemi azriT, amiranis TqmulebaSi yamaris mama, amindis RvTaeba unda iyos,
radganac mas SeuZlia ,,tarosis Secvla~ - misi cxenebis Cliqebis mier
aCqafebuli wylis nami wvimad iqceva.
f. haasis azriT paralelebi aSkaraa - inara da medea aZineben urCxuls,
orive uaxlovdeba mas uSiSrad, orives kavSiri aqvT oqros sawmisTan,
Cemi azri, saxelebi inara da yamari emsgavsebian erTmaneTs (yinara yamari), aseve saxelebi ,,xufasia~ da ,,aram-xutu~ (xufasia - xutu) (amirans
megrel-lazur samyaroSi aramxutu erqva).
714

haasi erTmaneTs akavSirebs xufasias da iazons.

f. haasis azriT amirani qarTuli promeTeosis gmiria.
Cven, Cveni mxriv,amiranis Tqmulebas argonavvtikasTan vakavSirebT. mogvyavs
mravali magaliTi iasonisa da amiranis, medeasa - yamaris msgavsebisa.
amiranis Tqmuleba (misi pirvelsaxe) erTerTi wyaro unda yofiliyo
argonavtebis miTisa. amiraniani da argonavtika erTi saerTo Tqmulebawarmodgenis nayofia.
gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom miTebi oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb mcireaziulma
migraciulma talRam Seitana balkaneTSi, Semdgom ki Zv. w. 750 wlidan ukan,
kolxeTSi, Semoitanes berZenma kolonistebma
amirani da argonavtebi
zogierTi ucxoeli mkvlevaris azriT, argonavtebisa da oqros sawmisis
Tqmuleba xeTur-aRmosavlur anatoliaSi iyo gavrcelebuli, aRsaniSnavia,
rom amiranis Tqmulebasa da argonavtebis miTs erTi siuJeti aqvT.
kerZod,rogorc iTqva1. amirans ylapavs gveleSapi da kidev ufro Zlieri gamodis mis muclidan, man daniT gauWra Signidan muceli gveleSaps.
zemo svaneTSi sofel lenjeris mTavarangelozTa eklesiis gare kedelze
gamoxatulia amiranis brZola veSapTan.mas aqvs aseTi warwera- `odes amiran veSapma SanTqa, veSapi mokla da gamovida~.
iazonsac ylapavs drakoni da medeas daxmarebiT muclidan gamodis.
2. iazoni megobrebTan erTad miemarTeba samogzaurod.
amiranic megobrebTan erTad (badri da usupi) miemarTeba samogzaurod
(salaSqrod). svaneTis imave eklesiis garekedelze daxatulia amiranis
megobrebi- `badri, sefedavle da usupi~.
am mogzaurobis dros iazoni amarcxebs gigant ciklops, amave eklesiis
kedelze gamoxatulia Tu rogor Wris gigant devs amirani Tavs, mis gverdiT misi megobrebia SubiTa da fariT SeiaraRebuli;
3. amiranis sacole yamari Ralatobs Tavisi ded-mamis ojaxs, mamis
uCumrad mihyveba amirans, Semdeg ki akvlevinebs sakuTar mamas,
iazonis sacole medeac akvlevinebs sakuTar Zmas da amarcxebinebs sakuTar mamas.
4. amiranis sasimamros magiuri Zala aqvs _ aminds cvlis, misi cxenebis
CliqebiT aCqefebuli wylis nami awvimebs.
iazonis sasimamrosc aseve magiuri Zala aqvs _ spilenZis Cliqiani xarebi hyavs, Tesavs kbilebs da amodian jariskacebi.

715

5. amiranis sacoles (yamars) _ WurWleuli aumxedrdeba, isini zecaSi

mijriT garbian raTa Seatyobinon asulis Ralati mamas.
iazonis sacole i paravs yvelaze Zvirfas oqros sawmiss.
(rogorc Cans `oqros sawmisis~ identuri amiranianSi aris `saWurWle~ _
`WurWeli~).
6. iazonis ambavSi apolonios rodoseli axsenebs `kvitaieli aietis
koSkebs~, sityva `koSki~ amiranianSic gvxvdeba _ algeTis xeobaSi, `brolis
koSkia~, romelsac karebi ara aqvs. mas uvlis garSemo amirani, Semdeg
wixls kravs da koSkis kedels Seangrevs.
iazonic gadalaxavs kedel-godols.
daskvna: argonavtebis miTi aris ara realuri ambavi, aramed miTi pelazgur-Tesaliuri da misi monaTesave xalxebisa, romelTa ricxvSic Cans,
qarTvelTa winaprebic Sediodnen. es miTi an qarTvelTa winaprebma gaitanes balkaneTSi.
saxeli `amirani~ Semdeg Seerqva gmirs. cecxlTayvanismcemlobis epoqaSi albaT `ahrimani~ ewodeboda _ `boroti suli~.
amiranis mamis saxeli `sulkalmaxi~- `kolxs~ gvagonebs, mas erqva.
sul

kalmax i
kolxi

Tavi XXVIII
xalibebi, lazebi, qaldevelebi da sxva
qarTuli tomebi berZenul da laTinur
wyaroebSi
(xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-qarTlis safuZveli)

qsenofonis `kirosis anabasisi~

(qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklobedia I, 2010)
qsenofontem, igive qsenofonma (daaxl. Zv. w. 430-355) Tavisi berZenTa 10.000
kaciani laSqriT 401 wels gaiara qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze, misi mizani
iyo Savi zRvis navsadgurebiT jari samSobloSi daebrunebina. mas ar
surda omi am tomebTan, aramed mxolod maTi teritoriis gavliT zRvasTan
misvla, magram 10.000 kacs kveba esaWiroeboda.
qsenofonte mzad iyo produqtebi SeeZina da am tomebis winamZRolebs
Txovda misTvis bazari gaexsnaT, magram Tu ki bazars ar uxsnidnen, iZulebuli iyo ebrZola da sursaTi ise moepovebina.
saerTod, mTeli es miwa-wyali sparseTis imperias ekuTvnoda, sparseTis
716

Sahebi ki mxars uWerdnen iq mcxovreb armenielebs, radganac armenielebi

saxelmwifos mSvidobiani mcxovrebni iyvnen, xolo qarTuli tomebi (karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, taoxebi, makronebi, kolxebi, drilebi, mosinikebi,
tabarenebi da sxvebi) sparselebs ebrZodnen TavianTi miwa-wylis TavisuflebisaTvis.
sparselebma moaxerxes am teritoriis saukeTeso saxnavi miwebidan maTi
gandevna (kerZod ki xalibebisa) da maT adgilebze armeniel miwaT-moqmedTa Casaxleba, rac, Cans qsenefonis meore wignidan, romelic kirosis sadideblad dawera (kiropedia).
armenielebsa da qarTvel tomebs Soris daZabuloba iyo saxnav-saTesi
miwebis gamo, magram radganac sparseTi mpyrobeli qveyana iyo, is Tanxebs
ar iSurebda raTa armenielTa jari gaeZlierebina, romlis meSveobiTac
wesrigs amyarebda aRniSnul teritoriaze. am jarSi, qarTveli tomebis
warmomadgenlebsac qiraobdnen. magaliTad taoxebi da xalibebi dasavleT armeniis mmarTvelis, mefis megobar tiribazis jarSi msaxurobdnen
moqiravneebad (qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklobedia I, 2010, gv. 137).
qsenofonte TviTve wers, rom armenielebisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli
tomebi - karduxebi, taoxebi da qaldebi ar emorCilebodnen sparselebs.
is wers - ,,Tu bazars ar gvixsnidnen, Cven TviTon movi povebdiT
sursaTs, magram ara Tavxedobis, aramed aucileblobis gamo. karduxebs, taoxebs da qaldebs, Tumca isini mefes ar emorCilebian da
Zalian saSiSnic arian, Cven mtrad movekideT, radgan bazars ar
gvixsnidnen da sursaTis warTmeva aucilebeli gaxda~ (iqve, gv. 137).
aRniSnuli tomebidan mxolod fasianebi da hesperitebi daimorCiles
sparselebma da maT mmarTvelad zemoT aRniSnuli tiribazi dauniSnes
(maTi miwebi saukeTeso iyo saxnav-saTesad).
,,xolo karduxebi, xalibebi, qaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, koitebi da tibarenebi ki damoukidebelni iyvnen~ (qsenofonte,
kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, eniklopedia I, gv. 137).
berZenTa jari gaemarTa CrdiloeTisaken da vanis tbis siaxloves mis
samxreT-dasavleTiT jer SexvdaT qarTvelTa tomi, romlis saxeli iyo ,,karduxebi~. (es saxeli sityva ,,kardu~-saganaa miRebuli, xolo ,,xi~ mravlobiTobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsia. ,,kardu~ - iyo saxeli xalxisa,
romlisaganac nawarmoebia aseve saxeli ,,qarTu~ da sityva ,,qarTueli~, e. i.
,,qarTus~ qveyneli. kardu da qarTu erTi fuZea, amitomac miiCneva, rom
karduxebi - qarTuli tomi iyo, romelic ebrZoda maT qveyanaSi SeWril
armenielebs da maT mfarvel sparselebs.
karduxebma ifiqres, rom sparselTa mefis megobari qsenofonte da sparselTa mefis samsaxurSi myofi misi 10.000 kaciani jari, sparselTa laSqari
iyo. amitomac maT medgrad ibrZoles berZenTa, am jaris winaaRmdeg, ufro
metic, bevrs ecadnen qsenefonte da laSqris meTaurebi, magram karduxebma
piradi, sasaubro kontaqtic ki ar daamyares maTTan.
sabolood, unda vifiqroT, rom armenizacia-gasomxebisagan karduxebma
mainc ver SeZles Tavis dacva, Tumca, armeniaSi SemdgomSic, Semdeg sauku717

neebSi, iTvleboda, rom xalxi somxeTis provinciebisa saxelwodebiT ,,korduk~ (kordvacis qedis samxreTiT, vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT), ,,kordik verin~, ,,kordik mijin~ da ,,kordik nerkin~ - ar iyvnen armenielebi,
anda tomobrivi sxvaoba hqondaT armenielebisagan.
n. adonci pirdapir wers kidec, rom karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi,
fasianebi da sxva tomebi iyvnen armeniis Tavdapirveli mosaxleni,
Semdgom maT miwa-wyalze daaxloebiT VI saukuneSi SeiWrnen armenielebi
da or nawilad gayves es qarTuli mosaxleoba, kerZod, armenielebi
dasaxldnen maTi qveynis centrSi, amis gamo rogorc samxreT ise Crdilo armeniaSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, kerZod samxreT armeniaSi - kordus xalxi, Crdilo armeniaSi iverebi, dasavleT armeniaSi qald- xalibebi.
qarTuli miwebis es mtacebloba, strabonis cnobiT Semdegac gagrZelebula, kerZod armeniam qristeSobamde II saukuneSi miitaca iberebisagan
piriadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena - vrceli miwa-wyali dasavleT da
Crdilo armeniisaken.
karduxebi da xalibebi (xaldebi) qarTvelTa tomebi, rom iyo, amis Sesaxeb sxva uZvelesi wyaroebic werdnen. kerZod megasTene werda, rom nabuqodonosorma iberTa xalxis erTi nawili gadaasaxla libiidan pontos
zRvis sanapiroze, iqamde iberebi libielTa mezobelni yofilan. Cveni
azriT aq ,,libiis~ qveS igulisxmeba ara afrikis libia, aramed vanis
tbasTan mdebare lursmuli damwerlobis epoqis qveyana ,,luvia~. is vanis
tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda, iq sadac Semdgom karduxebi cxovrobdnen. luvielTa mezobeli iberebis anu qarduxebis winaprebis nawili nabuqodonosors pontos zRvis pireTSi gadausaxlebia. albaT, am mosazrebiT xsnidnen Zveli avtorebi faqts imisas, rom karduxebsa da qaldebs
(xaldebs), xalibebs da qaldevelebs (pontospireTSi mcxovrebT) erTidaigive satomo saxelebi, erTi zne-Cveulebebi da Cans erTi enac hqondaT.
qarTvelTa winapari qaldevelebi (xalibebi, igive alazonebi) karduxebis Tanametomeebad miiCneoda, miuxedavad teritoriulad maTi urTierTdaSorebisa.
strabonis cnobiT qaldebs aseve erqvaT saxeli - ,,alizonebi~, ,,alazonebi~, qaldebs namdvilad rom erqvaT es saxeli Cans uamravi toponimidan, romelic aRniSnuli sityvis fuZidan gamomdinareobs ,,alaz~(laz), ,,araz~,
,,arze~ - es saxelebi ,,araz~ da ,,alz~ mdinareebs, soflebs, qalaqebsa da
provinciebsac ki erqvaT pontospireTidan vidre vanis tbamde. erTerTi
magaliTad aseTia provinciis saxelwodeba ,,alznik~ (somxurad - ,,aRZnik~),
romelic swored karduxTa qveynis mezoblad mdebareobda da vrclad
iyo gadaWimuli covkis tbidan kordvacis mTebamde (provincia kordukamde), e. i. karduxebis qveynamde vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT, amJamadac ki
covkis tbasTan axlos Zvel qalaq melitenes (galatias) - alazigi hqvia,
romlis fuZeSic ,,laz~-i zis.
am ,,laz~ - ,,raz~ fuZidanaa gamomdinare ufro wvrili provinciis saxeli ,,arzni~, romelic uSualod emijneboda karduxebis qveyanas, kerZod ki
,,korduks~. am ,,laz-raz~ fuZidanaa gamomavali mdinareTa saxelebi ,,arawani~,
,,razdani~, ,,alazani~.
718

arawani - vanis tbis sanapirodan iwyeba da muratis saxelwodebiT q.

elazigTan evfrats uerTdeba. mis samxreT sanapiroze iwyeba tigrosis
saTaveebi.
qsenefontes uTxres, rom karduxebis qveyana aRwevda md. kentritamde da
tigrosis saTaveebamde. Semdeg ki armenia iwyeboda. Cven zemoTaRniSnuli
toponimikidan gamomdinare unda vifiqroT, rom armenielebis SemoWramde
xalibebis anu qaldebis qveyana iwyeboda karduxebis mezoblad (amis naSTia toponimi alznik (Zveli alzis qveynis saxelidan) da aRwevda kaxeTis
mdinare alaznamde, anu vanis tbidan kavkasiis mTebamde kardus anu qarTvelTa
Zveli qveyana iyo ganfenili.
adoncis sityviT, rogorc iTqva, qarTvelTa am Zveli qveynis SuagulSi
SeiWra armeniuli tomebi daaxloebiT qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi da
orad gayo qarTvelTa qveyana da amitomac rogorc armenielTa samxreTiT,
ise CrdiloeTiT iyo qarTuli provinciebi da qveynebi (karduxebi da alznikis xalxi samxreTiT, qarTli da lazebi (artanujis arzenas da qaldeas
xalxi) CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-dasavleTiT. adoncis mosazreba amJamad
ignorirebulia somxur istoriografiaSi, magram is xsnis arsebul Zvel
faqtebs.
qarTuli qveynis centrSi armenielTa damkvidrebis gamo qsenofontem
bunebrivia jer qarTuli tomebis (karduxebis) qveyana gaiara, Semdeg armenia, Semdeg ki CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo dasavleTiT mas isev qarTuli
tomebi Sexvda.
qsenofontes acnobes - ,,mTebze mimavali gza CrdiloeTiT romaa
mimarTuli, karduxebTan migiyvanT, isini cxovroben mTebSi, meomari
xalxia da sparsTa mefes ar emorCilebian. maT Tavs daesxa am
mefis asoc aTasiani (120.000) jari da maTgan ukan aravin dabrunebula (karxudebis mTebi miuvalia)~ (qsenofoni, kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, 2010, gv. 118).
aseve qsenefontes uTxres - ,,elinma jariskacebma gaiges rom Tu
isini SeZleben karduxebis mTebis gadalaxvas da mdinare tigrosis saTaveebze misTvlas, mivlen armeniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 119).
qsenofonte wers, rom karduxebis qveyanasa da armenias erTmaneTisagan
sazRvravda mdinare kentriti (iqve, gv. 120).
berZenma jariskacebma brZoliT gaiares karduxebis qveyana, qsenefonte
wers, rom karduxebs hqondaT - ,,mravalricxovani da mSvenieri saxlebi, savse sursaTiT. iq Rvino ise bevri iyo, rom siliT amolesil
ormoebSi hqondaT Senaxuli~ (iqve, gv. 120).
karduxebi laSqrobisas da marSirebisas mRerodnen - ,,Cqara wavidnen
raRac simRerebis mReriT~ (gv. 121).
elinebma gadalaxes md. kentriti, meore napirze ukve armenia
iwyeboda. armeniis sparselTa samxedro xelisufals Tavis armeniul jarSi
daqiravebuli hyavda qarTuli tomebi xaldebisa da mardebis jariskacebi
- ,,isini iyvnen orontisa da artuxis moqiravneebi~ (iqve, gv. 121). magram maT
(armeniul jars), saboloo jamSi berZnebTan ar uomiaT, ubralod, akvirdebodnen maT moZraobas.
719

karduxebi ebrZodnen armenielebs, amitomac md. kentritis gadalaxvis

Semdeg rac berZnebma 5 farsangi (25 km) ,,iares armeniaSi vake adgilze,
aq karduxebTan omis gamo mdinaris axlos ar iyo soflebi~ (iqve, gv.
122). Semdeg miadgnen did sofels, sadac satraps sasaxle hqonda, aqedan 10
farsangis (50 km) Semdeg iyo mdinare tigrosis saTave, aqedan 15 farsangSi (75 km) miadgnen md. teleboass, romlis napirebzec mravali sofeli iyo,
xolo qveyanas erqva dasavleT armenia, misi mmarveli iyo mefis megobari
tiribazosi (iqve, gv. 122).
aqedan berZnebma dablobze iares 15 farsangi (75 km) da miadgnen soflebiT savse teritorias, isini elodnen rom Tavs daesxmodaT tiribazi,
romelsac Tavis jarSi hyavda moqiravneebi ,,xalibebi da taoxebi~ (iqve, gv.
123). aqedan iares kvlav 75 kilometri da miadgnen md. evfrats, romelic
gadalaxes am mdinaris (e. i. evfratis) saTavis axlos.
aqedan Sevidnen dablobSi, radganac zamTari idga, iares TovlSi 50 km
da miadgnen erTerT sofels, aqedan 20 stadionSi (daaxl. 2 km-Si) mdebare
soflebSi ganawildnen mosasveneblad. maT uxvad miiRes sasmel-saWmeli
da sufrasTanac ,,maT barbarosul samosiani armenieli biWunebi emsaxurebodnen~ (iqve, gv. 125). Semdeg ,,SeekiTxnen soflis Tavkacs, ra qveyana iyo es?
man ki miugo, rom es iyo armenia~ (iqve, gv. 125). ikiTxes romeli iyo mezobeli qveyana, upasuxes - ,,mezobeli qveyana - Tqvan man - xalibebis iyo
da iqauri gzac miaswavla~ (iqve, gv. 126).
aqedan Cans, rom qarTul tomebs - karduxebsa da xalibebs Soris armenielTa SeWris gamo qveyanas ukve ,,armenia~ erqva, Tumca unda vifiqroT,
rom iqauri mkvidri ZiriTadi mosaxleoba armenizebuli qarTvelebi iyvnen.
aRniSnuli gziT Sevidnen `mezobel~ anu xalibebis qveyanaSi.
amis Semideg miadgnen md. araqss, romelsac qsenefonte ,,fasiss~ uwodebs
(aRsaniSnavia, rom aTasxuTasi wlis Semdegac X saukuneSi konstantine porfirogeneti araqss kvlav ,,fasiss~ uwodebda, romelic imJamad sazRvari
iyo armenielebsa da iberebs Soris).
,,amis Semdeg md. fasisis gaswvriv elinebma iares Svidi gadasavali
dReSi xuT-xuTi farsangi~ (iqve, gv. 126). e. i. sul gauvliaT 35 farsangi, rac
175 km-ia. amis Semdeg kidev 10 farsangi (50 km) uvliaT da mividnen adgilas
,,romelic vakeze eSveboda, sadac maT daxvdnen xalibebi, taoxebi
da fasianebi (fasiselebi)~ (iqve, gv. 126).e.i. imgziT,romelic miaswaves
xalibebis qveyanaSi,Semdeg ki fasianebis qveyanaSi.
e. i. fasisis gaswvriv maT uvliaT sul 45 farsangi anu 225 km. SeebrZolnen qarTvel tomTa laSqars, gaimarjves da Sevidnen taoxebis qveyanaSi.
maSasadame aRniSnuli 225 km xalibebis qveyana yofila (rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, armeniis qveynidan berZnebi xalibTa qveyanaSi Sevidnen, gaiares
225 km da miadgnen taoxebis qveyanas. taoxebis qveyanaSi berZnebma gaiares
30 farsangi (150 km).
taoxebis erTerTi cixe-simagris aRebis dros ,,elinebi sazareli
sanaxaobis mowmeni gaxdnen - qalebi isrodnen bavSvebs ufskrulSi
da TviTonac Tan mihyvebodnen, amgvaradve iqceodnen mamakacebic~
(iqve, gv. 128) qarTvelebis es Tavganwirva samSoblosa da piradi Tavisu720

flebis SesanarCuneblad miagavs ebraelTa Tavganwirvas masadas cixesimagris dacvis dros am ambidan TiTqmis 500 wlis Semdeg ax. w. 70 wels.
aqedan berZnebma iares 50 farsangi (250 km) kvlav xalibebis miwa-wyalze
aqedan Cans, rom im tomTa Soris, romelzec maT iares, yvelaze mravalricxovani da didi miwa-wylis mqone xalibebi iyvnen.
qsenofonte wers - ,,Semdeg iares Svidi gadasavaliT ormocdaaTi
farasangi xalibebis miwa-wyalze. isini umamacesni iyvnen im tomebs
Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec gaiares. xalibebi xelCarTul brZolaSi ebmebodnen elinebs~ (iqve, gv. 128). ,,amasTanave mRerodnen da rokavdnen
maSin, roca mteri maT uyurebda~ ((qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklobedia I, 2010, gv. 128). xalibebisagan amis gamo
,,elinebma veraferi waiRes da ikvebebodnen isev im pirutyviT, romelic
taoxebs waarTves~ (iqve, gv. 128).
amis Semdeg berZnebi mividnen mdinare harpasosTan da Sevidnen skviTinebis
qveyanaSi, vakeze 20 farasangi (100 km) da Sevidnen maT soflebSi. amis
Semdeg gaiares kvlav 20 farasangi da mividnen ,,did, mdidar da mWidrod
dasaxlebul qalaqSi~, romelsac erqva gimniasi.
aqedan iares 5 dReRame da mividnen mTamde (misi saxeli iyo Teqesi),
saidanac Canda Savi zRva.
aqedan gziT Sevidnen makronebis qveyanaSi, sadac gaiares 50 km da miadgnen mdinares, romelic makronebis qveyanas skiTinebis (skviTinebis)
qveynisagan yofda.
meore mxares meomari makronebi idgnen. berZenTa Soris aRmoCnda tomiT
makroni mona, romelmac SeZlo Suamavloba da berZnebi makronebs daumegobra.
makronebis qveyanaSi iares sami dRis ganmavlobaSi kolxebis qveyanamde.
kolxTa laSqari daamarcxes da Sevidnen soflebSi, sadac Taflis fiWebi
Wames, romelTac maT didad avno, meore dRemde mTvralebs hgvandnen da
fexze dgoma ar SeeZloT. aqedan berZnebma gaiares kolxebis soflebSi 35
km da mividnen zRvasTan mdebare ,,trapezusSi - mWidrod dasaxlebul
elinur qalaqSi, romelic sinopelTa dasaxleba iyo kolxebis qveyanaSi, pontos evqsiniosis sanapiroze. aq, kolxebis soflebSi elinebma
daaxloebiT 30 dRe dahyves~ (iqve, gv. 131) ,,da anadgurebdnen kolxiss (e.
i. kolxeTs)~ (iqve, gv. 131).
qsenofonte ganarCevs ,,baris kolxebs~ da mTis kolxebs. pirvelebi
berZnebs ar ebrZodnen. aqedan Seesivnen drilebis qveyanas. drilebi iyvnen
,,pontospireTis yvelaze meomari xalxi~ (iqve, gv. 132). (drilebi, Cans SemdgomSi
TrialeTSi gadasaxldnen).
trapezusidan berZnebi elinur qalaq kerasuss miadgnen ,,sinonelTa
dasaxleba kolxebis qveyanaSi zRvis sanapiroze~ (iqve, gv. 133). e. i. trapezuntica da kerasusic kolxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen.
berZenTa jari kerasusTan orad gaiyo erTi jgufi gemebiT zRviT
gaemgzavra (Cans trapezuntidanac gemebiTve micuravdnen), meorem ki xmeleTiT ganagrZo gza da miuaxlovdnen ,,mosinikebis sazRvars~ (iqve, gv.
133).
721

mosinikebis tomi or mtrul jgufad iyo gayofili - piriqiTel mosinikebs mtrobdnen piraqeTa mosinikebi. piriqiTelebma samxedro kavSiri Sekres
berZnebTan piraqiTelebis dasamarcxeblad. ,
,meore dRes isini movidnen erTi mTliani xisagan gamoTlili samasi
naviT. TiToeul navSi sam-sami kaci ijda~ (iqve, gv. 134) isini ,,dairazmnen da
erTma maTganma simRera wamoiwyo, danarCenebma ritms fexi auwyes da win
gaswies~ (iqve, gv. 134). isini berZnebTan erTad ekveTnen TavianT mter
Tanatomelebs, romelTac mTavari qalaqis dasaufleblad eomebodnen. maTi
mefe am qalaqSi erT maRal adgils mdgar xis koSkSi (mosinosSi) ijda. is
xanZris dros ar gamovida koSkidan da daiwva meore mefesTan erTad,
romelic sxva koSkSi ijda. mosinikebs aRmoaCndaT puris didi maragi,
amforebSi ki damarilebuli delfinis xorci. hqondaT uamravi maragi:
kakali, qoni, Rvino. gamarjvebulma berZnebma es aRebuli qalaqi TavianT
megobar mosinikebs gadasces. aq ramdenime qalaqi iyo erTmaneTisagan 80
stadioniT daSorebuli (H16 km). mdidar mosinikebs hyavdaT moxarSuli
wablis Wamisagan dasuqebuli bavSvebi ,,ganazebulebi da metismetad TeTrebi~ (iqve, gv. 136).
qarTuli tomebi TeTrkanianebi iyvnen. amis aRniSvna saWirod
migvaCnia, radganac Zv. w. VI-V ss. cnobebiT kolxebi ,,Savkanianebad~
an ,,muqkanianebad~ aRiwerebian, magram ukve V s. bolodan kolxTa
aRmweri mwerlebi romelTac piradad naxes isini, aRar weren kolxTa muqkanianobis Sesaxeb. mosinikebic TeTrebi iyvnen. qsenefonte wers ,,isini cdilobdnen yvelas Tvalwin SekavSirebodnen heterebs, romlebic
elinebs Tan mihyavdaT, radgan aseTi iyo maTi adaTi. yvelani - mamakacebica da qalebic - TeTrkanianebi iyvnen... sajarod akeTebdnen imas,
rasac sxvebi ganmartoebiT sCadian... sakuTar Tavs elaparakebodnen, TavisTvis
icinodnen da moyvebodnen xolme rokvas, sadac ar unda yofiliyvnen~ (iqve,
gv. 136).
berZnebma mosinikebis qveyanaSi ,,rva staTmosi iares da mividnen xalibebTan, isini cotani iyvnen, emorCilebodnen mosinikebs da upiratesad rkinis damuSavebiT irCendnen Tavs, aqedan elinebi mividnen tibarenebTan. tibarenebis qveyana ufro vake iyo. maT zRvis sanapiroze gamagrebuli dasaxlebebi hqondaT~ (iqve, gv. 137).
,,elinebma or dReSi mSvidobianad gadalaxes es qveyana da mividnen
kotioraSi, elinur qalaqSi, sinopelTa mier tibarenebis qveyanaSi daarsebul axalSenSi~ (iqve, gv. 137).
xalibebi, rogorc qsenofontes aRweridan Cans berZnebs Sexvdnen
3 adgilas, karduxebis Semdeg, armenielTa qveynis gadalaxvis Semdeg da mosinikebis mezoblad zRvis sanapiroze. (es ukanasknelni
sustebi iyvnen, danarCen or adgils mcxovrebni ki kargi meomrebi).
amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom is qveyana, romelnic armenielebs eWiraT
md. kentritidan araqsamde - Tavdapirvelad xalibebis anu qaldebisa iyo,
da isini gagrZelebiT cxovrobdnen kotioradan araqsamde da kentritamde.
isini, Cans, armenielebs daumarcxebiaT da amitom xaldebsa da armenielebs
Soris didi omi iyo gaCaRebuli, rogorc es qsenefontes meore naSromidan
722

- kiropediadan Cans, sabolood, xalibebi mxolod zRvis piras darCnen,

danarCeni maTi sacxovrisi araqsidan kentritamde armenielebma daiWires.
rogorc iTqva, md. kentritidan berZnebma gaiares 25 km - dausaxlebel
armeniaSi, 50 km.-is Semdeg iyo tigrosis saTave. 75 km-is Semdeg miadgnen md.
teleboass - es iyo dasavleT armeniaSi. aqedan iares dablobze 75 km,
Semdeg kvlav gaiares 75 km da miadgnen md. evfrats, misi saTavis axlos.
Semdeg dablobze iares 50 km. aq kvlav armeniis qveyana iyo. aqedan iwyeboda xalibebis qveyana, miadgnen md. araqss (faziss), aq fasisis gaswvriv
iares 225 km xalibebis qveyanaSi da miadgnen taoxebis qveyanas.
taoxebis qveyanaSi iares 150 km. aqedan berZnebma kvlav 250 km iares kvlav
xalibebis miwaze da miadgnen md. harpasoss da Sevidnen skviTinebis qveyanaSi, aqve vakeze iares 100 km amis Semdeg kvlav iares 100 km da miadgnen
qalaq gimniass. aqedan iares 5 dRe-Rame da miadgnen mTis mwverval Teqiss,
saidanac Canda zRva. aqedan iares 50 km da miadgnen makronebis qveyanas, am
qveyanaSi iares sami dRe-Rame da miadgnen kolxebis qveyanas. iares 35 km da
Sevidnen qalaq trapezusSi, da Semdeg kerasusSi. es qalaqebi kolxeTis
qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen. kerasusidan Sevidnen mosinikebis qveyanaSi. iares
,,rva staTmosi~ da mividnen ,,sust xalibebTan~, aqedan Sevidnen tibarenebis qveyanaSi, gadalaxes or dReSi da mividnen qalaq kotioraSi - ,,tibarenebis qveyanaSi daarsebul axalSenSi~.
aqedan berZnebi gaemarTnen md. fasisisaken - qsenefontes strategosebma
uTxres - ,,umjobesia fasisisaken gacurva, raki xomaldebi arian,
fasianTa qveynis dapryoba. iq maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda~
(iqve, gv. 137).
es bolo winadadeba Zalze abnevs mkvlevarebs, radganac qsenefonte md.
fasiss axsenebs or adgilas. erTi fasisi iyo araqsi, saidanac gaWirvebiT
CaaRwies berZnebma zRvamde, amitomac isini, cxadia, ukan aRar dabrundebodnen. amitomac Tavisi naSromis bolos naxseneb md. fasisis qveS qsenefonte
sxva romeliRac mdinares axsenebs. qarTveli mkvlevarebi fiqroben rom
es meore fazisi iyo md. rioni, rasac Cven ar viziarebT, Cveni azriT qsenefonte am meore mdinare fazisSi gulisxmobs md. kelkitis zRvasTan SesarTavs. aq zRvis napiras koncxebs erqvaT heraklesa da
iazonis koncxebi. mis axlos amJamadac arian punqtebi ,,fasinlerisa~
da ,,pazaris~ saxelwodebiT. md. kelkitis SesarTavi marTlac axloa q. kotiorasTan da aqeTken iyo samSoblosken mimavali berZnebis
gza.
davajamoT qsenofontes jaris mier ganvlili gzis sigrZemd. kentritidan armeniis qveyanaSi berZnebma iares 25 km + 50 km + 75 km
+ 75 km (evfrati) + 50 km (araqsi) da miadgnen xalibebis qveyanas araqsTan.
e. i. armeniaSi sul iares 275 km.
Semdeg xalibebis qveyanaSi md. araqsis piras iares 225 km.
Semdeg taoxebis qveyanaSi 150 km
da kvlav xalibebis qveyanaSi Sevidnen, sadac 250 km iares
da miadgnen md. harpasos
723

da Sevidnen skviTinebis qveyanaSi, sadac iares 200 km qalaq gimniasamde.

aqedan iares 5 dRe mwverval Teqisamde.
aqedan 50 km-Si mdebareobda makronebis qveyana, aq iares 3 dRe da miadgnen kolxebis qveyanas, iares 35 km da miadgnen q. trapezuss, e. i. md.
kentritidan trapezusamde berZnebma gaiares 275 km + 225 km + 150 km + 250 km
+ 200 km + 5 dRe + 50 km + 3 dRe + 35 km = 1185 km + 8 dRe.
Tu erT dRis gavlas berZnebi moundnen 20-30 km maSin 8 dReSi isini
daaxloebiT 200 km-s gaivlidnen, rac jamSi Seadgens sul 1385 km, anu daaxloebiT 1400 km.
maSasadame qsenefontes jarma iara ase: is Sevida karduxebis qveyanaSi Tanamedrove qalaq mardinTan axlos (TurqeTSi), iara Tanamedrove qalaq
elazigis mimarTulebiT (amJamadac ki gza am mimarTulebiT midis), aq jarma gadalaxa tigrosis erTerTi Senakadi, romelsac erqva kentriti, da
miadga dasavleT armeniis qveyanas. am mdinaris gadalaxvis Semdeg SemoxvdaT meore mdinare teleboasi (es unda iyos Tanamedrove md. murati.
iares armeniaSi da miadgnen md. evfratis saTaves (es unda iyos evfratis
Senakadi, romelsac amJamindel Turqul enaze ewodeba md. peri (Peri) da
Tanamedrove qalaq tekmanTan axlos miadga md. araqsis anu fasisis saTaves da iara mis gaswvriv, aq hqonda SebrZoleba xalibTa, taoxTa da
fasinTa gaerTianebul laSqarTan da Sevida taoxebis qveyanaSi, taoxebis qveynidan gadavida Zliermeomari xalibebis (qaldebis) qveyanaSi da
miadga md. harpasoss, es unda iyos md. Woroxi. aq iyo skviTinebis qveyana
da maTi qalaqi gimniasi (sadRac baiberdsa da giumiSxanes Soris), aqedan
Sevida makronebis qveyanaSi, saidanac dainaxes zRva, zRvis pirze ki kolxebi
cxovrobdnen, maT qveyanaSi iyo qalaqi trapezusi, aqedan laSqravdnen axlos mcxovreb drilebs. trapezusidan jaris erTi nawili gemebiT, sxvebi
ki fexiT gaemarTnen kerasusisaken (giresuni), gaiares mosinikebis da susti xalibebis qveyanaSi, q. kotiorasTan miadgnen tibarenebis toms da
gadawyvites gemebiT da fexiT kelkitis SesarTavTan misvla, sadac fasianebi cxovrobdnen da aietis STamomavali mefobda.
qsenofontes gza
1. jer aris karduxebis mTebi, Semdeg ki tigrosis saTave ((qsenofoni,
kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklobedia I, 2010, gv.119);
2. jer md. kentritia, mere aris md. tigresis saTave (gv. 122);
3. md. kentriti ,,sazRvravs armenias karduxebis qveynisagan~ aq aris
veli (gv. 120);
,,xaldebi Tavisufalni da mamacni arian~ (gv. 121);
md. kentriti unda iyos md. tigrosis erTerTi Senakadi oRond q.
elazigisaken. es armeniaa.
4. mdinaris meore napiric vakea. mdinaridan 50 km-Si aris tigrosis
saTave.
5. tigrosis saTavidan 15 farasangSi (1 farasangi 5 km) - 15 X 5 km = 75 km)
aris meore mdinare teleboasi. mis gayolebas hqvia dasavleT armenia
724

teleboasi unda iyos md. murati - arawani.

6. aqedan 15 farasangi X 5 km = 75-Si iyo md. evfrati
7. md. fazisi (araqsi)
iares md.fazisis gaswvriv 7 X 5 farasangi.
7 X 25 km = 175 + 10 X 5 km + 50 km = 225 km.
daeSvnen vakeze.
8. taoxebis qveyana 30 farasangi X 5 = 150 km.
9. xalibebis qveyana.
10. md. harparosi (Woroxi.
11. skviTinebi 20 X 5 km = 100 km.
12. skviTinebi qalaqi gimniasi.
13. 5 dRe zRvis gamoCenamde.
14. makronebi 50 km.
15. mdinare sazRvravda makronebsa da skviTinebs.
16. 3 dRis gza.
17. kolxebi.
18. 2 farasangi X 5 = 10 km - trapezunti.
qsenofonte qaldebis Sesaxeb
istorikosma g. WeiSvilma ganixila qsenefontes Sroma ,,kiropedia~, rogorc
wyaro saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis.
Tavis am SromaSi (,,kiropedia~), qsenofonte iseve, rogorc Tavissave
,,anabasisSi~ aRwers berZenTa 10.000 kaciani razmis laSqrobas qarTuli
tomebiT dasaxlebul mxareebSi Zv. w. 401 wels.
kerZod maT gaiares fasianebis, taoxebis, xalibebis da skviTinebis qveynebi (g. WeiSvilis dakvirvebiT - ,,eTnonimi ,,xaldi~ Zveli berZnebisaTvis
,,xalibis~ sinonims warmoadgenda~ (,,analebi~ 2001, gv. 9).
yvela am tomTa qveynebs armenielebi esazRvrebodnen, romelnic TandaTanobiT miiwevdnen samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken farTo frontiT da aviwroebdnen qarTul tomebs, erekebodnen maT ufro CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT,
kerZod saxnav-saTesi miwebi xalibebs aRar darCaT, radganac ukve mTebSi
cxovrobdnen am miwolis Sedegad.
Tavis mxriv, yvela es tomi da gansakuTrebiT xaldebi (igive xalibebi)
Tavdauzogavad ebrZodnen armenielebs saarsebo sivrcis dasabruneblad,
armenia, Tavis mxriv, ukve dapyrobili iyo sparsTa mier, amis gamo sparseTis
Sahi kiros didi xalibebis armenielebze (armenielTa soflebze) Tavdasxmas ganixilavda, rogorc sakuTari imperiis sazRvrebSi SeWras.
amitomac ,,kirkopediis~ Tanaxmad kiros didma (558-529) armeniis damorCilebis Semdeg xaldebze galaSqreba gadawyvita, raTa mSvidoba Camoegdo
somxebsa da maT mezobel xaldebs Soris~ (iqve, gv. 9)
qsenefontes Tanaxmad kiros didma Seariga armenielebi da xaldebi
urTierTdaTmobaTa gziT.
g. WeiSvili wers - ,,kiropediisa~ da ,,anabasisis~ cnobaTa urTierTSejerebiT irkveva, rom xalibebs//xaldebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro meomar
725

da mamac xalxad iTvleboda ara mxolod im mxareSi, aramed im tomTa

Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec elinebma gaiares, Tavisi hegemonia da satomo saxeli samxreTiT sakmaod Sors gaevrcelebinaT~ (iqve, gv. 10).
xaldebi igive qaldebia, etimologiurad Cans karduxebis da qaldebis
saxelebi msgavsia.
,,kardu~ anu ,,qardu~ igive ,,qald~ unda iyos. es fuZve aqvs qarTvelTa
TviTsaxelwodebasac ,,qarT~.
qaldebis anu xaldebis sacxovrisi arealisa da gavlenis didi ganvrcobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs qsenofonte kiropediaSi - misi sityviT fasianebi
qaldebis gavlenas ganicdidnen, - Tu gavixsenebT, rom fasianebis sacxovriss SemdgomSi basiani ewoda, is didi teritoria iyo, moicavda Semdgomi arzrumisa da yarsis provinciebs da kidev ufro gaSlili iyo aRmosavleTiT - valaSkertamde. aseTi didi arealis kontroli mxolod Zlier
da meomar toms SeeZlo.
g. WeiSvili wers - ,,fasianebis qveyana, romelic formalurad dasavleT
armeniis satraps - tiribazs ekuTvnoda, faqtiurad xalibebis gavlenis
qveS moeqca, ufro samxreTiT xalibebi somxuri miwebis moTareSeobiT
kmayofildebodnen~ (analebi, N1, 2001, gv. 10).
Tu rukas davxedavT, vnaxavT, rom xalibebi cdilobdnen ekontrolebinaT is miwebi Zv. w. V saukuneSi, romelic TiTqmis 1500 wlis Semdeg Tavis
samefos SemouerTa qarTvelTa mefe daviT kurapalatma X saukuneSi. es is
iberiis miwebia Tavisi xorZeneTa da pariadres kalTebiT, romelic Zv. w. II
s-Si iberias waarTva armeniam. unda vifiqroT, rom Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebSi
qaldebis meTaurobiT iberiulma tomebma SeZles mieRwiaT konsolidaciisaTvis da maT samefod Camoayalibes ,,arian-qarTli~, romlis mosaxleobamac SeiZina eris niSnebi, sakuTari eniTa da tradiciebiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi arsen beri werda, rom qarTuli ena - is enaa, romelic arian-qarTlis samefoSi iyo ganvrcobili ,,Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT
gamosulTani da enai maTi vuwyiT~. anu qarTuli ena arian-qarTvelTa ena
yofila swored im teritoriaze, romelsac xalibebi akontrolebdnen qsenefontes sityviT - esaa fasianis vrceli qveyana, xorZene, pariadres kalTebi.
qaldebis sacxovrisi TviTon pariadres da mosxebis mTianeTi unda yofiliyo. rogorc vTqviT straboni qaldebs aseve uwodebs ,,alazonebs~,
aqedan unda iyos warmoSobili satomo saxeli lazi. maTi es TviTsaxelwodeba areklili unda iyos im vrcel regionSi, romelsac qaldebi akontrolebdnen. rogorc iTqva, aq Cven gvxvdeba qalaqebi erTi da imave fuZedasaxelebis mqoneni - arzrumi (erzrumi), arzinjani (erzinjani), arze (awre)
da sxva, aseve konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT artanujis qveyanas
arzeni erqva.
Cemi azriT fuZe ,,arz~ miRebuli unda iyos qaldebis saxelwodebidan
,,alazoni~, ,,alaz~ anu ,,araz~ - es fuZe am regionSi mraval saxelSi gvxvdeba da yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli, TviT mdinare araqsic, romelic
fasianis mdinare iyo - aseve ,,arazi~ erqva. ,,araz~-idan unda iyos arze,
726

arzrumi, arzinjani, arze (arwe) da sxva. amave regionis samxreTiT qalaq

elazigis saxelic mas unda ukavSirdebodes. elazig - elaz - laz - a laz - oni. aRsaniSnavia, rom Semdgomi elazigis mxareebSi, romelsac anZianZora erqva, ilaSqra mefe farnavazma, roca is ibrZoda arian-qarTvelTa mefis memkvidreobisaTvis. amave mxareebSi ilaSqra aseve vaxtang gorgasalma. me vfiqrob, da Cans kidec, rom farnavazi ibrZoda qarTlis saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gansamtkiceblad, romelic qarTlis cxovrebis avtors aq eguleboda azonis mamiseuli memkvidreobis aRweris dros.
qaldebma am regionSi, romelic SemosazRvruli iyo Tanamedrove qalaqiT elazigiTi, da Zveli valaSkertiT, romelSic mdebareobdnen pariadres
kalTebiolqma,romelSic Sediodnen md. kelkitis saTaveebi, md. xartiSi,
nawilobriv
yizil-irmaki, SemdgomSi arzrumi, artaan-artanuji
Seqmnes qveyana ,,qaldu~, igive ,,qarTu~, igive arian-qarTli, romlis
gagrZelebac iyo ufro CrdiloeTiT qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba
da STamomavloba ki qarTveli xalxi- yvela Tavisi regionebiTa
da kuTxeebiT.
ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia kidec, rom svanebis, megrebisa da danarCen qarTvelTa winare samSoblo ,,qaldu~ - qarTu iyo, Cans Camoyalibebuli
mebrZol tom qaldevelTa mier, romelTac Semdgom
lazebi ewodaT.
sabolood, Cven SeiZleba aseTi saxiT warmovidginoT qarTveli eris
Camoyalibeba - wyaroTa Tanaxmad ,,nabuqodonosorma liviis gverdiT mdebare iberiidan gadaasaxla nawili iberielebisa da daasaxla pontos
zRvispireTSi~, aRmoCnda, rom aq naxsenebi ,,livia~ aris ara afrikis libia,
aramed vanis tbis piras mdebare Zveli qveyana ,,luvia~, xolo iberielebi
ki igive karduxebia (frigielebia), romelnic liviis gverdiT cxovrobdnen. am kardux-iberielebis nawili gadasaxlda SavizRvispireTSi da iwodnen qaldebad (xaldebad) - xalibebad. amave dros SavizRvispireTis amave
regionSi uwyveti nakadis saxiT Semodiodnen sxva qarTveli tomebi pontospireTidan. am tomebis (fasianebis, hespertebis, taoxebis, mosinikebisa da
sxv.) konsolidacia SeZlo karduxebis meomarma da Zlierma tomma ramac
safuZveli Cauyara arian-qarTlis saxelmwifos, romlis memkvidreoba farnavazis dros miiRo ,,qarTlis samefom~.
xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-qarTlis safuZveli
yvelaze uZvelesi qarTuli wyaros ,,moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azonma
safuZveli Cauyara ,,qarTlis samefos~. es momxdara qristeSobamde IV-III
saukuneebSi.
gvaqvs Tu ara romelime ucxouri wyaro, romelic gvaZlevs cnobebs imis
Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT qristeSobamde V-IV saukuneebSi namdvilad arsebobda qarTuli saxelmwifo, SeeZlo Tu ara iq mcx727

ovreb mravalricxovan qarTul tomTagan romelimes sxvaTa konsolidacia da erT saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba? iyo Tu ara romelime tomi aRniSnul epoqaSi gamokveTilad Zlieri? Cven gvaqvs swored aRniSnuli epoqis
saistorio wyaroebi, esaa qsenofontesa, strabonisa da sxvaTa cnobebi,
romelTa dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebelia msjeloba aRniSnul sakiTxze. esenia:
1. qsenofontes naSromi kiropedia - romlis mixedviTac xaldebi (xalibebi) iyo didi xalxi, fasainebi maTi gavlenis sferoSi Sediodnen da
xalibebi fasianTa qveynis samxreTiTac ki ibrZodnen.
2. strabonis cnobiT xalibebi didi xalxi iyo, radganac maTi winaprebi
troaSic ibrZodnen imJamindel xalibebs erqvaT aseve aliZonebi(alazonebi).
xaldebis anu xalibebis DANTanametomeni iyvnen karduxebi. isini vanistbi pireTidan vidre SavizRvispireTamde cxovrobdnen. kardux-xaldebis
qveyana iyo erTi xalxis qveyana, romelic n.adoncis sityviT somxebma or
nawilad gakveTes.
3. megasTenes cnobiT iberebi nabuqodonosorma gadaasaxla libiidan
SavizRvispireTSi. aq `libiis~ qveS unda igulisxmebodes ara afrikis libia,
aramed qveyana `luvia~, romelic vanistbispireTSi mdebareobda. iberebi
igive karduxebi unda iyvnen, romelTa erTi nawili nabuqodonosorma vanistbispirTidan gadaasaxla Savi zRvispireTSi. am gadasaxlebiTa da Tanametome xalibebisa da karduxebis urTierTSereviT safuZveli unda Cayroda
`arian-qarTlis~ samefos.
,,moqcevai qarTlisai~ wers - ,,da S emdgom ad raod enisame Jamis a movid a aleqs andre mefe
yovlisa qveyanisa... da Tana-hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoi, Ze
arian qarTlisa mefisa, da miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad da sazRvari
daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da
warvida~ (`Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi~, I,
1964, gv. 81).
qarTli, rogorc am wyarodan Cans, jer kidev ar ewodeboda im qveyanas,
romelzec Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifo da romlis mefedac dasva
aleqsandre makedonelma azo. yovel SemTxvevaSi masze mematiane wers, rom
azo iyo ,,pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina~ (iqve, gv. 82). SemdgomSi azos qarTlis
mefe ewoda, magram Tavdapirvelad is iyo ,,mefe mcxeTas Sina~, mcxeTa iyo
dedaqalaqi, rogorc iTqva axali saxelmwifosi da am axali saxelmwifos
sazRvrebi aseTi iyo - egiswyali, hereTi, somxiTi da mTa crolisa. amJamad
md. egriswyali gaedineba Tanamedrove afxazeTSi da is Cans iyo md. RaliZga, bediasTan.
,,moqcevai qarTlisais~ hereTi azosa da farnavazis Jams ar ewodeboda
Tanamedrove samxreT kaxeTs, rogorc miiCnevs sabWouri saistorio skola,
aramed mdebareobda mis gareT. marTlac, qarTlis cxovrebis Tanaxmad,
rodesac farnavazma qarTlis samefo dayo administraciul erTeulebad,
Tanamedrove samxreT kaxeTSi mdebare ,,kxoeTi~, romlis mTavari qalaqi
iyo bodisi (kxoeTi anu kuxeTi) kaxeTis saerisTavoSi Sedioda(iqve, gv. 89),
728

maSasadame bodbe iyo ara hereTSi, aramed kuxeTSi.

wyaros ,,somxiTi~, gulisxmobs armeniis qveyanas, esaa qarTlis samefos
samxreTi sazRvari, Crdilo sazRvarze ki Cans ,,mTa crolisa~ mdebareobda.
rogorc iTqva am saxelmwifos Tavdapirvelad ,,qarTli~ ar erqva, aramed
mas qarTli mas Semdeg ewoda, rac azom ,,arian-qarTlis~ samefodan Camoiyvana mosaxleoba saxelwodebiT ,,arian-qarTvelni~, da isini ganasaxla mTel
Tavis saxelmwifoSi egiswylidan hereTamde, somxiTidan - crolis mTamde.
maSasadame azos ,,arian-qarTvelni~ dausaxlebia rogorc dasavleT, ise
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. am xalxis saxelma ,,qarTvelni~ misca saxelwodeba axali saxelmwifos xalxs - ,,qarTvelni~, xolo TviT saxelmwifos
,,qarTlis samefo~ daerqva, radganac misi damaarsebeli ,,arian-qarTlis
mefis Ze azo~ iyo. am saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdeg ukve arsebobda ori
,,qarTlis samefo~, erTi iyo samxreTiT da mas ,,arian-qarTli~ erqva, meore
ki iyo CrdiloeTiT da misi dedaqalaqi mcxeTa iyo.
mcxeTaSi gamefebis Semdeg ,,ese azoi warvida arian-qarTlad, mamisa Tvisisa, da warmoiyvana rva saxli da aTni saxlni mama-mZuZeTani da dajda
Zvel mcxeTas. da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad - gaci da gaim, da ese iyo
pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina azoi, Ze arian qarTvelTa mefisa da mokvda. da
Semdgomad misa dadga farnavaz~ (iqve, gv. 82).
Camoyalibda axali qarTlis samefo, Zveli qarTlis samefo (,,arianqarTli~) gaurkvevel viTarebaSi aRigava pirisagan miwisa. vin iyo misi
mosaxleoba, sad mdebareobda is an ra bedia ewia mis xalxs?
am kiTxvebs pasuxi gasca XII saukuneSi arsen berma, romelic daviT
aRmaSeneblis moZRvari yofila.
is werda rom Zveli arian-qarTlis mosaxleoba iyo eTnikuri qarTvelebi da maT ,,arian-qarTvelni~ erqvaT. daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqis saqarTvelos ersa da Zvel `arian qarTlis~ ers Soris pirdapiri genetikuri
memkvidreoiTi kavSiri yofila.
arsen beri wers - ,,Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da enai maTi vuwyiT~. maSasadame qarTuli enac ki arian-qarTvelTa
ena yofila, maTi STamomavlebi - qarTveloba iyo.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT arian-qarTlis samefo realurad arsebobda
da is warmoadgenda xalibebis (igive xaldebis) saxelmwifos, romelmac
SeZ lo
d aaxloebi T
Zv .w.
401- 330
wleb Si
taoxebis,makronebis,fasianebisa da sxva qarTuli tomebis Tavis
irgvliv konsolidacia da amis safuZvelze saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba.
401 wels xalibebis (xaldebis) tomi Tavisi TvaliT ixila qsenefontem,
romelic saTaveSi edga berZenTa aTi aTas kacian razms, romelic
babilonidan saberZneTisaken mieSureboda.
es laSqroba Tavis or naSromSi anabazissa da kiropediaSi asaxa qsenofontem. man gaiara fasianebis, xalibebisa da sxva qarTuli tomebis qveynebi. misi cnobiT xalibebi - yvelaze meomari da saxelovani xalxi iyo sxva
tomTa Soris.
729

,,kiropediisa~ da ,,anabasisis~ cnobaTa urTierTSejerebiT irkveva, rom

xalibebs//xaldebs, romelic yvelaze ufro meomar da mamac xalxad
iTvleboda ara mxolod im mxareSi, aramed im tomTa Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec elinebma gaiares (Gyr., III, 2,7; Anab., IV. 7.15), Tavisi hegemonia da satomo saxeli samxreTiT sakmaod Sors gaevrcelebinaT~ (g.
WeiSvili, Zveli berZnebis TvaliT danaxuli istoriul-geografiuli procesebi (qsenefonte da misi ,,kiropedia~), analebi, 2001, N1, gv. 10).
qsenefontes mtkicebiT xaldebi omis JiniT iyvnen Sepyrobilni (Gyr.,III,
2,7), isini ibrZodnen da xSirad imarjvebdnen kidec. fasianebis qveyana maTi gavlenis qveS iyo moqceuli, isini akontrolebdnen Woroxis xeobasa
da zRvispireTs. ucxo TvalisaTvis isini Candnen dampyroblebad, romelnic
arbevdnen somxur soflebs, magram, rogorc Cans, xalibebi (igive xaldebi)
Tvlidnen, rom somxebi SeiWrnen maT miwa-wyalze, ukanonod waarTves saxnav-saTesi miwebi da gadaaqcies mTagoriani qveynis mcxovreblebad, sadac
saxnav-saTesi farTobebis arqonis gamo siRaribeSi cxovrobdnen. amitomac,
iZulebulni iyvnen Tavs dasxmodnen im somxur soflebs, romelnic maT
yofil miwa-wyalze amoizardnen. somxebi sparselTa mxardaWeris gareSe
aseT warmatebas ver miaRwevdnen. sparselebma daimorCiles somxebi, xalibebi ki maTTan SedarebiT Tavisufalni iyvnen.
sparseTis imperiaSi somxebi imperiis erTgul xalxad iqcnen, mSvidobian
mcxovreblebad, miwis muSebad, romelTac imperiisaTvis Semosavali mohqondaT. es somxebi fasianebis qarTuli tomis samxreTiT cxovrobdnen.
fasianebi ki, rogorc iTqva xaldebis gavlenis sferoSi moeqcnen, xaldebi
fasianTa qveynis samxreTiT somxur soflebs arbevdnen. amis gamo sparseTis Sahi SeSfoTebuli iyo. ,,kiropediis~ Tanaxmad, kiros didma (558-529)
armeniis damorCilebis Semdeg xaldebze galaSqreba gadawyvita (iqve, gv.
9). xaldebis danaSaulad iTvleboda SeWra sparseTis imperiis sazRvrebis
SigniT, radganac armenielebi ukve imperiis mcxovreblebad iTvlebodnen.
am armenielebis dacva ki, SahisaTvis mniSvnelovani saqme iyo, ara erTi da
ori Taobis manZilze. SemdgomSi sparselebs gadauwyvetiaT armenielebsa
da xaldebs Soris mSvidobianoba CamoegdoT, orive mxaris ekonomikuri
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod SeuTavazebiaT xaldebisaTvis daemuSavebinaT armenielTa mier xeldebuli saxnav-saTesi savargulebi, ris
sanacvlodac armenielebs SeeZlebodaT uSiSrad eZovebinaT TavianTi saqoneli xaldebis mTebis saZovrebze.
orive mxare daTanxmebula, magram realurad xaldebs ar SeuwyvetiaT
ganmaTavisuflebeli omebi armenielTa winaaRmdeg da qsenofontes Tavisi
TvaliT uxilavs fasianis samxreTiT gaveranebuli somxuri soflebi. fasianebi, Cans, aSkarad Tu farulad mxars uWerdnen xaldebs armenielebTan
omisas, radganac fasianebi sparselebma armenielebs dauqvemdebares. fasianebi da xaldebi am saqmeSi konsolidirebulni Canan. ,,fasianebis qveyana, romelic formalurad dasavleT armeniis satraps tiriazs ekuTvnoda
(Anab., VII, 8,25) faqtiurad xalibebis gavlenis qveS moeqca ufro samxreTiT
xalibebi somxuri miwebis moTareSebiT kmayofildebodnen~ (iqve, gv. 10).
fasianebis samxreTiT aTobiT kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli gaveranebu730

li somxuri soflebi. es miwa-wyali sparselebis TvalTaxedviT somxebs

ekuTvnodaT, magram xalibebs Tavisad miaCndaT, somxebi ki SemoWril mtrad
esaxebodaT, amiT iyo gamowveuli xalibebis Tavganwiruli omebi armenielebis winaaRmdeg.
fasianebi arzrumis arealSi cxovrobdnen araqsis anu fazisis xeobaSi,
sadac Semdeg qarTuli provincia basiani iyo ganfenili (arzrumidan qalaq
agramde), mis samxreTiT vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde SemdgomSi ganivrco
qarTuli saxelmwifo (daviT III kurapalatis dros X saukuneSi),rac efuZneboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis qarTul erovnul-eTnikur TviTSemecnebas,
mis Zvel safuZvels. erTi sityviT im mxareebis mosaxleobas X saukunisaTvisac jer kidev SemorCenili hqonda qarTuli Zirebi.
qsenofontes dros taoxebis da fasianebis konsolidacia Tavis irgvliv namdvilad SeeZlo xalibebis mebrZol da gamarjvebul toms.
g. WeiSvilis TvalsazrisiT ,,xalibebi Woroxis xeobaSi cxovrobdnen~
(anabazisi, IV, 7.15-17, iqve, gv. 9), miiCneva rom isini TorTomis xeobaSic cxovrobdnen, radganac aqaa xoronimi ,,xaldoZori~ (iqve, gv. 9).
g. WeiSvilis azriT ,,xaldoZori~ moicavda baiburTis mxares ,,anu im
qveyanas, sadac qsenefontes mixedviT skviTinebi cxovrobdnen~ (iqve, gv. 9).
erTi sityviT xaldebis sacxovrsi im teritorias moicavda, sadac arianqarTlis samefos arseboba moiazreba. es SeiZleba iTqvas, Semdgomi mesxeTia Tavisi tao-basianiT Tu Woroxis xeobiT. ,,eTnonimi ,,xaldi~ ZvelberZnebisaTvis ,,xalibis~ sinonims warmoadgenda~ (iqve, gv. 9).
xaldebi rom saxelganTqmuli meomari xalxi iyo, amas strabonic adasturebs - misi cnobiT xaldebi trapezuntis mimdebare zRvispireTis ZiriTadi xalxi iyo.
strabonis cnobiT amisodan trapezuntamde zRviT iyo 2200 stadioni,
xolo trapezuntidan fazisamde 1400 stadioni. amisodan trapezuntamde
zRviT jer arian herakleasa da iazonis koncxebi, Semdeg kotiora (farnakia) da kerasunti, romelsac mosdevs trapezunti da trapezuntis Tanave
kolxida - ,,trapezunti, mere kolxida, sadRac aqvea zigopolisad wodebuli punqti~ (XII, III, 17). ai, am sanapiros ,,zemoT~ (e.i. samxreT mTianeTSi)
cxovrobdnen qarTuli tomebi, da maT Soris strabonis mier gamorCeuli
qaldebi. straboni wers, rom cnobili dasaxlebuli punqti zigopolisi
kolxidaSi Sedioda. strabonis rukaze zigopolisi ewodeba Semdgom ziganas, romelic trapezunt-Teodosi polisis SemaerTebel gzaze mdebareobda. bizantiur periodSi zigana qaldeas TemSi Sedioda. es iyo strabonis
kolxida (e. i. trapezuntis samxreTi da samxreT aRmosavleTi mxare trapezunt-rize-xofas regioni da ara dasavleT saqarTvelo).
straboni wers - ,,trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxovroben tibaranebi,
qaldebi da sanebi, romelTac uwin uwodebdnen makronebs, aqvea mcire armenia, am adgilebis axlos cxovroben apaitebi, uwindeli kerkitebi. am adgilebze gadaWimulia skidise, kldovani mTa, romelic uerTdeba mosxur
mTebs, romlebic kolxidis zemoT mdebareoben. mwvervalebi uWiravT heptakometebs. pariadre sidenesa da TemiskirasTan mdebare adgilebidan mcire
731

armeniamde vrceldeba da hqmnis pontos aRmosavleT napirs~ (straboni, XII,

III, 18).
strabonisve cnobiT vrceli anu didi iberia, odesRac moicavda pariadres kaldebs, xorZenesa da gogarens, romelnic misgan miitaca armeniam.
maSasadame pariadre odesRac iberebis qveynis nawili iyo, pariadre ki
Temiskisadan iwyeboda (amJamindeli Terme). strabonis dros es mxareebi
kvlav qarTuli tomebiT iyvnen dasaxlebuli, zemoTCamoTvlili tibaranebiT,
qaldebiT, sanebiT (makronebiT), apaltebiT (kerkitebiT), heptakometebs (mosinikebs) da sxvebs. imis gamo, rom es tomebi (e.i. pariadres kalTebze mcxovrebni) armeniam Zv. w. II s-Si CamoaSora iberias, isini aRmoCndnen iberiis
samefos gareT erovnulad daucvelni, Tumca maT imJamad SeeZloT TavianTi Tavis garkveulwilad dacva. am tomTa Soris straboni, rogorc iTqva,
gamoyofs qaldebs da maT miuZRvna Tavis Soris arc Tu mcire nawili
kerZod strabonis azriT qaldebis winaprebi imdenad cnobili xalxi iyo,
rom monawileobnen toas omSi da swored maT axsenebs homerosi. is wers
- ,,exlandeli qaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen, ufro amaT Soris
mdebareobs farnakia, romelsac zRvidan aqvs Semosavali, pelamidebis Werisagan, xolo miwidan iRebs liTonebs, exla rkinas, uwin vercxlsac, saerTod am adgilebSi sanapiro metismetad viwroa, radgan iqve, zemoT aRmarTuli liTonebiT savse da tyiani mTebi, muSavdeba ki cota. momTamadneebi Tavs irCenen liTonis mopovebiT, xolo mezRvaurni - mebadurobiT...
vfiqrob amaT (xalibebs) axsenebs poeti (homerosi) - aliZonebad ,,katalogSi~ paflagonielebis Semdeg: ,,xolo odiosi da epistrofosi mouZRodnen
aliZonebs, Soreuli alibedan, sadac aris vercxlis sabado~ (str. XII, III,
20). strabonis azriT qveyana xalibe anu alibe iyo qaldebis (xalibebis)
sacxovrisi ,,skepsiselic fiqrobs, rom saxeli Seicvala da alibebidan
miviReT xalibebi~ (iqve, XII, III, 20) da homerosi ,,alizonebs (aliZonebs)
uwodebs xalibebs... zogni weren alazonebs, zogni ki amazonebs. ... es aixsneba weriTi cvlilebiT, radgan [efore] wers ase: ,,xolo amazonebs mouZRodnen
odiosi da epitroposi~... (str. XII, III, 21-22).
straboni ekamaTeba maT, vinc fiqrobda, rom troelTa dasaxmareblad ar
mosulan mdinare halisis gadaRmidan mcxovrebni, amitomac erTi cnobili
mkvlevari fiqrobda, rom haliZonebis sacxovrisi ar unda moeTavsebinaT
md. halisis gadaRma. straboni mis Sesaxeb wers ,,ra mizezis gamo ar cnobs,
rom md. halisis gadaRmidan mosuliyo romelime mokavSire... ra daabrkolebda mosuliyo gaRma qveynidan, romelic aris levkosirebis iqiT... me vfiqrob,
rom araferi daabrkolebda, radgan arc egre Sors iyvnen, rom Zneli yofiliyo iqedan mosvla~.
qaldebis Zvel qveyanas (xalibe, alibes) miucia saxeli qaldebisaTvis
alazonebs ki aseve cnobili qaldebis tomisaTvis - amazonebi.
rogorc qaldebis, ise amazonebis sacxovrisi isazRvrebda md. TemiskirasTan, sidenesTan, farnakiasTan axlos. orive tomi (qaldebi anu alazonebi da
amazonebi) saxelganTqmuli meomari iyo. strabonis rukaze, romelic Tan
erTvis 1964 wels gamocemul mis rusul Targmans, alizonebi (anu alazonebis) sacxovrisi kerasus-farnas qvemoT mTianeTSia gansazRvruli par732

iadres qedis kalTaze.

straboni wers - ,,farnakiisa da trapezuntis maxloblad mdebare adgilebs zemoT arian tibarenebi da qaldeebi, vidre mcire armeniamde. es ki
sakmaod mdidari qveyanaa, mas iseve, rogorc sofenes, mudam ganagebdnen
Tavisi dinastebi, maTi qveSevrdomebi iyvnen qaldeebi da tibarenebi, ise,
rom trapezuntamde da farnakiamde vrceldeba maTi xelisufleba, xolo
rodesac gaZlierda miTridate evpatori, is gaxda kolxidisa da yvela
amaTi batoni~ (str. XII, III, 28).
rogorc vTqviT Zv. w. II s-Si armeniam iberiisagan miitaca pariadre,
amitomacaa, rom pariadresTan mcxovrebi tibarenebi da qaldeebi mcire
armeniis dinasts eqvemdebarebodnen trapezuntidan - farnakiamde. miTridate evpatorma es mmarTveloba Tavis xelSi aiRo da is kolxidis mmarTvelic gaxda. es kolxida iwyeboda trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT, anu trapezunti
erTmaneTisgan hyofda mcire armeniis dinastebis miwas da kolxidas.
trapezuntidan - farnakiamde (daaxloebiT Tanamedrove trabzonidan ordumde) mcxovrebi tibarenebi da qaldebi mcire armeniis gamgebel arqelaes epyra. strabonis dros is Secvala misma qvrivma piTodorosma.
kolxida rom trapezunts esazRvreboda misi sagamgeblo teritoriis
sazRvrebidan Cans - ,,tibarenebi da qaldebi kolxidamde, farnakiamde da
trapezuntamde upyria piTodoross, romelic Wkviani qalia~ (str. XII, III, 29).
strabonis dros erTdros saxelovani qaldebi dasustebulebi iyvnen,
qsenefontes cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, isini Zalze Zlierni iyvnen da TavianT
gamgeblobas taoxebsa da fasianebzec avrcelebdnen. lazTa saxelovani
tomis saxelic qaldebs ukavSirdeba. lazebi, XX s. istorikosTa TvalsazrisiT, Tavdapirvelad TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen,
saidanac isini amave saeWvro mosazrebiT VII-VIII ss-Si trapezuntis regionSi gadasaxldnen, araviTari wyaro ar arsebobs am mosazrebaTa dasamtkiceblad. es mxolod varaudebia, maSin, rodesac straboni qaldebs akavSirebs alazonebTan. saxeli alazoni igive lazoni unda iyos safuZveli
satomo saxelisa lazi. konkretulad es saxeli bolo droisaTvis arc
erT toms ar erqva, magaliTad arzrumelebi lazebs uwodebdnen trapezuntis regionSi mcxovrebT, da piriqiT, trapezuntelebi arzrumelebs. aqedan
Cans, rom lazonia, lazTa qveyana zogadad erqva vrcel regions, sadac
odesRac qaldebis xelisufleba vrceldeboda. am saxelisagan - lazi unda iyos warmoSobili sxva msgavsi saxeebi arze, arazani, arzena, arzes
qveyana. es saxeli karduxebis mezobel odesRac qarTuli tomebis qveyana
- alzTanac unda iyos dakavSirebuli. saerTod karduxebisa da qaldebis
saxelebis identurobac maniSnebelia maTi eTnikuri naTesaobisa. karduxebi - qsenefontes epoqaSi qaldebis msgavsad Zlier meomrebad iTvlebodnen.
xalibebi anu lazebi
(lazebi g. gozaliSvilis mixedviT)
Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebisaTvis q. sinopes regioni dasaxlebuli yofila
xalibebiT, romelnic aq ZiriTadad metalurgebi iyvnen.
733

,,stefane bizantielis mier CamoTvlil oTx saukeTeso jiSis folads

Soris ori aRiniSneba saxelwodebiT - xalduri da sinopuri~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 22).
zRvispirze xalibebis qalaqebi yofila stamena (hekate miletelis cnobiT) da geneti (skilaqs kariandeli), mosinikebis qalaqi yofila navsadguri zefiriusi. Tumca ki yvela zRvispira qalaqi berZnulad (elinurad)
iTvleboda, maT Soris q. fazisi da q. trapizoni (zogierTi mkvlevaris
azri gansxvavebulia).
I s. mwerali ponponius mela wers - ,,paflagonielebis mezobel xalibebs aqvT qalaqebi amisosi da sinope, agreTve xalibebisaa md.
halisi da Termodoni~ (iqve, gv. 27).
xalibebi paflagoniis tomadac ki iTvleboda. Zveli welTaaRricxvis
III saukunis avtoris likofonis sqoliasti wers - ,,aris paflagoniaSi
tomi xalibebi, romelTaganac, rogorc Cans, pirvelad iqna mopovebuli rkina~ (iqve, gv. 33). qsenefonte sinopesac paflagoniaSi aTavsebda ,,sinopelebi paflagoniaSi cxovroben~ - werda is (iqve, gv. 34).
homerosic xalibebs paflagonielebis maxloblad ixseniebs - iq vkiTxulobT - ,,uZRodnen haliZonT kvalad odiosi da epistrofe Soreuli alibebis mxridan, sadac vercxlis samSobloa~ (iqve, gv. 38).
Zvelad qarTvelebic albaT gamoTqvamdnen ara sityva ,,haliZons~, aramed
,,halizons~. am sityvidan yofila warmoSobili sityva ,,amazonic~ - strabonis cnobiT. s. yauxCiSvilis daskvniT - ,,haliZonebSi igulisxmebian is
xalibebi, romelnic ZvelTaganve liTonTa damuSavebiT iyvnen cnobilni~
(iqve, gv. 39).
xalibebi mdinare halisTan anu galisTan (RalisTan) cxovrobdnen, mis
marjvena sanapirodan iwyeboda maTi sacxovrisi. g. gozaliSvilis TvalsazrisiT ki, xalibebi md. halisis orive mxareze cxovrobdnen, rom es
mdinare maT qveyanaSi gaedineboda (iqve, gv. 42). strabonis cnobiT ki mravalricxovani xalibebi cxovrobdnen rogorc zRvis pirze, ise ,,Sua xmeleTze~,
e. i. mcire aziis SigniT (iqve, gv. 44). e. i. rogorc sinopesTan, ise ,,xmeleTis
SigniT~. isini aseve Termodontanac cxovrobdnen - oRond sxvisi qveSevrdomobis qveS.
,,xmeleTis SigniT~ mosaxle xalibebi Zlier xalxad iTvleboda, rogorc
iTqva, es xalibebi homerosTan ,,haliZonebad~ ixsenebian, zogjer straboni
maT alazonebs uwodebs. sityva alazonidan unda iyos warmoSobili sityva lazi, romelic am mxareTa mosaxleobas erqva uZvelesi xnidanve (alazoni=lazi).
homerosis cnobiT alibebis qveyanaSi vercxlis sabado moi poveboda,
marTlac qaldeas TemSi, romelic ZiriTadad zemoTaRniSnul teritorias
moicavda, mopoveboda vercxli da mis dedaqalaqsac ki ,,argiokastroni~
erqva (anu vercxlis qalaqi).
troas omSi monawile xalibebis anu alibebis (alizonebis) winamZRoli
yofila - odiosi, odi ki qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis erTerTi RvTaebis saxeli yofila (iqve, gv. 47). mravali mkvlevari daaskvnis, rom homero734

sis ,,alibe~ da Semdgomi ,,xalibe~ - erTi da igivea (iqve, gv. 63) alibebs ki
aseve alazonebi erqva, saidanac, rogorc vTqviT warmoSobili unda iyos
SemdgomSi aq gavrcelebuli satomo saxeli ,,lazi~, maSasadame lazebi xalibebis STamomavlebi yofilan, da lazebis Tavdapirveli saxeli - xalibebi yofila.
antikuri cnobebis safuZvelze irkveva, rom xalibebis erTi nawili zRvis
sanapirosTan cxovrobda, meore ki samxreTiT, mTian raionebSi Woroxis
saTaveebTan (iqve, gv. 64).
zRvispira xalibebi erT dros, qsenefontes cnobiT mosinikebs emorCilebodnen, da rkinas (an vercxls) amuSavebdnen mZime SromiT, magram Sua
xmeleTis xalibebi kargi meomrebi iyvnen, magaliTad sparselTa sardal
tiribazs isini Tavis jarSi hyavdaT daqiravebuli, ,,xalibebi da taoxebi~
qsenefontes berZenTa jars SeebrZolnen.
ZvelTaganve taoxebi yvelaze ufro msxvil politikur gaerTianebas
qmnida samxreT kavkasiaSi diauxis epoqaSi, xalibebi maTi Tanafardi didi
tomi yofila (iqve, gv. 66). isini iyvnen mravalricxovanni da ekonomikurad
uzrunvelyofilni qsenefontes cnobiT. sparselTa qveSevrdomoba Tavidan
aucilebia zogierT qarTul toms, qsenefonte wers - ,,karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, ketebi da tibarenebi
damoukidebelni arian~ (iqve, gv. 70).
im azrs, rom xalibebi mravalricxovani, meomari tomi iyo iziarebs
straboni, amitomac, rogorc iTqva, ueWvel faqtad Tvlida, rom homerosi
ixseniebs xalibebs Tavis katalogSi - ,,aliZonebis~ saxeliT paflagonielebis Semdeg (iqve, gv. 72).
apolonios radoseli xalibTa miwas ,,usazRvros~ uwodebs (iqve, gv. 72).
xalibTa vrceli samTavro orad gayo armenielTa SemoWram maT miwawyalze. ,,xalibTa samyaro SeizRuda da gaiTiSa~ (iqve, gv. 74).
xalibebs aseve xaldebi - qaldebi erqvaT. qristeSobamde VII s-Si SavizRvispireTSi muSkebis teritoriis CrdiloeTiT xaldebis (qaldebis) msxvili
gaerTianeba Camoyalibebula (iqve, gv. 74). is ixsenieba asurul wyaroebSi.
xaldebis CrdiloeTiT Savi zRva iyo gadaWimuli, samxreTiT ki
isini arzumamde aRwevdnen, Tumca sxva wyaroebiT pariadres mTis
kalTebzec cxovrobdnen. maT gaerTianebas ,,xalitu~ erqva. g. meliqivSili SeniSnavs - ,,xaldi~ SeiZleba iyos ,,qarTu~-s dialeqturi varianti da momdinareobdes uZvelesi, jer daunawevrebeli erTiani
qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis droidan~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 78).
qaldebi da xaldebi erTidaigive xalxi iyo strabonis cnobiTac (iqve,
gv. 78).
CemTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania i. diakonovis Tvalsazrisi imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom xalibebi igive lazi xalxi, lazebis winaprebi
unda yofiliyvnen, radganac mec aseve miviCnev da Zvel avtorTa cnobebi
momyavs amis samtkiceblad ,,i. diakonovi xalibebze wers: ,,piotkovskim daamtkica, rom xalibebi
arian an iberiuli xalxi sanebi (Wanebi) anda lazebi~ (iqve, gv. 79).
735

piotkovskis es mosazreba gamouTqvams wignSi ,,pontospira xaldebi

da urartu~ (1940, aseve wignSi ,,istoria da kultura urartusi~ (gv.
326-331), (iqve, gv. 79).
maSasadame i. diakonovisa da piotkovskis azriT xalibebi igive
lazebi arian.
xalibebs straboni uwodebs ,,alazonebs~, i. diakonovis TvalsazrisiT
xalibebi lazebis winaprebi arian. TviTon sityva ,,alazoni~ iZleva saSualebas misgan miRebuli iqnas sityva - lazi Semdegi gziT - ,,alaz-oni~
(oni sufiqsia) - alaz=laz.
meore mxriv sityva ,,alazidan~ SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnas sityva ,,gurz,
Semdegi gziT - al-az~ sityvaSi Tu fuZis nawils ,,al~-s CavanacvlebT
,,ur~-iT (qarTulSi ,,al~-s ,,ar~ an ,,ur~ enacvleba), maSin miviRebT
,,alaz~=,,uraz~=urz (urZ).
(alzis qveynis mcxovrebi Cans ,,urz~-ebadac iwodebodnen).
mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom xalibebis sacxovrisis mTavar mdinares
galiss (alisi, halisi) SesaZloa mieca saxeli xalibebisaTvis. maSasadame
eTnonimi xalibi da alazoni ,,galisTan~ yofila dakavSirebuli. Tu es
asea, SesaZloa alazonebis Tavdapirveli saxeli galazoni yofiliyo, sityva galazonidan ki zemoTaRniSnuli gziT SesaZlebelia ,,gurz~-is miReba. gurz, qurZ, gurjebi qarTvelTa saxelwodebebi iyo uZvelesi droidanve.
amasTanave sityva ,,xaldidanac~ SesaZlebelia sxva eTnosaxelebis miReba.
xaldi = qardi - qarTi
maSasadame, Tu es asea sityvebi gurZi, qarTi da lazi erTi fuZidanaa
nawarmoebi, romelTac Zveli avtorebi xalibebs aRniSnavdnen.
mdinare galiss qarTveli istorikosebi ,,haliss~ uwodeben. vfiqrob
swori formaa ,,galisi~, es saxeli sxva mdinaresac hqvia saqarTveloSi ,,galiswyali~, ,,gali~ (galis raionSi). rogorc aRiniSna sityva eTnonimi
,,galazoni~ (galaZoni) da ,,alazoni~ SesaZloa am mdinaris saxelsac ukavSirdebodes, anda, piriqiT, satomo saxeli ,,galazoni~ iqca mdinaris saxeladac (galisi).
safiqrebelia isic, rom alazonebis tomi (igive xalibebi) kidev ufro
samxreTiT cxorvobda, rac Semdgom toponimebzec asaxula. erTi aseTi
qveyana unda yofiliyo mcire aziis samxreT dasavleTi nawili, sadac
aleqsandre makedonelis dros jer kidev arsebobda punqtebi am saxelwodebiT - ,,halikarnasi~ da gordioni. isini alizonebis anu alazonebis
tomTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. es punqtebi erTmaneTis gverdiT, erT
regionSi mdebareobdnen.
cnobilia, rom ,,gordioni~ frigiul toms ukavSirdeba. Cans frigielebi
da alazonebi erTi xalxi iyo - qarTuli warmoSobisa, radganac frigieli
toponimebi da saxelebi qarTulSi mravladaa amJamadac, upiratesad esaa
saxeli ,,gord~, ,,gard~, aqedan ,,qarT~. ,,gard~ saxelisagan SeiZleba ,,qaldebis~
anu xalibebis saxelic momdinareobdes. aseve maTgan (alazonebisa da
frigielebisagan) unda momdinareobdes saxeli ,,galato~, ,,galebi~, marTalia galebis kelturi tomis saxelmwifo mcire aziaSi III s-Si daarsda,
736

magram safiqrebelia, rom maTi nakadebi ufro adrec Semovidnen mcire

aziaSi da eTno erTobas qmnidnen qarTul tomebTan. frigielebic SesaZloa keltebis winaprebi iyvnen.frigielebi indievropuli enis matareblebi yofilan,qarTul enasac indoevropul enaTa Soris aTavsebda zogierTi cnobili mkvlevari.
rogorc aRvniSneT i. daiakinovisa da piotrovskis azriT xalibebi da
lazebi erTi xalxi iyo (. . , .
. 111; ,, ~ VI, 52. ,, ~ VI, 52. ,
, ,, . . . . ~,
V, 1940, misive, , gv. 326-331).
maT mosazrebas g. gozaliSvili eTanxmeba, amitomac maTi Tvalsazrisi
moiyvana Tavis wignSi ( g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965,gv. 79).
Tvalsazrisi, rom xaldebi da lazebi erTi xalxia, Cemi naSromisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan is miuTiTebs, rom lazebi
ZvelTaganve cxovrobdnen sinop-trapezuntis (trapezusis) regionSi, mis samxreTis mTianeTSi. es mosazreba kardinalurad gansxvavdeba sabWoTa epoqis qarTveli istorikosebis mtkicebisagan, rom
lazebi Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen da
Semdego, kerZod VIII saukunisaTvis (arabobis epoqaSi) gadasaxldnen trapezuntis mTianeTSi. me ki vamtkiceb da am mtkicebas mivuZRveni
aseulobiT gverdi, rom lazebi Tavdapirveladve cxovrobdnen trapezuntis regionSi, iqve mdebareobda lazTa saepiskoposo kaTedrebi VI saukunidanve, ziganasi, saisianisa, rodopolisisa da petrasi (da ara dasavleT
saqarTveloSi), sabWoTa epoqis qarTveli istorikosebis Tvalsazrisi, rom
lazebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, aRiarebuli
iqna saistorio mecnierebis mier da TviT amJamindeli ucxoeli mkvlevarebic ki Tvlian, TiTqosda lazebi arabobis epoqaSi gadasaxldnen rionis auzidan samxreTiT da damkvidrdnen trapezuntis mTianeTSi (magaliTad karpovi da sxvebi), magaliTad konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eparqiebis erTerTi Tanamedrove istorikosi miiCnevs, rom rionis xeobidan
lazebis samxreTiT gadasaxlebis gamo rodopolisis kaTedra Tanamedrove varcixidan gadatanili iqna trapezuntis mTianeTSi, me ki miviCnev,
rom lazebi Tavdapirveladve cxorvobdnen am mTianeTSi da Sesabamisad lazikis eparqiis rodopolisisa da sxva kaTedrebi Tavdapirveladve mdebareobdnen trapezuntis mTianeTSi da maT funqcionireba Sewyvites Teodosiopolisi-trapezuntis mxareebSi arabobis Setevis Semdeg.
g. gozaliSvili, rogorc aRvniSneT eTanxmeba am Tvalsazriss da wers ,,homerosis haliZonebi unda niSnavdes zanebs - Wanebs, strabonis
mowmobiT, rom homerosi ,,alizonebs uwodebs xalibebs~ (straboni,
XII, III, 20), rom xalibebi da xalibTa mosaxleoba Savi zRvis sanapiroze da
mcire aziis garkveul raionebSi Zveladve arsebobda, amis damadasturebelia TviT md. halisis saxelwodeba da is faqti, rom aqaur xalxTa Soris
ixsenieba xalxi Haliwa (iqve, gv. 79).
maSasadame xalibebi da lazebi erTi xalxi iyo. zRvis sanapiros
737

xalibebi Zvel wyaroebSi xan xaldebad da xan xalibebad arian moxseniebuli~ (iqve, gv. 78). xalibi, rogorc iTqva g. meliqiSvilis azriT ,,qarTus~
dialeqturi varianti yofila da momdinareobda uZvelesi, jer kidev daunawevrebeli erTiani qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis droidan (.
, - , gv. 411).
maSasadame xalibisagan miRebulia saxelebi lazi da qarTu. aqedan gamomdinare lazi da qarTu Tavdapirveladve, erTi xalxi iyo da is
xalibebisagan momdinareobda.
xalibebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT erTiani eTnosis saxiT,
romelTa tomebi iyvnen karduxebi, lazebi da Semdgomi qarTlis
samefos mosaxleoba (am ukanasknelis saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia farnavazis epoqaSi momxdara).
a. svaniZis azriT mcire aziis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba iyo eTnikurad
erTgvarovani da qarTul tomebTan eTnikur erTgvarovnebas qmnida (.
, , 1937, gv. 30).
Semdeg saukuneebSic zRvis sanapiros mTianeTi kvlav qarTuli tomebiT
iyo dasaxlebuli.
anonimuri peri plusiT ,,pontos samefo dasaxlebulia tibarenebiT, sanikebiTa (WanikebiT) da kolxebiT. misi mezobeli mxareebi ki agreTve barbarosebs ekuTvniT ( g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965,gv. 82). am
cnobidan Cans, rom Wanebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomebi yofilan trapezuntis regionSi (pontoSi). n. maris varaudiTac q. sinope ZvelqarTul
samyaros ekuTvnoda da Savi zRvis mTel samxreT sanapiros sinopidan
anapamde Wan-megrelebiT dasaxlebulad miiCnevda~ (iqve, gv. 84).
maqsimovas daskvniT orduSi (yof. kotiora, romelic amisodan Sors ar
iyo) da anatoliis sxva raionebSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri naSTebi
analogiuria kolxur-yobanur kulturis naSTebisa (iqve, gv. 85). es unda
iyos xalibebis metalurgiuli kulturis naSTebi, Sesabamisad unda vivaraudoT, rom xalibebi cxovrobdnen aseve samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic, samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalibebis anu qarTvelebis saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia, rogorc iTqva farnavazis epoqaSi momxdara
qarTlis samefos miwa-wyalze - egris-wyal-klisuridan albaneTamde.
bizantielebma im teritorias, romlis centralur nawils q. amisosis
olqi warmoadgenda - ,,qaldiis Tema~ uwodes is SemdgomSi ,,trapizonis
imperiad~ iwoda. ufro adre iqauri qarTuli tomebi aseve kolxebadac
iwodebodnen, qristeSobamde VI s-Sic ,,mesxebi - kolxur tomad~ iwodeboda hekatos miletelis mier.
meSexebi warmoadgendnen ,,gabatonebul xalxs~ Crdilo siriaSi, tavrsa da kapadokiaSi - xaxanovis azriT (. ,
, 1903, , gv. 2). el. maieris azriT
,,berZnuli wyaroebiT tibarenebs SemdgomSi ewodaT kapadokielebi da kataonebi~ (g. gozaliSvili, gv. 93).
mesxebi da tibarenebi am raionis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba yofila misive
azriT, xolo ravlinsonis azriT ,,mosoxebi warmoadgendnen mosaxleobis
738

substrats klasikur epoqaSi~, igulisxmeba kapadokia (iqve, gv. 93). ,,md.

halispira mosaxleobas haliZonebad - halisis Wanebad icnobdnen~
- wers g. gozaliSvili (iqve, gv. 94).
mcire aziis teritoriaze dRemde Semonaxuli toponomikuri masala mxolod qarTulis saSualebiT ixseneba (iqve, gv. 98).
`trapzonis regioni lazebis uZvelesi samSoblo iyo. am qalaqs lazebi tramtras (tamtras) uwodebdnen~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli,
1965, gv. 99).
al. svaniZis azriTac haliZonebi da zanebi erTi xalxi iyo, romlebic md. galisTan (halisTan) cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 101).
sparseTis XIX olqSi mcxovrebi mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi da marebi erTnairad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli - erTobas qmnidnen (iqve, gv.
115).
alazonebis saxels straboni amazonebs ukavSirebda. SesaZloa es meomari qalebis tomi - xaliburi sarmoSobisa iyo, Cans am tomis saxeli
`qald~ etimologiurad sityva ,,qals~ daukavSires ucxoelebma- ,,qaldqal~, ,,qal~ ki qarTulad dedakacs aRniSnavs. amazonebi mosinikebisa da
xalibebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 119).
amazonebi md. TermodontTan cxovrobdnen, Temiskira - amisosis raionSi
(iqve, gv. 127).
sicilisa da garTobis moyvaruli tibaranebic xalibebis mezoblebi
iyvnen ( g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 119).
g. gozaliSvils mohyavs ioane ceces (XII s.) cnoba, rom am mxareebSi
mcxovrebi ,,kolxebi - lazebad iwodebian~ (iqve, gv. 120). maSasadame kolxebic xaliburi-qalduri tomi iyo. mesxebi, rogorc iTqva, Tavis mxriv ,,kolxuri tomi~ iyo megasTenes cnobiT. iq mcxovrebi tomebi erTi eTnowarmoSobisa iyo, magram maT trapezuntis regionSi ver SeZles erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia.
g. gozaliSvili daaskvnis - ,,erT enaze metyveli es masa (e. i. qarTuli
tomebi) romelTa samxreTi frTa eWiraT mosxebs, did sivrces moicavda,
,,pariadres frTa eWiraT maT moZmeebs - xalibebs, romelnic SemdgomSi Wanebisa da lazebis saxeliT iyo cnobili~ (iqve, gv. 3).
g. gozaliSvili kidev erTxel imeorebs, rom lazebi Tavdapirveladve
sinop-trabzonis regionSi cxovrobdnen da isini xalibebi iyvnen
da isini herodotes dros saspeirebad da kolxebad iyofodnen.
saspeirebis saxels ,,sper~-Tan akavSireben.
speridan - kapadokiis CaTvliT qarTuli tomebis uZvelesi sacxovrisi
yofila.
antioqiis arqiepiskoposi evstrate, romelic 390 wels gardaicvala wers
- daasaxles ,,obelma - Tobelebi, axlandeli iberebi. osoxma - mesxenebi,
axlandeli kapadokielebi~ (iqve, gv. 161).
wm. eqvTime mTawmideli (963-1028), wm. maqsime aRmsareblis (VII s.) naSroze
dayrdnobiT axsenebs qarTul tomebs - ,,herni, megrelni (lazoi), tibarelni,
739

kolxelni~ (iqve, gv. 164).

konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT kapadokielTa pirveli winapari
,,mosxi~ (mesxi) yofila (iqve, gv. 165).
md. galisi (halisi) muSkebis sacxovrisi iyo uZveles dros, amave
mdinareze, rogorc iTqva Semdeg xalibebi cxovrobdnen.
g. gozaliSvili wers - ,,f. bilabelis gamokvleviT, xeTebis saxelmwifos daRupvis Semdeg, mis aRmosavleT nawilSi - SemdgomSi rom kapadokia
ewoda - Seiqmna muSkebis saxelmwifo halisisa da zemo tigras Soris. k.
betci ambobs, rom ,,Zveli aRTqmis meSexi da Tubali muSkebi (mosxebi)
da tabalebi arian, romlebic kimerielTa Semosevam Savi zRvis
samxreT sanapirosaken gandevnao~ (iqve, gv. 166).
r. reonhardis varaudiT ,,dRevandeli
qarTvelebis winaprebi Zveli
mosxebi da asurul wyaroebSi cnobili muskebi erTi da igiveni arian~
(iqve, gv. 166).
g. Rafancianis azriT Zv. w. XII saukunis Semdeg mcire aziaSi balkaneTidan
SeiWrnen frigielebi, lidielebi, likielebi da sxva tomebi, maT miaTvlian aseve muSkebsac (iqve, gv. 1660.
muSkebi - indoevropeli tomi yofila, xolo qarTuli mesxebi - kavkasiuri. Tu muSkebi da mesxebi erTidaigive iyo, maSin qarTvelebi (mesxebi)
indoevropelebi yofilan.
gr. Rafancianis azriT ezekielis (592-570) naxsenebi mosoxebi da tabalebi qarTuli warmoSobisani iyvnen (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli,
1965,gv. 166).
muSkebisa da mesxebis igiveobis azrs eTanxmeba i. diakonovi (iqve,
gv. 167). Tumca arc amJamadaa damtkicebuli es azri. mxolod zogierTebi
miiCneven, rom muSkebi ara frigielebi, aramed mcire aziuri tomi iyo (iqve,
gv. 168).
muSkebi i. diakonovis azriT asirelebisa da urartuelebis mezoblebi
iyvnen, berZnebi maT frigielebs uwodebdnen (iqve, gv. 169).
mosxebis qarTvelobas kargad adasturebs qristeSobamde VI s.
avtoris hekatos miletelis cnoba (Fr. 188) - ,,mesxebi - kolxuri
tomia, matianebis mezoblad cxovroban~ (iqve, gv. 169), TviT matienebi q. gordiis mezoblad cxovrobdnen. ,,rogorc cnobilia q. gordi frigiis dedaqalaqi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 169) mesxebis tomi kapadokiis
uZvelesi mosaxleoba yofila, da iq Zvelad frigiis samefo mdeba reo bd a.
muSkebisa da mesxebis igiveobas ar eTanxmeba s. kakabaZe - ,,asureli
muSkaiebi - ganvaSoroT qarTvel mesxebs~ (,,mnaTobi~, 1963, #1, gv. 187). qarTuli mesxebi ki kolxuri tomi yofila, rogorc iTqva, hekatos miletelis
cnobiT.
md. halisze - muSkebis Zvel sacxovrisSi, Semdgom Wanebi (xalibebi),
cxovrobdnen, amitomac g. gozaliSvili maT aigivebs.
straboni kapadokiis nawils - mosxikes uwodebs. aseve ioseb flaviusi,
romelic wers - ,,mesxebi axla kapadokielebad iwodebian~ (iqve, gv. 175).
kapadokiaSi xeTebis Semdeg xedven tibarenebs da mosxebs, aqve iyvnen es
740

tomebi IX-VII ss-Si. muSkebi meletinamde da tigrosamde cxovrobdnen.

aseve md. evfratis saTaveebamde tabalebis mezoblad. tibarenebi strabonis dros md. halisamde cxovrobdnen. kapadokieli iyo wm. nino da aseve wm.
giorgi.
iberebi. mosxebis, xalibebisa da iberebis gansaxlebis areali erTmaneTs faravda. pontospireTisa trabzon-vanistbis pireTis areali Tu erTi
avtoris mier xalibebiTaa dasaxlebuli, meore avtori aq mosxebs xedavs,
mesame avtori - iberebs. magaliTad plutarqe Tavis ,,pompeusis~ biografiaSi werda - ,,kavkasionis qedis garSemo mcxovreb tomTa Soris
yvelaze ufro udidesni albanelebi da iberebi arian. iberTa tomi
mosxur mTebamde da pontomde aRwevs. am tomebis gavliT gaemarTa
pompeusi somxeTidan miTridates winaaRmdeg~ (plutarqe, pompeusi, gv.
34).
Tu iberTa tomi pontomde aRwevda, maSin mosxuri mTebic iberebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, radganac jer mosxuri mTebia, Semdeg ki pontospireTi.
gelasi kesarieli miuTiTebs, rom pontospireTi - iberebiT da lazebiT iyo dasaxlebuli - is wers tyve qalis (wm. ninos) ,,xanaSi RmerTis
mcneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma
iberebma da lazebma~ (s. yauxCiSvili, mimomxilveli, 1926, #1, gv. 55).
romaeli mwerali rufinusi kidev ufro azustebs da iZleva cnobas,
rom iberebi pontos gasvwriv mcxovrebi tomi iyo, is wers - ,,iberTa
naTesavi, romelic pontos areSi binadrobs~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarT.
eris istoria, I, 1951, gv. 205).
g. gozaliSvili miiCnevs, rom radgan iberebi igive tabalebi arian, maTi
cxovreba da ganvrcoba pontos zRvamde bunebrivi iyo. amas miuiTebdnen
kidev sxvadasxva wyaroebi - saeklesio mwerali sokratec imaves wers ,,es iberni pontos zRvasTan binadroben~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate
pontoeli, 1965, gv. 182).
g. gozaliSvili wers, rom berZnul-romaul mwerlobaSi arsebobda termini - ,,pontos iberia~ (iqve, gv. 182, k. grigolia - iberiis samefoni,
,,moambe~, 1961, #3, gv. 330).
,,pontos iberiis~ qveS unda igulisxmebodes qarTuli wyaroebis
,,arian-qarTli~.
rogorc aRiniSna plutarqes cnobiT iberTa tomi zRvis sanapiromde vrceldeboda, xolo gelasis cnobiT pontoSi iberebi da lazebi cxovrobdnen. es bunebrivia, radganac maT erTi saerTo winapari
- x a lib e b i ( q ald e bi ) hy a v da T , x o lo m e sx e b i, k olx u r to ma d
miiCneoda,amitom isic imave warmoSobisa iyo. amitomac werda rufinusi rom iberebi ,,pontos areSi~ binadroben, xolo sokrate ,,iberebi pontos zRvasTan binadroben~ (iqve, gv. 183). evagre pontoelic (341-399) amitom iyo eTnikurad iberi - TviT berZnuli
wyaroebis cnobiT.
xalibebi da muSkebi (lazebisa da iberebis winaprebi) urartuli wyaroebiTac erTad cxovrobdnen. Zv. w. VII s. urartus mefis rusa II-is warweraSi
naTqvamia, rom muSkebis CrdiloeTiT xalitus (xalibebis) qveyana mdebare741

obda (iqve, gv. 190), xolo meSexi da Tubali wm. bibliaSic erTad ixseniebian
(Tubalebi igive iberebi arian ioseb flaviusis cnobiT).
es tomebi yvela wyaros cnobiT samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken
miiwevdnen, amitomac erTmaneTs faravdnen, sabolood ki ,,qarTlis
samefo~ daaarses farnavazis epoqaSi.
wyaroTa mixedviT is tomebi, romelnic uwindel wyaroebSi samxreTis
raionebis mosaxleobad iTvlebodnen, axla CrdiloeTiT moCanan.
lazebi. n. mari TurqeTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg wers - ,,Wanebi TavianT
Tavs uwodeben lazebs~ (g. gozaliSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 194).
lazebis sacxovrisi TviT saqmeSi Caxeduli lazebis sityviT cxovrobdnen sinopidan da samsunidan trapezuntis regionis CaTvliT. n. marisaTvis
mis Tanmxleb lazs favzi-beis uTqvams, rom ,,konstantinopolSi lazebs uwodeben SavizvispireTis mcxovrebT, samsunelebsac da sinopelebsac. sinopelebi lazebad moixsenieben samsunelebs, samsunelebi ki trapezuntelebs~ (iqve, gv. 194).
maSasadame md. galisis (halisis) sanapiroebidan trapezuntis regionis CaTvliT mosaxleoba lazebad iwodeboda.
es faqti kidev erTxel gvaCvenebs, rom xalibebi SemdgomSi marTlac
lazebad iwodnen, radganac swored md. galisidan iwyeboda xalibebis
sacxovrisi, amasTanave xalibebis anu qaldebis saxeli ewoda kidec lazebiT dasaxlebul olqs bizantielTa mier, es iyo ,,qaldeas Tema~, rogorc
cnobilia am miwa-wyalze xalibebis garda cxovrobdnen sanebi da sxva
qarTuli tomebi, Cans erT periodSi moxda kidec xalibebisa da sanebis
(Wanebis) konsolidacia (anda isini Tavidanve erTi xalxi iyo) da amis
Sedegad am xalxs daerqva ori saxeli, is erTdroulad iyo lazic da
Wanic. saxeli lazi miRebulia xalibebis saxelisagan ,,alazoni~
(alizoni), xolo Wani ,,sanebis~ tomis saxelisagan.
lazebis anu Wanebis sacxovrisi md. galisidan (halisidan) vrceldeboda trapezuntisaken. fiqroben, rom alazonebis (alizonebis) saxeli md.
galiss ukavSirdeba Tu asea Tavdapirveli saxeli iqneboda galazonebi an
halazonebi. n. mari werda am lazebis anu igive Wanebis sacxovrisis Sesaxeb - ,,adre Wanuri tomis mosaxle obas ufro farTo teritoria
eWira - md. yizil irmakamde. am mdinaris Tavdapirveli saxeli
,,halisi~ ixseneba Wanuridan da niSnavs mdinares~ (iqve, gv. 194). maSasadame n. mari fiqrobda rom md. halisi (galisi) iyo qarTuli sityva
,,Relesagan~ miRebuli saxeli - ,,Relisi~ - Ralisi.
g. gozaliSvili marTebulad SeniSnavs - ,,dasturdeba homerosisa da
strabonis cnobebi halizonebisa da xalibebis Sesaxeb, rom halizonebi zanebi-Wanebi iyvnen~ (iqve, gv. 194).
am daskvnidan SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom sityva ,,zani~ erTi nawilia
erTiani sityvisa ,,alizoni~. da is (,,zani~) miRebulia saxelisagan ,,alizoni~ (alazoni). bizantiur samyaroSi trapezuntis regionis erT nawils
- ,,lazoni~erqva.
sxvadasxva wyaroSi lazebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomad moixsenieba,
magram, Cans, is erTi xalxi iyo. saerTod ,,kolxi~ - sazogado saxeli unda
742

yofiliyo zRvispireTis qarTuli tomebisa, maT Soris mesxebisac, radaganc hekatos mileteli mesxebs - kolxur tomad miiCnevda - ,,Wanebis lazebis (kolxebis) mosaxleoba iyo trapezuntis olqis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba, romelic trapezuntidan dasavleTiT Sors vrceldeboda~ (iqve, gv.
194).
TviT bizantiis imperiis Zlierebis xanaSi - VI s-Si Wanebi SeWrilan
kapadokiaSi, kilikiaSi da siriaSi (ioane galalas (491-578) cnobiT).
xaldebisa da Wanebis igiveobas mose xorenelis cnobac adasturebs, sadac Wanebis qveyana moxseniebulia, rogorc Waniuki, xalti
(iqve, gv. 195).
Wanebisa da xaldebis igiveobaze wers g. meliqiSvilic - ,,samxreTis mimarTulebiT antikur dros cxovrobda qarTuli tomi xaldixalibebi, rogorc cnobilia saxeli ,,xaldi~ (qaldi) organuladaa
dakavSirebuli dasavlur qarTul, kerZod Wanebis mosaxleobasTan.
Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba saxelwodebebi ,,xaldi~ da ,,Wani~ (iqve, gv. 196).
rogorc iTqva Wanebi TavianT Tavs lazebs uwodebdnen. meomari Wanebis
qveynis damorCileba mxolod iustinianes dros bizantiis imperiam VI sSi. iqamde es tomi - sruliad damoukidebeli iyo. 535 wels gamocemul
Tavis novelaSi iustiniane siamayiT acxadebda, rom Wanebis damorCileba
RmerTma romaelebs mxolod mis mefobaSi mianiWa (iqve, gv. 195).
Wanebi g. gozaliSvilis cnobiT cxovrobdnen trapizonis dasavleTiT
da ara aRmosavleTiT, is wers - ,,Wanuri mosaxleoba trapizonis dasavleTiT Sors iyo mofenili~ (iqve, gv. 195), Tumca iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT
trapizoni Tavisi olqiT ,,lazebis anu Wanebis~ mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 125).
mniSvnelovania g. meliqiSvilis mtkiceba, rom xaldebis saxeli Wanur
mosaxleobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba dasaxelebebi - ,,xaldi~ da ,,Wani~.
Wanebi, igive lazebi, igive xaldebi anu xalibebi yofilan TavianTi warmomavlobiT, cnobilia, rom wyaroTa miTiTebebiT xalibebis ZiriTadi gansaxlebis areali samxreTiT - trapizonis regionSi mdebareobda, amitomac, aqedan gamomdinare, umarTebulod Cans sabWour
istoriografiaSi miRebuli daskvna, rom lazebis Tavdapirveli
sacxovrisi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, saidanac isini trapizonisaken gadasaxldnen arabobis epoqaSi VII-VIII saukuneebSi.
g. meliqiSvili, iseve, rogorc am sakiTxis mravali ucxoeli mkvlevari
wers - ,,rogorc cnobilia, xaldebis saxeli organulad ukavSirdeba
da sa vlu r- qar Tu l, ke rZo d ki Wa nur m osa xleob as , Z ve lso mx ur
wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba dasaxeleba - xaldi da
Wani~ (iqve, gv. 196). maTi istoriac sacxovrebel adgilze bizantielebma
Seqmnes Tema qaldia (xaldia) VIII s. damlevs (iqve, gv. 196).
maSasadame Tema xaldea Seqmnes ara dasavleT saqarTvelodan arabTa
epoqaSi gadmosaxlebulma lazebma, aramed, iq istoriulad mkvidri
743

xalibebis STamomavlebma, romelnic lazebad anda Wanebad iwodebodnen.

VIII s-Si Seqmnili Tema xaldias qalaqebi yofila trapizoni, xeriani,
erzinjani, baiburTi, argiokastroni (Turqebma giumiSxane uwodes) (,,vercxlis qalaqi~, aq iyo vercxlis maRaroebi), qaldis qalaqs baiburTs nusxebSi pai peri ewodeba (iqve, gv. 197). qarTulad am Temas erqva qveyana xaldiisa
(qaldiisa).
n. adonci mtkiced dgas im poziciaze, rom Wanebi Zvel dros
iwodebodnen xaldebis (qaldebis) saxeliT, is wers - ,,Wanebi Zvel
dros xaldebad iwodebodnen. maT garda iq mravali tomi xovrobda.
Wanebis VI s-Si gaZlierebis gamo am qveyanas Wanika uwodes~ (iqve, gv. 198).
iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT ,,yvela qarTveli tomebis samSoblo... qaldia iyo~ (qarT. eris ist. 1951, t. I, gv. 424).
iv. javaxiSvilis es Tvalsazrisi Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tu qaldea
anu xalibebis qveyana iyo yvela qarTuli tomis samSoblo (e. i.
svanebis, megrel-Wanebis, qarTl-kaxel-imerel-mesxebisa da sxva), maSin
yvela qarTuli tomi xaliburi warmoSobisa yofila. anu xalibebi
dvrita da safuZvelia saidanac yvela qarTuli tomi warmoSobila .
g. gozaliSvili exeba qaldeas TemSi mcxovreb adgilobrivi warmoSobis
didebulebs, romelnic aq saukuneTa manZilze liderobdnen da umaRles
samoxeleo Tanamdebobebs flobdnen, samwuxarod, maT Soris daundobeli
brZola iyo gaCaRebuli da erTmaneTs anadgurebdnen.
eseni yofilan Semdegi sagvareuloebi - sqolaria, mizimati, kavasiti,
Wanixiti, komaxiti (g. gozaliSvilis azriT am gvarebSi SeiZleba amovicnoT cnobili qarTuli sagvareuloebi - sxularia (sqolaria), kavsaZe (kavasiti), WaniSvili (Wanixiti), komaxiZe (komaxiti) da sxv.
,,TviTeul am sagvareulos Zvel xaldiaSi TvalsaCino adgili da roli
ganekuTvneboda - magaliTad, kavasitebis sagvareulos ekuTvnoda Semdgomi giumiSxane da xaldiis sxva mniSvnelovani punqtebi, kavasitebis
xelSi yofila trapizonidan arzrumis mimarTulebiT mdebare miwawylis olqi, romelzec saerTaSoriso gza gadioda. amitomac kavsas
naxevraddamoukidebeli sagvareulo xaldiis istoriaSi TvalsaCino rols
TamaSobda. misi warmomadgenlebi yofilan xaldiis dukad, hqoniaT didi
domestikisa da didi logoTetis wodebebi, saerTod, uspenskis sityviT,
xaldiis didi duka warmoadgenda samxedro da samoqalaqo gubernators,
magram realurad qaldiis pirobebidan gamomdinare (geografiuli garemo,
mudmivi omianoba) mas gacilebiT meti gavlena hqonda saimperatoro karze
(iqve, gv. 200).
aseve didi gavlena hqonda Wanixitebis sagvareulos, maT ekuTvnodaT qaldiis cixe-simagre Wanixi (Wanka) da macuka (maWuka). hqondaT
imperiis didi mejinibeTuxucesis wodeba.
744

aseTive mniSvnelobis iyo gabraTa (gabaraSvilTa) sagvareulo.

xaldiis cnobili cixe-simagre kamaxa (komaxa) iyo komaxitebis sagvareulos xelSi. komaxas cixes zogjer kemaxasac uwodebdnen. gamahmadianebis Semdegac qaldiaSi Wanur sagvareuloebs didi Zalaufleba
darCaT ( g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965,gv. 200).
g. gozaliSvili miiCnevs, rom qaldiis TemSi Sediodnen pai perti
(baiberTi), gaZiura, kolonia, azrumi da mosaxleobis or mesamedze
meti lazebi anu Wanebi iyvnen (iqve, gv. 201). ramdenic mudam ibrZodnen
TavisuflebisaTvis.
g. gozaliSvili, ar eTanxmeba Teorias lazebis rionis xeobidan qaldeaSi
gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, amitomac wers - ,,lazur-Wanuri aq imTaviTve sufevda, rom xalibebi, tibarenni, mosvinikebi, drilebi da svanebi swored lazur-Wanurs laparakobdnen, rom yvelani isini qarTul erovnebas ekuTvnodnen~ (iqve, gv. 203). am kuTxiT Zalze mniSvnelovania g. gozaliSvilis
daskvna (riTac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom lazebi qaldeaSi ar gadmosaxlebulan rionis xeobidan VIII-IX saukuneebSi, is wers ,,VIII-XI saukuneebSi ara Cans, rom am mxriv raime mniSvnelovani cvlileba momxdariyos, piriqiT, am qveynis mier saxelwodeba xaldiis SenarCuneba
miuTiTebs iqauri eTnikuri elementis statikurobaze~ (iqve, gv. 203).
am mosazrebas kidev ufro amtkicebs Semdegi fraza - ,,im teritoriaze,
sadac pontos samefo ivaraudeba, Wanur-lazuri mosaxleoba uwyvetad arsebobs~ (iqve, gv. 203).
g. gozaliSvili Tavisi vrceli kvlevis Sedegad sabolood askvnis ,,pontos samefos mosaxleobis ZiriTad elements mesxur-Wanur-lazuri da
sxva qarTveli tomebi Seadgendnen, rom pontos samefo iyo qarTvel tomTa
saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba~ (iqve, gv. 203).
maSasadame misi mtkice TvalsazrisiT lazebi trapezuntis olqSi
gadmosaxldnen ara VIII-IX saukuneebSi, rionis xeobidan, rogorc
miiCnevs sabWoTa epoqis istoriografia, aramed iqaurni mkvidrni
iyvnen uxsovari droidanve - isini lazebad iwodebodnen da ZiriTa dad gam ahma dia ndne n, xolo la zi q ris tian ebi ber Znu l Te ms
Seekedlnen - berZnebad iqcnen.
es lazebi igive xaldebi iyvnen. amitomac, gozaliSvilis azriT, magaliTad 1370-90 wlebSi daweril wm. evgeniosis cxovrebaSi, romelic 1200
wlis ambebs exeba trapizonis dukas ,,ioane xaldi~ ewodeba (iqve, gv. 206) im
xalxis saxlis mixedviT, romelic iq cxovrobda, radganac trapizonis
saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleoba lazebi iyvnen mis imperatorebs ,,kolxTa
mefeebs~ uwodebdnen (iqve, gv. 207).
aRsaniSnavia, rom ,,adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ,,saqarTvelos~ uwodebda
md. xartuSis sanapiros teritorias~.
ericovis cnobiT - ,,md. kisgimis marcxena sanapiro cnobilia giurjistanis saxeliT, aqaa xamSini~ (iqve, gv. 208). xolo adoncis TqmiT ,,Wanebi cxovrobdnen md. xartuSis aRmosavleTiT - ardasisa da giumiSxanes sazRvrebidan dawyebuli TviT xemSinamde, ekavaT ra amgvarad mTeli
parxaris zegani~ (iqve, gv. 208).
745

saerTod ki Wanur-lazuri mosaxleoba ,,trapizonisa da misi olqis

ZiriTad masas Seadgenda imTaviTve da TviT XX saukunemde~ (iqve, gv. 202).
isini ZiriTadad asimilirdnen berZnebsa da TurqebSi (gv. 202).
iv. javaxiSvilic ar eTanxmeboda rionis xeobidan lazebis trabzonisaken
gadasaxlebis Teorias, is amasTan dakavSirebiT wers - `qarTvelebs ar
SeeZloT trabzon-samsunis mxareebSi ,,TavianTi ena-kavebi raime
gziT gaevrcelebinaT~, radganac qarTvelebs (qarTul saxelmwifos) ,,aq arasodes ubatonia, Tamar mefis laSqrobis garda~, is
daaskvnis - ,,aq lazur-Wanuri laparaki exlac ismis, es mxolod
imis damamtkicebeli da momaswavebeli sabuTia, rom lazur-Wanuri
iq imTaviTve sufevda, rom xalibebi, tibarenebi, mosvinikebi, drilebi da svanebi swored lazur-Wanurs laparakobdnen, rom yvelani
isini qarTul erovnebas ekuTvnodnen~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli
eris istoria, I, gv. 415, 1951, iqve, gv. 203).
Zalze mniSvnelovania iv. javaxiSvilis daskvna, romlidanac Cans, rom
lazebi arabobis Semdeg ar gadasaxlebula trabzonis regionebisaken.
saqme isaa, rom ucxour gamocemebSic gamoCnda Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda
lazebi trapizonisken gadasaxldnen arabobis epoqaSi da iqamde rionis
xeobaSi iyo maTi sacxovrisi da e. w. ,,lazikis saepiskoposoebic~. amitomac magaliTad rodopolisad miiCneven varcixes da sxva. es mosazreba maT
sabWoTa istoriografiis msgavsi daskvnebis Sedegad gauCndaT.
g. gozaliSvili wers - ,,uZvelesi droidan mokidebuli pirvelwyaroebi erTxmad adastureben pontos samefos arealSi Wanur-lazuri da saerTod, qarTul tomTa uwyvet arsebobas~ (iqve, gv. 203).
gv. 204. TurqeTSi inglisis konsuli palheri Tavis mTavrobas atyobinebda, rom trapizonis vilaieTSi yizil-irmakidan (Zveli md. halisidan) punqt ,,SekveTilamde~ or milionamde adamiani cxovrobda. TviTon trapizonis vilaieTi iyofoda oTx sanjayad (olqad) - 1. lazistani; 2. trapzonis olqi; 3. Waniki; 4. giumiSxane. aRsaniSnavia, rom VII saukunis somxuri
geografiul samxreT egriss (egrs), aseve oTx olqad yofda, TiTqmis imave
saxelwodebiT (lazivi, Wanika, egeri, manrali). samxreT egrisis sazRvrebi
TiTqmis eTanadeboda XIX s-is trabzonis vilaieTis sazRvrebs.
Zveli xalibebis es vrceli qveyana ZiriTadad lazebiT (WanebiT) iyo
dasaxlebuli, magram maT ar gaaCndaT TavianTi nacionaluri identificirebis unari, ar hqondaT erovnuli TviTSemecneba (Tumca tomobriv doneze
nawilobriv gaaCndaT), amitomac isini religiuri niSnis mixedviT akuTvnebdnen TavianT Tavs sxvadasxva erovnebas, kerZod mahmadiani lazebi - Turqebad iwodebodnen, qristiani lazebi ki berZnebad, iyvnen aseve armenizirebuli lazebic (giumiSxanelebi) somxuri eklesiis mrevli Tavdapirvelad,
Semdeg ki gamahmadianebulebi.
ucxoeli mecnieris e. maieris daskvniT lazebi iyvnen STamomavalni
xalibebisa - ,,xalibebis STamomavalni romaul xanaSi Wanebad da
lazebad iwodebian~ (Ed. Meyer, Gesch. d.Altertums. Zweiter Band. Stuttgart. 1893, gv. 293, ix. iqve, gv. 226).
746

imave Tvalsazriss,rogorc iTqva, iziarebda i. diakonovi (iqve, gv. 226). is

emxroboda Tvalsazriss, rom xalibebi lazebis winaprebi iyvnen da aseve
aviTarebda azrs, rom amierkavkasiis xalxebs axlo aRmosavleTis xalxebTan genetikuri kavSiri gaaCniaT (iqve, gv. 226).
maSasadame gamoCenili ucxoeli mecnierebi e. maieri, i. diakonovi
da piotrovski miiCnevdnen, rom lazebi xalibebis pirdapiri memkvidreebi iyvnen. amasTanave iv. javaxiSvili, gozaliSvili da sxvani
ar miiCnevdnen, rom lazebi trapezunt-pontos regionSi gadmosaxldnen rionis xeobidan (dasavleT saqarTvelodan) arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg - VII-VIII saukuneebSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, radganac lazebi iyvnen xalibebis pirdapiri
memkvidreebi, maT (lazebs) eWiraT kidevac is teritoriebi, romelnic
iqamde xalibebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, esaa teritoria md. halisidan
(yizil-irmakidan) Woroxis xeobis CaTvliT vidre arzrumamde. amitomac kerasuntebi trapezuntelebs uwodebdnen lazebs, trapezuntelebi arzrumelebs da saerTod ki stambolelebi lazebs mTel
mosaxleobas uwodebdnen yizil-irmakidan baTumamde.
sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi, rom straboni xaldebs aseve uwodebs ,,alazonebs~.
qsenefontes cnobiT qaldebi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli meomari xalxi
iyo mraval tomTa Soris, aseTive yofilan qaldebis qalebic, ,,amazonebi~,
maTi meomruli Tvisebebi cnobili iyo Zvel samyaroSi. qaldebis am Zveli
binadrobis aRmniSvneli unda iyos amJamadac ki iq SemorCenili saxeli
qalaqisa-alazigi.
qaldebis saxelwodeba ,,alazonidan~ unda iyos warmomdgari satomo
saxeli -`lazoni~, ,,lazi~.
miiCneva, rom qaldebi Woroxis xeobaSic cxovrobdnen qsenefontes dros.
straboni maT sacxovris trapezuntis mTianeTSi asaxelebs, amitomac safiqrebelia, rom lazebi, ara VII saukuneSi gadasaxldnen dasavleT saqarTvelodan
trapezuntisaken, aramed isini iqauri mkvidri qaldebia, romelnic strabonis dros ukve cxovrobdnen trapezuntis samxreT mTianeTSi argiopolis-ziganas regionSi.
arianes (II s.) mier moxmobili eTno-toponimi ,,Zveli lazike~ miiCneva,
rom aris ,,gviandeli nikofsi~, romelic lokalizdeba sof. novomixailovskaiasTan, tuafses Crdilo dasavleTiT. d. musxeliSvili wers- eWvi ar
aris ,,Zveli lazike~ - lazebis pirvelsacxovrisi, kolxebis samefos eTnikur sazRvarze miuTiTebs Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. es eTnotoponimi Zv. w. I saukuneze Zveli unda iyos~ (,,analebi~, 2001, N1, gv. 18).
rogorc cnobilia arianes Txzuleba nayalbevad miiCneva, Semdeg epoqebSi SeTxzulad, miuxedavad amisa arianes mier moxmobili ,,Zveli lazika~
unda gulisxmobdes kolxebis sacxovrisis sazRvarsara tuafses,
aramed kolxebis sacxovrisis Semdgomi Teodosiopolisis mimarTulebiT, amitomac ,,Zveli lazike~ unda iyos Semdgomi zeganagiumuSxanes regioni, anu xaldebis (qaldebis) istoriuli sacxovrisi. aqedan Woroxis xeobis CaTvliT - xaldebis aqtiuroba
747

ufro TvalsaCino yofila Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, rac iq (Woroxis

xeobaSi) Camoyalibda kolxas samefos centri.
alazonebi da georgebi
strabonis cnobiT alazonebis tomi cxovrobda rogorc Savi zRvis
rogorc samxreT,ise Crdilo sanapiroze.
alazonebis tomis erTerTi sacxovrisi mdebareobda Savi zRvis samxreT
sanapiroze - sinopsa da trapezunts Soris.
straboni alazonebs xalibebis (xaldebis) tomis winaprebad miiCnevda.
xaldebi anu qaldevelebi, Semdgom Wanebad iwodnen, xolo qaldea - qarTvelTa yvela tomis saerTo samSoblod iqna miCneuli.
qarTvelebs ucxoelebi georgebs an gurjebsac uwodebdnen. georgebis
tomi Zveli wyaroebis cnobebiT, cxovrobda aseve Crdilo kavkasiaSi.
CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom strabonis cnobiT saxeli ,,georgi~ da aseve
,,alazonebis~ saxeli erqva yirimidan Savi zRvis Crdilo sanapiroze mcxovreb tomebsac.
maSasadame - Savi zRvis orive sanapiroze, erTmaneTis pirispir teritoriebze - rogorc yirimis mxareSi, aseve mis mopirdapire sinop-trapezuntis
mxareSi cxovrobdnen ,,alazonebi~ da aseve ,,georgebi~. isini orive am
teritoriaze, erTimeoris gverdigverd cxovrobdnen.
yirimis mimdebare mxareSi mcxovrebi xalxis ,,georgebis~ Sesaxeb straboni wers ,, ,,~
, , , , ~ (,
, VII, 4,6).
(, , . ,,~ , . 1964, . 284).
e. i. ,,xersonelTa xalxi iwodeboda georgebad, am sityvis pirdapiri
gagebiT, radganac skviTuri tomi, maT maRla mcxovrebi, iyo momTabare~
(str. VII, 4,6).
sityva georgi - miwis muSas niSnavs. e. i. xersonebis georgebis tomi
miwaTmoqmedi iyo da amitom ewoda es saxeli, rasac ar veTanxmebiT, radganac momTabareTa gverdiT vrcel teritoriebze, mravali miwaTmoqmedi xalxi
cxovrobda da maT ,,georgebi~ ar erqvaT, miT umetes, rom sxva antikuri
avtorebi georgebis toms Crdilo kavkasiaSic aTavsebdnen, Tu aras vityviT qarTvelebze, aseve georgebad wodebulebze.
saxeli ,,georgi~ eTnikuri TviTsaxelwodeba iyo.
yirimSi georgebis gverdiT cxovrobda aseve alazonebis tomi straboni wers - ,,... , - ,,~
(, , XI, 3, 21) , , ,,~ ,
, 1964, . 516).
georgebi da alazonebi Savi zRvis orive sanapiroze cxovrobdnen - erTmaneTis pirispir.
maSasadame ,,georgebis~ tomebi cxovrobdnen 1) yirimTan, 2) Crdilo kavkasiaSi da 3) samxreT kavkasiaSi, xolo ,,alazonebi~ cxovrobdnen 1) ponto748

trapezuntis mxareSi da 2) aseve Crdilo kavkasiaSi.

rogorc georgebi, ise alazonebi qarTvelebis winaprebi arian, kerZod
alazonebi erqvaT strabonis cnobiT xalibebs anu xaldebs, es ukanaskneli (xaldebi) igive qaldebi arian, qaldea (qaldu) - qarTvelTa saerTo
pirvel samSoblod, miiCneva, saidanac qarTvelTa yvela jgufi warmoiSva.
saxeli georgebi ki saerTod qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitomac
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom, radganac zRvis orive erTmaneTis mopirispire sanapiroze cxovrobdnen es tomebi, isini iyvnen erTi xalxi
da am xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli kavkasiis orive mxare, misi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi nawilebi - es xalxi iyo qarTvelebi.
lazebis tomi
lazebi, rogorc sayovelTaodaa cnobili ewodaT trapezuntis regionSi
qaldeas Temis mcxovrebT.
fiqroben, rom Tavdapirvelad lazebi erqvaT dasavleT saqarTvelos
zRvispireTSi mcxovreb tomebs, romelnic arabTa Semosevebis gamo TiTqosda
gadasaxldnen dasavleT saqarTvelodan trapezuntis olqSi dasaxldnen
iq da amitom aRmoCnda qaldeas Temi lazebiT dasaxlebuli.
vfiqrob, rom es ukve moZvvelebuli Tvalsazrisia.
Cemi kvleviT, lazebi imTaviTve erqvaT qaldebs, radganac straboni maT
alazonebs uwodebs.
strabonis geografiaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas erTerTi yvelaze rTuli kvleva exeba qaldebis Zveli saxelwodebis Ziebas- is wers, rom qaldebis anu
xaldebis winaprebi md. halasis (yizil-irmakis) sanapiroebidan laSqriT
mividnen troelebis dasaxmareblad. am xalxso wers straboni zogi alazonebs uwodebs, zogi ki alizonebs, radganac maT Zvel qveyanas ,,alibe~
erqvao.
am sakiTxs straboni Zalze vrcel msjelobas uZRvnis, maSasadame qaldebis
(xalibebis) Zveli saxeli iyo agreTve ,,alazonebi~ (alaZonebi), sityva
,,alazoni~ nawarmoebia ,,alaz~ anu ,,laz~ saxelisagan. am saxels ukvalod
ar Cauvlia da misganaa nawarmoebi uTvalavi toponimi mcire aziaSi, sadac
ki qaldebs odesme ucxovriaT.
qaldebi Zlieri da meomari xalxi iyo, maT, qsenefontes cnobiT, gavlena
hqondaT fasianebze (fasianebi realurad maT gamgeblobaSi iyvnen, Tumca
ki formalurad (saxelmwifoebrivad) maTi gamgebloba dasavleT armeniis
sardals tiribazs evaleboda. fasianebi vrcel miwa-wyalze cxovrobnen
araqsis xeobaSi - Semdgomi arzrumidan - valaSkertamde da ufro vrclad). qsenofontes cnobiT fasianebis samxreT miwa-wyalze anu armenielTa da fasianTa sasazRvro zolSi mdebare somxur soflebs xaldebi
daundoblad arbevdnen. amis mizezad qsenefontes miaCnia, is rom qaldebi
Raribi mTieli xalxi iyo, radganac saxnav-saTesi miwebi ar hqondaT, ufro
ki, Cans, xaldebs TavianT Tvistomad miaCndaT fasianebi da cdilobdnen
maT dacvas armenielebisagan. sabolood fasianebisa da qaldebis zeda
fena iZulebuli gaxda ufro CrdiloeTiT gadaesaxlebina TavianTi xalx749

is erTi nawili armenielebis Semosevebis gamo.

xalib-xaldebma maT am miwa-wyalze datoves TavianTi toponimebi. aseTebia - arze, alazigi, arzinjani, arzrumi, arzes mTebi da sxva mravali, romelnic
am naSromSi bevrganaa moyvanili. Cveni migvaCnia, rom `laz~ da `arz~ erTi etimologiisaa.
vfiqrob, rom ,,alz~-is cnobili qveyana alzebiT (Seadare strabonis
alibe!) iqve lazebiT anu xalib-qaldevelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. is qarduxebis qveynis gverdiT mdebareobda. karduxebi da qaldebi ki rogorc
etimologiac uCvenebs - oriveni is qarTuli tomebia, romelTac Semdeg
,,arian-qarTlis~ samefos daudes safuZveli.
alz - laz - alaz - alazoni
alz - arz - arze
lazi - alazoni
lazika - lazebis qveynis somxuri saxelwodebaa (rogorc korCaika),
berZnebi mas lazons uwodebdnen.
am qveynis da misi xalxis saxelebis (lazoni, lazi) etimologiuri
ZiebisaTvis, vfiqrob mniSvnelovani informaciaa strabonis geografiaSi.
is qaldebis toms uwodebs alazonebs da aseve alizonebs. amasTanave
Tavisi geografiis XII wignis mesame TavSi vrclad msjelobs Tavisi am
cnobis dasamtkiceblad, am sakiTxze polemikas umarTavs mraval Zvel cnobil avtors da sabolood askvnis rom mis dros mcxovrebi qaldebis
Zveli saxelia xalibebi, igive alibebi da, rom, saerTod homerosis dros
alibe erqva qveyanas TemiskarasTan. alibes xalxs ki erqva - alizonebi
an alazonebi. am saxelisagan warmodgeba sityva amazonebi.
sabolood straboni iRebs qaldebis saxels - alazonebs da wers ,,zogni weren alazonebs, zogni amazonebs, adgil ,,alibedan~ (str. XII, 3,
21) an ,,Soridan xalibedan~ (XII, 3, 23).
straboni wers - ,,exlandeli qaldebi, Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen, amaT Soris mdebareobs farnakia. misi Semosavalia Tevz
pelamidebis Wera da aseve miwidan liTonebis (axla rkinis, Zvelad
vercxlis) amoReba. saerTod am adgilebSi sanapiro metismetad
viwroa, radgan iqve, zemoT aRmarTulia liTonebiT savse, tyiani
mTebi~ (XII, 3, 19) ,,am adamianebs uwin erqvaT alibebi xalibebis
nacvlad... homerosi aliZonebs uwodebs xalibebs (XII, 3, 20).
,,zogni weren alazonebs, zogni ki amazonebs~ (XII, 3, 21).
straboni miiCnevs, rom cnobili amazoni qalebi qaldebis toms ekuTvnoda, is etimologiurad sityvebs qaldebs, xalibebs, alibes, alazonebs da
amazonebs erTmaneTs ukavSirebs, roca aRwers qaldebis tomis sacxovriss
trapezuntTan.

750

lazebi da svanokolxebi ptolemaiosTan

klavdios ptolemaiosi (90-168) Tavis geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi moixseniebs kolxeT-iberiis qalaqebs, mTebsa da mdinareebs.
1. ptolemaiosi axsenebs mdinare koraqss, mis saTaves, mTa koraqss da
koraqsis mTebs.
mdinare koraqsi - axloa kolxidasTan da iberiasTan, iqedan gadis
albaniasTan saerTo sasazRvro xazi.
[aziis sarmatiis sazRvari] samxreTiT - evqsanis pontos nawili
mdinaremde koraqsi, da aqedan kolxeTis, iberiis da albaniis [sasazRvro]
xazi gadis kaspiis zRvamde~ (ptolemaiosi, antikuri kavkasia, enicklopedia,
I, 2010, gv. 356,a).
sad, romel regionSi uaxlovdebodnen erTmaneTs kolxida, iberia
da albania? kolxida ewodeboda ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed
md.Woroxis dasavleT sanapiros qveyanas trapezuntamde. Woroxis mTianeTis regionis iqiT iberia mdebareobda da aqedan sxvadasxva mxares gadaWimuli qedebi albaneTamdec aRwevda. vfiqrob rom ptolemaiosi gulisxmobs karCxal-arsianis regions, es sxva monacemebidanac Cans.
is wers - ,,mTa koraqsi, romliTac mTavrdeba kolxeTisa da iberiis
gavliT wamosuli mTebi, kavkasionad wodebuli da aseve hirkaniis zRvisken
mimavali kavkasiis mTis ganStoeba, masac kavkasosi ewodeba~ (iqve, gv. 356,b),
vfiqrob, koraqsisa da kavkasosis mTebis moZebnisaTvis Cven unda
veZioT Tu sad uerTdeba erTmaneTs kolxeTidan da iberiidan wamosuli
mTebi kaspiis zRvisaken mimaval mTebs. erTaderTi aseTi adgilia kvlav
karCxal-arsianis mTianeTi, Cans masze wers kidec avtori ,,masac kavkasosi
ewodeba~. anu mcire kavkasionSia mTa koraqsisa, karCxal-arsianis mTianeTSi. aseTSemTxvevaSi ,,koraqsebis mTebi~ marTlac axloa ,,miTridates qveyanasa~ da ,,amazonebis~ tbasTan,rogorc wers avtori (ptolemaosi, geografiuli saxelmZRvaneli, wigni V, Tavi VIII, 17-25, iqve, gv. 456g).
Sesabamisad mdinare koraqsi unda iyos karzal-arsianis mTianeTidan
gamomavali romelime mdinare, magaliTad aseTebia aWariswyali, maWaxela,
imerxevi, ligniswyali da sxva. is wers - ,,mdinare koraqsis saTave: aqedan
gadis kolxeTze mimdebare sazRvari~ (iqve, gv. 356,g).
maSasadame, Cemi azriT koraqsis mTebi aris karzaxal-arsianis mTianeTi,
sadac gadioda kolxeTis sazRvari, xolo mdinare koraqsi am mTebSi iRebda saTaves.
VII s. somxur geografiaSi `sarmatia~ ewodeba aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos, klavdios ptolemaiosTanac dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi sarmatiis nawilad moiazreba- ,,sazRvari samxreTiT. evqsinis pontos nawili
mdinaremde koraqsi da aqedan kolxeTis, iberiis da albaniis sasazRvro
xazi gadis hirkaniis anu kaspiis zRvamde~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 356,a).
Cemi kvleviT kolxeTisa da iberiis saerTo sazRvari gadioda arsianis
qedze. misi Crdilo sazRvari gadioda md. Woroxis SesarTavis regionSi.
751

Woroxis aRmosavleTi sanapiro ukve sarmatiad miiCneoda. Cans amitomac

wers ptolemaiosi - ,,kolxida SemoisazRvreba CrdiloeTiT sarmatiis
zemoaRniSunli nawiliT dasavleTiT ki mdinare koraqsidan moyolebuli
fasisis ukiduresi mxaris nawiliT - evqsanis pontos Semdegi aRwerilobis Sesabamisad: dioskuriasi, md. hi posis SesarTavi, md. kianeosis SesarTavi,
siganeosi, neapolisi, aia polisi, md. qariustoris SesarTavi, md. fazisis
SesarTavi qalaqi fazisi~ (iqve, gv. 356,d).
Cemi kvleviT q. dioskuria mdebareobda dRevandel qalaq surmenesTan
axlos (trapezuntsa da rizes Sua), e. i. mis CrdiloeTiT zRvispirze iyvnen
md. hi posi, md. kianeosi, siganeosi, aiapolisi, md. fazisis SesarTavi da
qalaqi fazisi. md. fazisi ki md. Woroxia. aq gadmocemulia imJamindeli
saxelwodebebi mdinareebisa da punqtebisa Tanamedrove surmenedan - md.
Woroxis SesarTavamde. qalaqebi dioskuria, siganeosi, neapolisi, aiapolisi da fazisi ptolemaiosis dros Tanamedrove surmenedan vidre Woroxamde mdebareobdnen.
2. ptolemaiosis mixedviT q. fasisi (fazisi) Zalze axlos mdebareobda
armeniasTan ,,q. fasisi, xolo samxreTiT - aqedan miniSnebuli xazis gayolebaze da momdevno didi armeniis nawili...~ (iqve gv. 356,d).
kolxeTi ,,aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba iberias, kavkasiis mTebis gaswvrivi
zRvrebis SemaerTebeli xaziT~ (iqve).
rogorc iTqva, Cven kolxidad miviCnevT miwa-wyals md. Woroxidan TiTqmis trapezuntamde, kolxidis nawili iyo aseve Woroxis xeoba arsianis
qedamde. amitomac kolxidas aRmosavleTidan esazRvreboda iberia, romelic
marTlac aqve, arsianis qedis iqiT iwyeboda (artaanis olqi). aqve iberiaSi
mdebareobda qalaqi artanisa (qarTul wyaroebSic mas hqvia ,,qalaqi artanisa~ - anu artaanis qalaqi: ptolemaiosic iberiis qalaqTa Soris mas
(artanisas) asaxelebs.
am teritoriaze (e. i. trapezuntidan Woroxamde) cxovrobdnen ptolemaiosis lazebi, maT siaxloves ki manralebi da ekrektikes qveynis mosaxleni.
ptolemaiosi wers - ,,kolxeTis zRvis mimdebare midamoebSi mkvidroben
lazebi, zemoT ki - manralebi da ekrektikes qveynis mosaxleni~ (ptolemaiosi, ,,antikuri kavkasia~, 2010, gv. 356,d).
Cveni kvleviT straboni, TiTqmis ptolemaiosis epoqaSi, miiCnevda, rom
,,kolxidis sanapiro~ erqva zRvispirs Tanamedrove surmenedan trabzonamde (e. i. dioskuriidan trapezuntamde). amitomac Cans, ptolemaiosic ,,kolxidis zRvas~ uwodebda amave sanapiros momcvel zRvispirs. e.i. ptolemaiosis mier naxsenebi ,,kolxidis zRvis mimdebare midamoebis~ qveS igulisxmeba
trapezuntis samxreTi mTianeTi, romelic am ,,zRvis~ pirispir mdebareobs.
vin arian ptolemaiosis mier naxsenebi ,,lazebi~, romelnic cxovrobnen
trapezuntidan - surmenamde da rizemde, kolxidis zRvis midamoebSi? pasuxisaTvis sainteresoa strabonis cnoba, aRniSnul miwa-wyalze, trapezuntis mTianeTSi cxovrobdnen qaldebi, maT straboni uwodebs ,,xalibebs~ da
aseve ,,alazonebs~.
etimologiurad sityvebi ,,alazonebi~ da ,,lazebi~ erTi warmoSobisa
752

unda iyos. lazikas berZnulad ,,lazonic~ erqva. amitomac ptolomeosis

da strabonis ,,alazonebi~ da ,,lazebi~ erTsa da imave toms - qaldebs
unda miuTiTebdes. straboni vrclad msjelobs, imis Sesaxeb, rom troelTa dasaxmareblad berZnebTan omis dros xalibebis winapari alizonebi
(igive alazonebi) mividnen troaSi - ,,Soridan xalibedan~ (strab. XII, 3,2022). is vrclad msjelobs, da am Tavis Tvalsazriss mravali magaliTiT
amtkicebs. homerosi wers - ,,xolo odiosi da epistrofosi mouZRodnen
alizonebs, Soreuli alibedan, sadac aris vercxlis sabado ...unda Seicvalos dawerili Soreuli xalibedan... es aixsneba weriTi cvlilebebiT~
(straboni, XII, 3,20-22).
strabonis qarTveli mTargmnelebi ,,alizonebis da alazonebis~, nacvlad weren ,,aliZonebi~, ,,alaZonebi~, aseve ,,amaZonebi~, maSin roca rusul
TargmanebSi weria amazonebi, alazonebi, alizonebi. mTeli msoflio wers
amazonebi da ara amaZonebi. Tu berZnul ,,Zetas~ wavikiTxavT, rogorc ,,Z~
maSin ptolemaiosTanac sityva ,,lazi~ unda wavikiTxoT - ,,laZi~, magram
misi qarTveli mTargmneli wers - ,,lazi~ - ptolemaisoi wers - `kolxidis zRvis
mimdebare midamoebSi mkvidroben
lazebi, zemoT ki
manralebi da ekrektikes qveynis mosaxleni~ (,,antikuri kavkasia~,
2010, gv. 356,d).
rogorc aRvniSneT, ptolemaiosis lazebi cxovrobnen ,,kolxidis zRvasTan~, anu ,,kolxidis sanapirosTan~ Tanamedrove surmene-trapezuntis mTianeTSi, istoriulad aq yovelTvis cxovrobdnen qaldebi, aq iyo ,,qaldeas Temic~, aq iyo cnobili qalaqebi zigana da argiropolisi (vercxlis qalaqi),
aq unda yofiliyo vercxlis is sabadoebi, romelic strabons xalibebis
qveyanaSi eguleboda. misi azriT, rogorc vTqviT xalibebi da qaldebi
erTi xalxi iyo da maT agreTve ,,alazonebic~ erqvaT. ptolemaisis lazebi - swored es xalxi unda iyos. qaldeas provinciis maRla, qveynis siRrmeSi, n. adoncis sityviT mdebareobda samxreT egrisis provincia ,,manralia~, Teodosopoliosis samxreT-dasavleTiT 40-iode kilometrSi.
ptolemaiosis ,,ekrektikes qveyanac~ aqve, samxreT egrisis romelime nawili unda yofiliyo, maSasadame ptolemaiosi gvaZlevs cnobebs I saukuneSi
Teodosopolios - arzrumidan vidre trapezuntamde mdebare qveynis mosaxleTa Sesaxeb - kerZod ki ekrektikes, manraliisa da lazTa qveynebis
mosaxleTa Sesaxeb. rogorc vTqviT - esenia trapezuntis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebi, surmenes anu dioskuriis marjvniv zRvispirze mdebare
punqtebi da mdinareebi aRwerilia md. Woroxamde, romelsac is faziss
uwodebs, Sesabamisad qarTuli Targmanis teqstSi CarTul ganmartebas,
TiTqosda md. hi posi aris cxeniswyali, Cven ar veTanxmebiT, - md. hi posi
ptolemaiosis aRweriT, an
uSualod Caedineboda zRvaSi trapezuntsa da Woroxs Sua, anda is iyo Woroxis Senakadi. aseve, misi
qalaqi signeosi an trapezuntsa da Woroxs
Sua
mdebareobda
zRvispirze, anda iyo cnobili qalaqi zigana imave regionSi.
3. iberiis sazRvrebi ptolemaiosTan aseTia - CrdiloeTiT sarmatia,
dasavleTiT ,,kolxidis aRniSnuli xazi~ anu karCxal-arsianis regioni,
753

samxreTiT didi armenia - kolxididan~ (kolxida da didi armenia misTvis

erTmaneTis gverdiT mdgomi qveynebia) iberiis qalaqTagan mis mier naxsenebi artanisa, unda iyos artaanis qalaqi - romelsac qarTuladac artanisa erqva, q. Zalisa - aRmoCnda arqeologiuri kvlevaTa Sedegad sofel
ZalisasTan. armaktika ki armazad miiCneva.
4. ,,mosxuri mTebi~ anu ,,mosxebis mTebi~ mravaljer ixsenieba ptolemaiosTan didi armeniis aRwerisas. ,,didi armenia SemoisazRvreba: CrdiloeTiT kolxidis nawiliT da iberiiTa da albaniiT mdinare kirosis
gaswvrivi zemoTxsenebuli xazis mixedviT. dasavleTidan ...kapadokiis pontos gaswvriv kolxidamde mosxuri mTebis xaziT... armeniis mTaTagan
ganTqmulia e. w. mosxuri mTebi, romlebic gadaWimulia kapadokiis zemoT
mdebare nawilis gaswvriv da pariadresis mTa... armeniis mxareebia: mosxur
mTebTan - kotarZene, mas zemoT boqasad wodebuli mxare, md. kirosis gaswvriv
- torasene da totene. md. araqsis gaswvriv kolTene da mis qvemoT sodukene,
pariadresis mTasTan sirakene da sakapene...~ (antikuri kavkasia, 2010, gv. 356,z).
ptolemaiosis aRweridan Cans, rom mas dafiqsirebuli aqvs is mdgomareoba, rac Seiqmna mis Semdeg, rac armeniam iberias CamoaWra vrceli teritoriebi pariadres kalTebi, gogarena da xorZena. amitomac man armeniaSi
Seiyvana mosxuri mTebi - ese igi mTaTa sistema karCal-arsianidan vidre
Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebamde.
sabolod, ptolemaiosi sarmatias
uwodebs dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispirs, kolxidas - teritorias Woroxidan trapezuntamde
(surmenemd e), sadac cxovroben lazebi da manralebi , kolxidis
nawilad Tvlis Woroxis xeobas arsianis qedamde, sadac, karCxalarsianis mTianeTSi eguleba koraqsis mTa da md. koraqsi, aqve
iwyeba mosxuri (mosxebi) qedi. da aqvea q. artanisa - iberiaSi.
es adgili misTvis mniSvnelovani geografiuli wertilia, saidan
avlebs Sesabamis xazebs qveyanaTa adgilmdebareobis gansasazRvrad.
5. ,,svanokolxebis~ toms ptolemaiosi asaxelebs ,,pontos gaswvriv~ sxva
tomTa CamonaTvalis bolos - ,,...pontos gaswvriv - aqavelebi, kerketebi,
henioxebi da suanokolxebi...~ (antikuri kavkasia, gv. 356,g).
maSasadame svanokolxebi cxovrobdnen henioxebis qvemoT.
strabonis mixedviT henioxebi cxovrobdnen pitiuntamde (pitiamde), romelic
Cemi kvleviT daaxloebiT Seesabameba Tanamedrove punqt pazars (ardaSenaTinasTan). aq Turme, ptolemaiosis cnobiT, mTianeTSi, cxovrobdnen
svanokolxebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvlevar labaZis (da ara marto misi)
cnobiT, aTinasTan mcxovrebi lazebi dResac Tavis Tavs ,,svanebs~ uwodeben da TavianT lazur kilos ,,svanurad~ miiCneven.
dasavleT saqarTvelos sanapiros ara mxolod ptolemaiosi da somxuri geografia uwodebdnen sarmatias, aramed mravali sxva avtoric. iq
mcxovreb da zemoTCamoTvlil qarTvel tomebsac `skviTebs~ uwodebdnen.
amis ZiriTadi mizezi unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos mxaris naklebi Seswavla imJamindel mecnierTa mier. TviT ptolemaiosic ki mas
uwodebs ,,ucnob qveyanas~, anda ,,ucnob miwas~. is wers - ,,iqauri meridianis
gaswvriv, vidre ucnob miwamde~ (iqve, gv. 356,b). anda ,,sarmatias ikaveben 754

ucnobi miwis mimdebare hi perboreeli sarmatebi...~ (iqve, gv. 356,g) da a. S.

dasavleT saqarTvelo I aTaswleulSi Savi zRvis donis mkveTri amaRlebis gamo geografiulad rTuli regioni iyo, amitomac Sesaswavlad
Zneli.
svanokolxebi
Souannokolchoi
1) klavdi ptolome pontos CrdiloeT tomTa Soris, henioxebis mezoblad, asaxelebs svankolxebs (geografia, V, VIII, 25).
2) straboni im xalxTa Soris, romelnic pontoSi mkvidrobdnen dasaxelebuli hyavs svanebi, strabonis sityviT pontos mTiel tomTa Soris
svanebi pirvelni arian ZaliTa da ZlierebiT, mbrZanebloben yvela garSemo
tomze, da uWiravT kavkasionis mTiani mxare, romelic aRmosavleTi dioskuriis zemoTaa (str. geogr. XI, 2, 19).
3) svan-kolxebi moxseniebuli hyavs somex istorikoss favstos bizantiels, saxelwodebiT eger-svani, e. i. megrel-svani (p. ingoroyva, giorgi
merCule, 1954, gv. 145).
Zvel berZen - marTlmadidebel episkoposTa
ganmartebani qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb
Tesalonikeli arqiepiskoposi evstate (evstaTiosi) ganmartavs homerosis (Zv. w. VIII s.) ,,iliadas~ adgilebs qarTvelebTan dakavSirebiT, homerosi Tavis iliadaSi wers - troas omSi ,,halizonebs mouZRodnen odiosi da
epistrofosi, Soreuli alibedan, saidanacaa vercxlis sawyisi~ (II, 856-857).
arqiepiskoposi evstate ase ganmarTavs am adgils homerosidan - ,,halizonebi xalibebs uwoda (homerosma), xalibebs hqondaT ganTqmuli vercxlis sabadoebi, axla ki aqvT rkinisa. geografosi ambobs, rom zogierTni
nacvlad ,,alizonebisa~ weren ,,alazonebi~ anda ,,olizonebi~ (antikuri
kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 49).
rogorc ,,geografosis~ (Cans igulisxmeba straboni), ise arqiepiskopos
evstates TvalsazrisiT xalibebi monawileobdnen troas omSi da maT
aseve ewodebodaT ,,alazonebi~. alazonebi aris sawyisi sityvebisa ,,lazonia~ (ase erqva olqs trapezuntis maxloblad) da ,,lazi~ (ase erqva toms
aseve trapezuntis axlos mcxovrebT), xolo xalibebi igive qaldebi, qaldeas
qveynis mcxovrebni arian. ase, rom qaldebi (saidanac warmomavlobs sityva
,,qarTuli~) aseve iwodebodnen lazebadac. qaldebi da lazebi erTi xalxi
iyo. qaldebi (qarTvelebi) da lazebi mudam erTad ixseniebodnen mweralTa mier.
igive arqiepiskoposi evstate aseve wers qarTuli tomis gargarelebis
Sesaxeb. am tomis saxeli (gargari) imiTaa saintereso, rom misgan unda iyos
warmomavali qarTuli provinciis gugaris saxeli (gugarqi), sityvis fuZe
eTanadeba qarTvelTa eTno fuZes - ,,ggr~ (egrisi, argveTi, guria...). gargar
- gugar - ggr (ar veTanxmebiT Tvalsazriss TiTqosda gugarqis saxeli
755

modis skviTuri tomis ,,gogis~ saxelisagan).

homerosis sxva adgilis komentarSi evstate wers - ,,monaTxrobi
irwmuneba imasac, rom gargarelebi - im xalxis saxelia, romelic amazonebTan iyo kavSirSi~ (iqve, gv. 50). amazonebi - misive sityviT, ara marto
meomari qalebis, aramed qaldebis tomis meomari mamakacebis saxelic iyo,
romelnic Cacmulobisa da grZeli Tmebis gamo zogierTs Turme qalebad
warmoedginaT.
saerTod, iv. javaxiSvilis kvlevebiT, qaldu anu qaldi iyo im qveynis
saxeli, saidanac, rogorc is werda warmodgebian ,,qarTvelebi, lazebi da
svanebi~, anu qaldu - qarTvelTa uZvelesi saerTo qveynis saxeli iyo.
qaldus qveynis mcxovrebT, imJamad qaldebi anu xaldebi erqvaT, maT aseve
xalibebs uwodebdnen. xalibebis meomari tomis siZlieris Sesaxeb werdnen qsenefonte da sxva avtorebi. Tesalonikeli arqiepiskoposis evstrates
ganmartebiT ki qaldebi igive alazonebi anu lazebi arian. anu qarTvelTa saerTo samSoblos saxeli ,,alazoniac~ yofila. (rogorc iTqva aqedan
unda iyos saxelebi arze, arzena (alzena-lazena-lazivi-lazika), arzenaarsiani, arazani da sxva).
klimens aleqsandrielis (II-III ss) miiCnevs, rom pontoszRvispireTSi iberiis
mezobeli da maxlobeli amazonebi iyo ara maincdamainc qalebis tomi,
aramed qaldebisa, is wers - ,,iberiis maxloblad qalebi mamakacur saqmes
ewevian saxlSi da mSobiarobis drosac ar toveben saqmes. qali yvelaze
mZime samuSaos drosac ki mSobiare aiyvans xelSi Cvils da saxlSi Seyavs.
qalebi aq arafriT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs, saxls darajoben, nadiroben, saqonelsac darajoben~ (iqve, gv. 369). anda wers - ,,amazonebi skviTuri tomi, vaJkacuri, mamakacuri tomi kolxebis mezoblad~ (iqve, gv.
369).
xalibebis anu qaldebis Tanametomenive iyvnen maTgan moSorebiT mcxovrebi karduxebi, igive kordielebi. kardu, kord anu qarTu da kord maTi
qveynis, aseve satomo saxeli iyo. karduxebis didi da meomari tomis Sesaxeb wers qsenofonte. berZnul 10.000 kacian jars karduxebi vanis tbis
samxreT-dasavleTiT uxilavs. esaa araratis maxlobeli areali, iq, sadac
gaCerda noes kidobani, amitomac evsevi kesarielic (IV s), saeklesio istoriis mamac exeba am sakiTxs - evsevi kesarieli wers - ,,armenielTa
qveyanaSi, kordielTa mTebze axlac aris SemorCenili mcireodeni naSTi
im xomaldisa~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, gv. 383).
karduxebis anu kordielTa qveyana daaxloebiT Zv. w. VI s-Si armenielebma
dai pyres, amitomac isini ,,armeniaSi~ mcxovrebni aRmoCndnen. ufro adre ki
daaxloebiT Zv. w. IX-VIII s-dan karduxebis (iberielTa winaprebis), mezoblebi yofilan luvielebi, vanis tbis piras mcxovrebi cnobili xalxi,
romelsac lursmuli damwerloba gaaCnda. amitomac vanis tbis piras Zv. w.
VIII-VI saukuneebSi erTmaneTis mezobeli qveynebi iyvnen luvia (igive livia)
da iberia (iberieli xalxis Zveli samSoblo). aqedan iberielebi (igive
iverielebi) nabuqodonosors ufro CrdiloeTiT pontos zRvispireTSi
gadausaxlebia.
am sakiTxs exeba evsevi kesarieli, is wers - ,,abidenes TxzulebaSi asi756

rielTa Sesaxeb aseTi ram sweria nabuqodonosorze: - ,,megasTenesi ambobs,

rom nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze met Zalas flobda, libiisa
da iberiis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da dai pyro ra es qveynebi, nawili mosaxleobisa pontosis marjvena mxares daasaxla~ (evsevi kesarieli, evangeluri Semzadeba, IX, 41,1, iqve, gv. 383).
evsevi kesarieli imeorebs Zvel cnobebs, rom iberiuli xalxis erTi
nawili Zv. w. VI s-Si samxreTis samSoblodan ufro CrdiloeTiT - SavizRvispireTSi dasaxlda. Cans, Tavissave TanametomeebTan Zvel kolxeTSi. megasTenes cnobiT Tavis mxriv kolxebi da mosxebic erTi xalxi yofila.
igive evsevi kesarieli sxva naSromSi miiCnevs, rom mosoxisagan warmoiSvnen mosinikebi (mosoxebi da mosinikebi erTidaigive tomia), xolo
sanebi igive sanigebi arian, isini erTi xalxia. is wers - ,,mosoxi, saidanacaa mosinikebi... sanebi, romelTac sanikebsac uwodeben, pontomde arian
dasaxlebulni. aq afsarosi da sebastopolisi, kavsolimani da fasisi uerTdebian erTmaneTs. es tomebi trapezusamde arian gansaxlebuli~ (iqve, gv.
384-385).
md. faziss - qarTveli xalxis gansaxlebis erTerT ZiriTadi regionis
mTavar mdinares axsenebs basili didic. (IV s). is Tavis ,,eqvsTa dReTaSi~
wers ,,fasisi, romelic kavkasiis mTebidan moedineba da mravali sxva mdinare
CrdiloeTidan evqsinis pontisaken miedineba~ (basili didi, cxra homilia
eqvsdRiurze, III, 6, iqve, gv. 381).
berZnebi da, Cans, qarTvelebic, mraval mdinares uwodebdnen fasiss. berZnuli Sexedulebis Sesabamisad wmida, sufTa da sasmelad saukeTeso mdinaris wyali SeiZleboda wodebuliyo fasisad. aseve, zogierTi kvleviT, fasisi ewodeboda wmida, saukeTeso, gansakuTrebuli xarisxis zeTsac. md. fasisis sanapiroebic, Sesabamisad lamazi unda yofiliyo, xolo hava am mdinaris napiris saukeTeso maSasadame Waobis, mkvdari anda Slamiani wyali
ar SeiZleboda fasisad wodebuliyo. amitomac aseTi SesaniSnavi mTis
wylebis simravlis gamo, fasisic mravali iyo. erTerTi, magaliTad, eWvmiutanelad iyo araqsi saTaveebSi, fasisad wodebuli. aseve md. Woroxi, Cqari
da sasmelad vargisi mTis mdinare, aseve fazisad unda yofiliyo wodebuli mdinare likosic anu kelkiti, romelsac TermeCaic ewodeba (Zveli
Termodonti) da aqve iyo qalaqi Temiskira, es mdinare kolxebis Zveli
mosaxleobis qveyanaSi gadaedineboda, aq ixila qsenefontem tibaranebi da
xalibebi. es mxareebi imJamindel armeniasTan axlos mdebareobda. Cans mis
Sesaxeb wers Temistiosi (IV s), is wers - ,,me, keTilo Wabuko, mWermetyveluri sityvebi movimke... pontos sanapiroze, fasisis maxloblad axlacaa
Termodoni, amazonTa sagmiro saqmeebi da Temiskirioni... kolxTa da armenielTa Soris...~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, gv. 393). aqve wers, rom iq
,,sadac Tesaliidan mosuli argo poetebma ganadides~, unda iTqvas, rom
amJamadac q. TermesTan (e. i. Zvel TermodonTan) axlos aris heraklesa da
iazonis koncxebi, Zvelad, Cans fiqrobdnen rom argom aq daisadgura.
stefane bizantioneli (VI s) Tavis eTnikaSi wers qarTul tomTa Sesaxebac - ,,amazonebi - TermodontTan mkvidri qalTa tomi~ (iqve, gv. 409).
`...amarantebi - kolxuri tomi, romelTa qveynidan moedineba fasisi... araqsi
757

- armeniis mdinare... afsilebi - skviTebis tomi, lazebis mezobeli arianes

mixedviT... beqeiri - skviTuri tomi... biZerebi - tomi pontosze, aris biZerTa navsadguric... gargarebi, tomi, romelic xorciel kavSirSia amazonebTan... gargarene... gogarene - adgili kolxTa da iberTa Soris... dardaiebi kavkasiasTan mkvidri tomi... dia - VII qalaqi skuiTiaSi, fasisTan, dioskuriasi - qalaqi pontosis midamoebSi, romelsac sebastopolissac uwodeben,
adre mas ewodeboda aia... drile - dasaxleba trapezusTan... heptakometebi
- skidises mTaze mosaxleni, biZerebsac uwodeben... zigebi - bosporosTan,
Cans maTia zigopolisic trapezusTan ...Temiskira - qalaqi TermadonTan...
koraqsebi. kolxebi tomi kolebis maxloblad (koraqsTa kedeli, koraqsTa
qveyana)... kvita - kolxuri qalaqi, aris sxvac skviTiaSi, aris ori kolxuri
da evropuli, aris qalaqi kvitaioni kretaze... kolebi = kavkasiasTan mkvidri tomi, qveyana - kolike... lazebi - skviTuri tomi, aris sofelic arianosis mixedviT - Zveli lazike... makronebi - dRevandeli sanebi... mosxebi kolxuri tomi. matienebis mezobeli... sanigebi - abazgebis mezoblad mkvidri
skviTuri tomi... tibarenia - qalaqi pontosTan, xalibebisa da mosinoikebis
mimdebare... gulmodgined misdeven TamaSsa da sicils da amas udides bednierebad miiCneven, maTi mezoblebi arian xalibebi da levkosirielebi...
taoxebi - pontosis Sidamxris mkvidri tomi, zogierTebi maT taoebs uwodeben... fasisi - aias qalaqi, kolxidis mdinare fasisTan. daarsebulia miletelebis mier, aris sxva mdinare fasisic - taprobaneSi... qaldeebi, tomi
kolxidis maxloblad... xalibebi - pontosis midamoebSi, mdinare TermodontTan mcxovrebi tomi, maTze evdoqsosi wers - ,,xalibebis qveynidan
gaaqvT rkina, romelsac aqeben wrTobisaTvis gamosadegobis gamo~. homerosi maT halizonebad ixseniebs katalogSi paflagenielebis Semdeg - ,,halizonebs ki odiosi da epistroposi uZRodaT, Soridan mosulni - alibedan,
sadac aris vercxlis sabado~, anu Secvlilia damwerloba - ,,Soridan
xalibedan~, xalibebs samxreTiT armeniebi esazRvrebian~... (stefane bizantieli, antik. kavkasia, enciklopedia, gv. 418).
taos, basinsa da mimdebare mxareebs rogorc berZnebi, ise somxebi ,,iberia~, ,,iverias~ uwodebdnen da maT mcxovreblebs ki qarTvelebs, iverielebs uwodebdnen. patkanov-maris TeoriiT TiTqosda es mxareebi Tavdapirvelad somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic SemdgomSi qarTvelebad
gadaiqcnen e. w. ,,qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad, romelic iqaur somexTa
mier qalkedonituri sarwmunoebis miRebam gamoiwvia. am Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba Zvel avtorTa cnobebi, romelnic zemoT iyo moxmobili da
gulisxmobs qarTuli tomebis Tavdapirveladve cxovrebas ara mxolod
taosa da basianSi, aramed ufro samxreTiTac vanis tbidan vidre trapezuntamde, Tumca arsebobs pirdapiri cnobebic. erTerTia magaliTad VI s.
avtoris stefane bizantielis naSromi eTnosTa Sesaxeb, kerZod masSi naTqvamia, rom ,,obarene~ erqva evfratsa da mtkvars Soris moqceul teritorias anu taosa da basianis mxareebs. ,,obarene~ etimologiurad igive ,,iberiaa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom am da mis momijnave mxareebs ,,iber~ fuZiT mravali
saxelwodeba arsebobda, romelTac sxvaganac vexebiT. stefane bizantieli
wers - ,,obarene - armeniis nawili, romelic emijneba mdinare evfrats
758

paralelurad mimdinare mdinare kiross (mtkvars). maT ixseniebs kvadratosic ,,parTikis~ meeqvse wignSi: ,,mdinare kirosis gaswvriv mkvidroben
obarenebi da otenebi - armeniis didi nawilis mosaxleni~ (iqve, gv. 418). aq
cxadia laparakia taos, basianisa da mimdebare mxareebis mosaxleobis
Sesaxeb.
saerTod aRniSnul da sxva Zvel marTlmadidebel avtorTa cnobebi
aqarwylebs e. w. ,,qarTizaciis Teoriis~ ideas, TiTqosda Crdilo armeniis
mosaxleobis nawili ,,qarTizaciis~ Sedegad gaqarTvelda, piriqiT es teritoriebi imTaviTve qarTuli iyo.

759

fotoebi
(fotografiuli monacemebi fazisis da
lazikis saxeldebasTan mimarTebaSi)
`sxvaTa Soris sakiTxi exeba ara raime moCvenebiTs an bundovan
rasmes, aramed mdinares da qveyanas, romlis Secvla da ramenairad
dafarva SeuZlebelia, mxedvelobac sakmao sabuTad gamodgeba da
araferi SeuSlis xels imas, visac WeSmaritebis gamokvleva aqvs
ganzraxuli~ _ wers prokofi kesarieli (georgika, t. 2, 1965, gv. 140).
axlac ki XXI s-Si TvalnaTliv Cans, rom rioni Waobis mdinarea,
xolo Woroxi ki mTisa, rogorc aRiwereba mdinare fazisi kldeTa
Soris moedineboda, vidre TiTqmis zRvamde.
lazikac kldovani qveyana iyo (rogorc klarjeTi) da ara barisa
(rogoricaa dasavleT saqarTvelo). fotoebidan es TvalnaTliv
Cans. am faqtis `ramenairad dafarva SeuZlebelia~.

760

761

veluri broweulis buCqebi Sorapnis

galavanTan

siaxloves

zestafonis raionSi

lazikis kldeebi

`viwroebi lazikaSi~ fazisis (Woroxis)

Sorapnis cixe

prokofis cnobisgan gansxvavebiT skandesa

da Sorapnis cixeebi dablobSi mdebareobdnen
( zR v i s d o n i d a n 1 7 0 m . ) d a m a T i r g v li v
yovelgvari xexili xarobs

dasavleT saqarTvelo

arTvin-artanujis gza

mdebareobdnen, sadac ar xarobda vazi

da ar modioda araviTari mosavali

da sarapanas cixeebi maRal mTianeTSi

prokofi kesarielis cnobiT skandasa

klarjeTi

sarapana da skanda mdebareobdnen ara baris,

aramed kldovani mTebis qveyanaSi

762

siaxloves

`viwroebi lazikaSi~ fazisis (Woroxis)

siaxloves

`viwroebi lazikaSi~ fazisis (Woroxis)

Sorapnis cixe

winaplanze vazis msxvili Rero, ukana planze

xexilis baRebi Sorapnis cixidan

763

klisurebi lazikaSi Woroxis siaxloves

klisurebi lazikaSi Woroxis siaxloves

sofeli skande vake-borcvebian adgilzea

skandes cixe Terjolis raionSi

tropikuli mcenare (banani) Sorapnis erT-erT ezoSi

764

artanujis cixe

klisurebi lazikaSi Woroxis siaxloves

sxvaganaa saZebni~

sofeli skande _ `ara, prokofis skanda

skandes cixesTan (ukana planze)

dafnis buCqi (wina planze) Terjolis

765

zRvispiri)

istoriuli samxreT egrisi _ bolo klarjeTisa

`lazikas kldovani sanapiro aqvs~. zRvis sanapiros

kldeebi, baTumis samxreTiT (Tanamedrove TurqeTi,

`klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa,

zRvispiri~

amJamadac mTian-kldovania

lazika klarjeTis zRvis sanapiro

md. kaparWana foTTan

DdasavleT saqarTvelos dablobze

mdinareebi mdored miedinebian

dasavleT saqarTvelo

prokofis cnobisgan gansxvavebiT

dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispiri da
gaSlili vakea

prokofis cnobiT lazikis zRvis sanapiro kldovani iyo

766

rizes regioni

`lazikas kldovani sanapiro aqvs~.

radganac misi dablobi kalapoti zRvis donezea

md. kaparWanas uWirs Tavisi wylis Setana zRvaSi,

xidi md. kaparWanaze

767

lazikis zRvis sanapiro

lazikis zRvis sanapiro

dablobi TiTqmis zRvis donezea gadaSlili

TavianTi wylebis Setana zRvaSi, radganac es

md. rioni zRvis SesarTavTan mdorea. fotodanac

Cans, rom rionis dablobis mdinareebs uWirT

768

wynari da mdore yvirila SorapanTan

str abonis cnobiT mdi nare fazi si gr gvinviTa da

quxiliT Caedineboda sarapanas cixesTan Sav zRvaSi,
dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebi ki rionis dablobSi
mdored miedinebian da zRvasTan Waobdebian kidec.

769

wynaria

mdinare Sorapnis cixesTan (ukana planze)

(ukana planze Sorapnis cixe)

wynari da mdore yvirila SorapanTan

wynaria

mdinare Sorapnis cixesTan (ukana planze)

mdinare SorapanTan wynari da mdorea

770

rionis Waobebis dasaSrobi sadrenaJo

sistemebi

sistemebi

sistemebi

rionis Waobebis dasaSrobi sadrenaJo

rionis Waobebis dasaSrobi sadrenaJo

sistemebi

rionis Waobebis dasaSrobi sadrenaJo

771

xelovnuri arxebi WaobSi

772

mdinare faziss ucvleli kalapoti aqvs, radganac kldeTa Soris miedineba (md. Woroxi)

prokofis cnobiT mdinare fazisis kalapoti

ucvlelia, radganac kldeTa Soris miedineba, aseTia
mdinare Woroxi da ara mdianre rioni zRvis piras.

773

mdinare faziss ucvleli kalapoti aqvs, radganac kldeTa Soris miedineba (md. Woroxi)

774

mdinare faziss ucvleli kalapoti aqvs, radganac kldeTa Soris miedineba (md. Woroxi)

775

strabonis cnobiT, mdinare fazisis regionSi aseulobiT

xidi iyo.

ardaSeniswylis xidebi

776

ardaSeniswylis xidebi

777

ardaSeniswylis xidebi

778

ardaSeniswylis xidebi

779

ardaSeniswylis xidebi

780

ardaSeniswylis xidebi

ardaSeniswylis xidebi

tr abzo n id an
zi gan agi umiSxan isken mimavali
gza

tr abzo n id an
zigana-giumiSxan i sken
mimavali gza

781

zigan a

ar daSa-tor ul i

ar daSa-toruli s wyali

782

kl deebi ar daSa-tor ul Tan

ar daSa-to rulis w yali

kl deebi
ar daSa-to r ulTan

783

gza gumuSxanisken

gumuSxan i

gumuSxan i

784

gumuSxan i

Zvel naqalaqar satalas

da imeras eklesiebi

Zvel naqalaqar
satalas nan grevebi

785

gza imeras monastrisaken

gza sumelas monastr isaken

Zveli ro dopol isis regi oni

sumelas monasteri

rodopolisis kaTedris memkvidre

786

sumel as monasteri
ro dopol isi s kaTedr is
memkvid r e

sumel as monasteri
ro dopol isi s kaTedr is
memkvid r e

v az e l o n i s m o n a s t er i
lazikis saepiskoposoebis

memkvidre

787

vazelo nis mon astr is

mi Zin ebis ekl esia

vazel on i s
monastris gare xedi

788

vazel on i s
mon astri s
mi Z in ebi s
ekl esii s
freska

xedi vazeloni s monastr idan isto riul

lazikaSi

fotoebi gadaRebulia mitropolit anania jafariZis mier 2010 wels

789

790