FOLK ART Folk Art - done by the people without formal training such as those who inherited the

skill from their ancestors - usually done for utilitarian purposes - themes usually depict day-to-day life Fine Art - done by people with formal training such as those who studied in art academies - usually done for aesthetic purposes - themes include still-life, abstract, religion, portraits, etc. Folk art in the philippines I. Pre-Hispanic Period Pottery Palayok for cooking Banga & tapayan for liquids Weaving Blankets, clothing for function and ritual Ex. Ilocos abel weave; Tboli tinalak Baskets, hats, fans Ex. Cordillera - pasiking Wood Carving Cordillera bulul Southern Philippines okir Sarimanok, naga, pako rakong Palawan wooden carving of animals Jewelry Started as amulets to give powers and serve as protection II. Spanish Period Art became the handmaiden of religion Art came under the supervision of friars Local artists adapted to the new tradition by combining folk art with western art Churches Churches in the country showcase the blend of folk art and classical and baroque style Figures of saints Folk santos drew from the indigenous sculpture styles typified by the angular and squat anitos with round bulging eyes Fiestas Parol, palaspas, taka, pastillas wrapper, colored delicacies Angono harvest festival papier mache giants and parade of carabaos Quezon province Pahiyas (kiping) Kalibo, Aklan ati-atihan Marinduque - Morionnes Wood carving Practiced in Paete, Pakil, Betis Bahay na Bato Letras y Figuras The American Colonial and Contemporary Traditions American government (1901) The American colonial order defined its priorities as education and value formation, with both following the American way of life. It hastened to set up a public school system, and in the process transplanted images through the flooding of imported textbooks and publications, leaving little demand for native creativity in the graphic and publication arts. Artists and folk subjects: Fernando Amorsolo rural scenes with the golden tones of harvest, work in the fields, the harvest of fruit carried by smiling girls, ruddy complexion of women at their domestic chores, fire tree in full bloom Miranda the nipa hut shaded by a tree in a rice field and a boy riding a carabao Pineda games as genre subjects, native games such as the sungka and siklot, played indoors, by the window or by the door to while away the long warm afternoons Modernism (1928-1992) Shift from rural to urban subjects with the expansion of genre themes (interrupted by WWII and the Japanese occupation in 1941) Francisco paintings and murals inspired by the indigenous aesthetics of line, form, and color, (Philippine Struggles Through History), genre portraying daily life among Angono folk were not studio paintings composed according to formula but were evidence of the immersion of the artist in his community, scenes and characters from folklores such as Mariang Makiling Manansala, Legaspi, Tabuena working from within Philippine aesthetics, transparency being a traditional Filipino aesthetic value as in capiz windows, costumes in pina and jusi, Christmas parol, Pahiyas kiping, colorful pastillas wrappers

Some artists search for a homegrown abstraction, led to the exploration of indigenous motifs found in the traditional arts of weaving, wood carving, and basketry Social realist resumed the postwar trend in proletarian art and expanded earlier nationalist themes, working in varying styles and constructing an iconography of symbols, they dealt on such protest themes as agrarian problems, foreign economic domination, export labor, exploitation of women and children, and ecological damage, while they expressed their aspirations for genuine freedom Genre painting in contemporary art Materials (expression of culture communities, pressing environmental issues) bamboo (Francisco Verano sculptures), indigenous weave (Manuel Boy Rodriguez), handmade paper (Parial, Fajardo, Bautista Festivals Pahiyas Festival (Lucban and Sariaya, Quezon) -held every 15 May in honor of San Isidro, patron saint of farmers -The word pahiyas came from the words hiyas which means jewels and pahiyas, which means a precious offering. -The festival is celebrated to show gratitude and a form of thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest. The locals show their gratitude by decorating their houses with harvests like fruits and vegetables and of local craftwork and handicraft. - kiping- thin, colorful, translucent rice wafers shaped like leaves, as well as with vegetables and the other produce of the home owners trade Higantes (Angono, Rizal) -celebrated every November 23, in honor of San Clemente, patron saint of fishermen -the saints image is carried by male devotees during a procession accompanied by "pahadores" (devotees dressed in colorful local costumes or fishermen's clothes, wearing wooden shoes and carrying boat paddles, fish nets, traps, etc.) and "higantes" (paper-mch giants measuring 10-12 feet in height and 4-5 feet in diameter). Paper Art Paper art is the skillful cutting, pasting, recycling, or constructing of objects from thin sheets of material made of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags, and grasses Taka Taka are papier-mach animals and other figures form Paete, Laguna. Subjects: -mainly figures of horses with bodies painted with bright and glossy red, their saddles emblazoned with white, yellow, and blue flowers framed by leaves, scallops, chains, and feather motifs -carabaos in gray or bright yellow -dogs -country maidens - how to make: 1. carving a wooden mold in the desired shape, often in hard and durable narra 2. wetting scraps of paper, as many as 12 layers and are pasted on the mold and left to dry 3. when the paper bulk is dry, it is cut in half, removed then reassembled with glue 4. it is then painted and decorated ( in pre-WWII times, powder paint mixed with glue was used for coloring, now well-known brands of quick drying enamel are mixed with gasoline to achieve bright shiny colors) - taka making is a year round activity, the figures are brought to neighboring towns celebrating their fiestas where they add to the gaiety of carnivals usage: higantes (giant figures) -papier-mach figures that lead the Angono fiesta procession in November -female and male figures, from 2-4 tall, dressed in folk costumes -found in many towns before but now are seen only in Angono, Paete, and Lucban Folk drama -uses paper extensively as an ornament

Parol Parol are Christmas lanterns symbolizing the star of Bethlehem Their basic design is that of a five-point star. Its bamboo frame is covered with thin and transparent papel de japon (Japanese paper); a pair of tails of the same material attached to the star move gently in the wind. Traditionally, the parol was lighted from within, using a kalburo or carbide lamp How to make: Creating the structural framework Installing the lighting system Attachment of paper Examples: Giant lanterns of San Fernando, Pampanga, particularly of the barangays of Santa Lucia, Del Pilar, San ose, Dolores, Lourdes, and San uan, represent the high point of the art of parol making. These lanterns measure from 3-6 m in diameter and can

weight a total of 1,000 kilos with up to 2,000 light bulbs of varying wattage, each lantern with its own generator. Among the master parol makers of San Fernando are Ernesto Quiwa and Mario Datu Pastillas Wrappers -wrappers for pastillas (soft confectionary made from carabao milk and fine sugar) were fashioned from thin and transparent papel de japon varying in different colors -the paper is wrapped around the candy and twisted at both ends; one end sports a tail about 15.24 cm long which is cut out in a variety of fine floral designs, often symmetrical -examples are those made in San Miguel, Bulacan and those that can have more complex designs such as hut-and-tree or landscape motifs with greetings, such as Maligayang Pasko or Maligayang Kaarawan Kites -in the Philippines, they are made of papel de japon in different colors, pasted on a bamboo framework Paper Hats and Toys hats trimmed with gold and silver foil also make an appearance on New Years Day, along with toy trumpets and buntings Jeepney Art the jeepneys invention has been attributed to Clodualdo Delfin, a musician of the late 1940s and the 1950s. it is a unique artwork from remodeled WWII US army jeeps, the result is the jeepney with a shape and design peculiarly Filipino, i.e., a local pop baroque. the jeepney has become a national trademark further promoted by media, advertising, and special government projects, such as ESSO Standard Eastern Incs ESSO Motor Fiesta nationwide contest of jeepney drivers in 1968 and The Philippine Jeepney Roadshow organized by Philippine Travel and Tourism Association in 1971. The jeepney is both a sculpture and a painting -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------METALWORKS Metalworking the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures Metalcraft - includes all works or objects created from metal by the process of brass casting and blacksmithing, goldsmithing, and silversmithing, or tinsmithing 1. Brass Casting and Blacksmithing - Brass casting encompasses works of brass or bronze made by casting and the use of a forge - Blacksmithing is the process of making brass, bronze, or iron tools, containers, weapons, and other functional or nonfunctional items using the forge and anvil A. IN SULU - where brass casting in the Philippines before the 15th century supposedly began - the Tausug of Sulu specialized in the engraving and inlay methods - Sulu blades are among the finest in workmanship and design which was an important factor in enabling the Tausug to successfully repel Spanish encroachment - blade weapons (padang / parang) *kris (1)wavy kalis seko; (2)straight kalis tulid/sundang *barong relatively short with a single cutting edge; recognized from its leaf shape blade which ends in a sharp point; hilt may be richly ornamented, although often wood polished; often carried by public officials since it was efficient for close combat *kampilan tausug weapon made for cutting; long and heavy singleedged blade which gradually widens; sometimes ornamented with horsehair at the sides of the handle *tabas heavy steel beheading blade; curved and truncated like a scimitar with a long curved double handle grip wrapped with braided rattan and inlaid with lime B. IN LANAO - center of brass casting is in Tugaya - maranao have continued the ancient Malayan method of brass casting using the lost-wax process (in which molted brass is poured into the molds in place of

the melted wax when the molds have hardened after sundrying for three days; the molds are then broken open) - art of making brass mold was modified; instead of engraving the design, the used the strip method (paraffin mixed with almaciga and beeswax was used. The flat sheet was cut into small spaghetti strips and laid alongside the form to create a series of okir designs) - maranao brass cutting uses different material for the wax mold and incasement layers, and for the preparation of the mold C. IN COTABATO - specializes in low beautifully hand-engraved garul - cotabato brassware presently done by the Ilanun ranks second to the Maranao - Tboli metalcraft is among the most notable in Mindanao - Tboli vocabulary: balatok (tempered steel), silod (reddish copper), blouon (brass-bronze), tambaga (fold), futi (silver), tambla (silver alloy) WEAPONS - The cordillera groups developed a formidable arsenal under conditions of warfare amonst ethno-linguistic groups - Their earliest weapons were bamboo shields, lances, and stakes planted on the grassy trails, while bows and arrows were rarely used. They later fashioned iron weapons (spears, bolos, head axes) - Spear is used in warfare and ritual dances by the Ifugao - Kalinga head ax features an acutely curved edge and long extended spur and may have a long wooden handle with incised designs - For hunting, the Aeta use the blowgun with pointed and iron-tipped arrows while the Batak of Palawan use bow and arrows. - The Ilongot of Nueva Vizcaya have a blade with a curving end and wooden sheath decorated with woven rattan strips. The Yakan of Basilan sport a blade with a more pronounced curve in contrast to the Yakan bolo - A characteristic bladed weapon of the Tagalog Batangueno is the balisong, a fan knife made in Batangas. The art of balisong making goes back to the American period. Three basic varieties of the balisong: *de buyod fine ridge running down the center of the double bladed weapon *dahong palay simple and single bladed with a straight back but very sharp *hinhustare inspired by the shape of a gamecocks tare or spur BELLS - Were the most common casted pieces during the Spanish period and were an important feature of colonial life. - 4 kinds of bells: *campana hung from a beam and rung by pulling the clapper against the mouth of the bell *esquilla slightly smaller and was rotated, propelled by a heavy wooden yoke attached to the bells head *campanilla handbell rung by an assistant during consecration and other rituals *rueda a series of small bells attached to a wheel and heard on festive occasions like Easter and Christmas or for the communion during the Mass. CANNONS - Besides the lantaka, canons included those of larger bore. A small cannon called verso was used for fireworks that attended ceremonies MEDALS AND ANTING-ANTING - Made by artisans in Cavite and Batangas and were traditionally engraved with religious images of Christ or the saints or with nonreligious emblems. - Anastacio Caedo and his son Florante developed and popularized cold casting in which copper, tin, zinc, and other soft metals are continuously heated without preheating and reheating. - As anting-anting are objects believed to protect their owners from harm, they are considered the precursor of modern-day scapularies and other religious items worn by the faithful SCULPTURES AND STATUES -During the Spanish period, casting was rarely used for statues and sculpture. - Casted sculpture enjoyed prominence during the American period because of Guillermo Tolentino, whose Bonifacio Monument is considered a masterpiece. - Casting is often used for public sculpture, as seen in the different monuments found throughout the Philippines. 2. GOLDSMITHING AND SILVERSMITHING - Processes of making objects, usually personal or prestige ornaments, from gold and silver

GOLD - Gold jewelry constitutes some of the most important Philippine artifacts found in ancient grave sites. - Gold from local deposits was worked into combs, hairpins, earrings, weapon handles, chains, breast plates, headgear, eye masks for the dead, and images of anito or likha. - Ancient Philippine gold was classified into grades depending on purity. SILVER - Divisions of articles made of silver during the colonial period: ecclesiastical/sanctuary silver for church use or domestic silver for household use CHURCH - Aljahas (church inventories of objects in precious metal) - aljahas de oro (gold), de plata (silver), de cebre (copper) - under aljahas de oro were either pure gold or gold plated ornaments - Considered the most precious or all the church appurtenances: Caliz y patena (chalice and paten) Copon (ciborium) Custodia (monstrance) Pyz a small footless container used for bringing hosts to the sick - Silver church appurtenances: Incensario (censer) Naveta (incense boat or container) used for benediction and High Mass Acetre (holy water bucket) Aspergillum (instrument for sprinkling holy water) Palmatorio (candleholder with a handle used for communion) Portapaz (chased silver pieces used for the kiss of peace of the Mass) VOCABULARY OF SMITHING *tokoy heavy working table with numerous drawers *leky0 detachable board attached to the tokoy on which work is done *tsintse goldsmiths wax *tsintsepan wooden board on which the wax is attached *tuwa chest where the silversmiths tool is keps *tibo silver or gold bar *gintsam cutting chisel *tiyam anvil *kutyam grooved anvil for shaping round objects *katoy light hammer *bandili fine-toothed saw *siyato three-sided file *tikat finer file *toli finishing file for engraving *tsambwa gold or silver shavings, chips, and dust *puntaw dustpan

USES OF SILVER - FOR MEN: *cloaks with decorations of silver *shoes with silver buckles *canes with silver tips *hats with silver trimmings - FOR WOMEN: *petaquillas para buyo (betel-nut bags) *hairpins (agujila, pantoche, boradas) *hats with silver trimmings *abaniquera / porta abanico (chains for holding fans) *llaveras (key chains with hooks to attach them to a skirt) - ON CARRIAGES: *birlocho (barouche) large carriage with a folding top and two rows of seats facing each other *silver outlined body *silver plaques on harness 3. TINSMITHING - Employed in crafting Philippine folk vehicles *Kalesa: The hispanic kalesa or tartanilla are horsedrawn, tin-plated carriages painted, embellished, and engraved *Jeepney: The jeepney is both sculpture and painting. Its back-iron body is manually assembled. Many are plated with chrome. On the hood is perched a small metal horse/several horses and variously shaped steel bars. The grill is adorned with numerous blinking parking lights. The passenger entrance is flanked by parallel bars attached to the protruding bumpers. The rear is decorated with reflectorized sheets and frills on the bumpers. Maximizing the space are handpainted designs. *Cariton: The cariton has a similar pair of fancy wheels and a pair of hind legs on which to rest. Welded into the covers of the ice-cream receptacle are two or three ornaments of beaten tin or chrome shaped like flat minarets. Motifs may vary but remain exuberantly curlicued. Examples and Semiotic Readings of Sample Art Forms: Mandaya Silver-Disk Neckpiece: A prized possession of the Mandaya women. Measures 20cm-25cm in diameter and is etched with geometric motifs arranged in concentric patterns Bagobo and Tboli Tiny Brass Bells: Attached to many items such as carrying bags, necklaces, anklets, musical instruments, bracelets, and horse saddles The Tboli wear wide belts made entirely out of brass chains with tiny brass bells Ifugao and Bontoc Small Brass or Gold Jewelry Pieces: Necklaces in the form of stylized animal heads or full animal figures (pigs, dogs, and deer) Dudong: a small brass piece that represents a human figure and is worn as a wedding accessory. One of the most rare and valued status symbols. Walking Sticks: used for balancing on the terraced rice fields. The handles are ornamented with brass figures. Ilongot (Nueva Vizcaya) Brass Belts: brass is coiled tightly over copper wires and adorned with tiny shells with serrated edges. Metal Casting Lost-Wax Technique: the process of making a wax model of a piece. A mixture of beeswax and wood resin is used for the model (and the intricate okir motif on it). After a wax model is produced, it is cut into halves to free the wood mold inside. These halves are then pieces together and coated on both sides with a mixture of pounded charcoal and clay. To make the wax model sturdy, the insides are filled with packed earth. The outer layer is coated with another layer of clay and is left to dry under the sun. The piece is then heated to melt the wax model inside, and molten brass is poured into the hole. After firing, the cast is split open to reveal the brass-casted piece. Separately casted pieces are welded together, and filing the piece refines the item. Metal casting is rampant in Tugaya, Lanao del Sur; it is the main source of income for many residents Gador: a metal product of Tugaya, traditionally used as ceremonial containers for rice and tobacco. Other Metal Crafts

ECCLESIASTICAL SILVER - Early ecclesiastical objects were simple and relied on form and proportion for beauty - Later ecclesiastical objects could be decorated with wriggle-work engraving called ysot - 17th century: *designs were chased or ornamented by chisel and hammer *ornamentation included strap work and repousse lozenges - 18th century: *embossing or creating relief by hammering on the reverse side, casting, chasing, and engraving were all used *ornamentation included foliate forms, cherubs, and rococo scrollwork - 19th century: *ornamentation included featherlike foliage and sampaguita DOMESTIC SILVER - 17th century: much of domestic silverware came from Europe - 18th century: native craftsmanship in silver had reached a high level of development after apprenticeship with Chinese silversmiths - Silver had an important place in elite households: *bernegal (lobed and scalloped bowl with 2 handles for drinking water) *daggers and swords with silver hilts *flamenquillas (small platters) *cruets *arandelas (candlesticks with drip pans) *espabiladeras (snuffing scissors) *aguamanil (set of basin and ewer) *charera / tetera (tea sets) *pebetera (holding incense sticks) *paliteras (toothpick holders)

Loto-an: a betel nut container. The Maranao use a silver-inlaying technique to decorate the containers. Most are rectangular in shape but others are shaped like frogs, butterflies, and crescents Everyday Items: weapons such as the kris, kampilan, or gonong are cast in iron. Cooking pots, trays, and jewelry with intricate designs are all crafted with metal. Motifs Surfaces of metal casting are decorated with different geometric shapes, patterns and forms that are rhythmically repeated throughout a piece Male Figure: the male figure is encased in broken line borders, expressive of the Tbolis confidence in themselves, their reverence for ancestral spirits, and their need for protection from evil. This motif is popular amongst the Bagobo. Animal Forms: crocodiles and lizards are believed to possess magical traits. Birds signify the flight of the soul to another realm. Frogs symbolize rain, magic, and fertility. Nature: represented by abstract symbolic designs. Horizontal zigzag lines depict clouds. Vertical zigzags represent lightning. Upright parallel lines connote rain. Crisscrosses represent rice paddies. A river is represented by three lines. Metal Casting Earliest traces of metal casting were found in Intramuros and the port of Cavite Many metal casted objects were melted and reused as material for cannons and other weapons during the time of turbulence from the 17th to 18th century. Bells Campana: a large bell hanging from a beam and is rung by pulling the clapper against the mouth of the bell. Esquilla: smaller than the campana, it is rotated and propelled by a heavy wooden yoke attached to the bells head, which acted as a counterweight Campanilla: a series of small bells attached to a wheel (rueda) often heard during special occasions such as Easter and Christmas. Statues The most famous statue is that of King Charles IV of Spain. His statue was cast in 1824 as a sign of gratitude for introducing a vaccine in the Philippines. This statue was created by Ambrosio Casas and can be found in front of the Manila Cathedral. Iron Grills Used to secure windows and other openings in homes and buildings Rejas na Buntis: translates to pregnant grill. It has an outward curve towards the bottom-half. The most popular type of grill found on windows, it can be seen in the San Agustin Church, Intramuros.