IB History SL 1st Sem.

Exam Review - 2014 Cold War

What were the Ideolo i!al "i##ere$!es %etwee$ &meri!a a$d R'ssia i$ 1(4)* Ca+italism v Comm'$ism Businesses / farms owned by private people Profit is good a reward for risk-taking ,ERS-S Businesses and farms owned by the state and run by the government for the benefit of all people Profit is a form of oppression

"emo!ra!y v "i!tatorshi+ Multi-party system Free elections Parliament !"# / $ongress !%&# make the laws separate e'ecutive and legislative branches ,ERS-S (lections to the )%oviets* +ne party only the $ommunist party which rules the country %talin de facto in fact# an absolute dictator .reedom v H'ma$ Ri hts ),is Ma-esty*s +pposition* minority party in !"/opposition parties in !% Protests and demonstrations ,uman rights respected in law ,ERS-S .issidents imprisoned "/B arrest grumblers 0he gulag .ree /ar0et v Comma$d E!o$omy 1aws of supply and demand control production $ompetition keeps prices low and 2uality up the weak go out of business %trikes and unemployment Freedom of choice ,ERS-S 3orkers ordered to a -ob / area 3ages and hours fi'ed by law 4o unemployment everyone has a -ob E1'al 2++ort'$ity v E1'ality (veryone has a chance to succeed $onsumer economy /reat differences in wealth and class millionaires v poverty Private medicine5 houses5 etc health care is very good5 but very e'pensive# ,ERS-S Poor standard of living )producer* goods goods made are good for the producer5 not necessarily good for the consumer# / empty shops Fewer very poor people Free health care / state-provided housing health care is poor5 but available to everyone# .ree 3ress v Ce$sorshi+ Freedom of speech 4ewspapers5 books5 radio / tv / films not censored Media openly critici6e government Washington Post , New York Times#

,ERS-S 4o freedom of speech 0he media are owned and run by the government $ensorship and propaganda Pravda, Izvestia#

4alta a$d 3otsdam 1

5he ori i$s o# the Cold War 6 4alta a$d 3otsdam 4alta

February 789: ;oosevelt5 %talin5 and $hurchill the B</ 0,;(( =alta southern %oviet !nion on the Baltic %ea

& reeme$t* /ermany to be divided into 9 6ones5 as would Berlin /B5 Fr5 !%&5 !%%; Poland to gain land from /ermany5 but lose some to !%%; !%%; to declare war on >apan ? months after the end of (uropean war !%%; guarantees free elections for (astern (urope Cha$ es +n &pril 7@5 789: ;oosevelt died ;oosevelt was replaced by 0ruman an openly anti-communist 0ruman said he would )get tough with the ;ussians* .uring the Potsdam $onference5 $hurchill lost the election and was replaced by &ttlee 3otsdam >uly &ugust 789:5 outside BerlinA /ermany had been defeated $hange in the Big 0hree meant that the personalities had changed .isagreements at this conference saw the beginnings of the $old 3ar & reeme$t* Plans for division of /ermany agreed5 /ermany to pay reparations !%%;#5 war criminals to be tried5 and !nited 4ations set up 0ruman demanded !%%; hold free elections for (astern (urope %talin angry that 0ruman didn*t mention the atomic bomb which %talin secretly knew about Iro$ C'rtai$ +ne year later %talin set up the <ron $urtain 0erm coined by 3inston $hurchill in speech at Fulton5 Missouri in 789B Border between (ast and 3est (urope %talin took control of (astern (urope to act as a buffer 6one to any future invasion from the 3est

=alta 789:5 $hurchill5 ;oosevelt and %talin

Potsdam 789:5 &ttlee5 0ruman and %talin

4alta a$d 3otsdam 2

How were the 4alta a$d 3otsdam Co$#ere$!es "i##ere$t*
Co$text =alta ,eld in the $rimea ;ussia# $hurchill5 ;oosevelt5 %talin February 789: /ermany not yet defeated Potsdam ,eld in /ermany &ttlee5 0ruman5 %talin >uly 789: /ermany had surrendered but >apan was not yet defeated 7erma$y =alta &greed in principle to divide /ermany into four 6ones to be occupied by Britain5 France5 !%& and !%%; Potsdam %et up the four )6ones of occupation* but there was open disagreement about the boundaries Re+aratio$s =alta %et up a commission to look into reparations Potsdam ;ussia was allowed to take reparations from the %oviet Cone5 plus 7DE of industrial capacity unnecessary for the /erman peacetime economy of the western 6ones &merica and Britain thought this was too much Easter$ E'ro+e =alta ).eclaration of 1iberated (urope* to set up democracies in (ast (urope# %et up Polish /overnment of 4ational !nity %talin arrested the non-communists# Potsdam Britain and !%& were worried about %oviet power but still ;ecogni6ed the Polish government Relatio$s =alta &greements on principles %ome tension $hurchill wrote to ;oosevelt that );ussia was a danger to the free world* Potsdam +pen disagreement about details 0ruman was )tired of babying the %oviets* and determined to )get tough* with the ;ussians I$ter$atio$al Relatio$s =alta ;ussia was invited to -oin the !nited 4ations Potsdam &merica was horrified that ;ussia might -oin the war against >apan 0ruman did not tell %talin that he had the atomic bomb

Salami 5a!ti!s
How did Comm'$ism ta0e over Easter$ E'ro+e a#ter 1(4)* like slicing up salami B'l aria 789: a left-wing coalition )0he Fatherland Front*# was elected 789B the $ommunists e'ecuted 7:5DDD opponents 0sar %imeon was driven into e'ile 789F the $ommunists won the election and adopted a %oviet-style government led by .imitrov trained in the !%%;# 3ola$d

789: a coalition )/overnment of 4ational !nity* took power 789: %talin arrested the non-$ommunist leaders 789:-9F thousands of non-$ommunists were imprisoned 789F the $ommunist leader5 Bierut trained in the !%%;# won an election and became head of state

H'$ ary 789: a coalition government took power few $ommunists were elected ;akosi the $ommunists* leader# got opposition parties banned ;akosi got control of the police and set up the &G+ 0housands of non-$ommunists were arrested By 789F ;akosi had power he is credited with the term salami tactics# Roma$ia 789: "ing Michael came back from e'ile and a left-wing coalition )the Plowman*s Front*# was elected see %tephanH <& topic# 789B there was a campaign of violence against the non-$ommunist parties 0he $ommunists won the 789B elections and forced "ing Michael to abdicate C8e!hoslova0ia 789: a coalition government the $ommunists led by /ottwald# took over the radio5 police and army 789F secret police arrested non-$ommunists 789I /ottwald organi6ed demonstrations demanding $ommunism Masaryk )fell* from a window and /ottwald took over East 7erma$y (ast /ermany became the ;ussian 6one completely under ;ussian control 0he %ocial .emocrats merged with the $ommunist Party to form the %ocial !nity Party5 which won the 789B elections 7898 the ;ussians named their 6one the )/erman .emocratic ;epublic*

5r'ma$ "o!tri$e a$d /arshall 3la$

What were the 5r'ma$ "o!tri$e a$d /arshall 3la$*

7ree!e

&fter 33< /reece appeared to be )under threat* from $ommunism Britain was unable to support /reece as it had done in the past# <n 789F /reece was under attack from $ommunist rebels and asked the !%& for help

Comm'$ism 0ruman was concerned about the spread of $ommunism and was determined to take action ,e offered arms5 supplies and money to /reece $ommunism in /reece was defeated by 7898 following a civil war "o!tri$e 0ruman was determined that the !%& would not live in isolation 0he 0ruman .octrine aimed to !o$tai$ $ommunism5 but not push it back offered assistance to )all free peoples* resisting )attempted sub-ugation* /arshall 3la$ 0ruman saw war ravaged (urope as a )breeding ground* for $ommunism ,e felt it was vital to encourage countries to become prosperous again to recover from the war !% %ecretary of %tate5 /eorge Marshall5 proposed Marshall &id 0otal aid from 789I 78:7 was close to J7? billion !% %mith says 7F billion# 9'st Bei$ Hel+#'l* ,elping (uropean countries to recover also meant creating a market for !% e'ports &lso although not publicly admitted# it was a clear aim to prevent the spread of $ommunism %talin saw this as &merica trying to buy support $ountries receiving aid included !"5 France5 /ermany5 <taly5 4etherlands5 Belgium5 1u'embourg5 &ustria5 .enmark5 4orway5 /reece5 %weden5 %wit6erland5 0urkey5 <reland5 <celand S'!!ess* 789I 78:@ saw period of growth in (uropean history &gricultural production surpassed pre-war levels Forged 4orth &tlantic alliances Political stability was achieved in the countries receiving aid ;ationing was ended5 poverty and starvation disappeared 5e$sio$ &id was vital for (uropean economic recovery ,owever5 %talin refused Marshall &id and banned (astern (uropean countries under the !%%;*s control from accepting it 0his created tension on both sides Many historians differ on -ust how much credit should be given to Marshall Plan for (urope*s recoveryA

Berli$ Blo!0ade 1(4:

Why did the Blo!0ade ha++e$ a$d what were the Co$se1'e$!es* 4alta Ba!0 ro'$d

,ad been agreed to split /ermany into four 6ones between !%%;5 France5 Britain and !%&A Berlin was similarly divided <n 789I !%&5 Britain and France merged their 6ones into 3est /ermany and 3est Berlin !%& poured large sums of money into 3est Berlin

Stali$;s Co$!er$s %talin was convinced this was a capitalist plot to lure (ast /ermans and (ast Berliners ,e was angry that he wasn*t consulted about decisions such as the new .eutschmark %talin may have thought the !% and its allies were planning to reunite /ermany Stali$;s Rea!tio$ >une @95 789I %talin ordered all road5 rail and canal routes between 3est /ermany and 3est Berlin to be closed ,e hoped to force the !% and her allies into submission !% reacted strongly5 claiming this was %talin*s first step in a take-over of 3estern (urope &llied Rea!tio$ 0he &llies didn*t want to force their way into Berlin for fear of sparking a war5 so they began to fly supplies in Flights began on >une @B5 reaching a peak of one every ? minutes by %eptember 789I Co$se1'e$!es #or -SSR %talin couldn*t -ust shoot the planes down ,e had to eventually back down on May 7@5 7898 he ended the blockade it was a ma-or embarrassment %talin reali6ed the !%%; needed the atom bomb to stand up to the !%A &tomic testing was increased Co$se1'e$!es #or -S& %een as )proof* that the !%%; had plans to take over (urope 4&0+ 4orth &tlantic 0reaty +rgani6ation# formed in &pril 7898 as a result %talin saw this as a deliberate threat <n 78:: when 3est /ermany -oined 4&0+5 the !%%;-led )3arsaw Pact* was formed

Berliners watching a $-:9 land at 0emplehof &irport5 789I

<hr'sh!hev;s Soviet -$io$ 1()=-1(>4

What ha++e$ed to the Soviet -$io$ '$der <hr'sh!hev* "e-Stali$i8atio$ Feb 78:B %ecret %peech report to govt critici6ing %talin*s purges and cult of personality# &ttacked image and reputation of %talin More freedom for writers and artists %i6e and power of secret police reduced

Political prisoners released

& ri!'lt'ral 3oli!ies &im was to produce more food-"hrushchev thinks he*s e'pertbut not Girgin 1and %cheme take fallow land and cultivate it using govt resources-failed though <ntroduce mai6e-not good for climate/soil through %mall collective farms became independent Bigger5 more efficient $ollective Farms were created-both small and large farms didn*t work I$d'strial 3oli!ies %ovnarkho6y ;egional (conomic $ouncils $ontrols on workers rela'ed .ecisions to be taken at a more regional level +rdered more lu'ury goods .eveloped %pace program K3hat sort of $ommunism is it that cannot produce a sausageLM B!0 %ovnarkho6y didn*t work Managers and workers were not used to the freedom 1ed to more bureaucracy $onsumer goods sacrificed for space program 78B7 slogan K0urn "hrushchev into sausage meatM K3hilst /agarin orbited the earth5 we counted on abacusesM housewife5 788D Why did he Resi $* Prices rose by ?DE &gricultural policies had failed <ndustrial policies had failed Failed foreign policies $uba (mbarrassment !4 shoe stamping incident during a speech $riticism of %talin had gone too far for many Forced to resign in 78B9

<hr'sh!hev 1()= - 1(>4

What e##e!t did <hr'sh!hev have o$ the Cold War* /ore 3ea!e#'l* "hrushchev said that he wanted )peaceful co-e'istence* B!0 By )peaceful co-e'istence* he really meant )peaceful competition* .rie$dlier* "hrushchev had a sense of humor and was always laughing and smiling B!0 ,e was 4+0 gentle and easy-going %talin had used him to run the terror purges after 33<< 7e$tler*

<n 78:B5 "hrushchev said that %talin was a murderer5 and he began to )destalini6e* ;ussiaA Political prisoners were set free and Beria responsible for %talin*s /reat Purge# was e'ecuted B!0 ).estalini6ation* did not mean a change back to capitalism5 or freedom from ;ussia

S'mmits* "hrushchev often met western leaders at )summit* meetings B!0 "hrushchev loved to argueA 0his often caused tension between leaders Iro$ C'rtai$* <n 78:: "hrushchev told 0ito of =ugoslavia )there are different roads to communism*A 3estern leaders thought this meant an end to the <ron curtain B!0 3hen communist countries went to far in their reforms5 "hrushchev sent in the army eg ,ungary 78:B# 5haw* &t first5 the western powers hoped that this would be the start of a )thaw* in the $old 3ar B!0 "hrushchev gave countries like Burma and &fghanistan economic aid if they supported ;ussia

$astro and "hrushchev at the !nited 4ations in 78BD

5he H'$ aria$ -+risi$

What ha++e$ed i$ H'$ ary i$ 1()>* Ba!0 ro'$d <n 789:5 !%%; installed puppet government in ,ungary .esigned to remove opposition and enforce loyalty %oviet propaganda everywhere and protest groups emerged wanting democracy <hr'sh!hev <n February 78:B5 "hrushchev critici6ed parts of %talin*s rule5 suggesting that %oviet policy might be changing 0hose who heard about the speech thought this might mean countries like ,ungary would be allowed to have self-determination 2verthrow <n +ctober 78:B the $ommunist dictatorship was overthrown +pposition groups unite and support e'-Prime Minister <mre 4agy

Red &rmy 4ovember 95 78:B "hrushchev orders ;ed &rmy to take control 0anks and soldiers enter Budapest Bitter street fighting5 but $ommunist leader ;akosi was restored 3leas #or Hel+ +pposition group leaders were all captured and e'ecuted .esperate pleas over the radio for !% assistance but there was no !% intervention <mre 4agy was imprisoned and then e'ecuted Co$se1'e$!es &round ?D5DDD ,ungarians died including @D opposition group leaders and <mre 4agy %howed %oviet policy countries in her sphere of influence would stay in her sphere of influence !%& showed no desire to get involved this must have made !%%; happy#

A ruined statue of Stalin in Budapest

Russian tanks in Budapest

5he Berli$ Wall 1(>1

How Si $i#i!a$t was the Berli$ Wall a$d Why was it B'ilt* Ba!0 ro'$d &t =alta5 Berlin had been divided into four 6ones -ust as /ermany had been# <n 789I-985 the Berlin Blockade saw %talin attempt to )starve* 3est Berlin into submission %talin was forced to back down following the Berlin &irlift "i##ere$!es &part from the Berlin Blockade5 those living in Berlin could travel freely live in the (ast and work in the 3est and vice versa "hrushchev proclaimed that Berlin was being used by the 3est as a base for spying and sabotage 3ro%lems <n reality5 he wanted to prevent all the highly skilled and educated from working in 3est Berlin (ast Berlin was still suffering badly5 whereas 3est Berlin was recovering well Between 789:-BD it is thought ? million people crossed from (ast to 3est Berlin

&' 'st 1=? 1(>1 +vernight a well guarded fence was constructed dividing the city in two People were trapped in either (ast or 3est Berlin 0he fence was guarded by ;ed &rmy machine gun posts Co$!rete Wall By &ugust 7Fth5 the barbed wire fence was replaced with a concrete wall5 split only by well guarded checkpoints From 78B7 to 78I8 nearly 8D people died trying to cross %ee >ack-<& topic# 0he wall became a symbol of the division between $ommunism and $apitalism Co$se1'e$!es <n some ways it was a propaganda victory for the )3est* they claimed $ommunist countries had to build a wall to imprison people ,owever5 there was very little the 3est could do to stop it and the wall did serve its purpose

(ast /erman construction workers building the Berlin 3all

Cha$ e i$ Relatio$s #rom 1(4)-1(>2

How did the S'+er+ower Relatio$s Cha$ e #rom 1(4) - 1(>2* &llies to E$emies* !%%; and !%& were allies united against 4a6i /ermany +nce 33<< ended5 any friendship thawedA %ome suggest wartime alliance was -ust a necessity for both sides By 78B@5 the two allies were on the brink of nuclear war &llia$!es Following the Berlin Blockade 789I-98# tensions rose %aw creation of two alliances 4orth &tlantic 0reaty +rgani6ation 4&0+# and 3arsaw Pact &rms Ra!e ;ace between the superpowers to try and build more weapons than each other .evelopment of a huge range of ever-increasing powerful weapons and e2uipment for war Gast sums of money were spent by both sides /'t'al Co-Existe$!e %talin died in 78:? and relations seemed to improve 0he ,ungarian $risis 78:B# shoed the !%& wouldn*t interfere directly in !%%; territory

$oncept of )mutual co-e'istence* both accepted each other5 as long as they didn*t interfere

Crises

%eries of crises rapidly changed the situation !@ incident 78BD# Berlin 3all 78B7# $uban Missile $risis 78B@# 0he increase in tension brought the world to the brink of war

&#ter 1(>2 Both sides reali6ed how dangerous the situation had become &fter 78B@ there was a gradual thawing of relations in a process that became known as .Ntente 0here were still serious issues5 but both sides took steps to prevent similar situations again

C'%a$ /issile Crisis 1(>2 @See Leo$A I& to+i!B

What made the C'%a$ /issile Crisis the most Serio's I$!ide$t o# the Cold War* Ba!0 ro'$d <n 78:8 Fidel $astro*s rebels overthrew corrupt pro-!% government in $uba $astro tried to make a trade agreement with the !%& !%& refused as they saw $astro as a $ommunist 0hus $astro turned to the !%%;5 who readily made a deal C'!lear Site S+otted <n return for buying $uban goods5 the !%%; got permission to build a nuclear missile site in $uba +n +ctober 795 78B@ a !% !@ spy plane spotted the nuclear site being built ExComm Set -+ !% President "ennedy set up )('$omm* a committee to decide what to do +n +ctober @@5 "ennedy ordered the !% navy to blockade $uba ,e stated that any %oviet vessel that tried to break the blockade would be destroyed 2$ the Bri$0 o# War +n +ctober @?5 the !nited 4ations backed the !% and ordered any missiles to be removed

%oviet ships were spotted heading towards $uba 0he world was on the brink of all out nuclear war

Com+romise +n +ctober @F5 "hrushchev secretly offered to pull out of $uba if the !%& pulled out of 0urkey "ennedy agreed and a day later "hrushchev ordered %oviet ships to turn around Co$se1'e$!es Ma-or propaganda victory for !%& they looked to have )won* &s the compromise was a secret5 "hrushchev appeared to have backed down Both sides began seeking ways of improving relations a hotline was set up providing immediate contact#

"ennedy and Mc4amara in an ('$omm meeting

"ete$te
1(>=ish-1(D(ishA What was a!hieved d'ri$ the era o# "ete$te* Reaso$s #or "Ete$te Both sides had reasons to improve relations !% fighting in Gietnam needed to slow arms race to reduce burden on economy !%%; concerned about $ommunist $hina Both sides wanted to reduce economic e'penditure Better Relatio$s 78B? ,otline set upO nuclear test ban 0reaty banned tests above ground 78BI 4on-proliferation treaty 78B8 %trategic &rms 1imitation 0alks began reducing mid-range nuclear weapons %&10# Coo+eratio$ 78F@ President 4i'on visits Moscow and %&10 7 0reaty signed 78F@ &greements between (ast and 3est /ermany signed 78F: %pace !% astronauts and %oviet $osmonauts docked together in spaceA Helsi$0i &!!ords &ugust 78F: ,elsinki &greement signed by ?: countries including !%%; and !%&#

.eclaration of ,uman ;ights $urrent borders of (urope accepted .emonstration of commitment to improve relations

S&L5 2* 78F8 %&10 @ treaty proposed to cover long-range nuclear missilesA 4ever ratified by !% $ongress due to %oviet invasion of &fghanistan !%%; claimed they had been asked to )restore order*A !% saw it as an invasion and supported &fghan rebels Co$!l'sio$s Mistrust and suspicion continued during .Ntente5 but this was a period that generally saw cooperation and agreement Both sides had much to gain from increased cooperation such as savings from a slower arms race and also trade benefits

Ford and Bre6hnev signing %&10 documents in 78F9

7or%a!hev;s Soviet -$io$

What ha++e$ed to the Soviet -$io$ '$der 7or%a!hev* 3oliti!al 3ro%lems <nstability %oviet !nion had four leaders in four years Bre6hnev*s era was one of repression $orruption %talin*s generation was being replaced by more liberal men /orbachev didn*t know how serious these problems were E!o$omi! 3ro%lems %oviet !nion was virtually bankrupt <ndustry was backward and old fashioned5 inefficient &rms ;ace military commitments in (astern (urope and nuclear arsenal were very e'pensive 0hriving black market $hernobyl 78I: 4uclear .isaster highlighted all these problems So!ial 3ro%lems 78ID %oviet !nion had highest alcoholic rate in world 7DE workers drunk at any time 1ow standard of living 1u'ury goods were scarce and unaffordable

7or%a!hev;s &ims (nd the $old 3ar Pull ;ed &rmy out of &fghanistan (nd %oviet !nion*s commitment to (astern (urope &ll this was to save communism5 not destroy it Policies wereH /lasnost openness5 freedom of information Perestroika economic restructuring Why did 7or%a!hev .ail* /orbachev had no real detailed plan5 only goals 0oo little5 too late ,elp from the /F never came By late 78IDs ;ed &rmy was no longer being paid /orbachev was not prepared to use force to keep the %oviet !nion together Why did 7or%a!hev Resi $* People wanted more reforms &llowing (astern (urope to break away encouraged the break up of the %oviet !nion /orbachev refused to use force against ethnic uprisings /orbachev became isolated politically $oup of &ugust 7887 =eltsin By .ec 78875 /orbachev was president of nothing

E$d o# the Cold War

How a$d Why "id 5he Cold War E$d i$ 1(:(* @Is there a $ew !old war*B &# ha$ista$ !%%; faced huge pressure over invasion 0hey feared <slamic fundamentalists Mu-ahedin# would take over &fghanistan 3hat was meant to be a brief invasion turned into their e2uivalent of Gietnam ,uge financial burden verge of bankruptcy gee, see any current correlations? 7or%a!hev a$d Rea a$ 4ew !%%; leader /orbachev reali6ed drastic changes were needed %upporting other $ommunist countries5 competing in the arms race and huge military costs were too much for ;ussian economy to )bear* get it? !% spent huge amounts on defense in an effort to finally )win* the arms race .rie$dshi+ President ;eagan came to power with strong anti-$ommunist stance eAgA massive defense spending plans# =et the two opposing leaders got along well together suggested possibilities of closer relations

/eeti$ s /orbachev and ;eagan met in /eneva 78I:# and ;eyk-avik 78IB# <4F <ntermediate ;ange 4uclear Force 0reaty# signed in 78IF actual destruction of a range of nuclear weapons Cha$ e 78I8 saw the break-up of the %oviet*s )%phere of <nfluence* over (astern (urope Poland 78I8 protests led to free elections /orbachev refused to send in ;ed &rmy to s2uash opposition 0his sent a signal to other (astern (uropean countries E$d o# the Cold War Borders began to open and $ommunist governments resigned <n 78I8 President Bush and /orbachev met off Malta and declared the $old 3ar over <n 4ovember 78I8 the Berlin 3all was torn down %oviet !nion collapsed5 /orbachev resigned on .ec @:5 7887

&ttributionH Many thanks and appreciation to MrA %cott Bacon5 %ocial %tudies $hair of Mount Pleasant ,igh %chool at http://seahawksbears.wikispaces.com