UCON Quenchents

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UCON Quenchants
Users Manual
Table of Contents
Page Number
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Product Description ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Products ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Advantages of UCON Quenchants .......................................................................................................................... 7
Quenching Variables ................................................................................................................................................8-9
Quenchant Selection:
Steel .....................................................................................................................................................10-13
Aluminum .............................................................................................................................................14-17
Quenchant Conversions .......................................................................................................................................18-22
Maintenance ........................................................................................................................................................23-25
Case Histories:
Integral Quenching .................................................................................................................................... 26
Open Tank Quenching ..........................................................................................................................26-27
Aluminum Quenching ................................................................................................................................ 27
Induction Quenching ................................................................................................................................. 27
Controllable Delayed Quenching .............................................................................................................. 28
Immersion Time Quenching Technology ..............................................................................................28-30
Ecological Fate Data ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Toxicological Properties ............................................................................................................................................ 31
Storage and Handling ............................................................................................................................................... 31
Product Safety ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
Additional Information:
Physical Properties Graphs ...............................................................................................................32-35
Cooling Rate Data ................................................................................................................................36-38
Quenching Data ........................................................................................................................................ 39
Heat Transfer Coefcients ...................................................................................................................40-41
Emergency Service .................................................................................................................................................... 42
1
List of Figures
Figure 1 Illustration typical quenching processes by the superposition of quenching
time-temperature curves on the CCT curve for a quench-hardenable alloy .......................................... 4
Figure 2A Illustration of the wetting process for Water ......................................................................................... 5
Figure 2B Illustration of the wetting process for Oil .............................................................................................. 5
Figure 2C Illustration of the wetting process typical of a UCON Quenchant ......................................................... 5
Figure 3 Cooling curves obtained at different positions in the center
and at the surface of a cylindrical probe ................................................................................................ 5
Figure 4 Illustration of a PAG cooling curve ......................................................................................................... 8
Figure 5 Illustration of the Grossman H-Factor for UCON Quenchant E .............................................................. 8
Figure 6 Illustration of Aluminum Parts Quenched in UCON Quenchant A ....................................................... 14
Figure 7 Stress Distribution vs. Percent Material Removed for A356 Aluminum Castings ............................... 15
Figure 8 Comparison of aluminum sheet distortion reduction achieved
with cold and hot water and UCON Quenchant A .............................................................................. 15
Figure 9 Illustration of draft tube impeller design ............................................................................................. 19
Figure 10 Examples of chute quench designs ...................................................................................................... 21
Figure 11 Illustration of the introduction of sample onto a refractometer prism ................................................ 23
Figure 12 Illustration of a Cannon-Fenske viscosity tube .................................................................................... 24
Figure 13 Illustration of a portable conductivity meter ........................................................................................ 24
Figure 14 Illustration of the separation temperature effect for a PAG quenchant .............................................. 24
Figure 15 Illustration of a nitrite color test .......................................................................................................... 25
Figure 16 Illustration of a Dip Stick test for biological activity ........................................................................ 25
Figure 17 Normal hardness distribution (1) after quenching in oil at 20C without agitation;
inverse hardness distribution (2) after quenching in UCON Quenchant E
at 15% concentration, 40C bath temperature and 0.8 m/s agitation ............................................... 28
Figure 18 Test results of specimens with normal and inverse hardness distribution ......................................... 28
Figure 19 Crankshaft hardness and distortion results ......................................................................................... 29
Figure 20 Hardness distribution for track links produced by the continuous ITQS process ................................ 30
Figure 21A Schematic illustration of the quench system used to quench the probes ........................................... 35
Figure 21B Schematic illustration of dimensions of probes used to collect time-temperature
cooling curve data tabulated in Tables 14 16 ..................................................................................... 35
2
List of Tables
Table 1 Typical Physical Properties ..................................................................................................................6-7
Table 2 Factors Effecting Heat Transfer Rates .................................................................................................... 8
Table 3 Typical Applications For UCON Quenchant A ....................................................................................... 11
Table 4 Typical Applications For UCON Quenchant E ....................................................................................... 12
Table 5 Typical Applications For UCON Quenchant HT ..................................................................................... 13
Table 6 Limits For Quenching In UCON Quenchant A Solutions ....................................................................... 16
Table 7 Calculation of Quench Factors and Yield Strength for 2024 Sheet
and 7075 Sheet and Bar Stock ............................................................................................................ 17
Table 8 Suggested Coatings for Use on Contact with UCON Quenchants ....................................................... 19
Table 9 Power Requirements for Impeller Agitation ......................................................................................... 20
Table 10 Size of Impeller Mixers ......................................................................................................................... 20
Table 11 Pressure and Orice Size Recommendations for Indirect Spray Quench Systems .............................. 22
Table 12 Environmental Fate ............................................................................................................................... 30
Table 13 Ecotoxicity ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Table 14 Cooling Rate Data UCON Quenchant A ............................................................................................ 36
Table 15 Cooling Rate Data UCON Quenchant E ............................................................................................. 37
Table 16 Cooling Rate Data UCON Quenchant HT .......................................................................................... 38
Table 17 Cooling Rate Data Water and Selected Oils ..................................................................................... 38
Table 18 Quenching Data for AA 7075-T73 using a Type I Aqueous Polymer
UCON Quenchant A (Solution Temperature 870F) .............................................................................. 39
Table 19 Heat Transfer Coefcients for 20% Water Solution of UCON Quenchant A vs.
Probe Diameter [Bath Temperature 43C, Agitation V = 0 m/s (no agitation)] ................................... 40
Probe Diameter (Bath Temperature 60C, Agitation V = 0.254 m/s) .................................................. 40
Sample Diameter (Bath Temperature 54.4C, Agitation V = 0.1 m/s) ................................................ 41
Sample Diameter (Bath Temperature 43.3C, Agitation V = 0.254 m/s) ............................................ 41
3
Figure 1 Illustration typical quenching processes
by the superposition of quenching time-temperature
curves on the CCT curve for a quench-hardenable
alloy. The solid quenchant cooling curve line will
permit the formation of maximum martensite.
However, if the cooling process is delayed
sufciently, undesirable microstructures will be
formed as illustrated by the dotted cooling curve line.
INTRODUCTION
UCON Quenchants
Quenching involves the controlled cooling of a metal
from a high temperature to a cooler temperature to
facilitate the formation of the desired microstructure
and physical properties. For example, steel is typically
heated to an austenitization temperature and cooled
at a rate sufcient to minimize the formation of
undesirable microstructures such as pearlite, and
maximize the formation of martensite as shown in
Figure 1.
In addition to facilitating the formation of desirable
microstructures, another critically important function
of a quenchant is to maximize the uniformity of the
cooling process over the surface of the part during
the cooling process. A series of photographs taken
when a cylindrical probe was quenched in water, oil
and an aqueous PAG (polyalkylene glycol) quenchant,
such as a UCON Quenchant, are shown in
Figures 2AC.
It is important to note that three different cooling
mechanisms, lm boiling (very slow cooling), nucleate
boiling (fastest cooling) and convective cooling (slow
cooling) occur simultaneously on the metal surface
throughout the quenching process. Since all three
cooling mechanisms exhibit different cooling rates,
the formation of signicant thermal gradients is
unavoidable. These thermal gradients will lead to
increased thermal and transformational stresses and
if sufciently high, they will produce increased
distortion and possibly even cracking.
Quenching in an aqueous solution of a UCON
Quenchant will produce much more uniform quenching
over the entire surface of the cooling metal surface
as shown in the series of photographs on page 5.
Also shown are cooling curves obtained at different
positions in the center and at the surface of a
cylindrical probe quenched in water and in a dilute
solution of a poly(alkylene glycol) quenchant (Figure 3).
The data shows that although the cooling curves are
similar in the center of the probe, the difference in
cooling along the surface from the bottom when
quenching in water is much greater than when
quenching in aqueous polymer solution. This explains
why the addition of small quantities of a UCON
Quenchant (58%) often results in a dramatic
reduction of distortion and cracking.
4
1400
Critical temperature
T
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(
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High speed oil
Martensite
Time (sec.)
Hot (180F) water
M
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1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0.5 1 10
10
2
10
3
10
4
1
Source: H.M. Tensi, A. Stich, and G.E. Totten, Fundamentals of
Quenching, Metal Heat Treating, 1995, Mar/Apr, p.20-28.
Figure 2A Illustration of the wetting
process for Water.
1
Figure 2B Illustration of the wetting
process for Oil.
1
Figure 2C Illustration of the wetting
process typical of a UCON Quenchant.
1
Figure 3 Cooling curves obtained at
different positions in the center and at
the surface of a cylindrical probe.
5
1000
750
500
250
0
0
(a) (b)
1
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3
3
2
1
1-3
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Time (sec.) Time (sec.)
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30 40 0 5 10 15 20
polymer
water
Table 1 Typical Physical Properties
UCON Nitrite Quenchants
Properties Method(ASTM) A E HT RL
Weight per Gallon at 20C, lbs. 9.13 8.94 9.18 8.97
Specic Gravity at 20/20C D 891 1.092 1.074 1.102 1.077
Flash Point, C D 93 & D 92 None None None None
Pour Point, C D 97 -16 0 -20 0
pH Range E 70 9.0 - 11.0 9.0 - 11.0 9.0 - 11.0 9.0 - 11.0
Rust Inhibition D 665A Pass Pass Pass Pass
Viscosity at 100F, SUS D 7042 2200 - 2800 1120 - 1375 2700 - 3300 1000 - 1250
Viscosity at 100F, cSt D 7042 475 - 604 242 - 297 583 - 712 216 - 270
Product Description
UCON Quenchants are a series of non-ammable,
aqueous solutions of a liquid organic polymer and a
corrosion inhibitor. The organic polymer is completely
soluble in water and produces clear homogeneous
solutions at room temperature. However, at elevated
temperatures, the polymer separates from the water
as an insoluble phase. Upon cooling, the polymer
redissolves to reform a homogeneous, aqueous
solution. This process is completely reversible and
is commonly referred to as the cloud point effect.
The mechanism by which a UCON Quenchant
mediates the quenching process is dependent on the
cloud point effect exhibited by the particular UCON
Quenchant solution. For example, when hot metal is
quenched in a diluted solution of a UCON Quenchant,
a lm of the liquid polymer is deposited on the
surface of the hot metal. The rate at which the metal
is cooled is governed, in part, by the heat transfer
properties, or cooling rates, of the polymer-rich lm.
The particular heat transfer properties obtained
depend on the particular UCON Quenchant employed,
quenchant concentration, agitation rates, and
quenchant solution temperature. By adjusting these
parameters, a single UCON Quenchant may be used
in a wide variety of heat-treating processes and with
a range of metal alloys. Proper selection of these
variables permits quenching rate variations, ranging
from those achieved with brine solutions to those
achieved with medium-to-slow-quenching oils.
Products
UCON Quenchants A, HT, RL and E are the principal
members of the series. These products contain an
inorganic nitrite salt as the corrosion inhibitor.
However, non-nitrite -containing formulations are also
available, as UCON Quenchants A-XL, RL-XL and E-XL.
These quenchants contain a proprietary non-nitrite
corrosion inhibitor additive package. UCON
Quenchants designated as XL are completely
compatible with their nitrite-containing UCON
Quenchant analogs without nitrosamine formation.
Similar quenchant performance is obtained with
either quenchant product.
UCON Quenchant A and A-XL permit the fastest
quench rates and facilitate quench uniformity from
water to medium-speed quench oils. They can be
used to quench both ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
UCON Quenchants E and E-XL are useful where the
slowest quench rates are desirable. They provide
uniform heat transfer in typical oil quenching
applications. They are typically used in ferrous metal
heat-treating to replace medium- to slow-quenching
oils. In non-ferrous applications, these quenchants
provide superior distortion-reduction properties for
thin sheet products.
UCON Quenchants RL and RL-XL provide slower
quench rates than UCON A and A-XL. These products
are readily adapted to induction hardening but may be
used in other quenching systems as well.
UCON Quenchant HT is used in applications requiring
intermediate quench rates. UCON Quenchant HT
exhibits higher separation temperature than other
members of the series. This allows greater exibility
in the selection of initial bath temperatures and in
the permissible run-out temperature during the
quench cycle.
Although A, E, RL and HT and their XL analogs are
the products of choice for most quenching operations.
Other UCON Quenchants are also available for
specialty heat-treating operations.
6
Advantages Of UCON Quenchants
UCON Quenchants offer a high degree of versatility
and improved performance to the complex quenching
process.
Reduced Fire Hazards
UCON Quenchants exhibit signicant re safety,
biodegradability and health advantages over oil. They
have a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
rating of:
Health = 0
Flammability = 0
Reactivity = 0
UCON Quenchants meet the approval requirements
for the FM Approvals Standard 6930 Flammability
Classication of Industrial Fluids. Products are
manufactured and labeled as FM Approved. This
provides an opportunity to reduce costs for protection
equipment and/or re insurance.
Environmental Safety
UCON Quenchants resist bacterial growth, are
biodegradable, and are essentially nontoxic to bluegill
sunsh. For more information on environmental
effects, see Ecological Fate Data.
Processing Safety
UCON Quenchants designated XL may be used safely
in processes where there is danger of contamination
with amines. The XL corrosion inhibitor system will
not promote nitrosamine formation. The heat treater
may add XL grades to nitrite-containing quenchants
in the bath without risk of nitrosamine formation and
without the need to dispose of the existing bath.
Flexibility
Optimum operating conditions may be attained
through concentration, bath temperature, and
agitation. By adjusting these parameters, a variety of
quenching severities, ranging from water to slow oil,
may be achieved in a single bath.
Reduced Process Costs
Scrap and off-spec processing costs are reduced by
the control of soft-spotting, distortion and cracking.
Losses from drag-out can be controlled by washing
quenched parts with water or quenchant solution.
Any residual quenchant will volatilize cleanly in
tempering operations above 644F (340C), leaving
the part free of undesired residues, such as lacquers,
varnishes, etc.
Lower Quenchant Costs
The major make-up requirement is water to replace
that lost by evaporation. Quench baths that have been
badly contaminated from various sources (hydraulic oil
leakage, salt, etc.) may be restored by such techniques
as decantation, heat, or membrane separation.
Easier Maintenance and Housekeeping
Equipment maintenance and plant cleanliness are
easier to achieve with water-soluble quenchants.
Cooling coils and quench tanks remain free of oil-
derived sludges or deposits. The smoke, soot, and
residues typical of oil quenching are completely
eliminated.
7
Table 1 Typical Physical Properties cont.
UCON XL Quenchants
Properties Method(ASTM) A-XL E-XL RL-XL
Weight per Gallon at 20C, lbs. 9.06 8.89 8.90
Specic Gravity at 20/20C D 891 1.087 1.068 1.069
Flash Point, C D 93 & D 92 None None None
Pour Point, C D 97 -25 -7 -7
pH Range E 70 7.5 - 9.0 7.5 - 9.0 7.5 - 9.0
Rust Inhibition D 665A Pass Pass Pass
Viscosity at 100F, SUS D 7042 2376 - 2900 1112 - 1371 1061 - 1297
Viscosity at 100F, cSt D 7042 513 - 626 240 - 296 229 - 280
Figure 4 Illustration of a PAG cooling curve Figure 5 Illustration of the Grossman H-Factor for
UCON Quenchant E
Table 2 Factors Effecting Heat Transfer Rates
Properties Of The Fluid Heat Transfer Coefcient
Type Of Quenchant
Concentration
Rate Of Agitation
Bath Temperature
Properties Of The Sample Heat Transfer Coefcient
Thermal Diffusivity
Sample Diameter
Surface Roughness
Surface Oxidation
Increasing
Decreasing
Quenching Variables
There are many factors that affect heat transfer rates
during quenching and thus also affect cooling curve
shape. The most important of these factors and their
effect on heat transfer rates are summarized in Table 2.
Of these factors, the most important are: polymer
concentration, agitation and bath temperature. This is
illustrated in the cooling curve gure (Figure 4 lower
left) and the contour chart of Grossman H-Factors
(Figure 5 lower right).
8
15
1.0
0.8
1.0
Circ. Rate - 75 Circ. Rate - 50
Circ. Rate - 100
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.4
100
105
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Polymer Concentration
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Polymer Concentration
Heat transfer rates are affected by the thickness of
the insulating polymer lm surrounding the hot metal
surface during cooling. Increasing the quenchant
concentration will result in a thicker lm and thus
slower cooling rates (< H-factor). Conversely,
decreasing the concentration of the quenchant will
produce a thinner insulating lm and faster cooling
rates (> H-factor).
Agitation
It is important to understand why optimization of the
uniformity of the ow rate around the cooling surface
is critical to reduce undesirable thermal gradients
during quenching. Agitation is particularly important
since it may have a dramatic effect both on the timing
of the rupture and redissolution and thickness of the
insulating lm. Agitation can also affect the uniformity
of lm formation and breakage around the cooling
surface. Increasing agitation will cause faster rupture
and redissolution of the polymer lm (> H-factor).
Decreasing agitation rates will exhibit the opposite
effect.
Bath Temperature
Control of bath temperature, or temperature rise, is
also important for quench process control. Increasing
bath temperature will decrease cooling rates (< H-
factor). Conversely, decreasing bath temperature will
increase cooling rates (> H-factor).
By adjusting and control of these process variables,
a single UCON Quenchant may be used in a wide
variety of heat treat processes with a wide range of
alloys. Proper selection of these variables permits
quenching rate variations, ranging from those of brine
solutions to those achieved with medium- to slow-
quenching oils.
9
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Quenchant SelectionSteel
Applications
UCON Quenchants A and A-XL
These quenchants are readily adapted to induction
and ame hardening, both spray quench and
immersion, for such items as gears, crankshafts,
camshafts, and other pieces of intricate geometry
and difcult metallurgy.
Their use may follow heating in either oxidizing or
protective atmosphere furnaces of batch or continuous
design. They may also be used for continuous cast
quenching and for general hardening of cast irons and
forged and cast steels.
UCON Quenchants E and E-XL
These quenchants are useful for quenching high-
carbon and most alloy grades of steel associated with
typical oil quenching. UCON Quenchants E and E-NN
are adaptable to induction and ame hardening, both
spray and immersion quenching, for high alloy steels
with intricate geometry, including nodular, malleable,
and cast irons.
They are used following treatment in oxidizing, neutral
and protective atmosphere furnaces of shaker, rotary,
batch, or continuous design. They are also suitable for
direct quenching from the forge, for continuous cast
quenching, and for general hardening of cast irons and
forged or cast steels.
UCON Quenchant HT
The broader temperature range for UCON Quenchant
HT makes it adaptable to batch-type integral quench
furnaces. Because of variations in equipment design,
each installation requires individual attention to
provide satisfactory performance.
This quenchant may also be readily applied to spray
quench and immersion induction hardening for gears,
camshafts, crankshafts, and other items that have
complex geometry and difcult metallurgy.
Its use can follow heating in either oxidizing or
protective furnaces of shaker, rotary, or continuous
design, as well as for direct quenching from the forge,
continuous cast quenching, and general hardening of
forged and cast steels and cast iron.
UCON Quenchants RL and RL-XL
UCON Quenchants RL and RL-XL are used for
quenching of medium- to high-carbon steel and alloy
steels of most grades including 300 and 400 series
stainless steels. UCON Quenchants RL and RL-XL are
readily adapted to induction hardening, both spray
and immersion quenching, for such items as spline
shafts, gears, crankshafts, camshafts, and other
pieces of intricate geometry and different metallurgy.
UCON Quenchants RL and RL-XL may follow oxidizing,
neutral, or protective atmosphere furnaces of shaker,
rotary, bath or continuous design. These quenchants
may be used for direct quenching from the forge; for
continuous cast quenching; and for general hardening
of forged and cast steels, and cast irons.
Typical Industrial Applications
The following tables provide a convenient summary
of the application areas in which UCON Quenchants
have proven useful, as well as the quenching media
they replace. It should be noted that there is some
overlap in product uses and also that there are other
UCON Quenchants available for special applications.
10
Table 3 Typical Applications For UCON Quenchant A
Item Alloy Heating Quenchant Fluid Prior As-Quenched
Method
1
Concentration, % Temp., F Quench Hardness, Rc
Ferrous 1045 I 10 100 None 40-45
Ball Bearing Plates Meehanite F 15 Ambient 40-45
Cam Follower Studs 1070 I 15 100 Brine 60
Camshafts Gray Iron I 20 110-120 Water
Caster Horns 1012 C 8 80 Oil
1020 C 8 80 Oil
Cast Iron Saddles Cast Iron FL 6 85 56-60
Crankshafts 1050 I 10-12 100 Oil 56+
5046 I 10-12 100 Oil
1048 I 11-14 115-120 Water 48
1046 I 10-11 110 PVA 56+
Drive Shafts Carbon I 10-12 90-120
Forged Joints 1045 F 18-19 130-140 Oil 350-500(BHN)
1141 F 18-19 130-140 Oil 350-500(BHN)
Gears 4140 I 10-15 80-100 50-60
4150 I 10-15 90-120 50-60
1040 I 10-12 60-100 52-56
Pins 1045 I 8-10 70 Water 59-60
Roller Cutters 4870 F 18 100+ Oil 59-60
Screws 1022 CN 10 95 Oil 83(Rn)
Splined Shafts 1046 I 20 100+ Oil 56-58
1041 I 10 80-110 Water 49-55
1141 I 10 80-110 Water 49-55
410 SS I 14-16 100-120 Oil 38-42
8645 I 14-16 100-120 Oil 58-62
8650 I 14-16 100-120 Oil 58-62
8655 I 14-16 100-120 Oil 58-62
1050 I 14-16 100-120 Oil 58-62
8620 C 14-16 100-120 Oil 58-62
Track Links 5135 F 5 80-110 Oil 52-57
1
C = Carburizing
CN = Carbonitriding
PF = Pit Furnace
F = Furnace
FL = Flame
I = Induction
11
Table 4 Typical Applications For UCON Quenchant E
Method
1
Gear Blanks 4140 DFQ 24-26 120-130 Oil 55-62
4150 DFQ 24-26 120-130 Oil 55-62
Gears 4140 FB 24-26 100-120 Oil 54-62
4150 FB 24-26 100-120 Oil 54-62
Oil Field Components 4140 PF 22-26 120-130 Oil 55-64
4150 PF 22-26 120-130 Oil 55-64
4340 PF 22-26 120-130 Oil 55-64
Shafts 4140 PF 20-25 120-130 Oil 55-64
4150 PF 20-25 120-130 Oil 55-64
5200 PF 20-25 120-130 Oil 55-64
9Cr, 1Mo PF 20-25 120-130 Oil 55-64
8260 PCF 18-24 90-100 Oil 60+ (Surf.)
Shoe Shanks 1060 CF 18-22 90-110 Oil 60+
1065 CF 18-22 90-110 Oil 60+
Spindles 4140 FB 22-26 120-130 Oil 51-55
Sprocket Gears PM
2
I 23-27 120-130 Water 59-62
1.0C, 2.0Cu I 23-27 120-130 Oil 59-62
Agricultural Tools 1080 DFQ 22-26 130 Oil 60-62
1085 DFQ 22-26 130 Oil 60-62
Hard Faced (Brazed) Disk 1085 F 22-25 140 Oil 59-62
Large Carburized Gears (30,000 lb.) 4320 F 22 120 Oil 59-63
Die for Engine Valves H13 F 23.5 90 Oil 53-55
Crankshaft 1043 F 15 86 Oil 95-99HB
4140H F 10 100 Oil 105-109HB
Track Links 15B37 F 10-12 95-104 Oil 38-40
1
CF = Continuous Furnace
DFQ = Direct Forge Quench
FB = Fluidized Bed
I = Induction
PCF = Pit Carburizing Furnace
ITQS = Immersion Time Quenching System
F = Furnace
PF = Pit Furnace
2
Powdered Metallurgical Parts
12
Table 5 Typical Applications For UCON Quenchant HT
Method
1
Crankshafts 1050 F 18-22 90-120 Water 56-62
Die Blocks 4140 F 23-25 110-130 Oil 55-62
4340(Mod) F 23-25 110-130 Oil 55-62
Forged Roll Rings Waspaloy F 18-22 80-120 Water/Oil Varies
Inconel F 18-22 80-120 Water/Oil Varies
Ti-6Al-4V F 18-22 80-120 Water/Oil Varies
Al-6061 F 18-22 80-120 Water/Oil Varies
Gears 4140 IQF 20-24 120-130 Oil 53-58
High-Pressure Cylinders 4130 F 18-20 90-120 Oil 46-55
4140 F 18-20 90-120 Oil 46-55
Leaf Springs 5160 DFQ 30-34 130-160 Oil 59, min
Oil Tools 8620 ICF 28-32 90-120 Oil 50-60
4320 ICF 28-32 90-120 Oil 50-60
4820 ICF 28-32 90-120 Oil 50-60
Powdered
Metallurgical Parts
0.54 C, 1.65 Cu F 12-16 100-120 Oil 40-50
Shafts 4140 F 22-26 120-130 Oil 55-60
4150 F 22-26 120-130 Oil 55-60
Large Rings 4340 F 20-24 120 New Installation 50-55
(22 ft. dia., 62,000 lb.) 4140 F 20-24 120 New Installation 50-55
4150 F 20-24 120 New Installation 50-55
1
DFQ = Direct Forge Quench
F = Furnace
ICF = Integral Carburizing Furnace
IQF = Integral Quench Furnace
13
14
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Figure 6 Illustration of Aluminum Parts Quenched in UCON Quenchant A.
Bore Area (sq. in.)
75%
UQA
40%
UQA
30%
UQA
20%
UQA
10% Water
Oil
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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(
1
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-
4

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)
600
500
400
300
200
100
Figure 7 Stress Distribution vs. Percent Material
Removed for A356 Aluminum Castings
Figure 8 Comparison of aluminum sheet distortion reduction
achieved with cold and hot water and UCON Quenchant A
Quenchant SelectionAluminum
Severe distortion and residual stresses are often encountered when aluminum
is quenched in water. However, when an aqueous solution of a UCON
Quenchant, such as UCON Quenchant A, is used as the quenching medium, a
dramatic reduction in both residual stresses (Figure 7 lower left) and distortion
(Figure 8 lower right) is typically achieved.
UCON Quenchants A and A-XL are proven quenching agents for wrought, cast,
dip-brazed and forged aluminum alloys. Their superiority to water quenching in
reducing residual stresses in aluminum alloys results in extensive straightening
cost savings and improved uniformity of mechanical results. (See Figure 6).
UCON Quenchant A is an AMEC approved Type 1 Polymer Quenchant according
to AMS 3025B.
Water 85F
Agitation Rate 25 FPM
Total Distortion 1.55 in.
Water 160F
UCON Quenchant A 20%
15
Table 6 Limits For Quenching In UCON Quenchant A
1
Solutions
Maximum Thickness
3
Polymer
4,5
Alloy Form Inches Millimeters Concentration % Notes
2024 Sheet, Extrusions 0.040 1.02 34 max. 2
6061 Sheet, Plate, Bar 0.250 6.35 40 max.
6061 Forgings 1.000 25.40 20-22
7075 Forgings 2.000 50.80 13-15 6
7175 Forgings 2.500 63.50 10-12 6
7049 Forgings 1.000 25.40 20-22
7049 Forgings 2.000 50.80 13-15
7149 Forgings 3.000 76.20 10-12
7050 Forgings 1.000 25.40 28-32
7050 Forgings 2.000 50.80 26-28
7050 Forgings 3.000 76.20 20-22
7050 Forgings 4.000 101.50 15-17
7049 Extrusions 0.250 6.35 28 max.
7050 Extrusions 0.250 6.35 28 max.
7075 Extrusions 0.375 9.52 22 max.
7175 Extrusions 0.375 9.52 22 max.
1. UCON Quenchant A is an AMEC approved Type 1 Polymer Quenchant according to AMS 3025B.
2. Applicable when nal temper is T4 or T42. When nal temper is T6 or T62, sheet and plate up to 0.250 inch (6.35mm), inclusive, may
be quenched in UCON Quenchant A to a maximum concentration of 22%.
3. Thickness is the minimum distortion of the heaviest section at the time of heat treatment.
4. Where only maximum concentration is shown, any concentration equal to or below the maximum concentration shall be controlled
within 2% of that selected. When concentration is specied on a drawing or purchase order without tolerance or range, the
tolerance shall be 2%.
5. Concentration shall be checked according to ASTM D445 weekly and whenever concentration is changed.
6. Prohibited for 7075 alloy when nal temper is T6.
16
Table 7 Calculation of Quench Factors and Yield Strength for 2024 Sheet and 7075 Sheet and Bar Stock
A. 2024-T851 Sheet Data (0.063 in.)
Q = -0.552 + 0.225 C
0.74, R
2
= 90.2
YS = 66.78 - 0.0738 C
0.2421, R
2
= 90.3
B. 7075-T73 Sheet Data (0.125 in.)
Q = 0.399 + 0.004554 CR + 0.03754 C + 7.491 ST - 0.08374 CR ST + 0.2765 C ST
0.2007, R
2
= 97.6
YS = 69.19 - 0.00153 CR - 0.00866 C - 1.999 ST + 0.02638 CR ST - 0.07747 C ST
0.06109, R
2
= 96.8
C. Type I 7075-T73 Bar Data (0.5 - 2.0 in.)
Q = -39.96 + 2.345 C + 4.483 D + 0.4557 T + 0.1876 C D - 0.02703 C T
0.5003, R
2
= 98.5
YS = 69.41 - 0.00833 C - 1.17 D - 0.0525 C D
0.1304, R
2
= 98.7
T = Temperature (F) C = Concentration (%)
ST = Sheet Thickness (inch) Q = Quench Factor
D = Bar Diameter (inch) YS = Yield Strength (ksi)
CR = Agitation Rate (ft./min.) = Multiply
17
Quenchant Conversions
In any conversion of a quench facility from an oil to
an aqueous UCON Quenchant, there are a number of
factors to consider prior to lling with the UCON
Quenchant. These include:
1. CleaningPrior to the addition of the UCON
Quenchant, all of the residual oil and especially any
sludge and metal oxide debris that may have
accumulated in the tank must be removed. After oil
and solid debris removal, the tank should be thoroughly
cleaned. Although steam cleaning is preferred, it may
be unavailable. In such cases, an alkaline detergent
such as Oakite 443 (Chemetall Oakite, 800-526-4473,
www.oakite.com) or equivalent (used according to the
manufacturers recommendations) may be used with
agitation sufcient to facilitate a thorough cleaning
process. Since residual detergent solution may lead
to deleterious foaming when the UCON Quenchant is
added, thorough rinsing is essential. Since residual
oil and sludge may potentially lead to undesirable,
non-uniform heat transfer or act as nutrients
subsequently leading biological degradation, it is
important to be sure that not only the tank is cleaned,
but also piping, traps, and heat transfer equipment
also be thoroughly cleaned at the same time.
2. Compatibility
Tank MaterialsCommonly available carbon
steel tanks are also suitable for aqueous UCON
Quenchants. However, epoxy coatings listed in
Table 8 may be used if added protection is desired.
Galvanized tanks should not be used with UCON
Quenchants.
Basket and Fixture MaterialsAlthough
aqueous UCON quenchants contain corrosion
inhibitors all basket and xture materials that
come into contact with the quenchant solution
are subject to potential corrosion and reduced
lifetimes.
In view of these potential corrosion problems,
optimal lifetimes of baskets and xtures will be
obtained if they are constructed from corrosion
resistant materials. Examples of materials that
have been successfully used in the past include:
HK 309 Stainless Steel
HH 310 Stainless Steel
HX 330 Stainless Steel
HW RA333
HU INCONEL
600
HT INCONEL
601
However, it is recommended that specic material
selection be made in conjunction with the basket
and xture suppliers.
Filters and ScreensQuenchants may contain
various types of contaminants, such as metal scale,
sludge and carbon, which may promote non-uniform
heat transfer if they are not removed. In addition
solid contaminants may cause excessive wear of
pumps, and seals and also heat exchanger fouling.
Solid contaminants may be removed by ltration.
However, care must be taken in the selection of the
lter media. For example, cellulosic paper lters
are not compatible with the aqueous UCON
Quenchant media. It is recommended that the lter
supplier be consulted for selection of compatible
lters and for proper sizing.
SealsSelection of compatible seal materials is
important when converting from water, oil or other
quenching media, The use of leather or cork based
products is never recommended. Generally
acceptable seal materials include: Dupont Viton
available from Parker (all Viton materials are not
equally compatible), neoprene, EPDM and BUNA N.
However, these are only generic suggestions and
the seal manufacturer should be consulted before
nal material selection.
18
Impeller
insertion
0.5 D
D
30 Entrance are
0.5 D
Coverage
Radial clearance
Notch
Limit ring or
steady bearing
Flow straightening
vanes
Direction of
uid ow
UCON Quenchants exhibit solvency characteristics
different from petroleum oils. Thus, in industrial
applications many paints and surface coatings may be
softened and/or lifted by UCON Quenchants. Paints
removed from exterior machine surfaces can be
replaced by one of the coatings given in Table 8.
Catalyzed epoxy, epoxy-phonolic, and modied
phenolic coatings have performed well in contact
with UCON Quenchants. Alkyd and vinyl coatings are
unsatisfactory. These coatings are not recommended
for service at temperatures above 60C (140F). In
terms of temperature resistance we nd modied
phenolic to be best, followed by epoxy-phenolic, with
epoxy coatings being last.
Table 8 Suggested Coatings for Use on Contact with UCON Quenchants
Coating Manufacturer Type
Phenoline 373 Carboline Company Modied Phenolic
350 Hanley Industrial Ct.
St. Louis, MO 63144
314-644-1000
www.carboline.com
Plasite 7122 CarbolineGreen Bay Epoxy-phenolic
P.O. Box 8147
Green Bay, WI 54308-8147
800-848-4645
www.carboline.com
Intergard Tank Coating International Protective Coatings Epoxy
6100 Antoine Dr.
Houston, TX 77091
713-684-1254
151 U Hempel Coatings Epoxy
600 Conroe Park North Dr.
Conroe, TX 77303
800-678-6641
www.hempel.com
PittGuard 97-145 Porter Paint Epoxy
400 South 13th Street
Louisville, KY 40203
800-332-6270
www.porterpaint.com
3. Tanks
Tank SizingAs a rst approximation, the total
quench load per gallon should not exceed 1 lb/gal,
including xtures. It is preferred that the tempera-
ture rise not exceed 10F (5C) during the quench.
Larger temperature rises may be acceptable if the
separation temperature of the quenchant solution
is not exceeded and the desired metallurgical
properties are obtained.
BafesTank bafes should be used to eliminate
vortexing and to convert swirling motion to
productive top-to-bottom uid motion. In rectangu-
lar tanks with properly placed multiple mixers, the
combined effects of tank corners, and interference
between mixer ow patterns generally eliminate
the need for bafes. However, vertical cylindrical
tanks with top-entering mixers do require bafes.
Draft-tubes require internal bafes or ow
straightening vanes, (See Figure 9).
Figure 9 Illustration of draft tube impeller design
19
4. AgitationAgitation of many oil quench systems
is limited to the what is available from the recircula-
tion system of the heat exchanger. However, this is
inadequate for aqueous UCON Quenchants. Although
various forms of agitation may be employed such
as spray and impeller, usually the most commonly
encountered and least expensive is impeller agitation.
Impeller mixer horsepower requirements and size is
determined after the total tank size is determined
based on the total load being quenched, including
xtures. This can be estimated from Table 9 for a
marine impeller operating at 420 rpm with a pitch
ratio of 1.0. It should be noted however that substan-
Table 9 Power Requirements for Impeller Agitation
Tank volume Power required
Gallons Liters hp/gal kW/L
50-800 2000-3200 0.005 0.0010
800-2000 3200-8000 0.006 0.0012
2000-3000 8000-12,000 0.006 0.0012
>3000 >12,000 0.007 0.0014
a
Agitation at 420 rpm. Marine propeller with 1.0 pitch ratio.
tial reductions in horsepower can often be achieved
with the use of newer impeller designs and operational
speed. This information is readily available from your
equipment supplier.
If multiple agitators are being used, the power
requirement/agitator is determined from:
Power per mixer = total power / number of mixers
The sizing of the impeller diameter is dependent on
the power requirement of the mixer. Impeller diameter
as a function of the power requirement is summarized
in Table 10.
Table 10 Size of Impeller Mixers
Motor
a,b
Impeller Size
c,d
hp kW in. cm.
0.25 0.19 13 33.0
0.33 0.25 14 35.6
0.50 0.37 15 38.1
0.75 0.56 16 40.6
1.0 0.75 17 43.2
2.0 1.49 20 50.8
3.0 2.34 22 55.9
5.0 3.73 24 61.0
7.5 5.59 26 66.0
10.0 7.46 28 71.1
15.0 11.19 30 76.2
20.0 14.92 32 81.3
25.0 18.65 33 83.8
a
The power requirements were calculated assuming 280 rpm,
specic gravity 1.0, and airfoil impeller with Np 0.33. (airfoil and
marine propeller power numbers are nearly identical.)
b
The shaft horsepower (hps is equal to 80% of the motor
horsepower (hpm) (0.8xhpm - hps).
c
These are the power requirements for an open impeller operating
at 280 rpm.
d
When used in a draft tube, the impeller size should be reduced
by 3%. Axial ow impellers are used in draft tubes to more closely
control the direction of the ow pattern. Draft tube circulators
have a higher resistance head that the impeller must pump
against, which is due to the uid friction losses in the draft tube.
The higher head conditions require a slightly different impeller for
optimum pumping performance.
20
Fume Eductor
Jacketed Cooler
With Cascade
Submerged Sprays
Perforated Plate
For Quenchant Removal
From Chute Area
Sprays To Mesh
Pickup Belt
5. Draft-Tube
AgitationFluid ow may be directed by using an
impeller mixer in conjunction with a draft-tube such
as that illustrated in Figure 9. A horsepower
requirement for impeller mixers used in conjunction
with a draft-tube is 0.006 hp/gal (0.0012 kW/L).
A properly designed draft-tube should have the
following characteristics:
1. A down-pumping operation is used to take advan-
tage of the tank bottom as a ow-directing device.
2. A 30 entrance ow on the draft-tube minimizes
the entrance head losses and ensures a uniform
velocity prole at the inlet.
3. Liquid depth over the draft-tube should be at least
one-half of the tube diameter to avoid ow loss due
to disruption of the impeller inlet velocity prole.
4. Internal ow straightening vanes are used to
prevent swirl.
5. The impeller should be inserted into the draft-
tube to a distance equal to at least one-half of
the tube diameter.
6. A steady bearing or limit ring is used to protect
the impeller from occasional high deection. A
steady bearing is the lower cost alternative but
requires maintenance.
7. The impeller requires 12 in. (2550 mm) of radial
clearance between the blade tips and the draft-tube
inner wall. When the draft-tube must be minimized,
an external notch can be used to reduce the draft-
tube dimensions by 23 in. (5075 mm).
6. Chute-Quench SystemsFor optimal quench
uniformity, both vigorous and uniform agitation and
adequate quenchant turnover in the chute zone of
a continuous furnace is necessary. Although there
are numerous chute designs that may be used, two
illustrative examples that have been successfully
utilized are shown in Figure 10.
A properly designed chute-quench system should
incorporate the following features:
1. Sufcient agitation and turnover in the chute zone
to provide adequate and uniform heat transfer.
2. A cooling jacket for the chute above the quench
zone to prevent water vapor from entering the
furnace vestibule. Cooling can be achieved by
routing the quenchant returning from the heat
exchanger through the chute zone cooling jacket.
3. A fume eductor located in the chute zone above
the cooling jacket to prevent vapor contamination
of the furnace atmosphere.
4. A perforated or screened opening in the chute
area to allow heated quenchant to escape during
the quench. Solid chutes should never be used.
5. A mesh belt of sufcient porosity and length to
permit quenchant agitation around the part to
facilitate completion of the quench.
Figure 10 Examples of chute quench designs
21
Fume Eductor
Jacketed Cooler
With Cascade
Perforated
Plate For
Quenchant
Removal From
Chute Area
Flow
7. Integral Quench
Furnace ApplicationsAlthough integral
quench furnaces have been traditionally used with
oil quench systems, recent furnace design
improvements have permitted the use of UCON
Quenchants, if the following precautions are taken:
1. The workload (including weight of xtures) should
not exceed 1 lb/gal of quenchant. The temperature
rise must not exceed 10C (18F).
2. Axial quenchant ow through the quench load is
recommended. Proper racking of the parts must
be used to assure proper ow.
3. There should be a tight inner door seal to prevent
water vapor from entering the furnace vestibule.
It is recommended that a slight increase in gas
ow (positive pressure) in the furnace vestibule
be provided during the transfer of the load into
the quench chamber and during the quench.
4. The agitators must always be on when the inner
door is opened to minimize build-up of water
vapor in the vapor spaces of the quench chamber.
8. Induction QuenchingInduction quenching
systems utilizing UCON Quenchants may be open or
submerged sprays or immersion quenching may be
used. For submerged quenching, it is important that
the reservoir be sufciently large to allow the foam
head to dissipate before the quenchant is pumped
back into the system. Therefore, the reservoir volume
should be at least 58 times the volume rate of ow.
For example, if the ow rate is 10 gal/min, then the
reservoir capacity should be 5080 gal. These systems
also require the use of heat exchangers and lters.
One of the most common problems with immersion
quenching with induction systems is that the reservoir
is undersized. If the reservoir is too small, a mixture
of the quenchant and foam will be used to quench the
part. This will often lead to increased distortion and
cracking.
In the case of open and submerged spay systems, a
common problem is the use of excessive pressures,
often those used previously for water. However, when
excessive pressures are used, the effect is to blow the
polymer coating off the part thus losing the desired
effect of heat transfer mediation and enhancement of
the uniformity. Some general recommendations for
pressure and orice sizes are provided in Table 11.
These may vary with the system design but the
concerns remain the same.
Table 11 Pressure and Orice Size
Recommendations for Indirect Spray Quench Systems
Type of spray Pressure (psig) Orice size
in. mm
Open < 20
1
8 3.18
Submerged > 40
1
4 6.35
22
Maintenance
Determination of Quenchant concentration and
troubleshooting of quenchant systems can be readily
performed with a few simple tests: appearance,
refractive index, viscosity, conductance, separation
temperature, corrosion inhibitor, foaming and
biological attack.
Appearance
There are various water-insoluble contaminants that
may lead to visible spotting, increased distortion and
cracking. These include: residual oil sludge from the
previous quenchant, hydraulic oil, forging lubricants,
metalworking lubricants and others. These contami-
nants will cause non-uniform heat transfer and may
be identied by visual inspection of the quenching
solution. If insolubles are observed, they typically
may be removed by skimming or ltration.
Refractive Index
The use of a temperature-compensated, hand-held
refractomer, like that shown in Figure 11, is the most
convenient means of daily monitoring of quenchant
concentration. The most common models provide
arbitrary refractive index readings in Brix units over
a 030 or 015 range. Typically, a drop of the
quenchant solution is placed on the prism and the
value of the refractive index in Brix units is obtained
by looking through the eye piece. The quenchant
concentration is determined with the aid of Brix
concentration charts.
Refractive index is relatively insensitive to polymer
degradation and is affected by the presence of
contaminants such as salt. Therefore, conrmation
of quenchant concentration using an alternative
procedure such as viscosity must be performed
periodically.
Figure 11 Illustration of the introduction of sample onto a
refractometer prism
23
Viscosity
Quenchant viscosity depends on concentration and is readily determined using
a Cannon-Fenske tube (Figure 12), stopwatch and constant temperature bath.
This is an excellent method for measuring polymer concentration, since it is only
slightly affected by contamination, but is strongly affected by degradation.
Comparison of Concentration by Refractive Index and
Viscosity
To determine if signicant polymer degradation or contamination has occurred, it
is useful to compare the difference (delta) in the quenchant concentration values
obtained by the refractive index (C
R
) and viscosity (C
V
).
= C
R
- C
V
Differences in of greater than 68 are signicant and steps should be taken to
minimize this difference.
Conductance
Although it is recommended that distilled or reverse osmosis puried water be
used for quenchant dilution and water make-up, sometimes tap water is used.
When the water evaporates there is a gradual concentration of metal ions which
may lead to faster cooling rates and possibly cracking. Another common source
of metal ion contamination is from drag-out of salt from salt pot furnaces prior
to quenching.
Variations in metal ion content may be easily determined with an electrical
conductance meter such as that shown in Figure 13.
Separation Temperature
The poly(alkylene glycol) polymers used to formulate UCON Quenchants exhibit a
characteristic reversible and reproducible separation from solution when heated
to a temperature in excess of the separation temperature as shown in Figure 14.
Although salts may signicantly affect separation temperature, polymer degrada-
tion is the most common cause. Degradation causes the separation temperature
to rise, and an increase of 2 to 4C (47F) over the life of the bath is not
unusual. A larger increase or a sudden change in separation temperature is a
cause for concern.
Figure 13 Illustration of a portable
conductivity meter
Figure 14 Illustration of the separation temperature effect for a PAG quenchant
Figure 12 Illustration of a
Cannon-Fenske viscosity tube
24
Initial 20% solution
(with agitation)
Solution immediately
after separation
(with agitation)
Solution after layer
formation (no agitation)
(lower layer is
concentrated polymer)
Corrosion Inhibitor
1
Because UCON Quenchants are water based, they must be
formulated with a corrosion inhibitor. Most of the UCON
Quenchants being used throughout the world contain
sodium nitrite as the corrosion inhibitor. The nitrite
concentration can be readily determined by a simple color
test. A tablet, furnished with a test kit, is dissolved in a
specic volume of the solution, and the color is compared
to the colors of known concentrations of sodium nitrite as
shown in Figure 15.
A test kit is also available for determining additive levels
in the UCON XL Quenchants. This kit utilizes reagents and
UV light to initiate a color change, which is related to
additive level using a color disc.
Biological Contamination
2
The presence of biological contamination and its type
and concentration is usually determined using a microbial
dip-slide test as illustrated in Figure 16. If the contamina-
tion is severe, the addition of a biocide may be required.
UCONEX
glutaraldehyde biocide may be used for UCON

Quenchant. Note: The potential for biological growth is
dramatically reduced by assuring daily agitation of the
quenchant for at least 20 minutes. Never leave the
quench tank unagitated for greater than 48 hours.
Foaming
Although every quench tank exhibits some foaming in
use, in some cases the quench tank may become
contaminated and either excessive foaming and/or more
stable foam may result. In such cases, increased
distortion or cracking may be observed. To determine if
this situation exists may require a foam test. There are
various possible foam tests, but one of the best is to use
a Waring blender and determine the time required for the
foam head to break after stirring in the blender for a xed
time such as 5 minutes. (ASTM D3519) Note: if it is
determined that a foam problem exists, 100 ppm of
UCON Foam Control Agent 200 or UCON Lubricant
50HB 5100 may be added as an antifoam.
Periodic Analysis
Preferably these analyses will be conducted periodically.
The frequency of analysis is typically every 4 or 6
months. The variation in the bath properties should be
monitored using a form. When the delta value of the
quenchant is in excess of 8, consideration should be given
to replacement of the bath. If there is a sudden change in
delta, more than 12 units, the physical property data
may need to be complemented with comparative cooling
curve analysis, as recommended by your distributor.
Figure 15 Illustration of a nitrite color test
Figure 16 Illustration of a Dip Stick test for biological activity
25
1
Test kits available from Hach Corporation, www.hach.com. Nitrite
test kit, Model NI-6. Triazole test kit, Model TZ-1 (for XL Quenchants).
2
Test kits available from Orion Diagnostica, Distributed in the United
States by Chemicals & Equipment Co., Inc. Lake Placid, NY; Easicult
Combi.
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
Easicult-TTC
(colorless agar)
Easicult Combi
(colorless agar side)
Easicult-M
(yellow-brown agar)
Easicult Combi
(rose bengal side)
Determination of total aerobic bacteria
Concentration of yeasts and fungi
Yeast Fungi
Infection
Slight Moderate Heavy
26
Case Histories
UCON Quenchants have proven their versatility and
value to heat treaters of ferrous and non-ferrous
metals for a broad range of end-use applications. The
following brief case histories have been selected to
illustrate how UCON Quenchants can solve a variety
of problems associated with other quenching media.
Integral Quench
Case History #1
Problem: An oil tool manufacturer with an integral
quench furnace wanted to convert from oil to eliminate
re potential and increase core hardness of parts.
Solution: Charge the furnace quench tank with
UCON Quenchant HT after minor modications to
ensure a good, tight-tting furnace door and good
quenchant circulation.
Results: Carburizing and neutral hardening yielded
parts with acceptable hardness and microstructure.
There was a denite increase in core hardness
compared to oil quenching. In many cases, results
exceeded what could be achieved with oil. Based on
this performance, two more integral quench furnaces
were added over the next 18 months, and they also
employed UCON Quenchant HT.
Case History #2
Problem: A major auto parts producer wanted to
avoid potential re hazards of an oil quenchant and to
increase the as-quenched hardness of carbonitrided
rocker arms and other automotive parts in his two
integral quench furnaces.
Solution: Make limited modications of the furnaces
and install UCON Quenchant A.
Results: Short-cycle carbonitriding showed no
atmosphere upsets and excellent metallurgical
properties with this water-based quenchant. Depth
of case and level of hardness were improved over
previous oil-quenched parts, and the re hazard was
eliminated.
Open Tank Quenching
Case History #3
Problem: A large forging company wanted to install
a 50,000-gallon quench system to heat treat both low
and high hardenability materials, without the hazards
associated with oil quenching.
Solution: Develop new heating processes that provided
for bath temperature and agitation rate changes, and
charge the quench system with UCON Quenchant HT.
Results: The company was able to run a broad range of
material chemistries in a single quench bath, without
sacricing metallurgical properties. The wide variety
of low-to-high hardenability materials could not have
been heat treated properly in one oil quench system.
Case History #4
Problem: Large steel rings, weighing up to 62,000 lbs.
were forged from AISI 4340, 4140 and 4150 up to a
maximum diameter of 22 feet. This was a new process
and the re and environmental pollution problems
potentially encountered with quench oil presented an
unacceptable risk.
Solution: A 50,000 gallon tank of UCON Quenchant
HT (2024%, 120F) with a minimal temperature rise
was used.
Results: The expected physical properties with no
distortion and cracking problems were achieved.
Furthermore, no environmental pollution problems or
res were encountered with the use of UCON
Quenchant HT.
Case History #5
Problem: Carburized pinion gears weighing up to
30,000 lbs. and manufactured from AISI 4320 were
quenched in oil. However, local environmental regula-
tions would not allow the construction of another
production line because of unacceptable air pollution
problems.
Solution: The solution was to quench the pinion gears
into a well-agitated 35,000-gallon quench tank con-
taining a 22% solution of UCON Quenchant E at 120F.
Results: The use of UCON Quenchant E to quench the
very large pinion gears produced physical properties
favorably comparable to those obtained previously
with no cracking or distortion while at the same time
eliminating the air and water pollution problems
encountered with quench oil.
27
Case History #6
Problem: A well-known oil tool manufacturer had
been using a polymer quenchant for over eight years,
but with only fair results. Cracking occurred with
certain steels, such as 9Cr, lMo and 410 and 416
stainless. When marquench salt was used as an
alternative, there was no cracking, but physical
properties were diminished. The company wanted
to nd a polymer quenchant for these materials that
would eliminate cracking and increase physicals.
Solution: Convert one of their pit quenching systems
to UCON Quenchant E.
Results: Materials such as 4140, 4142, and 4340
were run very successfully with no strict temperature
control. The 9Cr, lMo and 410 and 416 stainless steels
were quenched with a bath temperature of 125135F.
In all cases, there were no cracks and a denite
improvement in physical properties.
Case History #7
Problem: The same oil tool company as in Case
History #4 found that with their polymer quenchant
too many parts from the steel mill developed cracks
unless surface imperfections were removed prior
to quenching. They wanted to avoid the extensive
machining step.
Solution: Replace their old polymer quenchant with
UCON Quenchant E.
Results: Cracking was greatly reduced, and scrap costs,
which had been as high as $13,285 in ve months of
operation, dropped to $1,509 for a 12-month period.
Aluminum Quenching
Case History #8
Problem: A major airframe manufacturer wanted
to reduce the distortion caused by water-quenching
various thin-gauge aluminum aircraft parts.
Solution: Replace the water with UCON Quenchant A
to provide more uniform cooling.
Results: Quenched parts showed substantial
reductions in distortion, with improvements ranging
from 55 to 97 percent. Tensile and corrosion proper-
ties were maintained. Because hand straightening of
the sheet metal parts was virtually eliminated, the
company realized labor savings of $739,000 per year.
Case History #9
Problem: Aluminum pistons manufactured from
aluminum casting alloy 332 were solution heated in
a continuous furnace at 896F (480C). 1000 lb. load
(800 lbs. + 200 lbs. xtures) was quenched every 20
minutes in a 1100 gallon quench tank containing a
polymer quenchant not available in the USA. After
quenching the pistons were aged to a T6 condition.
Solution: An 1822% of UCON Quenchant A was
used at a bath temperature of 90C with good
impeller agitation.
Results: Excellent results were obtained with no
distortion or cracking, while meeting the manufacturers
recommended physical properties.
Induction Quenching
Case History #10
Problem: A customer wanted their vendor to induction-
harden low hardenability parts to a greater depth than
could be obtained with water or other quenchants.
Solution: Convert the submerged spray system to
UCON Quenchant A to produce faster cooling rates
and provide greater depth of hardening.
Results: Parts quenched with UCON Quenchant A
showed a great improvement in the depth of hardening,
as well as the level of hardness achieved.
28
Controllable Delayed Quenching
Case History #11
Problem: Many times quenching of medium alloy
steels such as AISI 4140 in oil does not produce the
desired uniformity of hardness or there is an excessive
hardness gradient from surface to core.
Solution: Research results have shown that
quenching of 2 inch AISI 4140 bars in 15% and higher
concentrations of UCON Quenchant E provided an
unusual but reproducible inverse hardening effect as
shown in Figure 17.
Results: Quenching of AISI 4140 in 20% UCON
Quenchant E at 40C and 0.8 m/s agitation produced
signicantly greater bending fatigue after tempering
at 480C for two hours than achievable with oil
quenching as shown in Figure 18.
Controllable delayed quenching (CDQ) conducted in
this way using UCON Quenchant E provides greater
depth of hardening, more uniform microstructure and
about 7 times greater bending fatigue strength.
Immersion Time Quenching
Technology
Case History #12
Problem: Engine valves are produced using a die
manufactured from AISI H13 in direct forging process.
The dies were time quenched in a mineral oil quenchant
followed by air cooling. Typically, after forging and
quenching, the neck of the die is badly damaged from
wrinkling after production of approximately 1000 valves.
The die is repaired by removal of 0.60.7 mm of the die
neck. This process may be performed 1516 times at
which point the die must be discarded. With 5 hot-
forging presses operating 24 hours a day, this is a
costly and wasteful process.
Solution: The oil quenchant was replaced by a 23.5%
aqueous solution of UCON Quenchant E at 33C using
a batch Immersion Time Quenching System (ITQS).
Results: Although the oil quenched dies had undergone
a 0.050.07 mm reduction in diameter of the inner-hole,
no dimensional change was observed for the dies
produced using UCON Quenchant E. Furthermore, more
uniform hardness was observed (Rc=55-56) with the
dies quenched in UCON Quenchant E than with oil
quenching (Rc=53-55). The overall results showed that
no wrinkling was observed with the dies quenched
in UCON Quenchant E. The oil quenched dies had
to be discarded after the production of only 15,000
valves. The dies quenched in UCON Quenchant E could
be reused for the production of 150,000 valves, an
improvement of 100 times over the original process!
Figure 18 Test results of specimens with normal
and inverse hardness distribution
Figure 17 Normal hardness distribution (1) after
quenching in oil at 20C without agitation; inverse
hardness distribution (2) after quenching in UCON
Quenchant E at 15% concentration, 40C bath
temperature and 0.8 m/s agitation
AISI-4140
Batch No. 73456
HRC HRC
55
50
1
R R
2
45
3/4R 1/2R 1/4R 1/4R 1/2R 3/4R 0
50 mm Dia.
55
50
45
Number of cycles (N)
N
o
m
i
n
a
l

S
t
r
e
s
s

[
M
P
a
]
No cracks
Fa
Test parameters:
S-N Curve
Fa = const.
500
400
300
200
100
1e4 1e5 1e6 1e7
R = Fmin/Fmax = 0
Material: 42CrMo4 (AISI-4140)
K
t
= 1, 65
F
t
Stress Ratio R = min / = 0
max
Normal
Inverse
29
Case History #13
Problem: AISI 1043 crankshafts, 17.8 and 18.4
kg, were heated to 850C in a continuous furnace,
quenched in mineral oil, then tempered at 580C and
610C for the 17.8 and 18.4 kg crankshafts, respec-
tively. The challenge was to improve the quench
uniformity and reduce the distortion obtained using
this process.
Solution: The oil quench process was replaced by a
batch ITQS process using UCON Quenchant E under
the conditions shown in Figure 19.
Results: The data in Figure 19 shows that quenching
in UCON Quenchant E and a batch ITQS process will
produce more uniform hardness and less distortion
than achievable with a mineral oil quenchant.
93.5
94
94.5
95
95.5
96
96.5
97
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
100
100.5
HRB
SURFACE CORE SURFACE
Note: Improvement
in hardness uniformity
relative to oil quench
Hardness check point (at intervals of 2mm)
1
1
2
3
4
5 10 15 20 25 30
Test
Number
Conc. ( )
1. Total Quenching Time is 4 Minutes
2. Total Bending Distortion Limit is 1.2 mm
4 Poly(alkylene glycol) 15 44 0.55 m/sec-20 sec-0.12 m/sec 0.5
3 Poly(alkylene glycol) 15.75 30 0.73 m/sec-20 sec-0.12 m/sec 0.5
Poly(alkylene glycol) 10 2 43 0.73 m/sec-110 sec-0.12 m/sec 0.95
Temp. (C) Agitation
Bending
(mm)
Oil Quench 1 70 0.4 m/sec-Full-0.4 m/sec 0.6
0
0 /
Figure 19 Crankshaft hardness and distortion results
Case History #14
Problem: Track (AISI 15B37) were produced in a direct
forge condition using a continuous ITQS process. The
problem was to identify conditions that would yield
uniform microstructure and cost reduction relative to
the conventional forge, quench and temper process.
Solution: The solution was to use UCON Quenchant E
at 35-40C and an initial maximum agitation rate time
of 10 seconds.
Results: Excellent hardness uniformity (as shown in
Figure 20) was achieved. In addition to reduced crack-
ing, more uniform microstructure and substantial cost
reduction was achieved with the direct forge process
by quenching in UCON Quenchant E.
30
39.5
39.0
38.5
39.0
40.0
40.0
39.5 39.5
40.0
39.0
38.5
39.5
39.0
39.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.0
39.0
40.0
38.0
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.0
1
5
5
8
39.5 39.5
39.5
38.5
39.0
39.5
39.5
39.5
39.5
39.0
39.0
39.0
40.0
40.5
40.0
38.5
39.5
39.5
40.5
39.5
39.0
39.0
38.5
39.5
+
+
+
+
40.0
40.5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
39.5
+
39.5
+
39.5
+
+
40.5
+
38.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
40.0
38.5
39.5
39.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
A B
20
10 10mm
C
Figure 20 Hardness distribution for track links
produced by the continuous ITQS process
Ecological Information
Table 12 Environmental Fate

Chemical Oxygen
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Test
1
,

Demand (COD),
% Bio-oxidation
Product mg O
2
/mg cpd Day 5 Day 10 Day 20
UCON Quenchant A 0.95 3 15 23
UCON Quenchant E 0.73 7 10 31
UCON Quenchant HT 0.92 2 18 18
UCON Quenchant RL 0.73 1 12 24
Ethylene Glycol Standard 1.30 72 96 94
Glucose/Glutamic Acid, Std. Soln. 300 mg/L 62 83 93
1
Bio-oxidation values, measures of biodegradability, are derived from the percentage ratio of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), according to procedures published in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
16th edition, Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington, D.C. (1985).
Table 13 Ecotoxicity

Bacterial Inhibition, 48-hr LC
50
, Daphnia

Product IC
50
, mg/L magna, mg/L
1

UCON Quenchant A >1000 4289
UCON Quenchant E >5000 9502
UCON Quenchant HT >1000 4287
UCON Quenchant RL >1000 5148
1
Measured by ASTM/EPA procedures for Daphnia magna toxicity tests. Reported LC
50
calculated
by Spearman-Karber.
Similar results will be obtained with the XL quenchants.
31
Product Safety
When considering the use of UCON Quenchants for
an application, you should review our latest Material
Safety Data Sheets and ensure that the use you intend
can be accomplished safely. For Material Safety Data
Sheets and other product safety information, contact
your UCON Quenchants representative.
Toxicological Information
UCON Quenchants are water solutions of polyalkylene
glycols. In animal studies, these materials show a low
order of acute toxicity by swallowing or skin absorption.
They are not irritating to the skin or eyes. The poly-
alkylene glycols have very low vapor pressures and
are not inhalation hazards at room temperature.
Adequate workplace ventilation should be provided to
prevent irritation and accumulation of vapors; this may
require the use of a special, local ventilation system
in the immediate area where vapors are released. If
the quenchant is burned under conditions of relatively
complete combustion, the major products are carbon
dioxide and water vapor. If it is subjected to over-
heating (thermal degradation) but does not burn, the
degradation products can be such things as organic
acids (formic, acetic acids), aldehydes, esters, ketones,
etc. The vapors or fumes can be highly irritating to
the eyes, nose and throat. Special ventilation may be
needed. In normal use, no respiratory protective equip-
ment should be needed, but self-contained breathing
apparatus should be available for use in emergencies.
Small amounts of organic vapors can be formed by
oxidation of quenchants. These vapors can be irritating
or toxic if released in a poorly ventilated area; do not
allow vapors to accumulate. Good ventilation should
be maintained around quench tanks.
Dow recommends quenchant users read the latest
Material Safety Data Sheet for the specic product
toxicological properties.
Storage and Handling
UCON Quenchants are normally shipped, stored, and
handled in steel containers and equipment. They freeze
near 0C and become highly viscous at temperatures
below about 20C. Storage at room temperature is
suggested.
A centrifugal pump will be satisfactory for handling
viscosities up to 500 cSt. For higher viscosities, a
positive displacement pump is suggested. The pump
motor and recirculated diameter must be sized
adequately for the maximum viscosity expected to be
handled. For on-off service, full-bore ball valves will
minimize pressure drop in the piping system.
Since UCON Quenchants are comparatively safe to
store and handle, bulk storage tanks may be located
inside a building. If outside storage is planned, a
heated and insulated tank should be provided. The
storage tank can be vented directly to the atmosphere.
In prolonged and quiescent storage, evaporation and
condensation of moisture may cause a lean layer of
solution to form on the liquid surface. Thus, samples
should be taken from the bulk of the stored liquid and
not from the surface, or the liquid should be circulated
prior to sampling to assure uniformity.
32
Physical Properties
Polymer Concentration, % by Vol.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

a
t

1
0
0

F
,

c
S
t
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Viscosity / Concentration Relationship
for UCON Quenchant A at 100F
Temperature F
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

G
r
a
v
i
t
y
,

t
F
/
6
0
F
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
.99
.98
Specific Gravities For Aqueous Solutions of
UCON Quenchant A
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
C
O
N

Q
u
e
n
c
h
a
n
t

A
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
*
*Concentration as determined by
10440 refractometer, using 2.0 factor
Temperature F
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

H
e
a
t
,

B
T
U
/
l
b

F
1.00
.98
.96
.94
.92
.90
Specific Heats For Aqueous Solutions of
UCON Quenchant A
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
C
O
N

Q
u
e
n
c
h
a
n
t

A
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
*
Temperature F
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
T
h
e
r
m
a
l

C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,

B
T
U
/
h
r
.

f
t
2

F
/
f
t
.38
.36
.34
.32
.30
.28
Thermal Conductivities for
Aqueous Solutions of UCON Quenchant A
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
C
O
N

Q
u
e
n
c
h
a
n
t

A
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
*
33
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

a
t

1
0
0

F
,

c
S
t
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
for UCON Quenchant E at 100F
Temperature F
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

G
r
a
v
i
t
y
,

t
F
/
6
0
F
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
.99
.98
UCON Quenchant E
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
C
O
N

Q
u
e
n
c
h
a
n
t

E
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
*
Temperature F
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

H
e
a
t
,

B
T
U
/
l
b

F
1.00
.98
.96
.94
.92
.90
UCON Quenchant E
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
C
O
N

Q
u
e
n
c
h
a
n
t

E
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
*
Temperature F
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
T
h
e
r
m
a
l

C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,

B
T
U
/
h
r
.

f
t
2

F
/
f
t
.38
.36
.34
.32
.30
.28
Aqueous Solutions of UCON Quenchant E
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
C
O
N

Q
u
e
n
c
h
a
n
t

E
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
*
34
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

a
t

1
0
0

F
,

c
S
t
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
for UCON Quenchant HT at 100F
Temperature F
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

G
r
a
v
i
t
y
,

t
F
/
6
0
F
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
.99
.98
UCON Quenchant HT
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
C
O
N

Q
u
e
n
c
h
a
n
t

H
T
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
*
Temperature F
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

H
e
a
t
,

B
T
U
/
l
b

F
1.00
.98
.96
.94
.92
.90
UCON Quenchant HT
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
C
O
N

Q
u
e
n
c
h
a
n
t

H
T
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
*
Temperature F
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
T
h
e
r
m
a
l

C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,

B
T
U
/
h
r
.

f
t
2

F
/
f
t
.38
.36
.34
.32
.30
.28
Aqueous Solutions of UCON Quenchant HT
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
C
O
N

Q
u
e
n
c
h
a
n
t

H
T
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
*
35
D
Insert handle full depth
weld water tight
2D
4D
Variable speed pump Drain
Resistance
heater
Screen
Sleeve
Quench tank
and equipment
Probe
Cooling coils
Figures 21 A Schematic illustration
of the quench system used to quench
the probes
Figures 21 B Schematic illustration of
dimensions of probes used to collect time-
temperature cooling curve data tabulated in
Tables 1416
36
3. The hardnesses were calculated by Quench Factor Analysis as described in described the
paper written by Bates, C.E. and Totten, G.E., entitled Quench Severity Effects on the As-
Quenched Hardness of Selected Alloy Steels, Heat Treatment of Metals, 1992, 2, p 45-48.
Table 14 Cooling Rate DataUCON Quenchant A
Circulation Polymer Probe Maximum Temp. at Max. Time from Cooling Rate at Cooling Rate at Cooling Rate at Film Rockwell Rockwell
Rate
1
Conc. Bath Temp. Diameter
2
Cooling Rate Cooling Rate 1350F500F 1300F (704C) 650F (343C) 450F (232C) Coefcient Hardness Hardness
(732C260C) for 4140 for 1045
(ft/min) (%) (F) (C) (in.) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F) (C) (sec.) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F/sec) (C/sec) Steel
3
Steel
3
50 5 110 43.3 0.5 376.50 209.17 1151.0 621.7 3.20 345.80 192.11 191.10 106.17 102.30 56.83 1380.40 58 59
50 5 110 43.3 1.0 117.10 65.06 1242.0 672.2 11.00 114.20 63.44 57.20 31.78 31.80 17.67 1359.20 57 47
50 5 110 43.3 1.5 55.50 30.83 1262.0 683.3 23.60 54.90 30.50 25.75 14.31 14.35 7.97 1191.70 56 34
50 5 110 43.3 2.0 32.30 17.94 1290.0 698.9 41.60 32.10 17.83 14.50 8.06 8.15 4.53 1054.40 55 23
20 10 90 32.2 0.5 322.20 179.00 1220.5 660.3 3.95 314.40 174.67 152.70 84.83 77.85 43.25 1185.10 58 58
80 10 90 32.2 0.5 355.90 197.72 1243.0 672.8 3.75 348.20 193.44 157.60 87.56 79.10 43.94 1378.30 58 58
20 10 130 54.4 0.5 215.40 119.67 946.0 507.8 6.20 60.40 33.56 138.10 76.72 70.50 39.17 130.20 58 53
80 10 130 54.4 0.5 316.40 175.78 1215.0 657.2 3.90 305.10 169.50 161.00 89.44 80.30 44.61 1054.40 58 58
20 10 90 32.2 1.0 107.60 59.78 1137.5 614.2 12.70 104.60 58.11 48.90 27.17 21.90 12.17 1108.10 57 46
80 10 90 32.2 1.0 145.10 80.61 1206.5 652.5 12.20 109.50 60.83 47.70 26.50 27.00 15.00 1244.40 57 47
20 10 130 54.4 1.0 96.30 53.50 940.5 504.7 15.45 28.80 16.00 49.45 27.47 22.20 12.33 121.70 57 39
80 10 130 54.4 1.0 102.65 57.03 1188.0 642.2 12.80 99.50 55.28 48.75 27.08 23.30 12.94 965.00 57 44
20 10 90 32.2 1.5 50.60 28.11 1286.5 696.9 26.80 50.00 27.78 22.75 12.64 10.60 5.89 883.20 56 32
50 20 110 43.3 1.0 98.20 54.56 1293.0 700.6 14.40 97.10 53.94 41.95 23.31 18.30 10.17 882.85 57 44
100 20 110 43.3 1.0 101.10 56.17 1252.0 677.8 14.20 99.65 55.36 42.05 23.36 20.80 11.56 961.20 57 44
50 20 110 43.3 1.0 55.20 30.67 822.0 438.9 26.30 15.05 8.36 39.55 21.97 16.60 9.22 70.30 56 27
50 20 80 26.7 1.5 47.75 26.53 1273.0 689.4 29.60 47.40 26.33 20.35 11.31 9.15 5.08 748.00 57 30
0 20 110 43.3 1.5 28.90 16.06 916.0 491.1 50.20 9.10 5.06 21.15 11.75 10.60 5.89 65.70 54 16
50 20 110 43.3 1.5 30.35 16.86 957.5 514.2 43.20 12.15 6.75 19.75 10.97 9.20 5.11 92.50 55 19
100 20 110 43.3 1.5 49.15 27.31 1297.5 703.1 30.00 48.80 27.11 19.25 10.69 10.35 5.75 815.90 56 30
50 20 140 60.0 1.5 26.00 14.44 870.5 465.8 57.20 9.70 5.39 18.90 10.50 8.55 4.75 69.85 53 14
50 20 80 26.7 2.0 28.75 15.97 1285.0 696.1 51.60 28.45 15.81 11.30 6.28 5.45 3.03 663.75 55 20
0 20 110 43.3 2.0 18.75 10.42 969.5 520.8 79.20 6.20 3.44 11.75 6.53 5.45 3.03 61.25 52 12
50 20 110 43.3 2.0 19.30 10.72 981.5 527.5 65.20 8.05 4.47 12.95 7.19 6.60 3.67 87.60 53 14
100 20 110 43.3 2.0 28.70 15.94 1303.0 706.1 52.80 28.45 15.81 10.80 6.00 5.75 3.19 661.20 55 19
50 20 140 60.0 2.0 17.10 9.50 909.0 487.2 88.40 6.65 3.69 10.95 6.08 4.75 2.64 66.10 51 11
80 10 90 32.2 1.5 52.20 29.00 1279.0 692.8 26.20 51.50 28.61 22.65 12.58 13.10 7.28 968.90 58 32
20 10 130 54.4 1.5 32.70 18.17 953.0 511.7 39.60 12.10 6.72 22.70 12.61 10.35 5.75 94.85 58 21
80 10 130 54.4 1.5 48.15 26.75 1256.0 680.0 27.80 47.25 26.25 21.60 12.00 11.30 6.28 738.60 58 31
20 10 90 32.2 2.0 27.30 15.17 1183.5 639.7 48.40 25.00 13.89 12.45 6.92 5.95 3.31 437.90 58 20
80 10 90 32.2 2.0 31.20 17.33 1292.0 700.0 45.80 30.70 17.06 12.80 7.11 7.80 4.33 875.00 57 21
20 10 130 54.4 2.0 22.25 12.36 1036.0 557.8 61.20 7.40 4.11 12.95 7.19 5.90 3.28 82.30 57 15
80 10 130 54.4 2.0 27.60 15.33 1253.0 678.3 49.00 26.10 14.50 12.20 6.78 6.90 3.83 522.25 57 20
50 20 80 26.7 0.5 227.10 126.17 1211.0 655.0 5.10 215.00 119.44 124.30 69.06 67.70 37.61 583.80 58 56
0 20 110 43.3 0.5 159.75 88.75 991.5 533.1 7.70 52.95 29.42 118.10 65.61 64.90 36.06 108.50 58 50
50 20 110 43.3 0.5 183.15 101.75 1050.5 565.8 5.75 149.50 83.06 122.30 67.94 56.90 31.61 345.05 58 54
100 20 110 43.3 0.5 288.60 160.33 1276.5 691.4 4.65 280.40 155.78 129.35 71.86 62.15 34.53 934.05 58 57
50 20 140 60.0 0.5 142.15 78.97 818.5 436.9 9.80 370.05 205.58 110.90 61.61 54.70 30.39 83.85 57 46
50 20 80 26.7 1.0 115.15 63.97 1145.5 618.6 12.10 108.20 60.11 49.30 27.39 26.20 14.56 1184.20 57 46
0 20 110 43.3 1.0 63.75 35.42 1055.0 568.3 18.20 31.65 17.58 40.90 22.72 20.95 11.64 137.05 57 37
20 30 90 32.2 0.5 117.20 65.11 746.5 396.9 12.00 30.10 16.72 102.80 57.11 53.45 29.69 67.00 57 42
80 30 90 32.2 0.5 266.60 148.11 1307.0 708.3 6.00 259.65 144.25 106.45 59.14 54.65 30.36 822.70 58 54
20 30 130 54.4 0.5 94.60 52.56 709.5 376.4 17.60 26.55 14.75 86.95 48.31 40.20 22.33 57.90 56 33
80 30 130 54.4 0.5 231.60 128.67 1212.0 655.6 7.00 207.65 115.36 89.10 49.50 40.85 22.69 549.60 58 53
20 30 90 32.2 1.0 43.45 24.14 794.9 423.8 26.05 23.65 13.14 34.70 19.28 16.60 9.22 115.95 56 28
80 30 90 32.2 1.0 54.30 30.17 1245.0 673.9 18.80 50.10 27.83 38.95 21.64 23.55 13.08 273.70 57 36
20 30 130 54.4 1.0 30.20 16.78 595.5 313.1 39.80 12.25 6.81 31.30 17.39 14.25 7.92 55.50 54 18
80 30 130 54.4 1.0 56.60 31.44 1414.0 767.8 23.85 49.45 27.47 30.55 16.97 17.75 9.86 178.35 56 31
20 30 90 32.2 1.5 23.30 12.94 837.0 447.2 66.00 8.70 4.83 18.50 10.28 11.15 6.19 61.95 52 12
80 30 90 32.2 1.5 43.65 24.25 122.5 50.3 32.45 42.70 23.72 18.40 10.22 9.35 5.19 555.10 56 28
20 30 130 54.4 1.5 23.30 12.94 812.5 433.6 83.20 8.00 4.44 15.70 8.72 7.85 4.36 56.10 50 11
80 30 130 54.4 1.5 19.90 11.06 813.0 433.9 61.20 10.95 6.08 16.40 9.11 9.65 5.36 80.60 53 13
20 30 90 32.2 2.0 17.90 9.94 923.0 495.0 89.60 6.85 3.81 10.85 6.03 4.90 2.72 70.10 50 11
80 30 90 32.2 2.0 24.05 13.36 1166.0 630.0 50.60 23.55 13.08 12.50 6.94 7.15 3.97 407.45 54 19
20 30 130 54.4 2.0 14.05 7.81 843.5 450.8 113.60 6.05 3.36 9.90 5.50 5.00 2.78 59.20 48 10
80 30 130 54.4 2.0 14.30 7.94 851.5 455.3 96.40 7.65 4.25 10.25 5.69 4.75 2.64 80.85 50 11
50 30 110 43.3 0.5 79.80 44.33 904.0 484.4 14.00 44.65 24.81 72.25 40.14 67.25 37.36 99.65 57 40
50 30 110 43.3 1.0 32.65 18.14 729.0 387.2 35.80 16.50 9.17 29.35 16.31 14.75 8.19 76.00 55 21
50 30 110 43.3 1.5 19.80 11.00 1142.0 616.7 71.20 10.45 5.81 14.62 8.12 8.55 4.75 78.60 52 12
50 30 110 43.3 2.0 14.55 8.08 1117.0 602.8 77.60 10.25 5.69 13.00 7.22 7.40 4.11 117.00 51 1
Note: The probes were austenitized at 1550F (843.3C) and quenched.
1. Circulation rate refers to axial ow through the tank illustrated in Figure 24A.
2. The probe used for this work was constructed from Type 304 stainless steel with a Type K
thermocouple inserted into the geometric center. The probes were constructed with dimensions
of an innite cylinder where the length is 4 times the diameter as illustrated in Figure 24B.
37
3. The hardnesses were calculated by Quench Factor Analysis as described in described the
paper written by Bates, C.E. and Totten, G.E., entitled Quench Severity Effects on the As-
Quenched Hardness of Selected Alloy Steels, Heat Treatment of Metals, 1992, 2, p 45-48.
Table 15 Cooling Rate Data UCON Quenchant E
Circulation Polymer Probe Maximum Temp. at Max. Time from Cooling Rate at Cooling Rate at Cooling Rate at Film Rockwell Rockwell
Rate
1
Conc. Bath Temp. Diameter
2
Cooling Rate Cooling Rate 1350F500F 1300F (704C) 650F (343C) 450F (232C) Coefcient Hardness Hardness
(732C260C) for 4140 for 1045
(ft/min) (%) (F) (C) (in.) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F) (C) (sec.) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F/sec) (C/sec) Steel
3
Steel
3
50 5 110 43.3 0.5 300.00 166.67 1151.0 621.7 4.20 245.25 136.25 147.95 82.19 71.80 39.89 850.25 58 57
50 5 110 43.3 1.0 86.15 47.86 1137.0 613.9 14.00 64.45 35.81 50.55 28.08 22.25 12.36 372.20 57 43
50 5 110 43.3 1.5 46.70 25.94 1222.0 661.1 29.20 44.15 24.53 20.75 11.53 11.05 6.14 645.00 56 30
50 5 110 43.3 2.0 29.15 16.19 1290.0 698.9 49.60 20.15 11.19 11.65 6.47 6.55 3.64 708.80 55 20
20 10 90 32.2 0.5 262.20 145.67 1288.5 698.1 5.85 259.10 143.94 100.05 55.58 35.30 19.61 793.40 58 55
80 10 90 32.2 0.5 337.05 187.25 1253.5 678.6 4.95 333.95 185.53 112.80 62.67 51.95 28.86 1309.90 58 57
20 10 130 54.4 0.5 165.50 91.94 969.0 520.6 8.90 45.90 25.50 87.50 48.61 28.85 16.03 99.60 58 50
80 10 130 54.4 0.5 271.05 150.58 1290.0 698.9 6.00 268.20 149.00 97.50 54.17 41.95 23.31 853.90 58 55
20 10 90 32.2 1.0 85.50 47.50 1051.5 566.4 17.70 76.80 42.67 31.85 17.69 12.30 6.83 525.60 57 41
80 10 90 32.2 1.0 100.35 55.75 1293.0 700.6 15.60 99.30 55.17 35.85 19.92 19.45 10.81 959.40 47 43
20 10 130 54.4 1.0 63.75 35.42 1065.5 574.2 23.00 24.40 13.56 31.20 17.33 10.75 5.97 114.30 57 35
20 10 130 54.4 1.0 108.40 60.22 839.5 448.6 17.40 95.00 52.78 32.25 17.92 19.70 10.94 857.90 57 42
20 10 90 32.2 1.5 34.30 19.06 1084.7 584.8 42.60 19.95 11.08 14.65 8.14 6.35 3.53 149.65 55 *
80 10 90 32.2 1.5 47.10 26.17 1308.5 709.2 33.80 46.75 25.97 16.55 9.19 16.00 8.89 732.30 56 *
20 10 130 54.4 1.5 28.15 15.64 973.0 522.8 58.20 9.75 5.42 13.60 7.56 5.70 3.17 71.55 54 *
80 10 130 54.4 1.5 30.45 16.92 1051.0 566.1 42.00 21.15 11.75 15.00 8.33 8.25 4.58 180.30 55 *
20 10 90 32.2 2.0 22.60 12.56 1172.5 633.6 65.60 18.85 10.47 8.80 4.89 3.85 2.14 234.10 54 *
80 10 90 32.2 2.0 27.05 15.03 1301.0 705.0 58.20 26.70 14.83 9.60 5.33 6.00 3.33 551.60 54 *
20 10 130 54.4 2.0 18.10 10.06 1048.5 564.7 81.20 7.45 4.14 8.30 4.61 3.55 1.97 82.25 52 *
80 10 130 54.4 2.0 19.80 11.00 1148.5 620.3 66.40 16.00 8.89 9.05 5.03 5.15 2.86 197.70 53 *
50 20 80 26.7 0.5 234.85 130.47 1283.0 695.0 8.40 * * * * * * 915.50 58 52
0 20 110 43.3 0.5 98.90 54.94 726.5 385.8 16.35 28.50 15.83 85.95 47.75 28.50 15.83 62.70 57 35
50 20 110 43.3 0.5 169.30 94.06 1317.0 713.9 9.10 159.45 88.58 81.20 45.11 21.30 11.83 409.00 58 50
100 20 110 43.3 0.5 238.95 132.75 1210.0 654.4 7.90 213.25 118.47 88.90 49.39 38.40 21.33 695.05 58 54
50 20 140 60.0 0.5 80.70 44.83 717.5 380.8 15.30 38.10 21.17 69.15 38.42 20.10 11.17 84.20 57 38
50 20 80 26.7 1.0 71.80 39.89 1314.0 712.2 20.70 70.45 39.14 29.15 16.19 12.35 6.86 470.05 57 38
0 20 110 43.3 1.0 40.05 22.25 828.0 442.2 43.50 13.55 7.53 29.75 16.53 10.45 5.81 60.90 54 16
50 20 110 43.3 1.0 71.40 39.67 1368.5 742.5 24.60 67.45 37.47 27.15 15.08 9.60 5.33 498.55 57 35
100 20 110 43.3 1.0 49.90 27.72 1074.0 578.9 22.00 38.90 21.61 30.50 16.94 21.90 12.17 185.45 56 34
50 20 110 43.3 1.0 33.00 18.33 786.0 418.9 45.60 14.85 8.25 27.15 15.08 13.15 7.31 68.00 54 16
50 20 80 26.7 1.5 36.05 20.03 1143.0 617.2 42.50 30.60 17.00 14.00 7.78 6.55 3.64 426.40 55 *
0 20 110 43.3 1.5 23.45 13.03 841.0 449.4 68.40 8.70 4.83 20.20 11.22 12.85 7.14 61.45 51 *
50 20 110 43.3 1.5 36.00 20.00 1378.0 747.8 45.60 34.00 18.89 13.65 7.58 5.15 2.86 422.80 55 *
100 20 110 43.3 1.5 46.65 25.92 1306.0 707.8 39.20 46.15 25.64 13.75 7.64 6.55 3.64 711.60 56 *
50 20 140 60.0 1.5 23.15 12.86 716.0 380.0 69.20 9.25 5.14 22.20 12.33 13.50 7.50 66.00 51 *
50 20 80 26.7 2.0 24.30 13.50 1267.5 686.4 67.50 23.90 13.28 8.20 4.56 3.95 2.19 426.45 54 *
0 20 110 43.3 2.0 14.60 8.11 902.0 483.3 101.60 6.10 3.39 9.55 5.31 6.15 3.42 59.75 49 *
50 20 110 43.3 2.0 16.10 8.94 986.5 530.3 84.10 9.90 5.50 8.10 4.50 3.45 1.92 110.45 52 *
100 20 110 43.3 2.0 23.15 12.86 1189.0 642.8 61.80 22.40 12.44 9.90 5.50 6.20 3.44 393.80 54 *
50 20 140 60.0 2.0 14.55 8.08 1121.5 605.3 105.00 7.20 4.00 11.00 6.11 5.35 2.97 74.10 49 *
20 30 90 32.2 0.5 66.95 37.19 689.0 365.0 26.55 27.40 15.22 64.05 35.58 18.90 10.50 60.60 55 24
80 30 90 32.2 0.5 247.35 137.42 1255.5 679.7 9.60 232.85 129.36 62.60 34.78 34.40 19.11 668.00 58 50
20 30 130 54.4 0.5 59.10 32.83 533.0 278.3 33.60 24.65 13.69 51.60 28.67 45.25 25.14 54.70 54 *
80 30 130 54.4 0.5 110.45 61.36 1095.5 590.8 12.25 52.35 29.08 59.50 33.06 52.25 29.03 126.50 57 *
20 30 90 32.2 1.0 79.00 43.89 659.0 348.3 44.00 12.85 7.14 26.80 14.89 13.80 7.67 58.75 54 *
80 30 90 32.2 1.0 77.70 43.17 1392.0 755.6 25.65 75.50 41.94 23.30 12.94 21.05 11.69 536.75 56 *
20 30 130 54.4 1.0 32.00 17.78 997.5 536.4 63.60 12.30 6.83 24.25 13.47 24.75 13.75 55.90 52 *
80 30 130 54.4 1.0 66.90 37.17 1217.0 658.3 25.65 63.10 35.06 23.10 12.83 21.80 12.11 392.00 56 *
20 30 90 32.2 1.5 22.25 12.36 665.0 351.7 83.60 8.20 4.56 21.95 12.19 13.45 7.47 57.90 50 *
80 30 90 32.2 1.5 43.25 24.03 1305.0 707.2 36.60 42.05 23.36 17.90 9.94 13.50 7.50 550.20 55 *
20 30 130 54.4 1.5 19.60 10.89 618.0 325.6 96.40 7.75 4.31 19.25 10.69 13.25 7.36 54.25 49 *
80 30 130 54.4 1.5 18.95 10.53 664.5 351.4 64.00 9.75 5.42 18.80 10.44 12.85 7.14 70.45 52 *
20 30 90 32.2 2.0 15.40 8.56 759.5 404.2 108.00 7.15 3.97 13.65 7.58 7.55 4.19 74.10 48 *
80 30 90 32.2 2.0 17.25 9.58 1435.5 779.7 67.20 13.90 7.72 12.75 7.08 7.30 4.06 170.05 52 *
20 30 130 54.4 2.0 13.25 7.36 1062.5 572.5 127.20 7.00 3.89 12.65 7.03 7.55 4.19 70.50 46 *
80 30 130 54.4 2.0 14.10 7.83 1102.0 594.4 107.60 7.20 4.00 11.75 6.53 6.85 3.81 73.90 48 *
50 35 110 43.3 0.5 72.50 40.28 1006.9 541.6 20.20 32.25 17.92 46.15 25.64 28.75 15.97 73.95 56 34
50 35 110 43.3 1.0 28.50 15.83 1022.0 550.0 45.40 14.00 7.78 20.70 11.50 20.15 11.19 64.00 54 17
50 35 110 43.3 1.5 18.40 10.22 604.9 318.3 74.00 8.85 4.92 17.70 9.83 12.85 7.14 63.05 51 12
50 35 110 43.3 2.0 13.05 7.25 695.0 368.3 118.10 6.10 3.39 12.55 6.97 7.20 4.00 59.30 47 10
38
Table 16 Cooling Rate DataUCON Quenchant HT
Concen- Bath Temp. Circulation Probe Maximum Temp. at Max. Time from Cooling Rate at Cooling Rate at Cooling Rate at
tration Rate
1
Dia.
2
Cooling Rate Cooling Rate 1350F500F 1300F (704C) 650F (343C) 450F (232C)
(732C260C)
(%) (F) (C) (ft/min) (in.) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F) (C) (sec.) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F/sec) (C/sec)
20 100 37.8 100 1 95.6 53.1 1279 692.8 13.75 93.16 51.8 45.34 25.2 29.24 16.2
20 120 48.9 100 1 90.2 50.1 1288 697.8 14.33 84.20 46.8 45.54 25.3 28.28 15.7
20 140 60.0 100 1 65.7 36.5 1155 623.9 17.39 58.61 32.6 38.36 21.3 23.86 13.3
25 100 37.8 100 1 74.8 41.6 1289 698.3 16.47 72.53 40.3 40.24 22.4 24.42 13.6
25 120 48.9 100 1 67.1 37.3 * * 17.42 63.31 35.2 38.35 21.3 23.63 13.1
25 140 60.0 100 1 59.2 32.9 1121 605.0 18.39 49.41 27.5 38.38 21.3 23.04 12.8
Table 17 Cooling Rate DataWater and Selected Oils
Quen- Bath Temp. Circulation Probe Maximum Temp. at Max. Time from Cooling Rate at Cooling Rate at Cooling Rate at
chant Rate

Dia. Cooling Rate Cooling Rate 1350F500F 1300F (704C) 650F (343C) 450F (232C)
(732C260C)
(F) (C) (ft/min) (in.) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F) (C) (sec.) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F/sec) (C/sec) (F/sec) (C/sec)
Water 80 26.7 0 1 108.0 60.0 1309 709.4 11.67 104.36 58.0 53.45 29.7 33.14 18.4
Water 100 37.8 0 1 104.6 58.1 1265 685.0 11.94 101.30 56.3 53.00 29.4 32.96 18.3
Water 120 48.9 0 1 102.0 56.7 1291 699.4 12.19 98.84 54.9 51.03 28.4 31.40 17.4
Water 140 60.0 0 1 92.3 51.3 1207 652.8 13.00 87.29 48.5 49.45 27.5 29.79 16.6
Fast Oil 150 65.6 100 1 73.6 40.9 1335 723.9 23.39 67.90 37.7 24.31 13.5 12.59 7.0
Conven-
tional Oil
150 65.6 100 1 60.8 33.8 1241 671.7 25.72 53.60 29.8 21.89 12.2 12.13 6.7
Martem-
pering Oil
300 148.9 100 1 63.4 35.2 1327 719.4 32.92 59.33 33.0 16.24 9.0 5.46 3.0
39
Table 18 Quenching Data for AA 7075-T73 using a Type I Aqueous Polymer
UCON Quenchant A (Solution Temperature 870F)
Polymer Bar Bath Circulation Cooling Rate Film Quench Predicted
Concentration Diameter Temperature Rate Coefcient Factor Yield Strength
% (in) (F) (ft/min) (F/sec) (BTU/Hr.ft.F) (KSI)
10 0.5 85 0 433.5 1210.0 2.56 68.5
10 0.5 85 50 458.1 1250.0 2.27 68.5
10 1 85 0 190.1 1232.5 5.81 67.6
10 1 85 50 195.2 1252.5 5.55 67.7
10 1.5 85 0 133.2 1275.0 8.90 66.8
10 1.5 85 50 129.7 1235.0 8.89 66.8
15 0.5 90 0 292.1 785.0 3.10 *
15 0.5 90 50 286.5 738.0 3.40 *
15 0.5 90 100 317.1 856.0 3.00 *
15 1 90 0 135.1 559.0 7.50 *
15 1 90 50 143.2 681.0 7.00 *
15 1 90 100 143.4 681.0 7.10 *
15 1.5 90 0 92.1 597.0 11.10 *
15 1.5 90 50 98.7 621.0 10.80 *
15 1.5 90 100 104.5 689.0 10.30 *
20 0.5 85 25 276.2 770.0 3.72 68.1
20 0.5 85 25 296.5 805.0 3.57 68.2
20 1 85 25 140.0 930.0 8.03 67.0
20 1.5 85 25 109.1 980.0 11.54 66.1
20 2 85 25 65.5 858.9 18.40 64.7
20 3 85 25 36.5 793.0 31.90 61.6
25 0.5 90 0 215.5 611.0 3.70 *
25 0.5 90 50 217.8 539.0 4.00 *
25 0.5 90 100 232.4 643.0 3.60 *
25 1 90 0 116.7 404.0 8.20 *
25 1 90 50 118.1 436.0 8.50 *
25 1 90 100 121.8 500.0 8.50 *
25 1.5 90 0 78.0 507.0 11.90 *
25 1.5 90 50 86.3 460.0 12.00 *
25 1.5 90 100 91.0 497.0 11.90 *
30 0.5 85 0 178.3 457.5 5.14 67.8
30 0.5 85 50 217.7 615.0 4.83 67.9
30 1 85 0 112.8 775.0 10.56 66.4
30 1 85 50 107.3 750.0 10.28 66.4
30 1.5 85 0 68.3 647.5 15.98 65.0
30 1.5 85 50 73.0 329.8 15.42 65.1
40
Probe Diameter [Bath Temperature 43C., Agitation V = 0 m/s (no agitation)]
Probe Cooling Rate, (sec. -1)
1
1300F (704C) 650F (343C) 400F (204C)
FB
Diameter 1300F 650F 400F

(in/m)

(704C) (343C) (204C) Kn Biv Kn Biv Kn Biv (W/m
2
K)
2
0.5 0.0432 0.230 0.166 0.0579 0.06 0.34 0.44 0.218 0.26 697
(.0127) 0.0379 0.210 0.157 0.051 0.052 0.31 0.206 0.24 604
1.0 0.0217 0.075 0.041 0.116 0.125 0.445 0.72 0.216 0.26 725
(.0254) 0.0252 0.077 0.044 0.135 0.15 0.457 0.23 0.28 870
1.5 0.081 0.039 0.027 0.098 0.11 0.52 0.93 0.32 0.43 426
(.0381) 0.0072 0.039 0.033 0.087 0.095 0.52 0.39 0.57 368
2.0 0.0053 0.0217 0.0135 0.114 0.124 0.515 0.90 0.28 0.36 360
(0.0508) 0.0051 0.0216 0.011 0.109 0.120 0.513 0.23 0.28 348
1. Cooling rate is the value m with units of sec
-1
and is calculated from:
m =
In(T
i
T
m
) In(T
2
T
m
)
where: T
1
and T
2
are current temperatures,
t
2
t
1

T
m
is the bath temperature and t is the time.
2.
FB
is in (W/m
2
K); FB = lm boiling.
Probe Diameter (Bath Temperature 60C., Agitation V = 0.254 m/s)
1
1300F (704C) 650F (343C) 400F (204C)
FB

(in/m)

2
K)
2
0.5 0.032 0.218 0.1477 0.0428 0.043 0.323 0.44 0.23 0.28 499
(.0127) 0.033 0.222 0.136 0.044 0.045 0.328 0.21 0.21 500
1.0 0.014 0.08 0.049 0.075 0.08 0.475 0.76 0.306 0.40 464
(.0254) 0.0123 0.076 0.0385 0.066 0.07 0.451 0.24 0.30 406
1.5 0.0084 0.038 0.032 0.101 0.11 0.507 0.89 0.45 0.72 392
(.0381) 0.0084 0.038 0.023 0.101 0.11 0.507 0.89 0.32 0.43 392
2.0 0.0056 0.021 0.0134 0.120 0.125 0.498 0.86 0.33 0.44 363
(.0508) 0.0058 0.021 0.0127 0.124 0.13 0.498 0.86 0.317 0.42 365
-1
m =
In(T
i
T
m
) In(T
2
T
m
)
where: T
1
and T
2
t
2
t
1

T
m
2.
FB
is in (W/m
2
41
Sample Diameter (Bath Temperature 54.4C., Agitation V = 0.1 m/s)
1
1300F (704C) 650F (343C) 400F (204C)
FB

(in/m)

2
K)
2
0.5 .0240 0.1890 0.1270 0.0316 0.032 0.249 0.30 0.167 0.19 372
(.0127) .0245 0.1960 0.1440 0.0322 0.034 0.258 0.32 0.189 0.22 395
1.0 .0114 0.0715 0.0521 0.060 0.063 0.376 0.54 0.274 0.348 366
(.0254) .0112 0.0696 0.0495 0.059 0.062 0.366 0.52 0.260 0.330 360
1.5 .0074 0.0352 0.0372 0.087 0.094 0.417 0.64 0.440 0.70 337
(.0381) .0074 0.0356 0.0335 0.088 0.095 0.422 0.65 0.347 0.59 341
2.0 .0055 0.0224 0.0229 0.116 0.125 0.472 0.78 0.480 0.80 363
(.0508) .0056 0.0224 0.0223 0.118 0.130 0.472 0.78 0.470 0.78 377
-1
m =
In(T
i
T
m
) In(T
2
T
m
)
where: T
1
and T
2
t
2
t
1

T
m
2.
FB
is in (W/m
2
Sample Diameter (Bath Temperature 43.3C., Agitation V = 0.254 m/s)
1
1300F (704C) 650F (343C) 400F (204C)
FB

(in/m)

2
K)
2
0.5 0.034 0.133 0.0886 0.0456 0.048 0.197 0.23 0.138 0.15 557
(.0127) 0.040 0.128 0.0952 0.0536 0.055 0.189 0.22 0.146 0.16 638
1.0 0.0139 0.0556 0.0359 0.0745 0.08 0.33 0.45 0.224 0.27 464
(.0254) 0.0138 0.0524 0.0348 0.0740 0.08 0.311 0.40 0.217 0.26 464
1.5 0.0081 0.0272 0.0276 0.0978 0.105 0.363 0.52 0.388 0.56 406
(.0381) 0.0099 0.0272 0.0220 0.119 0.13 0.363 0.52 0.309 0.40 503
2.0 0.0073 0.023 0.0183 0.1566 0.18 0.546 1.05 0.457 0.74 522
(.0508) 0.01 0.0244 0.0196 0.214 0.26 0.579 1.15 0.489 0.82 621
-1
m =
In(T
i
T
m
) In(T
2
T
m
)
where: T
1
and T
2
t
2
t
1

T
m
2.
FB
is in (W/m
2
For More Information
North America: Europe: Pacic: Other Areas:
toll-free 1-800-447-4369 toll-free +800 3 694 6367 call 60 3 7958 3392 call 1-989-832-1560
fax 1-989-832-1465 call +32 3 450 2240 fax 60 3 7958 5598 fax 1-989-832-1465
fax +32 3 450 2815
www.ucon.com
NOTICE: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time,
Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customers use and for ensuring that Customers workplace and disposal practices
are in compliance with applicable laws and other governmental enactments. Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.
*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company Form no. 118-01567-605AMS
*
Location Dow Products All Chemical Products
(in case of emergency)
United States and Puerto Rico 800-DOW CHEM Phone CHEMTREC:
800-424-9300
Canada 519-339-3711 (collect) Phone CANUTEC:
613-996-6666 (collect)
Europe, Middle East, 49 41 469 12333
North and Central Africa
Latin America, Asia/Pacic, Phone United States:
South Africa, and any other 989-636-4400 (collect)
location worldwide
At sea, radio U.S. Coast Guard, who can directly contact:
Dow...800-DOW CHEM or CHEMTREC...800-424-9300.
DO NOT WAIT. Phone if in doubt. You will be referred to a specialist for advice.
Emergency Service
Dow maintains 24-hour emergency service for its products. The American Chemi-
cal Council (CHEMTREC), Transport Canada (CANUTEC), and the National Chemi-
cal Emergency Center maintain 24-hour emergency service:

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glutaraldehyde biocide may be used for UCON

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