Environmental Database For Peenya Industrial Area Bangalore EMPRI 2008 12

ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASE FOR
PEENYA INDUSTRIAL AREA-

BAN GALORE
- Complementary Project Report -
December 2008
Funded by
Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment
Government of Karnataka
Prepared by
Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute
Bangalore

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute
Hasiru Bhavana, Doresanipalya Forest Campus, Vinayakanagar Circle, J. P. Nagar 5
th
Phase, Bangalore 560 078
Tel: 080-2649 0744 /46 /47 ! Fax: 080-2649 0745 ! Email: EMPRI_Bangalore@yahoo.co.in ! Website: www.empri.kar.nic.in

ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASE
FOR PEENYA INDUSTRIAL AREA
COMPLEMENTARY PROJECT REPORT

December 2008

Environmental Database for Peenya Industrial Area
Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute i

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute ii

FOREWORD

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute (EMPRI) submitted a propo-
sal to the Department of Ecology and Environment, Government of Karnataka, for generating
baseline information on the number and kind of industries, their size and environmental class-
ification as well as pollution control and compliance aspects. The proposal also included the
development of software for updating data on environmental parameters in order to improve
both the monitoring system and management practices of the Government of Karnataka in re-
spect of the industries located in Bangalores Peenya Industrial Area. The Department of Ec-
ology and Environment agreed with the proposal and provided funding of Rs. 5.688 lakhs
vide Government Order No. FEE 07 ENV 2005 (2), Bangalore, dated 19 March 2005.
In the context of this study EMPRI undertook substantial field survey in Peenya In-
dustrial Area. The data collected was complemented with information from Karnataka In-
dustrial Area Development Board (KIADB), Karnataka Small-Scale Industries Development
Corporation (KSSIDC), Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB), Department of
Industries and Commerce of Government of Karnataka, Karnataka State Remote Sensing Ap-
plication Center (KSRSAC), Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, and Peenya Industries Asso-
ciation (PIA). Apart from information on industries and the environmental, this study also
analyses the gamut of interrelated aspects, including infrastructure facilities such as roads,
drainage system, water supply, sanitation, waste disposal as well as transport facilities.
At the time of establishment industries are required to seek consent of KSPCB who
monitors compliance with the provisions of Acts and Rules of State and Central Governments
pertaining to environment protection. However, there appears to be a significant number of
industries that are not registered by KSPCB under environment-related Acts. These industries
may or may not be causing environmental pollution but they exist in large numbers. Many of
these industries are supporting medium and large-scale industries as ancillary units but little
or no information is available on the nature of activities carried out by these industries and
their environmental compliance.
With the present work EMPRI has made an attempt to present a comprehensive envi-
ronmental baseline of Peenya Industrial Area in order to facilitate environmental manage-
ment. The software developed carried on a separate CD ROM will help updating and en-
larging the existing information with regard to pollution control as stipulated by the relevant
Acts and Rules. Besides serving as a reference document, I hope this study will also encour-
age the further updation of information on pollution control measures adopted by industries in
Peenya Industrial Area.

Bangalore,
21
st
January 2009 B. Basappa, IFS

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute iii

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CONTENTS

1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 1
2. OUTPUTS EXPECTED................................................................................................... 1
3. PROFILE OF PEENYA INDUSTRIAL AREA............................................................. 2
3.1. Study area................................................................................................................. 2
3.1.1. Location.......................................................................................................... 2
3.1.2. Climate ........................................................................................................... 2
3.1.3. Soil and drainage............................................................................................ 2
3.1.4. Water bodies................................................................................................... 3
3.2. Development ............................................................................................................. 4
3.2.1. Land acquisition............................................................................................. 4
3.2.2. Infrastructure development ............................................................................ 4
3.2.3. Maintenance ................................................................................................... 5
3.3. Layout ....................................................................................................................... 6
3.4. Employment.............................................................................................................. 7
3.5. Housing ..................................................................................................................... 7
4. PROFILE OF INDUSTRIES........................................................................................... 8
4.1. Industry base ............................................................................................................ 8
4.2. Environmental classification................................................................................... 8
4.3. Growth and mortality.............................................................................................. 9
4.4. Industry sectors...................................................................................................... 10
4.5. Sampled industries................................................................................................. 12
4.5.1. Coverage ...................................................................................................... 12
4.5.2. Environmental classification........................................................................ 13
4.5.3. Industry sectors ............................................................................................ 13
5. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE................................................................................. 16
5.1. Water....................................................................................................................... 16
5.1.1. Industry sectors concerned........................................................................... 16
5.1.2. Pressures....................................................................................................... 16
5.1.3. Quality of ground water ............................................................................... 17
5.1.4. Quality of water bodies ................................................................................ 20
5.2. Waste....................................................................................................................... 23
5.2.2. Hazardous waste........................................................................................... 23
5.2.3. Electronic waste ........................................................................................... 24
5.2.4. Industrial solid waste.................................................................................... 25
5.2.5. Illegal dumpsites identified.......................................................................... 26

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5.3. Air............................................................................................................................ 31
5.3.2. Impact........................................................................................................... 31
5.3.3. Causes .......................................................................................................... 32
5.3.4. Monitoring.................................................................................................... 33
5.4. Noise ........................................................................................................................ 34
5.4.2. Impact........................................................................................................... 35
5.4.3. Causes .......................................................................................................... 35
5.4.4. Monitoring.................................................................................................... 35
5.5. Health...................................................................................................................... 35
6. MITGATION MEASURES ADOPTED....................................................................... 37
6.1. Driving forces ......................................................................................................... 37
6.2. Water pollution control ......................................................................................... 37
6.3. Air pollution control .............................................................................................. 38
6.4. Selected examples................................................................................................... 40
6.5. Summary of selected examples ............................................................................. 51
6.6. Selected common facilities..................................................................................... 52
7. REQUIREMENTS IDENTIFIED................................................................................. 54
7.1. Shortcomings observed.......................................................................................... 54
7.2. Recommendations .................................................................................................. 55
8. SOFTWARE TOOLS DEVELOPED........................................................................... 59
8.1. Database application.............................................................................................. 59
8.2. Geographical Information System (GIS) on Peenya .......................................... 60

ANNEX 1: DETAILED MAPS ............................................................................................. 61
ANNEX 2: DATA AQUISITION FORM............................................................................. 68

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute vi

TABLES

Table 1: Key features of the infrastructure development ........................................................... 4
Table 2: Private industrial areas surrounding Peenya Industrial Area ....................................... 6
Table 3: Recognised slums at Peenya Industrial Area ............................................................... 7
Table 4: Classification of industries registered with KSPCB .................................................... 9
Table 5: Category wise shares of closed industries.................................................................... 9
Table 6: Industry sectors in order of descending share ............................................................ 10
Table 7: Classification of industries assessed .......................................................................... 13
Table 8: Industry sectors represented in the sample set ........................................................... 13
Table 9: Key water polluting industries ................................................................................... 16
Table 10: Water analysis of bore well samples A.................................................................... 18
Table 11: Water analysis of bore well samples B .................................................................... 19
Table 12: Water analysis of Karihobanahalli tank ................................................................... 20
Table 13: Water analysis of Shivapura tank............................................................................. 21
Table 14: Water analysis of Dasarahalli tank........................................................................... 22
Table 15: Main waste generating industry sectors ................................................................... 23
Table 16: Health effects of e-waste constituents...................................................................... 24
Table 17: Registered DG sets in the study area........................................................................ 31
Table 18: Results of air pollutants monitoring in a single location.......................................... 33
Table 19: Results of air pollutants monitoring in multiple locations ....................................... 34
Table 20: Key noise polluting industry sectors ........................................................................ 34
Table 21: Prominent diseases in Peenya Industrial Area ......................................................... 36
Table 22: Water pollution control measures adopted overall................................................... 37
Table 23: Nature of measures taken by sampled industries under the Water Act.................... 38
Table 24: Air pollution control measures adopted overall ....................................................... 39
Table 25: Nature of measures taken by sampled industries under the Air Act ........................ 39

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute vii

FIGURES

Figure 1: Shivapura tank (left) and Karihobanahalli tank (right)............................................... 3
Figure 2: Water bodies in the vicinity of Peenya Industrial Area .............................................. 3
Figure 3: Layout of Peenya Industrial Area ............................................................................... 6
Figure 4: Share of industry sectors........................................................................................... 11
Figure 5: Coverage of sampled industries ................................................................................ 12
Figure 6: Share of industry sector groups sampled .................................................................. 14
Figure 7: Google Earth satellite image of the site along with an indication of boundaries ..... 26
Figure 8: Heaps of solid waste (left) and moulding debris (right) ........................................... 26
Figure 9: Google Earth satellite image of the site along with an indication of boundaries ..... 27
Figure 10: A cross section of the site burning (left) and the open drain in between (right)..... 27
Figure 11: Google Earth satellite image of the site along with an indication of boundaries ... 28
Figure 12: A side view of construction waste (left) and a drainage flowing nearby (right) .... 28
Figure 14: Solid waste on the tank embankment (left) and around the tank (right)................. 29
Figure 16: Solid waste burning on the road sides of the tank .................................................. 30
Figure 17: ETP tanks laden with dye chemicals ...................................................................... 40
Figure 18: A side view of the companys ETP (source www.kongovi.in)............................... 42
Figure 19: Tanks, pumps and circuitry are lined up in a meticulous arrangement .................. 43
Figure 20: Outer walls of the chambers of the sewage treatment plant ................................... 45
Figure 21: Bottom cones of the bag filter chamber (left) and chimneystack (right) ............... 46
Figure 22: Wet scrubber along with blowers ........................................................................... 47
Figure 23: View of the ion exchange cylinder battery of the chromium recovery plant.......... 48
Figure 24: The large painting booth installed inside the shed.................................................. 49
Figure 25: Tank with water-based cleaning agents .................................................................. 50
Figure 26: Collection bins (left) and the waste handling site................................................... 52
Figure 27: Intermediate storage (left) and disposal facility...................................................... 53
Figure 28: Launch screen (pre-release) .................................................................................... 59
Figure 29: Solid waste data form (pre-release) ........................................................................ 59
Figure 30: Water data form (pre-release) ................................................................................. 59
Figure 31: Territorial boundaries.............................................................................................. 60
Figure 32: Green cover............................................................................................................. 60
Figure 33: Selected industries .................................................................................................. 60
Figure 34: Water bodies ........................................................................................................... 60
Figure 35: Layered image......................................................................................................... 60

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute viii

ACRONYMS
AMC Annual maintenance contract
BBMP Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike
BMP Bangalore Mahanagara Palike
BMTC Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
BOD Biological oxygen demand
BWSSB Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
CETP Common effluent treatment plant
CFE Consent for establishment
CFO Consent for operation
CMC City Municipal Corporation
CNS Central nervous systems
CO Carbon monoxide
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
DG Diesel generator
DIC District Industries Centre
EMPRI Environment Management & Policy Research Institute
EOU Export-oriented unit
ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute
ETP Effluent Treatment Plant
GIS Geographic Information System
GoI Government of India
GoK Government of Karnataka
GTZ German Technical Cooperation
HAWA Hazardous Waste Management Project, Karnataka
HW Hazardous waste
IMTMA Indian Machine Tool Manufacturers Association
IT Information Technology
ITES Information Technology Enabled Services
KIADB Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board
KSCB Karnataka Slum Clearance Board
KSPCB Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
KSRSAC Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Centre
KSSIDC Karnataka State Small Industries Development Corporation
KUWSDB Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board
MIS Management information system
MMSME Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
MNC Multinational company
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests
Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute ix

ND Not detectable
NH National Highway
NO
X
Oxides of nitrogen
PIA Peenya Industries Association
PICUP Peenya Infrastructure Corridor Upgradation Project
PM Particulate matter
PPE Personal protective equipment
PPP Public-private partnership
RO Regional Office
RO Reverse osmosis
ROHS Restriction of Hazardous Substances
RSPM Respirable suspended particulate matter
SO
X
Oxides of sulphur
SPM Suspended particulate matter
SSI Small-scale industries
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SW Solid waste
TCE Trichloroethylene
TDS Total dissolved solids
TSDF Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility
UGD Underground drainage
VOC Volatile organic compounds
YTC Yet to be commissioned
Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute x

CONTRIBUTORS

Project report Database development GIS application Survey
! Felix Nitz
! Uzra Sultana
! Dr. K.S. Murali
! V. Sreenivas
! B.S. Chandrakala
! Dr. Bakul Rao
! Chandrashekara-
swamy M.T.

! Uzra Sultana
with support of
Karnataka State
Remote Sensing
Application Center
(KSRSAC)

! V. Sreenivas
! B.S. Chandrakala
! Uzra Sultana

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute xi

Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute 1

1. BACKGROUND
Peenya Industrial Area is one of the largest industrial areas in Bangalore. It has witnessed
rapid growth, leaving tangible impacts on the environment. Observable impacts are a shortage
of water, increased air and water pollution, the rise of communicable diseases as well as loss
of green cover. A plan for the systematic improvement of the environment of Peenya In-
dustrial Area is required to address the existing environmental pressure points. Such compre-
hensive plan requires reliable baseline data. Though the data currently available on the in-
dustries located in PIA offers valuable input, the data is too limited to lend itself to the devel-
opment of a comprehensive improvement plan.
The project carried out by EMPRI on Peenya Industrial Area seeks to improve on the dearth
of data. The project aims to achieve this through two complementary instruments: a database
application and this report. The database was developed to permit recording of relevant envi-
ronmental information in future, the project report presents and analyses environmental data
currently available.
2. OUTPUTS EXPECTED
The following outputs are expected from the project carried out by EMPRI:
1) A report on the status of environment prevailing in Peenya Industrial Area comprising of
a) A compilation and review of environmental baseline data for various parameters such
as ambient air quality, noise, water quality, health, land use and land cover patterns,
housing, industry, solid and hazardous waste management, water supply and sanita-
tion, waste water treatment and disposal practices.
b) A compilation of mitigative measures and cleaner production measures currently ad-
opted by industries for control of environmental pollution and assessment of the ad-
equacy of these measures.
2) A database application capable of recording, maintaining and reporting of industry spe-
cific parameters relevant to environmental pollution on a continuous basis. The database
includes a host of industries and time specific parameters including ledgers showing re-
source utilisation and mitigation measures adopted. This database aims to equip KSPCB
with a tool for the management of information relevant for effective environmental man-
agement.
Both the report and the database are complementary instruments which aim to assist decision
making processes with regard to improving the state of environment of Peenya Industrial
Area.
In addition to the scope of work described in the pertaining work order, the set of deliverables
was voluntarily supplemented by the submission of environmental data compatible with a
geographical information system (GIS). The GIS-compatible data links environmental infor-
mation available to specific geographic locations. Its aim is to demonstrate the utility of GIS
as a tool for analysis of environmental parameters and its capacity for environmental man-
agement.

3. PROFILE OF PEENYA INDUSTRIAL AREA
3.1. Study area
3.1.1. Location
Peenya Industrial Area is located in Bangalore, about 16 km northwest of the city centre, on
the Bangalore-Pune National Highway (NH 4). Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka, is situ-
ated on the Deccan plateau at an altitude of 920 m above the mean sea level at 1258' northern
latitude and 7735' eastern longitude. Peenya Industrial Area falls in the Bangalore North ta-
luk of Bangalore Urban district.
The study area comprises of two areas developed by different state agencies. While one ag-
ency, Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board (KIADB), named its portion as Peenya
Industrial Area, comprising of Phases 1 to 4; Karnataka State Small Industries Development
Corporation (KSSIDC) has chosen the name Peenya Industrial Estate, comprising of Stages 1
to 3 for the subsequently developed portion. However, the differentiation of two areas in
terms of language ceased to be observed, especially for the greater public outside the area and
over a period of time the term Peenya Industrial Area became the colloquial synonym for
the entire area. In keeping with the colloquial practice, the term Peenya Industrial Area has
been adopted for the purpose of this study to refer to both Peenya Industrial Area and Estate.
Wherever the reader needs a clear differentiation of areas it can conveniently be made based
on Phases and Stages.
3.1.2. Climate
The mean annual rainfall of Bangalore City is 859.6 mm. Most of it is received during the
southwest monsoon between June and September and during northwest monsoon. Statistically
September is the wettest and January the driest month of the year.
Air temperature varies between a minimum of 14C and maximum of 34C. The lowest tem-
perature ever recorded was 7.8C and the highest 38.9C. April is the hottest month of the
year while December to January marks the coldest period. The lowest relative humidity of
30% is noticed during the month of March and the highest between June and October, reach-
ing up to 85%.
Surface winds have seasonal character with westerly components predominating in July and
easterly components in October. High-wind-speed averages of about 17 km/h are observed
during July under westerly winds and low-wind-speed averages of 8 to 9 km/h between April
and October.
3.1.3. Soil and drainage
Geologically Peenya Industrial Area belongs to Achaean era. Gneiss, granite and dykes are
the major rock types, the former two being found in varying depths. The area is nearly evenly
flat with only gentle slopes and valleys. Predominantly red soil is found in the area overlaying
granite and gneiss from which it is derived. The soil is moderately to severely eroded and ex-
cessively drained. It varies from gravelly to sandy with some clay here and there.
The drainage pattern is governed by granitic ridge, running north-northeast to south-southeast
almost through the middle of the taluk. The eastern side of the drainage is made up of a net-
work of nallas, flowing generally from west to east with storage tanks along the path, ulti-

mately feeding the South Pinakini river on the western side. The western nallas generally
flow from east to west, draining off into Arkavati river.
3.1.4. Water bodies
Prominent water bodies in the vicinity of Peenya Industrial Area comprise of three tanks:
Shivapura, Karihobanahalli and Dasarahalli. Figure 1 below illustrates their locations. All the
three tanks are lying downstream in view of the study area and are fed by a number of streams
running through Peenya Industrial Area.

Figure 1: Shivapura tank (left) and Karihobanahalli tank (right)

Figure 2: Water bodies in the vicinity of Peenya Industrial Area


3.2. Development
3.2.1. Land acquisition
The development of Peenya Industrial Area followed a structured planning process of the
designated development authorities. Land for the development of the area was acquired solely
by KIADB, an agency owned by the Government of Karnataka (GoK). Acquisition for a total
of 1187 acres for Phases 1 to 4 was completed in 1971. Hereafter acquisition for three addi-
tional areas, Stage 1 to 3, with a total of 298 acres was initiated and completed in 1975.
3.2.2. Infrastructure development
Starting in 1971 KIADB developed Phases 1 to 4 to become Bangalores fourth industrial
area after Ramanagaram (1957), Rajajinagar (1959) and Dyavasandra (1968). Phases 1 to 4
also made for the largest industrial area of Bangalore at that time, twice as large as Dyavasan-
dra (525 acres) and more than 30 times larger than the next in line, Rajajinagar (37 acres).
Land acquired for the forthcoming Stages 1 to 3 was transferred to KSSIDC in 1975 to cater
to the needs of small-scale industries. However, KIADB retained a role in Phases 1 to 3 by
developing plots earmarked for selected larger industries.
An initial network of tarred roads for the entire area was built by KIADB providing access to
the approximately 600 plots. Access to rail, water or air does not exist. In Stages 1 to 3
KSSIDC constructed 1,058 sheds on 238 plots for small-scale industries, making an average
of 4.4 sheds per plot. Phases 1 to 4 were handed over to industries bare and without structures
according to design. A total of around 30 bore wells were drilled for water supply by KIADB
and KSSIDC respectively. Phases 1 to 4 were equipped with an underground drainage system
(UGD) for sewage while the later development of Stages 1 to 3 excluded a sewerage system.
Here the occupants are required to build septic tanks and soak pits individually. No provision
for management of solid or hazardous waste was made in the development plan. Table 1 pre-
sents the most important characteristics of the infrastructure development at a glance.
Table 1: Key features of the infrastructure development
Features Phase 1 to 4 Stage 1 to 3
Gross area covered 1187 acres 298 acres
Land use (approximately)
Plots
Roads, civic amenities
Open space, parks

72 %
23 %
5 %

68 %
30 %
2 %
Overall development by KIADB KSSIDC
Plots demarcated 362 (approx.) 238
Sheds constructed none 1,058
Water supply through BWSSB, bore wells, tankers
Drainage UGD No provision
Waste management No provision
Housing facilities 100 No provision
Access to road Yes
Access to rail No provision
Access to water transport No provision
Source: KIADB; KSSIDC, BBMP

3.2.3. Maintenance
The responsibility for maintenance of infrastructural facilities was shared between the City
Municipal Corporation (CMC) with 60% and Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BMP) with
40%. With the establishment of Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), in which both
CMC and BMP merged, BBMP assumed the responsibility for Peenya Industrial Areas
maintenance wholly.
Peenyas roads accommodate the entirety of transport requirements for both commutation and
freight. The absence of adequate maintenance rendered roads increasingly unfit for their pur-
pose while they remained the sole lifeline of the area. Severe degradation paired with the ex-
perience of perpetual neglect prompted Peenya Industries Association (PIA) in partnership
with North Bangalore Industries Association and Indian Machine Tool Manufacturers Asso-
ciation (IMTMA) to assume charge of road maintenance in a Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
through the Peenya Infrastructure Corridor Upgradation Project (PICUP). In 2008 PICUP
completed the upgradation of 48 km of roads, costing nearly INR 20 crore (200 million). 75%
of the cost is borne by Government of India (GoI), 15% by PIAs members and 10% by GoK.
On the other side, the same roads were dug up by the corporation for laying of electricity ca-
bles, leaving trenches with uncompressed sand and damaged tarmac. Heavy goods vehicles
were subsequently found stuck in these trenches and conditions began to resemble their earlier
stage. The uncoordinated intervention of the corporation in question is likely to have caused a
lasting impact discouraging further private engagement in maintenance.
The decline of Bangalores water table over the past two decades did not spare Peenya. Water
supplies, as drawn from about 30 central bore wells, became scarcer as bore wells began to
dry up. The situation was compounded by pollution of water resources through unscientific
discharge of effluents. Of the 18 bore wells of Stages 1 to 3, nine were reported to have dried
up prior to 2004 and the remaining bore wells were contaminated and unfit for drinking pur-
poses. KSSIDC saw itself in no position to maintain the supply of potable water following
which the responsibility was transferred to Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
(BWSSB). However, the inadequacy of water supply continues to be apparent throughout the
area. A large share of industries is reported to rely on their own bore wells drilled to tackle the
supply shortage; commercial water tankers provide for the residual demand. Stakeholders
admit that the drainage system of Phases 1 to 4 as insufficiently maintained by but no specific
information was available for this study.
Solid waste management by CMC/BMP and, from 2007, by BBMP, emerges as largely ab-
sent. The number and magnitude of illegal waste dumps containing industrial solid waste bear
evidence to this fact. The situation remained persistently out of control of civic authorities,
eventually prompting the PICUP project to address this requirement. A 5-acre plot of land is
being developed since 2007 as waste collection and handling centre. The system includes
waste collection from 100 purpose-built concrete bins distributed across Peenya and segrega-
tion into recyclable components to be forwarded to commercial recyclers (refer to chapter 6.5,
Example 1). INR 1 crore (10 million) is being invested in PPP with contributions from GoI,
PIA members and GoK in the same share as indicated for road improvement above. BBMP is
interested in operating the waste management system. Though this is highly desirable, PICUP
wishes to retain a stake to safeguard its functioning. As of October 2008, negotiations in this
regard are understood to continue.
The deficiency of maintenance is a tangible reality and office bearers of both PIA and BBMP
alike have voiced their concerns. It compounds the problem caused by the limitations of infra-
structure and renders the 35-year old Peenya Industrial Area infrastructurally challenged.

3.3. Layout
Peenya Industrial Area, comprising of Phases 1 to 4 and Stages 1 to 3, spans 1,485 acres (6.0
km
2
) of interconnected land. It stretches from southwest to northeast, spanning about 5.0 km
at its farthermost points. The widest northwest to southeast expanse is about 2.8 km. The
Bangalore-Pune National Highway, in city limits known as Tumkur Road, passes through the
estate on the north-eastern section, separating Phase 1 and Stage 1. Apart from Tumkur Road
other major access roads include Outer Ring Road and Magadi Road.

Figure 3: Layout of Peenya Industrial Area
Peenya Industrial Area is surrounded by residential areas, private industrial areas, undevel-
oped land and water bodies. Specific mentioning deserves Yeshwantpur Industrial Area and
Yeshwantpur Industrial Suburb. During the course of Peenyas growth, a considerable num-
ber of private industrial estates grew organically adjacent to it. As records of Karnataka State
Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) show, a large number of these industries have obtained
consent for establishment (CFE) and operation (CFO) and are thus operating legally. Promi-
nent areas include but may not be limited to those listed in Table 2. Infrastructural facili-
ties in private industrial areas are far below the level of Peenya.
Table 2: Private industrial areas surrounding Peenya Industrial Area
Adjacent private industrial areas
1. Bhyraveswara Industrial Estate 6. Nadakerappa Industrial Estate
2. Byregowda Industrial Estate 7. Nallagundanalhalli Industrial Estate
3. Doddana Industrial Estate 8. Narayana Gowda Industrial Estate
4. Macksons Industrial Estate 9. Sri Muneshwara Industrial Estate
5. Maruthi Industrial Estate/Town 10. Sri Raghavendra Industrial Estate
Source: KSPCB 2008; City Map of Bangalore, Eicher Goodearth Limited

Detailed maps of Peenya Industrial Area are presented at Annex 1. These maps were digi-
talised and fed into a Geographical Information System (GIS) by Karnataka State Remote
Sensing Application Centre (KSRSAC). GIS information developed for this study is provided
on a CD ROM accompanying this report.
3.4. Employment
According to PIA it is estimated that the 3,000 industries operating in Peenya Industrial Area
employ about 400,000 to 425,000 workers. The share of women in the workforce is estimated
to be 40%. This makes for an average number of workers per industry between 133 to 142.
This number is large considering that the great majority of industries are small or micro enter-
prises and suggests that large and medium industries present might have a considerable work-
force. This appears plausible considering for instance cases such as the 26 large and medium
scale labour intensive garment industries.
3.5. Housing
Peenya Industrial Area was planned and developed as an exclusively industrial area. The only
exception is formed by housing quarters for about 100 industrial managers established by
KIADB. This approach appears reasonable given the relatively small extent of the estate and
the fact that it is well embedded in the surrounding environment with a sizeable choice of
residential areas in the vicinity.
A number of workers are believed to stay on industrial premises according to BBMP. Some
units are believed to let out unutilised building space to workers, especially those at the bot-
tom end of the income ladder such as workers in garment factories. No estimates about the
number of workers to whom accommodation is being provided exist.
Slums have grown in unutilised corners of the Peenya Industrial Area. As shown in Table 3,
three slums have been recognised by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board (KSCB) while basic
amenities have not been provided. The total slum population of below a thousand does not
suggest that slum dwellers at Peenya constitute a significant part of its workforce.
Table 3: Recognised slums at Peenya Industrial Area
Slum Locality Number of huts Population
Gulbraga Slum Phase 2 50 241
Niligiri Thopu Peenya Phase 3 65 180
Siddarthanagara Stage 3 147 309
Totals 261 730
Source: Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, 2008


4. PROFILE OF INDUSTRIES
4.1. Industry base
As of 2008, PIA estimates the total number of industries present at Peenya Industrial Area to
be approximately 3,000. The majority is believed to belong to small and micro enterprises and
only about 40 to 45 medium and large industries. Only 1,565 industries, a much lesser num-
ber, are registered with KSPCB as of 31 March 2007. According to BBMP, the adjacent areas
surrounding Peenya Industrial Area are believed to accommodate a further 3,000 industries.
Before one dwells on the break-up of industries which could rely on the break-up of regis-
tered industries only and not the overall total one would need to investigate the substantial
discrepancy between these numbers. The Water Act requires industries that discharge sewage
or effluent to apply for consent with KSPCB. Similarly, the Air Act requires prior consent for
industries that generate emissions through, for instance, diesel generator (DG) sets, boilers
and processes. Though the criteria laid out appear to cover almost the entire gamut of in-
dustrial activities, especially considering the inclusion of sewage generation, in reality there
exists a large number of industries that do not fall into anyone of these categories. Peenya In-
dustrial Area is host to a large number of such industries that occupy tiny workshops, often no
more than 10x10 ft, without toilet facilities. These industries do not come under the purview
of Water Act and need to register with KSPCB only should another criteria apply. Quite often
none does. This fact is not surprising considering the operational constraints the size itself
imposes. Such enterprises would chiefly be engineering industries, predominantly engaged in
job work for other, often larger engineering industries. The number of such enterprises in
Peenya Industrial Area may be above 1,000 and in terms of magnitude be nearly comparable
to the number of registered industries. Industries not registered with KSPCB may also include
enterprises evading the consent process. However, these may not constitute a significant share
because KSPCBs inspection officers are vigilant and have regularised the identification of er-
rant industries.
4.2. Environmental classification
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the state agency KSPCB classify industries
based on the pressure they exert on the environment. The pressure depends first and foremost
on the activity and processes undertaken and waste streams associated with these. Based on
predefined categories industries are classified as highly polluting (Red), moderately pollut-
ing (Orange) or less polluting (Green) when seeking consent for establishment (CFE) or
operation (CFO). It should be noted that differences exist between CPCBs and KSPCBs
categorisation of industries. KSPCBs system is understood to have its root in CPCBs but to
have been updated several times based on experiences that provide for a better differentiation
of environmentally relevant activities
1
. Table 4 shows the consolidated registry of KSPCB for
industries of Peenya Industrial Area.

1
Refer to http://kspcb.kar.nic.in/consent_management.htm

Table 4: Classification of industries registered with KSPCB
Environmental categories
Red Orange Green
Size
Operat-
ing
YTC
2

Closed/
shifted
Operat-
ing
YTC
Closed/
shifted
Operat-
ing
YTC
Closed/
shifted
Sub-
totals
Large 30 0 4 18 2 5 27 1 3 90
Medium 33 2 2 17 2 7 105 13 26 207
Small 309 16 106 77 5 31 583 9 132 1,268
Subtotals 372 18 112 112 9 43 715 23 161 1,565
502 164 899
Share 32.1% 10.5% 57.4% 100%

Operating 372 112 715 1,199
YTC 18 9 23 50
Closed/ shifted 112 43 161 316
Source: Annual Reports of KSPCB RO Peenya and RO North, 2007
Nearly 43% of registered industries belong to the Red and Orange category while Green holds
the majority. In terms of size, the greatest share is constituted by small-scale industries (SSIs),
accounting for 81% of the overall total. Their share would be substantially higher if this
break-up would consider the criteria for classification of SSIs laid down by Ministry of Mi-
cro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MMSME) instead of KSPCBs. MMSME classifies SSIs
as those with an investment up to INR 5 crore in plant and machinery. KSPCB, by contrast,
ads to that also the cost of land or, in cases of rental or lease base, the capital equivalent of a
ten-year tenure. The inclusion of these additional and often substantial costs lifts a sizable
share of SSIs to the status of medium size enterprises and, presumably, some medium scale
enterprises to large in the eyes of KSPCB. This fact explains as to why PIA following the
generally accepted definition of sizes of MMSME estimated the number of large and me-
dium industries of the area to be about 40-45 while on KSPCBs record lists 297 industries, a
number that is more than six times greater.
4.3. Growth and mortality
A substantial number of industries, 20% overall total, closed down or moved away. This not
only applies for Red and Orange category industries where a more stringent monitoring of en-
vironmental parameters would make this appear likelier; it also includes Green category in-
dustries account for more than half of all closed industries. A look at individual categories re-
veals that closures are with 26% highest in Orange while Red occupies the second place.
Table 5: Category wise shares of closed industries
Industries
Category
Total Closed Share
Red 502 112 22%
Orange 164 43 26%
Green 899 161 18%
Source: Annual Reports of KSPCB RO Peenya and RO North, 2007

2
Yet to be commissioned

50 industries are shown as yet to be commissioned (YTC). Their overall share makes a
mere 3% of the total and they account for less than one sixth of closed industries. This ap-
pears to indicate a decline in the number of registered industries which is an established fact.
However, the ratio of YTCs to closed industries is not an adequate parameter to judge the
overall growth because these headings do not consider similar periods of time. Closed in-
dustries tend to linger on the records for years and are therefore over-represented while YTC
industries constitute a shorter-term projection. Nevertheless, there is a clear net decline of reg-
istered industries. KSPCBs data shows 1,521operating industries in 2005 and only 1,199 in
2007. This represents a remarkable drop by 21% in merely two years. Interestingly, PIA ob-
served a slight but not significant rise of number of industries over the past few years. This
suggests a considerable shift from the registered towards the unregistered segment currently
accounting for nearly half of Peenyas industries.
4.4. Industry sectors
The way in which an industry impacts the environment depends on the nature of its activities
and processes undertaken and the waste streams associated with these. Activities can be
grouped into sectors that encompass industries which undertake similar activities. Neverthe-
less, any attempt to group or classify activates requires a certain degree of simplification. The
lesser the number of categories in which industrial activities is broken up into, the higher is
the degree of simplification. The sector attribution presented in Table 6 is based on informa-
tion from the registry of Regional Offices of KSPCB, which included to some degree raw data
requiring a manual classification.
Table 6: Industry sectors in order of descending share
Operating industries
Industry sector
Large Medium Small
YTC
Closed/
shifted
Sector
total
Sector
share
Engineering: Without plating; Others 64 182 747 48 296 1337 85.4%
Textile: Garments 10 16 35 2 4 67 4.3%
Engineering: Electroplating 10 2 40 3 55 3.5%
Plastic bags 14 4 18 1.2%
Pharmaceuticals 4 4 4 2 14 0.9%
Foundry 1 9 3 13 0.8%
Battery manufacturing 3 7 2 12 0.8%
Pesticides and fertilizers 8 1 9 0.6%
Rubber products 2 2 3 1 8 0.5%
Textile: Dyeing & printing 1 4 2 7 0.4%
Agro products 1 6 7 0.4%
Vehicle servicing 1 1 4 6 0.4%
Lead reprocessing 5 5 0.3%
Chemicals 1 1 2 0.1%
Oil reprocessing 2 2 0.1%
Industrial gases 1 1 0.1%
Software 1 1 0.1%
Health Care Establishments 1 1 0.1%
Totals 95 216 888 50 316 1,565 100%
Comparison Totals Table 4 75 155 969
Deviations +20 +61 -81
Source: KSPCB, as of 31 March 2007


A central observation is the prominence of engineering industries. The breakups key weak-
ness is the fact that it does not provide details of sub categories. Together the two engineering
segments account for 89% of registered industries. While it seems apparent that Peenya In-
dustrial Area is first and foremost an engineering cluster, it is feared that many industrial ac-
tivities for which no category has been created such as refractories are simply clubbed
with engineering.
80% of operating engineering industries belong to the small scale segment. The coexistence
of 787 SSIs side by side with a 184 medium and 74 large enterprises makes it plausible to as-
sume a tangible degree of vertical integration and interdependency. It is assumed that this ex-
tends also to a large share of unregistered enterprises, the majority of which is believed to en-
gage in engineering job work.
The textile sector occupies a discernable but not large share. Garment industries account for
more than 4% of all industries. This number may not appear significant when compared to
engineering but a closer look at this sector is important because garment industries, especially
larger ones, employ a large workforce and collectively contribute a substantial share of
Peenya Industrial Areas workforce. Large workforces generate sewage of scale, waster water
being an area of environmental concern. The dying and printing units, though accounting for
only 0.7% too are highly relevant because the trade effluents generated in chemicals-intensive
wet processes such as scouring, bleaching and dyeing.
More then ten industries exist of each of pharmaceuticals, battery manufacturing, foundries
and plastic bags, the balance being shared between a host of different sectors, each one of
them represented only by a single digit number of industries. Figure 4 illustrates the distribu-
tion of main industry sectors.

Figure 4: Share of industry sectors
A discrepancy exists between the totals of operating large, medium and small industries
shown in Table 4 and Table 6. Table 6 considers a greater number of large and medium in-
dustries yet fewer small industries while the sum total of these deviations is zero. It appears
that that the same industries have merely been sized differently in different data sets. The data
presented here has been presented as is and no attempt has been made to tally these records
because the results are unlikely to alter the key observations or conclusions.

4.5. Sampled industries
4.5.1. Coverage
Through a field survey EMPRI has collected detailed information from 476 industries, ac-
counting for 30% of all operating of Peenya Industrial Area in 2006. 72% of the sampled in-
dustries belong to the Red and Orange categories. Figure 5 presents an overview of the spread
of industries sampled, visualising the respective categories assigned by KSPCB.

Figure 5: Coverage of sampled industries
In the initial sampling phase, EMPRI solicited information from industries through a door-to-
door survey in 2006 under use of a data acquisition form developed for this purpose (refer to
Annex 2). In its vital components the form corresponds to the scope of environmental state-
ments prepared by industries. The survey met with a chiefly unfavourable response from the
industry and the acquisition process posed a nearly insurmountable challenge in the face of a
largely uncooperative environment. The turnout was disproportionally low considering the
level of effort invested. After the laborious acquisition of data from about 200 industries
through this method the decision was taken to abandon the door-to-door survey in favour of
extracting relevant data from environmental statements of individual industries available with
KSPCB. The cooperation with KSPCB helped immensely in covering the large sample size.
Red industry sampled
Orange industry sampled
Green industry sampled
Plot boundaries
Red industry sampled
Orange industry sampled
Green industry sampled
Plot boundaries

4.5.2. Environmental classification
To assess the state of environment it is necessary to consider the pressures exerted by in-
dustries on the environment. Pressures are particularly significant for industries classified as
Red or Orange. Out of the 476 industries sampled, 345 (72%) are categorised as either Red or
Orange. This reflects the focus attributed to highly and moderately polluting industries. This
share also accounts for about 53% of the overall total of 655 non-green industries operating in
2006, the year in which survey was conducted. A breakup of the industries sampled is pro-
vided at Table 7.
Table 7: Classification of industries assessed
Environmental categories
Size
Red Orange Green Unassigned
Subtotal
Large 21 3 9 - 33
Medium 25 26 65 - 116
Small 211 59 56 - 326
Unassigned - - - 1 1
Totals 257 88 130 1 476
Share of operat-
ing total in 2006
54% 49% 15% 30%
Source: EMPRI
4.5.3. Industry sectors
Industries assessed have been attributed to sectors based on products manufactures as shown
in Table 8. This permits a far more precise picture as compared to KSPCBs breakup. How-
ever, its comparability with KSPCB data shown in Table 6 is limited. Though the sample size
accounts for a proud 30%, by design, the share of Red and Orange category industries is over-
represented in the survey. Industry sectors belonging to Red and Orange categories will
consequentially be overrepresented as well.
Table 8: Industry sectors represented in the sample set
Industry sectors Number of industries
Iron and steel based
Engineering - Fabrication 82
Engineering - Metal surface treatment 75
Engineering - Systems and components 59
Foundries & Smelters 25
Engineering - Machine tools 14
Wires & Cables 4
Subtotal 259
Chemical and allied
Chemicals & Specialty chemicals 27
Pharmaceuticals 16
Plastics 15
Paints 13
Rubber products 10
Pesticides & Fertilisers 6
Cosmetics 3
Lubricants 3
Subtotal 93


Industry sectors Number of industries
Textile
Garments 26
Wet processing 3
Laundry 2
Looms 1
Yarn 1
Subtotal 33
Other sectors
Electricals & Electrical equipment 13
Electronics 11
Batteries 10
Ceramics & Refractory materials 7
Paper & Cardboard 7
Food & Food ingredients 6
Trading & Repackaging 5
Furniture 4
Printing press 4
Fodder & Fodder supplements 3
Mineral processing 3
Stone products 3
Brewery 2
Leather products 2
Oil and solvent reprocessing 2
Glass 1
Hospital 1
Hotel 1
Incense sticks 1
Industrial gases 1
Medical implants 1
Software 1
Vehicle service 1
Wood products 1
Subtotal 91

Figure 6 shows the weigtage of sector groups. From this it becomes apparent that iron and
steel based industries account for only 54% of the industries sampled as compared to nearly
90% of engineering industries (inclusive of foundries) according to KSPCBs breakup at
Table 6.

Figure 6: Share of industry sector groups sampled

The primary reason for the limited comparability has been highlighted above. A compounding
factor is that the boundaries for sector definitions based on products manufactured might not
exactly conform to the criteria applied by KSPCB. As was pointed out in chapter 4.4, KSPCB
is understood to have clubbed a number of non-engineering manufacturing industries with en-
gineering. The sample data suggests that this might extend also to sectors such as paints, pa-
per, leather, food and trading as none of these appear separately in KSPCBs breakup.
Among the sectors grouped under iron and steel based industries, the manufacture of systems
and components as well as machine tools are positioned near the top end of the value chain. In
the sample size this layer is about 28% strong, suggesting that a large portion of the remainder
probably the majority - acts as intermediary among vertically integrated industries, provid-
ing specific services such as, for instance, casting and metal surface treatment. In the iron and
steel group these intermediary processes are of particular importance as they tend to consist of
processes of greater energy, waste and chemicals intensity compared to other processes. In-
termediary processes exert thus a higher pressure on the environment as compared to mere
product assembly and testing at the end of the process chain. Intermediary services are often
outsourced while the client retains some but limited control over work practices and treatment
of waste streams.
The 93 industries of the chemical and allied industries group account for a considerable one
fifth of the entire sample assessment size. This share is much larger than expected from
KSPCBs breakup at Table 6, which lists only 51 industries of comparable categories. Given
that the assessment deals with a smaller sample size, the subtotal of this group was expected
to approach but certainly not to exceed 51. The fact that KSPCBs total is exceeded by an
enormous 81% implies that grouping boundaries differed significantly, as mentioned before,
while indicating the possibility that many industries belonging to this group have been mer-
ged with the engineering sector in KSPCBs breakup.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
5.1. Water
5.1.1. Industry sectors concerned
Industries contribute to water pollution with a wide range of toxic chemicals, lubricants,
pathogens, hazardous compounds, oil and grease, dyes, suspended solids and non-
biodegradable matter. Prominent water polluters are large water consumers, which generate
large amounts of liquid waste streams. Sectors generating liquid waste streams in Peenya In-
dustrial Areas include but are not limited to those listed in Table 9.
Table 9: Key water polluting industries
Prominent effluent generating sectors
Electroplating Pharmaceuticals
Chemical Pesticides and fertilizers
Dyeing and printing Food processing
Engineering Automobile servicing
Tanning Fabrication
Prominent sewage generating sectors
Garments IT, ITES and BT
Source: EMPRI 2008
In 2008 BWSSB estimated its water supply to Peenya Industrial Area to be between 84-86
million litres per month. Recipients supplement water supplies with drawings from individual
bore wells and commercial tankers. Though no estimate for water from these sources is avail-
able it can be assumed to account for a very significant share in the overall supply.
5.1.2. Pressures
Pressures on natural water resources owe to two key aspects: overexploitation and contamina-
tion. The excessive depletion of resources in Bangalore has resulted in a tangible decline of
the water table. A 2008 assessment of Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board
(KUWSDB) concluded that Bangalores water table dropped from an average of 80-150 feet
to 800 feet in the course of 20 years. This fact is felt in Peenya as well. Bore wells of rela-
tively low depth constructed decades ago have by and large gone dry, including a number of
those drilled by Karnataka State Small Industries Development Corporation (KSSIDC). A 96
feet (29 m) bore well drilled on the premises of a foundry in Phase 4 in 1986 provided good,
potable water. Following the gradual drying up of that bore well, a new well of 290 feet (88
m) was drilled in 2006. Though the new well is capable of delivering water, the water drawn
reportedly bears an objectionable smell and is unsuitable for drinking purposes. Many entre-
preneurs residing in Peenya since more than a decade have observed such drastic deterioration
in terms of availability and quality of water. Causes for increasing water contamination are
extremely varied. A selection is presented in the following.
Leakages of
underground
drainage systems
Inspections of underground drainage systems (UGDs) are rare and re-
medial actions are generally limited to emergency repairs, undertaken
after the identification of breakdowns.

Leachate from
unauthorised
dumpsites
Leachate from unauthorized dumpsites of industrial waste percolates
into the water table and contaminates the ground water as well as water
bodies. Lack of solid waste management encourages disposal in un-
authorised places and no preventive or remedial actions have been taken
to clear these dumpsites.
Infiltration from
soak pits
Sewage at various degrees of decomposition seeps out of soak pits as
containment is limited by the virtue of nature.
Leakage/overflow
of septic tanks
Poor construction and placement paired with the widespread absence of
maintenance together form and compound leakages. Loading septic
tanks in excess of capacity invariably results in direct discharge into the
environment.
Improper treat-
ment of effluent
Though many treatment plants appear to be working technically, not all
will produce legislation-compliant results all the time. While analysis
reports occasionally report trespasses, an estimation of magnitude and
significance would require a much closer monitoring than currently in
place.
Direct discharge
of sewage or ef-
fluent
Direct discharge of waste streams into drainages, lakes, on open land, or
even dried up bore wells though not to be presumed common in
Peenya Industrial Area is not believed completely eradicated. This
problem is brought about by the absence of UGDs, soak pits or septic
tanks, negligent overflow of septic tanks, avoidance of treatment cost,
underlying which is an obvious lack of concern for the environment. In
the case of effluents the potential magnitude of the issue is highlighted
by the discrepancy between the projected effluent generation according
to the consent documents and quantities actually sent for treatment. M/s
Eco Green Solution Systems Pvt. Ltd, a CETP operator with about 70
customers in Peenya, reports to have total subscriptions for about 8 lakh
litres per month (800,000) while the utilisation level as of 2008 is just
above 3 lakh litres (300,000). Monitoring is too limited to keep viola-
tions entirely in check.

5.1.3. Quality of ground water
Decades worth of discharge of pollutants under a previously less stringent monitoring regime
as compared to now have put their mark on the quality of todays water. Over time contami-
nants propagated, reaching deeper lying aquifers that remained previously untouched. With
some probability, the percolation of contaminants into deep layers was assisted by more ad-
vanced modes of unlawful effluent disposal such as discharge through dried up bore wells.
This study makes an attempt to quantify the level of water contamination based on a review of
analysis results of bore well water in Peenya Industrial Area. For the purpose of this study
bore well water from ten locations spread across the area was sampled and the findings (see
Table 10) were juxtaposed to similar data of the Department of Mines and Geology (refer to
Table 11). In each of the two data sets the range of parameters differs somewhat while com-
parison is aided by a helpful overlap of essential core parameters. The specific sample loca-
tions differ but geographic boundaries and sample period, between 2005 and 2006, coincide.

Table 10: Water analysis of bore well samples A
Limits as of
IS 10500-1991
Results for samples in mg/l
Parameters
Desir-
able
Permis-
sible
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
Cadmium 0.05 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ND ND ND ND
Calcium 75 200 211 175 220 175 122 129 171 128 237 90
Chloride 250 1,000 426 348 552 350 236 224 268 236 572 252
Copper 0.05 1.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Fluoride 0.6 - 1.2 -- 0.27 0.47 0.75 0.11 0.075 0.015 0.29 0.4 ND 0.2
Hardness
as CaCO3
300 600 960 800 932 631 616 635 912 492 1368 436
Iron 0.3 1 0.29 0.19 0.37 0.42 0.19 0.06 0.05 ND 0.05 0.1
Lead 0.1 -- ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Magnesium 30 100 105 88 93 47 76 76 118 42 189 52
Manganese 0.1 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.07 ND 0.14 ND
Nitrate 45 50 8.7 8.3 2.45 6.3 4.8 4.5 19.5 11.9 12.8 9.3
pH 6.5 - 7.5 6.5 - 9.2 7.58 7.63 7.27 7.48 7.48 7.22 7.85 7.65 7.37 7.9
Phenolic
compounds
0.001 0.002 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Sulphate 150 400 186 208 122 22 130 94 390 98 307 22
Total
chromium
-- -- ND ND ND ND ND ND -- -- -- --
Total solids Not prescribed 1,428 1,320 1,220 1,020 828 838 1380 936 1750 698
Zinc 5 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.47 0.32 0.39 0.6
Source: Sampling EMPRI, 2005; Analysis KSPCB Central Environmental Lab, 2005

Legend and location index S4 Phase 2, KSCMF Ltd., Narayanapura
Beyond permissible limits S5 Phase 2, No. 21, (AT) NTTF Road
Beyond desirable limits S6 Phase 3, BMP Park KIADB Housing Complex
Next to open drain
S1 Sanjay Gandhi Nagar, behind Slum Clear-
ance Board Next to open drain S7 Stage 2, KSSIDC
S8 Stage 2, BMTC Depot, No. 9 S2 Slum opposite Micro Labs Ltd., Road In-
dustrial, Suburb area Next to open drain S9 Phase 4, Near NTTF Circle
S3 Stage 2, FFI, 5th Main, Industrial Suburb S10 Phase 3, No. 59
The data presented in Table 10 above points at calcium and magnesium crossing permissible
limits in some cases and for hardness in an alarming eight in ten cases (80%). Furthermore,
desirable limits are crossed for a wide range of parameters: Manganese (one in ten cases, that
is 10%), iron (20%), sulphate (40%), pH (50%), chloride (70%) and fluoride (90%). Overall,
only eight out of 15 parameters less than half remain entirely on the green side of both
permissible and desirable limits. A notable point for discussion is the fact that values for lead
have emerged as not detectable (ND). While this would certainly be desirable, this finding
is surprising considering that Peenya comprises of a tangible number of lead recyclers. In this
light the results appear implausible and cast a certain doubt on their veracity.
While these results warrant a degree of concern about the water quality prevailing in Peenya,
the results of Department of Mines and Geology discussed in the following create an even
less optimistic impression.

Table 11: Water analysis of bore well samples B
2005 2006
Param-
eters

All values in
mg/l except
pH and
conductivity
P
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
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e

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.

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s

(
P
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)

K
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a

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o

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s

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s

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M
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e
r
s

Bicarbon-
ate
-- 363 49 456 320 348 306 282 245 282 270 294 59
Calcium 200 294 114 133 114 82 256 140 216 232 232 583 808
Carbonate -- Nil Nil 24 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Chloride 1,000 851 171 246 246 120 420 301 476 448 455 2044 2660
Fluoride 1.5 0.88 2.2 0.46 0.46 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.45 6.09 6.30
Hardness
as CaCO3
600 1,456 344 804 740 516 1,170 660 1,160 1,070 1,340 3,510 4,080
Iron 1.0 0.18 1.4 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.014 0.014 0.31 0.14 0.14 0.024 0.01
Magnes-
ium
100 180 15 119 114 78 133 79 155 123 190 513 515
Nitrate 50 55 46 63 31 17 43 28 18 17 48 128 155
pH 6.5-8.5 7.7 7.73 7.82 7.68 7.54 7.24 8.28 7.03 7.23 7.51 6.11 5.74
Potassium -- 10 12 7 7 4 3 5 4 4 3 8 14
Sodium -- 416 74 52 33 28 75 95 125 150 75 84 345
Sulphate 400 817 197 124 190 121 457 203 543 518 602 513 938
Total
dissolved
salts
2,000 2,860 690 1,130 1,000 670 1,670 1,150 1,700 1,680 1,800 4,500 5,590
Conduc-
tivity in
!/cm
-- 4,780 1,040 1,880 1,660 1,180 2,700 1,770 2,900 2,830 3,050 7,500 9,800
Source: Department of Mines and Geology, 2005 and 2006

Legend Beyond permissible limits

The conclusions of Table 11 above give reason for serious concern. Permissible limits are ex-
ceeded for all parameters for which limits have been prescribed: Iron (in one out of twelve
cases), chloride and pH (in 20% of cases), fluoride and total dissolved solids (25%), nitrate
(33%), calcium and sulphate (58% each), Magnesium (75%) and hardness (83%). A matter of
interest is also that, contrary to the analysis of Table 10, here also chloride, fluoride, iron, ni-
trate, pH, sulphate exceed the permissible limits. In case of nitrate the discrepancy is even
greater as in the previous data suggested that it was safely within the desirable limit. Regret-
tably, data for lead and chromium were not included in the analysis of Department of Mines
and Geology.
For the last sample location, M/s Unique Instruments Manufacturers, values for both 2005
and 2006 are available. Although one should not interpret data from one-time samples
broadly, a substantial increase of contaminants over this one-year period can hardly escape
the readers notice. This includes calcium, chloride, hardness, nitrate, sulphate and TDS. The
pH value has fallen further below the lower limit, which also is a change for the worse.

In conclusion, there is reason for very serious concern about Peenyas ground water quality.
The dissimilarity between data of Table 10 and Table 11 lends support to the doubts raised on
the veracity of the previous data set that was discussed first.
5.1.4. Quality of water bodies
The impact of unrelenting water contamination finds its reflection in the quality of water of
lakes and tanks. Prominent water bodies in the vicinity of Peenya Industrial Area comprise of
Karihobanahalli tank, Shivapura tank and Dasarahalli tank. All three tanks are lying down-
stream of the study area and are fed by streams running through Peenya Industrial Area. The
results of the analysis of these water bodies are discussed in the following.
Table 12: Water analysis of Karihobanahalli tank
2003 2004 2005 2006 Parameter

All values in mg/l
except pH
P
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
b
l
e

l
i
m
i
t

3
0

A
u
g

1
5

S
e
p

1
7

J
u
l

1
3

S
e
p

0
5

S
e
p

0
8

S
e
p

2
1

J
u
l

2
1

J
u
l

2
4

A
u
g

0
8

S
e
p

1
9

S
e
p

BOD 100 3 2.0 1 2.0 7.0 19 22 16 5 8
Cadmium 0.01 0.020 0.001 -- BDL ND -- ND ND ND ND ND
Calcium 200 -- -- -- 191 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chloride 600 320 384 220 -- 368 316 708 900 -- -- --
Chromium total 0.05 0.062 0.002 0.024 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
COD 250 99 56 -- -- 27 82 124 166 -- -- --
Copper 1.5 0.02 0.009 -- 0.44 ND ND ND ND 0.022 0.005 ND
Dissolved sol-
ids
2,100 1,266 1,112 724 568 1,086 980 1,946 2,130 1,850 2,340 2,142
Hardness as
CaCO3
300 -- -- -- 333 365 349 914 -- -- -- --
Iron 0.3 ND 0.670 -- 1.37 0.90 0.17 58.17 0.32 2.465 0.541 0.718
Lead 0.1 0.311 -- -- 0.33 ND ND 0.01 0.13 1.43 0.272 0.059
Nickel -- 0.584 -- -- BDL ND ND 2.02 ND ND 0.008 1.465
Nitrate 20 -- -- -- 0.62 1.06 -- -- -- -- -- --
Oil and grease -- ND -- Nil -- -- -- -- -- -- --
pH 5.5-9.0 8 7.1 7.1 7.6 7.9 7.3 6.9 7.5 7.66 7.93 7.3
Phosphate 5 -- -- -- -- ND 0.13 1.44 2 -- -- --
Sodium absorp-
tion ratio
-- 4.2 3.8 2.5 -- 5.3 3.25 5.18 5.13 -- -- --
Sulphate 1,000 176 150 68 54 84 53 140 106 -- -- --
Suspended sol-
ids
200 4 16 6 18 10 68 116 112 56 54 22
Total Kjeldal
nitrogen
-- -- -- -- 2.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Zinc 15 ND 0.14 -- BDL 0.09 ND 7.28 0.07 ND 0.09 0.03
Source: Water quality monitoring of lakes in and around Bangalore City, KSPCB, undated

Karihobanahalli tank samples taken between 2003 and 2006, exceed permissible limits for six
out of the 15 parameters for which limits have been prescribed. This includes cadmium and
chromium (in each case one out of eleven instances, or 9%), chloride (18%), dissolved solids
(27%), lead and hardness (36%) and iron (73%). It is interesting to note that excess of lead
was recorded in four out of eleven instances while the results for bore well samples of Table
10 discussed before show lead as not detectable. The increased occurrence of limits being



exceeded in 2006 for four parameters as compared to the previous years is indicative of in-
creasing pressure on water resources. Coliform, a good indicator for the discharge of un-
treated sewage, was not included in the parameter set. However, a visual inspection of Kari-
hobanahalli tank in 2006 suggested that pollution levels could possibly be higher than the an-
alysis results reveal. Particularly the values of dissolved solids, biological oxygen demand
(BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) appear not beyond doubt.
Water samples from the Shivapura tank have been analysed between 2003 and 2005 with an
identical set of parameters. Six of the parameters that exceed the prescribed limits correspond
to the results of Karihobanahalli tank but, overall the incidence is lower. Chloride, chromium
and dissolved solids exceeded permissible limits in one out of eleven samples (9% each), lead
in two samples (18%) and hardness and iron in 63% of samples. Cadmium does not emerge as
an issue here but copper exceeded limits in 9% of samples and calcium in 27%.
Table 13: Water analysis of Shivapura tank
2003 2004 2005
Parameter

All values in mg/l
except pH
P
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
b
l
e

l
i
m
i
t

1
9

F
e
b

3
0

A
u
g

0
1

S
e
p

1
5

S
e
p

2
2

M
a
y

1
7

J
u
l

0
6

A
u
g

1
3

S
e
p

2
9

S
e
p

0
4

A
u
g

0
8

S
e
p

BOD 100 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 9.0 2 2.0 5.0 1.0 5.0 4
Cadmium 0.01 -- 0.004 0.005 ND -- -- ND BDL -- -- ND
Calcium 200 680 -- -- -- -- -- 251 267 146 -- --
Chloride 600 680 368 400 320 330 192 224 -- 140 348 148
Chromium total 0.05 -- 0.062 ND ND -- -- -- 0.04 ND -- ND
COD 250 125 9.0 68 35 -- -- 21 -- 11 57 46
Copper 1.5 ND 0.016 0.004 2.611 -- -- -- ND -- -- ND
Dissolved solids 2,100 3,296 1,516 1,412 1,192 1,328 918 936 838 638 1,000 596
Hardness as
CaCO3
300 1600 -- -- -- 310 364 408 310 468 238
Iron 0.3 -- 0.903 0.907 2.037 -- 0.15 3.34 4.22 0.79 -- 0.94
Lead 0.1 -- 0.248 0.250 ND -- -- -- ND -- -- ND
Nickel -- -- 0.560 0.572 0.166 -- -- -- ND -- -- ND
Nitrate 20 0.2 -- -- -- ND 0.6 1.06 5.3 -- --
Oil and grease -- -- ND ND ND ND Nil -- Nil ND -- --
pH 5.5-9.0 7.3 7.5 7.1 6.9 7.8 7.2 7.6 7.2 7.1 7.75 7.2
Phosphate 5 0.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.05 0.08
Sodium absorp-
tion ratio
-- -- 4.9 4.8 2.8 2.7 3.2 -- -- 2.07 -- 2.5
Sulphate 1,000 654 193 43 205 240 187 219 210 219 122 75
Suspended sol-
ids
200 -- 36 26 10 16 10 8 34 16 14 24
Total Kjeldal
nitrogen
-- -- -- -- 6.2 1.6 5.6 1.68 1.68 -- --
Zinc 15 -- ND ND ND 0.08 -- 2.54 0.06 -- 0.18


Differing from the data of Karihobanahalli tank, in Shivapura tank most incidents of limit ex-
cess occurred in 2003 although the data available does not permit checking on the trend for
2006. Some parameters that are on the safe side throughout appear to have been higher, on

average, in 2003 than in the following years. That applies to sodium absorption ratio and sus-
pended solids. Other parameters vary across samples without revealing a particular trend.
The Dasarahalli tank spans an area of about 80 acres. Though it does not lie within the juris-
diction of KSPCBs Peenya Office it should be considered for this study because it is fed
from streams originating in Peenya Industrial Area.
Table 14: Water analysis of Dasarahalli tank
Results for samples taken on 20-11-2000
Parameter
All values in mg/l except
where specifically mentioned
Permis
sible
limit
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
BOD 100 210 62 42 42 80
Calcium 200 205 137 796 313 231
Chloride 1,000 428 892 544 380 880
COD 250 416 450 200 272 411
Coliform, faecal in MPN/100ml -- >1600 >1600 >1600 >1600 >1600
Coliform, total in MPN/100ml 0.05 >1600 >1600 >1600 >1600 >1600
Copper 1.5 0.05 0.09 0.05 ND 0.05
Dissolved oxygen -- 0.4 4.15 0.8 0.5 0.3
Hardness 300 496 521 873 652 249
Iron 0.3 0.82 1.23 0.94 1.16 0.91
Magnesium -- 291 384 77 339 18
Nickel -- 0.13 ND ND ND ND
Nitrate 20 0.2 0.23 0.17 0.17 0.2
pH 5.5-9.0 8.5 8.6 11.3 7.2 7.2
Phosphate 5 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8
Potassium -- 54 59 51 45 66
Sodium -- 195 780 249 219 380
Solids, dissolved 2,100 2096 2718 2614 1208 2624
Solids, suspended 200 50 118 52 228 1372
Sulphate 1,000 83 440 232 12 61
Total alkalinity -- 600 569 900 377 294
Turbidity in NTU 10 2.3 30.2 25.2 73.0 128
Zinc 15 0.34 0.73 0.35 0.1 0.3
Electrical conductivity in mS/cm -- 2.3 4.2 2.6 2.1 4.4


A total of nine out of 15 parameters for which permissible limits are defined reached or ex-
ceeded these. Biological oxygen demand and pH exceed limits in only one out of five samples
of the same day, dissolved solids three times (60%). Alarmingly, all of calcium, chemical
oxygen demand, hardness and turbidity exceed the limits in four out of five samples (80%)
and total coliform in the entire set (100%). The data on coliform makes it apparent that the
lake is highly polluted with untreated sewage, a fact that also highlighted in KSPCBs report
on Water quality monitoring of lakes in and around Bangalore City. Table 21 records the
sole instance of a pH outside the permissible bracket. Interestingly, chloride, which exceeded
the limits in Karihobanahalli and Shivapura tanks stays within Dasarahalli tank, but is closing
in on the limit in two samples. Lead, regrettably, was not assessed.
Streams or nallas are bearing the brunt of discharges yet are not under the purview of water
body monitoring. Although the situation in Peenya appears better than in many other in-
dustrial areas, streams are feared to carry an excess of contaminants into the water bodies they

are feeding. Two samples of stream water have been analysed under this study but the results
appear optimistic and implausible and their discussion is hence omitted.
5.2. Waste
Waste is generated by all industries while substantial differences exist between different in-
dustry sectors. Table 15 provides an overview over key waste generating industry sectors in
Peenya Industrial Area.
Table 15: Main waste generating industry sectors
Hazardous waste Electronic waste Industrial solid waste
Quantities generated (estimate)
33 MT/months (no estimate available) 900 - 1,300 MT/month
Key contributors
Chemical industry IT industry Plastics manufacturer
Pharmaceutical industry IT Enabled Services industry Casting and moulding
Transport corporations Foam industry
Automobile service centres Textile industry
Tiles manufacturing Engineering industries
Dyes manufacturing Stone cutting/polishing
Metal surface finishing Ceramic industries
Food processing
Paint manufacturing
Re-processors
Across industry sectors: Across industry sectors: Across industry sectors:
Industries operating effluent
treatment plants (ETP)
Industries with IT infrastruc-
ture
Industries disposing packag-
ing material

Industries/ contractors dis-
posing construction material
Source: KSPCB RO Peenya, 2006; Peenya Industries Association, 2007, EMPRI 2008

5.2.2. Hazardous waste
Until late 2008 Karnataka has had no facility for scientific treatment and disposal of hazard-
ous waste (HW). Only a few technically inadequate incinerators were in operation and storage
and disposal of non-incinerable HW was completely unaddressed. Particularly in small enter-
prises storage tends to be inadequate as storage space is scarce and procurement of suitable
containers is often not attached the necessary priority. The incineration fee levied to producers
of HW cuts into pricing and is a tangible deterrent for adequate treatment. A Treatment, Stor-
age and Disposal Facility (TSDF) developed in Dobbspet is now operational (refer to chapter
6.5, Example 2). Cost might however remain a critical factor that limits participation in safe
disposal compliance with legal stipulations. KSPCB is expected to play a significant role in
ensuring compliance.
The records of KSPCB indicate that 118 industries in Peenya Industrial Area are producing
HW of an estimated 33 MT per month as of 2006. The absence of adequate facilities led to
widespread unsafe disposal practices. A 2004 survey conducted by Karnatakas Hazardous
Waste Management Project found evidence for illegal disposal of HW in one location of

Peenya. Chemical sludge, oil and grease skimming residues, process dust, textile chemical
residues and spent oil were identified on a dumpsite measuring approximately 25 acres.
HW interacts directly with the environment in several spheres. Hazards are impacting aquatic
life, the quality of the water table and, indirectly, human health through the water route. Af-
fected are particularly children, women and poorer sections who live in close proximity to
polluted drainage canals and contaminated sites. Also the health of workers of industries gen-
erating HW is affected, particularly in small enterprises where processes are unsafe and HW
storage is inadequate.
5.2.3. Electronic waste
Industry sectors such as IT and ITES that intrinsically rely on data processing equipment have
seen rapid growth. The underlying technology is developing rapidly resulting into a high ob-
solescence rates and ever shorter replacement spans. These factors account for the major for-
ces behind the explosive growth of electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste occupies space at a
rapidly growing rate and does not decompose readily. Since it contains a large array of valu-
able constituents, recycling emerges as logical solution and is economically viable.
Existing recycling and material recovery is largely in the hands of the informal sector. The
concerns surrounding e-waste are primarily related to occupational health and safety aspects
of recycling workers. Workers are exposed to intolerable health hazards, some of which are
presented in Table 16. The informal sector lacks the capacity to undertake certain processes
without affecting workers health and living conditions of the neighbouring population se-
verely. The main reasons are the inadequacy of equipment and processes, the lack of aware-
ness of intrinsic risks among workers and the lack of enforcement of health, safety and envi-
ronmental standards. Experts agree that the problem is best addressed by shifting operations
to licensed industries in the formal sector.
Table 16: Health effects of e-waste constituents
Constituent Heath affects
Barium Exposure to fumes and dust may cause damage to
heart, liver and spleen and cause muscle weak-
ness.
Beryllium May cause lung cancer and chronic beryllium dis-
ease (beryllicosis).
Brominated
flame retardants
May disrupt the functions of the endocrine system.
Cadmium May cause irreversible toxic effects, malformation
of embryos (teratogenicity) and neural damage
(neurotoxicity). Accumulates in kidney and liver.
Hexavalent chromium Cases DNA damage and asthmatic bronchitis.
Lead May cause damage to central and peripheral nerv-
ous system, blood stream and kidney. May affect
the brain development of children.
Mercury Causes chronic brain damage in humans. Cases of
skin and respiratory disorders in aquatic life due to
bioaccumulation.
Plastics
(including PVC)
No effects unless plastic is being burnt. Exposure
to burning fumes may cause reproductive and de-
velopmental disorders, damage the immune system
and interfere with regularity hormones.
Source: EMPRI, 2005


5.2.4. Industrial solid waste
Peenya Industries Association (PIA) estimates that industries in the area generate about 35 to
50 MT of industrial solid waste (SW) every day. As has been shown in chapter 3.2, the
management of industrial SW is a seriously under-addressed issue. Though the risk levels are
low compared to HW or e-waste, industrial SW is generated in large quantities that are ex-
cluded from the collection system of civic authorities managing municipal solid waste. In the
absence of an adequate collection system, industrial SW is liberally disposed on vacant lands
or into lakes. The number and magnitude of illegal waste dumps containing industrial solid
waste bear evidence to this fact. Recycling options are explored by rag pickers alone. Five
major illegal dumpsites identified under this study are profiled in the next chapter.
Constituents of industrial SW include an array of materials ranging from rigid materials such
as glass, metal scrap and construction material to ductile matter such as rubber, plastic, foam
and fabric waste. There are two key impacts of unmitigated disposal of solid waste. Firstly,
waste dumps are frequently set on fire, leading to emissions typical for uncontrolled combus-
tions and often accompanied by noxious odours, especially when plastics and other mineral
oil-based products are involved. Secondly, waste dump leachate percolates into the ground
water and water bodies, contributing steadily to an increase of water pollution. The lack of
waste management also has a noteworthy psychological impact which re-impacts the envi-
ronment: The liberal distribution of waste across the environment is gradually lending envi-
ronment itself the feel and flavour of a continuous garbage dump, leaving citizens convinced
that no matter how clean a habit one may adopt personally, it would, environmentally, prob-
ably not make any difference
Industrial SW management in Peenya remained persistently out of control of civic authorities,
eventually prompting the Peenya Infrastructure Corridor Upgradation Project (PICUP) to take
this requirement under its wings. A 5-acre plot of land is being developed since 2007 as waste
collection and handling centre. The system includes collection from 100 purpose-built con-
crete bins distributed across Peenya and segregation into recyclable components to be for-
warded to commercial recyclers (refer to chapter 6.5, Example 1). INR 1 crore (10 million)
have been invested in public-private partnership (PPP) with contributions from Government
of India, PIA members and Government of Karnataka in shares of 75%, 15% and 10% respec-
tively. BBMP is interested in operating the entire system. Though their ownership is highly
desirable, PICUP wishes to retain a stake to safeguard its operation. As of October 2008, ne-
gotiations in this regard are understood to continue.

5.2.5. Illegal dumpsites identified

Location 1 Phase 2, opposite to Vijaya Steel
Coordinates North 13
0
01
'
32.7" East 77
0
30' 48.6"
Extent 3 acres (estimated)
Nature of
waste
Municipal solid waste, building debris, moulding waste, granite powder,
plastic and rubber waste.
Remarks Open land covered with weeds surrounded by industries. Open burning
observed.

Figure 7: Google Earth satellite image of the site along with an indication of boundaries

Figure 8: Heaps of solid waste (left) and moulding debris (right)

Location 2 Phase 3, on Tumkur Road
Coordinates 1) North 13
0
01' 59.0" East 77
0
31' 52.0"

2) North 13
0
01' 57.5" East 77
0
31' 55.2"
Nature of
waste
Building debris, boulders, granite cut pieces, municipal solid waste, plastic
and rubber, porcelain pieces
Remarks Two adjacent sites by the road, a drainage passing in between them. Dur-
ing rainy season possibility of choking due to rain runoff. Open burning
observed.


Figure 10: A cross section of the site burning (left) and the open drain in between (right)

Location 3 Stage 2, opposite to Advit Industries
Coordinates North 13 00' 42.4" East 77 30' 11.00"
Nature of
waste
Building debris, boulders, granite cut pieces, garbage, plastic and rubber
waste pieces, porcelain pieces, wooden waste, package waste
Remarks Two adjacent sites. Waste is dumped near the drainage, patches of weeds.
Water in the drainage sometimes obstructed through waste.


Figure 12: A side view of construction waste (left) and a drainage flowing nearby (right)

Location 4 Stage 2, near Karivobanahalli tank
Coordinates North 13
0
01' 20.8" East 77
0
29' 53.3"
Extent 2 kilometres (strip length, estimated)
Nature of
waste
Municipal solid waste, building debris, plastic waste, granite cut pieces
Remarks Waste dumping at the embankment of the lake. The site is unlined, co-
vered with weeds and the natural gradient is towards the lake.


Figure 14: Solid waste on the tank embankment (left) and around the tank (right)

Location 5 Phase 4, near Bata India Limited
Coordinates North 13 01' 21.2" East 77 30' 15.7"
Extent 1 acre (estimated)
Nature of
waste
Building debris, plastic waste and municipal solid waste
Remarks The site is unlined and covered with weeds. No runoff during inspection.
Open burning observed.


Figure 16: Solid waste burning on the road sides of the tank

5.3. Air
Rapid industrialisation, increasing vehicular traffic and progressive decline of green space are
the main reasons for the loss of air quality. Key air polluting industries include chemicals,
pesticide and fertilizer manufacturing, foundries, paper mills, food processing, stone cutting
and crushing. Sources of industrial air pollution include chiefly single-point sources such as
furnaces, boilers, incinerators and diesel generator (DG) sets. As a rule of thumb, air-polluting
industries are those consuming fuels, stone cutters, quarries and mines. The latter two catego-
ries are not found in Peenya. Apart from pollutants that originate on industry premises, the
uncontrolled burning of industrial waste is another significant source of pollution. A listing of
registered DG sets is shown in the following table. Reliable information on operating furnaces
and boilers in the area of Peenya could not be procured.
Table 17: Registered DG sets in the study area
Location
Number of
registered DG sets
Phase 1 16
Phase 2 58
Phase 3 59
Phase 4 57
Stage 1 49
Stage 2 58
Stage 3 16
Total 313
Source: BESCOM
5.3.2. Impact
Pollutants from industries, especially when in excess to permissible thresholds impede plant
growth and impair the health of animals and humans. A linkage between pollutants and their
specific impact is established in the following.
Carbon
monoxide
(CO)
CO is a poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion of fuel. At low lev-
els of exposure to CO, humans may experience a variety of neurological symp-
toms including headache, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. CO poisoning and fa-
talities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys.
Oxides of
nitrogen
(NO
X
)
The high temperature combustion of fuels is the principal source of nitrogen
oxides. Higher concentrations of NO
X
damage the leaves of plants; retards pho-
tosynthetic activity and causes chlorosis. Higher levels of NO
X
in humans cause
gum inflammation, internal bleeding, pneumonia, oxygen deficiency, lung
cancer and bronchitis. NO
X
is a key contributor to acid rain.
Oxides of
sulphur
(SO
X
)
These gases are emitted from burning of coal and oil containing sulphur. SO
X

are highly irritating gases which adversely affect human beings, animals, plants
and materials. They cause eye irritation, lung cancer, asthma, respiratory dis-
orders and bronchitis. SO
2
damages vegetable crops, affects plant growth and
its quality. SO
2
is also a key contributor to acid rain.

Particulate
matter (PM)
These are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas comprising smoke,
dust, mist, spray and fumes, some of which are respirable (RSPM). Particulate
matter less than 10 micrometers (!m) in diameter is capable of entering the na-
sal cavity and 2.5 !m can enter the bronchi and lungs. Increased levels of fine
particles in the air are a health hazard associated with heart diseases, respiratory
disorders, altered lung functions and lung cancer.
Dioxins Dioxins are halogenated organic compounds that are toxic to living organisms.
The largest quantified source of dioxin emissions is uncontrolled burning. Di-
oxins are also produced in the manufacture of chlorinated chemicals and metal
smelting. They cause damage to the immune system, birth defects, thyroid dis-
orders, abnormal teeth, and cancer.
Volatile
organic
compounds
(VOC)
VOCs are organic chemical compounds which have the capacity to evaporate.
The most common VOC are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such
as toluene, xylene and benzene. Also petrol and diesel commonly for industrial
cleaning applications have a high VOC content. VOCs are generally toxic or
highly toxic, affecting the central nervous systems (CNS).

5.3.3. Causes
Combustion
of fossil fuel
Operation of furnaces, boilers, DG sets relies primarily on fossil fuels. The
number of boilers registered with the Department of Factories and Boilers in
BMR is 699. Central Pollution Control Board estimates the numbers of DG
sets to be in the order of 100,000. The utility and use of DG sets has seen an
increase as they are not only used to back up electricity supply but are becom-
ing its regular substitute with captive generation offering economical advan-
tages. Pollutants from combustion of fossil fuels include nitrous oxides
(NO
X
), sulphur oxides (SO
X
), CO, particulate matter and hydrocarbons.
Burning
of waste
The absence of a comprehensive management system for industrial solid
waste has made unauthorised dumpsites a common sight. Waste dumps are
frequently set on fire, leading to emissions typical for uncontrolled combus-
tions and often accompanied by noxious odours, especially when plastics,
other mineral oil-based products or rubber are involved. This source of pollu-
tion is considered particularly critical because firstly pollutants are likely to be
more hazardous than from combustion of fuel and secondly, the process is en-
tirely uncontrolled and the combustion generally incomplete. Burning dump-
sites can be found nearly in proximity to almost all industrial areas and even
residential areas hosting industries.
Generation/
stirring of
dust and ash
Destructive mechanical processes disintegrate material into fine particles,
light enough to be carried and moved away by the ambient air. Cutting of
stones, grinding, drilling of bore wells, sawing of wood and grinding of grains
are prominent examples. A multitude of processes do not in fact generate dust
but stir it up from places where it has settled down. Movement of parts and
components from storage is a common cause here while the most effectual
methods involve cleaning with the aid of air pressure.

5.3.4. Monitoring
There is a dearth of dependable data on air pollution for Bangalore and even more so for Pee-
nya. Some 2005 data of an unspecified location within Peenya Industrial Area could be
procured from KSPCBs Central Environmental Lab as shown in the table below. Although
the data set appears large, it does not permit conclusions on the prevailing trends for which
monthly averages, ideally a few years, would be required.
Table 18: Results of air pollutants monitoring in a single location
Parameters Sampling period
Threshold
limits
3

27 Jun
2005
06 Jul
2005
09 Aug
2005
17 Aug
2005
10 Sep
2005
06:00 10:00 106 77 122 71 93
14:00 22:00 85 96 72 59 55
22:00 06:00 66 49 70 62
8 hrs maximum 106 96 122 71 93
Respirable
suspended
particulate
matter
(RSPM)
in g/m
3

24-hour average 150 86 74 88 64 74
06:00 10:00 231 187 160 108 195
14:00 22:00 173 274 115 128 126
22:00 06:00 141 123 153 99
8-hour maximum 231 274 160 128 195
Suspended
particulate
matter
(SPM) of less
than 10 m
in g/m
3

24-hour average 500 182 195 143 112 160
06:00 10:00 6 6 9 9 9
10:00 14:00 9.6 6 8.4 10.2 10.8
14:00 18:00 9 8.4 10.2 10.8 11.4
18:00 22:00 10.2 7.2 9.6 8.4 7.8
22:00 02:00 6 6 6 6.6
02:00 06:00 7.2 4.8 6 4.8
4-hour maximum 10.2 8.4 10.2 10.8 11.4
Sulphur
(SO2)
in g/m
3

24-hour average 120 8 6.4 8.2 8.3 9.6
06:00 10:00 43.6 42.4 42.4 38.4 37.6
10:00 14:00 54.4 50.8 45.6 45.6 44.8
14:00 18:00 49.6 47.6 44.4 44.4 40
18:00 22:00 48.4 48.4 39.6 41.2 39.2
22:00 02:00 46.4 30.4 45.6 33.6
02:00 06:00 48.4 32 22.8 26.4
4-hour maximum 54.4 50.8 45.6 45.6 44.8
Nitric oxides
(NOX)
in g/m
3

24-hour average 120 48.4 41.9 40 39.6 41.2
Source: KSPCB, Central Environmental Lab, 2005
None of the 24-hour averages of Table 18 exceeds, reaches or comes even near a threshold
limit as defined by the national ambient air quality standards. Not even a single 8 or 4-hour
maximum reaches a threshold. Air pollutants below the permissible limits indicate that the
quality does not give rise to concerns. However, the merit of this information is limited not
only because monthly averages are not available, but also because the precise location the

3
National ambient air quality standards

samples were taken from is unknown. The site could hypothetically be situated in a remote,
quiet corner less exposed to Peenyas emissions. Fortunately, the fluctuation of values for
SPM and RSPM in the morning time between 06:00 and 10:00 appears to correspond to rush-
hour morning traffic. This could indicate that the location might be in proximity to the roads
plied by freight and commuters. It is also interesting to note that sulphur and nitric oxide lev-
els show the highest averages in the periods between 10:00 and 14:00. This in turn would cor-
respond with the perception that a much larger number of boilers and furnaces is being fired
during the day shift.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is monitoring air pollutants in three locations in
Peenya. The limited data available from this station is shown in Table 19. The data does not
indicate that threshold limits for three parameters were reached or exceeded in any case.
Table 19: Results of air pollutants monitoring in multiple locations
Results for March 2006
Location Sampling spot
SO2
in g/m
3

NOX
in g/m
3

Suspended particulate
matter < 10 m in g/m3
Stage 1 near M/s John Crane BDL 22.3 109
Stage 2 near M/s Ace Designer BDL 21.0 138
Stage 3 near BMTC Bus Depot 54.0 17.0 145
Threshold limits (for 24 hours) 120 120 500
Source: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), undated

5.4. Noise
Noise is unwanted sound. The last three decades have witnessed an increasing concern for the
environment and consequentially resulted into the recognition of noise as threat that requires
regulation. Noise levels are regulated by the Noise Pollution Control Rules, 2000. While the
Rules define permissible limits for ambient noise, that is outdoors, it does not provide stand-
ards specific to occupational exposure in the workplace context. Also, the Factories Act does
not contain specific provisions for control of noise. Its reference to it is limited to the declara-
tion of noise induced hearing loss as notifiable disease.
The main sources of noise are presented in Table 20. Processes in the general manufacturing
industry are almost always intrinsically linked to the generation of noise. Vehicular move-
ment induced by industries through commuting workers and freight is another significant
source of noise.
Table 20: Key noise polluting industry sectors
Industry sectors Activities across sectors
Engineering (fabrication) Drilling, grinding, sawing
Cold forging Running of DG sets
Stone crushers Running of air compressors
Quarries Hammering
Power looms Operation of exhaust ventilation
Construction work Construction work
Automobile service stations Vehicular movement
Source: EMPRI 2008

5.4.2. Impact
Noise propagates rapidly, primarily through air as media. Denser media such as stone and
concrete walls, floors and machine bodies carry sound as well, particularly the lower fre-
quency spectrum. The intensity of noise is inversely proportional to the distance between
source and receiver. Exposure to noise is associated
with a range of possible health problems such as
increase in blood pressure, increased stress, fatigue,
stomach ulcers, vertigo, headaches, sleep
disturbance, speech problems, aggression and
anxiety. Intense and sustained exposure levels are
associated with impairment or even loss of hearing.
It has been found that exposure to noise decreases
efficiency levels of workers and adversely affects the
quality of work. Outside the industry premises
industrial noise affects residential neighbourhoods.
5.4.3. Causes
Noise has become an integral element not only of the manufacturing industry but also in the
context of urban life. In response to that the human psyche learns to suppress the conscious
perception nevertheless, sound is physically perceived. The suppression of its perception
commonly results into tolerance of or passivity towards the source, therefore assisting the
cause to persist. Across small engineering industries the majority of workers are believed to
consider noise as an intrinsic part of the work environment. In this light, successful mitigation
approaches would require the creation of awareness at shop floor levels as well as top-down
interventions.
5.4.4. Monitoring
A number of larger companies have shown to assume responsibility for noise reduction and
are monitoring its levels regularly. Data available from engineering, construction and power
loom industries in and outside Peenya indicates that thresholds cross occasionally those pre-
scribed. In respect to these cases, it appears realistic to assume that industries that monitor
might tend to act on findings. Regular monitoring, however, is limited to initiatives of a few
larger industries and does not encompass micro and small fabrication units accounting for the
majority of industries in Peenya. Furthermore, for many general engineering processes such
as cutting, sawing and grinding, the options for noise reduction are very limited and resource
intensive. A restriction of concurrent noise producing processes or isolation of such processes
from other workplaces tends to be unfeasible in small industries. End-of-the-pipe solutions
such as personal protective equipment (PPE) such as earplugs or earmuffs emerge here as the
only feasible solution. But successful interventions would require higher than present aware-
ness levels and more attention from management levels than can be found in small-scale en-
terprises. The absence of a close monitoring system for noise at workplace level provides
large spaces for noise to fill.
5.5. Health
A brief assessment of the overall state of health in Peenya Industrial Area has been conducted
in consultation with BBMP. In view of the focus of this study of interest are not occupational
diseases related to the immediate work situation but symptoms that can be related to envi-
ronmental aspects of Peenya at large. For this purpose BBMP conducted a qualitative enquiry
Point in case: How power cuts
cut into the environment
Load shedding in Peenya: Within a short
while all DG sets are running. The whole
of Peenya drowns in a blanket of noise.
Running DG sets produce greenhouse
gases and pollute the air with carbon
monoxide and particulate matter. Working
in their vicinity means breathing hot, un-
healthy air. Voices have to be raised to be
heard. Besides, DG sets generate haz-
ardous waste in form of spent oil.

with Medical Health Officers of four areas in and around Peenya and adjacent areas and at
least one leading nursing home.
The results presented in Table 21 show that a considerable share of prevalent diseases in the
area are linked to environmental parameters. Insufficient access to safe drinking water emer-
ges as the most prominent cause of environment related diseases, a fact that is effortlessly
supported by the analysis of water quality in the previous sections. Unclean water is an effi-
cient carrier of a range of water borne diseases which, in the case of Peenya, accounts for a
sizable share of prevalent diseases overall.
Table 21: Prominent diseases in Peenya Industrial Area
Diseases Attributable causes
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Inadequate living (housing) conditions as-
sociated with low economic status
Anaemia Inadequate living (housing) conditions as-
sociated with low economic status
Upper respiratory tract infection Ambient air pollution
Urinary tract infection Inadequate hygienic conditions
Gastroenteritis, Gastritis Inadequate access to safe drinking water
Hepatitis, Enteric fever Inadequate access to safe drinking water
Diarrheal diseases Inadequate access to safe drinking water
Viral fever Inadequate access to safe drinking water
Mosquito borne diseases Stagnant water
Source: BBMP Dasarahalli, 2008
Infections of the upper respiratory tract are attributable to the quality of air. Yet, the disease is
so common across Bangalore City that its cause cannot be easily linked to Peenya Industrial
Area. Peenyas chimneystacks are likely to contribute to air pollution but vehicular combus-
tion, which is as present in Peenya as elsewhere in Bangalore, remains the major air polluter.

6. MITGATION MEASURES ADOPTED
6.1. Driving forces
Industries have adopted pollution control measures on a large scale. The primary driver of this
process is Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB), the designated agency for en-
forcement of environmental law. However, environmental awareness is a strong supplemental
driver of this process and its significance grows steadily. Awareness has worked its way
through several cross-linked levels down to implementation with the help of certain mecha-
nisms. Such mechanisms include for example ISO 14001 and Restriction of Hazardous Sub-
stances (ROHS). Foreign markets exert a significant pressure on Indian export-oriented units
(EOUs), passing national standards of the importing country down the supply chain, often in
combination with specific requirements of target customers. Growing public interest and
awareness in India also resulted into adopting of self-set standards for environmental protec-
tion over and above the national legislation among large national corporates. The concept of
greening the supply chain has also in this case led to examples of comparatively small com-
panies operating at the bottom end of the value chain to adopt higher standards. Industries
supplying to aware customers are often found to have gone much ahead of the norms stipu-
lated by legislation, adopting a wider and more stringent set of standards. The examples of-
fered in chapter 6.4 exemplify each one of these driving forces.
6.2. Water pollution control
Key mitigation measures with a bearing on regulatory compliance are recorded in an elec-
tronic registry of KSPCBs Regional Offices. This information, as presented in Table 22 con-
tains the number of industries that have adopted water pollution control measures.
Table 22: Water pollution control measures adopted overall
Units with effluent treatment Units with sewage treatment
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y

S
i
z
e

T
o
t
a
l

C
l
o
s
e
d

O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

C
E
T
P

E
T
P

U
n
d
e
r

d
e
-
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

S
u
b
t
o
t
a
l
s
4

P
e
r
c
e
n
t

o
f

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

S
T
P

U
G
D

S
T
/

S
P

S
u
b
-
t
o
t
a
l
s

P
e
r
c
e
n
t

o
f

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

Large 29 3 26 0 11 1 11 42% 7 0 8 15 58%
Medium 49 5 44 2 8 0 10 23% 1 6 27 34 77%
R
e
d

Small 470 118 352 5 24 4 29 8% 0 172 142 314 89%
Large 16 1 15 0 5 1 5 33% 2 1 2 5 33%
Medium 51 8 43 2 2 1 4 9% 0 7 19 26 60%
O
r
a
n
g
e

Small 111 28 83 0 4 1 4 5% 0 32 41 73 88%
Large 31 2 29 0 6 1 6 21% 4 0 14 18 62%
Medium 149 20 129 0 3 2 3 2% 1 39 77 117 91%
G
r
e
e
n

Small 729 137 592 1 2 0 3 1% 1 362 220 583 98%
Totals 1,635 1,313
5
10 65 11 75 6% 16 619 550 1,185 90%
Source: Registry of KSPCB RO Peenya and RO North, 2008

4
Excluding treatment plants currently under development
5
The total of operating industries is inconsistent with classification data in 4.5 because the source data differs.

However, conclusions from this data are confined to broad coverage alone. The data does not
specify what measure or measures were implemented, whether legislative requirements were
met, not met or exceeded and does not permit conclusions on the effectiveness of measures
with regard to the problem they aim to address.
According to the data of Table 22, only 6% of operating industries treat effluents. As ex-
pected, the deployment of effluent treatment is more prominent among Red category in-
dustries. The share of treatment through CETPs is with a mere 10 out of 75 overall surpris-
ingly small. It is understood from KSPCB that the enforcement of effluent treatment is figur-
ing high on the priority list and substantial progress has been made in the recent past. Discus-
sions with M/s Eco Green Solution Systems Pvt. Ltd., a CETP operator with a wide customer
base in Peenya, confirm that subscriptions have grown rapidly. However, effluent is received
only from less than half the number of subscribers and an improvement of the situation is not
expected anytime soon.
Of the 476 industries sampled in 2006, 466 are falling under the Water Act. Of these 9% are
treating wastewater. The data of the sample set as summarised in Table 23 does not contain
information whether the data available is related to treatment of effluents or sewage. How-
ever, a closer review of treatment plant configurations vis--vis process water requirements
concluded that sampled industries deploy only effluent treatment. No case of sewage treat-
ment appears to be among them. The combination of primary and secondary treatment is the
most common configuration. Tertiary treatment is limited to a very small number of Red and
Orange category industries.
Table 23: Nature of measures taken by sampled industries under the Water Act
Treatment stage
Category
Category
total
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Red 253 26 25 2
Orange 87 7 5 2
Green 125 5 4 0
Unassigned 1 0 0 0
Totals 466 38 34 3

Option Occurrence Configurations deployed
Single stage 8 Primary
Double stage 27 Primary + secondary
Triple stage 3 Primary + secondary + tertiary
Single stage 4 Secondary
Totals 42
Source: Consent data and environmental statements, KSPCB 2006

6.3. Air pollution control
According to the registry of KSPCB, air pollution control measures as presented in Table 24
appear to enjoy a broad application. 72% of all operating industries have one or more doc-
umented measures in place. However, apart from the overall coverage, no conclusion regard-
ing their nature or efficacy can be drawn from this data.

Table 24: Air pollution control measures adopted overall
Units with air pollution control
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y

S
i
z
e

T
o
t
a
l

C
l
o
s
e
d

O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

c
o
n
t
r
o
l

m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s

U
n
d
e
r

d
e
-
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

P
e
r
c
e
n
t

o
f

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
6

Large 29 3 26 26 0 100%
Medium 49 5 44 38 0 86%
R
e
d

Small 470 118 352 305 0 87%
Large 16 1 15 12 0 80%
Medium 51 8 43 4 0 9%
O
r
a
n
g
e

Small 111 28 83 69 0 83%
Large 31 2 29 29 0 100%
Medium 149 20 129 106 0 82%
G
r
e
e
n

Small 729 137 592 353 0 60%
Totals 1,635 1,313
7
942 0 72%
Source: Registry of KSPCB RO Peenya and RO North, 2008
Of the 476 industries sampled in 2006, 431 are falling under the Air Act. As shown in Table
25, 87% of these industries the great majority have not adopted a single measure for con-
trol of air pollution. This stands in stark contrast to 2008 data for the entire Peenya as given in
Table 24, which indicates that 72% have of operating industries (and 28% have not) adopted
any measures. Inaccuracies may explain some but not all of the differences. The tightening
network of monitoring makes it appear plausible to assume that a significant increase in pollu-
tion control measures was achieved over the past two years through regulatory intervention.
Among pollution control measures, cyclones and scrubbers account for the great majority of
measures implemented.
Table 25: Nature of measures taken by sampled industries under the Air Act
Category
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y

t
o
t
a
l

G
r
a
v
i
t
y

s
e
t
t
l
i
n
g

c
h
a
m
b
e
r
s

C
y
c
l
o
n
e
s

F
a
b
r
i
c

f
i
l
t
e
r
s

C
y
c
l
o
n
i
c

s
c
r
u
b
b
e
r
s

V
e
n
t
u
r
i

s
c
r
u
b
b
e
r

B
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

f
i
l
t
e
r
s

O
d
o
u
r

c
o
n
t
r
o
l

s
y
s
t
e
m

B
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

s
c
r
u
b
b
e
r
s

N
o

m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s

N
o

m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s

Red 232 4 22 5 11 15 1 6 191 82%
Orange 82 1 4 5 7 4 1 70 85%
Green 116 1 1 115 99%
Unassigned 1 1 100%
Totals 431 5 26 11 18 19 1 8 0 377 87%
Source: Consent data and environmental statements, KSPCB 2006

6
Excluding treatment plants currently under development
7
The total of operating industries is inconsistent with classification data in 4.5 because the source data differs.

6.4. Selected examples
Example 1. Effluent treatment I

Company/entity Eshwari Textile Processing Pvt. Ltd.
Sector Fabric wet processing (dyeing, scouring, bleaching)
Implementation 2001
Initial situation This example does not have an initial stage to compare with because, the
measure was adopted in conjunction with the construction of the factory.
Problem Wet processing requires large quantities of hazardous chemicals that are
used and subsequently disposed off. The legislation requires scientific
treatment of trade effluents.
Measures adopted An appropriate effluent treatment Plant (ETP) design was selected in
consultation with Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB).
The plant of 35 kl/d capacity was commissioned in 2001. A share of
treated water of 10 kl/d is being reused for processes, 15 kl/d are being
used for watering plants on the premises and the remainder of 10 kl/d is
given to KSPCBs CETP for a final treatment chargeable to the com-
pany. A total of four staff members are overseeing the operation of the
ETP.
The company plans to increase its production capacity and extend the
existing system to increase the capacity from 35 to 75 kl/d. Sewage pro-
duced by about 200 workers is and was disposed through the public
sewerage system.
Benefits ! Compliance with environmental standards
! Saving of about 10 kl/d of water that is being reused post treatment
! Availability of treated water acts as incentive for cultivation of plants
on the premises
Financial
implications
The investment costs were about INR 15 lakh (1.5 million). Mainte-
nance incurs costs of around INR 30,000 or month or 3.6 lakh (360,000)
annually.
Conclusions: The ETP was established out
of regulatory compulsion and the company
secured consent for establishment and
operation. The quality of treated water
does not permit more than 10 kl/d out of
the total 35 kl/d for process reuse. The
limitation of internal uses for this water
creates a necessity for sending treated but
unutilised water for a final treatment to
another treatment facility.
Figure 17: ETP tanks laden with dye chemicals

Example 2. Effluent treatment II
Company/entity Balambiga Metal Finishers
Sector Electroplating of machine components
Implementation 2001 and 2006
Initial situation The company undertakes zinc and zinc alloy plating of machine compo-
nents for large corporate, including multinational companies (MNCs) such
as Ford, Bosch and Siemens. Years ago a transition from solvents to aque-
ous cleaning process was already accomplished.
Problem The necessity of effluent treatment became and emerging regulatory com-
pulsion. Effluents quantities are very tangible.
Measures ad-
opted
In spite of space constraints typical for industries occupying KSSIDC
sheds, the company has established an in-house ETP. Tanks are located
underneath the shop floor. However, the use of treated water did not em-
erge as feasible as process reuse would require a higher degree of treat-
ment that is not achieved with the system. Treated water could not be uti-
lised for watering of plants either because of lack of land.
The absence of a possibility for water reuse on site prompted KSPCB in
2006 to direct the company to send all effluents generated for treatment to
a CETP. This sought to ensure that unused water is of a quality fit for un-
restricted discharge. However, one treatment stage is still used to keep the
plant alive as prolonged disuse poses the danger of damage.
Clients of the company, particularly MNCs, triggered a process of contin-
ual improvement with regard to restriction of hazardous substances
(ROHS) apart from the ISO 9001 certification acquired by the company.
Implementing this concept the company does not or no longer uses any of
14 hazardous stipulated substances commonly used by electroplating in-
dustries, including cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead and mercury.
! Implementation of ROHS has brought down both the amount of effluent
as well as contamination levels
Financial
implications
Spendings on the construction of the in-house ETP amounted to about INR
3.5 lakh (350,000). Treatment of effluents in a CETP since 2006 generates
annual treatment charges to the tune of INR 2 lakh (200,000).
Conclusions: The company successfully met the challenge of space constrains and integrated
an ETP into its premises and mainstream processes. Though the importance of water reuse
was somewhat known at the planning stage, no requests for amendments to the design were
made by KSPCB at that time. That these objections were raised five years post construction
while the legislation had not changed can be considered as indicative for the tightening of en-
forcement of pollution control. While without doubt this is beneficial for the environment, the
ambiguity arising out of different interpretations of the regulation at different times cost the
company not only money but also resulted into the loss of the opportunity to address this at
the planning stage. Unavailability of garden space is a common feature in industrial areas, es-
pecially for KSSIDC developed areas. The absence of green space severely limits the viability
of ETPs in general.

Example 3. Effluent treatment III

Company/entity Kongovi Electronics Pvt. Ltd.
Sector Electroplating, automobile components
Implementation 1989
Initial situation The company is nickel and chromium plating metal and plastic compo-
nents for the automobile industry since 1974. Effluents were not treated
initially but no information is available as to what exactly was done with
effluents.
Problem The statutory requirement for treatment of trade effluents became known
in 1989 and created the trigger to prepare for change.
Measures adopted Back in 1989 effluent treatments plants (ETPs) were rare sights, their
design by and large unknown and qualified construction companies hard
to come by. The proprietor, a civil engineer himself, thus acquired
knowledge to design and construct an ETP by himself. The plant com-
missioned in 1989 is capable of treating 56 kilolitres per day in manual
batch operation and requires some limited electricity for stirring. The
plant is considered the 1
st
of its kind in Peenya and the company a pio-
neer. After nearly 20 years of operation the plant is viewed to be work-
ing satisfactory still. Treated water is used for gardening purposes but no
information is available as to whether partly or in full. Its quality, how-
ever, does not permit process reuse. To achieve that a reverse osmosis
(RO) filter would be required as last treatment stage, but such filter is
feared bound to be destroyed gradually by residual contaminants.
Benefits ! First company in Peenya to comply with legislation and adopt effluent
treatment on site
Financial
implications
No estimate as to the investment cost is available. Maintenance cost
could not readily be quantified but are considered as low.
Conclusions: Today manual batch processing
tends to be frowned upon as time consuming and
outdated. But the fact that an ETP designed and
constructed 20 years ago, at a time when very lim-
ited experience existed, still works satisfactorily
today, producing results compliant with the pre-
scribed standards deserves respect. One could ar-
gue that a plant that old should probably be re-
placed by state-of-the-art technology. The propri-
etor however, has chosen to not embark on further
improvements to end-of-the-pipe solution but focus
on reducing the volume of effluents and consequen-
tially the need for effluent treatment (refer to
Example 9. Recovery of hexavalent chromium).
Figure 18: A side view of the companys
ETP (source www.kongovi.in)

Example 4. Effluent treatment IV

Company/entity [withheld]
Sector Manufacture of liquid and solid pharmaceuticals
Initial situation The company has been manufacturing solid pharmaceuticals such as
tablets in this plant since 1997. A plan for commencement of liquid
pharmaceuticals in 2003 was adopted.
Problem According to prevalent production methods the manufacturing of li-
quid pharmaceutical results in the generation of liquid waste. No
treatment facility was in place as required by regulations.
Measures adopted In 2003 the company constructed an effluent treatment plant (ETP)
with an initial capacity of 10 kl/d on its premises before commence-
ment of manufacturing of liquid pharmaceuticals. In 2007 the capacity
of the ETP was increased to 20 kl/d in order to accommodate a planned
increase in the production capacity of liquid pharmaceuticals. Treated
water is being used for both watering of plants and toilet flushing.
Maintenance of the ETP has been outsourced through an annual main-
tenance contract (AMC) to a service provider who has seconded a de-
signated person to the clients premises. Water samples are being ana-
lysed by a certified agency every month.
! Water saving for gardening and domestic uses. The availability of
grey water has encouraged the extension of the green cover
Financial
implications
First and second phase of the ETP required cost of INR 8 lakh
(800,000) and INR 15 lakh (1.5 million) respectively. Maintenance is
estimated to cost around INR 25,000 per month or INR 3 lakh
(300,000) annually.
Conclusions: The layout and immaculate condition of this
ETP suggests care in planning, execution as well as
maintenance. This is a picture book example of well-
implemented pollution control.
Figure 19: Tanks, pumps and circuitry are lined up in a meticulous arrangement

Example 5. Combined effluent/sewage treatment

Company/entity Advinus Therapeutics Pvt. Ltd.
Sector Clinical research including animal response studies
Implementation 2006
Initial situation This example does not have an initial stage to compare with because the
measure was adopted in conjunction with the construction of the factory.
Problem Clinical research activities create effluents which legislation requires to
be treated scientifically.
The premises have access to public sewerage system and no statutory
requirement exists for treatment of sewerage. However, the company
management perceived that the sewage created by the 450 strong work-
force poses a liability that should but treated on site rather than dis-
charged into the public sewerage system.
Measures adopted The treatment of effluents and sewerage was integrated into the overall
development concept of the premises. Consequently a combined efflu-
ent/sewage treatment plant was designed which would utilise some of
the already existing chambers of a treatment plant left behind by the
previous owner of the site. The capacity of the plant is 30 and 45 kiloli-
ters per day for effluent and sewerage respectively. Effluent is treated in
a three-chamber pre-treatment section and sewage in a single-chamber
pre-treatment section before being treatment into the common five-
chamber section. Treated water is used for watering the extensive gar-
den surrounding the office and laboratory building.
Benefits ! Compliance with the legislation through on-site treatment in case of
effluents
! Compliance with the self-established standards for environmental
management over and above the legislative stipulations
! Savings on water supply, as treated water is completely reused for wa-
tering the garden
Financial
implications
A total of about INR 50 lakh (5,000,0000) was invested into the con-
struction of the combined ETP/STP. Operation and maintenance cost,
including electricity and salaries of two dedicated treatment plant opera-
tors, is estimated to amount to 5.3 lakh (530,000).
Conclusions: The holistic approach to the development of this campus is credibly demon-
strated by a layout combining aesthetics and extensive recreational facilities with utility of of-
fice spaces and laboratories. The integration of the spacious, open and largely transparent
work areas into a harmonious, green and exceedingly beautiful surrounding stands as an ex-
ceptional model of what corporate, social and environmental responsibility is capable of
achieving. The treatment plant, the sewage treatment component of which is a voluntary
measure, appears to be just one out of several hundreds of steps taken to improve the working
and environmental conditions and is thoroughly outshone by the tangible overall achievement.

Example 6. Sewage treatment

Company/entity Powergear Limited
Sector Fabrication of power switchgear
Implementation 2006
Initial situation Sewage generated by the large number of workers was discharged into
the public sewer.
Problem General Electrics, an international key customer, insisted on compliance
with the groups adopted environmental standards.
Measures adopted A six-chamber sewage treatment plant (STP) with activated sludge pro-
cess and diffused aeration system of 100 kilolitres per day capacity was
constructed on site. Karnataka State Pollution Control Board provided
guidance on the plant design. The treated water is used for watering the
extensive lawns, plants and trees.
Benefits ! Compliance with environmental standards defined by key customer
! Capability of onsite treatment of sewage
! Reduction of water consumption as water demand for gardening can
be met from treated water available
Financial
implications
Investment cost amounted to about INR 5.5 lakh (550,000) while main-
tenance costs are estimated to be INR 12,000 annually.
Conclusions: The establishment
of this STP was not mandated by
the applicable legislation. It was
triggered solely by an offshore
key customer committed to
implementing global standards
for its network of suppliers. This
is an example how an
environmentally more conscious
foreign markets leverage their
significance to foster cleaner
production over and above legis-
lative requirements in India.
Export oriented units have since
long been observed to act as in-
cubators for good practices.

Figure 20: Outer walls of the chambers of the sewage treat-
ment plant in the backyard of the factory

Example 7. Control of air pollution I

Company/entity G.N. Industries
Sector Manufacturing of batteries including lead recycling
Implementation 2001
Initial situation The company collects used lead-acid batteries and recovers its lead for
the manufacture of new batteries. Lead components are smelted in a
charcoal fired furnace. Smoke was collected through a hood and ex-
tracted through a short chimney with natural draught.
Problem Emissions from the chimney used to have had a high content of particu-
late matter, especially heavy particles containing lead that settled in the
neighbourhood of the shed. KSPCB discussed with the enterprise the
need to curb pollution levels radically.
Measures adopted A filter system for the furnace hood was installed. It consists of a cool-
ing unit, a bag filter chamber, blowers and a chimney of about 18 m. In
the cooling unit polluted air loses speed, leading to a substantial deposi-
tion of ash containing lead. Lighter particles still present are being fil-
tered out through the following bag filters. The large number bags and
their extensive surface area ensure that the overall airflow is not unrea-
sonably constrained. Ash recovered from the cooling unit and filter
chamber are returned to the furnace in a perpetual recuperation cycle.
! Substantial reduction of particulate matter and lead particles previ-
ously distributed in proximity of the factory shed
! Substantial reduction of lead entering the water table and subse-
quently the food chain
! Reduction of emissions inside the shed
Financial
implications
The investment reached around INR 7.5 lakh (750,000) in 2001. No data
on operation and maintenance cost is available.
Conclusions: The measures adopted have proven effective to combat the emission of lead, a
severe hazard for health and environment. Considering the amount of lead-laden ash recov-
ered, it is startling to imagine that these were dispersed into the environment for more than
two decades. The relatively high cost
of the system is attributed to the fact
that such equipment was not in
common use at the time of installation
and very little experience was avail-
able in respect of design. The
company estimates that today a system
of the same capacity would have
smaller physical dimensions and cost
no more than INR 3 to 4 lakh (300,000
to 400,000).
Figure 21:
Bottom cones of the bag filter chamber (left)
and chimneystack (right)

Example 8. Control of air pollution II

Company/entity Saravana Foundry & Engineering Works
Sector Copper and brass recycling including smelting
Initial situation The company manufactures copper and brass sheets from scrap in a pro-
cess involving smelting, hot rolling, annealing and cold rolling. The
production volume has increased from 3 to 10 tons per year. Two pit
furnaces, one for copper and another for brass, operate alongside a
common annealing furnace. All furnaces are fired with furnace oil.
Hoods connected to relatively short chimneystacks with natural draught
were installed above each furnace.
Problem Smoke emissions from the pit furnaces were crossing the permissible
limits substantially, especially with regard to particulate matter. Further,
the chimney height was too short to prevent smoke dispersion at lower
heights. The draught created by the short chimneystacks was relatively
weak, allowing a good share of emissions to remain in the shed.
Measures adopted In 2001 an air cleaning system was installed for each of the two pit fur-
naces, comprising of a blower to draw air from the furnace hood, a wet
scrubber for cleansing and a blower powered chimney of about 22
metres height. In 2006 the annealing furnace chimney height was in-
creased to about 18 metres.
Benefits ! Smoke emissions remain well within the permissible limits as regular
samples analysed in a private laboratory demonstrate.
! Smoke that is substantially cleaner and nearly free of particulate mat-
ter is well dispersed at higher strata
! The air inside the shed inhaled by workers is tangibly cleaner than
prior to this intervention
Financial
implications
The combined investment was about INR 5 lakh (500,000). Maintenance
cost or all equipment ranges at about INR 25,000 annually.
Conclusions: The cleaning systems attached to the pit
furnaces appear to keep emissions effortlessly within the
permissible limits. The fact that dust and other particulate
matter are well absorbed by the scrubber not only benefits
the environment but also reduces indoor dust and smoke
considerably. The workplace is astonishingly clean
considering the prominent presence of operating furnaces.
Emissions from the annealing furnace seem low enough
not to warrant interventions apart from the increased
chimney height to increase the natural draught and dis-
persion at higher levels. Pollution control equipment is
well kept suggesting regular maintenance, a perception that
extends to the shed, storerooms and premises in their en-
tirety.
Figure 22: Wet scrubber along with blowers

Example 9. Recovery of hexavalent chromium

Company/entity Kongovi Electronics Pvt. Ltd.
Sector Electroplating, automobile components
Implementation approx 1992
Initial situation The conventional nickel and chromium plating process results in waste
water bearing nickel and hexavalent chromium. Since 1989 the effluents
are treated on site in a treatment plant (refer to Example 3. Effluent
treatment III).
Problem Hexavalent chromium is highly toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Both
customers and society are said to have encouraged the environmentally
conscious company to find means of tackling the hazard not only as an
end-of-the-pipe solution but take pre-emptive action.
Measures adopted The quest for pre-emptive action to contain hexavalent chromium cul-
minated in the design of a chromium recovery plant. The ion exchange
based process followed by vacuum evaporation is highly complex, re-
quiring a large array of sophisticated control equipment that needs close
monitoring. The recovery plant was built adjacent to the automated plat-
ing bath lines on a separate dedicated floor from where the operation of
the plant can be observed. The process is said to achieve 100% recovery.
Benefits ! Complete recovery of chromium, making treatment of the effluent
from this process unnecessary
! Reduction of effluent
! Reduction of water consumption
Financial
implications
The investment amounted to about INR 1 crore (10 million). Operation
and maintenance costs about INR 50,000 per month or 6 lakh (600,000)
annually.
Conclusions: The deployment of this expensive,
sophisticated and maintenance-intensive equipment for
the benefit of environmental protection and that as early
as 1992 when a large section of electroplating units had
not even adopted effluent treatment plants is nothing
short of a surprise. Prior to this measure the company has
been compliant with regard to its effluent treatment and
compliance clearly could not have been a motivating
factor. The company is maintaining long-standing
credible repute for advancement on the environmental
issues. Some of the underlying motivation to aim for
innovative solutions such as this against the dictum of
pure economy could perhaps be propelled by Ford,
Hyundai and Toyota, three important multinational clients
of the company who are likely to be concerned about their
reputation in matters of environment.
Figure 23: View of the ion exchange cyl-
inder battery of the chromium recovery
plant (source www.kongovi.in)

Example 10. From open painting to painting booth

Company/entity Powergear Limited
Sector Fabrication of power switchgear
Implementation 2006
Initial situation Switchgear and its large-size housings were spray painted in open air in
one section of the factory sheds.
Problem Particles and fumes from painting operations affected workers in the
paint section and to a lesser yet tangible degree, in the entirety of the
shed. Ventilation was perceived insufficient to safeguard workers
health adequately. The presence of dust and other undesired particles
also reduced the quality of paint finishes. Both customer and Karnataka
State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) encouraged the installation of a
painting booth.
Measures adopted A painting booth equipped with a controlled ventilation system was in-
stalled inside the shed. The ventilation system absorbs particles and
fumes rapidly through large fibre filter elements while simultaneously
supplying fresh air. The continuous air exchange minimises workers
exposure to paint particles and fumes. The booth also physically insu-
lates the work environment from painting operation.
Benefits ! Improvement of occupational health of painters
! Increase in productivity of the painting section
! Improvement of the quality of paint finishes
Financial
implications
Investment cost amounted to about INR 8 lakh (800,000). Maintenance
is estimated to cost around INR 18,000 annually, chiefly for replacement
of filter elements.
Conclusions: The installation of the
paint booth tackles three problems at
once: (a) improving the health of
painters (b) improving the health of
other workers in the shed and (c) im-
proving the quality of the paint fin-
ish. While the investment is substan-
tial, the benefit is hard to quantify in
monetary terms but tangible, effec-
tive and lasting. First and foremost
the measure adopted is indicative of
the companys commitment to safe-
guarding workers health.

Figure 24: The large painting booth installed inside the shed

Example 11. Substitution of chlorinated solvents

Company/entity P&S Galvasols
Sector Electroplating with precious metals
Implementation 2007
Initial situation Watch housings and other small components were being cleaned thor-
oughly from oil, grease, buffing compounds and fingerprints before
electroplating in a solvent cleaning process under the use of Trichloro-
ethylene (TCE) in a vapour-degreasing machine.
Problem TCE is a highly toxic chlorinated solvent and known ground water con-
taminant. In the European Union TCE is classified as carcinogen. Resi-
dues are found in the solvent sludge disposed as hazardous waste. The
solvent also escapes to some degree in the process of use or storage, en-
ters the air inhaled by workers, subsequently rises up into the atmos-
phere and enters the hydrological cycle.
Measures adopted TCE vapour degreasing was replaced with an open surfactant-based
aqueous cleaning process enhanced by ultrasonic cleaning. The surfac-
tant formulation was developed by the industry itself. The wastewater
from the aqueous cleaning bath is biodegradable and is treated in the on-
site ETP.
Benefits ! No solvent sludge is generated any longer, net reduction of hazardous
waste about 10 kg/a
! Effluent is biodegradable and treated in ETP
! TCE does no longer enter the hydraulic cycle
! Workers are no longer exposed to TCE vapours at any time
Financial
implications
Investment practically nil as no additional equipment is required. Cost
of surfactants (consumables) is below that of solvent and thus translates
into a net saving on operational cost of about 60%.
Conclusions: Solvent based cleaning systems are
progressively being replaced by aqueous systems the
world over. Improvements in terms of health and
safety have propelled this trend since more than two
decades. The possibility of combining these advan-
tages with net savings has made this option
immensely popular also in less regulated and
economically weaker countries where the economic
perspective is usually given paramount importance.
As surfactants can be adjusted so that contaminants
can be removed without compromising on quality,
aqueous cleaning systems are superior to solvent
cleaning, not only from an environmental perspective.
Benefits accrue for the immediate work environment (air inhaled by workers), the envi-
ronment of Peenya (no hazardous waste to dispose off) and environment in the larger sense in
form of the hydrological cycle.
Figure 25: Tank with water-based cleaning
agents

6.5. Summary of selected examples

Industry Sector
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y

i
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/
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a
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I
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t
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n
d
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u
s
e

Description
I
n
v
e
s
t
m
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n
t

(
I
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)

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(
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)

Water pollution control measures
Kongovi
Electronics
Pvt. Ltd.
Electroplating 1989 ETP 56 Gardening ETP being a rare design treats ef-
fluents in manual batch operation
and requires limited electricity for
stirring.

Eshwari
Textile
Processing
Pvt. Ltd.
Fabric wet
processing
2001 ETP 35 10 kl/d proc-
ess, 15 kl/d
gardening, 10
kl/d to CETP
for final treat-
ment
ETP designs to treat large quanti-
ties of hazardous chemicals used
during dyeing, scouring and
bleaching process.
15 lakh 3.6 lakh
Balambiga
Metal
Finishers
Electroplating 2001,
2006
ETP The company successfully installs
ETP in spite of space constrains. It
undertakes zinc & zinc alloy plating
of machine components & treats
the effluents generated from the
processes.
3.5 lakh 2 lakh
[withheld] Pharmaceu-
tical
2003,
2007
ETP 20 Watering
plants and
toilet flushing
The ETP run efficiently with good
maintenance outsourced through
an annual maintenance contract to
a service provider.
23 lakh 3 lakh
Advinus
Therapeut-
ics Pvt. Ltd.
Clinical re-
search
2006 Com-
bined
ETP/
STP
30+45 Gardening A 3-chamber pre-treatment for ef-
fluent and a single-chamber pre-
treatment section was constructed
before treating in a common 5-
chamber section.
50 lakh 5.3 lakh
Powergear
Ltd.
Power
switchgear
fabrication
2006 STP 100 Watering
plants, lawns
& trees
A 6-chamber STP with activated
sludge process and diffused aer-
ation system was constructed.
5.5 lakh 12,000
Air pollution control measures
G. N.
Industries
Batteries
manufactur-
ing & lead re-
cycling
2001 Bag filters Air control equipment consists of a
cooling unit, a chamber with bag fil-
ters, blowers and a chimney.
7.5 lakh
Saravana
Foundry &
Engineering
Works
Copper &
brass recycl-
ing, smelting
2001,
2006
Wet scrubber An air cleaning system for 2 pit fur-
naces comprising of a blower, wet
scrubber & chimney was installed.
5 lakh 25,000
Powergear
Ltd.
Power
switchgear
fabrication
2006 Fiber filters A ventilation system was equipped
to the painting booth that absorbs
particles and fumes through fibre
filter elements.
8 lakh 18,000


Figure 26: Collection bins (left) and the waste handling site
with completed operations building (right). The smoulder-
ing bin suggests that the time-honoured and harmful
method of burning waste is still alive in spite of the estab-
lished system.
6.6. Selected common facilities
Example 1. Management of solid waste

Company/entity Peenya Infrastructure Corridor Upgradation project (PICUP)
of Peenya Industries Association (PIA)
Implementation 2008
Initial situation Large amounts of non-hazardous industrial solid waste are being gener-
ated by industries in Peenya. Its management through CMC/BMP and
from 2007 through BBMP remained grossly inadequate. No systematic
collection and disposal system was in place.
Problem The absence of a waste management system resulted in a substantial num-
ber of illegal waste dumps. These dumps are often found smouldering,
polluting the air with noxious fumes of uncontrolled combustion pro-
cesses.
Measures adopted The perpetual failure of civic authorities to address this problem prompted
the private PICUP initiative into action. In 2007 nearly 5 acres of land
were acquired in Peenya to develop a waste collection and handling
centre. The concept includes segregation into recyclable components to be
forwarded to commercial recyclers as well as regular collection from
around 100 waste collection bin put up across Peenya. Commencement of
operations is expected in the last quarter of 2008.
Benefits ! Provides for a much needed management system for non-hazardous in-
dustrial solid waste, addressing the root cause of the problem leading to
the establishment of a large number of illegal waste dumping sites
! Protection of water resources, soil, air, flora and fauna
Financial
implications
A total of INR 1 crore (10 million) was invested raised through public-
private partnership (PPP) with contributions from central government
(75%), members of PIA (15%) and state government (10%). Reliable in-
formation on anticipated operation and maintenance cost and their recov-
ery is not currently available.
Conclusions: After decades of failure
of civic authorities the establishment of
a waste management system in PPP
mode is a significant breakthrough. If
successful, it could become a model for
waste management in other industrial
areas although the strong private sector
participation required may render it un-
viable in smaller and less organised
areas. The thorough planning and estab-
lishment even raised interest of BBMP
to operate the new facility. Though de-
sirable in principle, PICUP wishes to
retain a stake in its management to
safeguard its functioning.

Example 2. Management of hazardous waste

Company/entity Treatment, storage and disposal facility (TSDF)
of KSPCB-GTZ at Dobbspet
Implementation 2008
Initial situation A significant amount of hazardous waste is generated by industries in
Peenya. More than 8,000 MT per annum are generated by those 475 in-
dustries assessed alone. With the exception of a small number of inap-
propriate incinerators, no system for environmentally sound disposal of
hazardous waste exists in Peenya, Bangalore or Karnataka.
Problem Hazardous waste was dumped at unsafe unauthorised dumpsites, posing
a serious threat to water resources, soil, air, flora and fauna.
Measures adopted In the proximity of Bangalore a Treatment, Storage and Disposal Fa-
cility (TSDF) has been established by KSPCB and the Department of
Forest, Ecology and Environment with the technical support of German
Technical Cooperation (GTZ). The facility has a total capacity of 8 lakh
MT (800,000) accommodating Karnatakas current quantity of 40,000
MT/year for a period of 20 years. Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd was con-
tracted as operator.
Benefits ! Provides for the much needed scientific treatment and disposal of
hazardous waste for the entire Karnataka state addressing a root cause
of illegal dumpsites
! Protection of water resources, soil, air, flora and fauna
Financial
implications
The TSDF was established with the contribution of approximately INR
24 crore (240 million) from the German government. No data is avail-
able on Indian contribution. Revenue for its operation is being generated
from gate fees fixed for 20 years plus the financial support of Ministry
of Environment and Forests (MoEF) to the tune of INR 2 crore (20 mil-
lion).
Conclusions: The Dobbspet TSDF closes a serious gap that existed until 2008 in the man-
agement of hazardous waste. It benefits not only for Peenya but Karnataka as a whole. With
the commencement of operation in 2008, Karnataka will be able to implement the Hazardous
Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 completely. The facility has been devised as
a long-term solution for treatment, storage and disposal for 20 years and providing safe post
closure storage for another 30.

Figure 27: Intermediate
storage (left) and disposal
facility under construc-
tion prior to 2008 (right)
(source HAWA Project)

7. REQUIREMENTS IDENTIFIED
7.1. Shortcomings observed
Chapters 3 to 6 are indicative of the pressures exerted on the environment, their impact, the
resulting state and the response. Key shortcomings impeding better environmental manage-
ment are summarised in the following.
Absence of action on severe pollution of drains: Drains are visibly and measurably pol-
luted. Conclusions from currently limited monitoring activities do not appear to lead to ac-
tions on the findings, i.e. control of pollution.
Former absence of industrial solid waste management: Industrial SW is generated in large
quantities and generally excluded from the collection system of civic authorities for mu-
nicipal solid waste. The absence of an adequate collection and disposal system in Peenya
Industrial Area has resulted in liberal disposal of solid waste on vacant land or into lakes.
The leachate of industrial solid waste compounds the pollution of water table and its
burning sets off toxic emissions. Only as of the last quarter of 2008 this problem is being
addressed (refer to chapter 6.5, Example 1).
Insufficient sewerage facilities in industrial areas: Though the development of the in-
dustrial area has been guided by the objective of providing for all infrastructural require-
ments, this target has not been achieved in the case of Phase 1 to 3. An underground
drainage system (UGD) is unavailable, forcing a large number of entrepreneurs of pre-
dominantly small-scale enterprises to deal with sewage treatment individually.
Insufficient action on noise: While limits for noise in the ambience are prescribed, monitor-
ing and compliance efforts are limited to a small fraction of larger industries. In the ab-
sence of a monitoring and mitigation initiative of the regulatory authority, which is the
Department of Factories and Boilers, noise pollution continues unabated.
Absence of maintenance: With the development of the industrial area maintenance responsi-
bilities were transferred to local bodies. Little or no justice has been done, affecting par-
ticularly the state of roads.
Insufficient monitoring of environmental performance: Factuality and scope of envi-
ronmental statements prepared by industries and submitted to Karnataka State Pollution
Control Board (KSPCB) vary greatly. At recipient end the statements are not veri-
fied/evaluated through a systematic process and pertaining data is not processed in a way
that ensures its useful potential is consistently leveraged on decisions. While much of the
data is believed to be inaccurate, the potential for improving environmental management
through this instrument is not realised.
Weak partnership in pollution control: The relationship between industries and KSPCB
does not appear to be built on substantial levels of trust and confidence as deemed re-
quired for effective protection of natural resources. The regulatory role of KSPCB, the
fact that its revenue is benefited by pollution and the absence of a dependable assistance
and service portfolio constrains leveraging its know-how on furthering pollution control.
Absence of environmental guidance: Start-up entrepreneurs may be familiar with the com-
mercial and technical side of the business but usually not its environmental dimension. In
the absence of prior knowledge or experience, entrepreneurs tend to be insufficiently pre-
pared to consider environmental impacts and mitigation options.

Absence of a common industry registry: Industries may register with District Industries
Centre (DIC), KSPCB or Department of Factories and Boilers but no single agency is en-
dowed with a mandate to provide a single-window registration service for all manufactur-
ing industries. Consequentially, data on industries varies from agency to agency and is
fragmented and unrepresentative of the overall situation. For Peenya Industrial Area it is
estimated that nearly half of the industry base is not registered with KSPCB. No single
agency can provide conclusive information on the remainder. This impedes assessments
such as this study, functioning of government agencies and the formulation of policy.
7.2. Recommendations
The following recommendations including those in respect of capacity building and policy
requirements are formulated in view of the constrains identified in the previous chapter.
Recommendation 1
Improvement of drain water quality through establishment of a long-term drain water
quality monitoring and action programme

Issues addressed: Occurrences of industries disposing sewage and effluents into drains
are not uncommon. The current monitoring system is limited to water
bodies such as lakes, tanks and rivers and, on the other side, effluents
of individual industries. Drains are currently not being recognised as
water bodies and are therefore excluded from regular monitoring.
Drains, however, bear the brunt of effluents and are feeding pollu-
tants in high concentrations into other water bodies.
Applicability: Peenya Industrial Area, in and around
Proposed ownership: KSPCB
Proposed implemen-
tation arrangement:
Drains need to be recognised as water bodies and should be included
in water body monitoring. A dedicated mobile squad should identify
hot spots, trace polluters and initiate the required action to effectively
curb discharges outside the permissible limits across all industries.

Recommendation 2
Establishment and maintenance of a common industry registry

Issues addressed: Industries may register with District Industries Centre (DIC), KSPCB
or Department of Factories and Boilers but no single agency is en-
dowed with a mandate to provide single-window registration services
for the gamut of manufacturing industries. Consequentially, data on
industries varies from agency to agency, is fragmented and unrepre-
sentative of the overall situation. This impedes assessments such as
this study, functioning of government agencies and the formulation of
adequate policy. For Peenya Industrial Area it is estimated that nearly
half of the industry base is not registered with KSPCB.
Applicability: Stage 1: Bangalore Metropolitan Region (as pilot project)
Stage 2: Karnataka

Proposed ownership: Department of Industries and Commerce
Proposed implemen-
tation arrangement:
Establishment of a single window for registration of all manufactur-
ing industries through decentralised registers. The registration should
be compulsory, annually renewable and free of charge while being is-
sued unconditionally. The registration certificate would be roughly
comparable to a trade licence without which operation of an industry
would be illegal. Data would be maintained digitally and be acces-
sible to all relevant government departments including KSPCB, De-
partment of Factories and Boilers, Department of Industries and
Commerce, Department of Labour, KIADB and KSSIDC. The com-
pulsion for registration is sought to be enacted.

Recommendation 3
Improvement of environmental monitoring through systematic verification and analysis
of environmental statements submitted by industries

Issues addressed: Factuality and scope of environmental statements prepared by in-
dustries and submitted to KSPCB vary greatly. At recipient end the
statements are not verified and evaluated in a systematic process. Fur-
ther, the data is not processed in a way that ensures its useful and po-
tential is systematically leveraged on decisions on environmental man-
agement. While much of the data is believed to be inaccurate, the po-
tential for improving environmental management through the instru-
ment of this instrument is not realised.
Applicability: Stage 1: Peenya Industrial Area (as pilot project)
Stage 2: Bangalore Metropolitan Region
Stage 3: Karnataka
Proposed implementa-
tion arrangement:
The establishment of cells for management of environmental state-
ments at Regional Office levels of KSPCB is sought. For the purpose
of data processing a management information system (MIS) is to be
developed as web-hosted central repository with multi-point user inter-
face. The MIS is to be developed around the stipulations arising from
the legal requirements while making sufficient provisions for analysis.
Software is to be developed by a professional service provider under
the guidance of an advisory group, ideally including bilateral support.
The functions of the cells are to include:
! Ensuring data format conformity of environmental statements;
! Verification of data of environmental statements;
! Processing of data in a central MIS;
! Systematic analysis of data including simulations to reach conclu-
sions with micro, mid and macro level decisions;
! Ensuring a strong linkage between the environmental performance,
consent management, risk management and disaster management.


Recommendation 4
Partnership towards pollution control through service provision by KSPCB

Issues addressed: The relationship between industries and KSPCB does not appear to be
built on substantial levels of trust and confidence as deemed required for
effective protection of natural resources. The regulatory role of KSPCB,
the fact that its revenue is benefited by pollution and the absence of a
dependable assistance and service portfolio constrains leveraging its
know-how on furthering pollution control. This is compounded by the
perception that in spite of the magnitude of KSPCBs fees collection, the
agency does not utilise these resources for proactive engagement in the
mitigation of pollution.
Stage 3: Karnataka
Proposed implementa-
tion arrangement:
KSPCB is sought to expand its portfolio through proactive promotion of
pollution control measures encompassing:
! Facilitation of regular environmental awareness creation programmes
for new entrepreneurs in decentralised locations;
! In its role as a member of the State Level Single Window Clearance
Committee and State High Level Clearance Committee of Karnataka
Udyog Mitra, provision of specific guidance on pollution control on
individual projects sanctioned;
! Development and dissemination of industry sector specific envi-
ronmental advisories that address common problem areas and promote
environmental self-assessment and benchmarking;
! Engaging in R&D on advancing pollution control measures and on
bringing technology within the economic reach of micro and small
scale enterprises;
! Providing consultancy services (chargeable) on cost-efficient mitiga-
tion of pollution to individual industries on request;
Technical assistance aims at knowledge transfer and establishing and
maintaining a durable relationship with industries to gradually transform
the public image of KSPCB into that of an appreciated partner. Such
transformation could follow the example set by the Textiles Committee,
Mumbai, who once was a regulatory agency only and today is a well-
established service provider to the textile industry (refer to
http://textilescommittee.nic.in). Such initiative is believed to offer envi-
ronmental longer-term gains unachievable in the current climate.


Recommendation 5
Establishment of regular monitoring of industrial noise with focus on ambience as well
as workers

Issues addressed: Noise nearing or exceeding the prescribed limits is rampant and
largely unchecked. Monitoring and mitigation measures are limited to
a few larger industries and almost completely absent in micro and
small enterprises and the great majority of engineering industries.
Risk awareness is low.
Stage 3: Karnataka
Proposed ownership: Department of Factories and Boilers
Proposed implemen-
tation arrangement:
A noise monitoring protocol and squad is sought to be established
that assumes monitoring of ambient noise vis--vis Noise Pollution
(Regulation and Control) Rules and workers noise exposure vis--vis
occupational health and safety. Findings should be communicated to
industries concerned in ways designed to effectively stimulate in-
dustries to develop, implement and maintain effective mitigation
measures.


8. SOFTWARE TOOLS DEVELOPED
8.1. Database application
Context
As per the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,
it is mandatory for all industries and organisa-
tions obtaining consent for operation to submit
environmental statements in stipulated
intervals. Karnataka State Pollution Control
Board (KSPCB), the designated regulatory au-
thority, currently reviews and analyses envi-
ronmental statements manually in order to en-
able informed decisions on appropriate meas-
ures. A database application was developed to
assist the KSPCB in the process of maintaining
relevant data electronically. This electronic
inventory seeks to enable a more efficient
management and analysis of data from environ-
mental statements.
Scope and structure
Data capture: The database stores data for in-
dividual industries in multi-year series. The
scope includes:
! Profile of each industry
! Water sources and consumption
! Sources of air pollution
! Inventory of waste generated
Safeguarding data integrity: The application
provides two options for login, as Administra-
tor or as User. Only the Administrator can
enter and modify data and access is password
protected. The rights of Users are restricted to
view data and create reports but do not allow
manipulation of data.
Data analysis: Tabulated reports based on a
range of appropriate parameters can be
generated to evaluate the environmental per-
formance for all or selected industries.
Architecture: The database is designed around
Microsoft Access as data inventory as back-end
and Visual Basic as front-end user interface.

Figure 28: Launch screen (pre-release)
Figure 29: Solid waste data form (pre-release)
Figure 30: Water data form (pre-release)

8.2. Geographical Information System (GIS) on Peenya
Context
A geographic information system (GIS) is an organised set
of computing hardware, software, geographic data and
personnel designed to capture, store, maintain, analyse and
present the spatially referenced information.
It was sought to introduce the GIS tool in the context of
this study for the generation of maps and geo-referencing
of data acquired during survey. The consideration of its
inclusion was further supported by the objective of
introducing some of the advantages of this tool to
decision-makers and other readers of the report in order to
promote its use for environmental management.
Scope and structure
Data capture: The data prepared for Peenya Industrial
Area includes information on
! Land use
! Water pollution, air pollution and waste
! Analysis results of soil, air and water
! Industries
! Tree cover and water bodies
! Roads and dumpsites
Understanding relationships: Data is stored with reference
to the specific location it pertains to. It can be thought of
as layers of a map, which can be shown or hidden as the
user requires. Customised maps such as shown on the
right-hand side can be generated by use of the infor-
mation fed into the database. With the help of maps, spe-
cific information such as areas, numbers, sizes, categories,
boundaries and pollution loads can be visualised to help
evaluating what relationships might exist between them.
Data sets serve as building blocks for investigations into
complex, interrelated issues, their impacts and possible
causes. Understanding relationships in the spatial context
is vital for successful environmental management.
Software requirement: Both ArcView and ArcGIS of En-
vironmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)s GIS
software are suitable for the data prepared for Peenya In-
dustrial Area.

Figure 35: Layered image
Figure 33: Selected industries
Figure 31: Territorial boundaries
Figure 32: Green cover
Figure 34: Water bodies

ANNEX 1: DETAILED MAPS
1. LAYOUT OF PEENYA INDUSTRIAL AREA PHASE 1

N
A
O ~ 1 : ... 0 ...... ;;O.1 Kilomet ers
N
fA.
",'",,,,' .. ,,,';;.1 Kil ometers


I
L
N
A.

'\
"
-il- f;!}
I
- I
It
.,.b'
"-p
I
fY" . 0.3 Kilometers
N
A
0.3 Kilometers


N
A
o 0.5 Kilometers
N
A
o 0.5 Kilometers


............... O 6 Kilometers
N
~ A
; ~ O 6 Kilometers

5. LAYOUT OF PEENYA INDUSTRIAL AREA STAGE 1

N
A
0.2 Kilometers
N
A
0.2 Kilometers


N
A
' .. """""""""""""""".,;0.4 Kilometers
N
A
o
.......................... ",g0.4 Ki lometers


N
A
o 02 Ki lometers
N
A
o 02 Ki l ometers

ANNEX 2: DATA AQUISITION FORM

ENVIRONME:"o-TALMANAGEMENT " POLICY RESf.ARC[[ ISSTITUTE
:O;.m. of t b. Indu.try:
Add" .. :
l ~ R ~ o
Category
l..ru.<ry Siu
,-""
P""""",, manufactured
Raw ma' erials U>ed
Byprodoct.
ArUM " Ir . ..
Air Act
Water Act
PUAct
FaotoriesAct
It!."! .. ..... Jr' '' .
Hanrdi ........ rulei
~ o i s poltution rul ..
Hanr<bCb.",ical rules
PWlic ruh
ODS rulei
Banery rules
_, IT!" """ ."1""" ''P u n "PT!
PerlOn Cont. ct.d:
o..ignat ion
T.l<pbon. Nolf .. :
D
o Small
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
[NVIROSM[:"o" T AL MANAG[MENT " POLICY R[SF.ARCII [SSTITUT[
:"o".m. of Ibc IDdu. lry:
Add" .. :

C' ''gory
lodu>try Si ..
loduotry TYJI<
Producu maDllfactured
Raw "..,eriah U><d
""""'"
A!'JIA'" "', ....
A"Act
PLI Act
FactorieoAct
It!."! . S .... klf" ...
Hanrdi " ..... rule.
pol lution.w..
H&Z2b (.'b<",icaI .w..
P .... '" rul ..
ODS rul ..
S' ''ery rui<>
Conl. ct.d:
o..ignal ioD
No/Fu:
O W
o Small
D YES
o Yf.l;
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D YES
D Grern
o Medium

o NO
o NO
o NO
o NO
o NO
o NO
o NO
o NO
0 ;>;0

Al it Q UALITY A)'-AL YSIS
J. Wbat .. , b. [ mllolo . .... f rom dlff. r .. , IOUI'> ( .. 'Id. ))!
L IIoikrs
2. ~ tach
(KJoJly ""ad ,lOCk 1lNliy>i.! "f'O'Ui
I. Do ,ho lodo",.,. , . .... , . f ,b. f.IIo .. 10' oj. pollutlo. < , ro] julpm .... !
OJ .... th< <ktail.
,
.,,-
YES / /<;O
,
Fabric fil ters YES / /<;O
,
L)'<lonic ocrubI><n YES / /<;O
< Yentill'< I<rubbtrs YES / /<;O
,
Odor cootrol .y>t<.,. YES / /<;O
3. DId ,ho lodu",.,. .... ul. rty moo" mblto' all' Quality for!
,
Sulphur dioJ.i<It
,
Ox .... of rutros<n
,
Particula'. matter
< Fluoride
,
Acidmist

Hydroc&r!!on
,
-.

~
4. GIn ,b. dtt. l .. of
L LlIimr><y<
2. Stach
1. IIoikrs
4. [Xj .. to
. YES / /<;O
YES / /<; O
YES / /<; O
YES / /<;O
YES / /<;O
YES / /<;O
YES / /<;O
YES / /<;O
!o. Wbttb" J>G .... h .... I dj""" . cou"" . )".m
YES I ~
C\l!!CQJtrJ,joD <kIIili
If Y ... JlWktajjj __________________ _
... Cum., ... tu. of All' .ml",". (durio. Jltld o .... ,..,..1IoB)
I . Colour
, -
, ~
AIR QUALITY M.-ALVS1S
J. Wbat II ,b. Eml""' ..... (!'<1m din ..... ' ..... "' .. ( ..
1. lJoilers
2. I'roca tach
(Kindly <I<>d """'Y'I> "f"XUi
I . Do ,bt ' .du .. ,.,. ...... , . r ,b. r.Uo,,101 &I. poiJuUo. < , n>! "lui pm .... ?
W>'. tit< !lctail.
,

VES / /<;O
,
fabri< fi lt<n VES / /<;O
,
Cyd""ic scrubben YES / NO

Ven""" oaubb<n

,
Odor control 'Y"'''''
YES I /<;O
J. DId ,bt ' .du",.,. .... ul.11y m I, mblt., 0.1. quo.llty
,
Su.lphurdiO' ....
,
Oxidos ofni""lf'll
,
?articui.att mat!<r

Fluori<l<
,
AcHlm;"

Hydroc&rboo
,
-.

4. Gin ,b. d ... 11I of
1. U,imn<y<
2. Stach
1. IIoilers
4. !Xl .. "
: YES I /<;0
YES / /<;O
YES / /<;O
YES / /<;O
YES / /<;O
YES / /<;O
YES / NO

!o. Wb<lbor [)G ........... I d<qu .... >ullk ' )'II.m
YES / NO
CO!"!1I!J'iop <kIIjl!
I fY<S. llwktail>' ____________________ _
6. Cu ...... , ....... of AIr .mlnio. (duriol fitld . .... ,.... 1100)
1. Colour
, -
,

WAT[RQUALITY A:>;ALYSIS
l. W" <r <o umptioD <l<tal" I ... 'Iday _ _ u u ' ... "'".;w)
L IlWSSll
2. !lor< w<lls
1. SUWly from ."omal 1OUJ'Ce1
I . W. '<r <o umptioD I . .. ' Iday
L Ilom<s, ic
2.
1. Oth<r.,..,.
3. d l,<l ... rgt I . .. 'Id .y
L Ilom<s, ic
2.
1. Oth<r....,.
4. M<I_ of .. ... r ', .. ' m '
,

,

,
Tertiary
a yES
a yES
DYES

!o. Q.umy " q.aUt y of .tII. 'D' a ft " tr'''m ' ID .. 'Iclay
.. 'n .. .. ,b . ... 0.0' of " ud", , .. td
L Primary

1. Tmiuy
Quan' "!}' genera, ed "o!d ..
7. Wb .. b. , ,be l.d. ,,1')" .. moDlIoriD, , b. , rouDd ..-o'to" q.aHty! YES / IW
details: ______________________ _
I. Wb .. b. , ,be l.d. ,,1')" 1.,Ulltd .. ... , .Dd flo ........... '0 m,.,.", <o. , . mplIoD d
.... .. . .. r dl .. baJV<!: D YES D IW
, . Mod< of ......... . .. r dlspoo.&l
L Sewer
2. On tand
1. RecyclinS
10. Proptrtl .. of .tII. 'D' dh<u rgtd n, ' d 0""'.-0,10. )
I . (;oIour
,-
WAT lRQUALITY A..'I;ALYS1S
J. W. , u oo. ",mptlo. d<,. Jlo I ... 'Id.y __ uu " , .,,' ",,,.wl
L IlWSSll
2. !lor< w.11s
1. SL!IIIIly from <.<Iemal JOIlI'Ce>
I. W. , u > ...,mpUo. I. ",'Id.y
L Domestk

1. Oth<r Il><n
3. dll<holll' I . ... 'Id.y
L Domestk
2.
1. Oth<r..."
4. Mnbod of .. .tt. , .... , .... ,
1. Primary
2. Secondary
1. Tertiary
ayES
a yES
a yES

!o. Q. "'1ty .. q my of .m , . ft" ' r .. 'm ' I. ",'Illoy
.. ' n 10 . b .... o ' ohlud", . . . .... td fro m?
, .,.,.,
,
'"""'"
,
Tmiuy
7. WlI<th ... 1>< I.d.".,. b monJ.or1.1 . b'lroO.d n .. T q yES I 1>0
Ifyu. gi" <l<U.i1o: ______________________ _
8. WlI<th ... 1>< I.d.".,. 1 toJltd . ... r d flo .. m<t .... o m .... ... o mpllo d
.... " ... .tt. dhcb.JV<I : 0 YES 0 1>0
, . Mod. of .. tt .. . tt. dlopouJ
L &wet
2. 00 taod
1. Reeyeli.s
10. Proptrtl .. of .m dJl<hollltd (d. M . n. ld 01>1<,.. .... 10.)
1. Colour
,-

SOLIDI HAZARDOUS WASTE MA,"AGDIE:\T
I. "f) .... Dd QUaoUty of ....... ", roll. I. k ~ d o y
L Municipal lO!" ", .. to
2. Hozar<Iow; " .....
1. Bi<l-medical " .....
4. Ptaslk ..... to
I . M .. bod of IOlid ....... db,....1
,
Onsitc"""'8" D YES
,
Collected by oxt<m>l Oi<nCY D YES
,
locinention D YES
<
Onsjl< land fill D YES
,
Onsil<<lumpi", D YES
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
D )';0
SOLIDI IIA7.ARDOUS WASTE MA,sAGLMf-",
l. ryp< aod qUO" tlly of ' ...... ,.. .... .... I.
l. MLUlicipo.l iOlid " ... "
2. ......
1. Bio-m!kaI " ......
4. PWtic .......
I . M .. bod of ",Ud .. ut. dllp"".
,
Omite """'8'
OYES 0 1<0
,
CoI1tcd by oxtcrn.al aun<Y o YES 0 1<0
,
cit><ration o YES 0 1<0

ONit< taod fill o YES 0 1<0
,
OMjt<dumping o YES 0 1<0

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