vl@tcGifhta&;tawG;tac:

udpP&yfwckonf vl@tcGifhta&;udpP&yf[kwfr[kwf pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&mwGif

taxmuftultjzpf xnfhwGif;pOf;pm;Edkifaom vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
tawG;tac:onf vl@tcGifhta&;tawG;tac:(Human rights
philosophy) yifjzpfonf?
 pOf;pm;&eftcsufrsm;

vltcGifhta&;tajccHtcsuf(4)csufudk
jyefvnfoHk;oyf aqG;aEG;&ef
 tcsdK@aomudpP&yfrsm;a=umifh vlom;wOD;OD; epfemr_jzpfygu
xdkepfemr_jzpf&aomudpP odk@r[kwf wckck vkyfcGifhr&Sd[k
wm;jzpfcH&aomtcg xdkudpPonf vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufr_&Sdr&Sd
vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_ [kwfr[kwf vG,fvG,fululESifh
tajzray;Edkifay?
(Oyrm - trsdK;orD;rsm; udk,0f efzsufcscGifhonf trsdK;orD;
vl@tcGihfta&;jzpfonf? opfyifrsm;rqifrjcifckwfvJjcif;onf
vltcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_jzpfonf? rJray;rae& EdkifiHom;wdkif;udk
rJay;cdkif;jcif;? )
 ueOD;wGifvl@tcGifhta&;[k vufrcHaomtcGifhta&;w&yfudk
aemufydkif;wGifrS todtrSwfjyKvmjcif;rsdK; &Sdonf?
 tcGifhta&;wpf&yfudk vl@tcGifhta&;[kajymvsif vufcHolESifh
vufrcHolrsm;t=um; tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;jzpf&onf? xdktcg
vl@tcGifhta&;jzpfa=umif;vufcHapvdkvsif tjiif;yGm;r_wdkif;wGif
tusdK;ta=umif; ckdifvHk&efvdktyfonf?
 vl@tcGifhta&;onf vlom;wpfOD;tjzpf arG;zGm;vmuwnf;u
ygvmaom arG;&mygtcGifhta&;jzpfonf[kqdkaomfvnf; ,ae@vufcH
todtrSwfjyKxm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;onf awmif;qdkwdkufy0JG ifr_
t&om todtrSwfjyKcHvm&aom tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf?
 pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&eftcsuf
 rdbrsm; tdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfaomtcgwGif om;orD;rsm;. jyKpkapmifh
a&Smufr_udk cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf? xdkolrsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;
&ef EdkifiHawmfwGif Oya' jyXmef;csufr&Sdaoma=umifh xdkolrsm;udk
pGef@ypfxm;jcif;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufjcif;r[kwf?
 xdkif;EdkifiHa&muf jrefrmtvkyform;rsm;udk vlom;csif;pmemr_t&
tumtuG,fay;oifh/ xdkolrsm;wGif xdkodk@umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_
cHpm;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;&Sdonf?
 Discussion
 xdktcGifhta&;rsm;
onfvl@tcGifhta&;
[kwfygovm; (odk@) r[kwfbl;vm;?
 bma=umifhvJ?
 Human rights as moral
rights(pdwf"gwfcGeftm;tcGifhta&;)
 TtcGifhta&;rsm;onf odwwfr_[laom usifh0wfydkif;t& wm0efodr_
(moral duty) tay:wGifomrlwnfonf?
 vl@tcGifhta&;jzpfxGef;r_ordkif;a=umif;udkjyef=unfhvsif tpydkif;wGif
pdwf"gwfcGeftm;tcGifhta&;taeESifhomwnf&SdcJhaom
tcGifhta&;rsm;onf aemiftcgOya'jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh abmif0ifatmif
vkyfvdkufaomtcg usifhoHk;Edkifaomvl@tcGifhta&;(applicable
human rights) [kac:aom Oya't&ay;tyfaomtcGifhta&;
odk@r[kwf EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfvmonf?
 Oya'YxnfhoGif;&ef pdwf"gwfcGeftm;tcGifhta&; trsdK;tpm;a&G;cs,fr_
vkyf&mwGif EdkifiHwckESifhwck jcm;em;r_&Sdonf?
 tcsKd@EdkifiHrsm;. pdwf"gwfcGeftm;tcGifhta&;rsm;onf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif
Oya't&ay;tyfaom vuffawG@usifhoHk;Ekdifaom vl@tcGifhta&;jzpfEdkif?
 pdwf"gwfcGeftm;oufoufr#omjzpfaom tcGifhta&;rsm;onf vufawG@usifhoHk;Edkif
aom vl@tcGifhta&;tqifhtwef;tjzpfr&&Sdao;aom vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;yifjzpfonf
qdkonfudkum; jiif;Ir&ay?
 Oya't&ay;tyfaom tcGifhta&;rsm;/ edkifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;onfom
vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; r[kwf pdwf"gwfcGeftm;tcGifhta&;rsm;onfvnf;
vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonfudk rSwf,l&ayrnf?
 pdwf"gwfcGeftm;tcGifhta&; rS Oya't&vufawG@usifhoHk;Edkifaom vl@tcGifhta&;
tjzpfowfrSwfvmap&ef awmif;qdkwdkufyJG0ifjcif;onf ,ae@urBmhvl@tcGifhta&;
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. t"duusaom wm0efrsm;teuf wckjzpfonf?
 Justicibiality of rights(Oya't&
umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;EkdifaomtcGifhta&;)
 Oya'jyXmef;csuft& umuG,fjrSifhwifay;jcif;rjyKEdkifaom tcGifhta&rsm;onf
vl@tcGifhta&;r[kwf[k tcsdK@uajym=uonf?
 vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm Oya't&ay;tyfaomtcGifhta&;(legal rights)ESifh
nDr#onf[k tcsdK@uqdkonf? wenf;tm;jzifh vl@tcGifhta&;udk Oya't&ay;tyf
aomtcGifhta&;rsm;tjzpfodk@ tqifhav#mhcsjcif;jzpfonf?
 jyXmef;Oya'rsm; t"dujzpfr_0g'(legal positivism)t,ltqjzpfonf?
Oya'rrsm;a&;qJGjyXmef;I xdkjyXmef;Oya'rsm;jzifhom t&mudpPtm;vHk;udk
udkifwG,fajz&Sif;aom t,ltqjzpfonf? xdkjyXmef;Oya'rsm;udk (positive
law)[kac:onf?
 vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;oltcsdK@u xdk0g'.uef@owfr_udk ausmfv$m;Edkif&ef
obm0w&m;Oya'(Natural law)t,ltqudk wifjyvm=uonf?
 vl@tcGifhta&;onf Oya't&ay;tyfaomtcGifhta&;rsm;. arG;zGm;&mae&mjzpfjyD;/
Oya't&ay;tyfaomtcGifhta&;rsm;onf vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;. arG;zGm;&mae&m
r[kwfay?
 vltcGifhta&;awmif;qdkwdkufyJG0ifr_onfvnf;aumif;/ Oya'rsm;a&;qJGjyXmef;jcif;
onfvnf;aumif; vlom;csif;qufqHa&; w&m;r#wr_&SdI w&m;r#wr_udk tm;vHk;
wajy;nDwef;wlnDwl cHpm;Edkif&ef &nf&G,fcsufcsif;twlwlyifjzpfonf?
 vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf vl@tzJG@tpnf;uvl@tcGifhta&;tjzpf todtrSwfrjyK
ao;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfxkwfI vl@tcGifhta&;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKvmap
&ef vkyfaqmifaeaom awmfvSefa&;wrsdK;jzpfonf?
 Discussion

 udk,f0efzsufcscGifhtcGifhta&;onf
trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf
vl@tcGifhta&;jzpfonf (odk@) vl@tcGifhta&;
r[kwfyg (bma=umifhvJ)?
 (Claims and social recognition)awmif;qdkr_ESifh
todtrSwfjyKr_
 tcsdK@aomtcGifhta&;rsm;onf awmif;qdkp&mrvdkbJ vl@tcGifhta&;tjzpf
tvG,fwul todtrSwfjyK=uaomfvnf;/ tcsdK@tcGifhta&;rsm;onf awmif;qdkjyD;rS
vl@tcGifhta&;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKvmonfh om"ursm;&Sdonf?
 pdwf"gwfcGeftm;tcGifhta&;tjzpfowfrSwfcH&aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk vl@tcGifhta&;
tjzpfowfrSwfapvdkaomolrsm;u pwifaom awmif;qdkr_rsm;(claims)jzifh
vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwifvm=uonf?
 awmif;qdkvmaomtcGifhta&;onf vl@tcGifhta&;jzpfoifhonf[k vl@tzJG@tpnf;.
todtrSwfjyKr_(social recognition)vdktyfonf?
 todtrSwfjyKr_udk r&&Sdao;aomtcGifhta&;onf awmif;qdkr_oufoufomjzpfjyD;
vl@tcGifhta&;tjzpfajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdao;ay?
 vl@tcGifhta&;tjzpftodtrSwfjyKr_&&Sdvma&;rSm awmif;qdkr_oufoufjzifhr&EdkfifbJ
vl@tzJG@tpnf;. todtrSwfjyKr_ygvkdtyfonf?
 Core rights and derivative rights(yifrtcGifhta&;ESifh
qifhyGm;tcGifhta&;
 vltcGifhta&;tm;vHk;onf wef;wltqifhtwef;ESifhwefzdk; &Sdonf[krqdkEdkifyg?
tcsdK@aomtcGifhta&;rsm;onf tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyef@yGm;apaomtcGifhta&;
rsdK;jzpfonf?
 tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfay:apaom tcGifhta&;udk yifrtcGifhta&;(core
rights)[kac:jyD;/ xdkyifrtcGifhta&;udkrSDI jzpfay:vmaomtcGifhta&;udk
qifhyGm;tcGifhta&;(derivative rights)[kac:onf?
 yifrtcGifhta&;ESifhqifhyGm;tcGifhta&;rsm; wlnDaomtcGifhta&;rdom;pkudk (rights
family of a group of rights)[kac:onf?
 yifrtcGifhta&;udk tmrcHcsuf&SdrS qifhyGm;tcGifhta&;rsm; usifhoHk;&onfrSm
vG,fulonf?
 Discussion
 Asia Value udk vufcHovm;(odk@)
vufrcHbl;vm; (bma=umifhvJ)
 vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm taemufwdkif;,Ofjzpfonf
(odk@) r[kwfyg (bma=umifhvJ)
 Universal human rights Vs cultural reletivism
(tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ESifhudkufnDaomvl@tcGifhta&;

 wurBmvHk; pHwpfckwnf;omjzpfaom vl@tcGifhta&;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m

vl@tcGifhta&;(universal human rights)[kac:onf?
 vl@tcGifhta&;udk ,Ofaus;r_ESifh ,SOfIwnfaxmifusifhoHk;&ef wifjyaomt,ltqudk
,Ofaus;r_ESifhudkufnDaomvl@tcGifhta&;t,ltq (cultural reletivism)
[kac:onf?
 tjynfjynfqdkfif&mvl@tcGifhta&;t,ltqonf vl@tcGifhta&;udk TurBmay:&Sd
pHwrsdK;wnf;jzifh vlom;tm;vHk; cJGjcm;r_r&SdbJydkifqdkifusifhoHk; cHpm;EdkfifcGifh&Sdonfqdkaom
t,ltqjzpfonf?
 tjynfjynfqdkfif&mvl@tcGifhta&;t,ltqudk tm;oefaomEdkifiHrsm;rSm
taemufwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonf? xdkEdkifiHrsm;onf
EdkifiHom;ESifhEdkfifiHa&;tcGifhta&; (civil and political
rights)t"dujzpfaom wOD;csif;vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;(individual
freedom)udkOD;pm;ay;jyD; wrBmvHk;usifhoHk;&efawmif;qdkonf?
 ,Ofaus;r_ESifhudkufnDaomvl@tcGifhta&;t,ltq (cultural
reletivism)onf vl@tzJG@tpnf;wckvHk;.tcGifhta&; (collective
rights) udkOD;pm;ay;onfh t,ltqay:wGif tajccHonf?
 vl@tcGifhta&;t,ltqESifhywfoufI xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&mwGif
tjynfjynfqdkfif&mvl@tcGifhta&;t,ltqESifh ,Ofaus;r_ESifhudkufnDaom
vl@tcGifhta&;t,ltq uJGjym;jcm;em;r_&Sdonfudk
xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;&ayrnf?
 Indivisibility of human rights (vl@tcGifhta&;tm;vHk;
cJGjcm;r&bJ wqufwpyfwnf;&Sdjcif;)
 vl@tcGifhta&;tm;vHk; cJGjcm;r&bJ wqufwpyfwnf;&Sdr_ (Indivisibility of
human rights) t,ltqjzpfonf?
 tcsdK@aomvl@tzJG@tpnf;rsm;/ edkifiHrsm;onf trsdK;pHkvSaomvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;xJrS
wcsdK@udkoma&G;cs,fI usifhoHk;rnf[kqdk=uonf?
 jrefrmEdkifiHonf vl@tcGifhta&;trsdK;tpm;tenf;qHk;udkom usifhoHk;cGifhjyKaom
EdkifiHrsm;pm&if;wGifyg0ifjyD;/ puif'Dae;AD,m;EdkifiHrsm;rSm vl@tcGifhta&;trsdK;tpm;
trsm;qHk; usifhoHk;aom edkifiHrsm;jzpfonf?
 vl@tcGihfta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf xdkodk@ vl@tcGifhta&;cJGjcm;xm;r_ESifh
a&G;cs,fusifhoHk;r_udk awmfvSeftHwkonfhtaejzifh
vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk; cJGjcm;r&bJ wpkwpnf;wnf;&Sda=umif;
t,ltqudk wifjyvm=uonf?
 rsufarSmufacwf vl@tcGifhta&;tawG;tac:rsm;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;
tm;vHk; cJGJjcm;r&bJ wqufwpyfwnf; wnf&Sdaejcif;[laom t,ltq
rSm tm;aumif;pGm csDwufvsuf&Sdonf?
 xdk@a=umifhvl@tcGifhta&;t,ltqrsmta=umif; oHk;oyf&mwGif
atmufyge,fy,frsm;udk xnfhwGif;pOf;pm;&efvdktyfonf?
 pdwf"gwfcGeftm;tcGifhta&;(Human rights as moral rights)
 Oya't&umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;Edkifaom tcGifhta&; (Justicibility
of rights)
 awmif;qdkr_ESifh todtrSwfjyKr_ (Claims and social recognition)
 yifrtcGifhta&;ESifh qifhyGm;tcGifhta&;(Core rights and derivative
rights)
 tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ESifhudkufnDaomtcGifhta&;
(Universal human rights Vs cultural reletivism)
 vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk; cJGjcm;r&bJ wqufwpyfwnf;&Sdjcif;
(indivisibility of human rights)
Thank you!