Lecture 20 Flexible Pavement Design A flexible road is composed of successive layers of weaker materials.

For an asp alt pavement t is is a layer of asp alt followed by layers of base and sub base over t e sub grade soils. An example is s own in !ypical "ection. Flexible pavement design is based on t e concept t at stress developed by t e surface load is dissipated wit dept and it is necessary to provide material t at ave ade#uate strengt to resist t e stress provided by t e load. ! is usually results in a layered system wit progressively weaker materials. "ince t ere are so many types of ve icles wit different loads$ axle configuration$ and tire combination$ it is standard practice to convert all loading to a standard loading using load factors. Load factors were developed from t e %ttawa road test completed in t e late &'(0)s and are given in !able 20.* +partial !able,. ! ere are ot er ways of developing load factors suc as using load or fatigue relations ips. For a load factor directly proportional to an &- kip load t e factor would be
LFx = with LF18 = 1 LFx = Wx 1 18 Wx LF18 18

! e %ttawa .oad test used a different approac to obtain t e load factors. /n t is case t e load factors were determined from t e ratio of repeated loads to cause an

e#ual increment of reduction in Pavement "erviceability /ndex +P"/,. /t looks like t e following0
LFx = with PSI 18 Kip = PSI xKip NoLoad Re p18 kip NoLoad Re p xKip

!o convert traffic to 1"AL +1#uivalent single axle loads, use t e following e#uation 1"ALx 2 3o axle loads +load x, 4 load factor+load x, 4 *5( 4 6rowt factor 7 ere t e load factor is from table 20.* or is approximated by t e e#uations.
sin gle ESAL factor = ( tan dem ESAL factor = ( Wx 4 ) 34 Wx 4 ) 18

1nglis weig ts

8sing t e approximation$ at &0 kips t e single axle value is 0.0'( compared to 0.0-99 from !able 20.* and for tandem axle is .009( compared to 0.005-- in t e table ! e 6rowt factor reflects t e annual growt of traffic and is calculated as

n is t e number of years and r is t e annual growt rate. !ypical example using t e axle weig t and distribution from t e AA":!% road test is0

;alculation of 1#uilivent "ingle Axle Loads

<e icle !ype 2& 22 *& *2 ?& ?2 (& (2 5& 52 Passenger <e icle=day 3o &00 (0 2( *0 &0 &0 ( 20 ( ( &000 &250 "ingle Axle !andem Axle Factor 7eig t 3o 7eig t single !andem 1"AL+&->ip, 200 2 0.0002 0.0? (0 2 0.0002 0.0& (0 5 0.0&0? 0.(2 2( ? 0.002& 0.0( 2( &2 0.&-' '.?( *0 5 0.0&0? 0.*& 50 2? 0.25 &(.5 &0 5 0.0&0? 0.& 20 && 20 &0 ' 0.0(52 0.(5 20 *2 0.-(9 &9.&? ( 5 0.0&0? 0.0( &0 22 2.&2&.20 ' 0.0(52 &.&2 ?0 ?0 2.0-*.2 ( ' 0.0(52 0.2&0 *0 5.'9 5'.9 ( &2 0.&-' 0.'( &0 ??.&9 ?&.9 2000 2 0.0002 0.*5 2-2.'?

/t is possible to calculate truck factors for 2$* or more axles by t e same tec ni#ue. For example t e following0 2@axle !ruck factor 2 +.(9A*5(,=&(0 2 .(91"AL=year for eac 2 axle truck+note t e units, *@axle truck factor 2 +'.(B20.&B2&.0(B5'.'-,A*5(=+2(B&0B(B(0, 2'-(1"AL=year for eac * axle truck (@axle truck Factor 2 +&(.'&B&9.90B-?.*2B?2.5(,A*5(= +*0B&0B20B(, 2 '021"AL=year for eac ( axle truck ! e overall truck factor is !ruck factor 2 +2-2.'(@0.*5,A*5(=250 2 *'5.9&1"AL=year for eac truck ;onsidering all traffic !raffic factor 2 2-2.'(A*5(=&250 2 -&.'91"AL=year for eac ve icle per day A more general e#uation for calculating 1"AL is

AAD! 2 Annual Average Daily !raffic

Fd 2 directional distribution
C !raffic on Design Lane 3o Lanes C 2 (0 ? ?(+*(@?(, 5 or more ?0+2(@?(,

6i 2 growt factor !Fi 2 !ruck factor for axle number i. P/ 2 Percent of trucks wit axle number i. A Calculator for 1"AL determination is available at ;alculator for 1"AL