presents

www.pe.gatech.org

8th Annual Fault and Disturbance Analysis Conference

April 25-26, 2005 Atlanta, Georgia

Distance Learning and Professional Education Georgia Institute of Technology A Unit of the University System of Georgia

Sponsored by: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Transient Recorder Users Council www .truc.org

Program Outline
Monday, April 25, 2005
8:00 8:30 9:20 10:00 10:20 Registration Global Learning Center Conference Opening Welcoming Remarks A.P. Sakis Meliopoulos Professor, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Robert C. Baldwin Chairman, Transient Record Users Council Using a Multiple Analog Input Distance Relay as a DFR Dennis Denison Entergy Arkansas BREAK Using Digital Fault Recorder Data to Create Reports Complying to National Standards Patrick Donato Transco, Philippines John Sperr Ametek Power Instruments Phasor Data Accuracy Enhancement in a Multi-Vendor Environment A. P. Meliopoulos, G. J. Cokkinides Georgia Institute of Technology A Cost Effective Solution for High Speed Recording in EHV F. Ghassemi, J. Merron Qualitrol-Hathaway Instruments Tom Cumming, Finlay MacLeod Scottish Power Plc

Morning Session Chairman: Robert C. Baldwin Company: Southern California Edison 8:40 Widows Creek Disturbance June 22, 2002 Relaying Problems and Near-Misses Gary L. Kobet Tennessee Valley Authority 9:20 Using Synchronized Disturbance Recorders to Dissect a Complex Short Duration Event Dean Ellis, James W. Ingleson NYISO 10:00 BREAK 10:20 An Examination of Possible Criteria for Triggering Swing Recording in Disturbance Recorders Jeffrey Pond, Leonard Swanson National Grid USA Rich Hunt NxtPhase T&D Corporation 11:00 Synchronized Event Data Recording Report of an NPCC Working Group John R. Ferraro Northeast Utilities 11:40 LUNCH Afternoon Session Chairman: Jim Hackett Company: Mehta Tech 12:40 Daily Integrity Checks Using Automated DFRs Records Analysis Claude Fecteau, Denis Larose, Raymond Begin, Jean-Guy Lachance IREQ, Hydro-Quebec 1:20 The Importance of Power System Event Analysis Russell W. Patterson Tennessee Valley Authority 2:00 BREAK 2:20 Monitoring and Recording Power System Disturbances at SCE Using Synchronized Phasor Measurement Technology Bharat Bhargava, Bob Baldwin, George D. Rodriguez, Armando Salazar Southern California Edison 3:00 Display and Discussion of Actual Fault Records Brought by Participants Bill Royse, Moderator Progress Energy 3:40 Users Forum Alan D. Baker, Moderator Florida Power & Light Co. 4:30 ADJOURN

10:50 11:20

11:50 LUNCH Afternoon Session Chairman: Robert M. Orndorff Company: Dominion Virginia Power 1:00 Waveform Storage in IEEE COMTRADE and IEEE PQDIF Standards: Comparison and Examples for Format Conversion Daniel Sabin, Wieslaw Jerry Olechiw Electrotek Concepts 1:40 Power System Fault Analysis Using Fault Reporting Juergen Holbach Siemens Power T&D 2:20 Electrical Resynchronization in the Peruvian Power System Francisco Torres Comite de Operacion Yofre Jacome Red de Energia del Peru 3:00 Automated Analysis Functions for IED-Recorded Data: Implementation and Integration Mladen Kezunovic Texas A&M University J. Lucey, R. Lunsford CenterPoint Energy I. Barras Entergy Services T. Popovic TLI, Inc. 3:40 Impedance-Based Fault Location Experience Karl Zimmerman Schweitzer Engineering 4:20 IEC 61850 and Disturbance Recording Alexander Apostolov AREVA T&D Automation 5:00 ADJOURN

PAPERS WITHOUT PRESENTATION

Using Neuro-Wavelet Technique for Adaptive Single Phase Autoreclosure of Transmission Lines Mohamed A. El-Hadidy, Dalal H. Moustafa Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company Abla S. Attia Ain Shams University Web-based Wide Area Measurement System-System Architecture and Experiences Katsuhiko Sekiguchi, Toshiro Kagami, Hideyuki Takani TM T&D Corporation

Tuesday, April 26

Morning Session Chairman: Tony Napikoski Company: United Illuminating 8:00 File Naming Convention for Time Sequenced Data, Part II Amir Makki SoftStuf 8:40 Power Swing Protection Relay Realized by a Digital Fault Recorder Jan Age Walseth Statnett SF

Registration

2005 Planning Committee Roster

Four Easy Ways to Register

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ONLINE: www.pe.gatech.edu FAX: (404) 894-8925 MAIL: Georgia Institute of Technology

Professional EducationR P.O. Box 93686 Atlanta, Georgia 30377-0686

Alexander Apostolov Alstom T&D EAI 2950 Bentley Ave., Unit 4 Los Angeles, CA 90064 310-478-5967 (P) aapostolov@comcast.net Alexander.apostolov@tde.alstom.com Alan D. Baker SPO/JB Florida Power & Light Co. P.O. Box 14000, SPO/JB Juno Beach, FL 33408-0420 561-694-4787 (P) 561 694-3177 (F) alan_d_baker@fpl.com Robert C. Baldwin Southern California Edison 501 So Marengo Ave. Grid Control Bldg. AG Alhambra, CA 91803 626-308-6809 (P), 626-437-5158 (F) robert.baldwin@sce.com Dave Bertagnolli ISO - New England One Sullivan Road Holyoke, MA 01040 413-535-4330 (P), 413-535-4343 (F) dbert@iso-ne.com Greg Bradley Utility Systems Inc. 8431 Castlewood Drive Indianapolis, IN 46250 317-842-7500 (P), 317-849-7600 (F) gbradley@maginst.com Phillip L. Corliss Qualitrol Corp/Hathaway Inst. Div. 2 Inverness Drive East, Suite 106 Englewood, CO 80112 303-925-1512 (P), 303-799-8880 (F) pcorliss@qualitrolcorp.com Dean Ellis New York ISO, Inc. 3890 Carman Road Schenectady, NY 12303 518-356-7633 (P), 518-356-6118 (F) dellis@nyiso.com Sherry L. Goiffon TXU Electric Delivery P.O. Box 970 Fort Worth, TX 76101-0970 817-215-6994 (cell), 817-215-6889 (F) sgoiffo1@txued.com

Jim Hackett Mehta Tech Inc. 208 North 12th Avenue Box 350 Eldridge, Iowa 52748 563-285-9151 (P) 563-285-7576 (F) Hackett@mehtatech.com Harish Mehta Mehta Tech, Inc. 208 North 12th Avenue Box 350 Eldridge, IA 52748 563-285-9151 (P) 563-285-7576 (F) harish@mehtatech.com A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0250 404-894-2926 (P) 404-894-4641 (F) sakis.meliopoulos@ece.gatech.edu Tony Napikoski United Illuminating 801 Bridgeport Avenue Shelton, CT 06484-4714 203-926-4618 (P) 203-926-4664 (F) Anthony.Napikoski@uinet.com Robert Orndorff Dominion Virginia Power 2400 Grayland Avenue, First Floor Richmond, VA 23220 804-257-4960 (P) 804-257-4611 (F) Robert_M_Orndorff@Dom.com Bill Royse Progress Energy, OHS-7 412 S. Wilmington Street P. O. Box 1551 Raleigh, NC 27602 919-546-3105 (P) 919-546-2684 (F) William.Royse@pgnmail.com Mike Xavier E-Max Inst., Inc. 13 Inverness Way South Englewood, CO 80112 303-799-6640 (P)303-790-2352 (F) mikex@e-maxinstruments.com

PHONE: (404) 385-3501 between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., Eastern time.

Continuing Education Units

Each participant completing the course successfully will earn 1.4 CEUs. You may request a certificate of completion showing the number of CEUs you have earned by calling (404) 385-3514.

The conference will be held at the Global Learning & Conference Center (GLCC) which is located in Technology Square at 84 5th Street, N.W., Atlanta, Georgia five blocks north of the Renaissance Hotel. The registration fee includes a copy of the conference proceedings, a CD of the conference proceedings, and refreshments. Extra copies of the proceedings may be purchased during the conference for $20 each, or after the conference for $70 each. Conference delegates should preregister as soon as possible. A block of rooms has been reserved for the program registrants, but will be released four weeks prior to the program at the Renaissance Atlanta Hotel Downtown, which is located at 590 West Peachtree Street, N.W., Atlanta, Georgia. The Renaissance Hotel will be the location of the hospitality suites. Mention that you are attending a Georgia Tech program for a special room rate of $130. For hotel reservations, call (404) 881-6000. For additional lodging options, visit our website at www.pe.gatech.edu and click on Visitor Information. The Georgia Tech Professional Education Department is not responsible for any hotel cancellation charges, penalties, billing discrepancies. Convenient parking is available in the area. Georgia Tech Professional Education does not refund nor validate parking.

Course Location and Accommodations

Hospitality Suites

Participants are encouraged to visit the hospitality suites that will be open after 5:00 p.m. on Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday of the conference at the Renaissance Atlanta Hotel Downtown.

Cancellations and Refunds

To cancel your registration and receive a full refund, you must call Professional Education at (404) 385-3501 at least 10 business days prior to the course start date. A cancellation received fewer than 10 days prior to the start date will be refunded the registration amount, less $50 to cover the costs of materials and facilities. If you do not call to cancel your registration and do not attend the course, you are still responsible for the full fee. The Georgia Institute of Technology reserves the right to cancel a course for any reason, including insufficient enrollment. If a course is cancelled, all registration fees will be refunded or can be transferred to another course.

Electrical Resynchronization in the Peruvian Power System.

Francisco Torres Garca, M.Sc., Eng. Comit de Operacin Econmica del SEIN (COES SINAC) Yofr Jcome Depaz, Eng. Red de Energa del Per (REP)

Abstract: This paper describes the analysis of a fault in the Peruvian Power System, and an Out-of-Step and resynchronization events after it between the Southern-Western Region and The National Grid. The paper describes theoretically the phenomenon, and shows the analysis made using digital transient recorders, with that was possible to demonstrate the electrical separation between two regions of the Peruvian Power system and the resynchronization of them after some generation shedding.

1-

Introduction

The connection of two power systems between a transmission line which has a capacity under (10% - 15%)[2] of the small power system, is called a Weak connection In power systems with weak connections is necessarily to have enough reserve in order to maintain stability. The operation of this connections near the stability limits can originate frequency or power oscillations If each one of the interconnected systems could regulate its power momentarily in such a way that the generation is exactly the load of the system for a frequency of 60 Hertz, then the frequency in the systems would stay constant. Any variation of the frequency in each one of the systems immediately would be compensated by its respective variation of the generation. Unfortunately, this regulation cannot be made Any difference between the power and load means a change in the frequency, which also causes the action of the primary regulators that gradually change the generation. From the analysis of the interchanged power variations and the oscillations that appear, these oscillations are divided in the following types[3] 1.2.3.4.5.Control modes; Interarea modes; Local modes; Unstable modes; Torsional modes.

The investigation and experience show that the irregular oscillations of power only can be evaluated considering the smallest of the interconnected systems. The loss of synchronism in the weak connections frequently is caused by the disconnection of one line or power unbalance between the interconnected systems. The short circuits events, even the most severe, would not cause the loss of the stability, if the faults are cleared quickly by the protections in a time smaller than the critical time.

Pg. 1/9

The analyses of real events like the ones described previously, are made from the data obtained in the SCADA systems, the protective relays and the transient recorders. The transient recorders, capture many parameters of the event such as voltage and current with high resolution. The Transient recorders nowadays have multiple capacities such as register waveform, digital signals, rms values, frequency, etc, and the samples intervals are configurable and can go from the milliseconds to the hours In The Peruvian Power System using the transient recorders, which are installed in different points from the electrical system, an interesting phenomenon originated by the disconnection of a line was recorded. This disconnection produced a loss of synchronism of the Southeastern region. This loss of synchronism was not detected by the separation of areas scheme, for that reason the Southeastern region did not separate of the national grid; staying connected with a overfrequency. This phenomenon is known as a loss of frequency stability. 2. Power System Stability The stability is a condition of balance between opposite forces. The mechanism by which the synchronous machines interconnected maintain synchronism is by forces which tend to accelerate or decelerate the machines with respect to a reference. Under stable conditions, there are an equilibrium in a machine between the mechanical torque and the electrical torque considering a constant speed. If the system has a perturbation, this balance finishes, and an acceleration or deceleration of the generators rotors take place. If a generator temporarily is accelerated over another one, the angular position of its rotor is increased. The angular difference transfers part of the load of the slowest machine to fastest, depending on its relation power-angle The relation power-angle is nonlinear. Over a certain limit (90) an increase in the angular separation is accompanied by a decrement in the transferred power and causes more instability. In some situations, the stability of the system depends of the angular position on the rotor. When a Synchronous generator loses synchronism (an out-of-the-step condition), the rotor is accelerated. This originate fluctuations in power, voltage and current in the machine; so that the protection relays trip and isolate the machine of the system. The loss of synchronism can happen between a machine and the system or among groups of machines. Its possible to recover stability in the system insolating the machine that caused this condition. In electrical power systems, the change in the electrical torque of a synchronous machine followed a disturbance has two components: Te = TS. + TD. where: TS. ; Is known as the Synchronizing torque. TD. ; Is know as the dumping torque. The system stability depends on the existence of synchronizing and dumping torque in each synchronous machine. The lack of synchronizing torque result in an angular instability, and the lack of dumping torque result in oscillating instability. 3. The Power swing and the out-of-step phenomena The active power transmitted through an ideal transmission line (without losses), that connects interconnected systems as it is shown in the figure 3.1, is determined using the state variables and the parameters of the system, according to the following relation:
Pg. 2/9

P=P =P = S R

E E S R Sen X T

(3.1)

In which, it is observed that the maximum transferable power depends on: - the voltages of the equivalent sources - the total impedance of connection - the angle between the voltage of the two equivalent sources. Considering that both systems are strong, it would be possible to be assumed that the voltages would stay constants; for that reason when the angular difference between the equivalent sources is increased, the power has describe a change as it is shown in the figure 3.2. As we increased the flow through the transmitssion lines, the angle between the two sources is increased, when the angular difference is 90 this point is known as the Point of maximum transference, also known as the limit of static stability.

Figure 3.1

Power system with two generators. Figure 3.2 Active power & angle between sources.

The power swing can be produced by load changes, generation changes or faults. In order to analyze the behavior of the power oscillations in a interconnection line between two systems, we will analyze a fault in one interconnection line. When a fault in the line B in the figure 3.1 happened, the power transmitted by the line A describe different states, the three states are: Pre-fault Fault (Short circuit in the line B) Post-fault (The fault is cleared)
Oscilacin de potencia inestable

We will have a different maximum power for each one of these states, the most critical case is during the fault, because in that condition the power transmission capacity is the lowest Depending on the fault duration and the type of fault (single-phase, bi-phase or three-phase), we can draw the curves Power(P) & angle () for each state and analyze using the Equal-area criterion if the oscillation is going to be stable or unstable.

f Oscilacin de potencia estable

Figure 3.4

Stable and unstable oscillations

Pg. 3/9

We also can draw the behaviors of the angle & the time, for stable and unstable oscillations, as it is shown in the figure 3.4. Every power swing appears between two generators or groups of generators, which try to look for a new point of balance after a change in the parameters of the system or variables of state. These oscillations are present in all the system, the severe oscillations are in the electrical center of oscillation, in this point the voltage can arrive at values near "0". The location of this electrical center depends on the generators location (sources) and the impedances among them (such as lines, transformers, etc). Assuming that the electrical center of figure 3,1 after the disconnection of line "B", is in the line "A". When the angle "" is increased, the voltage in the electrical center diminish as is in figure 3.5. This diminution of the voltage originates that the impedance seen by the distance relays near the electrical center enters to the operation zones of them.
90 ES ES
"

ES
'

180

EC

EC

EC ER

ER ER 270
Figure 3.5 Phasors diagram of voltages in the system

The nearest distance relays to the electrical center are most susceptible to the power swing. There are many ways to block the relays during these power swings. One way to determinate if a power swing is stable or unstable is using the measurements done by the distance relays, using the characteristic of impedance of the distance relays it is possible to determined the state of the power swing, in the figure 3.6 is shown the impedance seen by a distance relays in three stages

Pg. 4/9

Figure 3.6 Power and impedance during a power swing

Point 1, is known as the limit of steady-state stability. Point 2, is known as the limit of transient stability, Point3, is known as the point of loss of synchronism. The power systems would be separated before the point of loss of synchronism, for that reason there some schemes of area separation as it is shown in the figure.
100 MW
Point of disconnection

Grid

70 MW

30 MW

50 MW

40 MW

Figure 3.7 An area separation scheme.

What happen if we have an out-of-step, and we do not separate the areas? The Out-of-Step (loss of synchronism) means that both systems are electrically separated but physically connected. The electrical separation, means that the frequency in both systems are different, in the time the frequency in the subsystem that lost synchronism is increased gradually, whereas in the other subsystem the frequency tends to diminish. In the figure is shown an out-of-step condition originated by a fault in a line, is observed that in the system that loses synchronism the frequency is increased.

Pg. 5/9

Figure 3.8 Frequency and angle during an out-of-step condition.

In the Peruvian Power system there some area separation under out-of-step conditions, but it happened an event in which the conditions of the system originated that the electrical center of oscillation was in a power autotransformer, and the distance relays did not detect the out-of-step condition, this event clearly was identified with the use of the transient recorders.
4. An Out-of Step-Condition and the Electrical Resynchronization in the Peruvian Power System.)

The Southeastern region of the Peruvian power system is shown in the figure

FALLA

S.E. SOCABAYA

SICN
Figure 4.1 The Southeastern region of the Peruvian power system

Pg. 6/9

This region is interconnected to the national grid through two connections, the lines L-1008/1020 (Quencoro-Socabaya) and L-1011/1012 (Azngaro-Puno). In these connections the lines have power swing blocking, and trip under out-of-step condition; in addition the San Gabn Hydroelectric has implemented schemes of tripping generation in case of lost of synchronism. This event happened in October of 2002, In this event the line L-1008 tripped by a fault originated by lightnings, in the figure 4.2 is show the record of the tripping, After the tripping, San Gabn and Machupicchu tried to be evacuated the power through the connection Azngaro - Puno (L-1011/1012), producing an out-of-step-condition.

The electrical center of the power swing was in the Punos autotransformer, for that reason the distance relays implemented for the area separation scheme did not detect the out-of-step-condition

IA

IB

IC

VA

VB

VC

When the out-of-step condition was not detected, the frequency of the isolated System increased, whereas the frequency of the SEIN diminished as is shown the figure where the frequency in both systems are superposed.

Pg. 7/9

FRECUENCY OF THE SYSTEM

Fault in the line Tintaya-Callalli (L-1008) 09-Oct-02 Hora : 13:09 h

64.90 64.40 63.90 63.40

Area Sur-Este with over frecuency

Desconectin of load Hand desconected of the group of the CH. Machupicchu

Frecuencia (Hz)

62.90 62.40 61.90 61.40 60.90 60.40 59.90 59.40 58.90 13:07:00 13:07:10 13:07:20 13:07:30 13:07:40 13:07:50 13:08:00 13:08:10 13:08:20 13:08:30 13:08:40 13:08:50

62 seconds

Hand reduction of load of the CH. San Gabn

SEIN with lower-frecuency

13:09:00 13:09:10 13:09:20 13:09:30 13:09:40 13:09:50 13:10:00 13:10:10 13:10:20 13:10:30 13:10:40 13:10:50 13:11:00 13:11:10 13:11:20 13:11:30 13:11:40 13:11:50 13:12:00

Tiempo (s)

From the superposition of frequencies it is observed that the frequency in the Southeastern region reached a value of 64,87 Hz, whereas in the SEIN a frequency reached a value of 59,28 Hertz; behaving like two separated regions. The generation shedding during the out-of-step condition originate a resynchronization after 62 seconds. During this time the Southeastern region was physically connected but electrically disconnected.

This phenomenon, shows the use of the transient recorders to analyze a fault and some power system events of seconds, minutes and hours, becoming an important tool in power system analysis.

Pg. 8/9

5. CONCLUSIONS 5.1 The weak connections are exposed to loss of synchronism conditions, for that reason the transfer limits must be calculated 5.2 When an out-of-step happen, the system must be separated in order to protect the power system. The point of separation must be evaluated using stability programs. 5.3 It is Possible to recover stability after an out-of-step condition (resynchronization), but this operative condition is dangerous. 5.4 The transient recorders an useful tool for power system analysis 6. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Informe de Anlisis de Fallas del Comit de Operacin Econmica del Sistema Peruano (COES) "DEV-080-2002" del 09.10.2002. Venikov, V. "Procesos Transitorios Electromecnicos en los Sistemas Elctricos de Potencia" Editorial MIR-Mosc. MIR, 1985. Kundur, P. "Power System Stability and control" Power System Engineering Series. McGrawHill, 1994 Anderson, P.M. and Fouad, A. A. "Power System Control and Stability" IEEE Press Power Engineering Series, 2003. Van Cutsem, T. And Vournas. "Voltage Stability of Electric Power System". Power Electronics and Power Systems Series. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

AUTHORS
Francisco Torres Garca Ing, MSc, was born in LimaPeru, He studied in the Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, receiving the Dipl. Eng. Degree in 1985. He received M.Sc degree from the Universidad Federal de Ro de Janeiro - Brazil, in 1997. Currently, he works for the Comit de Operacin Econmica del Sistema Peruano (COES-SINAC) as a Specialist in Supervision of the Quality and he is professor at National Engineering University. Yofr Jcome Depaz, was born in HuarazPer, He studied in the Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, receiving the B.S. degree in 1998. Currently he Works as Specialist in Analysis and protection of power systems in the Company Red de Energia del Peru (REP).

Gratefulness We thank to the Comite de Operacion Economica del Sistema (COES-SINAC) and Red de Energa del Peru (REP) for the support and facilities offered for the development of the present article.

Pg. 9/9

8th FAULT AND DISTURBANCE ANALYSIS CONFERENCE

ELECTRICAL RESYNCHRONIZATION IN THE PERUVIAN POWER SYSTEM

Expositores: Francisco Torres Garcia COES F.Torres Jacome & Y. Jacome Depaz REP 27 April 2005 Yofre

25 26 April, 2005 Atlanta, Georgia U.S.A.

OUTLINE

Power System Stability Power Swing and Out-of-Step. Out-of-Step and Resynchronization in the Peruvian Power System.

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

Stability = balance Mechanical Torque = Electrical Torque w(speed) = constant. Te = TS. + TD.
TS. ; Is known as the Synchronizing torque. TD. ; Is know as the dumping torque

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

THE SYNCRONOUS MACHINE MODEL

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

A Machine connected to a Power System

VS<
Xeq

VR<0

P=

VRVS Sen X eq
27 April 2005 5

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

POWER & TIME

Stable

Oscillatory

Unstable
F.Torres & Y. Jacome 27 April 2005 6

ANGLE & TIME

stable.

Oscillatory

Unstable

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

EQUAL-AREA CRITERION

CRITIC TIME

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

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FAULT DURATION Stable Instable

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

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10

OUTLINE

Power System Stability Power Swing and Out-of-Step. Out-of-Step and Resynchronization in the Peruvian Power System.

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

11

POWER SWING
90 ES
-Every Power swing, has an electrical center. -The location of the electrical center depends of the impedance between generators (lines, transformers, etc) -An increase in the angle means a decrease in the voltage in the electrical center.
" '

ES ES EC EC ER ER ER 270 0

180

EC

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

12

POWER SWING
P

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

13

Impedance seen by a Impedance relay

In the diagram:

I=

ES ER ZS + ZL + ZR
Z S

ES ER E = E S IZ S = E S Z +Z +Z L R S

Z=

ES E (Z S + Z L + Z R ) E S = I ES ER

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

14

Impedance seen by a Impedance relay

Considerations

E R = 10, E S = n , n =
If n = 1;

ES ER

ES 1 = 1 j cot ES ER 2 2
Z= ZS + ZL + ZR 2

1 j cot ZS 2

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

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15

Impedance seen by a Impedance relay

X

Z + ZL + ZR Z= S 1 j cot Z S 2 2

ZR ZL

0.5ZT Z -ZS

se

incre

ment

R
a

0.5ZT (1-jcot/2)

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

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16

COMPORTAMIENTO DE LOS RELES DE DISTANCIA

P1 P2

P3

P1 : Limit of steady-state stability P2 : Limit of transient stability P3 : Loss of synchronism F.Torres & Y. Jacome 27 April 2005 17

Impedance seen by a Impedance relay

Unstable oscillations

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

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18

Impedance seen by a Impedance relay

Unstable oscillations
Power X

Angle R

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19

A RECORD DURING AN OUT-OF-STEP

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20

An area separation scheme

100 MW

Point of disconnection

Grid

70 MW

30 MW

50 MW

40 MW

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

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21

OUT-OF-STEP WITHOUT AREA SEPARATION

When we have an out-of-step condition between two system, the frequency in both system are different

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

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22

OUT-OF-STEP WITHOUT AREA SEPARATION

In the system shown, we are going to trip the line L-2

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23

OUT-OF-STEP WITHOUT AREA SEPARATION

The angle is incremented in the small system so that the frequency is incremented.

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

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24

OUT-OF-STEP WITHOUT AREA SEPARATION

Voltage and current rms And power during an out-of-step condition

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

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25

An Out-of-Step condition and the Electrical Resynchronization in the Peruvian Power System
The Peruvian power system is divided in three regions

Northern Region Central Region Southern Region

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

26

 Region the problem Resynchronization

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

27

Phase-to-phase fault in an Overhead line

CH SAN GABN

52-JUL-1012 SE JULIACA

L-1012

52-PUN-1012 SE TOTORANI PUNO IN-6174 SE MOQUEGUA

HCB-1074

HCB-1075

52-JUL-1011 PUNO

L-1013

L-1010

Barra 1
52-AZA-1010

Barra 2

L-1011 IN-2436 CT TAPARACHI

L-2030 IN-2428

L-1009

CT BELLAVISTA 52-AZA-1009

SE TINTAYA SE AZANGARO 52-AZA-1006 52-AZA-1011 SE QUENCORO SE CACHIMAYO L-1002 52-QUE-1002 SE COMBAPATA L-1005 52-QUE-1005 52-TIN-1005 52-TIN-1008 52-CAL-1020 L-1006 SE AYAVIRI 52-TIN-1006 52-CAL-1008 L-1008 L-1020 SE CALLALLI

SEIN

SE DOLORESPATA L-1001 L-1003

L-1004 52-QUE-1004

L-1007

SULZER

13:09 h
CH MACHUPICCHU SE TAMBURCO (ABANCAY)

Fault in the line L-1008 27 April 2005 28

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

ALCO

GM

Phase-to-phase fault in an Overhead line

0 1 D i s p a r o 1 0 / 0 9 / 2 0 0 2 : 1 0 : 4 6 P M . 7

Phase to phase fault

8 7

Trip in Tintaya after 71 ms

0 . 1 0 . 2

i A

/ A
2 0 - 2 - 4

Trip in Callalli after 170 ms

0 .

i B

/ A
5 0 - 5 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 .

i C

/ A
0 - 5 - 1 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 .

i N
2 0 - 2 - 5 - 7

/ A
. . . . . 5 0 5 0 5

. 1

. 2

v A

/ V
5 0 0 - 5 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 .

v B

/ V
5 0 0 - 5 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 .

v C

/ V
5 0 0 - 5 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 .

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

29

Configuration of the system after the fault

CH SAN GABN

Radial configuration
52-JUL-1012 SE JULIACA L-1012 52-PUN-1012 SE TOTORANI PUNO IN-6174 SE MOQUEGUA L-2030 IN-2436 CT TAPARACHI L-1009 CT BELLAVISTA 52-AZA-1009 IN-2428

HCB-1074 L-1013

HCB-1075

52-JUL-1011 PUNO

L-1010

Barra 1
52-AZA-1010

Barra 2

L-1011

SE TINTAYA SE AZANGARO 52-AZA-1006 52-AZA-1011 SE QUENCORO SE CACHIMAYO L-1002 52-QUE-1002 52-QUE-1005 L-1004 52-QUE-1004 52-TIN-1005 SE COMBAPATA L-1005 52-TIN-1008 52-CAL-1020 L-1006 SE AYAVIRI 52-TIN-1006 SE CALLALLI 52-CAL-1008 L-1008 L-1020

SEIN

SE DOLORESPATA L-1001 L-1003

L-1007

SULZER

CH MACHUPICCHU SE TAMBURCO (ABANCAY)

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

ALCO

GM

27 April 2005

30

OUT-OF-STEP
CH SAN GABN

Overload of the lines and power swings

52-PUN-1012 52-JUL-1012 SE JULIACA HCB-1074 L-1013 HCB-1075 IN-52-1011 L-1012 SE TOTORANI PUNO IN-6174 SE MOQUEGUA L-1010 PUNO

Barra 1
52-AZA-1010

Barra 2
IN-2436 CT TAPARACHI

L-2030 IN-2428

L-1009

52-AZA-1009

L-1011

CT BELLAVISTA

SE TINTAYA SE AZANGARO 52-AZA-1006 52-AZA-1011 SE QUENCORO SE CACHIMAYO L-1002 52-QUE-1002 52-QUE-1005 L-1004 52-QUE-1004 52-TIN-1005 SE COMBAPATA L-1005 52-TIN-1008 52-CAL-1020 L-1006 SE AYAVIRI 52-TIN-1006 52-CAL-1008 L-1008 L-1020 SE CALLALLI

SEIN

SE DOLORESPATA L-1001 L-1003

L-1007

SULZER

CH MACHUPICCHU SE TAMBURCO (ABANCAY)

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

ALCO

GM

27 April 2005

31

Out-of-step condition
CH SAN GABN

Digital Fault Recorder

52-JUL-1012 SE JULIACA L-1012 52-PUN-1012 SE TOTORANI PUNO IN-6174 SE MOQUEGUA L-1013 L-1010 PUNO

HCB-1074

HCB-1075

52-JUL-1011

Barra 1
52-AZA-1010

Barra 2

L-1011 IN-2436 CT TAPARACHI

L-2030 IN-2428

L-1009

CT BELLAVISTA 52-AZA-1009

SE TINTAYA SE AZANGARO 52-AZA-1006 52-AZA-1011 SE QUENCORO SE CACHIMAYO L-1002 52-QUE-1002 52-QUE-1005 L-1004 52-QUE-1004 52-TIN-1005 SE COMBAPATA L-1005 52-TIN-1008 52-CAL-1020 L-1006 SE AYAVIRI 52-TIN-1006 52-CAL-1008 L-1008 L-1020 SE CALLALLI

SEIN

SE DOLORESPATA L-1001 L-1003

L-1007

SULZER

CH MACHUPICCHU SE TAMBURCO (ABANCAY)

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

ALCO

GM

27 April 2005

32

OUT-OF-STEP
The oscillations after the L-1008 trip, record of the L-2030
Dis paro 10/09/2002 01:09:06 PM.380

5.18 Hz
channel 2 R/Volt
10 0 -10 0 1 2 3

4.9 Hz

3..0 Hz

2.18 Hz

10

11

12

t/s

channel 3 R/Volt
10 0 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

t/s

channel 4 R/Volt
10 0 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

t/s

channel 6 R/Volt
0 -50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

t/s

channel 7 R/Volt
0 -50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

t/s

channel 8 R/Volt
0 -50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

t/s

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

33

OUT-OF-STEP AND RESYNCRONIZATION

After 62 sec, and some generation shedding, both system were electrically connected
62 seconds
D is p a ro 1 0 /0 9 /2 0 0 2 0 1 :0 9 :0 6 P M .3 8 0

c h a n n e l 2 R /V o l t
10 0 -1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

t/s

c h a n n e l 3 R /V o l t
10 0 -1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

t/s

c h a n n e l 4 R /V o l t
10 0 -1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

t/s

c h a n n e l 6 R /V o l t
0 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

t/s

c h a n n e l 7 R /V o l t
0 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

t/s

c h a n n e l 8 R /V o l t
0 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

t/s

c c c c c c c

c c c c c c c c c h h h h h h h

h h h h h h h h h a a a a a a a

a a a a a a a a a n n n n n n n

n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

n n n n n n n n n e e e e e e e

e l e l e l e l e l e l e l e l e l l 1 l 1 l 1 l 1 l 1 l 1 l 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

t/s

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

34

The resynchronization
The last seconds of the event
channel 2 R/Volt
10 0 -10 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

t/s

2.4 Hz
channel 3 R/Volt
10 0 -10 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

1.5 Hz

1.2 Hz

1.8 Hz

59

60

61

t/s

channel 4 R/Volt
10 0 -10 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

t/s

channel 6 R/Volt
0 -50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

t/s

channel 7 R/Volt
0 -50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

t/s

channel 8 R/Volt
0 -50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

t/s

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

35

Frequency (Hz)
58.90 13:07:00 13:07:10 13:07:20 13:07:30 13:07:40 13:07:50 13:08:00 13:08:10 13:08:20 13:08:30 13:08:40 13:08:50 13:09:00 13:09:10 13:09:20 13:09:30 13:09:40 13:09:50 13:10:00 13:10:10 13:10:20 59.40 59.90 60.40 60.90 61.40 61.90 62.40 62.90 63.40 63.90 64.40 64.90

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

Fault in the L-1008 time : 13:09 h

SYSTEM FREQUENCIES

FREQUENCIES IN BOTH SYSTEMS

27 April 2005
Time (s)
13:10:30 13:10:50 13:11:00 13:11:10 13:11:20 13:11:30 13:11:40 13:11:50 13:12:00

Frequency of the southeastern region

Frequency in the National Grid (SEIN)

13:10:40

36

PRDIDA DE SINCRONISMO DEL REA SUR-ESTE

FRECUENCIAS EN EL SISTEMA
Falla en la Lnea Tintaya-Callalli (L-1008) 09-Oct-02 Hora : 13:09 h Trip of generation
64.90 64.40 63.90 63.40

Over frequency in the southeastern area

Load shedding

Frecuencia (Hz)

62.90 62.40 61.90 61.40 60.90 60.40 59.90 59.40 58.90 13:07:00 13:07:10 13:07:30 13:07:40 13:07:20 13:07:50 13:08:00 13:08:10 13:08:20 13:08:30 13:08:40 13:08:50

Trip of generation 62 segundos

SEIN with under frequency

13:09:00 13:09:20 13:09:30 13:09:40 13:10:40 13:11:10 13:11:20 13:11:30 13:11:40 13:09:10 13:09:50 13:10:00 13:10:10 13:10:20 13:10:30 13:10:50 13:11:00 13:11:50 13:12:00

Tiempo (s)

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

37

VOLTAGES DURING THE OUT-OF-STEP BETWEEN TINTAYA_138kV MOQUEGUA_220kV

CH SAN GABN

52-JUL-1012 SE JULIACA

L-1012

52-PUN-1012 SE TOTORANI PUNO IN-6174 SE MOQUEGUA

HCB-1074 L-1013

HCB-1075

52-JUL-1011 PUNO

L-1010

Barra 1
52-AZA-1010

Barra 2

L-1011 IN-2436 CT TAPARACHI

L-2030 IN-2428

L-1009

CT BELLAVISTA 52-AZA-1009

SE TINTAYA SE AZANGARO 52-AZA-1006 52-AZA-1011 SE QUENCORO SE CACHIMAYO L-1002 52-QUE-1002 52-QUE-1005 L-1004 52-QUE-1004 52-TIN-1005 SE COMBAPATA L-1005 52-TIN-1008 52-CAL-1020 L-1006 SE AYAVIRI 52-TIN-1006 52-CAL-1008 L-1008 L-1020 SE CALLALLI

SEIN

SE DOLORESPATA L-1001 L-1003

L-1007

SULZER

VOLTAGES RECORDED

CH MACHUPICCHU SE TAMBURCO (ABANCAY)

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

ALCO GM

27 April 2005

38

VOLTAGES DURING THE OUT-OF-STEP CONDITION

l 8 R/Volt K2:Va a_1/kV
100 50 25 9.0 0 -25 -50 -100 -75 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 50

t/s
0

-50

Voltage in Tintaya
R/Volt

Voltage in Moquegua
K2:Va a_1/k
100

50 25 9.050 0 -25 -50 -100 -75 9.075 9.100 9.125 9.150 9.175 9.200 9.225 9.250 9.275 9.300 9.325 9.350 50

t/s
0

-50

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

39

FRECUENCIAS EN EL SISTEMA

Frecuencia (Hz)

VOLTAGE FREQUENCY ANGLE

SEIN

Falla en la Lnea Tintaya-Callalli (L-1008) 09-Oct-02 Hora : 13:09 h

64.90 64.40 63.90 63.40 62.90 62.40 61.90 61.40 60.90 60.40 59.90 59.40 13:07:00 13:07:10 13:07:20 13:07:30 13:08:00 13:08:10 13:08:40 13:08:50 13:09:00 13:09:10 13:09:20 13:09:30 13:09:40 13:09:50 13:10:00 13:07:40 13:07:50 13:08:20 13:08:30 13:10:10 58.90

Frecuencia del Area Sur-Este

Frecuencia del SEIN

13:10:30 13:10:40 13:10:50 13:11:00 13:11:10 13:11:20 13:11:30 13:11:40 13:11:50 13:10:20 13:12:00

Tiempo (s)

FREQUENCY STABILITY

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

40

CONCLUSIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. The weak interconnection are exposed to out-of-step conditions When we have an out-of-step condition, the system must be separated in order to protect the system. The point of separation must be evaluated carefully. It is possible to recover stability after an out-of-step condition (resynchronization), but this condition is dangerous for the machines and the system The Digital Fault Recorders are a important tool for power system analysis.

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

41

QUESTIONS?

F.Torres & Y. Jacome

27 April 2005

42