SONET

Raj Jain Professor of CIS The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 Jain@ACM.Org http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/
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Raj Jain 1

SONET
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Synchronous Optical Network Standard developed by ANSI and Exchange Carrier Standards Association (ECSA) CCITT: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) SONET links can be used in place of dark fiber

SONET Link
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Two Views of SONET Node Node (a) Customer view: a link.

Node Node (b) Carrier's view: a network

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Protocol Components of SONET

LLC MAC PHY PMD FDDI Protocols
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Path Transport Line Network Section Datalink PhotonicPhysical SONET Protocols

Photonic Layer: Characteristics of fibers, transmitters, receivers and encoding (ANSI T1.106-1988) Section Layer: Transmission across a single link. Framing, scrambling, and error monitoring. Line Layer: Signaling between multiplexer switches. Frame synchronization. Multiplexing of data in to SONET frames. Path Layer: End-to-end signaling issues. Mapping DS3, FDDI, BISDN into SONET payload.
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Physical Components of SONET

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Section: Single run of fiber. Clock synchronization and timing issues Line: Sections connected via repeaters. Between multiplexers or switches Path: End-to-end
Multiplexer Add-Drop Multiplexer Multiplexer Repeater Repeater

Terminals

Terminals

Section Section Section Section Line Line Path

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Protocol Hierarchy

Envelope Path Path STS-N Block Line Line Line Frame Section Section Section Section Photonic Light Photonic Photonic Photonic STS Terminal Regenerator Terminal Multiplexer

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SONET/SDH Signal Hierarchy

Synchronous Transport Signal Level n = STS-n = n 51.84 Mbps STM=Synchronous Transport Module, OC=Opical Carrier level ANSI Optical CCITT Data Rate Payload Rate Designation Signal Designation (Mbps) (Mbps) STS-1 OC-1 51.84 50.112 STS-3 OC-3 STM-1 155.52 150.336 STS-9 OC-9 STM-3 466.56 451.008 STS-12 OC-12 STM-4 622.08 601.344 STS-18 OC-18 STM-6 933.12 902.016 STS-24 OC-24 STM-8 1244.16 1202.688 STS-36 OC-36 STM-12 1866.24 1804.032 STS-48 OC-48 STM-16 2488.32 2405.376 STS-96 OC-96 STM-32 4976.64 4810.176 STS-192 OC-192 STM-64 9953.28 9620.928
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Byte Multiplexing
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Also known as byte interleaving Easier to view in two dimension

A3 A2 A1 B3 B2 B1 C3 C2 C1 C2 B2 A2 C1 B1 A1

C3 B3 C2 B2 C1 B1
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A3 A2 A1

C3 B3 A3 C2 B2 A2 C1 B1 A1
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STS-1 Frame Format

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Overhead = Header. 810 Bytes/125 ms = 51.84 Mbps

90 Columns Overhead Synchronous Payload Envelope 3 Columns 87 Columns Section Overhead 3 Rows 9 Rows Line Overhead 6 Rows

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Path Overhead 1 Column

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Multiplexing
51.84 Mbps 51.84 Mbps 51.84 Mbps

Overhead

Overhead

STS-1 Payload

STS-1 Payload

Overhead

STS-1 Payload

155.52 Mbps

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Concatenation
51.84 Mbps 51.84 Mbps 51.84 Mbps

Overhead

Overhead

STS-1 Payload

STS-1 Payload

Overhead
STS-3c Payload

STS-1 Payload

155.52 Mbps

Overhead

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STS-3c Frame Format

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STS-3c is similar to STM-1

270 Columns Overhead Payload 9 Columns 261 Columns

9 Rows

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Location of SPE in STS-1

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SPE supplied by the user Can arrive at any time SPE can straddle two successive STS-1 frames
3 Columns 87 Columns Path Overhead Frame 0 9 Rows 9 Rows Frame 1 9 Rows

87 Columns

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Scrambling
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SONET uses NRZ coding. 1 = Light On, 0 = Light Off. Too many 1s or 0s Loss of bit clocking information All bytes (except some overhead bytes) are scrambled Polynomial 1 + x6 + x7 with a seed of 1111111 is used to generate a pseudorandom sequence, which is XORed to incoming bits. 1111 1110-0000 0100-0001 1000-0101 0001-1110 01000101 1001-1101 0100-1111 1010-0001 1100-0100 10011011 0101-1011 1101-1000 1101-0010 1110-1110 01100101 010 If user data is identical to (or complement of) the pseudorandom sequence, the result will be all 0s or 1s.
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Summary

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T1, DS1, DS3, ... SONET SDH STS-n, STM-n STS-3c

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STS-1 Overhead Bytes

Section Overhead
Framing A1 BIP-8 B1 Data Com D1 Pointer H1 BIP-8 B2 Data Com D4 Data Com D7 Data Com D10 Growth Z1 STS-1 ID Framing C1 A2 Orderwire User F1 E1 Data Com Data Com D3 D2 Pointer Pointer Action H2 H3 APS APS K1 K2 Data Com Data Com D5 D6 Data Com Data Com D8 D9 Data Com Data Com D11 D12 Growth Orderwire Z2 E2 Trace J1 BIP-8 B3 Signal Label C2 Path Status G1 User Channel F2 Multiframe H4 Growth Z3 Growth Z4 Growth Z5 Path Layer Overhead Raj Jain

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Line Overhead

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STS-3c Overhead bytes

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 C1 C1 C1 J1 B1 E1 F1 B3 D1 D2 D3 C2 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 G1 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 F2 D4 D5 D6 H4 D7 D8 D9 Z3 D10 D11 D12 Z4 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2 Z5 (a) Section and line overhead(b) Path overhead
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