Pertains to the acquisition of data concerning the terrain upon which the transportation links will traverse and

the economical siting of an alignment. Possible routes can be chosen and evaluated on the basis of traffic service, directness, suitability of terrain, adequacy of crossings of streams and other transport routes and extent of adverse social, environmental and ecological effects.
Possible alternative alignments usually are plotted on the base map and, from these alignments with preliminary gradelines, the alternatives are compared.

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

Criteria Construction costs User costs

Environmental impacts Social impacts Acceptance by various Interest groups

Influencing Factors Functional classification/design type; topography and soil conditions; current land use Traffic volume; facility design features (e.g., gradients, intersections);operating conditions (e.g., speeds, traffic control systems) Proximity to sensitive areas; design features to mitigate Impacts Isolation or division of neighborhoods; aesthetics of Design; fostering of desired development patterns Government agencies; private associations and firms; neighborhood groups and the general public

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

For

new major highways, locations must blend curvatures, grade and other roadway elements to produce an easy-riding, free-flowing traffic artery that has high capacity and meets exacting safety standards while minimizing disruption to historic and archaeological sites and to community, industrial, business, residential, scenic, and recreational developments. Economic and environmental impacts must be evaluated. A general practice is to select a location, which will permit the construction of a highway to the standards of grade, alignment, width and sight distance based upon probable future traffic over a period of 25 years (20 years is commonly used).

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

The aim of location survey is to select a route with the following points kept in mind.
With reasonable economy it should meet the minimum requirement regarding curvature and grades. To produce an easy riding (traveling), free flowing traffic artery that has a high capacity and it meets all the safety standards. The location survey should recognize and evaluate the routes impact on already existing industries, business, and residential values and on future development.

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

Desk Study of the Area

Reconnai -ssance Survey

Route Selection

Preliminary Location Survey

Final Location Survey

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

The possible desk study for highway of an area include; Maps, Aerial photographs, charts or graphs to obtains, engineering data, environmental data, social data, economic data.
ENGINEERING DATA:
Topographic and geological maps Stream and drainage basin maps Climatic records

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA:
Agricultural soil surveys indicating soil erodiability Air pollution studies Noise and noise attenuation studies Fish and wild life inventories

SOCIAL DATA:
Demographic and land use information Census data Zoning plans and trends Building permit records, motor vehicle registration records Living standards of locality
10/14/2011

ECONOMIC DATA:
Overall cost of previous projects Unit construction costs data Agricultural, economical and industrial data etc

Preliminary survey maps of previous projects Traffic surveys and capacity studies

Historical studies

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

This eliminates costly locations and limits the choice to one or two general routes between controls. This could be aided effectively by the study of available maps, examination of the ground as viewed from an airplane, stereoscopic examination of aerial photographs, and ocular examination of the site on foot. Two methods; Conventional ground method. Aerial photography. Reconnaissance Report: Total length of line. The elevation of main and intermediate summit All adverse grades. Stream crossing. Nature of construction. Right of way circumstances. Soil conditions. Unusual or troublesome condition. Approximate estimate of cost.
CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway Location 10/14/2011

Before field survey for any highway location is started, tentative decision, regarding the design speed of the route, its crosssection, and the maximum grade must be made. These decision made are based on the; Estimated of amount, character and hourly distribution of traffic, along with Knowledge of the area is traversed. And available funds. RESULTING ROUTE: After comparison of the different alternative design, the route is selected which has cheapest overall cost, considering capital investment, maintenance, expense and saving to the road user.

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

 Conventionally the baseline of preliminary survey i.e. P-line should follow as closely as possible to the expected final line. The surrounding are then related to this P-line. Elevations - At 100ft and at breaks in the ground provide data for profile and serve as starting point for cross-sections that covers a strip of land on each side of P-line. Cross-section - are of width 100 to 800, depending upon; Standard of accuracy Speed of work and instrument used. However accurate measurements are used for checking the accuracy of final location. The next step is to plot plan and profile of the preliminary line.

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

Final location is essentially fixing of the details of the projected highway. It serves the dual purpose of : Permanently establishing the centerline. Collecting information necessary for preparation of plans for construction. The line should be established as closely as is practical to the line drawn on the preliminary map. It should conform the major and minor control points and the alignment that was previously determined. Staking out on the ground of the centerline of the projected road provides opportunity for minor correction like small shift of the line. It is useful to make a new profile and accurate cross-section from which excavation and embankment quantities can be measured. Sufficient points of curvature and tangency, BMs at relatively close interval and in position free from disturbance by construction activities.

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

Direction of all property lines, distance to property corners and location of building, fences and other improvements. It is important to keep notes on alignment and levels i.e. notes taken in field during the final location survey usually becomes part of permanent record. The final location survey is complete when all necessary information in available and ready for designer to use. It in insured that all information required preparation of complete construction. All information pertaining to Alignment Topography Bench mark levels Cross sections Section corner ties and other land ties Drainage and utilities

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

Type of Highway

Design Speed mph (kph)

Horizontal Curve* (Maximum Degree)

Freeway*** 70 (110 kph) 3 4 Other Principal 60 (100 kph 5 4 Arterial 50 (80 kph) 7 5 Minor Arterial 40 (60 kph) 11 6 Collector 30 50 kph) 21 7 * Based on e = 0.06 ** K = L/A = Horizontal distance (ft.) / % change in slope *** Design speed may range from 50-70 mph; Where < 70 mph, lower design value may be used.

Vert. Curves Min. KSSD** 255 (78 m) 160 (49 m) 85 (26 m) 55 (17 m) 28 ( 9 m)

Maximum Grade (%)

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011

Type of Highway

Design Speed, miles/hr, mph

Trial Service Volume veh./lane/hour

Freeway Other Principal Arterial Minor Arterial Collector

70 (110 kph) 60 (100 kph)

1,300 800 *

50 (80 kph)
40 (60 kph) 30 (50 kph)

500 **
300 *** 200 ***

* Assuming 60% Green time ** Assuming no parking and 45% green time ***Assuming parking and 30% green time
CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering: Highway Location 10/14/2011

CE 122- Traffic & Highway Engineering:

Highway Location

10/14/2011