Research on Transient Behaviors and Detection Methods of Stator Winding Inter-Turn Short Circuit Fault in Induction Motors Based

on Multi-Loop Mathematical Model

School of Electrical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
Abstract This paper aims to the detection of stator winding inter-turn short circuit fault (SWITSCF) in induction motors. Firstly, the multi-loop mathematical models of squirrel cage induction motor, YN, Y or D connected, under the conditions that the motor is healthy/faulty with stator winding inter-turn shorts, are developed. Secondly, the transient simulation of SWITSCF as well as the related experiment is completed. By thoroughly analyzing the simulation and experiment results, a series of interesting highlights to guarantee the sensitivity and reliability of the detection scheme for SWITSCF have been revealed explicitly. Furthermore, a novel detection method for SWITSCF, which takes the filtered value of stator negative sequence apparent impedance as the fault feature, is presented. Experiment results demonstrate that it is effective.

Li Heming, Sun Liling, Xu Boqiang

Keywords induction motor; multi-loop model; stator winding; inter-turn short circuit; simulation; detection
I. INTRODUCTION

Induction motors play a very important role in a wide variety of industrial applications. From a number of surveys [1-4], it can be deduced that stator winding related failures, usually and mostly result from the turnto-turn insulation breakdown, account for approximately 300 of all induction motor failures. Consequently, early detection of the inter-turn shorts in stator windings is of great significance. The subject to detect SWITSCF in induction motors has been addressed by some researchers [5-9]. In [5], stator negative sequence apparent impedance is chosen as the fault feature to detect SWITSCF, which is robust to power supply asymmetry. Another detection method for SWITSCF is to monitor stator current 3 (p is harmonics at the frequencies of 1 2 the number of pole pairs, J, is the power supply frequency) [6, 7]. In [8], stator negative sequence current is chosen as fault feature, and the detection of SWITSCF is achieved, based on the principle that symmetrical (unfaulted) motors, powered by symmetrical three-phase voltage source, will have no negative sequence current flowing in the leads. In [9], it is indicated that the phase differences among stator three-phase currents can be
Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50407016).

treated as fault feature for detecting SWITSCF, since the symmetrical phase relationship of stator three-phase currents would be destroyed once SWITSCF occurred in one of stator three-phase windings. This paper just aims to that interesting problem. Firstly, the multi-loop mathematical models of squirrel cage induction motor, YN, Y or D connected, under the conditions that the motor is healthy/faulty with stator winding inter-turn shorts, are developed. Secondly, the transient simulation of SWITSCF as well as the related experiment is completed. By thoroughly analyzing the simulation and experiment results, a series of interesting highlights to guarantee the sensitivity and reliability of the detection scheme for SWITSCF have been revealed explicitly, listed below. (1) Stator negative sequence apparent impedance is the most reliable feature of SWITSCF with satisfactory sensitivity. (2) For an actual motor operating on site, stator negative sequence apparent impedance is fluctuating with time to a certain extent, as would deteriorate the reliability/sensitivity of SWITSCF detection. (3) Low-pass-filtered stator negative sequence apparent impedance should be taken as the feature to implement the SWITSCF detection with high reliability/sensitivity. Furthermore, this paper presents a detection method for SWITSCF in induction motors, which takes low-passfiltered stator negative sequence apparent impedance as the fault feature. A series of experiment results demonstrate that this method is effective.
II. MULTI-LOOP MATHEMATICAL MODEL

The multi-loop mathematical model has been applied successfully to SWITSCF in induction motor [6]. Here introduces the multi-loop model of squirrel cage induction
motor.

A. Statorlrotor loops ofsquirrel cage induction motor

The stator three-phase windings are usually connected as YN, Y or D topology, depicted in Fig. 1. The rotor loops of squirrel cage induction motor are shown in Fig. 2.

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Ma M- M"I M, Ma Mba abb Mbc Mb maI Mb2 Mb3 M., Mcb mc Mc2 Mc3

LM

...
...

M. MMbn Mbe

...
... ...

[M]
(a) YN-connected (b) Y-connected

Mla Mlb MI2 M13 M2a M2b M2c M21 L22 M23 M3a M3b M3c M3 M32 '13
b.

Mcc M. Min mle

(7)

*.
...

M2 M2e M3n M3e

M.a

Mnb

Mea Meb Mec MeI Me2 Me3 ... Men nLe

MAc M1

Mn2

MA3

...L.

Mne

Fig. 1 Stator loops of induction motor

re Le re Le

IUbc (c) D-connected

re Le

B. Motor Equations under healthy condition Suppose that stator three-phase windings are YNconnected. The primary equations of healthy motor can be written in vector-matrix form as follows,

Fig. 2 Rotor loops of squirrel cage induction motor

[U] [R] [I] + d([M][I])/dt

=

Naturally, ia + + i = 0 is satisfied by Kirchoff's Current Law for the case that the stator three-phase windings are Y-connected, shown as Fig. l(b). Consequently, Equation (1) should be modified properly, detailed below. (a) Subtract the corresponding elements in the second row from that of the first row of matrix [U], [R] and [M]; (b) Subtract the corresponding elements in the third row from that of the second row of matrix [U], [R] and [M]; (c) Assign 0 to the third row, the first column element of matrix [u]; (d) Assign 1 to the 1-3 column elements in the first row of matrix [R] and [M], and 0 to the others.
For the case that stator three-phase windings are Dconnected, shown as Fig. 1(c), just substitute ua, Ub, uc

(1)
(2)

TM

[I]T

] [I]

where, [U], [I] is (n+4)xl matrix, [R], [M] is (n + 4) x (n + 4) matrix respectively. For three-phase squirrel cage induction motors, the expansion expressions of the matrices in (1) are listed below, as Equation (4-7).
Referred to [6, 10] for more detailed information.
[U]
=

TM -TL= J dor dt

with uab, Ubc, Uca in matrix

[U]I

(3)

C. Motor equation with SWITSCF Investigations on-site have revealed that SWITSCF usually locates in the first coil of stator winding. Suppose that SWITSCF occurs in stator aphase winding, and stator three-phase windings are YN-connected, shown as Fig. 3 (Similarly handle with other cases).

[Ua
r

Ub
lb

[I] = [a
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

[R]

ic il i2 13 0 0 00 rbs 0 0 0 0 rcs 00 0 0 rr -rb 0 0 -rb rr 0 0 0 -rb

0 0
0

uC o o o ... o o]T 1c .b ]T

.. In ie 0 *--0 0 0 *-- 0 0 0 *--0 0 0 -rb re

. ..

(4) (5)

(6)

-rb
rr
...

re re

Fig. 3 Stator a-phase winding inter-turn short circuit loop

-rb
re

0
re

0
re

...
...

rr
r

re
nr

Notice that there emerges a new stator loop, i.e., the inter-turn short circuit. Correspondingly, the expansion expressions of matrix [U] , [I], [R] and [M] are rewritten as the following.

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[u]

[Ua
[ia

Ub

Uc

...

0]T

(8)

[I]

ib

ic
0
0
r0

ig

ii i2 i3
-Rg
0 0 0 0 r,
-rb

...
0 0 0 0
U
-rb

in ie ]T
0 0 0 0
-rb

(9)

Ua =1.1 * 220 2sin(l 00 T t) Ub = 220 sin(100 T t - 2fT/3) uC = 0.9 * 220 2sin(100 T t - 4fT/3)
Uab
=

(12)

[R] =

ra -rg 0 0 rbs 0 0 0 rasg 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 Rg + rasg
0 0

0 0 0 0
-rb

0 0 0 0
re
re
re

Ua

Ub uc

Ubc

Ub

(10)

0 0 0

r,
-rb

0
-rb

r,

0 0
rr

0 0
Laa
Mba

0 0

0 0 M Mag
al

0
rr

0
r.
a3
...

r.

r.
a2

re

nr, -

Tiiiie (s)

M', Mab
4bb

Man
...

M'ca
Mga [M]= MIa M2a M3a

Mbc MC Mbg Mb I Mb2 Mb3

Mcg Ma Mc2 Lgg Mg2 Mg3 A{g MI2 M13
Mg

Mbn Mbe

Mae

(a)
Ir

ISI-T Tfiiie
r r

(b)

Mcb Mgb Mlb M2b M3b

...n
M

... ...

M2c M2g M21 L22 M23

M3g M3 M32 L33

Mng M.,

*.
...

Mgn Mge mle MI2 M2e M2n M3e

L. M.

(1 1)

Mna Mnb M

M32 Mn3

...

MCIa

Meb

Meg Meg Mel Me2 Me3

...

Me

Lee

Fig. 4 Stator currents under the condition that the no-load motor possesses 1 metallic-shorted turn in stator a-phase winding
TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS UNDER THE CONDITION THAT THE NO-LOAD MOTOR POSSESSES 1 METALLIC-SHORTED TURN IN STATOR A-PHASE WINDING

(c)

By considering the inter-turn short circuit loop as a single coil, the calculation formulas of the parameter related with the inter-turn short circuit loop can be deduced according to [10].
III. SIMULATION RESULTS

Healthy
Stator negative sequence apparent impedance (Q) Fundamental harmonic amplitude of stator a-phase current (A) Third order harmonic amplitude of stator a-phase current (A) Stator negative sequence 10.7604 5.1476 0.0993 0.9634 176.4 18.0

Faulty
9.8720 5.6056 0.1049 1.0501 176.4 19.8

Variation ratio
-8.26% 8.90%

The transient simulation of SWITSCF in induction motors has been accomplished, based on the multi-loop mathematical model. For a 3kW, 380V, 50Hz, 2-pole, Y-connected squirrel cage induction motor, assume that SWITSCF locates in the first coil of stator a-phase winding, as shown in Fig. 3. A series of transient simulation has been carried out to evaluate the sensitivity and reliability of the SWITSCF feature. Here, sensitivity means that the feature is as sensitive as possible to the fault itself. On the other hand, reliability demonstrates that the feature is insensitive, i.e., robust to the other factors, such as load variation and power supply fluctuation. Suppose that the power supply is amplitudeasymmetrical and complies with Equation (12). Fig. 4 and Table I show the simulation results under the condition that the motor operates with no load and possesses 1 metallic-shorted turn (Rg = 0) in stator a-phase winding. In meanwhile, Fig. 5 and Table II shows the corresponding simulation results under the rated load condition.

5.64%
9.00% 0.00% 10.00%

current (A)
Phase difference between stator a and b-phase currents ( ) Phase difference between stator b and c-phase currents ( )

Tiiile (s)

(a)

Tiiiie (b)

(b)

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15 204

089

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

20

Fig. 5 Stator currents under the condition that the rated-load motor possesses 1 metallic-shorted turn in stator aphase winding
TABLE II SIMULATION RESULTS UNDER THE CONDITION THAT THE RATEDLOAD MOTOR POSSESSES 1 METALLIC-SHORTED TURN IN STATOR APHASE WINDING

(C)

Experiment results under the condition that the motor operates with rated load and possesses 6 resistive-shorted turns in stator b-phase winding are provided in Fig. 6. Here, the inter-turn short circuit current is about 5A. Fig. 6(a) shows that, for an actual motor, stator negative sequence apparent impedance is fluctuating with time due to stator voltage/current harmonics modulation effect, as could influence the SWITSCF detection to some extent. Therefore, an appropriate low-pass filter is used to attain the filtered value of stator negative sequence apparent impedance, detailed in Fig. 6(b).

Healthy
Stator negative sequence apparent impedance (Q) Fundamental harmonic amplitude of stator a-phase current (A)
10.8023 10.7024 0.0949

Faulty
9.8429

Variation ratio
-8.88%
0
.

..... ...

......

....

.... - ...

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Tulle

11*830
0.0975

6.81%
2.74%

Fig. 6 Stator negative sequence apparent impedance

(a)

(s)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.3

0.2

0.4

0.6

080

Tiiile

(b)

(s)

1.2

14 4

Third order harmonic amplitude of stator a-phase current (A) Stator negative sequence
current (A)

V. DETECTION METHOD

0.9597

1.0532

9.74%

Phase difference between stator a and b-phase currents ( ) Phase difference between stator b and c-phase currents ( )

136.8 77.4

138.6 75.6

1.32% -2.33%

It has been pointed out previously that the filtered value of stator negative sequence apparent impedance should be chosen as fault feature to detect SWITSCF. The experiment results of the tested motor, which operates with no load and possesses 6 resistive-shorted turns in stator b-phase winding, are listed in Fig. 7. Here, the inter-turn short circuit current is about 3A.

The above simulation results reveal that both stator negative sequence apparent impedance and stator negative sequence current, as the fault features, are sensitive to SWITSCF, and moreover, robust to load variation than the other fault features such as stator current harmonics, stator three-phase current phase differences. By similarly analyzing the corresponding simulation results, one can draw a conclusion that stator negative sequence apparent impedance is more robust than stator negative sequence current, as the fault feature of SWITSCF. Additionally, the simulation results for another squirrel cage induction motor, 3kW, 380V, 50Hz, 4-pole, Y-connected, indicate that stator current harmonics are less sensitive than stator negative sequence apparent impedance as the SWITSCF feature. To sum up in one word, stator negative sequence apparent impedance is the most reliable SWITSCF feature with satisfactory sensitivity. As a result, stator negative apparent impedance is most preferable to be utilized as the fault feature to detect SWITSCF.
IV. EXPERIMENT RESULTS

0.2

0.4

OE

0.8

Tisl(e s)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

-600

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

fr

(a)

Tfiiie (s)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

3 3

(b)

Tiiie (s)
)

Thiie (s)

'~

(C)

(d)

Experimental investigations have been performed to validate the feasibility to choose stator negative sequence apparent impedance as fault feature to detect SWITSCF.

T(illeIs)

(e)

Tiie I(s)

(f)

1954

results have demonstrated that the detection method is effective.

REFERENCES IAS Motor Reliability Working Group, "Report of large motor reliability survey of industrial and commercial installations, part I," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, 1985, 21(4): 853-864. [2] IAS Motor Reliability Working Group, "Report of large motor reliability survey of industrial and commercial installations, part II," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, 1985, 21(4): 865-872. [3] IAS Motor Reliability Working Group, "Report of large motor reliability survey of industrial and commercial installations, part III," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, 1987, 23(1): 153-158. [4] Olav Vaag Thorsen and Magnus Dalva, "A survey of faults on induction motors in offshore oil industry, petrochemical industry, gas terminals, and oil refineries," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, 1995, 31(5): 1186-1196. [5] J. Sottile, J. L. Kohler, "An on-line method to detect incipient failure of turn insulation in random-wound motors," IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, 1993, 8(4): 762-768. [6] Gojko Joksimovic, Jim Penman, "The detection of inter-turn short circuits in the stator windings of operating motors," Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Aachen (Germany), 1974-1979. [7] Andreas Stavrou, Howard G. Sedding, James Penman, "Current monitoring for detecting inter-turn short circuits in induction motors," IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, 2001, 16(1): 32-37. [8] G. B. Kliman, W. J. Premerlani, R. A. Koegl, et al. "Sensitive, on-line turn-to-turn fault detection in AC motors," Electric Machines and Power Systems, 2000, 28: 915-927. [9] Dong Jian-yuan, Duan Zhi-shan, Xiong Wan-li, "Research of the stator windings faults of asynchronous motor and its diagnostic method," Proceedings of the CSEE., 1999, 19(3): 26-30. [10] Gao Jing-de, Wang Xiang-heng, Li Fa-hai. "Analysis of alternating current electric machine and its system," Beijing, Tsinghua University Press, 1993. [1]

(g)

TneTie (s)

(h)

Fig. 7 Experiment results under the condition that the no-load motor possesses 6 resistive-shorted turns in stator b-phase winding

Besides Fig. 7, a great deal of experiment results demonstrates that the presented detection method, which takes the filtered value of stator negative sequence apparent impedance as the feature of SWITSCF, is effective.
VI. CONCLUSION

The multi-loop mathematical models of squirrel cage induction motor, under the conditions that the motor is healthy/faulty with stator winding inter-turn shorts, are developed successfully. Based on that, the transient numerical simulation and relevant experiment of SWITSCF in induction motors has been accomplished. By thoroughly analyzing the simulation and experiment results, this paper points out that stator negative sequence apparent impedance is the most reliable fault feature of SWITSCF with satisfactory sensitivity. Furthermore, a novel detection method for SWITSCF, which takes the filtered value of stator negative sequence apparent impedance as the fault feature, is presented. Experiment

1955