Turb Pipe Flow

Heat Transfer, Ted D.
Bennett
Copyright 2013 13-1 (last proof read: 4/13)
13 Turbulent convection
13.1 Reynolds averaged equations of transport
The so called Reynolds averaged equations of turbulent transport describe time averaged
conditions of a flow. To obtain time averaged equations, all of the variables describing the flow
are decomposed into mean and fluctuation components. For example:

average fluctuating
x x x
= + ,

average
fluctuating
T T T = + , and so forth. (13-1)
After decomposition, transport equations are time averaged such that the resulting equations
describe only the time averaged conditions of transport. These turbulent equations look very
similar to the laminar equations of transport, except for two important differences. First, time
averaged variables are used to describe the behavior of the flow. Time averaging captures the net
effect of transport in turbulence, without detailing all of the turbulent behavior. For example, the
time averaged velocity
x
would not reflect any rapid fluctuations in the flow speed caused by
turbulence, but would reflect average rate at which the flow is advancing in the x direction.
The second difference arises from the influence of turbulent fluctuations on the time averaged
transport of quantities like heat and momentum. To illustrate, consider the Reynolds averaged
transport equations momentum and heat transfer in an incompressible boundary layer flow:
Mom:
( )
small scale
diffusion
turbulent avection
x x x
x y y x
dP
x y y y dx

| | | |
+ = +
| |

\ \
(13-2)
Heat:
( )
small scale
diffusion
turbulent avection
x y y
T T T
C k CT
x y y y

| | | |
+ = +
| |

\ \
(13-3)
Both equations are in a form suitable for boundary layers because streamwise diffusion terms (in
the x direction) have been neglected (see Section 11.2). In both equations, large scale
advection in the flow is described with respect to the time averaged velocities (
x
,
y
).
However, velocity fluctuations can also advect heat and momentum on a much smaller scale.
For example, ( )
y x
, appearing in Eq. (13-2), describes the average rate at which the x -
component of momentum (per unit volume) is advected in the y -direction by turbulent
fluctuations in the fluid velocity. The over bar is meant to indicate that there should be some
correlation in the fluctuations for
y
and
x
to have a net effect on transport (in this context,
primes do not reflect derivatives). Likewise, ( )
y
CT , appearing in Eq. (13-3), describes the
Heat Transfer, Ted D. Bennett
average rate at which heat (per unit volume) is advected in the y -direction by turbulent
fluctuations in the fluid motion. Notice that if the small scale turbulent advection terms were
dropped from Equations (13-2) and (13-3), and the notation for time averaged variables replaced
with standard notation, these equations would appear equivalent to the laminar boundary layer
equations.
To put the significance of turbulence into perspective, consider the fact that for a laminar
boundary layer, the ability to bring heat away from the surface relies entirely upon molecular
diffusion. However, in a turbulent boundary layer, the small scale rolling motion of turbulence
can rapidly bring heat away from the surface. In the time averaged perspective of the flow, this
process is viewed as diffusion since the small-scale turbulent motion permits differences in
concentrations of heat and momentum to interact in an analogous fashion to molecular diffusion.
To formalize this analogy, the small scale turbulent advection fluxes appearing in Eqs. (13-2)
and (13-3) can be equated to the prototypical form of diffusion fluxes:

( )
( )
( )
( )
x x
y x M M
y H H
d d
dy dy
d u dT
CT C
dy dy

= =
= =
)
(turbulent transport) (13-4)
In these expressions
M
and
H
are the turbulent diffusivities for momentum and heat
transfer. Notice the similarity of the turbulent diffusion laws to their molecular counterparts:

( )
( )
( )
( )
x x x
d u dT dT
heat C k
dy dy dy
d d d
momentum
dy dy dy
= = =
= = =
)
(molecular transport) (13-5)
13.2 The mixing length model for turbulent diffusivity
The mixing length model is among the simplest for estimating
the turbulent diffusivities. In this model, the turbulent
diffusion flux is related to a mixing length scale . The
fluctuations in turbulence can be pictured as a rolling motion
on a scale . Suppose that this turbulent motion exists in the
flow illustrated in Figure 13-1. When a fluid element
undergoes this rolling motion, it interacts with changes in the
average flow speed over a length scale . One can expect
that the fluid element will experience a fluctuation in velocity
that will scale with the difference in average flow speeds
sampled with the scale of the rolling motion:
y
x
( )
x
y
Figure 13-1: Illustration of
Prandtls mixing length scale.

( / )
y x x
y (13-6)
From this scaling arguments for
y
and
x
, the small scale advection of momentum can be
estimated as:

2
( )
x x x
y x
y y y

| || | | |
=
| | |

\ \ \
(13-7)
The turbulent momentum diffusivity
M
can be defined by equating the momentum flux given in
Eq. (13-7) with the expected form of a diffusion flux given in Eq. (13-4). The result is:

2
x x
M
y y

| |
=
|

\
, (13-8)
or
2 x
M
y
. (13-9)
Equation (13-9) is the expression for turbulent diffusivity (of momentum) used in the mixing-
length model. One shortcoming of the mixing length model is that it suggests that turbulent
diffusivity goes to zero at points of symmetry in the flow (where / 0
x
y = ). (This effectively
suggests that the center line of duct flow is laminar.) Although this is not true, this fallacy in the
model can often be overlooked since turbulent transport fluxes will go to zero along lines of
symmetry (even though diffusivities do not).
To complete the mixing length model requires quantification of the mixing length. One
approach is to use the van Driest function:
[1 exp( / )] y y A
+ +
= ; ( R ) (13-10)
where
/
w
y
y

+
= . (13-11)
The van Driest function is well supported by experimental data on turbulent flows. In the van
Driest function, the wall coordinate y
+
is a dimensionless presentation of distances from the wall
that uses the wall shear stress
w
as a scaling factor. Since the wall shear stress is unknown, it
must be determined as part of the flow solution.
There are three empirical constants
that are needed to use the van
Driest function (13-10). The first
concerns the geometric restriction
that R . In a pipe, the largest
scales of the mixing length should
not exceed the pipe radius R . (In a
boundary layer, R would be
replaced by scale of the boundary
layer thickness .) The best
empirical choice of the constant
0.09 suggests that that the
length scale of mixing should
remain an order of magnitude
smaller than the pipe radius. The second constant is von Krmn constant 0.4. As shown in
Figure 13-2, over an intermediate region of distances from the wall, the dimension of the mixing
length scales with distance from the wall. The von Krmn constant is the proportionality
constant for this scaling. The final constant used in the van Driest function (13-10) is the
damping coefficient A
+
. Approaching the wall the mixing length must vanish. As a
consequence there is a thin region of laminar flow near the wall, known as the viscous sublayer.
The extent of the viscous sublayer is specified by the parameter 26 A
+
.
13.2.1 Turbulent heat diffusivity
It is reasonable to suspect that turbulent mixing is relatively indiscriminate as far as the transport
of fluid properties (heat and momentum) is concerned. Therefore, to first order one might
suspect turbulent heat diffusivity is roughly the same as turbulent momentum diffusivity
H M
. Although away from the viscous sublayer, this argument is reasonably good,
approaching the surface this assumption fairs less well. As an attempt to correct for this, a
turbulent Prandtl number can be defined, which is the ratio of turbulent momentum diffusivity to
turbulent heat diffusivity. An empirical correlation for the turbulent Prandtl number is given by:

1 exp( / )
Pr 0.85
1 exp( / )
M
t
H
y A
y A
+ +
+ +
| |
=
|

\
. (13-12)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
y
R
=
Damping ( A
+
parameter )
/ y R
R
Figure 13-2: Characteristics of the mixing length scale

(confined to a pipe).
Distance from pipe wall:
y R r =
This correlation uses a ratio of the van Driest
damping functions quantifying the relative
extent of the viscous sublayer (using the A
+

parameter) in comparison to an analogous heat
diffusion sublayer (using the A
+
parameter).
Although the extent of the viscous sublayer ( A
+
) is pretty much independent of fluid properties,
the heat diffusion sublayer parameter A
+
does
depend on the fluids (molecular) Prandtl
number, as indicated in Figure 13-3. For air (
Pr 0.7 = ) the best choice of the damping
constant is about 32 A
+
= . For smaller Prandtl
numbers A
+
increases steeply. For Pr 30 > , A
+

decreases steeply. However, for Prandtl
numbers 0.9 Pr 30 , the damping constant falls in the range 30 31 A
+
.
13.3 Momentum equation for turbulent pipe flow
The steady-state turbulent equations for an incompressible pipe flow are:
Continuity: ( )
1
0
z
r
r
z r r

+ =

(13-13)
Mom:
1 1
( ) ( )
z z z z
r z M M
dP
r
r z r r r z z dz

( | | | |
+ = + + +
| | (

\ \
(13-14)
Because turbulent diffusivity changes spatially, the terms expressing the sum of the molecular
and thermal diffusivities are left inside the spatial derivatives.
For fully developed turbulent flow, the velocity profile is characterized by an axial velocity that
does not change with downstream distance ( / 0
z
z = ). Additionally, there is no flow in the
radial direction ( 0
r
= ). Therefore, the momentum equation for fully developed turbulent pipe
flow simplifies to:

1 1
0 ( )
z
M
P
r
r r r z
(
= +
(

(13-15)
The first integration step can be accomplished analytically:

2
1
1
( )
2
z
M
P
r r C
r z

+ =

(13-16)
0.1 1 10 100
26
28
30
32
34
Figure 13-3: Heat transfer damping function
constant dependency on Prandtl number.
A
+
Pr
Since, at r R = the turbulent diffusivity must go to zero ( 0
M
= ), the first integration constant
can be evaluated as:

2
1
1
2
z
r R
P
C R R
r z
=

=

(13-17)
Therefore, the momentum equation becomes:

( )
2 2
1
( ) 0
2
z z
M
r R
P
r R R r
r r z

=

+ + =

(13-18)
A force balance between the wall shear stress and the pressure gradient requires:

2
2
z
r R
P
R R
z r

=

=

or
1 1
2
z
r R
P
z R r
=

=

(13-19)
Using Eq. (13-19) the momentum equation (13-18) can be express in terms of the shear at the
wall, rather than in terms of the pressure gradient. In this manner, the momentum equation
becomes:

( )
2 2
1
( ) 0
z z z
M
r R r R
r R R r
r r R r

= =

+ + =

, (13-20)
which simplifies to
(1 ) 0
M z z
r R
r
r R r

=

+ =

. (13-21)
Defining the dimensionless variables:

z
m
u

= and 1
r
R
= , (13-22)
the momentum equation can be expressed as:

0
(1 ) (1 ) 0
M
u u

=

+ =

(13-23)
or

(1 ) (0)
1
M
u
u

=
+
, (0) 0 u = . (13-24)
Equation (13-24) is a first order ordinary differential equation on which the no slip condition at
the wall (0) 0 u = is imposed. However, a second condition is required to determine the
unknown value of (0) u appearing in the momentum equation. The second condition is related
to the fact that the velocity variable is normalized by the mean velocity ( /
z m
u = ). This
requires that:

2
0
2
R
z m
rdr R =
, or
2
0
2
R
u rdr R =
, or
1
2
0
2 (1 ) u R Rd R =
(13-25)
Or,

1
0
2 (1 ) 1 u d =
(13-26)
Therefore, the momentum equation (13-24) is integrated with values of (0) u that are guessed
using the shooting method until the integration constraint (13-26) is satisfied.
13.3.1 Solution with the mixing-length model
To solve the momentum equation (13-24) still requires evaluation of the turbulent diffusivity
using the mixing length model expression (13-9). The ratio of turbulent to molecular diffusivity
is evaluated with the mixing-length model:

2
2 2
2
(2 ) Re
2 2
m m M z D
R u u
u
r R R

| |
= = = =
|

\

(13-27)
Substitution of Eq. (13-27) for the turbulent diffusivity into the momentum equation for pipe
flow (13-24) yields an equation that can be algebraically solved for u , yielding:

2
2
1 2 Re (0)(1 ) 1
Re
D
D
u
du
d
+
=
(13-28)
This is the final form of the momentum equation in the mixing length model. During integration
of this equation, the dimensionless mixing length is evaluated from the van Driest function
(13-10). To determine the wall coordinate y
+
, the wall shear stress is determined from the
variables of the solution using

0
(0)
w m m z
r R
d du
u
dr R d R

=
=
= = = . (13-29)
Consequently,

/
(2 ) (0)
(0) (0) Re / 2
2
w m m
D
y
R y y u
y u u
R R

+

= = = = , (13-30)
and the van Driest function becomes, in dimensionless form:

Re
1 exp (0)
2
D
v
u
R A
+
( | |
= =
( |
|
( \

; ( ) (13-31)
Equation (13-31) for the van Driest function is evaluated with Script 13-1.
Script 13-1: Dimensionless mixing length scale (LamEq.m)
function Lam = LamEq(eta)
global du0 ReD Ap Kappa Gamma
yp = eta*sqrt(ReD*du0/2.); % Eq. (13-30)
Lam = Kappa*eta*(1-exp(-yp/Ap)); % Eq. (13-31)
if (Lam>Gamma)
Lam = Gamma;
end

Turbulent pipe flow is solved by integrating momentum equation (13-28) coupled to the
integration constraint (13-26) that ensures the velocity variable is properly normalized. The
integrand of the integral (13-26) defines the differential equation:

1
2 (1 )
dg
u
d
= ,
1
(0) 0 g = (13-32)
Therefore, normalization of the velocity variable u requires that
1
(1) 1 g = . The turbulent pipe
flow is solved by simultaneously integrating Eq. (13-28) for u and Eq. (13-28) for
1
g . These
coupled equations are defined in Script 13-2.
Script 13-2: Fully-developed turbulent pipe flow equation (TurbPipeEq.m)
function dU = TurbPipeEq(eta,U) % where U(1)=u U(2)=g1
global du0 ReD
dU = zeros(2,1);
Lam=LamEq(eta); % Script 13-1
dU(1) = (sqrt(1+2*Lam^2*ReD*du0*(1-eta))-1)/Lam^2/ReD; % Eq. (13-28)
dU(2) = 2*U(1)*(1-eta); % Eq. (13-32)

The correct value of (0) u appearing in the momentum equation (13-28) is guessed by the
shooting method, where the integration condition
1
(1) 1 g = is used to evaluate each guess. This
shooting routine is performed by Script 13-3.
Script 13-3: Shooting script for solving turbulent pipe flow (SolveTurbPipe.m)
function [eta, U]= SolveTurbPipe(eta)
global du0;
du0_low=0.; % low bound on du(0)
du0_high=1e6; % high bound on du(0)
initU = [0, 0];
iter=0;
while ( iter < 200 && (du0_high-du0_low)>1.0e-6 )
du0=(du0_low+du0_high)/2.;
[eta,U] = rk4(@TurbPipeEq,eta,initU); % (rk4 can be replaced by ode45)

% Bi-section method (slow but stable)
if U(end,2) > 1 du0_high=du0;
else du0_low= du0;
end
iter=iter+1;
end

After solving for the turbulent pipe flow velocity profile u , the friction factor can be evaluated
from the solution. The definition for the friction factor is given by:

2
( / )
/ 2
m
dP dz D
f
= (13-33)
Using Eq. (13-19), the pressure gradient needed to evaluate the friction factor can be determined
from the shear stress at the wall:

0
( / ) 1 1
2
m z
r R
dP dz u
R r R R

=
=
| |
= =
|

\
(13-34)
Substituting Eq. (13-34) into Eq. (13-33), the friction factor can be determined from the
dimensionless velocity gradient at the wall by:

2
0
4 ( / ) 16
16 (0)
2 (2 ) Re
m m D
D dP dz u
f u
R

=

= = =
. (13-35)
The friction factor, calculated from the mixing length model, may be determined as a function of
the Reynolds number using the commands:
octave:1> global Kappa=0.4 Gamma=0.09 Ap=26
octave:2> global ReD du0

octave:3> N=200; % numerical mesh
octave:4> LogEta0=-6; % log of eta distance to first node
octave:5> LogEtaN=0; % log of eta distance to centerline
octave:6> etaspan=logspace(LogEta0,LogEtaN,N);

octave:7> ReD_span=logspace(2,7,20);
octave:8> n=1;
octave:9> for ReD=ReD_span,
> [eta,U]=SolveTurbPipe(etaspan); % Script 13-3
> fMix(n)=16*du0/ReD; % Eq. (13-35)
> n=n+1;
> endfor

octave:10> fCor=(.8686*log(ReD_span./(1.964*log(ReD_span)-3.8215))).^-2; % Eq. (13-36)
octave:11> loglog(ReD_span,fMix,ReD_span,fCor,ReD_span,64./ReD_span);
octave:12> axis([100 1e7 .001 1])

Notice that integration is done with a mesh evenly divided in log-space. This is required to get a
sufficient number of nodes close enough to the wall to resolve the steep changes that occur there.
In Figure 13-4, the results of the mixing length model are contrasted with the limiting behavior
of laminar flow, given by 64 / Re
lam
D
f = , and the turbulent flow correlation:

2
Re
0.8686ln
1.964 1n Re 3.8215
turb D
D
f
( | |
=
( |
\
(13-36)
The mixing length model demonstrates
agreement with the limiting behavior of
both the laminar flow result and the
turbulent correlation. However, the mixing
length model does not bridge the laminar
to turbulent flow transition with a
physically correct picture. Generally, one
does not expect a gradual transition
between laminar and turbulent behavior to
occur over a large spread of Reynolds
numbers. Instead, as the average velocity
of a laminar flow is slowly increased, one
would expect the friction factor to follow
the laminar line until an abrupt jump to
turbulence occurs.
13.4 Heat Transfer in turbulent pipe flow of constant wall temperature
The heat equation written for a steady turbulent flow through a pipe is:

1
( ) ( )
r z H H
T T T T
r
r z r r r z z

( | | | |
+ = + + +
( | |

\ \
(13-37)
Further simplifications to the heat equation can be made by observing that for fully developed
conditions, 0
r
= , and by making the boundary layer scaling arguments, the axial diffusion term
may be neglected relative to the radial diffusion term. Therefore, the equation for fully-
developed heat transfer in turbulent pipe flow simplifies to:
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
Correlation Eq. (13-36)
laminar flow
Mixing length model
Re
D
f

Figure 13-4: Friction factor calculated from mixing
length model contrasted with laminar behavior and
turbulent correlation (13-36).

1
( )
z H
T T
r
z r r r

(
= +
(

(13-38)
The same concept of a fully developed temperature profile developed in Section 12.1, for
laminar flows applies to turbulent flows. Furthermore, the fully-developed temperature profile
leads to the same relationship between the axial change in temperature / dT dz and axial change
in mean temperature /
m
dT dz as found for laminar conditions (see Eq. 12-19) for constant wall
temperature conditions. This relation expressed for turbulent flows is:
0
s s m
s m s m
T T T T dT dT
z T T dz T T dz
| |
= =
|

\
, when .
s
T const = (13-40)
Likewise, streamwise changes in mean temperature in turbulent flows are governed by the same
energy balance use for laminar flows in Section 12.3 (see Eq. 12-24). That energy balance leads
to the following relation for turbulent flows that expresses the change in mean temperature in
relation to the convection of heat from the walls of the pipe:

2 ( )
m s m s m
p net m p
dT T T h T T
dz mC r R C

= =

. (13-42)
Combining Eq. (13-40) with Eq. (13-42) gives

2 ( )
s
p m
h T T dT
dz R C
= , (13-43)
which when applied to the heat equation (13-38) yields:

2
(2 )
( ) 1
z H
s
m
h R R T
T T r
k r r r

( | |
= +
| (

\

(13-44)
The heat equation is made dimensionless by defining the variables:
1
r
R
= ,
z
m
u

= ,
m
s m
T T
T T
,
(2 )
D
h R
Nu
k
= . (13-45)
In terms of these new variables, the heat equation becomes:
(1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 )
H
D
u Nu

(
= +
(

. (13-46)
The heat equation may be integrated once analytically for:

0 0
(1 )(1 ) (1 ) 1 (1 ) 1 (0)
H H
D
Nu u d

( | | | |
= + = +
| | (
\ \

(13-47)
However, the Nusselt number is related to the wall temperature gradient:

(2 ) 2 2
2 (0)
( )
s
D
s m s m r R
q h R R R T
Nu
k k T T T T r
= = = =

(13-48)
Therefore, with the relationship between (0) and
D
Nu , as expressed by Eq. (13-48), (0) can
be eliminated from Eq. (13-47), which puts the heat equation into the form:

( )
2
( ) 1
2(1 )(1 / )
D
H
Nu g
=
+
, where
2
0
( ) 2 (1 )(1 ) g u d
. (13-49)
The normalized velocity variable u and temperature variable used in the heat equation will
impose a constraint on the problem with respect to the newly defined function
2
( ) g . By
definition, the mean dimensional temperature associated with the flow is expressed by:

1 1
0 0 0
1 1
0 0 0
2 (1 ) (1 )
2 (1 ) (1 )
R
z z m
m R
z z m
T rdr T R Rd Tu d
T
rdr R Rd u d

= = =

. (13-50)
However, changing the temperature variable in Eq. (13-50) to yields:

1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
( ) (1 ) (1 )
( )
(1 ) (1 )
m s m
m m s m
T T T u d u d
T T T T
u d u d

( +

= = +

. (13-51)
It is clear the Eq. (13-51) can only be satisfied if:

1
0
(1 ) 0 u d =
. (13-52)
Therefore, looking at the constraint function
2
( ) g , as defined in the heat equation (13-49), it
becomes clear that integration of this function must yield:

0 1
1 1 1 1
2
2
0 0 0 0
(1) 2 (1 )(1 ) 2 (1 ) 2 (1 ) 1
g
g d u d u d u d
= =
= = = =

(13-53)
In Eq. (13-53), the term evaluating to 1, does so by Eq. (13-26), and the term evaluating to 0,
does so by Eq. (13-52). Therefore, to solve the heat equation (13-49) will require determining
the correct value of
D
Nu such that the constraint
2
(1) 1 g = is satisfied.
The last impediment to integrating the heat equation (13-49) is the need to evaluate the turbulent
heat diffusivity. This can be done by relating the turbulent heat diffusivity to the momentum
diffusivity with the definition of turbulent Prandtl number Pr /
t M H
= , such that

Pr Pr
Pr Pr
t t H H M M M
M

= = = . (13-54)
The turbulent Prandtl number is determined from correlation (13-12), and the turbulent
momentum diffusivity is determined from its definition using Eq. (13-27) for pipe flow. The M-
File defining the turbulent Prandtl number correlation is given in Script 13-4
Script 13-4: Turbulent Prandtl number correlation (PrtEq.m)
function Prt = PrtEq(eta,Ap,ApH)
global du0 ReD
yp = eta*sqrt(ReD*du0/2.); % Eq. (13-30)
Prt=0.85*(1-exp(-yp/Ap))/(1-exp(-yp/ApH)); % Eq. (13-12)

The system of equations that solves for turbulent flow heat transfer in a constant wall
temperature pipe is summarized by:

2
2
1 2Re (0)(1 ) 1
Re
D
D
u
u

=

, (0) 0 u = (13-55)

1
2 (1 )
dg
u
d
= ,
1
(0) 0 g = , with (0) u yielding
1
(1) 1 g = (13-56)

( )
2
( ) 1
2(1 )(1 / )
D
H
Nu g
=
+
, (0) 1 = (13-57)

2
2 (1 )(1 )
g
u
,
2
(0) 0 g = , with
D
Nu yielding
2
(1) 1 g = (13-58)
This system of equations is comprised of the turbulent momentum equation (13-55) and heat
equation (13-57) for flow through a constant wall temperature pipe. Coupled to these equations
are an equation (13-56) for the constraint function
1
g that is required by the normalization of the
velocity variable u , and an equation (13-58) for the constraint function
2
g that is required by the
additional normalization of the temperature variable . If the turbulent momentum equation has
been solved prior to seeking a solution to the heat equation, then (0) u is presumed to be known
and Eq. (13-56) for
1
g may be dropped from the reaming system of equations to be solved. This
is assumed to be the case in defining equations in Script 13-5 needed to solve for heat transfer in
turbulent pipe flow.
Script 13-5: Fully-developed turbulent pipe flow heat equation (TurbPipeTEq.m)
function dUT = TurbPipeTEq(eta,UT) % where UT(1)=u, UT(2)=T, UT(3)=g2
global du0 ReD NuD Pr Ap ApH Kappa Gamma
dUT = zeros(3,1);
Lam=LamEq(eta); % Script 13-1
dUT(1) = (sqrt(1+2*Lam^2*ReD*du0*(1-eta))-1)/Lam^2/ReD; % Eq. (13-55)
if (eta<1)
EM=(ReD/2)*Lam^2*dUT(1); % Eq. (13-27)
Prt=PrtEq(eta,Ap,ApH);
EH=(Pr/Prt)*EM; % Eq. (13-54)
dUT(2) = NuD*(UT(3)-1)/2/(1-eta)/(1+EH); % Eq. (13-57)
else
dUT(2) = 0;
end
dUT(3) = 2*UT(1)*(1-eta)*(1-UT(2)); % Eq. (13-58)

The correct value of the Nusselt number
D
Nu is guessed by the shooting method implemented in
Script 13-6. Guesses for
D
Nu are refined by the bisection method, with the requirement that
2
(1) 1 g = as the target in the shooting routine.
Script 13-6: Shooting script for solving turbulent pipe flow heat equation (SolveTurbPipeT.m)
function [eta, UT]= SolveTurbPipeT(eta)
global du0 NuD
NuD_low=0; % low bound on NuD
NuD_high=1e6; % high bound on NuD
initUT = [0, 1, 0];
iter=0;
while ( iter < 200 && (NuD_high-NuD_low)>1.0e-6 )
NuD=(NuD_low+NuD_high)/2;
[eta,UT] = rk4(@TurbPipeTEq,eta,initUT); % (rk4 can be replaced by ode45)

% Bi-section method (slow but stable)
if max(UT(:,3)) > 1 NuD_high=NuD;
else NuD_low= NuD;
end
iter=iter+1;
end

Solutions for the Nusselt obtained from the mixing length model can be checked again the
turbulent correlation:

( )( )
( ) ( )
1/ 2
2/3
/ 8 Re 1000 Pr
1 12.7 / 8 Pr 1
D
D
f
Nu
f
=
+
(13-59)
This comparison can be made with the following script commands:
octave:1> global Kappa=0.4 Gamma=0.09 Ap=26
octave:2> global Pr ReD du0 NuD ApH

octave:3> N=200; % steps in numerical domain
octave:4> LogEta0=-6; % log of eta distance to first node
octave:5> LogEtaN=0; % log of eta distance to centerline
octave:6> etaspan=logspace(LogEta0,LogEtaN,N);

octave:7> Pr=7;
octave:8> ApH=31;

octave:9> ReD_span=logspace(4,6,3);
octave:10> n=1;
octave:11> for ReD=ReD_span,
> [eta,U]=SolveTurbPipe(etaspan); % Script 13-3
> fMix(n)=16*du0/ReD; % Eq. (13-35)
> [eta,UT]=SolveTurbPipeT(etaspan); % Script 13-5
> NuDMix(n)=NuD;
> n=n+1;
> endfor

octave:12> loglog(ReD_span,(NuDMix./Pr).*(1+12.7*(fMix/8).^0.5*(Pr^(2/3)-1)),'o');
octave:13> hold on
octave:14> loglog(ReD_span,fMix.*(ReD_span-1000)/8);
octave:15> hold off

A favorable comparison between the
mixing length model calculation of
D
Nu , and its relationship to the friction
factor asserted by correlation (13-59),
is made for a range of Prandtl numbers
and Reynolds numbers in Figure 13-5.

10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
4
10
5
10
6
(
N
u
D
/
P
r
)
[
1
+
1
2
.
7
(
f

/
8
)
1
/
2
(
P
r
2
/
3
-
1
)
]

3
( / 8)(Re 10 )
D
f
Pr = 0.7 ( ) 32
7.0 ( ) 31
70. ( ) 28
A
+
Figure 13-5: Correlation for turbulent pipe flow
Nusselt number.
Re
D

13.5 Problems
Problem 1

Turb Pipe Flow

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Turb Pipe Flow

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Heat Transfer, Ted D.

Heat Transfer, Ted D. Bennett

Figure 13-2: Characteristics of the mixing length scale

You might also like