Ideal gas revision Chemical Engineering Plant Engineering 2

Compressors Lecture 1 power consumption and types of compressor John Christy

No change in u or h with pressure Pv =RT from experiment u So h = 0 and =0



Noting

h = u + Pv

and gas is ideal,

h = u + RT

dh du Differentiating dT = dT + R

So c p = c v + R , since h and u are functions of T alone

Ratio of specific heats

Ratio of specific heats is
=
cp cv

Isothermal compression or expansion

For open systems h = q + ws If system is isothermal, h = 0, and
q = ws = vdP


For monatomic gases value is 1.67 For diatomic gases value is 1.4 For most other gases, value is 1.3

Thus ws = and

2 1

vdP =
 

2 1

RT dP = RT P
  

2 1

dP P

ws = RT ln

P2 P1

Adiabatic compression
Here q = 0, so


Adiabatic compression
Taking Substituting


h = ws


R c p cv 1 = = cp cp
dT 1 dP = T P
  

Expanding


c p dT = vdP


Ideal gas


c p dT =

RT dP P


Integrating

ln

T2 1 P2 = ln T1 P1
      !"# !

Rearranging But

dT R = T cp

dP P

Removing logs
R c p cv 1 = = cp cp

c p = cv + R

so

T2 P = 2 T1 P1
'() ' %&

1
  

Adiabatic compression
Noting that we are dealing with an ideal gas, the temperature can be expressed in terms of pressure and volume, so
T2 Pv = 2 2 T1 P1v1
-./ +, 6 6 345 6 6 3 9:; 9 * *

Work of adiabatic compression

EFG

noting

v = v1
KLM

P1 P
IJ

CD

RST

ws =
1
klm efg k

2 1

vdP = v1
XYZ

P 1 P
VW

PQ

dP
[ klm

P2 v2 P = 2 P1v1 P1
9:; 9 78 78 ?@A ?

1
0 0 12

345

9:;

or
9

v2 P = 2 v1 P1
9:; 9 78 78

1
0 0

12

ws = v1 (P1 )

ij

klm

1
n xyz

1
ij b h b h cd

=
1
q

1
1

v1 (P1 )
klm k

1
`

ij

[_

P2
1

1
ij h h

klm

P1

1
ij h h \

[]

~

v1 v2
=>

< <

P = 2 P1
?@A ? =>

<

<

so

P1 v1 = P2 v 2

ws =

v1 P1
s

nr

P2 P1
vw

1
|} { {

~

np

1 =
n o

xyz

RT1
s

nr

P2 P1
vw

np

|}

1
n o

Compressor types

Operating Ranges

Operating Ranges

Comparison with liquid pumps

Viscosity of gases much less than of liquids
Clearances between moving parts must be less Sealing shaft is more difficult

Use guide vanes to direct flow onto and off impellers Since specific volumes are high (low density), the shaft work is high ws = vdP Higher rotor speeds used Allow for drainage of condensate

Comparison with liquid pumps

High shaft work leads to heating of gases Temperature rises limits pressure rise Need for interstage cooling Thermal conductivity of gases low heat exchange equipment large Compressibility leads to volume reduction with pressure may need to reduce size of subsequent stages Clearance volume inefficiency

Types: lobe

Types: Screw

Types: centrifugal

Types: centrifugal

Types: reciprocating (2 stage)

Note: 1st stage larger than second and use of intercooler

Types: reciprocating (4 stage)