GA Application to Optimization oI AGC in Two

Area Power System Using Battery Energy Storage

S. Biswas
Department oI Electrical Engineering,Kalyani Govt.
Engineering College, West Bengal-741235, INDIA
(email: biswassudipta91gmail.com)


P. Bera
Department oI Electrical Engineering, Kalyani Govt.
Engineering College, West Bengal-741235, INDIA
(email: parthaberarediIImail.com)


This paper deals with load frequency control of an
interconnected reheat thermal system considering battery energy
storage (BES) system. Area control error (ACE) is used for the
control of power system with battery energy storage system. The
controllers design problem is formulated as an optimization
problem. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to search for
optimal settings of controller gains. Time domain simulations are
used to study the performance of the power system and BES
system. Results reveal that BES meets requirements of real
power load and very effective in reducing the peak deviations of
frequency and tie-power and also reduces the steady state values
of time error.

Keywords- component; Automatic Ceneration control (ACC);
Battery Energy Storage (BES); Cenetic algorithm.
I. INTRODUCTION
Automatic generation control is very important Ior supplying
electric power with good quality |1,2| as the sudden load
perturbation causes the deviation oI tie-line exchanges and
Irequency Iluctuations. A lot oI work reported in the
literatures to improve the perIormance oI AGC. In the last
three decades, many techniques were proposed Ior the
supplementary control oI AGC systems by Elgerd and Fosha
|3|, Khodabakhshian and Hooshmand |4|, Gozde and
Taplamacioglu |5|, Bevrani and Hiyama |6| and Rebours et
al.|7|. Such supplementary control has its drawbacks, some oI
which are long settling time and relatively large overshoots in
the transient Irequency deviations. Battery energy storage
(BES) Iacility is one oI the alternative to improve the
perIormance oI AGC during peak load period and it can also
provide Iast active power compensation. BES also improves
the reliability oI supply during peak load periods. Storage
Iacilities possess additional dynamic beneIits such as load
leveling, spinning reserve, area regulation, long line
stabilization, power Iactor correction and black start
capability. Some oI these applications have been successIully
demonstrated at a 17 MW BES Iacility in Berlin |8| and 10
MW/40 MWh Chino Iacility in Southern CaliIornia |9|.
Kottick et al. |10| have studied the eIIect oI a 30 MW battery
on the Irequency regulation in the Israeli isolated power
system. Their study was perIormed on a single area model
representing the whole power system and containing a Iirst
order transIer Iunction that represented the BES perIormance.
However, they have not considered the eIIect oI generation
rate constraints on dynamic perIormances. Lu et al. |11| have
studied the eIIect oI battery energy storage system on two area
reheat thermal system considering conventional tie-line bias
control strategy. Their study reveals that a BES with simple
control can eIIectively reduce Irequency and tie-line power
oscillations Iollowing sudden small load disturbances. S. K.
Aditya et. al. |12| have developed the comprehensive model oI
BES. But they have not optimized the gains oI integral
controller.
In the present work, an incremental BES model is
proposed and the eIIect oI BES is studied on two area
interconnected reheat thermal system considering
conventional tie-line bias control strategy. The results show
that with the use oI BES, the dynamic perIormance oI LFC
can greatly improve the overshoots oI Irequency deviations,
tie-power deviation. The integral controllers have been used
here Ior the turbine dynamics due to the improvement oI
Irequency response. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to
optimize the gains oI integral controller Ior controlling the
power system.

II MODEL OF BATTERY ENERGY SYSTEM

A schematic description oI a BES plant is given in Fig.1.
The main components oI the BES Iacility are, an equivalent
battery composed oI parallel/series connected battery cells, a
12-pulse cascaded bridge circuit connected to a Y/AY
transIormer and a control scheme |13|. The equivalent circuit
oI the BES can be represented as a converter connected to an
equivalent battery as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 is the incremental
block diagram oI the battery energy system |12|. In the battery
equivalent circuit |14|, E
boc
is battery open circuit voltage; E
b

is battery over voltage; r
bt
connecting resistance; and r
bs
stands
Ior internal resistance.
The use oI BES in LFC is obtained by a damping signal AE
d

|12|.
AE
d

bes
bes
K
1sT
A
signal
(1)
where K
bes
and T
bes
are the control loop gain and the
measurement device time constant respectively. The A
signal
is
useIul Ieedback Irom the power system in order to provide
damping eIIect.
341 978-1-4673-4700-6/12/$31.00 c 2012 IEEE


Fig. 2: Equivalent circuit oI BES

III SYSTEM INVESTIGATED

In the present work, a two area reheat thermal system is
considered. The battery energy system (BES) is connected
with both the areas. Frequency deviations in both the areas are
taken as input signal (A
signal1
AF
1
and A
signal2
AF
2
) to BES
system. In this paper a 10 MW/40 MW h BES system is
applied |15|. Parameters oI the two area reheat thermal system
and the BES system are given in Appendix A. Here,
conventional integral controllers have been used. The integral
control law is described as
(2)
i Ii i
U -K ACE (t)dt
)
where, K
Ii
is the integral gain setting oI area i and ACE
i
B
i

F
i
P
tiei
ACE oI area i and B
i
is the Irequency bias setting
oI area i.
IV DYNAMIC MODEL IN STATE SPACE FORM

The dynamic model in state space Iorm can be written as:
(3)
p AX X I + =

where X and p are the state and disturbance vectors,
respectively. A and I are system matrices oI appropriate
dimensions.

Fig.3: Block diagram oI LFC with BES

V OBJECTIVE FUNCTION

Scalar integral perIormance indices have been proved to
be the most meaningIul and convenient measures oI dynamic
perIormances |16,17|. Penalizing only the speed excursions,
an objective Iunction based on the integral square error (ISE)
criterion is considered in this study and is given by
(4)
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0
J ACE t ACE t d

=
)
t
This objective Iunction has a characteristic that it
penalizes large errors heavily and low errors lightly. The
Integral square error (ISE) technique is used Ior obtaining the
gain settings oI integral controllers with and without BES
system. The above perIormance index is minimized Ior 10
step load disturbance in area-1 Ior obtaining the optimum
values oI integral gain setting K
I
(Ior two equal area system
K
I1
and K
I2 )
. The search space is large and complex and the
above objective Iunction with many local optima is high-
dimensional. That is why genetic algorithm (GA) is used Ior
Iinding the global optimum oI the above objective Iunction.

VI GENETIC ALGORITHM

Genetic algorithms (GAs), a way to randomly search Ior the
best answer to tough problems were Iirst suggested by John
Holland in his book in 'Natural and ArtiIicial systems |18|.
Over the last Iew years, it is becoming important to solve a
wide range oI search, optimization and machine learning
u
2
1
AF
b1
P -

b1
P +

-
-
-
-
-
b 2
P -

d2
P A
b2
+ P
bes2
AP
2
AF
A
signal 2
1
bes
AP
A
signal 1
1
1
1
S T
t
+

1
1
1
g
ST +
1 1
1
1
1
r r
SK T
ST
r
+
+

1
1
1
p
p
K
ST +
2
1
1
g
ST +
1
1
2
ST
t
+

r2 r2
SK T
1ST
r2
1

2
2
1
p
p
K
ST +
_
BES
1
BES
2
1 2
2 a T
S
12
a
d1
P A

1
1
R

_
_
2
1
R
_
_
_
_
-
u
1

C
b
r
bs
6 6
a
Cosu
0
co
6
X
a

Converter
Battery
E
b
r
bs
C
bp
r
bp
E
bt
r
bs
E
do
r
bs
I
bes
PT/CT
3-Ph
system
Power
TR.
Y/A - Y
Battery
12-Pulse
Bridge
Converter
Control
Scheme
Fig. 1: Schematic description oI a BES
plant.
342 2012 International Conference on Communications, Devices and Intelligent Systems (CODIS)
problems. Here genetic algorithm is used to minimize the
objective Iunction and hence to design the gains oI the integral
controllers.
DiIIerent population sizes (40,50,60,70 & 80) have been
considered and it has been observed that the population size oI
60 is satisIactory. AIter selecting the population size, the
eIIect oI mutation and crossover probabilities were examined.
DiIIerent combination oI mutation probabilities (0.001,0.005
& 0.01) and the crossover probabilities (0.6,0.8,0.9&1.0) were
tested and it was Iound that P
c
1.0 and P
m
0.005 gave the
best perIormance. It is worth mentioning here that the bit size
(gene length) oI each variable is 10(i.e., 10). Detailed
optimization algorithm using GA is given below:

A. Encoding

The design variables are mapped onto a Iixedlength binary
digit string which is constructed over the binary alphabet (0,1),
and is concatenated head-to-tail to Iorm one long string
reIerred to as a chromosome. That is, every string contains all
design variables.
Each design variable is represented by a -bit string. We
have to determine the value oI . It is shown by Lin and
Hajela |19| that


)
c
y y
( log
min
i
max
i
2 i

>
(5)

where y
i
max
upper bound on y
i
, y
i
min
lower bound on y
i

and c the resolution. For example iI c 0.01, y
i
max
60,
y
i
min
20, then
i
_ 11.9658 but bit size must be an integer
and hence, in this case
i
_ 12.

B. Decoding

The physical value oI i-th design variable y
i
is computed
Irom the Iollowing equations:

1 2
) y (y
I y y
i

min
i
max
i
i
min
i i

+ =
(6)

For example, iI c 0.01;

y
i
max
60, y
i
min
20.0 and
i

12, then the bit string 100000000001 is decoded to I
i
2049
and thus y
i
40.014652.

C. Fitness Function

In GAs, the value oI Iitness represents the 'perIormance
which is used to rank the string and the ranking is then used to
determine how to allocate reproductive opportunities. This
means that individuals with higher Iitness value will have
higher probability oI being selected as a parent. Actually the
Iitness` is deIined as non negative Iigure oI merit to be
maximized which is directly associated with the objective
Iunction.
In unconstrained maximization problem, the objective
Iunction can be adopted as the Iitness Iunction:
F J (7)

where F is the Iitness Iunction and J is the objective Iunction.
The unconstrained minimization problem is transIormed to
the Iitness maximization problem according to the Iollowing
equation:

J
K
F =
(8)
where K is a positive constant multiplier. To maximize the
Iitness Iunction is the same as minimizing the objective
Iunction.

D. Algorithm

The complete optimization procedure using GA is given
below:

STEP-1: Form initial binary strings (chromosomes) equal to
population size.
STEP-2: Evaluation oI the Iitness Ior each string is as Iollows:
Convert each binary substring (genes) in a string into a
decimal number and compute the physical value oI design
variables using eqn (6).
Evaluate the objective Iunction J using eqn. (4) by calling
the '4-th order Runge-kutta Subroutine.
Calculate the Iitness, F
J
K
using eqn. (8).
STEP-3: i) Find out the cumulative Iitness oI each string by
adding its Iitness to the Iitness oI the proceeding population
members.
ii) Sum the Iitness oI all population members.
Find the best Iitness string and send it to the solution vector.
STEP-4: Set generation number 1;
STEP-5: For i 1 to i 'population size * Crossover rate.
i) Select two parents Irom population (based on roulette
wheeling method).
ii) PerIorm crossover and hence generate two oIIspring.
iii) Mutate these two oIIspring based on mutation
probability.
STEP-6: Calculate Iitness oI each oIIspring (as in STEP-2
and STEP-3).
STEP-7: Repeat STEPS 5 and 6 till maximum number oI
generation is reached.
In the present work maximum number oI generation is set
to 100.

VII OPTIMIZATION OF GAINS OF INTEGRAL
CONTROLLER

In this case, the optimum gains oI integral controllers (K
I1

and K
I2
) are obtained at nominal loading condition by
minimizing the objective Iunction as given by eqn. (4) using
genetic algorithm (GA). Using GA, the value oI K
I1
0.012;
and K
I2
0.034 are Iound without BES. Similarly, when ACE
Ieedback is used with BES system, the same perIormance
index (Eq. (4)) is minimized Ior 10 step load disturbance in
area-1 Ior obtaining the optimum value oI integral gain setting
with BES system. It was Iound that with BES system K
I1

0.0293; and K
I2
0.0190.
2012 International Conference on Communications, Devices and Intelligent Systems (CODIS) 343
VIII DYNAMIC RESPONSES WITH AND WITHOUT
BES SYSTEM

Battery energy storage system operates in discharging mode
during peak load period and will be in charging mode during
oII peak hours. ThereIore, only discharging mode behavior oI
BES is examined on LFC loop. shows the dynamic
responses Ior 10 step load disturbance in area-1 with and
without BES system considering conventional ACE. From
, it is clearly seen that with the use oI BES system, there
is considerable reduction in peak deviations oI AF
1
, AF
2
, and
AP
tie1
and settling time is very less. also reveals that
BES system has eliminated the tie power oscillations.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-0.12
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
x 10
-3



Responses oI power system with and without BES Ior 10 step load
increase in area 1.(----Without BES, With BES)

IX CONCLUSIONS

A comprehensive mathematical model oI BES system has
been considered Ior investigating the application in load
Irequency control. The controller design problem has been
Iormulated as an optimization problem and the genetic
algorithm (GA) has been used to search Ior diIIerent optimum
settings oI the controller gains. Analysis reveals that the use
oI BES substantially reduces the peak deviations oI Irequency
and tie-line power. It can be concluded that the application oI
BES system to load Irequency control oI interconnected power
system will provide great improvement in system dynamic
perIormance.

X APPENDIX

Data Ior power system |ReI.12|
f60 Hz, Pr1Pr21000 MW, Kp1Kp2120
Hz/pu MW, Tp1Tp220.0 s, Kr1Kr20.5, Tr1 Tr210.0 s
Tg1Tg20.08 s, Tt1Tt20.3 s, R1 R22.4 Hz/pu MW,
B1B20.425 pu MW/Hz. BES (10 MW/40 MW h)
Battery voltage E
do
17552925 V d.c., c
bp
52597 F, r
bp
10
kO, cb1 F, r
b
0.001 O, r
bt
0.0167 O,
r
bs
0.013 O, Xco0.0274 O, I
0
bes
4.426 kA, K
bes
100 kV/pu
MW (ACE Ieedback),
T
bes
0.026 s, u
0
15,
0
25.

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344 2012 International Conference on Communications, Devices and Intelligent Systems (CODIS)