Ee101 Opamp 6

EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 6)
M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Sinusoidal oscillators
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
Frequencysensitive network
Consider an amplier with feedback.
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
Consider an amplier with feedback. xo = A xi = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + xo )
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
Consider an amplier with feedback. xo = A xi = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + xo ) xo A Af = . xi 1 A
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
Consider an amplier with feedback. xo = A xi = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + xo ) xo A Af = . xi 1 A Since A and will generally vary with , we re-write Af as, A (j ) A f (j ) = . 1 A (j ) (j )
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
Consider an amplier with feedback. xo = A xi = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + xo ) xo A Af = . xi 1 A Since A and will generally vary with , we re-write Af as, A (j ) A f (j ) = . 1 A (j ) (j ) As A (j ) (j ) 1, Af (j ) , and we get a nite xo even if xi = 0.
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
Consider an amplier with feedback. xo = A xi = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + xo ) xo A Af = . xi 1 A Since A and will generally vary with , we re-write Af as, A (j ) A f (j ) = . 1 A (j ) (j ) As A (j ) (j ) 1, Af (j ) , and we get a nite xo even if xi = 0. In other words, we can remove xi and still get a non-zero xo . This is the basic principle behind sinusoidal oscillators.
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
* The condition, A (j ) (j ) = 1, for a circuit to oscillate spontaneously (i.e., without any input), is known as the Barkhausen criterion.
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
* The condition, A (j ) (j ) = 1, for a circuit to oscillate spontaneously (i.e., without any input), is known as the Barkhausen criterion. * For the circuit to oscillate at = 0 , the network is designed such that the Barkhausen criterion is satised only for 0 , i.e., all components except 0 get attenuated to zero.
xi
xf
xi
Amplifier
A xi
xo
xo
* The condition, A (j ) (j ) = 1, for a circuit to oscillate spontaneously (i.e., without any input), is known as the Barkhausen criterion. * For the circuit to oscillate at = 0 , the network is designed such that the Barkhausen criterion is satised only for 0 , i.e., all components except 0 get attenuated to zero. * The output xo will therefore have a frequency 0 (0 /2 in Hz), but what about the amplitude?
Amplifier
xo
gain limiter Frequencysensitive network
xo
Amplifier
xo
xo
* A gain limiting mechanism is required to limit the amplitude of the oscillations.
Amplifier
xo
xo
* A gain limiting mechanism is required to limit the amplitude of the oscillations. * Amplier clipping can provide a gain limiter mechanism. For example, in an Op Amp, the output voltage is limited to Vsat , and this serves to limit the gain as the magnitude of the output voltage increases.
Amplifier
xo
xo
* A gain limiting mechanism is required to limit the amplitude of the oscillations. * Amplier clipping can provide a gain limiter mechanism. For example, in an Op Amp, the output voltage is limited to Vsat , and this serves to limit the gain as the magnitude of the output voltage increases. * For a more controlled output with low distortion, diode-resistor networks are used for gain limiting, as we shall see.
Amplifier
xo
xo
Amplifier
xo
xo
* Up to about 100 kHz, an Op Amp based amplier and a network of resistors and capacitors can be used.
Amplifier
xo
xo
* Up to about 100 kHz, an Op Amp based amplier and a network of resistors and capacitors can be used. * At higher frequencies, an Op Amp based amplier is not suitable because of frequency response and slew rate limitations of Op Amps.
Amplifier
xo
xo
* Up to about 100 kHz, an Op Amp based amplier and a network of resistors and capacitors can be used. * At higher frequencies, an Op Amp based amplier is not suitable because of frequency response and slew rate limitations of Op Amps. * For high frequencies, transistor ampliers are used, and LC tuned circuits or piezoelectric crystals are used in the network.
Wien bridge oscillator
R Amplifier
xo
A amplifier C R
Z1 xo
Z2
network
R Amplifier
xo
A amplifier C R
Z1 xo
Z2
network
Assuming Rin for the amplier, we get Z2 R (1/sC ) sRC A (s ) (s ) = A =A . =A Z1 + Z2 R + (1/sC ) + R (1/sC ) (sRC )2 + 3sRC + 1
R Amplifier
xo
A amplifier C R
Z1 xo
Z2
network
Assuming Rin for the amplier, we get Z2 R (1/sC ) sRC A (s ) (s ) = A =A . =A Z1 + Z2 R + (1/sC ) + R (1/sC ) (sRC )2 + 3sRC + 1 For A = 1 (and with A equal to a real positive number), j RC must be real and equal to 1/A. 2 (RC )2 + 3j RC + 1
R Amplifier
xo
A amplifier C R
Z1 xo
Z2
network
Assuming Rin for the amplier, we get Z2 R (1/sC ) sRC A (s ) (s ) = A =A . =A Z1 + Z2 R + (1/sC ) + R (1/sC ) (sRC )2 + 3sRC + 1 For A = 1 (and with A equal to a real positive number), j RC must be real and equal to 1/A. 2 (RC )2 + 3j RC + 1 = 1 ,A=3 RC
|H|
R
0.1
V1
C
V2
0.01 90 R
R = 158 k C = 1 nF H
0
90
101
102
103
f (Hz)
104
105
H (j ) =
V 2 (j ) j RC = . V 1 (j ) 2 (RC )2 + 3j RC + 1
|H|
R
0.1
V1
C
V2
0.01 90 R
R = 158 k C = 1 nF H
0
90
101
102
103
f (Hz)
104
105
H (j ) =
V 2 (j ) j RC = . V 1 (j ) 2 (RC )2 + 3j RC + 1
Note that the condition H = 0 is satised only at one frequency, 0 = 1/RC , i.e., f0 = 1 kHz. At this frequency, |H | = 0.33, i.e., (j ) = 1/3.
|H|
R
0.1
V1
C
V2
0.01 90 R
R = 158 k C = 1 nF H
0
90
101
102
103
f (Hz)
104
105
H (j ) =
V 2 (j ) j RC = . V 1 (j ) 2 (RC )2 + 3j RC + 1
Note that the condition H = 0 is satised only at one frequency, 0 = 1/RC , i.e., f0 = 1 kHz. At this frequency, |H | = 0.33, i.e., (j ) = 1/3. For A = 1 A = 3, as derived analytically.
|H|
R
0.1
V1
C
V2
0.01 90 R
R = 158 k C = 1 nF H
0
90
101
102
103
f (Hz)
104
105
H (j ) =
V 2 (j ) j RC = . V 1 (j ) 2 (RC )2 + 3j RC + 1
Note that the condition H = 0 is satised only at one frequency, 0 = 1/RC , i.e., f0 = 1 kHz. At this frequency, |H | = 0.33, i.e., (j ) = 1/3. For A = 1 A = 3, as derived analytically. SEQUEL le: ee101 osc 1.sqproj
Block diagram
gain limiter 100 k R3
Implementation
Output voltage
1.5 10 k Amplifier gain limiter Frequencysensitive network amplifier 22.1 k R 2 R C 0
Vo Vo
158 k 1 nF C R 1.5 0 1 t (msec) 2
xo
R1
xo
Ref.: S. Franco, "Design with Op Amps and analog ICs" SEQUEL file: wien_osc_1.sqproj
network
Block diagram
Implementation
Output voltage
Vo Vo
158 k 1 nF C R 1.5 0 1 t (msec) 2
xo
R1
xo
network
* 0 =
1 1 = f0 = 1 kHz. RC (158 k) (1 nF)
Block diagram
Implementation
Output voltage
Vo Vo
158 k 1 nF C R 1.5 0 1 t (msec) 2
xo
R1
xo
network
* 0 =
1 1 = f0 = 1 kHz. RC (158 k) (1 nF) R2 = 3 R2 = 2 R1 . R1
* Since the amplier gain is required to be A = 3, we must have 1 +
Block diagram
Implementation
Output voltage
Vo Vo
158 k 1 nF C R 1.5 0 1 t (msec) 2
xo
R1
xo
network
* 0 =
1 1 = f0 = 1 kHz. RC (158 k) (1 nF)
R2 = 3 R2 = 2 R1 . R1 * For gain limiting, diodes have been used. With one of the two diodes conducting, R2 R2 R3 , and the gain reduces.
Block diagram
Implementation
Output voltage
Vo Vo
158 k 1 nF C R 1.5 0 1 t (msec) 2
xo
R1
xo
network
* 0 =
1 1 = f0 = 1 kHz. RC (158 k) (1 nF)
R2 = 3 R2 = 2 R1 . R1 * For gain limiting, diodes have been used. With one of the two diodes conducting, R2 R2 R3 , and the gain reduces. * Note that there was no need to consider loading of the network by the amplier because of the large input resistance of the Op Amp. That is why could be computed independently.
Phase-shift oscillator
I V C1 R1
A B
C2
C3 R2
SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj
I V C1 R1
A B
C2
C3 R2
Let R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, G = 1/R , and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF .
I V C1 R1
A B
C2
C3 R2
Let R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, G = 1/R , and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF . Using nodal analysis, sC (VA V ) + GVA + sC (VA VB ) = 0 sC (VB VA ) + GVB + sCVB = 0 (1) (2)
I V C1 R1
A B
C2
C3 R2
Let R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, G = 1/R , and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF . Using nodal analysis, sC (VA V ) + GVA + sC (VA VB ) = 0 sC (VB VA ) + GVB + sCVB = 0 Solving (1) and (2), I = (sRC )3 1 V. R 3 (sRC )2 + 4 sRC + 1 (1) (2)
102
|I(s)/V(s)| (A/V) I V C1 R1
A B
C2
C3 R2
1010
270
180 SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj 90
(I(s)/V(s)) (deg)
101
102
103
104
105
f (Hz)
Let R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, G = 1/R , and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF . Using nodal analysis, sC (VA V ) + GVA + sC (VA VB ) = 0 sC (VB VA ) + GVB + sCVB = 0 Solving (1) and (2), I = (sRC )3 1 V. R 3 (sRC )2 + 4 sRC + 1 (1) (2)
102
|I(s)/V(s)| (A/V) V C1 R1
A B
I C3 1010
270
C2
R2
180
(I(s)/V(s)) (deg)
SEQUEL file: ee101_osc_4.sqproj 90 f (Hz)
101
102
103
104
105
(R1 = R2 = R = 10 k, and C1 = C2 = C3 = C = 16 nF .) (j ) = 1 (j RC )3 I (j ) = . V (j ) R 3(j RC )2 + 4 j RC + 1
102
|I(s)/V(s)| (A/V) V C1 R1
A B
I C3 1010
270
C2
R2
180
(I(s)/V(s)) (deg)
101
102
103
104
105
For (j ) to be a real number, the denominator must be purely imaginary. 1 1 f0 = 574 Hz . 3( RC )2 + 1 = 0, i.e., 3( RC )2 = 1 0 = 3 RC
102
|I(s)/V(s)| (A/V) V C1 R1
A B
I C3 1010
270
C2
R2
180
(I(s)/V(s)) (deg)
101
102
103
104
105
For (j ) to be a real number, the denominator must be purely imaginary. 1 1 f0 = 574 Hz . 3( RC )2 + 1 = 0, i.e., 3( RC )2 = 1 0 = 3 RC Note that, at = 0 , 1 (j / 3)3 1 6 (j 0 ) = = 8.33 10 . = R 4 j/ 3 12 R
I I V C1 R1
A B A B
Rf C3
V C3 C1
C2
C2 R1
R2
R2
network
currenttovoltage converter
Note that the functioning of the network as a stand-alone circuit (left gure) and as a feedback block (right gure) is the same, thanks to the virtual ground provided by the Op Amp.
I I V C1 R1
A B A B
Rf C3
V C3 C1
C2
C2 R1
R2
R2
network
Note that the functioning of the network as a stand-alone circuit (left gure) and as a feedback block (right gure) is the same, thanks to the virtual ground provided by the Op Amp. V (j ) = Rf I (j ) A (j ) = Rf I (j ) Rf (j RC )3 = . V (j ) R 3(j RC )2 + 4 j RC + 1
I I V C1 R1
A B A B
Rf C3
V C3 C1
C2
C2 R1
R2
R2
network
I (j ) 1 1 1 As seen before, at = 0 = , we have = . V (j ) 12 R 3 RC
I I V C1 R1
A B A B
Rf C3
V C3 C1
C2
C2 R1
R2
R2
network
I (j ) 1 1 1 As seen before, at = 0 = , we have = . V (j ) 12 R 3 RC For the circuit to oscillate, we need A = 1 Rf (1/12 R ) = 1, i.e., Rf = 12 R
I I V C1 R1
A B A B
Rf C3
V C3 C1
C2
C2 R1
R2
R2
network
I (j ) 1 1 1 As seen before, at = 0 = , we have = . V (j ) 12 R 3 RC For the circuit to oscillate, we need A = 1 Rf (1/12 R ) = 1, i.e., Rf = 12 R In addition, we employ a gain limiter circuit to complete the oscillator design.
Block diagram
Implementation
gain limiter 3k
3k 1k
V EE V CC
Output voltage
Amplifier gain limiter Frequencysensitive network
1k
xo
16 nF
network 16 nF 16 nF 125 k R f
Vo
0
xo
C1
C2 R1
10 k
C3 R2
10 k amplifier (itov converter)
Vo
6 0
2 t (msec)
Ref.: Sedra and Smith, "Microelectronic circuits" SEQUEL file: phase_shift_osc_1.sqproj
1 1 f0 = 574 Hz, T = 1.74 ms . 0 = 3 RC
Inverting amplier, revisited
R2
1k
Vs
R1 Vo RL
SEQUEL file: inv_amp_ac.sqproj
R2
1k
Vs
R1 Vo RL
* As seen earlier, AV = R2 /R1 |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency.
R2
1k
Vs
R1 Vo RL
* As seen earlier, AV = R2 /R1 |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency. * However, a measurement with a real Op Amp will show that |AV | starts reducing at higher frequencies.
40
50 k R2
1k
25 k AV (dB)
20
Vs
R1 Vo RL
10 k R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
* As seen earlier, AV = R2 /R1 |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency. * However, a measurement with a real Op Amp will show that |AV | starts reducing at higher frequencies.
40
50 k R2
1k
25 k AV (dB)
20
Vs
R1 Vo RL
10 k R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
* As seen earlier, AV = R2 /R1 |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency. * However, a measurement with a real Op Amp will show that |AV | starts reducing at higher frequencies. * If |AV | is increased, the gain roll-o starts at lower frequencies.
40
50 k R2
1k
25 k AV (dB)
20
Vs
R1 Vo RL
10 k R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
* As seen earlier, AV = R2 /R1 |AV | should be independent of the signal frequency. * However, a measurement with a real Op Amp will show that |AV | starts reducing at higher frequencies. * If |AV | is increased, the gain roll-o starts at lower frequencies. * This behaviour has to do with the frequency response of the Op Amp which we have not considered so far.
Frequency response of Op Amp 741
100
ideal
Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi
Vo
20 dB/decade
10-1
f (Hz)
106
The gain of the 741 Op Amp starts falling at rather low frequencies, with fc
10 Hz!
100
ideal
Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi
Vo
20 dB/decade
10-1
f (Hz)
106
10 Hz!
The 741 Op Amp (and many others) are designed with this feature to ensure that, in typical amplier applications, the overall circuit is stable (and not oscillatory).
100
ideal
Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi
Vo
20 dB/decade
10-1
f (Hz)
106
10 Hz!
The 741 Op Amp (and many others) are designed with this feature to ensure that, in typical amplier applications, the overall circuit is stable (and not oscillatory). In other words, the Op Amp has been internally compensated for stability.
100
ideal
Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi
Vo
20 dB/decade
10-1
f (Hz)
106
10 Hz!
The 741 Op Amp (and many others) are designed with this feature to ensure that, in typical amplier applications, the overall circuit is stable (and not oscillatory). In other words, the Op Amp has been internally compensated for stability. The gain of the 741 Op Amp can be represented by, A0 A (s ) = , 1 + s /c with A0 105 (i.e., 100 dB), c 2 10 rad/s.
100
ideal
Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi
Vo
20 dB/decade
10-1
f (Hz)
106
A (j ) = For
A0 . 1 + j /c c , we have A(j ) A0 . j /c
100
ideal
Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi
Vo
20 dB/decade
10-1
f (Hz)
106
A (j ) = For
|A(j )| becomes 1 when A0 = /c , i.e., = A0 c .
100
ideal
Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi
Vo
20 dB/decade
10-1
f (Hz)
106
A (j ) = For
|A(j )| becomes 1 when A0 = /c , i.e., = A0 c . This frequency, t = A0 c , is called the unity-gain frequency. For the 741 Op Amp, ft = A0 fc 105 10 = 106 Hz.
100
ideal
Gain (dB)
Op Amp 741
Vi
Vo
20 dB/decade
10-1
f (Hz)
106
A (j ) = For
|A(j )| becomes 1 when A0 = /c , i.e., = A0 c . This frequency, t = A0 c , is called the unity-gain frequency. For the 741 Op Amp, ft = A0 fc 105 10 = 106 Hz. Let us see how the frequency response of the 741 Op Amp aects the gain of an inverting amplier.
R2 Vs R1
R2 Vs R1 Vi Ri Vs Ro AV (s) Vi Vo R1 Vi
R2
Vo
AV (s) Vi
Vo
R2 Vs R1
R2
Vo
AV (s) Vi
Vo
Assuming Ri to be large and Ro to be small, we get R2 R1 Vi (s ) = Vs (s ) + V o (s ) . R1 + R2 R1 + R2
R2 Vs R1
R2
Vo
AV (s) Vi
Vo
Assuming Ri to be large and Ro to be small, we get R2 R1 Vi (s ) = Vs (s ) + V o (s ) . R1 + R2 R1 + R2 Using Vo (s ) = AV (s ) Vi (s ), V o (s ) R2 = V s (s ) R1 1+ R1 + R2 R1 1 1 R1 + R2 s + A0 R1 A0 c
R2 Vs R1
R2
Vo
AV (s) Vi
Vo
Assuming Ri to be large and Ro to be small, we get R2 R1 Vi (s ) = Vs (s ) + V o (s ) . R1 + R2 R1 + R2 Using Vo (s ) = AV (s ) Vi (s ), V o (s ) R2 = V s (s ) R1 1+ R1 + R2 R1 1 1 R1 + R2 s + A0 R1 A0 c c A0 t with c = = . 1 + R2 /R1 1 + R2 /R1
R2 1 , R1 1 + s /c
R2
1k
Vs
R1 Vo RL
R2
1k
Vs
R1 Vo RL
V o (s ) R2 1 = V s (s ) R1 1 + s /c
c =
t , (ft = 1 MHz). 1 + R2 /R1
R2
1k
R2
5k
gain (dB)
14
fc (kHz)
167
Vs
R1 Vo RL
V o (s ) R2 1 = V s (s ) R1 1 + s /c
c =
t , (ft = 1 MHz). 1 + R2 /R1
40
R2
1k
R2
5k
gain (dB)
14
fc (kHz)
Vs
R1 Vo RL
AV (dB)
167
20
R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
V o (s ) R2 1 = V s (s ) R1 1 + s /c
c =
t , (ft = 1 MHz). 1 + R2 /R1
40
R2
1k
R2
5k
gain (dB)
14 20
fc (kHz)
Vs
R1 Vo RL
AV (dB)
167 91
10 k
20
R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
V o (s ) R2 1 = V s (s ) R1 1 + s /c
c =
t , (ft = 1 MHz). 1 + R2 /R1
40
R2
1k
R2
5k
gain (dB)
14 20
fc (kHz)
Vs
R1 Vo RL
AV (dB)
167 91
10 k
20
10 k R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
V o (s ) R2 1 = V s (s ) R1 1 + s /c
c =
t , (ft = 1 MHz). 1 + R2 /R1
40
R2
1k
R2
5k
gain (dB)
14 20 28
fc (kHz)
Vs
R1 Vo RL
AV (dB)
167 91 38
10 k 25 k
20
10 k R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
V o (s ) R2 1 = V s (s ) R1 1 + s /c
c =
t , (ft = 1 MHz). 1 + R2 /R1
40
R2
1k
R2
5k
gain (dB)
14 20 28
fc (kHz)
Vs
R1 Vo RL
AV (dB)
167 91 38
25 k
20
10 k 25 k
10 k R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
V o (s ) R2 1 = V s (s ) R1 1 + s /c
c =
t , (ft = 1 MHz). 1 + R2 /R1
40
R2
1k
R2
5k
gain (dB)
14 20 28 34
fc (kHz)
Vs
R1 Vo RL
AV (dB)
167 91 38 19.6
25 k
20
10 k 25 k 50 k
10 k R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
V o (s ) R2 1 = V s (s ) R1 1 + s /c
c =
t , (ft = 1 MHz). 1 + R2 /R1
40
50 k R2
1k
R2
5k
gain (dB)
14 20 28 34
fc (kHz)
Vs
R1 Vo RL
AV (dB)
167 91 38 19.6
25 k
20
10 k 25 k 50 k
10 k R2 = 5 k
101
102
103
104
f (Hz)
105
106
V o (s ) R2 1 = V s (s ) R1 1 + s /c
c =
t , (ft = 1 MHz). 1 + R2 /R1

Ee101 Opamp 6

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Ee101 Opamp 6

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EE101: Op Amp circuits (Part 6)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Consider an amplier with feedback.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Consider an amplier with feedback. xo = A xi = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + xo )

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Consider an amplier with feedback. xo = A xi = A (xi + xf ) = A (xi + xo ) xo A Af = . xi 1 A

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* A gain limiting mechanism is required to limit the amplitude of the oscillations.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

gain limiter 100 k R3

1.5 10 k Amplifier gain limiter Frequencysensitive network amplifier 22.1 k R 2 R C 0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

gain limiter 100 k R3

1.5 10 k Amplifier gain limiter Frequencysensitive network amplifier 22.1 k R 2 R C 0

1 1 = f0 = 1 kHz. RC (158 k) (1 nF)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

gain limiter 100 k R3

1.5 10 k Amplifier gain limiter Frequencysensitive network amplifier 22.1 k R 2 R C 0

1 1 = f0 = 1 kHz. RC (158 k) (1 nF) R2 = 3 R2 = 2 R1 . R1

* Since the amplier gain is required to be A = 3, we must have 1 +

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

gain limiter 100 k R3

1.5 10 k Amplifier gain limiter Frequencysensitive network amplifier 22.1 k R 2 R C 0

1 1 = f0 = 1 kHz. RC (158 k) (1 nF)

* Since the amplier gain is required to be A = 3, we must have 1 +

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wien bridge oscillator

gain limiter 100 k R3