SMF4143 Aircraft Structures II Analysis of Unidirectional Composites pg 1 Ainullotfi al-Fikri, UTM

SMF4143 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES II

Analysis of Unidirectional Composites
DEFINITIONS
On-Axis: The direction parallel to the fibres. Material properties in this direction are normally obtained
from experimental tests. The coordinate system used is the 1-2-6 coordinate system (in 2-D), and the
parameters in this direction are given the subscripts 1, 2 or 6.
Off-Axis: An arbitrary direction, normally based on the natural orientation of the structure. The on-axis
coordinate system is taken at an angle from this off-axis coordinate, with counter-clockwise positive
convention. The off-axis coordinate system is the x-y-s system (for 2-D), with subscipts x, y or s.
Important: Some references use the opposite convention system i.e. x-y-s for the on-axis system and
1-2-6 for the off-axis system.
ON-AXIS STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
The On-Axis Stress-Strain relationship is as follows:

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

6
2
1
6
2 1
1
2
2
1
6
2
1
E
1
0 0
0
E
1
E
0
E E
1
(1)
Using Compliance [S]:

(
(
(

6
2
1
66
22 21
12 11
6
2
1
S 0 0
0 S S
0 S S
(2)
x (Off-axis direction)
1 (On-axis direction:
follows the fibre
directiobn)
y
2

SMF4143 Aircraft Structures II Analysis of Unidirectional Composites pg 2 Ainullotfi al-Fikri, UTM
where:

6
66
1
1
21
2
2
12
2
22
1
11
E
1
S
E
S
E
S
E
1
S
E
1
S
=

=

=
= =
(2a)
Using Modulus [Q]:

(
(
(

6
2
1
66
22 21
12 11
6
2
1
Q 0 0
0 Q Q
0 Q Q
(3)
where:

1
22
21
11
12
6 66
2 1 21 1 2 12
2 22 1 11
Q
Q
Q
Q
1 m
E Q
E m Q E m Q
mE Q mE Q

=
=
= =
= =
(3a)

TRANSFORMATION OF STRESSES FROM OFF-AXIS TO ON-AXIS

Power Function Transformation [T

]:

(
(
(

s
y
x
2 2
2 2
2 2
6
2
1
s c cs cs
cs 2 c s
cs 2 s c
(4)
with c = cos dan s = sin .
Double Angle Function:

(
(
(

r
q
p
2 cos 2 sin 0
2 sin 2 cos 1
2 sin 2 cos 1
6
2
1
(5)
T

+

T

6

SMF4143 Aircraft Structures II Analysis of Unidirectional Composites pg 3 Ainullotfi al-Fikri, UTM
where:

( )
( )
s
y x
2
1
y x
2
1
r
q
p
=
=
+ =
(5a)
Invariant Formulation:

( )
( )
( )
)
`

(
(
(

R
2 sin 0
2 cos 1
2 cos 1
o
o
o
6
2
1
(6)
with:

( )
( )
( )
q
r 1
2
1
o
2 2 2
s
2
y x
4
1
y x
2
1
tan
r q R
p

=
+ = + =
= + =
(6a)

These define Mohrs Circle as follows:


The principal stresses are given by:

R
R
min
max
= =
+ = =

(7)
r
r = R sin 2
o

2
o

R

s

q = R cos 2
o

x

y

q
SMF4143 Aircraft Structures II Analysis of Unidirectional Composites pg 4 Ainullotfi al-Fikri, UTM
TRANSFORMATION OF STRAINS FROM OFF-AXIS TO ON-AXIS

Power Function Transformation [T

]:

(
(
(

s
y
x
2 2
2 2
2 2
6
2
1
s c cs 2 cs 2
cs c s
cs s c
(8)
where c = cos dan s = sin .
Double Angle Function:

(
(
(

r
q
p
2 cos 2 2 sin 2 0
2 sin 2 cos 1
2 sin 2 cos 1
6
2
1
(9)
where:

( )
( )

= =
= =
= + =
r r
q q
p p
s
2
1
y x
2
1
y x
2
1
(9A)
Invariant Formulation:

( )
( )
( )
)
`

(
(
(

R
2 sin 2 0
2 cos 1
2 cos 1
o
o
o
6
2
1
(10)
where:

( )
( )
|
|

\
|
=
+ = + = =
= + = =

q
r
tan
r q R R
p
1
2
1
o
2 2 2
s
4
1
2
y x
4
1
y x
2
1
(10a)

6

T

+

T

SMF4143 Aircraft Structures II Analysis of Unidirectional Composites pg 5 Ainullotfi al-Fikri, UTM
Mohrs Circle for strains:

The principal strains are given by:



= =
+ = =
R
R
min
max
(11)
r
r = R sin 2
o

2
R

s

q = R cos 2
o

x

y

q
SMF4143 Aircraft Structures II Analysis of Unidirectional Composites pg 6 Ainullotfi al-Fikri, UTM
ON-AXIS STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
The following relationships can be defined for on-axis stresses compare with equation (5) earlier:

( )
( )
6
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
r
q
p
=
=
+ =

(12)
Similarly for on-axis strains, the following can be obtained compare with equation (9) before:

( )
( )
6
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
r
q
p
=
=
+ =

(13)
Orthotropic Material
For orthotropic materials S
12
= S
21
, thus we have:
(a) On-axis relationships, in terms of Compliance

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

(
(
(

+
+ +
=

r
q
p
S 0 0
0 S 2 S S S S
0 S S S 2 S S
r
q
p
66
2
1
12 22 11
2
1
22 11
2
1
22 11
2
1
12 22 11
2
1
(14)

(b) On-axis relationships, in terms of Modulus

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

(
(
(

+
+ +
=

r
q
p
Q 2 0 0
0 Q 2 Q Q Q Q
0 Q S Q Q 2 Q Q
r
q
p
66
12 22 11
2
1
22 11
2
1
22 11
2
1
12 22 11
2
1
(15)
Isotropic Material
For isotropic materials, there are ony two independent constants, i.e. E (= E
1
= E
2
) and (=
1
=
2
);
or Q
11
, and Q
12
; or S
11
and S
12
. The other terms depend on these two independent constants.

( )
( )
( )
12 11
2
1
66 11 22
12 11 66 11 22
6
Q Q Q Q Q
S S 2 S S S
1 2
E
G E
= =
= =
+
= =
(16)
(a) On-axis relationships, in terms of Compliance
These give:
SMF4143 Aircraft Structures II Analysis of Unidirectional Composites pg 7 Ainullotfi al-Fikri, UTM

(
(
(

+
=

r
q
p
S S 0 0
0 S S 0
0 0 S S
r
q
p
12 11
12 11
12 11
(16a)
(b) On-axis relationships, in terms of Modulus
In terms of Modulus, we get:

(
(
(

+
=

r
q
p
Q Q 0 0
0 Q Q 0
0 0 Q Q
r
q
p
12 11
12 11
12 11
(17)
Square Symmetric Materials
Square symmetric materials have three independent constants, E (= E
1
= E
2
), (=
1
=
2
) and G;
or Q
11
, Q
12
and Q
66
; or S
11
, S
12
and S
66
.
(a) On-axis relationships, in terms of Compliance

(
(
(

+
=

r
q
p
S 0 0
0 S S 0
0 0 S S
r
q
p
66
2
1
12 11
12 11
(18)
(b) On-axis relationships, in terms of Modulus

(
(
(

+
=

r
q
p
Q 2 0 0
0 Q Q 0
0 0 Q Q
r
q
p
66
12 11
12 11
(19)








Ainullotfi al-Fikri, UTM, 20 November 2013.