_35_EE394J_Spring11_Second_Order_Illustrator.

doc Ringdown Analysis of Voltage Phase Angle Using 30 Point-per-Second Synchrophasor Data and the Excel Solver
Start Sec 52.5 Stop Sec 57 Exponential Steady State Transition Curve A B T1 Tau1 -26.75 -28.19 52.95 0.95 C -1.19 T2 53.30 Damped Sinusoidal Term Tau2 Tdamp Fdamp 2.28 1.84 0.544 Zeta 0.127 Avg. Sum Squared Error 0.0022 Alpha 0.439 F0 0.548

Unit Trip April 20, 2011, 13:40:53 CDT. McDonald Angle Relative to U.T. Austin Measured -26 Total Curve Fit

-27 Degrees -28 -29 50 51 52 53 54 55 Second 56 57 58 59 60

Values in the yellow boxes of the spreadsheet are entered by the user. Blue boxes are computed by the spreadsheet. Starting values for A , B , T1 , Tau1 , C , T2 , Tau 2 , and Tdamp in the eight columns beginning with Column C will be adjusted by the Excel Solver.
The problem is to curve fit the ringdown with

(t start t t stop ) = A + ( B A) 1 e (t T1 ) / Tau1 u (t T1 ) +

+ C e (t T2 ) / Tau 2 sin ( d (t T2 ) ) u (t T2 ) . where A + ( B A) 1 e (t T1 ) / Tau1 u (t T1 ) is the exponential term that transitions the steady-state angle from initial value A degrees to final asymptote value B degrees with time constant 1 . C e (t T2 ) / Tau 2 sin ( d (t T2 ) ) u (t T2 ) is the classic damped sinusoid.

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_35_EE394J_Spring11_Second_Order_Illustrator.doc
The Solution Steps

Paste the synchrophasor data into the spreadsheet as follows: sample number goes in Col O, and phase angle data goes in Col P. Make sure no old data remain in these columns. The time column is then filled-in by the spreadsheet assuming 30 points per second. Make sure that formula columns Q through Y are at least as long as the data pasted-in Cols O and P. It is best to leave the length = 3600 so that two full minutes of synchrophasor data can be entered if needed. The measured data will appear in the lower graph of the spreadsheet.
Paste Sample 1 2 3 4 5 Paste Angle -26.6512 -26.6429 -26.6342 -26.62 -26.6141 Time 0.033333 0.066667 0.1 0.133333 0.166667

Adjust the X-axis scale of the top graph until the ringdown fills about one-half of the screen. A 10-second window usually works nicely. Change the title of the top graph to match the study case. Enter zero in the yellow box for variable C so that the damped sinewave is not yet part of the analysis problem. Enter analysis Start Sec. and Stop Sec. in the two left-most yellow boxes. The start time should begin about second prior to the onset of the ringdown. Stop Sec. is when the idealized ringdown is about to show signs of governor action. Start Sec. and Stop Sec. will not be adjusted by the Excel Solver. Enter estimates for initial steady-state angle A and final steady-state angle asymptote B . Enter estimates for exponential starting time T1 and time constant Tau1 , adjusting them until there is an approximate visual match in the steady-state angle transition (without the sinusoid).
Stop Sec 57 Exponential Steady State Transition Curve A B T1 Tau1 -26.80 -28.20 53.00 0.70 C 0.00 T2 53.00 Damped Sinusoidal Term Tau2 Tdamp Fdamp 1.00 1.00 1.000 Zeta 0.157 Avg. Sum Squared Error 0.1581 Alpha 1.000 F0 1.013

Start Sec 52.5

Unit Trip April 20, 2011, 13:40:53 CDT. McDonald Angle Relative to U.T. Austin Measured -26 Total Curve Fit

-27 Degrees -28 -29 50 51 52 53 54 55 Second 56 57 58 59 60

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_35_EE394J_Spring11_Second_Order_Illustrator.doc Next, enter estimates for C , T2 , Tau 2 , and Tdamp . C is the peak magnitude of the damped sinusoid (can be positive or negative). T2 is the time where the damped sinusoidal begins. Tau 2 is the time constant of the damped sinusoids envelope. Tdamp is the time period of the damped resonant frequency estimate it using the time between peaks. Adjust the estimates until there is an approximate visual match.
Exponential Steady State Transition Curve A B T1 Tau1 -26.80 -28.20 53.00 0.70 Damped Sinusoidal Term Tau2 Tdamp Fdamp 1.50 2.00 0.500 Avg. Sum Squared Error 0.1064 Alpha 0.667 F0 0.511

Start Sec 52.5

Stop Sec 57

C -1.50

T2 53.00

Zeta 0.208

Unit Trip April 20, 2011, 13:40:53 CDT. McDonald Angle Relative to U.T. Austin Measured -26 Total Curve Fit

-27 Degrees -28 -29 50 51 52 53 54 55 Second 56 57 58 59 60

Next, invoke the Excel Solver to minimize the least squared error (in cell M3) by adjusting the eight variables: A, B , T1 , Tau1 , C , T2 , Tau 2 , and Tdamp (i.e., cells C3 through J3)

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_35_EE394J_Spring11_Second_Order_Illustrator.doc

Start Sec 52.5

Stop Sec 57

Exponential Steady State Transition Curve A B T1 Tau1 -26.75 -28.19 52.95 0.95

C -1.19

T2 53.30

Damped Sinusoidal Term Tau2 Tdamp Fdamp 2.28 1.84 0.544

Zeta 0.127

Unit Trip April 20, 2011, 13:40:53 CDT. McDonald Angle Relative to U.T. Austin Measured -26 Total Curve Fit

Avg. Sum Squared Error 0.0022 Alpha 0.439 F0 0.548

-27 Degrees -28 -29 50 51 52 53 54 55 Second 56 57 58 59 60

It is sometimes necessary to adjust Stop Sec. to obtain a better match for the pre-governor-action ringdown response. The main objective of this analysis is to obtain the damped resonant frequency Fdamp , and the normalized damping coefficient Zeta . Both are computed by the spreadsheet and displayed in the blue boxes.

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_35_EE394J_Spring11_Second_Order_Illustrator.doc
Additional Example. McDonald Ringdown, May 8, 2011, 20:53 GMT
Exponential Steady State Transition Curve A B T1 Tau1 18.30 16.90 9.30 0.50 Damped Sinusoidal Term Tau2 Tdamp Fdamp 2.50 1.80 0.556 Avg. Sum Squared Error 0.0139 Alpha 0.400 F0 0.559

Start Sec 9

Stop Sec 13

C -1.60

T2 9.70

Zeta 0.114

Unit Trip May 8, 2011, 20:53 GMT. McDonald Angle Relative to U.T. Austin. Measured 19 Total Curve Fit

18 Degrees

17

16

15 7 8 9 10 11 12 Second 13 14 15 16 17

Manual Starting Point for Excel Solver

Start Sec 9

Stop Sec 13

Exponential Steady State Transition Curve A B T1 Tau1 18.23 16.97 9.49 0.21

C -1.63

T2 9.71

Damped Sinusoidal Term Tau2 Tdamp Fdamp 2.54 1.78 0.563

Zeta 0.111

Unit Trip May 8, 2011, 20:53 GMT. McDonald Angle Relative to U.T. Austin. Measured 19 Total Curve Fit

Avg. Sum Squared Error 0.0033 Alpha 0.394 F0 0.566

18 Degrees

17

16

15 7 8 9 10 11 12 Second 13 14 15 16 17

Output of Excel Solver

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