EE2155ElectricalCircuitsLabManual

DepartmentofElectrical&ElectronicsEngineering
SUDHARSAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

pudukkottai

OHMS LAW
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION
S.No Resistance(R) () Current in Amperes (I) The Exp Voltage across RL(V) The Exp

Ex.No:1

VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW AND KIRCHOFFS LAW

AIM
To study and verify the Ohms law and kirchoffs laws by conducting suitable experiment on the given Electric circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

1 2 3 4

Ammeter Trainer kit Multimeter Patch Chords

0-100mA -------

MC ---Digital ----

3 1 1 As required

THEORY
Ohms law At constant temperature, the potential difference (E) across the ends of a conductor is proportional to the current (I) flowing through it. i.e. E=IR Where R is the resistance of the conductor in ohm.

PROCEDURE
1. The resistor values in the circuit are designed for 100 mA, 12V. 2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 3. Switch on the trainer kit. 4. The corresponding voltages & currents are tabulated for variable load resistance (RL) values. 5. By comparing theoretical and experimental values, the ohms law is verified.

KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION
V1(V) V2 (V) V3 (V) V = V1 + V2 + V3 Exp

S.No VS (V)

The Exp The Exp The Exp The

KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Kirchoffs voltage law states that In a closed loop Electric circuit the sum of potential drop is equal to the sum of potential rise. Along the current direction the polarity of voltage from ve to +ve is considered as potential rise and +ve to ve is known as potential drop. In the resistor the current entering terminal is marked as positive and current leaving terminal is marked as negative. V = V1 + V2 + V3 = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. R1, R2 and R3 are selected such that the total current in the circuit is within 100mA. 3. The voltage across the resistor V1, V2 and V3 are measured by a Digital voltmeter/Multimeter for 8V as input voltage and tabulated. 4. Repeat the above procedure for input voltages 10V & 12V. 5. By comparing theoretical and experimental values the Kirchoffs voltage law is verified.

KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW

Kirchoffs current law states that the sum of current entering into a junction is equal to the sum of current leaving away from it. The junction may be interconnection of two or more branches. In the given circuit, the current entering the node a are I1 and I2 and current leaving the node is I3.

PROCEDURE
1. The resistor values in the circuit are designed for 100mA and 12V. 2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 3. 8V, 10V and 12 V supply is given to the circuit. 4. The values of currents are measured by Analog Ammeter and tabulated. 5. By comparing theoretical and experimental values Kirchoffs current law is verified.

KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

S.No

VS (V)

I2 (mA) The Exp

I3 (mA) The Exp

I1 = I2 + I3
(mA)

The

Exp

RESULT
Thus ohms law and kirchoffs laws were verified with the given resistive circuit.

THEVENINS THEOREM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TO FIND Rth

TO FIND Vth

Ex.No:2

VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREM

AIM
To verify Thevenins theorem and Nortons theorem by conducting suitable experiment on the given Electrical circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

1 2 3 4

Ammeter Trainer kit Multimeter Patch Chords

0-100mA -------

MC ---Digital ----

1 1 1 As required

THEVENINS THEOREM
A linear, bilateral, lumped network with open output terminals can be reduce to a simple circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance .The value of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage across the open terminals and the value of resistance is equal to the resistance seen in to the network across the open terminals.

TABULATION
S.No RL() IL(A) The Exe

TO FIND Rth & Vth

Vth(V) The Exe Rth() The Exe

S.No

THEVENINS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Let us find the value of the current I using Thevenins theorem. First we disconnect RL and make its terminal open.

The voltage across the open circuit terminals is called as Thevenins voltage Vth. The value of Rth is found after replacing the voltage source V by short circuit. Thevenins Equivalent circuit is drawn with Vth and Rth .The disconnected element is placed at the open circuit terminals of the Thevenins equivalent circuit.

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. For various values of RL, measure IL values. 3. To find open circuit voltage Vth, remove RL and measure open circuit voltage across output terminals. 4. To find Rth, a. Replace the supply sources by their internal resistances. b. Remove load resistor RL. c. Using Multimeter the equivalent resistance across the load terminal was found. 5. Using the formula IL = Vth / (Rth + RL), current value is calculated.

NORTONS THEOREM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TO FIND RN

TO FIND IN

NORTONS THEOREM
A linear, bilateral, lumped network with open output terminals can be reduced to a simple circuit consisting of single current source in parallel with a resistance. The value of current source is equal to the current passing through the short-circuited output terminals. The value of the resistance is equal to the resistance seen into the network across the output terminal.

Let us find the value of current I using Nortons theorem. First we disconnect RL and short-circuit its terminals.

The current through the short-circuited output terminals is called Nortons current IN. The RN value is found across the open circuit terminals as found in Thevenins theorem, after short circuiting the voltage source E.

TABULATION
S.No RL() IL(A) The Exe

TO FIND RN & IN
IN(mA) The Exe RN() The Exe

S.No

NORTONS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Nortons equivalent circuit is drawn with IN and RN.

The disconnected element RL is placed across the open output terminal. Now Nortons equivalent circuit is,

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram 2. For various values of RL measure IL values. 3. To find Nortons short circuit current IN, remove the load resistor RL and connect ammeter between the terminals, the current through short circuit terminal was found. 4. To find RN, a. Replace the supply sources by their internal resistances. b. Remove load resistor RL. c. Using multimeter the equivalent resistance across the load terminal was found. 5. Using the formula IL = (RN * IN)/ (RN + RL), current value is calculated.

RESULT
Thus Thevenins theorem and Nortons theorem were verified both theoretically and experimentally.

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TO FIND IL

TO FIND IL

Ex.No:3

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM
To verify the superposition theorem experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED APPARATUS

S.No Range Type Quantity

NAME
Ammeter Trainer kit Multimeter Patch Chords

1 2 3 4

0-100mA -------

MC ---Digital ----

1 1 1 As required

THEORY
The superposition theorem states that In a linear, lumped element, bilateral electric circuit that is energized by two or more sources the current in any resistor is equal to the algebraic sum of the separate current in the resistor when each source acts separately. While one source is applied, the other sources are replaced by their respective internal resistance. To replace the other sources by their respective internal resistance, the voltage sources are short-circuited and the current sources open circuited. Consider the given electric circuit,

Tabulation
S.No RL () V1 (V) IL (mA) The Exe V2 (V) IL (mA) The Exe IL = IL+ IL The Exe

To find the current through RL, first short circuit the voltage source V2 by the internal resistance.

Let IL = current through the load while source V1acting alone. And find current through RL

IL =

Now short circuit the voltage source V1 by the internal resistance and energize the voltage source V2

Let IL = current through the load while source V2 acting alone.

And find

IL =

IL = IL + IL

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. By adjusting the pot, set the load resistor (RL) value. 3. Now set the voltage level of V1 & V2 for a constant voltage and measure the branch current IL. 4. Now short circuit the voltage source V2, and keep the voltage source V1 remains constant value and measure IL (the current through RL) 5. Now short circuit the voltage source V1, and keep the voltage source V2 remains constant value and measure IL(the current through RL). 6. Repeat the above procedure for different values of load resistor RL and tabulate it. 7. Now the total current through RL is IL = IL + IL. 8. By comparing the theoretical and experimental values, the super position theorem is verified.

RESULT
Thus the superposition theorem was verified practically and theoretically. Then current through RL is IL = IL + IL.

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

Vs =
S.No RL ( ) IL (A)

V, Rs =
Pout (W)

Actual Calculated Actual Calculated

Ex.No:4

VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM
To verify Maximum power transfer theorem experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Apparatus Name

Range

Type

Quantity

1 2 3 4

Ammeter Trainer kit Multimeter Patch Chords

0-100mA -------

MC --Digital ----

1 1 1 As required

THEORY
Many circuits basically consist of sources, supplying voltage, current or power to the load. Sometimes it is necessary to transfer maximum voltage, current or power from the source to the load. More voltage is delivered to the load when the load resistance is high as compared to the resistance of the source. Maximum current is transferred to the load when the load resistance is small compared to the source resistance. Thus, Maximum power transfer theorem states that, Maximum power is delivered from a source to a load when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance.

Current in the circuit is I = VS / ( RS+RL ).

VS RL = 2 Power delivered to the load RL is P = I RL (RS + RL )2

To determine the value of RL for maximum power to be transferred to the load, we have to set the first derivative of the above equation with respect to RL, i.e., when equals zero.
2 dP d VS RL = dRL dRL (RS + RL )2

dP dRL

V 2 ( R S + R L )2 2 R L 2 ( R S + R L ) = S ( R S + R L )4

(RS + RL )2 2 RL 2 (RS + RL ) = 0
RS + RL + 2 RS RL 2 RL 2 RS RL = 0
2 2 2

RS = RL So, maximum power will be transferred to the load when load resistance is equal to the source resistance.

PROCEDURE
1. The resistor value in the circuit is designed such that RS = RL. 2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 3. 12 V supply is given to the circuit. 4. The current IL is measured for various values of RL by using ammeter. 5. By using I = VS / R, current value is calculated and the output can be calculated as POUT = I2RL. 6. By comparing the both powers, we can conclude that maximum power will be transferred at RS = RL.

RESULT
Thus the maximum power transfer theorem was verified.

RECIPROCITY THEOREM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit 1

Circuit 2

Ex.No:5

VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM

AIM
To verify Reciprocity theorem experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No

APPARATUS NAME
Ammeter Trainer kit Multimeter Patch Chords

Range

Type

Quantity

1 2 3 4

0-100mA -------

MC ---Digital ----

1 1 1 As required

THEORY
The Reciprocity theorem states that In a linear, bilateral network a voltage source V volts in a branch gives rise to a current I in another branch, the ratio V/ I is constant when the position of V and I are interchanged. According to this theorem if a source voltage and ammeter are interchanged, the magnitude of the current through the ammeter will be same. Consider the given network fig 1 with two loops 1 and 2 if an ideal voltage source V in loop 1 produces a current I in loop 2, then interchanging positions as shown in fig - 2, The same ideal source V in loop 2 produces the same current I in loop 1. The network is said to be reciprocal.

Fig 1

Fig - 2

TABULATION
Table 1 (For Circuit 1) Current I1 (A) S.No Voltage (Vs) The Exe

Table 2 (For Circuit 2) Current I2 (A) S.No Voltage (Vs) The Exe

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram (1). 2. Measure the value of current I1 for various voltage levels and record them in table1. 3. Change the voltage source position as shown in circuit diagram (2). 4. Measure the value of current I2 for various voltage levels as in step 1 and record them in table2. 5. By comparing theoretical and experimental values, the reciprocity theorem is verified.

RESULT
Thus the Reciprocity theorem was verified both theoretically and experimentally.

SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT

PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT

Ex.No:6

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

AIM
To analyze the characteristics of RLC series and parallel resonance circuits experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No Apparatus Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 Resistor Capacitor Inductor Range 500 0.1F 70 mH Type -----disc Decade box ------Digital ------Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 As required

Functional Generator -------Multimeter Connecting Probes ---------------

THEORY SERIES RESONANCE

Consider a circuit consisting or resistor R, inductor L and capacitor C all connected in series. A fixed voltage, variable frequency sinusoidal voltage is applied across this series combination. The following observations are based on experimental study of the behavior of the above circuit: 1. As the supply frequency is varied, the current drawn by the circuit phase varies with applied frequency. Also, the phase difference between the applied voltage and the current drawn varies with frequency. The phase difference is a function of the frequency. 2. The current is maximum at a particular frequency, called resonant frequency fr, and hence the impedance offered by the circuit is minimum at minimum fr. The voltage applied and the current drawn, are in phase with each other at fr. The load appears purely resistive at resonant frequency.

MODEL GRAPH

TABULATION
SERIES RESONANCE

S.No Frequency F (Hz) Current I (A)

3.

fr =

(2

1 LC

)
f < fr - I leads V, f > fr - I lags V

i. for ii. for 4. At f= fr, VR=VS.

By measuring the voltage drop across R (VR), for each applied frequency, the corresponding value of IS can be calculated, by using IS =V/R. A Graph is drawn between IS and f on semi log graph sheet. The variation in the phase difference between the applied voltage and current drawn by the circuit is a function of frequency.

PARALLEL RESONANCE
In parallel resonant circuit, an inductor and a capacitor are connected in parallel to each other, with respect to the supply source. The current through the inductance has the value VS / XL and lags VS by 900. Thus, two currents are out of phase with each other. If XC < XL , then IC > IL and the circuit acts capacitive, if XC > XL then the circuit in inductive. When XC = XL the inductive and capacitive currents are equal and the circuit is said to be in resonant condition. At resonance, the resonant frequency for the parallel resonant circuit is the same as that for the series resonant circuit. The frequency at which resonant occurs in a parallel LC circuit is sometimes called as the anti resonant frequency to distinguish it from the resonant frequency of the series LC circuit. For a parallel resonant circuit, at resonance condition, i. ii. XL = XC and IL = IC. fr = I =

(2

1 LC

iii. iv.

VS (minimum and in phase with applied voltage) ZP

ZP is maximum and resistive.

TABULATION
PARALLEL RESONANCE

S.No Frequency F (Hz) Current I (A)

PROCEDURE SERIES RESONANCE

1. Connect the RLC components as shown in diagram. 2. Connect the sine signal from a functional generator to the sockets marked as Input 3. Select digital multi meter with AC milli ampere range and connect it across the socket marked as output. 4. Set the input amplitude to a pre-defined level say RMS volt in DMM 2V (P-P) and this amplitude is said to be maintained constant throughout the experiment. 5. Repeat the same procedure for different frequency settings and the corresponding readings are noted down in the tabular column. 6. Use the readings to draw the resonance curve.

PARALLEL RESONANCE
1. Connect the RLC components as shown in circuit diagram. 2. Repeat the above procedure from steps 2 to 6.

RESULT
1. Thus the Resonance curves for RLC series and parallel resonance circuits are drawn. 2. Resonant frequency a) For series fr= ------------ Hz b) For parallel fr= ------------ Hz

MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Ex.No:7

VERIFICATION OF MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS

AIM
To verify Mesh and Nodal analysis by conducting suitable experiment on the given Electrical circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

1 2 3 4

Ammeter Trainer kit Multimeter Patch Chords

0-100mA -------

MC ---Digital ----

3 1 1 As required

MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS

In the loop current method, we need to write and solve equations for as many currents as the number of independent loops. The number of independent loops is equal to (b-n+1). This is based on kirchoffs voltage law applicable to only planar networks. Here KCL is applied automatically. In this method the loop current is an independent variable. The number of loop current equations is equal to number of independent loops. Consider the networks shown below. For convenience numerical values are not given.

TABULATION
V1 = V, V2 = RL() V I1 (A) Exe The I2 (A) Exe The I3 = I1 I2 (A) Exe The

S.NO

In the network given, there are three nodes (junctions) i.e, n =2.The branches are five i.e, b= 3. If l =number of independent loops , l = b-n +1 = 3-2 + 1 =2.Therefore, there will be two independent loop equations. Each loop current is confirmed to that particular loop only. The currents through RA, RB are I1, I2 respectively. The current through RB is I1 I2. Applying KVL to the loops, we get I1 (RA+RB) I2RB = Va -RBI1 + (RC+RB) I2 = -Vb It is usual to write these equations in terms of self and mutual resistances. The self resistance of a loop is the sum of the resistances encountered in a traverse of that loop. Thus for the circuit the algebraic sum of the emf in the loop The self resistance of loop 1 = R11 = RA +RB The self resistance of loop 2 = R22 = RB+RC The resistance which is common to more than one loop is called mutual resistance. i.e, R12 = R21 = RB

Finally the general form of loop equations for the given circuit containing three independent loops will be, R11I1 + R12I2 = Va R21I1 + R22I2 = -Vb Writing equations in the matrix form, we get

R11 R12 R21 R22

I1 I2

Va
= -Vb

NODAL VOLTAGE ANALYSIS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

In general the above matrix form is expressed as below:

R11 R12 R21 R22

I1 I2
=

V1 V2

Here , V1 = the algebraic sum of the emf in the loop 1. V2 = the algebraic sum of the emf in the loop 2 An emf is assigned positive if the loop current leaves at positive terminal of the source.

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set the load resistor value RL to constant value. 3. Note down the branch current I1, I2 & I3 values by using ammeter. 4. Repeat the above procedure for different values of load resistor RL. 5. On comparing the theoretical and experimental values Mesh current analysis was verified.

NODAL VOLTAGE ANALYSIS

Consider the network shown below. The voltages V1 and V2 can be calculated by using Nodal Voltage analysis.

In the above circuit three nodes are there. Consider the third node (node 3) as the reference node. To calculate the node voltages the matrix form can be written as follows.

TABULATION
VA = V, VB = V V1 (V) Exe V2 (V) The

S.NO RL()

The Exe

RA-1 + RB -1 + RC-1 -RC-1

-RC-1 RC-1 + RD -1 + RE-1

V1 V2

Va/RA Vb/RE

GA + GB + GC -GC

-GC GC + GD + GE

V1 V2

I1 I2

Here, Conductance G = R-1 By solving the above matrix, V1, V2 can be found.

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set the load resistor value RL to constant value. 3. Note down the node voltage V1 & V2 values by using voltmeter. 4. Repeat the above procedure for different values of load resistor RL. 5. On comparing the theoretical and experimental values Nodal voltage analysis was verified.

RESULT
Thus Mesh and Nodal analysis were verified by theoretically and experimentally.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
DC SERIES RL

DC SERIES RLC

Ex.No 8

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF RL AND RC CIRCUITS

AIM
To study the transient response of RL and RC circuit using series D.C and A.C circuit trainer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. Apparatus Name Series A.C and D.C circuit trainer kit D.C ammeter A.C Ammeter Patch chords (or) wires (0-200) mA (0-200 )mA 1 1 1 As required Range Type Quantity

THEORY RESPONSE OF AN R-L CIRCUIT

Consider the RL circuit shown in fig.1 with switch S and applied DC voltage V. When the switch S closed, we can determine the complete solution to apply the kirchoffs voltage law to the circuit.

V = Ri + L

di dt

-------------------------- (!)

Divide equation 1 by L

di R V = i+ L dt L

-------------------------- (2)

The above equation is linear differential equation; it should refer like this,

dx + Px = k dt Whose solution is
x = e pt ke pt dt + ce pt

---------------------- (3)

Where c is arbitrary constant. In a similar way to write the current equation,

i = ce

( R L )t
( L )t

+e

( L )t V (R L )

dt

i = ce

V R

---------------------------- (4)

To determine the constant c to apply the initial condition at t=0 (i.e.) just before closing the switch and the current in the inductor is zero, so at t=0, I=0 to substitute in equation 4, we get,

V R Substitute equation 5 in 4, C=

------------------------- (5)

i=

V V R + exp t R R L
------------------------- (6)

i=

V R 1 exp t R L

In the above equation, steady state part V/R and the transient part (V/R) e-(R/L) t

Error!
In Fig. 2 when switch S is closed, the response reaches the steady state value after some time interval. Thus the transient period is defined as the time taken for the current to reach the final value.

DC RESPONSE OF AN R-C CIRCUIT

Consider the RC circuit shown in fig. 3. with switch S and applied DC voltage V. When switch S closed, we can determine the complete solution to apply Kirchoffs voltage law to the circuit.

V = Ri +

1 idt c

---------------------- (7)

Differentiate the above equation, di i + dt c Divide the equation 8 by R O=R ----------------------- (8)

di 1 + i=0 dt R

----------------------- (9)

The above equation is a linear differential function with only complementary solution. The solution for this equation is

i = Ce t / Rc

---------------------- (10)

When switch S is closed at t=0, the capacitor never allow sudden changes in voltage, it will act as a short circuit. At t=0,i=V/R. substitute this current to equation 4. C=V/R The current equation becomes, i= V t / RC e R

------------------------- (11)

InFig. 4 After 4TC the curve reaches the 99 percent of it final value. In that solution equation 5, the quantity 1/RC is time constant and is denoted by

PROCEDURE
D.C SERIES R-L
1. Switch ON the CRO. 2. Connect 230v supply to the trainer. 3. See the waveform in the CRO, it should be exponential manner.

D.C SERIES R-C

1. Switch ON the CRO. 2. Connect 230v supply to the trainer. 3. See the waveform in the CRO, it should be inverse exponential manner.

RESULT
Thus the Transient response of RL and RC circuits are studied and the output waveforms are seen using CRO.

Circuit Diagram:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Ex.No. 9 MEASUREMENT OF SELF INDUCTANCE OF A COIL AIM:

To study the measurements of self inductance of coil using Hays bridge method.

Theory:The hays bridge is the modification of the Maxwell Bridge. This bridge uses a resistance in series with the standard capacitor. The bridge has four resistive arms in which the arms one is consists of the resistor R1, L1 .The arm 2 is consists of the variable resistance R3.The low value of the resistance is obtain by the low resistive arms of the bridge. The value of R4 and C4 is the standard value of the capacitor and resistance. By using the known non-inductive resistance R1, R2, R3 & R4 and standard capacitor C4 value, the unknown value of inductor is calculated. The unknown value of inductance and Quality factor of the coil is obtained by formula. L1 = (R2R3C4) / (1 + 2R42C42) Quality factor (Q) = (1 / 2R42C42) Basic AC bridges consist of four arms, source excitation and a balanced detector(G). Commonly used detectors for AC bridges are: (1) Head phones (2) Vibration galvanometers (3) Tunable amplifier detectors Vibration galvanometer is extremely useful at power and low audio frequency ranges. Vibration galvanometers are manufactured to work at various frequencies ranging from 5 KHZ to 1 KHZ. But one most commonly used between 200HZ. Advantage-1) This Bridge gives very simple expression for unknown for High Q coil. 2) This bridge also gives a simple expression for Q factor. Disadvantage-1) The hays bridge is suited for the measurement of the High Q inductor. 2) It is used to find the inductor having the Q value of the smaller then 10.

Model Calculation:

By considering the Hay Bridge is in balanced condition, R1 = 6.25 R2 = 10 R3 = 5 R4 = 8 f = 50 HZ C4 = 156 F = 2f = 314 rad/sec The unknown self inductance value of coil is calculated by using formula L1 = (R2R3C4) / (1 + 2R42C42) = (10515610^ ) / (1 + (314)2(8)2(15610^ ) ) L1 = 6.8 mH
-6 -6 2

The Quality factor of the coil is calculated by using formula

Quality factor (Q)

= (1 / 2R42C42) = (1 / ((314)2(8)2(15610^ ) ))
-6 2

= 6.5

Procedure:
1) Study the given circuit. 2) Make all connections to complete the bridge. 3) Set the bridge is in balanced condition by adjusting R3. 4) Note value of R1, R2, R3, and R4 from the circuit diagram. 5) Measure value of L & Q by calculating using given formula.

Result:The measurements of self inductance of coil using Hays bridge were studied.