The Local Pro-P Anabelian Geometry of Curves

The Local Pro-p Anabelian Geometry of Curves
by Shinichi Mochizuki
INTRODUCTION
The Anabelian Geometry of Grothendieck:
Let X be a connected scheme. Then one can associate (after Grothendieck) to X
its algebraic fundamental group
1
(X). This group
1
(X) is a pronite group which is
uniquely determined (up to inner automorphisms) by the property that the category of
nite, discrete sets equipped with a continuous
1
(X)-action is equivalent to the category
of nite etale coverings of X. Moreover, the assignment X
1
(X) is a functor from the
category of connected schemes (and morphisms of schemes) to the category of pronite
topological groups and continuous outer homomorphisms (i.e., continuous homomorphisms
of topological groups, where we identify any two homomorphisms that can be obtained from
one another by composition with an inner automorphism).
Now let K be a eld. Let
K
be the absolute Galois group of K. Then
1
(Spec(K))
may be identied with
K
. Let X
K
be a variety (i.e., a geometrically integral separated
scheme of nite type) over K. Then the structure morphism X
K
Spec(K) denes a
natural augmentation
1
(X
K
)
K
. The kernel of this morphism
1
(X
K
)
K
is a
closed normal subgroup of
1
(X
K
) called the geometric fundamental group of X
K

which may be identied with
1
(X
K
) (where X
K
def
= X
K

K
K). If, moreover, one xes
a prime number p, then one can form the maximal pro-p quotient
1
(X
K
)
(p)
of
1
(X
K
).
Since the quotient
1
(X
K
)
1
(X
K
)
(p)
is characteristic, it follows that the kernel of this
quotient is, in fact, a normal subgroup of
1
(X
K
). The quotient of
1
(X
K
) by this normal
subgroup will be denoted
X
K
. Thus,
X
K
inherits a natural augmentation
X
K

K
from that of
1
(X
K
).
Now let us consider the assignment
1
()
K
: X
K
Spec(K)
1
(X
K
)
K
This assignment denes a functor from the category (

K
of K-varieties (whose morphisms
are K-linear morphisms of varieties) to the category (
K
whose objects are pronite topo-
logical groups equipped with an augmentation to
K
, and whose morphisms are continu-
ous outer homomorphisms of topological groups that lie over
K
. It was the intuition of
Grothendieck (see [Groth]) that:
1
For certain types of K, if one replaces (
K
and (
K
by certain appro-
priate subcategories (
K
and (
K
(such that
1
()
K
still maps (
K
into
(
K
), then
1
()
K
should be fully faithful.
Here, the certain appropriate subcategories (
K
for which this piece of intuition was to
hold true were tentatively assigned the appellation anabelian, while the piece of intuition
itself came to be referred to as Grothendiecks Conjecture of Anabelian Geometry (or, sim-
ply, the Grothendieck Conjecture, for short). Roughly speaking, the sorts of varieties
that were thought to be likely to be anabelian were varieties that are suciently hyper-
bolic. (Note that, as one can see in the case of curves, hyperbolic varieties tend to have
highly nonabelian fundamental groups, hence the term anabelian. In higher dimensions,
however, things are not so simple see, e.g., [IN].)
A variant of the above pronite Grothendieck Conjecture is the following pro-
p Grothendieck Conjecture: Namely, instead of considering
1
()
K
, one considers the
functor that assigns to the K-variety X
K
the augmented group
X
K
K
. The pro-p
Grothendieck Conjecture then asserts that, in certain situations, this functor should be
fully faithful. The present paper is concerned with proving various versions of the pronite
and pro-p Grothendieck Conjectures under various conditions.
Statement of the Main Results:
Let p be a prime number. Let K be a sub-p-adic eld (cf. Denition 15.4 (i)), i.e., a
subeld of a nitely generated eld extension of Q
p
. In this paper, we prove a pro-p version
of the Grothendieck Conjecture (Theorem A) for dominant morphisms between smooth
pro-varieties and hyperbolic pro-curves over K. (Here, by a smooth pro-variety
(respectively, hyperbolic pro-curve) over K, we mean a K-scheme which can be written
as a projective limit of smooth varieties (respectively, hyperbolic curves) over K in which
the transition morphisms are birational cf. Denitions 15.4 (ii) and 16.4.) We then give
various versions of Theorem A (namely, Theorems A
and A
) for truncated fundamental

groups. From Theorem A, we also derive a pronite version of the Grothendieck Conjecture
(Theorem B) for morphisms between function elds (of arbitrary dimension) over K. Next,
we apply Theorem A to prove the injectivity part (Theorem C) of the pro-p Section
Conjecture. Finally, in an Appendix, we derive from Theorem A an isomorphism version
of the Grothendieck Conjecture for certain hyperbolic surfaces (Theorem D).
Notation: If K is a eld and X
K
is a K-scheme, we denote by
prf
X
K
def
=
1
(X
K
) the
fundamental group of X
K
(for some choice of base-point), and by
K
the absolute Galois
group of K. Then we have a natural morphism
prf
X
K
K
whose kernel is the geometric
fundamental group
prf
X

prf
X
K
. Let
X
be the maximal pro-p quotient of
prf
X
. Then
the kernel of
prf
X

X
is a normal subgroup of
prf
X
K
, so by forming the quotient of
prf
X
K
by this normal subgroup, we obtain a group
X
K
, together with a morphism
X
K

K
whose kernel is
X
. Next, if is a topological group, we let: 0
def
= ; for i 1,
i
def
= [i 1, i 1] (here we mean the closed subgroup generated by the purely
2
group-theoretic commutator subgroup). In the specic case of fundamental groups, let
us write
i
(respectively,
i
) for /i (respectively, /i).
Our rst main theorem is the following:
Theorem A. Let p be a prime number. Let K be sub-p-adic (cf. Denition 15.4
(i)). Let X
K
be a smooth pro-variety over K. Let Y
K
be a hyperbolic pro-curve over
K. Let Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) be the set of dominant K-morphisms from X
K
to Y
K
. Let
Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
) (respectively, Hom
open
K
(
prf
X
K
,
prf
Y
K
)), be the set of open, continuous
group homomorphisms
X
K

Y
K
(respectively,
prf
X
K

prf
Y
K
) over
K
, considered up
to composition with an inner automorphism arising from
Y
(respectively,
prf
Y
). Then
the natural maps
Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) Hom
open
K
(
prf
X
K
,
prf
Y
K
)
Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
)
are bijective.
This Theorem is given as Theorem 16.5 (cf. also the Remark following Theorem 16.5) in
the text. It is from Theorem A that all of the other major results of this paper are derived.
We remark that:
(1) In fact, really, the main portion of Theorem A is the bijectivity of the
rst and third Homs. That is to say, the bijectivity of the rst and
second Homs follows formally from the bijectivity of the rst and third
Homs. See the Remark following Theorem 16.5 for more details.
(2) The notion of a smooth pro-variety (respectively, hyperbolic pro-
curve) has as special cases: (i) a smooth variety (respectively, hyper-
bolic curve) over K; (ii) the spectrum of a function eld of arbitrary
dimension (respectively, function eld of dimension one) over K.
(3) There exists a substantial body of people who, when they speak of
the Grothendieck Conjecture (respectively, the pro-p Grothendieck
Conjecture), refer to the following rather specic statement (which
is a special case of the general philosophy discussed in the preceding
subsection): If K is a nitely generated extension of Q, and X
K
and
Y
K
are either hyperbolic curves over K or the spectra of one-dimensional
function elds over K, then the isomorphisms of X
K
with Y
K
are in
natural bijective correspondence with the outer isomorphisms over
K
of
prf
X
K
(respectively,
X
K
) with
prf
Y
K
(respectively,
Y
K
). This statement
is manifestly a special case of the pronite version see (1) above
(respectively, pro-p version, i.e., version as stated above) of Theorem A.
3
We also have truncated versions of Theorem A (Theorems 18.1 and 18.2 in the text):
Theorem A
. Let K be sub-p-adic. Let X

K
be a smooth variety over K. Let Y
K
be a
hyperbolic curve over K. Let n 5. Then every continuous open homomorphism
:
n
X
K

n
Y
K
over
K
induces a dominant morphism : X
K
Y
K
whose induced morphism on fun-
damental groups coincides (up to composition with an inner automorphism arising from
Y
K
) with the morphism
n3
X
K
n3
Y
K
dened by considering modulo n 3.
Theorem A
. Let K be sub-p-adic. Let X

K
K
be a hyperbolic pro-curve over K. Let n
0
be the minimum transcendence degree over Q
p
of all nitely generated eld extensions of Q
p
that contain K. Let n
0
be the transcendence
degree over K of the function eld of X
K
. Let n
0
def
= n
0
+ 2(n
0
1) +1.
Let n 3n
0
+ 5. Then every continuous open homomorphism
:
n
X
K

n
Y
K
over
K
K
Y
K
whose induced morphism on
fundamental groups coincides (up to composition with an inner automorphism arising
from
Y
K
) with the morphism
n33n
0
X
K

n33n
0
Y
K
dened by considering mod-
ulo n 3 3n
0
.
Our second main theorem (Theorem 17.1 in the text) is the following:
Theorem B. Let p be a prime number. Let K be sub-p-adic. Let L and M be
function elds of arbitrary dimension over K. (In particular, we assume that K is alge-
braically closed in L and M.) Let Hom
K
(Spec(L), Spec(M)) be the set of K-morphisms
from M to L. Let Hom
open
K
(
L
,
M
) be the set of open, continuous group homomorphisms
L

M
over
K
, considered up to composition with an inner automorphism arising
from Ker(
M

K
). Then the natural map
Hom
K
(Spec(L), Spec(M)) Hom
open
K
(
L
,
M
)
is bijective.
Note that in characteristic zero, this generalizes the results of [Pop1], [Pop2], where a
similar result to Theorem B is obtained, except that the morphisms
L

M
are required
to be isomorphisms, and K is required to be nitely generated over Q.
4
Our third main theorem (Theorem 19.1 in the text) is the following:
Theorem C. Let p be a prime number. Let K be sub-p-adic. Let X
K
be a hyperbolic
curve over K. Let X
K
(K) be the set of K-valued points of X
K
. Let Sect(
K
,
X
K
) be
the set of sections
K

X
K
of
X
K

K
, considered up to composition with an inner
automorphism arising from
X
. Then the natural map
X
K
(K) Sect(
K
,
X
K
)
is injective.
Finally, in the Appendix, we use Theorem A to derive the following result:
Theorem D. Let p be a prime number. Let K be sub-p-adic. Let X
K
and Y
K
be
hyperbolically bred surfaces (see Denition a2.1 in the Appendix for a precise denition
of this term) over K. Let Isom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) be the set of K-isomorphisms (in the category
of K-schemes) between X
K
and Y
K
. Let Isom
K
(
prf
X
K
,
prf
Y
K
) be the set of continuous
group isomorphisms
prf
X
K

prf
Y
K
over
K
prf
Y
Isom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) Isom
K
(
prf
X
K
,
prf
Y
K
)
is bijective.
Recent Work on the Grothendieck Conjecture:
In this subsection, we would like to take a brief look at recent work on the Grothendieck
Conjecture. We will concentrate only on major and recent (since the early 1980s) develop-
ments that relate to the present paper, and we make no pretense of giving a complete history
of work on the Grothendieck Conjecture. Before beginning, it is worth pointing out that
until the appearance of the present paper (and its earlier version [Mzk2]), it was widely
assumed that the base eld K that appears in the Grothendieck Conjecture should be
assumed to be nitely generated over Q. It is not clear precisely why this came to be as-
sumed by most people working in the eld, but one possible cause is that the Grothendieck
Conjecture appears to have originated as an alternative approach to diophantine geometry
([Groth], [Pop3]). Thus, if ones ultimate aim is applications to diophantine geometry, it
is quite natural only to look at global elds (i.e., nitely generated extensions of Q), and
not at p-adic local elds, for instance.
Another reason for the xation on nitely generated extensions of Q appears to have
been that many people conceived of the Grothendieck Conjecture as an anabelian version
5
of the Tate Conjecture (Faltings theorem see [Falt3]) for abelian varieties over number
elds. In fact, this point of view became so deeply engrained that it gave rise to a tendency
for people to try to prove the Grothendieck Conjecture for hyperbolic curves over number
elds by deducing it from the Tate Conjecture for abelian varieties over number elds (see,
e.g., [Naka3]).
In fact, even important early work such as [Naka1] on the Grothendieck Conjecture
for genus zero hyperbolic curves over number elds, or [Pop1], [Pop2] which treat the
birational case which does not try to deduce the Grothendieck Conjecture from the
Tate Conjecture still had a distinctly global avor, and relied extensively on essentially
global techniques. These global techniques ultimately proved to be rather irrelevant to the
proof of the main results of the present paper. Nevertheless, what was important (from
the point of view of the author) about the work of H. Nakamura was that it established a
host of basic techniques for studying the outer Galois action on the (nonabelian) geometric
fundamental group of a hyperbolic curve, which was unknown territory to most arithmetic
geometers, who were only familiar with the Galois action on the abelian fundamental group
of an abelian variety. It was this culture of basic techniques (due to H. Nakamura) which
permitted the subsequent development of more powerful approaches to the Grothendieck
Conjecture itself, as discussed below.
The next important development (in early 1995) was the work of A. Tamagawa
([Tama]) in which it was shown that the isomorphism class of any ane hyperbolic curve
over an absolutely nitely generated eld is functorially determined by the outer Galois ac-
tion on its pronite geometric fundamental group. (In fact, by a relatively straightforward
argument ([Mzk1]), it is possible to remove the aneness hypothesis in Tamagawas
result, at least in characteristic zero.) Unlike the results of the present paper, Tamagawas
result holds in positive characteristic as well as in characteristic zero. Moreover, Tama-
gawas ideas on characterizing those sections of
1
(X
K
)
K
(where X
K
is a hyperbolic
curve over a eld K) that arise from geometric points of X
K
played a pivotal role in inspir-
ing the author to prove the results of the present paper. Concretely speaking, the inuence
of these ideas of Tamagawa can be seen in the argument of Section 9 of the present paper.
Finally, we turn to discussing the results of the present paper in a historical context.
As observed previously, the results of the present paper are (unlike Tamagawas results)
only valid in characteristic zero. On the other hand, the main advances of Theorem A of
the present paper relative to [Tama] are as follows:
(1) The hyperbolic curves involved are allowed to be proper. In fact, we
even allow what we call hyperbolic pro-curves.
(2) Instead of dealing with pronite geometric fundamental groups, we
deal with pro-p geometric fundamental groups. Pro-p results tend to
be stronger than pronite results in the sense that pronite results usu-
ally follow immediately from pro-p results (see the Remark following
Theorem 16.5 for more details).
(3) Instead of just considering isomorphisms, we allow arbitrary dominant
morphisms between the varieties involved.
6
(4) The variety on the left (in the Hom(, ) of Theorem A) is allowed
to be higher-dimensional, and need not even be hyperbolic.
(5) The base eld can be any subeld of a nitely generated extension of
Q
p
, whereas for Tamagawa (in characteristic zero) the base eld must
be a nitely generated extension of Q.
From the point of view of the author, (5) is the most fundamental and important advance
as it is associated with the fact that the techniques of the present paper are fundamentally
dierent from those of both Nakamura and Tamagawa in that they are couched in the
world of p-adic Hodge theory. That is to say, the proof of Theorem A may be regarded
as an application of the theory of [Falt1] and [BK]. It is precisely the use of these p-adic
techniques that allowed the author to prove a result which was much stronger (in the above
ve senses) than the result of [Tama] (in characteristic zero) or [Mzk1]. Moreover, it is the
opinion of the author that:
The reason that it took so long for Theorem A to be discovered was the
overwhelming prejudice of most people in the eld that the Grothendieck
Conjecture for hyperbolic curves is an essentially global result, akin to
the Tate Conjecture for abelian varieties over number elds. In fact,
however, it is much more natural to regard the Grothendieck Conjecture
for hyperbolic curves as an essentially local, p-adic result that belongs
to that branch of arithmetic geometry known as p-adic Hodge theory.
Moreover, it is the feeling of the author that, more than the technical details of the state-
ment of Theorem A, it is this fact i.e., that the Grothendieck Conjecture for hyperbolic
curves is best understood not as a global, number-theoretic result, but rather as a result in
p-adic Hodge theory that is the central discovery of this paper.
The Structure of the Proof:
First, we remark that most of the paper (Sections 1 through 14) is devoted to proving
the following technical result:
()
tech
Suppose that K is a nite extension of Q
p
. Let X
K
and Y
K
be proper hyperbolic curves over K. Let U
K
be the spectrum of the
function eld of X
K
. Then every continuous surjective homomorphism
:
U
K

Y
K
over
K
arises from some geometric morphism U
K

Y
K
.
Section 15 is devoted to the rather standard technicalities necessary to generalize ()
tech
to the case where K is any subeld of a nitely generated extension of Q
p
. Section 16
is devoted to carrying out a standard cutting by hyperplane sections argument which
allows one to replace U
K
by a higher-dimensional smooth pro-variety (which thus completes
7
the proof of Theorem A). Section 17 is devoted to an induction argument used to derive
Theorem B from Theorem A. Section 18 discusses how the techniques used to prove
Theorem A in fact also give rise to the truncated versions Theorem A
and Theorem
A
. Finally, Section 19 reviews a standard argument (already present in the work of H.

Nakamura) which allows one to derive Theorem C from Theorem A. Thus, the rest of this
subsection will be devoted to outlining the proof of ()
tech
in Sections 1 through 14.
In order to simplify the discussion, let us consider rst the following slightly modied
version of ()
tech
:
()
prop
Suppose that K is a nite extension of Q
p
. Let X
K
and Y
K
be proper hyperbolic curves over K. Then every continuous surjective
homomorphism :
X
K

Y
K
over
K
arises from some geometric
morphism X
K
Y
K
.
(Here, prop stands for proper i.e., since, unlike in ()
tech
, where U
K
appeared, in
()
prop
only proper curves appear.) Thus, ()
tech
implies ()
prop
. In other words, (up to
some standard general nonsense) one may think of ()
tech
as the concatenation of ()
prop
with the following assertion:
()
iner
Any :
U
K
Y
K
as in ()
tech
necessarily factors through the
quotient
U
K

X
K
.
(Here, iner stands for inertia since the kernel of
U
K

X
K
is generated by
inertia groups, so ()
iner
is the assertion that :
U
K
Y
K
always sends inertia groups
in
U
K
to the identity.) We will come back to the issue of ()
iner
later, but for now, let us
concentrate on outlining the proof of ()
prop
, since it is this which is the core of the paper.
Thus, let us assume that we have been given a continuous surjective homomorphism:
:
X
K

Y
K
over
K
. We would like to somehow manufacture out of a morphism from X
K
to Y
K
. A
natural, naive way to start is the following: First, by replacing X
K
and Y
K
by appropriate
etale coverings, we may assume that neither is hyperelliptic (see, e.g., Lemma 10.4 (4)).
Let us write D
X
(respectively, D
Y
) for H
0
(X
K
,
X
K
/K
) (respectively, H
0
(Y
K
,
Y
K
/K
)),
the space of global dierentials on X
K
(respectively, Y
K
). Then it is well-known that X
K
(respectively, Y
K
) embeds naturally in the projective space P
X
def
= P(D
X
) (respectively,
P
Y
def
= P(D
Y
)). Moreover, since the p-adic etale cohomology of X
K
or Y
K
can be computed
as the group cohomology of the respective pro-p geometric fundamental group, it follows
that the surjection induces a
K
-equivariant injection
H
: H
1
(Y
K
, Q
p
) H
1
(X
K
, Q
p
)
8
Moreover, it is well-known (see, e.g., [Falt1], [Tate]) that the
K
-module H
1
(X
K
, Q
p
) is
Hodge-Tate, and, moreover, that if we tensor H
1
(X
K
, Q
p
) over Q
p
with C
p
(1) (where the
(1) is a Tate twist), and take
K
-invariants, we naturally recover the space D
X
of
dierentials. Thus, since
H
is
K
-equivariant, if we tensor
H
over Q
p
with C
p
(1) and
take
K
-invariants, we obtain from (in a natural way) a K-linear injection
D
: D
Y
D
X
and hence a rational map from P
X
to P
Y
.
Thus, in some sense, without doing anything terribly new (i.e., we have only just
applied results known to Tate since the 1960s), we have already come relatively close to
constructing a morphism from X
K
to Y
K
. Indeed, what we have done is to construct a
morphism
D
from dierentials on Y
K
to dierentials on X
K
, which we would like to hope
arises as the pull-back map on dierentials associated to a morphism from X
K
to Y
K
.
Moreover, since X
K
(respectively, Y
K
) is canonically embedded in P
X
(respectively, P
Y
),
it follows from elementary algebraic geometry that the only thing we need to show is
that
D
preserves relations: That is, if i is a positive integer, let D
i
X
def
= H
0
(X
K
,
i
X
K
/K
).
Similarly, we have D
i
Y
. Note that multiplication of dierential forms denes a natural
morphism
i
D
Y
D
i
Y
Let us denote the kernel of this morphism by 1
i
. Thus, 1
i
is the set of relations (of degree
i) dening Y
K
as a subvariety of P
Y
. Moreover, by composing the i
th
tensor power of
D
with the natural morphism from the i
th
tensor power of D
X
to D
i
X
, we obtain a morphism
i
:
i
D
Y
D
i
X
Then we shall say that :
X
K

Y
K
preserves relations if
i
(1
i
) = 0 for all positive
integers i. As stated earlier, once we know that preserves relations, it follows from
elementary algebraic geometry (see [Harts], Chapter II) that the rational map from P
X
to
P
Y
dened by
D
induces a (dominant) morphism X
K
Y
K
, as desired. (Once one has
this morphism X
K
Y
K
, the fact that the map that it induces on fundamental groups
coincides with is a matter of general nonsense for details, we refer to the argument
preceding Theorem 14.1.)
Thus, to review what we have done so far, we have reduced the main problem to
showing that any :
X
K

Y
K
as in ()
prop
preserves relations. It should be emphasized
at this point, that so far everything that we have done has been painless general nonsense
the substantive mathematical core of the argument is yet to come (after some more
general nonsense in the next few paragraphs). The next step is to introduce a eld L,
9
as follows: Let us assume for simplicity that X
K
extends to a stable curve A over O
K
.
Let p A be an irreducible component of the special ber of A. Then the completion
of the local ring O
X,p
is a p-adically complete discrete valuation ring O
L
, whose quotient
eld we denote by L. The space
L
of p-adically continuous dierentials of L over K is
then a one-dimensional L-vector space. Thus, L is, in some sense, one-dimensional over
K. Alternatively, one may think of Spec(L) roughly as some sort of small p-adic open set
in X
K
. At any rate, from the construction of L, it follows that we have a natural L-valued
point
X
: Spec(L) X
K
. Since L is one-dimensional, it is easy to check that the
restriction map on dierentials
D
i
X

i
L
(where
i
L
denotes the tensor product of i copies of
L
over L) is injective. Thus,
instead of checking that
i
(1
i
) = 0, it suces to check that the composite
i
L
:
i
D
Y

i
L
of
i
with the above restriction map vanishes on 1
i
. In other words, we would like to
compute
i
L
.
To compute
i
L
, we need to go back to looking at fundamental groups. First of all,
let us observe that by functoriality of the fundamental group, the natural L-valued point
X
: Spec(L) X
K
denes a morphism
L
X
:
L

X
K
whose composite with the augmentation
X
K
K
is the morphism
L

K
on Galois
groups induced by the inclusion of elds K L. Moreover, if we compose
L
X
with , we
obtain a morphism
L
Y
:
L

Y
K
Now let us suppose that we know that
L
Y
is geometric, i.e., that it arises from some L-
valued point
Y
: Spec(L) Y
K
of Y
K
. Then it follows immediately from the theory of
[Falt1] that
i
L
may be computed as the restriction map on dierentials associated to
Y
.
But it is clear that this restriction map on dierentials annihilates 1
i
. Thus, to summarize:
in order to show that preserves relations, it suces to show that
L
Y
is geometric.
As remarked earlier, the above prefatory remarks are just general nonsense. The
mathematical core of the present paper lies in showing that given a geometric
L
X
, together
with a :
X
K
Y
K
as in ()
prop
, the resulting
L
Y
is again geometric. The proof that
L
Y
is geometric is long and intricate, and can be divided roughly into four parts:
10
(1) First, we consider a K-valued point x X
K
(K) of X
K
, and its asso-
ciated map on fundamental groups
K
X
:
K

X
K
. It is elementary
to show that the process of passing from the point x X
K
(K) to the
arithmetic rst Chern class of its associated line bundle
K
X
def
= c
1
(O
X
K
(x)) H
2
et
(X
K
, Z
p
(1)) = H
2
(
X
K
, Z
p
(1))
can be carried out just by working with
K
X
(see the rst half of Section 7
for details on this group-theoretic recipe for concocting
K
X
out of
K
X
).
On the other hand, by composing
K
X
with , we get an
K
Y
:
K

Y
K
.
The rst step then is to show that: If one carries out this recipe for
K
Y
(which may or may not arise geometrically) so as to obtain a class
K
Y
H
2
(
Y
K
, Z
p
(1)), then
K
Y
is the arithmetic rst Chern class of a
line bundle (necessarily of degree prime to p) on Y
K
. This is the topic
of Sections 1 through 5.
(2) Next, we go back to L-valued points, and their associated
L
X
,
L
Y
.
Then, just as in the case of K-valued points, one can form
L
Y
, and
one would like to know that
L
Y
is the arithmetic rst Chern class of
a line bundle (necessarily of degree prime to p) on Y
L
def
= Y
K

K
L.
This is technically much more intricate than the K-valued case, and
is done (roughly speaking) by thinking about the dierence between
the Chern class of a K-valued point and of an L-valued point, and
showing that this dierence has special properties that are preserved by
. This allows one to derive the assertion in the L-valued case from
the corresponding assertion in the K-valued case, which was already
handled in (1) above. This reduction is the topic of Sections 6 and 7.
(3) Recall that we would like to show that
L
Y
is geometric. We know from
(2) above that at least there exists a line bundle on Y
L
of degree prime
to p. Then an elementary algebraic geometry argument shows that this
implies the existence of a rational point of Y
L
dened over a tamely
ramied (this will be crucial in Step (4)!) extension L
of L. Although
this portion of the proof is technically rather trivial, its discovery was a
key step in the creation of the proof of Theorem A. This portion of the
proof is discussed in Section 8.
(4) Finally, by applying (3) to all the curves in a certain tower of coverings of
the original Y
L
, we obtain a collection of rational points of the curves of
this tower that are dened over tamely ramied extensions of L. Then
by using Faltings p-adic Hodge theory ([Falt1]), we show that these
rational points necessarily converge p-adically to a single L-valued point
of Y
L
= Y
K

K
L whose associated
L

Y
K
is necessarily equal to
11
L
Y
. This completes the proof of the geometricity of
L
Y
. This portion
of the proof is given in Sections 9 and 10 (and applied in Section 13).
As discussed above, once one knows the geometricity of
L
Y
, one can conclude the preser-
vation of relations this is discussed in Sections 11 through 13. Finally, the proof of ()
iner
(i.e., the dierence between ()
tech
and ()
prop
) is given in Section 14. Unfortunately, in
order to show ()
iner
, it is necessary to go through all the steps discussed so far for a given
:
U
K

Y
K
, and then to conclude ()
iner
from the preservation of relations. This
makes the proof much more technically intricate than it would be if one could prove ()
iner
from some sort of a priori argument, and then prove preservation of relations only for
:
X
K

Y
K
as in ()
prop
.
We would like to close this outline of the proof of Theorem A by discussing Step (1)
above (i.e., the content of Sections 1 through 5) in greater detail. The reason for this is
that Step (1) is what allowed us to generalize the isomorphisms only result of [Mzk2] to
the homomorphism result of the present paper. First of all, let us recall the notion of the
Malcev completion (cf., e.g., [Del], 9) of
X
. In fact, we shall only need the smallest
nontrivial part of Malcev completion: concretely, a unipotent algebraic group over Q
p
,
which we denote by M
X
, whose representations are the same as continuous representations
of
X
/[
X
, [
X
,
X
]] on some Q
p
-vector space V which is equipped with a
X
-invariant
ltration on whose subquotients
X
acts trivially. In fact, since unipotent algebraic groups
are equivalent to their Lie algebras, we shall consider instead the Lie algebra M
X
of M
X
.
Next, observe that any section
K
X
:
K

X
K
denes (by conjugation) a true action
(i.e., not just an action up to inner automorphisms) of
K
on
X
, hence on M
X
. Relative
to this action, their exists a unique weight zero quotient M
X
Q
p
C
p
Z
X
. Here, we call
the quotient weight zero because it is the maximal quotient M
X
Q
p
C
p
Q for which
the action of
K
on Q is such that Q has a ltration by
K
-submodules whose subquotients
are
K
-equivariantly isomorphic to C
p
. Moreover, this quotient M
X

Q
p
C
p
Z
X
is
independent of the choice of section
K
X
.
Step (1) is based on the following pair of observations:
(i) On the one hand, if
K
X
arises geometrically, then Z
X
is Hodge-
Tate. (By abuse of terminology, we use the term Hodge-Tate here
to mean that Z
X
has a C
p
-basis of
K
-invariant elements.) This is the
content of Proposition 3.5.
(ii) On the other hand, if Z
X
is Hodge-Tate, then the class
K
X
is the
rst Chern class of a line bundle. This is essentially the content of the
calculation performed in Proposition 4.4 (see also Lemma 7.3).
Moreover, if one starts with a surjective :
X
K

Y
K
, then Z
X
maps naturally to,
and in fact, surjects onto Z
Y
. Thus, if one starts with an
K
X
that arises geometrically,
then one knows from Observation (i) above that Z
X
is Hodge-Tate, but any quotient of a
Hodge-Tate representation of
K
i.e., such as Z
Y
is always Hodge-Tate, so Observation
(ii) above thus allows one to complete Step (1).
12
At this point, the reader may wonder how the author stumbled upon the two key
observations of the preceding paragraph. In fact, the author rst realized what was going
on by considering the ordinary case (see Section 1 for a detailed discussion). In this
case, the weight zero quotient exists at the level of groups, without passing to Malcev
completions or tensoring with C
p
: namely, (in the notation of Section 1) it is the quotient
X

et
X
(which thus gives rise to a quotient
X
K

et
X
K
). Moreover, as is shown in
Section 1, it is elementary to show that
X

et
X
can be recovered group-theoretically,
and that every section
K

X
K
that arises geometrically (from a point of X
K
) induces
a xed, group-theoretically constructible section
X
:
K

et
X
K
of
et
X
K

K
. These
observations are enough to complete Step (1) (in the ordinary case). Thus, one may
regard the discussion in the preceding paragraphs (which is valid in the nonordinary case)
as simply the result of generalizing the observations discussed in this paragraph in the
ordinary case to the possibly nonordinary case by means of the technical machinery of the
Malcev completion and p-adic Hodge theory.
Finally, let us make the following observation: As one can see from the key argument
discussed above, in fact, really, one does not need all of
X
. That is to say, in the
above argument (concerning the issue of when Z
X
is Hodge-Tate), one actually only uses
the quotient
X
/[
X
, [
X
,
X
]]. It is this observation that is behind the truncated
generalizations (Theorems A
and A
) of Theorem A.
Acknowledgements:
I would like to thank A. Tamagawa: (i) for inspiring me by means of his paper
[Tama]; (ii) for numerous discussions during which I presented the proof of the main
results of the present paper; (iii) for advice on surmounting two technical problems (see
the Remark at the end of Section 12; Lemmas 15.6 and 15.8); (iv) for explaining to me
the general nonsense argument preceding Theorem 14.1; (v) for explaining to me basic
facts concerning the Malcev completion, which were of immense importance in developing
the theory discussed in this paper. Also, I would like to thank T. Saito and G. Faltings
for pointing out various minor errors in earlier versions of this manuscript.
Section 0: Preliminaries and Notations
Let p be a prime number. Throughout this paper the symbol over or to the upper-
right of an object will denote the p-adic completion of that object. Let K be a Q
p
-algebra.
Let be an algebraically closed eld. Then given a base-point b Hom
Ring
(K, ), we can
form the algebraic fundamental group
1
(Spec(K), b)
Typically, the choice of base-point b will not be important for us, so we shall write
K
for
1
(Spec(K), b). Suppose that Spec(K) is a universal covering space for Spec(K) such
13
that b arises from a ring homomorphism K . Then we may think of
K
as Gal(K/K).
We shall denote the etale cohomology of Spec(K) by H
i
(K, ). If M is a pronite abelian
group with a continuous
K
-action, then M naturally denes an inverse system T
of
locally constant sheaves on the etale site of Spec(K), and we shall write
H
i
(K, M)
for the inverse limit (over ) of the H
i
(K, T
). Note that for each r Z, Z

p
(r) (where
the (r) is a Tate twist) has a natural structure of
K
-module.
Denition 0.1. We shall call K a p-adic eld if it is the quotient eld of a p-adically
complete, mixed characteristic discrete valuation ring O
K
. We shall denote the residue
eld (respectively, maximal ideal) of O
K
by k (respectively, m
K
). We shall call K a p-adic
local eld if k is a nite eld.
If K is a p-adic eld, and K is an algebraic closure of K, then K
def
= K determines
a base-point b, and we have
K
= Gal(K/K). In this case, H
i
(K, ) is equal to the
continuous group cohomology of the pronite group
K
. If K is a p-adic local eld, then
K is, in fact, a nite extension of Q
p
.
Now (without any assumptions on the Q
p
-algebra K), let us assume that we are given
a hyperbolic curve X
K
Spec(K) over K of type (g, r). (By curve, we shall always
mean a smooth, one-dimensional, geometrically connected scheme over the base. By type
(g, r), we mean that X
K

K
K is obtained by removing r mutually nonintersecting K-
valued points from a proper curve over K of genus g. By hyperbolic, we mean that
2g 2 +r 1.) When X
K
is proper, we shall denote its Jacobian (an abelian scheme over
K) by J
X
(or J
X
K
when several bases are in use and it is necessary to specify the base in
question).
Let us assume that X
K
is equipped with a base-point x X
K
() (which is compatible
with the base-point b of Spec(K)). Then we can form
prf
X
def
=
1
(X
K
, x) and
prf
X
def
=
1
(X
K
, x). (The use of to denote the geometric fundamental group may be new to
some readers. Here, we use partly because is already used for the arithmetic
fundamental group and partly to conform to the notations of [Falt1], a reference on which
the present paper depends heavily.) Occasionally, to avoid confusion, we shall also use the
notation
prf
X
K
for
prf
X
. Let
X
be the maximal pro-p quotient of
prf
X
. Since the kernel
of
prf
X

X
is normal in
prf
X
K
, we may form the quotient of
prf
X
K
by this kernel, and
call the resulting quotient group
X
K
. Thus, we have an exact sequence
1
X

X
K

K
1
Moreover, this exact sequence induces a representation
14
X
:
K
Out(
X
)
def
= Aut(
X
)/Inn(
X
)
into the outer automorphism group of
X
. (Here, Aut(
X
) (respectively, Inn(
X
))
denotes the group of continuous automorphisms (respectively, inner automorphisms) of
X
.) Conversely, it is well-known (see, e.g., [Tama], 7, A.) that the above exact sequence
can be recovered from
X
.
Next, we would like to introduce some terminology particular to pro-p groups. Let
be a pro-p group (i.e., a topological group obtained by taking an inverse limit of nite groups
of p-power order). Let
be the unique normal subgroup of with the following

property: /
is the maximal (topologically) Hausdor abelian quotient of which

is annihilated by p. For i 0, let
<0>
def
= ;
<i+1>
def
= (

)
. Thus, we obtain a
descending series of closed normal (even characteristic!) subgroups . . .

. . . .
Note that since , being a pro-p group, is pro-solvable, it follows that the intersection
of all the

is 1. Moreover, if is topologically nitely generated, it follows that
the /

are all nite groups.
Denition 0.2. We shall refer to any one of the

as a p-derivate of .
Thus, in particular, if =
X
, then it follows (by the structure of the fundamental group
of an algebraic curve in characteristic zero) that is topologically nitely generated, so
the /

are all nite groups.
Next, let us consider the Kummer sequence on X
K
, i.e., the exact sequence of etale
sheaves on X
K
given by 0 Z/p
n
Z(1) G
m
G
m
0 (for n 1). (Here, the
(1) is a Tate twist, and the morphism from G
m
to G
m
is given by raising to the
(p
n
)
th
power.) The connecting morphism induced on etale cohomology by the Kummer
sequence then gives us a morphism H
1
(X
K
, G
m
) H
2
(X
K
, (Z/p
n
Z)(1)). Now suppose
that L is a line bundle on X
K
. Applying the connecting morphism just considered to L
(which denes an element of H
1
(X
K
, G
m
)), we obtain a compatible system of classes in
H
2
(X
K
, (Z/p
n
Z)(1)) (for each n 1), hence a class c
1
(L) H
2
(X
K
, Z
p
(1)).
Denition 0.3. We shall refer to c
1
(L) as the arithmetic rst Chern class of L.
Finally, we have the following elementary technical result, which states that the etale
cohomology of a hyperbolic curve may be computed as the group cohomology of its fun-
damental group:
Lemma 0.4. Assume that K is a eld. For all integers i, r, the natural morphisms
H
i
(
X
, Z
p
(r)) H
i
(X
K
, Z
p
(r)); H
i
(
X
K
K
X
K
, Z
p
(r)) H
i
(X
K

K
X
K
, Z
p
(r))
15
and
H
i
(
X
K
, Z
p
(r)) H
i
(X
K
, Z
p
(r)); H
i
(
X
K
K
X
K
, Z
p
(r)) H
i
(X
K

K
X
K
, Z
p
(r))
are isomorphisms.
Proof. By the Leray-Serre spectral sequence, it suces to prove that the morphisms of
the rst line are isomorphisms. Let Z be X
K
or X
K

K
X
K
. Then it follows by general
nonsense that it suces to check that for any nite etale Galois covering Y Z of p-power
order, and any cohomology class H
i
(Y, F
p
) (where i > 0), there exists a nite etale
covering Y
Y of p-power order such that [

Y
= 0. By the K unneth formula, it suces
to do the case Z = X
K
. Then what we must check is trivial for i > 2 (since then = 0 to
begin with), and clear for i = 1 (by the relationship between etale coverings and H
1
). If
i = 2, then it suces to take Y
Y such that Y
Y has degree p over every connected

component of Y . This completes the proof. _
Section 1: The Ordinary Case
Let p be a prime number. Let K be a p-adic eld with algebraically closed residue
eld. Then, as discussed in Section 0, the absolute Galois group of K will be denoted
K
. Let X
K
Spec(K) be a hyperbolic curve over K of type (g, r). In this Section,
let us also assume that X
K
admits a stable extension X Spec(O
K
) over O
K
. By this,
we mean that there exists a (necessarily unique) r-pointed stable (in particular, proper)
curve X Spec(O
K
) of genus g such that X is the complement in X of the images of the
r marking sections of X. Let us write X
k
(respectively, X
k
) for X
O
K
k (respectively,
X
O
K
k).
Remark. Recall that an r-pointed stable curve of genus g (where 2g2+r 1) is a proper,
at morphism f : C S, together with r mutually disjoint sections
1
, . . . ,
r
: S C,
such that
(1) The geometric bers of f are connected, reduced, of arithmetic genus
g, and have at most nodes as singularities.
(2) The sheaf
C/S
(
1
+. . . +
r
) (i.e., the sheaf of sections of the dualizing
bundle of C over S with poles of order 1 at the divisors dened by
the images of the sections
1
, . . . ,
r
) is relatively ample over S.
We refer to [DM], [Knud] for more details.
16
Now we make the following
Denition 1.1. We shall call X
K
ordinary if the Jacobian of every connected component
of the normalization of the curve X
k
is an ordinary abelian variety.
In this Section, we would like to assume that X
K
is ordinary. Under this assumption, it is
well-known that
1
(X
k
)
(p)
(where the (p) denotes the maximal pro-p quotient) is a free
pro-p group of rank g. (Indeed, this follows from the fact that H
2
et
(X
k
, F
p
) = 0 (which may
be shown by using the long exact sequence in etale cohomology obtained by considering
F
p
as the kernel of 1 Frobenius acting on O
X
k
), plus Proposition 2.3 of Chapter III,
3, of [Sha].) Moreover, since etale coverings of X
k
lift uniquely to characteristic zero, it
follows that we have a continuous surjection:
X
:
X
K

1
(X
k
)
(p)
If we restrict
X
to
X
, we obtain a surjection
X

1
(X
k
)
(p)
. In the following, we
shall regard
1
(X
k
)
(p)
as a quotient of
X
via this surjection. Let us denote this quotient
by
et
X
. Note that the kernel of the surjection
X

et
X
is normal as a subgroup of
X
K
.
Thus, by taking the quotient of
X
K
by this kernel, we obtain a quotient
X
K

et
X
K
.
In other words, we have an exact sequence
1
et
X

et
X
K

K
1
together with a surjection
X
:
et
X
K

et
X
which is the identity on
et
X
.
Now observe that the kernel of
X
projects isomorphically to
K
. Thus, we obtain a
section
X
:
K

et
X
K
Next, let us observe that every element of Im(
X
) commutes with every element of
et
X
.
Indeed, this follows from the fact that such commutation relations hold after projection
by
et
X
K

K
, plus the fact that Im(
X
) = Ker(
X
) is normal in
et
X
K
(and maps
isomorphically to
K
via the projection
et
X
K

K
). On the other hand, since, as
is well-known (see, e.g., [Tama], 1, Propositions 1.1, 1.11), pro-p free groups (of rank
2) have trivial centers, it thus follows that we obtain the following group-theoretic
characterization of
X
(when g 2):
17
Lemma 1.2. Suppose that g 2. Then the section
X
:
K

et
X
K
of
et
X
K

K
is
the unique section whose image commutes with every element of
et
X

et
X
K
.
On the other hand, the quotient
X

et
X
(and hence also the quotient
X
K

et
X
K
) can also be reconstructed group-theoretically by means of the following condition
on an open normal subgroup H
X
:
()
et
Let N
X
be any subgroup such that H N and N/H is cyclic.
Then there exists a surjection N
ab
def
= N/[N, N] Q, where Q is a free
Z
p
-module of rank one, with the following properties: (i) there exists
an open subgroup

K
that stabilizes N and N
ab
Q and acts
trivially on Q; (ii) the surjection N N/H factors through Q.
Then we have the following group-theoretic characterization of the quotient
X

et
X
:
Lemma 1.3. The kernel of
X

et
X
is the intersection of all open normal subgroups
H
X
such that H satises the condition ()
et
.
Proof. The proof is entirely the same as that of Sections 3 and 8 of [Mzk1]. The basic
idea is that if the covering corresponding to
X
/H is not etale (over O
K
), then it has
nontrivial inertia subgroups. Such inertia subgroups have nontrivial cyclic subgroups. If
we then apply ()
et
to the case where N/H is one of these nontrivial cyclic subgroups,
then we have a contradiction, since the quotient N N/H factors through the quotient
N Q; moreover, the quotient N Q necessarily corresponds to a covering which is
etale over O
K
because of the assumption concerning the action of

K
on Q. _
Let us review what we have done so far. So far, we have:
(1) constructed quotients
X
K
et
X
K
and
X

et
X
, as well as a section
K

et
X
K
via various geometric considerations concerning X
K
;
(2) shown (when g 2) that the above quotients and section may be
reconstructed entirely group-theoretically.
Here, we pause to make the following
Remark Concerning the Term Group-Theoretic. In [Mzk1] and [Mzk2], we imparted
mathematical rigor to the term group-theoretic (cf. the remark on this issue in Section
14 of [Mzk2]) by specifying that it meant preserved by isomorphism. In the present
paper, however, we would like to consider homomorphisms which are not necessarily iso-
morphisms. Thus, in the present paper, when we wish to state that a certain property or
object is preserved by such homomorphisms, we shall state this explicitly without using
18
the term group-theoretic. In the above discussion, however, we recommend the reader to
simply accept this term at the level of common sense, since we will not use the group-
theoreticity stated in any of the results of this Section in the proof of any of the main
theorems of this paper.
Finally, before continuing, we make the following important observation: Let
x
:
K

X
K
denote the section of
X
K

K
determined (up to composition with an
inner automorphism induced by an element of
X
) by a point x X
K
(K). Denote by
et
x
:
K

et
X
K
the composite of
x
with
X
K
et
X
K
.
Lemma 1.4. We have
et
x
=
X
.
Proof. It suces to show that the composite of
et
x
with the surjection
X
:
et
X
K
et
X
is trivial. Interpreted geometrically, this simply means that the pull-back of any
etale covering Y X (i.e., etale over O
K
) to Spec(K) via x is the trivial etale covering
of Spec(K). But this assertion follows immediately from the fact that O
K
is strictly
henselian. _
Section 2: Review of Galois Cohomology
Let K be a p-adic eld whose residue eld is perfect. Let S Spec(O
K
) be a
geometrically connected smooth morphism, and let D S be a relative (over O
K
) divisor
with normal crossings. Let us write S
log
for the log scheme obtained by equipping S with
the log structure dened by D (as in [Kato]). Let us also assume that S is small (in the sense
of [Falt1], [Falt2]): Recall that this simply means that S is ane, say, equal to Spec(R),
and, moreover, etale over some O
K
[X
1
, . . . , X
d
] in such a way that D is schematically the
inverse image of the zero locus of the function X
1
. . . X
d
. The reason we wish to deal with
small (S, D) is that in [Falt1], certain Galois cohomology groups associated to such (S, D)
are computed explicitly by means of the theory of almost etale extensions. The purpose
of this Section is to review certain consequences of the theory of [Falt1] and [Falt2] that
are of relevance to us in this paper.
Let R
K
def
= R
O
K
K. Let R
K
R
K
be the maximal extension of R
K
which is etale
outside of D
K
. Let R be the normalization of R in R
K
. Let

R (respectively,

R) be the
p-adic completion of R (respectively, R); let

R
K
def
=

R
O
K
K,

R
K
def
=

R
O
K
K. Let

R
O
K
be the p-adic completion of R
O
K
O
K
;

R
K
def
= (
R
O
K
)
O
K
K. Let
R
def
= Gal(R
K
/R
K
).
Thus, we have a natural surjection
R

K
whose kernel we denote by
prf
R
. This gives
us a natural exact sequence:
1
prf
R

R

K
1
19
Now we would like to compute some Galois cohomology groups:
Lemma 2.1. For all j Z, we have:
(1) H
0
(
prf
R
,
R
K
(j)) =

R
K
(j);
(2) H
1
(
prf
R
,
R
K
(j)) =
S
log
/O
K

R

R
K
(j 1).
(Here the (j) is a Tate twist.)
Proof. This follows from Theorem 4.4 of Section I of [Falt1]. Indeed, (1) follows from
[Falt1], Section I, Theorem 4.4, (i) (applied to the case i = 0, and tensored with K(j)),
while (2) follows from [Falt1], Section I, Theorem 4.4, (iv) (tensored with K(j)). _
Lemma 2.2. We have: (i) H
0
(
K
,

R
K
) =

R
K
; (ii) H
n
(
K
,

R
K
(j)) = 0 (for j ,= 0;
n = 0, 1); (iii) H
1
(
K
,

R
K
) =

R
K
.
Proof. This result is due to [Tate] in the case R = O
K
. (Indeed, in this case, (i) and (iii)
follow from [Tate], 3.3, Theorem 1; while (ii) at least in the case j = 1 (the proof for
arbitrary j ,= 0 is entirely similar) follows from [Tate], 3.3, Theorem 2.) The slightly
more general result stated here (i.e., for R not necessarily equal to O
K
) follows by the
same argument as that employed by Tate in the case R = O
K
(the point being that in
general, R is O
K
-at). Alternatively, the cohomology groups in the Lemma can also be
computed using almost etale extensions as in [Falt1]. _
Lemma 2.3. For n = 0, 1, we have: (i) H
n
(
R
,
R
K
) =

R
K
; (ii) H
n
(
R
,
R
K
(1)) = 0.
Proof. This follows from the Leray-Serre spectral sequence (applied to the exact sequence
of groups that appears directly before Lemma 2.1), plus the preceding two Lemmas. _
Now let us assume that we are given an r-pointed stable log-curve f
log
: X
log
S
log
of genus g, where 2g 2 + r 1. (By this we mean that X
log
is obtained by pulling
back the universal log-curve (
log
/
log
g,r
via some log morphism S
log
/
log
g,r
. The log
structure of the universal log curve is dened by the divisor with normal crossings which
is the union of the marked points and the singular bers. See, e.g., [Mzk3], Section 3, for
more details; cf. also the Remark preceding Denition 1.1 of this paper for a review of
the notion of a pointed stable curve.) Let U
def
= S D. Then taking the relative rst
cohomology module of f[
U
K
in the etale topology with coecients in Z
p
gives rise to a
local system over U
K
, hence a
R
-module H
. As a Z
p
-module, H
is free of rank = 2g
20
(if r = 0) and = 2g +r 1 (if r > 0). Let H be the
R
-module given by Hom
Z
p
(H
, Z
p
).
Now let
H
0
def
= (R
1
f
O
X
)
(a vector bundle over S, or alternatively, a projective R-module, of rank g) and

H
1
def
= (f
X
log
/S
log )
(a vector bundle over S, or alternatively, a projective R-module, whose rank is = g if r = 0

and = g +r 1 if r > 0).
Proposition 2.4. There is a natural exact sequence
0 H
1
R
K
(1) H
Z
p
R
K
H
0
R
K
0
which is compatible with the natural action of
R
on all three terms.
Proof. This is an immediate consequence of the Comparison Theorem (Theorem 6.2 of
[Falt2]). The validity of the proof of this Theorem given in [Falt2] has been disputed by
various mathematicians. However, since Proposition 2.4 is a relatively weak consequence
of the Comparison Theorem, it already follows from the portion of [Falt2] that is not in
dispute. (That is to say, we need only that M is Hodge-Tate, not that it is crystalline.)
Alternatively, although the sort of parametrized (i.e., over a base S) Hodge-Tate decom-
position that we need here is not stated in [Falt1], it follows immediately from the theory
of [Falt1] by exactly the same proof as that of the main result of [Falt1]. Yet another proof
of this sort of result is given in [Hyodo] (the nal Theorem i.e., the relative version
in [Hyodo], 0.3), although here we need the (relatively straightforward) logarithmic
generalization of [Hyodo]s result. _
Section 3: The Weight Zero Quotient
In this Section, we maintain the notation of the preceding Section. The purpose of
this Section is to give a (rather weak) nonabelian analogue of Proposition 2.4. In fact,
a much stronger nonabelian comparison theorem for the fundamental group of a curve
can be proven, but since I do not know of any place where such a result has been written
up, and, moreover, in this paper, only a relatively weak nonabelian comparison theorem is
needed, I decided instead to give a rather short ad hoc treatment of this issue which will,
nonetheless, be sucient for the purposes of this paper.
21
Let us denote the fundamental group of X
log
K
by
prf
X
K
. Thus, we have a natural
surjection
prf
X
K

R
. As usual, we denote the kernel of this surjection by
prf
X

prf
X
K
,
and the maximal pro-p quotient of
prf
X
by
X
. Moreover, by forming the quotient of
prf
X
K
by the kernel of
prf
X

X
, we obtain
X
K
. Thus, just as in Section 1, we have an
exact sequence
1
X

X
K

R
1
Moreover, any section : S X of X S whose image avoids the marked points and
nodes denes a section
:
R

X
K
of the above exact sequence. Such a section
then denes an action of

R
on
X
by conjugation. Note that until one species the
section
:
R

X
K
, one only has an outer action of
R
on
X
(i.e., an action dened
only up to inner automorphisms); that is to say, in general, there is no natural action (in
the usual, non-outer sense) of
R
on
X
until one species a section of
X
K
R
.
The next step is to introduce the Malcev completion of
X
. We refer to [Del], [NT] for
more details. In fact, for our purposes, it will be sucient to consider a truncated form of
the Malcev completion of
X
. This truncated form may be dened as follows: Let ( be the
category of nite dimensional Q
p
-vector spaces V equipped with a continuous
X
-action
that factors through
X
/[
X
, [
X
,
X
]] and which admits a
X
-invariant ltration on
whose subquotients
X
acts trivially. (The morphisms of this category are the Q
p
[
X
]-
linear morphisms V V

.) Then ( is a Tannakian category over Q
p
, hence gives rise to
an algebraic group M
X
over Q
p
. Moreover, this algebraic group M
X
is unipotent, hence
corresponds to a nilpotent Lie algebra M
X
. For any Q
p
-algebra A, we shall write (M
X
)
A
(respectively, (M
X
)
A
) for M
X

Q
p
A (respectively, M
X

Q
p
A).
Let us write M
X
[1] for the commutator [M
X
, M
X
] of this Lie algebra, and M
X
[0] for
the quotient M
X
/M
X
[1]. Then M
X
[0] may be identied with H
Q
p
def
= H
Z
p
Q
p
(where H
is as in the discussion following Lemma 2.3 in Section 2). Thus, we get an exact sequence
0 M
X
[1] M
X
M
X
[0] = H
Q
p
0
Moreover, the commutator [, ] denes a surjection
c
X
:
2
H
Q
p
M
X
[1]
Now observe that although there is no natural action of
R
on M
X
(unless one chooses a
section of
X
K

R
), there is nonetheless a natural action of
R
on M
X
[0] and M
X
[1]
with respect to which c
X
is equivariant. Now we have the following classical result
Lemma 3.1. The kernel of c
X
is zero if r > 0. If r = 0, then the kernel of c
X
is one-
dimensional, and equal to the image of the dual to the intersection form
2
H
Q
p
Q
p
(1)
(dened by the cup product pairing on the cohomology of
X
).
22
Proof. If r > 0, then
X
is a free pro-p group. Thus, in this case the result follows by
consideration of the fact that a representation on a vector space V of the free group on n
generators is the same as giving n endomorphisms of V . If r = 0, then
X
is the quotient
of a free pro-p group by a single relation; it is this relation which generates the kernel of
c
X
. Moreover, it is easy to see from the well-known explicit form of this relation that its
image in
2
H
Q
p
is precisely as specied in the statement of the Lemma (cf. the discussion
in 2 of [NT]). _
Next, we would like to construct a certain special quotient Z
X
of (M
X
)
R
K
. By the
well-known categorical equivalence between unipotent algebraic groups and nilpotent Lie
algebras (cf. [Del], 9), this quotient will dene a quotient Z
X
of (M
X
)
R
K
. The construc-
tion of Z
X
from (M
X
)
R
K
consists of two steps. The rst step is as follows: Consider the
surjection
2
H
Z
p
R
K

2
H
0
R
K
dened by projecting by means of the surjection in the short exact sequence of Proposition
2.4. It follows from Lemmas 2.3 (ii) (in the case n = 0) and 3.1 that this surjection factors
through (M
X
[1])
R
K
. Thus, we obtain a surjection
(M
X
[1])
R
K
2
H
0
R
K
By pushing forward the exact sequence 0 M
X
[1] M
X
M
X
[0] 0 (tensored over
Q
p
with

R
K
) via this surjection, we thus obtain a Lie algebra U
X
(over

R
K
). Thus, we
have a surjection of Lie algebras (M
X
)
R
K
U
X
, together with an exact sequence
0 U
X
[1] U
X
U
X
[0] 0
where U
X
[1]
def
= [U
X
, U
X
] =
2
H
0
R
K
, and U
X
[0] = (M
X
[0])
R
K
.
Now we come to the second step in the construction of Z
X
. First let us denote by
U
X
[0] U
X
[0, 0]
def
= H
0
R
K
the surjection dened by the surjection in the short exact
sequence of Proposition 2.4. Let U
X
[0, 1] U
X
[0] be the kernel of this surjection. Let
B
X
U
X
denote the inverse image of U
X
[0, 1] U
X
[0] under the surjection U
X
U
X
[0].
Then it follows from the denition of U
X
that B
X
is an abelian Lie algebra which, in fact,
lies in the center of the Lie algebra of U
X
. (Indeed, this will follow as soon as we show the
vanishing of [B
X
, U
X
], which is equal to the image of U
X
[0, 1] U
X
[0]
2
H
Q
p
under the
composite of c
X
:
2
H
Q
p
M
X
[1] with the projection M
X
[1] U
X
[1] =
2
H
0
R
K
;
but this image is zero, by the denition of U
X
[0, 1].) This observation implies, in particular,
that although, a priori, we have only an outer action of
R
on U
X
, hence on B
X
, in fact,
we get a natural (non-outer) action of
R
on B
X
. (That is, the point is that the various
23
actions of
R
on B
X
arising from dierent sections of
X
K

R
dier only by an
automorphism on B
X
induced by conjugation by some element of
X
; but since B
X
lies
in the center of U
X
, it follows that such an automorphism of B
X
is always equal to the
identity.)
Next, let us note that we have exact sequences
0 B
X
U
X
U
X
[0, 0] 0
and
0 U
X
[1] B
X
U
X
[0, 1] 0
where the latter exact sequence is an exact sequence of
R
-modules (a statement which has
meaning as a result of the observation at the end of the preceding paragraph). Now observe
that Lemma 2.3 (ii) (for n = 0, 1 note that here we use that U
X
[1] =
2
H
0

R
R
K
is of weight zero, while U
X
[0, 1] = H
1

R
R
K
(1) is of weight one) implies that the
latter exact sequence admits a unique
R
-equivariant splitting: B
X
U
X
[1]. Moreover,
since B
X
is (as observed above) contained in the center of the Lie algebra U
X
, it follows
that the kernel of this splitting B
X
U
X
[1] forms a Lie ideal in U
X
. Thus, if we then
push forward the former exact sequence via this surjection B
X
U
X
[1], we obtain a Lie
algebra Z
X
. As usual, this Lie algebra ts into an exact sequence
0 Z
X
[1] Z
X
Z
X
[0] 0
Moreover, one has natural identications: Z
X
[1] =
2
Z
X
[0] (via the commutator map);
and Z
X
[0] = H
0
R
K
(induced by the surjection of the short exact sequence of Propo-
sition 2.4). In particular, Z
X
[0] is of rank g over

R
K
. Finally, as noted above, Z
X
denes
a unipotent algebraic group Z
X
.
Denition 3.2. We shall refer to Z
X
as the weight zero quotient of
X
(even though
it is not literally a quotient). (Here, the Z of Z
X
stands for the zero of weight zero
quotient.)
Now let us x a (continuous) section
:
R

X
K
Then induces an action of
R
on
X
. Since Z
X
was formed naturally and, for that
matter, group-theoretically from
X
, we thus obtain an action of
R
on Z
X
which, in
24
general, will depend on the choice of . The next issue we would like to consider is to what
extent the sequence of
R
-modules
0 Z
X
[1] Z
X
Z
X
[0] 0
admits a
R
-equivariant section. At any rate, this exact sequence denes an extension
class
H
1
(
R
, (Z
X
[0])
R
K
Z
X
[1])
By Lemma 2.3 (i) (for n = 1 here we use that both Z
X
[0] = H
0

R
R
K
and Z
X
[1] =
2
Z
X
[0] are of weight zero), it follows that this Galois cohomology group may be
identied naturally with
(H
0

R
2
H
0
)
R

R
K
That is to say, one may think of
as a section of a certain vector bundle over

R
K
.
Proposition 3.3. Suppose that arises as the
associated to some section : S X

(whose image avoids the marked points and nodes cf. the discussion at the beginning of
this Section). Then
= 0.
Proof. Since everything is functorial, one reduces immediately to the universal case, as
follows: In the present context, the essential data that we begin with is a r-pointed stable
curve of genus g (i.e., f
log
: X
log
S
log
), plus a section (i.e., ). The moduli stack for
this data is (a certain dense open substack of) the tautological curve ( /
g,r
over the
moduli stack /
g,r
of r-pointed stable curves of genus g over Z
p
. Thus, by restriction,
it suces to prove the Proposition in the case where S is etale over the algebraic stack
(. Also, since everything involved commutes with base-extension, it is easy to see that we
may assume that k is algebraically closed. Then over some dense open T (S D)
O
K
k,
the Jacobian of X
O
K
k will be ordinary. Thus, every point of S(O
K
) that maps
Spec(k) Spec(O
K
) into T denes an ordinary (in the sense of Denition 1.1) hyperbolic
curve Y
Spec(K) over K (by restricting (the complement of the marking sections in)
X S to ).
Next, observe that that if we restrict the section to the point , we get a section
: Spec(K) Y
which induces an action of

K
on
et
Y
(i.e., the quotient

Y

et
Y
considered in Section 1). By Lemmas 1.2 and 1.4, this action is, in fact, the trivial action.
Now I claim that in the case of such an ordinary curve:
The quotient
Y

et
Y
(considered in Section 1) induces a natural

(in particular,
K
-equivariant) isomorphism of the weight zero quotient
25
Z
Y
of
Y
(=
X
) with the Malcev completion of
et
Y
(truncated at
the second step and tensored over Z
p
with

K).
Indeed, it follows immediately from the construction of Z
Y
that the surjection

Y

et
Y
induces a morphism from Z

Y
to the weight zero quotient (i.e., constructed in a fashion

analogous to the construction of Z
Y
) of
et
Y
. On the other hand, since the action of
K
on
et
Y
is trivial, it follows that the weight zero quotient of

et
Y
is just the Malcev

completion of
et
Y
(truncated at the second step and tensored over Z

p
with

K). Moreover,
it is clear that the map induced on abelianizations by this morphism from Z
Y
to this
weight zero quotient of
et
Y
is an isomorphism. (Indeed, surjectivity follows from the fact

that we are dealing (by denition) with various quotients of a single object; injectivity
then follows from Proposition 2.4 and Lemma 2.3 (ii) (for n = 0), and the fact that both
abelianizations are of rank g over

K.) Thus, (since
et
Y
is a free pro-p group of rank g

cf. the discussion following Denition 1.1) we conclude that we get an isomorphism as
stated in the claim. This completes the verication of the claim.
Thus, any minimal choice of generators of
et
Y
(which will necessarily be xed by

K
)
denes a splitting of the sequence of
K
-modules
0 Z
X
[1] Z
X
Z
X
[0] 0
Here the
K
-action is given by composing the
R
-action considered above with the mor-
phism well-dened up to composition with an inner automorphism (which does not
bother us since this inner automorphism corresponds to a coboundary in the computation
of the cohomology class
that we are interested in)

K

R
dened by . But from
the denition of the extension class
, this means that the restriction
(H
0

R
2
H
0
)
R,
K
of
to the point is zero. On the other hand, if
is zero when restricted to any such

(i.e., any S(O
K
) that maps Spec(k) Spec(O
K
) into T), it is clear that
itself
must be zero. This completes the proof of the Proposition. _
Note that so far, in this Section and the last, we have been dealing with families
of curves, parametrized over a base S. Before continuing on to the next Section, it is
worthwhile to go back to the case of a single curve over K in order to make explicit the
consequences for such single curves of the theory developed thus far.
Thus, let X
K
Spec(K) be a hyperbolic curve. As in Section 1, we have an exact
sequence
1
X

X
K

K
1
26
Then let us rst note that the theory reviewed in Section 2 can be applied in the present
nonparametrized situation as well to produce (following precisely the same recipe as in the
parametrized situation considered as above) a Lie algebra Z
X
, together with a group Z
X
(both over

K).
Denition 3.4. We shall refer to Z
X
as the weight zero quotient of
X
.
Let x X
K
(K). Then x denes a section
x
:
K

X
K
(well-dened up to composition
with an inner automorphism arising from
X
). Moreover,
x
denes an action of
K
on
Z
X
.
Proposition 3.5. Relative to the action of
K
on Z
X
dened by
x
, the exact sequence
of
K
-modules
0 Z
X
[1] Z
X
Z
X
[0] 0
splits.
Proof. Note that this Proposition is not, strictly speaking, a special case of Proposition
3.3 (i.e., where we take S = O
K
), since Proposition 3.3 only addresses the case where
the divisor of bad reduction is at over O
K
. However, by means of specialization, one
can reduce the present Proposition to the universal case considered during the proof of
Proposition 3.3. Moreover, in this case, Proposition 3.3 already tells us that the relevant
exact sequence is split. This completes the proof. _
Remark. Let us write (
X
)
Q
p
for the full (i.e., not truncated as above) Malcev completion
(cf. [Del], [NT]) of
X
. Then in some sense, Proposition 3.5 above is a truncated version
of a theorem that states relative to the action of
K
on (
X
)
Q
p
dened by
x
, (
X
)
Q
p
is
Hodge-Tate. Here, since (
X
)
Q
p
is an inverse limit of unipotent algebraic groups, one can
interpret Hodge-Tate to mean that the Lie algebras of each of these unipotent algebraic
groups are Hodge-Tate representations. In fact, it is not dicult to prove that (
X
)
Q
p
is Hodge-Tate (even for arbitrary higher-dimensional smooth X
K
Spec(K)) as follows:
One reduces the higher-dimensional case to the curve case by cutting with hyperplane
sections. Then for curves, by considering the universal case, one can reduce to the case of
curves smooth over O
K
. Finally, for curves smooth over O
K
, one can apply the techniques
of [Falt1] (by considering cohomology spaces with coecients valued in unipotent algebraic
groups over Q
p
). This shows that (
X
)
Q
p
is Hodge-Tate. Moreover, one can also construct
a nontruncated weight zero quotient (
X
)
Q
p
Z
X
(that is to say, if X
K
is a curve of
genus g, then Z
X
will be (
K
-equivariantly) isomorphic to the Malcev completion over

K
of the free group on g generators). In fact, it is even possible to show that (
X
)
Q
p
is de
Rham, but we shall not pursue such issues here since they are not relevant to the proof of
27
the main results of this paper. Nevertheless, we remark that this sort of theorem has been
veried by A. Shiho ([Shiho]), in a manuscript in preparation.
Section 4: J-Geometric Sections
We maintain the notations of the latter portion of Section 3. Moreover, we assume
that our curve X
K
Spec(K) is proper (hence of genus 2) and that X
K
(K) ,= . In
this Section, we would like to consider a continuous homomorphism
:
K

X
K
which denes a section of the surjection
X
K

K
. The section denes an action of
K
on
X
by conjugation, and hence also an action of
K
on Z
X
. In particular, we would
like to consider the signicance of the following condition on :
()
spl
The exact sequence of
K
-modules (relative to the action dened
by )
0 Z
X
[1] Z
X
Z
X
[0] 0
splits.
The main result of this Section is to show that the group-theoretic condition ()
spl
is
equivalent to the statement that is J-geometric (a term which means that acts in
some respects as if it came from a geometric point x X
K
(K) see Denition 4.3 for a
precise denition).
To do this, rst we need to recall certain facts concerning Jacobians and their funda-
mental groups. For d Z, let J
(d)
X
Spec(K) be the Picard scheme of line bundles on X
K
of degree d. Thus, J
(d)
X
is a torsor over J
X
= J
(0)
X
, the Jacobian of X
K
. Note that J
(d)
X
is
dened even if X
K
does not admit any K-rational points, as the scheme representing the
etale sheacation of the usual Picard functor of degree d line bundles. Note that a base-
point x X
K
() (where is the algebraically closed eld of Section 0) may be regarded
as a degree one divisor on X
= X
K

K
, hence (by multiplying this divisor by d) we
obtain a point x
d
J
(d)
X
(). This allows us to dene the arithmetic fundamental group
1
(J
(d)
X
, x
d
), as well as its geometric counterpart
1
(J
(d)
X
K
, x
d
). If we form the quotient
of
1
(J
(d)
X
, x
d
) by the kernel of
1
(J
(d)
X
K
, x
d
)
J
(d)
X
(i.e., the projection to the maximal
pro-p quotient of the geometric fundamental group), then we obtain a topological group
J
(d)
X
. Moreover, we have a natural exact sequence
28
1
J
(d)
X
J
(d)
X
K
1
Finally, the natural embedding X
K
J
(1)
X
induces a natural surjection
X
K

J
(1)
X
,
whose kernel is the commutator subgroup of
X
.
Now let us observe that we can reconstruct
J
(d)
X
from
X
K
K
, as follows. First of
all, we can reconstruct
J
(1)
X
as the quotient of
X
K
by the commutator subgroup of
X
.
Next, let us observe that, since (for all d Z) J
(d)
X
is a J
X
-torsor, considering the action
of J
X
on J
(d)
X
allows one to identify
J
(d)
X
with
J
X
. Thus, we have an exact sequence
1
J
X

J
(1)
X
K
1
If we consider (for nonzero d), the morphism J
(1)
X
J
(d)
X
given by multiplication by d, we
see that the result of pushing forward this sequence by means of the morphism
J
X
d
J
X
(i.e., multiplication by d) gives rise to an exact sequence which can be naturally identied
with the exact sequence
1
J
(d)
X
=
J
X

J
(d)
X
K
1
This completes our review of Jacobians and their fundamental groups.
Now recall from the denition of Z
X
[0] in Section 3 that Z
X
[0] may be identied with
the weight zero portion of
J
X

Z
p
K. In particular, one has a natural

K
-equivariant
morphism
J
X
Z
X
[0]. Thus, by pushing forward the exact sequence of the preceding
paragraph (for d = 1) by means of this morphism, we obtain a morphism of exact sequences
of topological groups as follows:
1
J
X

J
(1)
X

K
1
_ 1
1 Z
X
[0]
Z
J
(1)
X

K
1
Next, we would like to consider sections of
J
(1)
X

K
and
Z
J
(1)
X
K
. Recall that the
dierence between any two sections of
J
(1)
X
K
(respectively,
Z
J
(1)
X
K
) is given by
an element of H
1
(K,
J
X
) (respectively, H
1
(K, Z
X
[0])). Moreover, if
L
,
M
:
J
(1)
X
are sections that arise from geometric points L, / J
(1)
X
(K), then the dierence
def
=
L

M
H
1
(K,
J
X
)
29
maps to zero in H
1
(K, Z
X
[0]) ([BK], Example 3.11 cf. the proof of Lemma 4.1 for some
more details). Thus, it follows that the section
L
[0] :
K

Z
J
(1)
X
obtained from
L
by composing
L
with
J
(1)
X

Z
J
(1)
X
is independent (up to composition with an inner
automorphism of
Z
J
(1)
X
arising from Z
X
[0]
Z
J
(1)
X
) of the choice of L. In particular, as
long as J
(1)
X
(K) is nonempty (which is the case here, since X
K
(K) has been assumed to
be nonempty), we thus obtain a canonical section (well-dened up to composition with an
inner automorphism of
Z
J
(1)
X
arising from Z
X
[0]
Z
J
(1)
X
)
geom
:
K

Z
J
(1)
X
of
Z
J
(1)
X
K
.
Now let :
K

J
(1)
X
be an arbitrary section, and let [0] :
K

Z
J
(1)
X
denote
the section induced by . Then taking the dierence between [0] and
geom
denes a
cohomology class
H
1
(K, Z
X
[0]) = H
0
(where the last equality follows from Lemma 2.3, applied in the case R
K
= K). Now we
have the following result:
Lemma 4.1. Suppose that the residue eld k is nite. Then there exists a geometric
point L J
(1)
X
(K) such that =
L
if and only if
= 0.
Proof. This follows immediately from the theory of [BK], 3, especially Example 3.11,
plus the following observation: If H is (as in Section 3) the
K
-module that arises as the
abelianization of
X
, then
KerH
1
(K, H) H
1
(K, H B
+
DR
)
(i.e., by Lemma 3.8.1 of [BK], H
1
g
in the notation of [BK]) is equal to
KerH
1
(K, H) H
1
(K, H

K) = H
1
(K, Z
X
[0])
(where the last equality follows from Proposition 2.4 and Lemma 2.2 (ii) (for n = 1, j = 1)).
Indeed, this equality of kernels follows by using the natural ltration on B
+
DR
(whose
subquotients are equal to

K(i), i 0), together with the fact that H
1
(K, H

K(i)) = 0
for i > 0 (by Proposition 2.4, Lemma 2.2 (ii) (for n = 1, j > 0)). _
30
Now, we return to considering the section :
K

X
K
. Let :
K

X
K
be any
section that arises from some geometric point x X
K
(K). We would like to compare
and , and, in particular, show that, under the assumption ()
spl
, and are, in some
sense (to be specied precisely below), relatively close. Let :
K

X
be the continuous
function (not necessarily a group homomorphism) such that
() = () ()
X
K
for all
K
.
Now let Z
X
(
K). If
K
, then let us write
() Z
X
(
K) (respectively,
() Z
X
(
K)) for the result of letting act on by means of the action dened by
(respectively, ). Note that it follows from the construction of Section 3 that we have a
natural morphism
X
Z
X
(
K). For
X
, let us denote by
Z
Z
X
(
K) the image of
in Z
X
(
K). Then we have the following:

Lemma 4.2. We have:
() = ()
Z

() ()
1
Z
.
Proof. Indeed, this follows immediately from the fact that the respective actions of
K
on Z
X
(
K) are induced by conjugation by () and () inside

X
K
. _
Let
:
K

X
K
be any section of
X
K

K
, and let
Z
:
K

Z
J
(1)
X
be the
section obtained by composing
with
X
K

Z
J
(1)
X
. Then we make the following
Denition 4.3. We shall call
J-geometric if
Z
coincides with
geom
(up to compo-
sition with an inner automorphism of
Z
J
(1)
X
arising from Z
X
[0]
Z
J
(1)
X
).
The following result is the main technical observation that made it possible to substantially
strengthen the result of [Mzk2].
Proposition 4.4. Let :
K

X
K
be a continuous group homomorphism that denes
a section of
X
K
K
. Then satises ()
spl
if and only if is J-geometric.
Proof. Let Z
X
(
K) be -invariant, i.e., invariant under the action of

K
on Z
X
(
K)
dened by . We would like to calculate the action of
K
on that is induced by . Thus,
for
K
, we have, by Lemma 4.2:
() = ()
Z

() ()
1
Z
= ()
Z
()
1
Z
31
Thus,
()
1
= [()
Z
, ] (where the brackets denote the commutator). Note that
[()
Z
, ] Z
X
[1](
K) = Z
X
[1] =
2
Z
X
[0] = (
2
H
0
)
K
K
Now it remains to reinterpret the calculation just performed in terms of cohomology classes.
Recall the class
0

K

2
H
0
= Hom
K
(H
0
,
2
H
0
)
discussed in Section 3. Let [0] be the image of Z
X
(
K) in Z
X
[0](
K) = Z
X
[0]. Since
is -invariant, it follows that [0] is a
K
-invariant element of Z
X
[0], hence belongs to
H
0
H
0
K = Z
X
[0]. Let
def
=
Z
geom
H
1
(K, Z
X
[0]) = H
0
. Then it is immediate
from the denitions that the calculation of the preceding paragraph, interpreted in terms
of cohomology classes, becomes:
([0]) =
([0])
(Note that since
geom
may be computed cf. the discussion preceding Lemma 4.1 using
the geometric section , it follows that
is precisely the cohomology class dened by the

image of the cocycle ()
Z
:
K
Z
X
(
K) in Z
X
[0](
K) = Z
X
[0].) Next observe that this
equation holds for all -invariant , and that every element of H
0
H
0
K = Z
X
[0] =
Z
X
[0](
K) lifts to a -invariant Z
X
(
K). (Indeed, this follows from Proposition 3.5

since arises from a point of X
K
(K).) Thus, it follows that
: H
0
H
0
H
0
is simply
the map
. In particular,
= 0 if and only if
= 0. This completes the proof of

the Proposition. _
Remark. So far here we have been dealing with the truncated weight zero quotient
X

Z
X
, but it would be interesting also to see what happens in the case of the full nontruncated
weight zero quotient
X
Z
X
(as in the Remark at the end of Section 3). For instance,
if the action of on Z
X
is such that Z
X
has enough invariants (i.e., there exists a pro-
algebraic group G over K such that G
K
K is
K
-equivariantly isomorphic to Z
X
), does
it follow that itself automatically comes from a geometric point x X
K
(K)? Although
such questions are beyond the scope of this paper, it is the opinion of the author that
such questions deserve further study. Note that this sort of issue is closely related to the
so-called Section Conjecture cf. the Remark following Theorem 19.1 for more details on
this conjecture.
32
Section 5: The J-Geometricity of K-Valued Points
Let K be a p-adic eld with perfect residue eld. Let X
K
and Y
K
be proper hyperbolic
curves over K. Let U
K
be the K-scheme obtained by localizing X
K
at its generic point.
Thus, the underlying topological space of U
K
consists of one point, and the ring of functions
on U
K
is the function eld K
X
of X
K
. Note in particular that we can consider
U
K
,
Y
K
.
In particular,
U
K
is a certain quotient of the absolute Galois group of K
X
. Let us assume
that we are given a continuous open homomorphism
:
U
K

Y
K
over
K
. In this Section, we would like to begin the proof of the main theorem of this
paper by showing that any such necessarily maps geometric sections to J-geometric
sections. (Naturally, we will explain below precisely what is meant by the expression in
quotes.)
First observe that if x X
K
(K) is any K-valued point, then we can form the com-
pletion (K
X
)
x
of the eld K
X
with respect to the valuation dened by x. Moreover, we
have a natural morphism
(K
X
)
x
U
K
(well-dened up to composition with conjugation
by an element of
U
) whose image is the (more rigorously: any of the various conju-
gate) decomposition group associated to x. Moreover, as is well-known (see, e.g., [Ser2]),
(K
X
)
x
is (noncanonically) isomorphic to K((t)) (where t is an indeterminate), so
(K
X
)
x
may be identied with Z
p
(1). In particular, by forming, relative to some isomorphism
(K
X
)
x

= K((t)), the eld extension of (K
X
)
x
corresponding to adjoining a compatible
system of p-power roots of t to K((t)), one sees immediately that
(K
X
)
x

K
admits
many sections.
Denition 5.1. We shall refer to as geometric any section
K

U
K
of
U
K

K
obtained by composing a section of
(K
X
)
x
K
with (any one of the conjugate natural
homomorphisms)
(K
X
)
x
U
K
.
Note, in particular, that
(K
X
)
x

X
K
factors through
K
, so in particular, the com-
posite
X
:
K

X
K
with
U
K

X
K
of any geometric section
U
:
K

U
K
is
induced by some point x : Spec(K) X
K
.
Let
U
:
K

U
K
be a geometric section. By composing
U
with , we obtain a
section
Y
:
K

Y
K
. In this Section, we would like to prove that
Y
is necessarily
J-geometric in the sense of Denition 4.3. To do this, let us rst observe that we have a
diagram of continuous morphisms
U
Z
X
(
K)
_
|
Y
Z
Y
(
K)
33
which are compatible with the
K
-actions dened by
U
and
Y
on the all the groups
involved. (Here, the upper horizontal morphism is obtained by composing
U

X
with
X
Z
X
(
K).) Then we have the following

Lemma 5.2. There exists a (natural) surjective
K
-homomorphism Z
X
(
K) Z
Y
(
K)
that makes the above diagram commute.
Proof. Observe that the kernel of
U

X
is generated by inertia groups (i.e., images of
the various
(K
X
)
x
U
), and the action of
K
on an inertia group is via the cyclotomic
character, i.e., (in the language of Hodge-Tate Galois representations) of weight one. It
thus follows (from Lemma 2.2 (ii), for n = 0, j = 1) that the morphism
U
Z
Y
(
K)
(obtained from the diagram above) factors through
X
. Hence, we obtain a morphism
X
Z
Y
(
K). But now, it follows immediately (by the universal property of the truncated
Malcev completion, plus weight arguments) from the construction of Z
X
(
K) from
X
that this morphism
X
Z
Y
(
K) factors naturally through Z

X
(
K). This shows the

existence of a morphism as claimed in the statement of the Lemma. The fact that this
morphism is surjective follows from the fact that is open (which implies that the induced
morphism
ab
U

ab
Y
on abelianizations is open, hence surjective after tensoring with
Q
p
). _
Lemma 5.3. The action of
K
on Z
Y
(
K) dened by
Y
satises the condition ()
spl
discussed in Section 4.
Proof. Indeed, that the action of
K
on Z
X
(
K) dened by
X
satises ()
spl
follows
from Proposition 3.5. Thus, Lemma 5.3 follows from the surjectivity of the morphism of
Lemma 5.2. _
Proposition 5.4. Let :
U
K

Y
K
be a continuous open homomorphism over
K
,
U
:
K

U
K
a geometric (Denition 5.1) section, and
Y
:
K

Y
K
the composite
of
U
with . Then
Y
is J-geometric (Denition 4.3).
Proof. This follows by combining Lemma 5.3 with Proposition 4.4. _
Section 6: F-Geometricity and FI-Geometricity
Let K be a nite extension of Q
p
. Let S
def
= Spec(R), where R is an O
K
-algebra
noncanonically isomorphic to O
K
[[t]] (and t is an indeterminate). Let
S
be the generic
34
point of S (regarded as a scheme). Let
S
def
=
1
(S
K
) (where S
K
def
= S
O
K
K, and the
1
is with respect to some base-point which we omit to simplify notation); let
S
be
the absolute Galois group of K(
S
) (the function eld of S). Thus,
S
can be naturally
regarded as a quotient of
S
. If H
S
is an open subgroup corresponding to some
nite etale covering
S

S
, then we shall write
for H; S
= Spec(R
) for the
normalization of S in
S
; and
S
for the quotient of
corresponding to etale coverings

of S
K
def
= S
O
K
K. Thus, S
is nite and at (since S is regular of dimension 2, and R
is normal, hence an R-module of depth 2) over S.

Remark. For the reader familiar with [Mzk2], we remark that this Section and the next
are, in some sense, a generalization of Section 5 of [Mzk2], and play a comparable role in
the present paper to that of Section 5 in [Mzk2]. For the reader not familiar with [Mzk2],
we remark that, nevertheless, we do not assume any knowledge of [Mzk2] in the following
discussion.
We begin by considering a continuous Z
p
[
S
]-module V , where V , as a Z
p
-module,
is a nite and free.
Denition 6.1. We shall refer to V as potentially geometric if there exists some open
subgroup
S
such that the
-module obtained by restricting the
S
-action
on V to
arises as the Tate module of some p-divisible group G Spec(O

K
), where
K
K
is a nite extension of K.
Note, in particular, that the
-action on V then factors through the quotient

S
.
Moreover, if V is potentially geometric, then we may make the following construction: Let
us write ( for the (not necessarily connected) formal group (over O
K
) associated to the
p-divisible group G Spec(O
K
) of Denition 6.1. Thus, we have a natural isomorphism
(of nite at group schemes over O
K
) between the kernels
([p
n
]
= G[p
n
]
of multiplication by p
n
(for all n 0) on ( and G. In particular, if we consider the exact
sequence (generalizing the Kummer sequence, which corresponds to the case where ( is
the formal group associated to the multiplicative group G
m
)
0 ([p
n
] (
p
n
( 0
as an exact sequence of sheaves on the nite at site of S
, then we get a natural map

((S
) H
1
at
(S
, ([p
n
])
35
(where the cohomology group is relative to the nite at topology on S
) for n 0. Since
etale morphisms are quasi-nite and at, we also have a natural morphism
H
1
at
(S
, ([p
n
]) H
1
et
(S
, ([p
n
]
K
)
Thus, if we compose the above two morphisms, take the inverse limit with respect to n,
and use the fact that H
1
et
(S
, )
= H
1
(
S
, ), we get a natural morphism
G
: ((S
) H
1
(
S
, V )
which one may regard as a generalization of the Kummer map (from units of a eld to a
certain Galois cohomology group of the eld).
Remark. Note that when the formal group ( arises from an abelian variety over O
K
,
then the cohomology class that one obtains by applying
G
to a point of ( coincides with
the cohomology class that one obtains (cf. the discussion of Section 4) by looking at the
morphism induced on arithmetic fundamental groups by the corresponding point of the
abelian variety. Indeed, this is a matter of general nonsense cf., e.g., [Naka2], Claim
(2.2); [NTs], Lemma (4.14).
Denition 6.2. Suppose that V is potentially geometric, and that
S
is as in
Denition 6.1. Then we dene
H
1
f
(S
K
, V ) H
1
(S
K
, V )
def
= H
1
(
S
, V )
to be the subset of elements H
1
(S
K
, V ) such that some nonzero multiple of lies in
the image of ((S
) under the morphism

G
.
Now let X
S

S
be a proper hyperbolic curve over
S
such that for some open
S
, and some proper, hyperbolic curve Z Spec(K
) (where K
K
is a nite
extension of K, and we assume that Z(K
) ,= ), we have an isomorphism of
S
-curves
X
S

S

= Z
K

S
Then we make the following technical

Denition 6.3. We shall call X
S
irreducibly splittable if for some open
S
,
and some proper, hyperbolic curve Z Spec(K
) (where K
K
is a nite extension of
K, and we assume that Z(K
) ,= ), we have an isomorphism of
S
-curves
X
S

S

= Z
K

S
36
and, moreover, the (induced) map S
Spec(O
K
) satises: (i) S
Spec(O
K
) admits
a section; (ii) the morphism S
Spec(O
K
) has geometrically irreducible bers.
As usual, we have an exact sequence
1
X
S
= H
X

X
S
1
where we write H
X
for the abelianization of
X
S
. Thus, H
X
has a natural structure of
continuous
S
-module. Moreover, as a Z
p
-module, it is free of rank 2g
X
(where g
X
is the
genus of X
S
). Let us write
H
X
H
I
X
for the quotient of H
X
by all elements of H
X
on which some open subgroup of
S
acts via
the cyclotomic character. (The I comes from the fact that H
I
X
is obtained by forming
the quotient of H
X
by all of its inertia-like subgroups.)
Next, let
H
F
X
H
X
be the largest
S
-submodule of H
X
which has no nonzero torsion-free quotients H
F
X
Q
such that some open subgroup of
S
acts trivially on Q. (Here, the F stands for
nite. This is because H
F
X
corresponds to the portion of H
X
that (potentially) extends
to a p-divisible group i.e., a direct limit of nite at group schemes over O
K
.) Then
it is well-known (see, e.g., [FC], Chapter III) that H
F
X
and H
I
X
are Cartier-dual to one
another, and, moreover, that H
F
X
is potentially geometric (Denition 6.1). (Indeed, in [FC],
Chapter III, one nds a discussion of how one may obtain (in a natural fashion) abelian
varieties over K
as quotients (by some group of periods) of semi-abelian varieties that

(potentially) extend over O
K
in such a way that the dimensions of their toral parts are the
same over the generic and special points of O
K
. If we apply this theory to the Jacobian J
Z
of the curve Z, then H
F
X
is the Tate module of this semi-abelian variety (that potentially
extends over O
K
).) Since H
I
X
is the Cartier dual of H
F
X
, it thus follows that H
I
X
is also
potentially geometric.
Let
H
FI
X
H
I
X
be the image of H
F
X
in H
I
X
. Thus, we have a surjection H
F
X
H
FI
X
, and H
FI
X
is also
potentially geometric. Finally, let
H
M
X
def
= Ker(H
X
H
I
X
) H
F
X
37
(Here, the M stands for multiplicative. This is because H
M
X
arises from the portion
of H
F
X
that corresponds to twisted copies of (the Tate module of) the multiplicative group
G
m
.) H
M
X
is also potentially geometric.
Next, we would like to consider a section :
S

X
S
of
X
S
. Now recall
the isomorphism
X
S

S

= Z
K

S
By composing [
S
with the projection
X
S

Z
induced by this
isomorphism, we thus obtain a morphism

Z
, whose composite with
Z

K
is
the natural morphism

K
. Now let us make the following assumption on :
()
S
This morphism

Z
factors through
S
.
Let us denote the resulting morphism by :
S

Z
.
Now let :
S

Z
be any morphism obtained by composing the natural morphism
S

K
with some section
K

Z
arising from a geometric point Z(K
). Let
J
,
J
:
S

J
(1)
Z
be the morphisms obtained by composing and , respectively, with
Z

J
(1)
Z
. Then the dierence
J

J
denes an element
Z
H
1
(S
K
, H
Z
)
hence an element
X
H
1
(S
K
, H
X
)
whose image in H
1
(S
K
, H
I
X
) we denote by
I
X
.
Denition 6.4. Suppose that :
S

X
S
is a section that satises the assump-
tion ()
S
above. Then we shall call F-geometric (respectively, FI-geometric) if some

nonzero multiple of
X
(respectively,
I
X
) lies in the image of H
1
f
(S
K
, H
F
X
) (respectively,
H
1
f
(S
K
, H
FI
X
)) in H
1
(S
K
, H
X
) (respectively, H
1
(S
K
, H
I
X
)).
Note that if is F-geometric, it is also automatically FI-geometric. Also, let us observe
that the denition of F-geometric or FI-geometric is independent of the choice of
(cf. Lemma 4.1 and the discussion preceding it). Indeed, to see this, it suces to verify
that some nonzero multiple of the class H
1
(S
K
, H
X
) arising from the dierence of two
s lies in H
1
f
(S
K
, H
F
X
). But the dierence of two s (both of which arise from a geometric
point Z(K
)) denes a point J
Z
(K
) (where J
Z
is the Jacobian of Z). Moreover, since
the residue eld of K
is nite, it follows that some nonzero multiple of this point in J

Z
(K
)
38
extends to an O
K
-valued point of the Neron model
Z
of J
Z
over O
K
which maps the
special point of Spec(O
K
) to the identity of
Z
. On the other hand, since (
F
i.e., the
( (cf. the discussion following Denition 6.1) for the potentially geometric module H
F
X
is simply the formal group dened by
Z
, it thus follows that such a point
Z
(O
K
)
denes a point in (
F
(O
K
) (
F
(S
). Thus, by Denition 6.2, we see that the dierence

between the two s lies in H
1
f
(S
K
, H
F
X
), as desired.
Proposition 6.5. Suppose that X
S
is irreducibly splittable (cf. Denition 6.3). Then
any FI-geometric is also F-geometric.
Proof. First, let us state that throughout the proof, S
will be a xed S
satisfying the
conditions of Denition 6.3. Next, let us observe that the cokernel of the natural morphism
H
1
f
(S
K
, H
F
X
) H
1
f
(S
K
, H
FI
X
)
is torsion. Indeed, this follows from Denition 6.2 and the fact that if (
F
and (
FI
are
the respective formal groups as in Denition 6.2, then the natural morphism (
F
(
FI
is
formally smooth (hence surjective on S
-valued points).
Thus, if we start with a class H
1
(S
K
, H
X
) whose image
I
H
1
(S
K
, H
I
X
) lies
in the image of H
1
f
(S
K
, H
FI
X
), then (after replacing by a nonzero multiple of ), we
may assume that there exists a
H
1
(S
K
, H
X
) such that: (a.)
lies in the image

of H
1
f
(S
K
, H
F
X
); (b.)
maps to 0 in H
1
(S
K
, H
I
X
). Moreover, by the denition of
H
M
X
def
= Ker(H
X
H
I
X
), it follows that (b.) may be rewritten in the form:
lies in
the image of H
1
(S
K
, H
M
X
) in H
1
(S
K
, H
X
).
With these observations in hand, it follows that it suces to prove that
()
im
The image of H
1
(S
K
, H
M
X
) in H
1
(S
K
, H
X
) is contained up to
torsion (i.e., up to multiplication by a nonzero integer) in the image of
H
1
f
(S
K
, H
F
X
) in H
1
(S
K
, H
X
).
Note rst that by replacing K
by a nite extension of K
(and thus also enlarging S

note that this does not aect the validity of the conditions (i) and (ii) of Denition 6.3),
we may assume that the action of
S
on H
M
X
(1) (where the (1) is a Tate twist) is
trivial. (Thus, in particular, as a
S
-module, H
M
X
is isomorphic to a direct sum of a nite
number of copies of Z
p
(1).) On the other hand, by Lemma 6.6 below (and the Kummer
exact sequence), it follows that H
1
(S
K
, Z
p
(1)) = (R
K
)
(where the denotes p-adic

completion) is generated up to torsion by H
1
f
(S
K
, Z
p
(1)) = (R
and (the image of)

H
1
(K
, Z
p
(1)) = (K
. Thus, it follows that H

1
(S
K
, H
M
X
) is generated up to torsion
by H
1
f
(S
K
, H
M
X
) and (the image of) H
1
(K
, H
M
Z
).
Next, observe that the image of H
1
(K
, H
M
Z
) in H
1
(K
, H
Z
) is contained up to torsion
in the image of H
1
f
(K
, H
F
Z
) in H
1
(K
, H
Z
). Indeed, this follows from the theory of [BK],
39
3 (cf. the proof of Lemma 4.1). Namely, since H
M
Z
is of weight one, the image of
H
M
Z
H
Z
in the weight zero component of H
Z

K is zero, so any cohomology classes
in H
1
(K
, H
M
Z
) go to zero in H
1
(K
, ) of the weight zero component of H

Z

Z
p
K. But
this means (as we saw in Lemma 4.1), that such cohomology classes arise geometrically,
as desired. (Note that, by the above argument involving Neron models (in the discussion
immediately preceding Proposition 6.5), it follows that (relative to pulling back cohomology
classes over K
to cohomology classes over S
K
), the notation H
1
f
(S
K
, ) of Denition
6.2 is consistent with the notation H
1
f
(K
, ) of [BK], 3.)
Putting everything together, we thus see that ()
im
has been veried. This completes
the proof of the Proposition. _
Lemma 6.6. For S
satisfying condition (ii) of Denition 6.3, we have that (R
K
)
is
generated up to torsion by (R
and (K
.
Proof. Indeed, condition (ii) of Denition 6.3 implies that if is a uniformizing element
of O
K
R
, then the ideal R
is contained in a unique prime ideal of height one of R
.
Let us denote this prime ideal by . Let x R
be an element which becomes a unit in

R
K
. Then x is invertible at every height one prime of R
except (possibly) . Moreover,

by replacing x by some x
n
(where n is independent of x), we may assume that x has the
same valuation as
m
(for some nonnegative integer m) in the discrete valuation ring R
.
It thus follows that
m
x is a unit at every height one prime of R
. Since R
is normal,
this implies that
m
x (R
. This completes the proof of the Lemma. _

Section 7: From F-Geometricity to Line Bundles
In this Section, we use some elementary algebraic geometry (Lemmas 7.1 and 7.2)
to translate the rather abstract and technical condition of F-geometricity into a more
tractable existence criterion (Proposition 7.4) for line bundles. Let S be the spectrum of a
eld of characteristic zero. Let X S be a proper hyperbolic curve of genus g over S. Let
N be a xed positive integer. We would like to consider the natural morphism X J
(N)
X
(given by mapping a point x of X to the line bundle O
X
(N x)). Taking the product of
this morphism with X (on the right), we obtain a morphism : X
S
X J
(N)
X

S
X.
Lemma 7.1. There exists a line bundle on J
(N)
X

S
X whose pull-back via is a nonzero
tensor power of the line bundle T
def
= O
X
S
X
() (where X
S
X) on X
S
X.
Proof. First, let us take the product of with one more copy of X on the right, to
obtain a morphism
: X
S
X
S
X J
(N)
X

S
X
S
X. For i, j = 1, 2, 3 such that
40
i ,= j, let
ij
X
S
X
S
X denote the diagonal given by setting equal the i
th
and
j
th
components of the triple product. Let T
ij
denote the line bundle O
X
S
X
S
X
(
ij
).
In the triple product of X, we consider the second X to be the true curve X; the rst
X to be a parameter space for the family of line bundles T
12
(regarded as line bundles
on the true curve given by the second factor); and the third X to be a base extension
X S. Over this extended base, the true curve acquires a section
23
. Thus, it
follows from the general theory of the Picard functor of a family of curves for which a
section exists that there exists a line bundle L
on J
(N)
X

S
X
S
X whose pull-back via
is equal to c
def
= (T
12
T
1
13
)
N
.
Now let us consider the determinant of the higher direct image sheaves (cf. [MB],
1, for an exposition of this notion) of L
and c
for the morphisms X

S
X
S
X X
S
X
and J
(N)
X

S
X
S
X J
(N)
X

S
X given by forgetting the third factor. We denote the
respective determinants of the higher direct image sheaves of L
and c
by L and c. Thus,
(by the functoriality of forming the determinant of the higher direct image sheaves) L
is a line bundle on J
(N)
X

S
X such that
(L) = c. Moreover, I claim that we can write

c = T
N
T
where T is a line bundle on X
S
X obtained by pulling back some
m
X/S
(for m Z)
from the rst factor of X
S
X, and tensoring with the pull-back to X
S
X of some
line bundle / on S. Indeed, the T
N
-term arises from the fact that T
12
is the pull-
back of T via the projection X
S
X
S
X X
S
X under consideration. Then
the dierence between the determinants of the higher direct image sheaves of the line
bundles T
N
13
= O
X
S
X
S
X
(N
13
) and O
X
S
S
X
may be computed using the natural
inclusion
T
N
13
= O
X
S
X
S
X
(N
13
) O
X
S
S
X
By using the fact that the determinant of the higher direct image sheaves is multiplicative
on exact sequences, we thus obtain that this dierence is equal to some power of the pull-
back to X
S
X (via the projection to the rst factor) of O
X
S
X
()[
=X
=
X/S
. On
the other hand, the determinant of the higher direct image sheaves of the trivial line
bundle on X
S
X
S
X is clearly the pull-back (to X
S
X) of a line bundle / on S.
This gives us a line bundle T of the form discussed above, hence completes the proof of
the claim.
By replacing L with L
O
S
/
1
, we may assume that / is trivial. Moreover, by
Lemma 7.2 below, there exists a line bundle T on J
(N)
X
whose pull-back to X (via the
natural morphism X J
(N)
X
) is some nonzero tensor power of
X/S
. Thus, replacing L
by a tensor product of appropriate powers of L and (T[
J
(N)
X

S
X
) completes the proof of
the Lemma. _
41
Lemma 7.2. There exists a line bundle T on J
(N)
X
whose pull-back to X is a nonzero
tensor power of
X/S
.
Proof. Let us rst consider the case N = g 1. In this case, we take T to be the line
bundle on J
(g1)
X
dened by the natural theta divisor on J
(g1)
X
(i.e., the image of the
natural morphism from the (g 1)-fold product of X to J
(g1)
X
). Then the fact that the
pull-back of T to X is equal to
1
2
g(g1)
X/S
is an immediate consequence of [MB], Corollary
2.5: in the notation of loc. cit., we are interested here in the case where one takes n = 0;
S = X; and a : S X to be the identity; then specializing the formula of loc. cit. to
the zero section of the Jacobian (note that the restriction of |
(a)
n
in loc. cit. to the zero
section of the Jacobian is trivial) proves the assertion concerning the pull-back of T to X.
Next, let us consider the case where N is divisible by g 1. Then the morphism
X J
(N)
X
factors through J
(g1)
X
J
(N)
X
. Moreover, it follows from the basic theory of
line bundles on abelian varieties (see, e.g., [AV], 23, the Corollary to Theorem 2 on p.
231) that a nonzero tensor power of the T considered in the previous paragraph descends
from J
(g1)
X
to J
(N)
X
. This completes the proof in the case where N is divisible by g 1.
Finally, we consider the case of arbitrary positive N. In this case, we have a natural
map J
(N)
X
J
(N(g1))
X
(multiplication by g 1). But, by the preceding paragraph, we
already have a suitable T on J
(N(g1))
X
. Thus, by pulling this line bundle back to J
(N)
X
,
we obtain a suitable T on J
(N)
X
. This completes the proof of the Lemma. _
Next, we would like to consider a section :
S
def
=
1
(S)
X
of
X

S
. By
composing with
1
() applied to X J
(N)
X
, we obtain a section
N
J
:
S

J
(N)
X
.
Lemma 7.3. Suppose that
N
J
arises from a geometric section J
(N)
X
(S). Then there
exists a line bundle on X of degree prime to p.
Proof. By taking the bered product (over
S
) of with the identity on
X
, we obtain a
morphism
X
:
X

X
S
X
. Since S is the spectrum of the eld, the group cohomology
of
X
S
X
computes the p-adic etale cohomology of X
S
X (cf. Lemma 0.4). Thus,
we can form the arithmetic rst Chern class of the line bundle T of Lemma 7.1 (cf.
Denition 0.3): c
1
(T) H
2
(
X
S
X
, Z
p
(1)). Let
def
=
X
(c
1
(T)) H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1)). On
the other hand, by composing
X
with
1
() of the morphism , we obtain a morphism
:
X

J
(N)
X

S
X
. Moreover, by assumption,
N
arises from a geometric morphism

X J
(N)
X

S
X. Thus, if L is a line bundle on J
(N)
X

S
X, we obtain that (
N
(c
1
(L))
H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1)) can be written as c
1
(/), for some line bundle / on X. Now recall that
by Lemma 7.1, there exists a line bundle L on J
(N)
X

S
X such that
L is a nonzero tensor
power of T. Thus, putting everything together, it follows that some nonzero multiple of
42
the abstract cohomology class H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1)) can be written in the form c
1
(/) for
some line bundle / on X, i.e., m = c
1
(/) (for some nonzero m Z). Next, let
us recall that since was constructed from T, the image of under the degree map
H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1)) H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1))

= Z
p
is equal to 1, so deg(/) = m. Thus, we can
argue as follows (cf. [Mzk2], Lemma 6.1): Write m = a p
b
, where a is an integer prime to
p, and b is a nonnegative integer. Thus, c
1
(/) vanishes in H
2
(
X
, (Z/p
b
Z)(1)). But, by
the Kummer exact sequence, this implies that there exists a line bundle T on X such that
T
p
b
= /. In particular, deg(T) = p
b
deg(/) = a, so the existence of T completes
the proof of the Lemma. _
Now let us consider the following situation: Let K be a nite extension of Q
p
. Let
X
K
Spec(K) and Y
K
Spec(K) be proper hyperbolic curves over K. Let U
K
be the
generic point of X
K
. Moreover, let us assume that we have been given a continuous open
homomorphism over
K
:
U
K

Y
K
Now let S,
S
be as at the beginning of Section 6. Write X
S
for X
K
S
(and similarly,
for U
S
, Y
S
). Then by base-change (note that
U
S
=
U
K

S
;
Y
S
=
Y
K

S
), induces a continuous open homomorphism
S
:
U
S
Let Y
S
Y
S
be a nite etale covering induced by some open subgroup of
Y
S
that
surjects onto
S
. Note that
S
allows us to dene the pull-back of Y
S
Y
S
to
U
S
. Let U
S
U
S
be a connected component of this pull-back which is geometrically
connected over
S
. Note that U
S
U
S
extends to a nite (possibly ramied) covering
X
S
X
S
. Thus, X
S
is a proper hyperbolic curve over
S
. Let us suppose that Y
S
is irreducibly splittable (Denition 6.3). Then it follows immediately that X
S
is also
irreducibly splittable. (Indeed, the denition of irreducibly splittable only involves the
base (i.e., S, S
, etc.), plus nite etale coverings of the curve, i.e., it may be phrased
entirely in terms of (the base plus) fundamental groups. Thus, the fact that X
S
and
Y
S
are related by
S
is enough to guarantee that Y
S
irreducibly splittable = X
S
irreducibly splittable.)
Next, we would like to consider a section
U
:
S

U
S
of
U
S
. Composing
U
with
1
() of the natural morphism U
S
X
S
gives rise
to a section
X
:
S

X
S
. Composing
U
with the morphism
S
:
U
S

Y
S
induced by
S
gives a section
Y
:
S

Y
S
.
43
The following key result is the culmination of our eorts in Sections 1 through 7:
Proposition 7.4. Under the circumstances just described above, let us assume that
X
is FI-geometric (Denition 6.4). Then it follows that Y
S
admits a line bundle of degree
prime to p.
Proof. First observe that the morphism
U
S
H
I
Y
S
(where H
I
Y
S
is as in the
discussion preceding Denition 6.4) factors through H
I
X
S
. (Indeed, this follows by observ-
ing, as in the proof of Lemma 5.2, that the inertia groups of
U
S
map to zero in H
I
Y

S
.)
Thus, we obtain a
S
-equivariant morphism H
I
X
S
H
I
Y

S
. In particular, it follows by
using Tates theorem (i.e., Theorem 4 of [Tate] that morphisms between Tate modules
of p-divisible groups induce morphisms between the p-divisible groups, hence morphisms
between the respective formal groups) that H
1
f
(S
K
, H
FI
X
S
) maps to H
1
f
(S
K
, H
FI
Y
S
), for any
nite etale covering
S

S
of
S
as in Denition 6.2.
Next, I claim that
Y
is FI-geometric. Indeed, this follows from Proposition 5.4,
plus the observation of the preceding paragraph. In words: This claim amounts to the
claim (cf. Denition 6.4) that the J-portion of
Y
(i.e., the result of composing
Y
with
J
(1)
Y
, where J
(1)
Y
is the Picard scheme of line bundles of degree 1 on Y
S
) diers
from the J-portion of a constant (i.e., arising from a point dened over a nite extension
of K of the curve Z of the discussion of Section 6) geometric section of
Y
S
by a class
in H
1
f
(S
K
, H
FI
Y
S
). On the other hand, since we are operating under the assumption that
X
is FI-geometric, we know that the J-portion of
X
diers from the J-portion of a
constant geometric section of
X
S
by a class in H
1
f
(S
K
, H
FI
X
S
). Moreover, by Proposi-
tion 5.4, constant geometric sections of
U
S
map to constant J-geometric (which is as
good as geometric for us, since we are only interested in J-portions here) sections of
S
. Thus, since (by the observation of the preceding paragraph) H
1
f
(S
K
, H
FI
X
S
) maps
to H
1
f
(S
K
, H
FI
Y

S
), we conclude that
Y
is FI-geometric, as desired. This completes the
proof of the claim. Now since Y
S
is also assumed to be irreducibly splittable, it follows
from Proposition 6.5 that
Y
is, in fact, F-geometric.
Now let us consider the morphism
N
J
:
S

J
(N)
Y
(where J
(N)
Y
is the Picard
scheme of line bundles of degree N on Y
S
), for some N > 0, induced by composing
Y
with
Y
S

J
(N)
Y
. Note that the F-geometricity of

Y
is, by denition, a property
concerning
1
J
. By the denition of F-geometricity (Denition 6.4), it follows immediately
that if N is large enough, then
N
J
arises from a geometric section J
(N)
Y
(S
K
). Indeed, the
large N is to take care of the phrase nonzero multiple of in Denitions 6.2 and 6.4, plus
the fact that a priori the geometric point whose existence is guaranteed by Denition 6.2
is only dened over
S
, so we may need to apply the norm map (for
S

S
) to get a
44
geometric point over
S
, which may cause N to increase again. Now, applying Lemma 7.3
completes the proof of the Proposition. _
Remark. Note that Sections 6 and 7 are made much more technically dicult by the
fact that we start with a morphism
U
K

Y
K
rather than a morphism
X
K

Y
K
.
Indeed, the whole business of distinguishing F-geometric from FI-geometric arises
because one does not have a proper theory of p-divisible groups of innite rank, which
is the sort of object that one must deal with if one tries to work directly with H
U
(the
abelianization of
U
) without passing to H
I
U
. Similar technical problems (arising from the
fact that H
U
is of innite rank) also are the reason behind the lengthiness of Sections 11
and 12.
Section 8: From Line Bundles to Tame Points
In this Section, which is something of an appendix to that portion of the paper con-
stituted by Sections 1 through 7, we again apply some elementary algebraic geometry, this
time to pass from line bundles to rational points of the curve dened over tamely ramied
extensions of the given eld. Thus, let M be a p-adic eld whose residue eld k
M
is iso-
morphic to k((t)), where k is a nite eld, and t is an indeterminate. Let X
M
be a proper
hyperbolic curve over M. Then we have the following result:
Proposition 8.1. Suppose that X
M
admits a line bundle L of degree prime to p. Then
there exists a tamely ramied extension M
of M such that X
M
(M
) is nonempty.
Proof. By replacing L by an appropriate (prime to p) tensor power of the original L, we
may assume that L is very ample. Thus, by Bertinis Theorem, it follows that there exists
a divisor D X
M
such that L
= O
X
M
(D), and D is etale over M. Let us write
D =
r
_
i=1
D
i
where each D
i
= Spec(M
i
). Thus, M
i
is a nite eld extension of M. Since deg(D) is
prime to p, it follows that at least one of the M
i
(say, M
1
) is such that [M
1
: M] is prime
to p. Let M
c
be the Galois closure of M
1
over M. Then it follows from the elementary
theory of p-adic elds (in particular, the fact that the wild inertia subgroup of
M
is a
normal pro-p subgroup of
M
, hence contained in any Sylow-pro-p subgroup of
M
see,
e.g., [Ser2], Chapter IV, 2) that M
c
is tamely ramied over M. Thus, in particular, M
1
is tamely ramied over M, and X
M
(M
1
) is nonempty. This completes the proof of the
Proposition. _
45
Next, before continuing, we would like to discuss an auxiliary Lemma that will be
useful when we apply Proposition 8.1. Let us suppose that there exists a p-adic eld
L M satisfying the following properties:
(1) We have an inclusion O
L
O
M
, relative to which m
L
O
M
= m
M
.
(2) If k
L
is the residue eld of L, then k k
L
, and k
L
is a function eld in
one variable over k.
(3) The inclusion k
L
k
M
is obtained by completing the function eld k
L
at one of its k-valued points.
Let us suppose, moreover, that there exists a curve X
L
Spec(L) such that X
M
=
X
L
L
M. Then we have the following result:
Lemma 8.2. Suppose that there exists a tamely ramied extension M
of M of ramica-
tion index e such that X
M
(M
) is nonempty. Then there exists a tamely ramied extension

L
of L of ramication index e such that X

L
(L
) is nonempty.
Proof. Since tamely ramied extensions of M descend to tamely ramied extensions
of L, it is easy to see that without loss of generality, we may assume that e = 1, and
M
= M. Thus, we must show that X

L
admits a rational point over some unramied
extension of L. Note that since O
L
is a discrete valuation ring, it is well-known that X
L
admits a regular model A
L
Spec(O
L
). Let A
M
def
= A
L

O
L
O
M
. Let us consider the
morphism : Spec(O
M
) Spec(O
L
). Since nitely generated algebras over a nite eld
are excellent, it follows that k
M
is separable over k
L
(i.e., the morphism Spec(k
M
)
Spec(k
L
) is geometrically regular). In particular, it follows that is geometrically regular.
Since the natural morphism A
M
A
L
is obtained from by base-change, it thus follows
that it, too, is geometrically regular. Thus, the regularity of A
L
implies that of A
M
. Now
the fact that X
M
(M) is nonempty (by assumption) implies that there exist points in the
special ber of A
M
at which A
M
is smooth over O
M
. But this implies (by descent) that
there exist points in the special ber of A
L
at which A
L
is smooth over O
L
, which, in turn,
implies that for some unramied extension L
of L, X
L
(L
) is nonempty, as desired. _
Section 9: Convergence via p-adic Hodge Theory
Whereas Sections 1 through 8 formed a unit devoted essentially to showing Propo-
sition 7.4, Sections 9 and 10 form a new unit, devoted to showing, by means of p-adic
Hodge theory, that certain types of sequences of points converge p-adically to a uniquely
determined point dened over a relatively small eld. Thus, in particular, we shall start
with fresh hypotheses, as follows:
46
Let K be a p-adic local eld, with residue eld k. Let L be a p-adic eld containing
K whose residue eld k
L
is a function eld in one variable over k. Let us also assume that
k is algebraically closed in k
L
, and that m
K
O
L
= m
L
. Let us denote by
L/K
def
= Ker(
L

K
) =
LK
the geometric fundamental group of L. Let H
L
be the quotient of H
1
(
L/K
,

O
L
(1)) by its
torsion submodule. Let X
K
Spec(K) be a proper hyperbolic curve. Let X
L
def
= X
K
K
L.
Thus, as usual, we have a group extension (obtained by pulling back 1
X

X
K
K
1 via
L

K
)
1
X

X
L

L
1
Let us assume that we are given a continuous, group homomorphism
:
L

X
K
whose composite with the projection to
K
is the natural morphism
L

K
. As usual,
denes a section
s
:
L

X
L
of
X
L

L
. Let us also assume that is nondegenerate
in the sense that it satises the following group-theoretic condition:
()
non
The natural morphism H
1
(
X
, Z
p
(1)) H
L
induced by is
nonzero.
Let L
tm
be a maximal tamely ramied extension of L. Let M
def
= (L
tm
)
be its p-adic
completion. Since L
tm
K is unramied over L K, and Galois cohomology ignores
unramied extensions, we have that
H
1
(
L/K
,

O
L
(1)) = H
1
(
LK
,

O
L
(1)) = H
1
(
L
tm
K
,

O
L
(1))
In particular, since H
L
is a quotient of this cohomology module, it follows from assumption
()
non
that [
L
tm
K
:
L
tm
K

X
is nontrivial.
For n 0, let I
n
L
def
= Im(
s
) (
X
)
<n>

X
L
(cf. the discussion preceding Denition
0.2 for an explanation of the notation < n >). Let
n
: X
n
L
X
L
be the corresponding
nite etale covering. Let X
L
X
L
be the inverse limit of the X
n
L
. In this Section, we
would like to prove the following assertion:
()
con
Suppose that we have a sequence of points x
n
, where x
n

X
n
L
(L
tm
). Let x
n
def
=
n
( x
n
) X
L
(L
tm
). Then there exists a subse-
quence of x
n
which converges p-adically in X
L
(M).
47
(Note that by choosing any proper model over O
L
of X
L
, we obtain a p-adic topology on
X
L
(L
tm
) which is easily seen to be independent of the model chosen.)
By replacing K be a nite extension of K, we may make the following simplifying
assumptions:
(1) X
K
has stable reduction. We denote by A Spec(O
K
) the unique
stable extension of X
K
over O
K
. We denote by Spec(O
K
) the
unique semi-abelian scheme over O
K
whose generic ber is the Jacobian
of X
K
.
(2) X
K
(K) is nonempty.
Note that replacing K by a nite extension of K does not aect the validity of the con-
vergence assertion ()
con
.
Let us x an n 1. Let us consider the morphism x
n
: Spec(L
tm
) X
K
. This
morphism induces a morphism
n
:
L
tm
X
K

X
K
/(
X
)
<n>
which is well-dened up to conjugation by an element of
X
. Then it follows immediately
from the denitions (and the fact that x
n
arose from an L
tm
-rational point of X
n
L
) that:
This morphism
n
is equal to the composite of [
L
tm
:
L
tm
X
K
with the natural projection
X
K
X
K
/(
X
)
<n>
.
Thus, in particular,
n
is independent of the choice of x
n
. Moreover, by ()
non
, it follows
that by taking n to be suciently large, we may assume that the restriction of
n
to
L
tm
K
(
L
tm) is nontrivial. This implies, in particular, that x
n
does not factor through
any nite extension of K.
Note that by properness, x
n
extends to a morphism
n
: Spec(O
L
tm) A. Let K
tm
be the algebraic closure of K in L
tm
. Thus, K
tm
is a maximal tamely ramied extension
of K. Let us denote by
O
L
tm/O
K
tm
the O
L
tm-module of p-adically continuous dierentials
of O
L
tm over O
K
tm. Thus,
O
L
tm/O
K
tm
is a free O
L
tm-module of rank one.
Lemma 9.1. By dierentiating
n
, we obtain a natural morphism d
n
:
X/O
K

O
L
tm/O
K
tm
.
Proof. Suppose that x
n
is dened over some nite tamely ramied extension L
of L.
Suppose, moreover, that L
contains a nite tamely ramied extension K
of K such
that m
K
O
L
= m
L
. Then, if we equip Spec(O
K
), Spec(O
K
) and Spec(O
L
) with
the log structures dened by the special points, and A with the log structure whose
monoid is the sheaf of functions invertible on the generic ber, we obtain a log morphism
48
Spec(O
L
)
log
A
log
compatible with
n
and Spec(O
K
)
log
Spec(O
K
)
log
. Moreover,
since
X/O
K
=
X
log
/Spec(O
K
)
log, and
O
L
tm/O
K
tm
= O
L
tm
O
L

Spec(O
L
)
log
/Spec(O
K
)
log,
we thus obtain d
n
by means of the functoriality of logarithmic dierentials. The naturality
of d
n
is easily checked by looking at the generic bers. _
Let
X
def
= H
0
(A,
X/O
K
). Then we propose to prove in the present situation that
()
ind
There exists a number n
0
depending only on K such that for all
n n
0
, the natural morphism
X

O
L
tm/O
K
tm
Z/p
nn
0
Z induced
by d
n
is independent of x
n
(i.e., depends only on ).
To keep the notation simple, let us note that by replacing K by a tamely ramied extension
of K, and then replacing L by an unramied extension of L, we may assume that x
n
is, in
fact, dened over L. (Note that replacing L and K by extensions in this fashion will not
aect the validity of ()
ind
.) Thus, we shall regard x
n
and
n
as morphisms Spec(L) X
K
and Spec(O
L
) A, respectively.
Let P
def
= P(
X
). (That is, P is the projective space over O
K
dened by
X
.)
Then there is (by the denition of
X
) a natural nite morphism
K
: X
K
P
K
. Let
^ Spec(O
K
) be the Neron model of J
X
. Thus, ^ is an open subscheme of ^.
Since X
K
(K) is nonempty, we can use a K-rational point of X
K
to identify J
X
with J
(1)
X
.
Thus, we obtain a morphism X
K
^
K
= J
X
. By the dening property of the Neron
model, and the fact that O
L
is geometrically regular over O
K
, it follows that composing
this morphism with x
n
gives rise to a morphism
L
: Spec(O
L
) ^. Moreover, (after
possibly replacing K by a nite unramied extension of K), we may assume that there
exists some
K
: Spec(O
K
) ^ such that
K
and
L
map the special points of Spec(O
K
)
and Spec(O
L
), respectively, to the same geometric connected component of the special ber
of ^. Thus, by translating by
K
, we may assume that our identication of J
X
with J
(1)
X
is
such that
L
maps into ^. We denote the resulting morphism by j
n
: Spec(O
L
) .
Now let us consider the
K
-module H
1
(X
K
, Z
p
(1)) = H
1
(
K
, Z
p
(1)). Here, the iden-
tication of H
1
(X
K
, Z
p
(1)) with H
1
(
K
, Z
p
(1)) is the identication induced by X
K

J
(1)
X
= J
X
. This identication is the same as the standard identication since translation
by K-valued points of induces the identity on H
1
(
K
, Z
p
(1)). Let H
cb
H
1
(
K
, Z
p
(1))
be the maximal Z
p
-submodule such that
K
acts on H
cb
(1) through a nite, unram-
ied quotient. (Here, cb stands for combinatorial. Note that this inclusion H
cb
H
1
(
K
, Z
p
(1)) is Cartier-dual to the quotient H
X
H
X
/H
F
X
(in the notation of the dis-
cussion following Denition 6.3 in Section 6).) By the theory of [FC], Chapter III, we know
that (
X
def
= H
1
(
K
, Z
p
(1))/H
cb
may be (
K
-equivariantly) identied with H
1
((
K
, Z
p
(1))
for some semi-abelian scheme ( Spec(O
K
) which can be represented as an extension
0 T ( / 0
49
of an abelian scheme / Spec(O
K
) by a torus T Spec(O
K
). Moreover, the p-adic
completion

( of ( is equal to the p-adic completion

of . Indeed, relative to the
identication

( =

, the identication (
X
= H
1
((
K
, Z
p
(1)) is obtained as follows: Given
a nite etale covering Q
K

K
, we let Q be the normalization of in Q
K
, so Q is
nite over . Thus, by p-adically completing, we obtain a formal morphism

Q

=

(
(whose relative dierentials are annihilated by a power of p) which can be algebrized to
some nite 1 ( (whose relative dierentials are annihilated by a power of p). Thus,
1
K
(
K
is nite etale. In other words, the correspondence between coverings given by
Q
K
1
K
induces a morphism H
1
(
K
, Z
p
(1)) H
1
((
K
, Z
p
(1)) whose kernel is H
cb
,
and thus allows us to identify H
1
((
K
, Z
p
(1)) with (
X
.
Now by p-adically completing j
n
: Spec(O
L
) , applying

( =

, and then alge-
brizing, we thus obtain a morphism g
n
: Spec(O
L
) (. Moreover, g
n
induces a morphism
on cohomology groups
H
1
(g
n
) : H
1
((
K
, Z
p
(1)) H
1
(
L/K
, Z
p
(1))
Thus, we have a commutative diagram of
K
-modules:
H
1
(
K
, Z
p
(1))
H
1
(j
n
)
H
1
(
L/K
, Z
p
(1)) H
L
(Z/p
n
Z)
_id
_id
H
1
((
K
, Z
p
(1))
H
1
(g
n
)
H
1
(
L/K
, Z
p
(1)) H
L
(Z/p
n
Z)
where the vertical morphism on the left is the natural projection discussed in the preceding
paragraph, and the horizontal morphisms on the right are the natural ones. Recall that
H
L
is, by denition, the quotient of H
1
(
L/K
,

O
L
(1)) by its torsion submodule. Now,
by sorting through the denitions (cf. the discussion preceding Lemma 9.1), it is clear
that the composite morphism on the upper row is completely determined by (i.e., is
independent of the particular choice of x
n
). Thus, it follows that the composite morphism
on the bottom row gives rise to a morphism
n
: H
1
((
K
,

O
K
(1)) H
L
Z/p
n
Z
which is completely determined by . Moreover, since H
L
is p-adically separated (see Con-
sequence (2) of [Falt1] below), it follows (from ()
non
) that
n
is nonzero for n suciently
large.
Now, note that ( is a smooth O
K
-scheme with an obvious compactication ( such
that ( ( is a divisor with normal crossings. (Indeed, ( is a product of G
m
-torsors
over the O
K
-proper scheme /, so we simply compactify each of these G
m
-torsors to a
P
1
-bundle.) In particular, it follows that we can apply the theory of [Falt1], in the case of
good reduction.
50
Remark. The argument of [Falt1] in the bad reduction case is known to have gaps, which
is one reason why we took pains to avoid applying [Falt1] to
K
. Another reason is that in
the bad reduction case, one only has Q
p
-results, not integral results (say, over Z/p
n
Z),
as we need here.
Let n
0
be an integer such that the p-adic valuation of the dierent of K over Q
p
is
the p-adic valuation of p
n
0
. Let n
0
def
= n
0
+ ord
p
(g!). Let n
0
def
= n
0
+ 2. The consequences
of the theory of [Falt1] that we use are as follows:
(1) The
K
-module H
1
((
K
, K
) is Hodge-Tate. Let us denote by H
G
the
quotient of H
1
((
K
,

O
K
(1)) by the submodule that is contained in the
portion of H
1
((
K
, K
(1)) of weight 1. Thus, H
G

Z
p
Q
p
is of weight
0. Let
inv
G
be the O
K
-module of invariant dierentials (over O
K
) on
the group scheme (. Then there is a natural
K
-equivariant morphism
(Theorems 2.4 and 3.1 of II. of [Falt1])
inv
G

O
K
(p
n
0
O
K
)/(p
n
0
+n
O
K
) H
G
Z/p
n
Z
with an inverse up to a factor of p
n
0
. Here the point of the n
0
is to
take care of the g! of [Falt1]: the 2 = 1 + 1 added to n
0
is to take
care of the
1
p1
1 that always arises, plus the additional
e1
e
< 1 that
arise from the tame ramication which we allow (see [Fo], Theorem 1
for more details on the computation of [Falt1]s ).

(2) H
L
is p-adically separated. Moreover, there is a natural
K
-equivariant
morphism (Theorem 4.2 of I. of [Falt1])
O
L
/O
K

O
K
(p
n
0
O
K
)/(p
n
0
+n
O
K
) H
L
Z/p
n
Z
with an inverse up to a factor of p
n
0
. In particular, by consid-
ering weights, it follows that
n
factors through the quotient H
G
of
H
1
((
K
,

O
K
(1)).
(3) The morphisms (and inverses up to a factor) of (1) and (2) are com-
patible with each other,
n
, and the natural morphism
inv
G

O
L
/O
K
induced by dierentiating g
n
. That is to say, we have a commutative
diagram:
inv
G

O
K
(p
n
0
O
K
)/(p
n
0
+n
O
K
) H
G
Z/p
n
Z
O
L
/O
K

O
K
(p
n
0
O
K
)/(p
n
0
+n
O
K
) H
L
Z/p
n
Z
51
(where the horizontal morphisms are the morphisms of (1) and (2), re-
spectively, the vertical morphism on the left is induced by dierentiating
g
n
, and the vertical morphism on the right is induced by
n
).
These assertions allow us to immediately conclude ()
ind
, as follows: Since
n
is determined
by , it thus follows that the morphism (induced by dierentiating g
n
)
inv
G

O
L
/O
K

(Z/p
nn
0
Z) is determined by . On the other hand,
inv
G
can naturally be identied with
inv
J
. Moreover,
inv
J
can naturally be identied with
X
. This completes the proof of
()
ind
.
Lemma 9.2. For n suciently large, the morphism H
G
H
L
(Z/p
n
Z) induced by
n
is nonzero.
Proof. This follows formally from ()
non
. _
Now we are ready to tackle the convergence assertion ()
con
. Thus, we go back to
working over L
tm
and K
tm
. In particular, by composing x
n
with
K
and applying the
valuative criterion for properness, we obtain a morphism
n
: Spec(O
L
tm) P. Moreover,
this O
L
tm-valued point
n
of the projective space P is precisely the point dened by the
morphism
inv
G

O
L
/O
K

O
L
O
L
tm =
O
L
tm/O
K
tm
(obtained by dierentiating g
n
).
(Note that here we use the fact remarked above that
O
L
tm/O
K
tm
is a free O
L
tm-module
of rank one.) Thus, ()
ind
and Lemma 9.2 imply that the points
n
of P(O
L
tm) converge
p-adically to a point
P(
O
L
tm) = P(M). On the other hand, by Krasners Lemma
(see, e.g., [Kobl], p. 70), since
K
: X
K
P
K
is nite, it follows that some subsequence
x
n
i
of x
n
converges to a point x
X
K
(M). This proves the assertion ()
con
, as
desired.
In fact, we can say more. For m 1, let x
m
n
be the image of x
n+m
in X
m
L
(L
tm
) under
the natural morphism X
n+m
L
X
m
L
. Thus, we obtain a sequence x
m
n
(in the index n) of
points of X
m
L
(L
tm
). Since X
m
L
X
L
is nite, then by appying Krasners Lemma again,
see that a subsequence of the sequence x
m
n
converges p-adically in X
m
L
(M). Moreover,
by the process of Cantor diagonalization (of elementary analysis), we thus see that we
have proven the following key result (which is the main result of this Section):
Lemma 9.3. We assume notation as in the rst paragraph of this Section. Suppose that
we have a sequence of points x
n
, where x
n
X
n
L
(L
tm
). Then there exists a subsequence
x
n
i
of this sequence with the following property: For each m 0, the sequence obtained
by projecting those x
n
i
with n
i
m to X
m
L
(M) converges to some x
m
X
m
L
(M). In
particular, X
L
(M) is nonempty.
Proof. The last assertion is proven by noting that the x
m
X
m
L
(M) form a compatible
system, hence dene a point of x
L
(M). _
52
Finally, before proceeding, we make the following technically trivial, but important
observation: Since the arithmetic fundamental group of X
L
is just
L
(i.e., Im(
s
)), it
follows that the morphism
M

X
K
induced on fundamental groups by the image in X
K
(M) of any point (e.g., x
) of X
L
(M)
is none other than the restriction of :
L

X
K
to
M
.
Section 10: Uniqueness and Rationality of the Limit Point
We continue with the notation of the preceding Section. In this Section, we would
like to show that the point x
L
(M) constructed in Lemma 9.3 is the unique element
of X
L
(M), and that it in fact descends to a point of X
L
(L). We remark that much of
the material of this Section is not absolutely logically necessary for the proof of the main
results of this paper, but is included partly for aesthetic reasons, and partly because its
inclusion (in the opinion of the author) makes the proof of the main results of the paper
more transparent.
First, let us make the trivial observation that any point in X
L
(M) arises as a x
(as
in Lemma 9.3) for some sequence of x
n
X
n
L
(L
tm
). (Indeed, this follows by using the fact
that M = (L
tm
)
to approximate the images of the given point in the various X

n
L
(M)s.)
Thus, without loss of generality, we can apply the results of the discussion of Section 9 to
our analysis of an arbitrary point of X
L
(M).
Now recall the limit point
P(M) of the discussion following Lemma 9.2. This

limit point is clearly independent of the choice of the particular sequence x
n
under
consideration i.e., it depends only on . More precisely,
P(M) P(L
) is the
point dened by the surjection
X

O
K
L
=
inv
G

O
K
L
= H
G

O
K
L
L

Z
p
Q
p
=
O
L
/O
K

O
L
L
induced by (cf. the discussion preceding Lemma 9.2). Note that

L
acts naturally on
all of these modules, and that this surjection is
L
-equivariant. Indeed, this follows by
transport of structure from the fact that is dened on
L
, not just on
L
tm
K
. Thus, we
conclude the following
Lemma 10.1. The image
P(M) of x
L
(M) under the natural morphism
X
L
X
K
P
K
is independent of x
and, moreover,
is dened over L.
53
The next step is to observe that this argument can be modied so as to show that
the image of x
in the projective space dened by the dierentials on X

n
L
(for n 1) is
independent of x
and dened over L. To see this, we need to introduce some new objects.
First, let us x n. Now observe that (after possibly enlarging K) there exists a nite etale
covering Z
n
K
Spec(K) of X
K
with stable reduction Z
n
Spec(O
K
), together with a
nite Galois extension

L of L such that
X
n
L
= X
n
L

L

L
= Z
n
L
= Z
n
K

K

L
Now let m n, and consider x
m
X
m
L
(L
tm
) X
m
L
(
L
tm
), where

L
tm
is the composite
of L
tm
and

L (as extensions of L). (Note that

L
tm
is then a maximal tamely ramied
extension of

L.) Thus, by projecting x
m
to a point of Z
n
K
, we obtain a morphism
z
m
: Spec(O
L
tm
) Z
n
Let us assume that we have chosen K large enough so that Z
n
K
(K) is nonempty, so that
we can identify J
Z
n
K
(i.e., the Jacobian of Z
n
K
) with J
(1)
Z
n
K
. Let ^
Z
n
K
Spec(O
K
) be the
Neron model of Z
n
K
over O
K
. More generally, in the following discussion we shall denote
by ^
()
the Neron model of any proper hyperbolic curve () over a discretely valued
eld. In fact, we shall even use this notation for proper hyperbolic curves over inductive
limits of discretely valued elds in which case this notation is to be taken to mean the
corresponding inductive limit of the Neron models. Also, we shall denote by
Comp(^
()
)
the (inductive limit of) nite abelian (etale) group scheme(s) of connected components of
the special ber of the Neron model ^
()
.
The main technical diculty that we must overcome in order to apply the argument
of Section 9 (for X
K
) to the curves Z
n
K
is the following: The points that we are interested
in are the points z
m
of Z
n
K
(
L
tm
) = Z
n
(O
L
tm
). These points dene points of J
(1)
Z
n
K
= J
Z
n
K
,
hence points
z
N
m
: Spec(O
L
tm
) ^
Z
n
L
tm
Then, in order to apply the argument of Section 9, we must show that:
(After replacing K by a nite extension of K which is independent of
m), z
N
m
maps the special point of Spec(O
L
tm
) to the same component
of Comp(^
Z
n
L
tm
) as some K
tm
-valued point of ^
Z
n
L
tm
.
54
(see Lemma 10.2 below for an alternate formulation.) To show this, we reason as follows:
Let us write

L
unr
for the maximal unramied extension of

L in

L
tm
. Thus,

L
tm
is a totally
tamely ramied extension of

L
unr
. In particular,

L
tm
is a union of nite Galois extensions
of

L
unr
which are of degree (over

L
unr
) prime to p. In particular, it follows that the cokernel
of the inclusion
Comp(^
Z
n
L
unr
) Comp(^
Z
n
L
tm
)
is annihilated by integers prime to p. (Indeed, this follows by applying the trace map
(for subextensions of

L
tm
over

L
unr
) to the second Comp, and observing that (since
Gal(
L
tm
/
L
unr
) clearly acts trivially on Comp(^
Z
n
L
tm
)) this trace map is just multiplication
by some integer prime to p.) On the other hand, since

L
unr
is an unramied extension of
L, it follows (essentially from the denition of the Neron model) that ^

Z
n
L
unr
= ^
Z
n
L
. In
particular, since

L is a discretely valued eld, it follows that Comp(^
Z
n
L
) is nite. In other
words, we conclude that: the p-torsion of Comp(^
Z
n
L
tm
) is annihilated by some (nite)
power of p. We are now ready to prove the following Lemma:
Lemma 10.2. After possibly enlarging K by a larger eld that is independent of m, we
may arrange that the morphism z
J
m
: Spec(
L
tm
) J
(1)
Z
n
K
= J
Z
n
K
induced by z
m
extends to a
morphism Spec(O
L
tm
) ^
Z
n
K
tm
, for all m n.
Proof. Indeed, without enlarging K, it follows from our observation above concerning the
p-torsion of Comp(^
Z
n
L
tm
) that a z
J
m
extends to (z
N
)
m
: Spec(O
L
tm
) ^
Z
n
K
for some
positive integer a whose order at the prime p is independent of m. Now let us assume
(by enlarging K independently of m) that all of the p-torsion points of J
Z
n
K
annihilated
by a are rational over K. Since all prime-to-p torsion points of J
Z
n
K
are rational over
K
tm
, it thus follows that the morphism multiplication by a on ^
Z
n
K
tm
is nite over a
neighborhood of the image of (z
N
)
O
K
O
K
tm in ^
Z
n
K
O
K
O
K
tm ^
Z
n
K
tm
. Since (z
N
)
m
was constructed by multiplying z
J
m
by a, it thus follows that z
J
m
extends to a morphism
Spec(O
L
tm
) ^
Z
n
K
tm
, as desired. _
Now that we have Lemma 10.2, we can use the extended morphism of Lemma 10.2
to construct the analogue of the morphism g
n
of Section 9 (over some tamely ramied
extension of K). Then the rest of the argument of Section 9 goes through without diculty.
More precisely:
Let
Z
n
def
= H
0
(Z
n
,
Z
n
/O
K
). Let P
n
def
= P(
Z
n). (That is, P
n
is the projective space
over O
K
dened by
Z
n.) Then there is (by the denition of
Z
n) a natural nite morphism
n
K
: Z
n
K
P
n
K
. Let
n
m
: Spec(O
L
tm
) P
n
be the morphism obtained by composing z
m
with
n
K
. Then, just as in Section 9, one sees via p-adic Hodge theory that as m (and
55
n remains xed), the
n
m
converge to a point in
n
P
n
(
O
L
tm
) = P
n
((
L
tm
)
). Moreover,
is independent of the original sequence x

m
. Finally, just as we saw for Lemma 10.1,
by transport of structure and the fact that (and, here, X
n
L
) are dened over L, it follows
that if we regard
n
as a point of P
X
n
((
L
tm
)
), where P
X
n
is the projective space over
L associated to
H
0
(X
n
L
,
X
n
L
/L
)
(for the original L), then
n
P
X
n
(L). Thus, we see that we obtain the following
analogue of Lemma 10.1:
Lemma 10.3. The image
n
P
X
n
(M) of x
L
(M) under the natural morphism
X
L
X
n
L
P
X
n
is independent of x
and, moreover,
n
is dened over L.
Now let us recall some basic facts on hyperelliptic curves:
Lemma 10.4. Let Q be a proper hyperbolic curve over an algebraically closed eld of
characteristic zero. Then:
(1) If Q is hyperelliptic (i.e., admits a g
1
2
, or linear system of dimension
1 and degree 2), then the g
1
2
is unique.
(2) If Q is non-hyperelliptic, then the canonical morphism from Q into the
projective space associated to H
0
(Q,
Q/
) is an embedding.
(3) Suppose that W Q is a nite etale covering, where W is connected.
Then if Q is non-hyperelliptic, so is W.
(4) Suppose that W Q (where W is connected) is a cyclic etale covering
of degree m > 2. Then W is non-hyperelliptic.
Thus, in particular, none of the X
n
L
is hyperelliptic, for n 2.
Proof. For proofs of assertions (1) and (2), we refer to [Harts], Chapter IV, 5, Propo-
sitions 5.2 and 5.3. As for (3), the push-forward of a g
1
2
on W via W Q is a g
1
2
on Q,
so (3) follows immediately. Now let us consider assertion (4). Let be a generator of the
Galois group of W over Q. If W admits a g
1
2
, it is unique, hence stabilized by . But
this means that there exists some rational function f
W
on W in this g
1
2
which satises
1
(f
W
) = T(f
W
), where T is some linear fractional transformation with coecients in
. Note that since has nite order, so does T. Thus, if we diagonalize T (by choosing
a dierent f
W
), we may assume that
1
(f
W
) = f
W
, for some nonzero . (Note
that T cannot be parabolic (i.e., a transformation of the form f
W
f
W
+ , for some
nonzero ) since T is of nite order and is of characteristic zero.) Thus, f
m
W
(which
56
is a constant multiple of the norm (relative to W Q) of f
W
) denes a rational function
f
Q
on Q. Now f
Q
is contained in some g
1
2
on Q, so its zeroes have order equal to 1 or 2.
On the other hand, f
Q
has an m
th
root in the function eld of W, so it follows from the
assumption that m > 2 that the covering W Q must be ramied at the zeroes of f
Q
,
which is absurd. This contradiction completes the proof. _
We summarize our eorts in Sections 9 and 10 as follows:
Corollary 10.5. Let M be the p-adic completion of a maximal tamely ramied extension
L
tm
of L. Suppose that we are given a nondegenerate :
L

X
K
, which thus gives
rise to X
n
L
, X
L
. Suppose that for each n 0, X
n
L
(L
tm
) is nonempty. Then it follows that
the set X
L
(M) consists of precisely one point, which is, in fact, contained in X
L
(L)
X
L
(M).
In particular, there exists a unique L-valued point of Spec(L) X
K
whose induced
morphism on fundamental groups (for an appropriate choice of base-points) is the mor-
phism :
L

X
K
.
Proof. Indeed, if x
L
(M), then by Lemma 10.4, if n 2, the image of x
in
X
n
L
(M) is determined by the image
n
of x
in P
X
n
(M). But, by Lemma 10.3,
n
is
independent of x
and dened over L. Thus, it follows that the image of x
in X
n
L
(M)
(for n 2) is independent of x
and dened over L. But, by the denition of X
L
, this
means that x
itself is independent of x
and dened over L. (In other words, X
L
(M)
consists of precisely one point, which is, in fact, dened over L.) The last sentence is a
formal consequence of the rest of the Corollary. This completes the proof. _
Section 11: Hodge-Tate Representations of Innite Rank
Let K be a nite extension of Q
p
. Let X
K
Spec(K) be a proper hyperbolic curve
over K. Let U
K
be its generic point. Let H
U
be the abelianization of
U
. Thus, H
U
is
a Z
p
-at topological
K
-module of innite rank. Note that we have a natural surjection
H
U
H
X
H
I
X
(cf. the discussion following Denition 6.3 for the denition of H
I
X
).
Let H
M
U
H
U
be the kernel of this surjection. Note that the inertia groups (dened by
closed points of X
K
) of
U
all map into H
M
U
. Let H
P
U
H
M
U
denote the closure of the
image of all these inertia groups. (Here the P stands for points.) Thus, H
U
/H
P
U
may
be identied with H
X
, hence is of nite rank over Z
p
. In this Section, we would like to
analyze H
U
, and, in particular, H
P
U
in greater detail.
For simplicity, let us assume (by replacing K by a nite extension of K) that X
K
has stable reduction over O
K
, and that there exists a K-valued point x X
K
(K). Let
X
K
be a closed point of X
K
. Then there are nitely many points y
1
, . . . , y
r

57
X
K
(K) = Hom(Spec(K), X
K
) that map to . For i = 1, . . . , r, let I
y
i

U
denote the
inertia group (well-dened up to conjugation by an element of
U
) associated to y
i
. Thus,
projection to the quotient
U
H
U
yields a map
I
def
=
r
i=1
I
y
i
H
P
U
Note, moreover, that I
has a natural structure of

K
-module (given, for instance, by
conjugating by the image of a section
K

U
K
(cf. Denition 5.1) induced by x
X
K
(K) note, however, that the
K
-action is independent of the choice of x). Relative
to this
K
-action on I
, the above morphism is

K
-equivariant. Moreover, by letting
range over all closed points of X
K
other than that dened by x, we obtain a continuous
K
-equivariant morphism
: M
x
def
=
=x
I
H
P
U
In fact,
Lemma 11.1. The morphism is an isomorphism.
Proof. Note that
U
K
is equal to the inverse limit of
V
K
, where the limit is taken over
all open subsets V
K
X
K
x. For such a V
K
, we can dene H
P
V
just as we dened H
P
U
,
and it is well-known that H
P
V
is the direct sum of the I
, where the sum is taken over all

X
K
x V
K
indeed, this follows from the well-known (from elementary algebraic
topology) structure of the homology group of a Riemann surface obtained by removing a
nite number of points from a compact Riemann surface. Passing to the limit proves the
Lemma. _
Next, we would like to dene a quotient I
I
T
as follows: Note that if K
is the
residue eld of X
K
at , then the
K
-module I
(1) (where the (1) is a Tate twist)

may be naturally identied with Z
p
[Hom
K
(K
, K)]. (Here, Z
p
[a set] denotes the free Z
p
-
module generated by the elements of the set.) Thus, there exists a unique nonzero quotient
I
(1) Q
stabilized by
K
such that
K
acts trivially on Q
. Moreover, Q
is a free
Z
p
-module of rank one. Let I
I
T
be the quotient obtained by tensoring I
(1) Q
with Z
p
(1). Moreover, by taking the product of these quotients, we obtain a quotient
M
x
M
T
x
def
=
=x
I
T
Let H
P
U
H
T
U
be the quotient corresponding to this quotient under the isomorphism
. Thus, the
K
-action on H
T
U
(1) is trivial. Moreover, H
P
U
H
T
U
has the following
universal property:
58
Lemma 11.2. Let N be a Z
p
-at topological
K
-module such that
K
acts trivially on
N(1). Then any continuous
K
-morphism H
P
U
N factors through H
T
U
.
Proof. This follows immediately from the construction of H
T
U
. _
Now let us dene the subquotient H
T
X
of H
U
as follows: First, let H
F
U
H
U
denote the
inverse image of H
F
X
H
X
under the projection H
U
H
X
(cf. the discussion following
Denition 6.3 for the denition of H
F
X
). Now let H
T
X
be the quotient of H
F
U
by the kernel
of H
P
U
H
T
U
. Thus, we have an exact sequence of topological
K
-modules
0 H
T
U
H
T
X
H
F
X
0
Let us take the continuous dual Hom
cont
Z
p
(, Z
p
) of this exact sequence. This gives us a
new exact sequence of topological
K
-modules
0 C
F
X
C
T
X
C
T
U
0
(Here, one may think of the Hs as standing for homology, and the Cs as standing
for cohomology.) In particular, we have
C
T
U
=
_
=x
Z
T
where Z
T
is dened to be the dual of I

T
. If we pull-back this last exact sequence by

Z
T
C
T
U
, we obtain exact sequences of topological
K
-modules
0 C
F
X
C
T
Z
T
0
all of which are of nite rank over Z
p
. Moreover, it is clear that that C
T
X
is obtained by
summing these extensions (over ) and then p-adically completing.
We would like to show that C
T
X
is Hodge-Tate. Unfortunately, typically the theory
of Hodge-Tate Galois representations only goes through for modules of nite rank over Z
p
.
On the other hand, C
T
is of nite rank over Z

p
. Thus, our approach in the following will
be to use the C
T
to show that C
T
X
is, in some sense, like a Hodge-Tate representation.
First, let X
be the singular curve obtained from X

K
by considering the subsheaf of
O
X
K
of functions f such that f(x) = f(). Let J
be the generalized Jacobian associated

to X
(see, e.g., [Ser1], Chapitre I, 1). Thus, J
is an extension of the abelian variety J

X
by some torus. Moreover, the p-adic Tate module T(J
) of J
ts into an exact sequence

of
K
-modules
59
0 I
T(J
) H
X
0
In particular, one sees immediately that there exists a quotient J
whose p-adic Tate

module ts into the exact sequence
0 I
T
T
p
(J
) H
X
0
obtained by pushing forward the preceding exact sequence by I
I
T
. Moreover, C
T
may be identied with the dual of the pull-back of this exact sequence by H
F
X
H
X
.
Alternatively, C
T
may be identied with a certain quotient T

p
(J
= H
1
(J
, Z
p
) C
T
(whose kernel is the dual of H

X
/H
F
X
). Note, in particular, that J
is an extension of J
X
by the trivial torus G
m
. Thus, J
extends to a semi-abelian variety over O

K
(cf. the
paragraph following Theorem 2.6 of Chapter I of [FC]).
Next, let us recall (from the theory of [FC], Chapters I through III) that J
X
may
be constructed as a certain rigid analytic quotient of a semi-abelian variety

J
X
which has
good reduction (i.e., the dimension of the torus part is constant) over O
K
by some discrete
group. The kernel of the induced pull-back map on cohomology H
1
(J
X
, Z
p
) H
1
(
J
X
, Z
p
)
is precisely the dual of H
X
/H
F
X
. If we pull-back the extension J
J
X
from J
X
to

J
X
,
we then obtain an extension

J
of

J
X
by the trivial torus of dimension one. Moreover,

J
has good reduction over O

K
. Finally, the quotient H
1
(J
, Z
p
) H
1
(
, Z
p
) is precisely
the quotient H
1
(J
, Z
p
) C
T
referred to in the preceding paragraph.

Now, just as in Section 9, we can apply the theory of [Falt1] (in the case of good
reduction) to

J
. Let T
0
def
= H
1
(X, O
X
), where X Spec(O
K
) is the stable extension of
X
K
over O
K
. Let T
be the space of invariant dierentials on

, where

Spec(O
K
)
is the extension of

J
to a semi-abelian variety over O

K
. Thus, T
0
and T
are both free

of nite rank over O
K
. Then it follows from the theory of [Falt1] (specically, Theorems
2.4 and 3.1 of II. of [Falt1]) that
()
There exists a natural

K
-equivariant,

O
K
-linear morphism
C
T

Z
p
O
K
(T
0
O
K
O
K
) (T

O
K
O
K
(1))
which has an inverse up to p
n
, where n is a nonnegative integer that is
independent of .
Note that the fact that n is independent of is of profound importance in what follows.
Moreover, if, instead of

J
, we had worked with J
(which, in general, has bad (though

stable) reduction), or J
(which has only potentially stable reduction i.e., for general

, one needs to enlarge K in order to get stable reduction), we would have been unable to
obtain this crucial independence of from the theory of [Falt1].
60
Now observe that T
ts into a natural exact sequence

0 T
F
X
T
0
where T
F
X
def
= H
0
(X,
X/O
K
), and Z
is dened so as to make the above sequence exact.

Now let T
T
X
be the sum of these extensions over all ; let T
T
U
be the direct sum of the Z
over all . Thus, we have an exact sequence of at O

K
-modules
0 T
F
X
T
T
X
T
T
U
0
Thus, by taking the p-adic completion of the sum of the morphisms in ()
, and using the

facts that:
(i) the n of ()
is independent of ;
(ii) both C
T
X
and T
T
X
are sums of extensions which are of nite rank;
we obtain the following result:
Proposition 11.3. We have a natural,

O
K
-linear morphism of exact sequences of
topological
K
-modules
0 C
F
X

Z
p
O
K
C
T
X

Z
p
O
K
_
0 (T
F
X

O
K
O
K
(1)) (T
0

O
K
O
K
) (T
T
X

O
K
O
K
(1)) (T
0

O
K
O
K
)
C
T
U

Z
p
O
K
0
_
(T
T
U

O
K
O
K
(1)) 0
which become isomorphisms when tensored with Q
p
.
Next, we would like to relate T
T
X
to a certain space of dierentials on X, as follows:
Let E be a nite set of closed points of X
K
. Let S
def
= Spec(O
K
), and let us endow S
with the log structure dened by the monoid O
S
0; denote the resulting log scheme
by S
log
. Let X
log
[E] S
log
be the pointed stable log-curve (see, e.g., [Mzk3], Section 3,
for more details on this terminology) extending X
K

K
K, equipped with all the points
61
of X
K
(K) that map to primes in E as marked points. Let L[E]
def
=
X
log
[E]/S
log . Then if
E E
, we get a natural morphism X

log
[E
] X
log
[E], which lies under a morphism of
sheaves L[E] L[E
]. Thus, by taking the projective limit of the (X

log
[E], L[E]) as E
ranges over all nite sets of closed points of X
K
, we obtain (X
log
[], L[]). Moreover,
note that H
0
(X[], L[]) is a at, p-adically separated O
K
-module.
If E contains x and , then it is easy to see that we get a natural inclusion T

H
0
(X[E], L[E]), which extends to a morphism T

O
K
O
K
H
0
(X[E], L[E]) whose
cokernel is torsion free. Taking the limit with respect to E, we thus obtain a map T
O
K
O
K
H
0
(X[], L[]). In fact, it is not dicult to see that, by summing over the T
for all ,= x, we get a morphism

T
T
X

O
K
O
K
T
def
= H
0
(X[], L[])
whose cokernel is torsion free. Moreover, this morphism remains injective after p-adic
completion. Thus, we see from Proposition 11.3 that we get a morphism
: C
T
X

Z
p
O
K
T
(1)
(where the denotes p-adic completion). Moreover, the kernel of is of weight zero.
Finally, if N is a positive integer, let (
[N]
def
= H
0
(X[], L[]
N
). Thus, (
[N] is a free
O
K
-module of innite rank (such that (
[1] = T
), and we have a natural multiplication

morphism
N
O
K
T
[N]
Section 12: The Preservation of Relations
The purpose of this Section is to show how the material of Section 11 will be applied
in Section 13 to show the preservation of relations. We maintain the notation of Section
11. Moreover, let us assume that we have been given a continuous open homomorphism
over
K
:
U
K

Y
K
(where Y
K
Spec(K) is a proper hyperbolic curve over K). For simplicity, let us assume
(by enlarging K) that Y
K
extends to a stable curve Y Spec(O
K
) over O
K
, and that
the
K
-action on H
M
Y
(1) (cf. the discussion following Denition 6.3 for an explanation
of the notation H
M
) is trivial. Next, observe that induces a continuous morphism
of
K
-modules H
U
H
Y
whose cokernel is torsion. Note that this morphism induces
62
a map H
F
U
H
F
Y
(cf. the discussions following Denition 6.3 and Lemma 11.2 for an
explanation of the notation H
F
) whose cokernel is torsion. Moreover, the restriction of
this morphism to H
P
U
(cf. the discussion at the beginning of Section 11 for an explanation
of the notation H
P
U
) maps into H
M
Y
, hence (by Lemma 11.2 and the fact that
K
acts
trivially on H
M
Y
(1)), we get a morphism H
T
X
H
F
Y
whose cokernel is torsion. Taking
the dual of this morphism yields an injection C
F
Y
C
T
X
(where C
F
Y
is the dual of H
F
Y
).
Topologically tensoring with O
K
, dividing out by the weight zero part, and applying the
morphism considered at the end of Section 11, we thus obtain (after further tensoring
with Z
p
(1)) an injection
H
0
(Y,
Y/O
K
)
O
K
O
K
T
In this Section, we shall be concerned with the issue of whether or not this morphism
preserves relations. By this, we mean the following: Let N be a positive integer. By
taking the N
th
tensor power of this morphism, and then composing with the completion
of the multiplication morphism
N
T
[N] considered at the end of Section 11, we

obtain a morphism
N
:
N
(H
0
(Y,
Y/O
K
)
O
K
O
K
) ((
[N])
We would like to know whether or not

N
annihilates the elements of
1
N
def
= Ker(
N
(H
0
(Y,
Y/O
K
)) H
0
(Y,
N
Y/O
K
))
i.e., the relations. In the following, we would like to state a certain assertion that will
be proven in the next Section, and explain why this assertion implies that
N
preserves
relations.
First, let us introduce the notation necessary to state the assertion. Suppose that E
is a nite set of points of X
K
(K). Then the pointed stable curve X
log
[E] Spec(O
K
)
introduced at the end of Section 11 is dened over K, i.e., we have X
log
[E]
O
K
Spec(O
K
).
Let p X[E]
O
K
be a generic point of the special ber of X[E]
O
K
. Let Spf(O
L
) be the
completion of the localization of X[E]
O
K
at p. Thus, L (the quotient eld of O
L
) is a p-adic
eld whose residue eld is k(p) (i.e., the residue eld of X[E]
O
K
at the prime p), and we
have a canonical L-valued point
L
X
K
(L). Let
L/K
denote the module of p-adically
continuous dierentials of L over K. Thus,
L/K
is an L-vector space of dimension one.
Moreover, note that we have a natural restriction morphism (induced by
L
)
T

L/K
K
Thus, if we compose this morphism with the morphism
H
0
(Y,
Y/O
K
)
O
K
O
K
T
63
considered above, we get a morphism
L
: H
0
(Y,
Y/O
K
)
O
K
O
K

L/K
K
Next, let us observe that the coverings of X
K
dened by subgroups of
U
K
are etale
at the point
L
. Thus, it follows that
L
induces a natural morphism
L
U
:
L

U
K
(well-dened up to conjugation by an element of
U
) whose composite with
U
K

K
is the natural morphism
L

K
. Let
L
Y
:
L

Y
K
be the composite of
L
U
with .
Then the assertion that will be proven in Section 13 is the following:
()
Lpt
Suppose that p satises the condition that
L
is not identically
zero. Then it follows that there exists a point (
)
L
Y
K
(L) such that
L
Y
arises from (
)
L
.
Note in particular, that if
L
Y
arises from (
)
L
, then it follows immediately that the group-
theoretically constructed morphism
L
coincides (cf. the application of the theory of [Falt1]
discussed in Section 9) with the natural restriction map on dierentials induced by (
)
L
.
Thus, if 1
N
is a relation, then it follows that the restriction of
N
() ((
[N])
to
N
L/K
K is zero. This argument already leads one to believe that there should be some
sort of connection between ()
Lpt
and the preservation of relations. In fact, we have
the following:
Proposition 12.1. Suppose that ()
Lpt
always holds (i.e., for all data of the sort
discussed above). Then
N
(1
N
) = 0, for all positive integers N.
Proof. Suppose that 1
N
is such that
def
=
N
() ,= 0. By dividing
by a suitable
element of O
K
, we obtain an element ((
[N])
such that , 0 (mod m

K
) (where
m
K
O
K
is the maximal ideal). Let us write k for the residue eld O
K
/m
K
. Write for
considered modulo m
K
. Then is a section of L[E]
N
k for some E. By enlarging
K, we may assume that E consists solely of K-valued points of X
K
. Moreover, since is
nonzero, there exists some irreducible component of the special ber of X[E]k over which
is nonzero. If we choose p (in the above discussion) to be such that p
O
K
O
K
is this
irreducible component, then it follows that the restriction of ((
[N])
to
N
L/K
K
will be nonzero. Now I claim that p satises the condition that
L
is not identically zero:
Indeed, if
L
were identically zero, then it would follow that
N
L
would be identically
zero. But the restriction of to
N
L/K
K (which is assumed to be nonzero) is a nonzero

K-multiple of
N
L
() (which would have to be zero). This contradiction proves the claim.
Thus, we are in a position to apply ()
Lpt
. As discussed in the paragraph preceding
this Proposition, it then follows that the restriction of to
N
L/K
K is zero. Thus, we
get a contradiction. This completes the proof of the Proposition. _
64
Remark. In [Mzk2], where one only considers isomorphisms of
1
s, as opposed to homo-
morphisms as we do here, there is no need to place (as we did in ()
Lpt
) the condition
on p that
L
be not identically zero. Because in the present context it is necessary to
include such a condition on p in ()
Lpt
, the author at rst did not see how it would be
possible to prove the preservation of relations in the present context. However, in fact,
in order to prove the preservation of relations (Proposition 12.1), it suces to consider
only p for which one knows already that
L
is not identically zero. This observation arose
in discussions between the author and A. Tamagawa.
Section 13: The Preservation of L-Points
The purpose of this Section is to verify the assertion ()
Lpt
discussed in Section
12. The technique is similar to that employed in [Mzk2] (although we do not assume any
knowledge of [Mzk2] in the following discussion). We continue with the notation of the
preceding Section. In particular, we assume that we have been given a continuous open
homomorphism over
K
:
U
K

Y
K
Moreover, we assume that X
K
extends to a stable curve X Spec(O
K
). Let p be as in
()
Lpt
. Thus, we have a blow-up

X X (that is,

X is what we denoted by X[E]
O
K
in Section 12), and p is a generic point of the special ber of

X Spec(O
K
). Choose a
smooth, ane, geometrically connected open neighborhood W of p in the special ber of
X. Let T be the ane scheme whose coordinate ring R

T
is such that Spf(R
T
) (where we
equip R
T
with the p-adic topology) is the completion of

X along W. Thus, T Spec(O
K
)
is (p-adically) formally smooth, and T k = W. By abuse of notation, we shall write p for
the prime of T that maps to the original p under T

X. Let us write
T
for the generic
point of T (regarded as a scheme). Let L be the quotient eld of the p-adic completion of
(R
T
)
p
. Thus, L is a p-adic eld whose residue eld is k(W) (the function eld of W).
Note that we have natural morphisms
T
X
: T X;
T
X
:
T
X
K
;
L
X
: Spec(L)
X
K
;
T
U
:
T
U
K
;
L
U
: Spec(L) U
K
. Let
T
U
:
T

U
K
be the morphism
determined (up to conjugation by an element of
U
) by
T
U
. Similarly, we have
L
U
:
L

U
K
. Composing
T
U
,
L
U
with gives
T
Y
:
T

Y
K
,
L
Y
:
L

Y
K
.
Now let
Y

Y
be a p-derivate (see Denition 0.2) of
Y
. Thus,
Y
is an open,
characteristic subgroup of
Y
. Note that
T
Y
denes a section a
T
Y
:
T

Y
T
of
T
. Write
Y

T
for the open subgroup Im(a
T
Y
)
Y

Y
T
. Thus,
Y
T
gives
rise to a nite etale covering
Y
T
Y
T
65
Moreover, there exists some nite etale covering
T

T
such that
Y
T

T

= Z
Y
K

K

T
for some curve Z

Y
K
Spec(K
), where K
is a nite extension of K contained in K(

T
).
Let T
be the normalization of T in
T
. Then T
T is nite (since
T
is of characteristic
zero) and generically etale.
By means of , we can pull-back the above covering to U
T
: Thus, we obtain an
open subgroup
U
T

U
T
, which corresponds to some nite etale covering U
T
U
T
(which is geometrically connected over
T
since
U
T
contains the graph of
T
U
in
U
T
=
K

U
K
). This covering extends to a nite, possibly ramied covering X
T
X
T
.
Moreover, we have an isomorphism
X
T

T

= Z
X
K

K

T
for some curve Z

X
K
Spec(K
). By enlarging K
, we may assume that this curve has a

stable extension Z
X
Spec(O
K
).
Next, let us go back to considering the morphism
T
U
:
T
U
K
. Now it follows
tautologically from the way we dened
T
Y
(i.e., the fact that it comes originally from
T
U
)
that
T
U
lifts naturally to a point
T
U
:
T
U
T
. Let
T
X
:
T
X
T
be the result of
composing this morphism with U
T
X
T
. Moreover, by restricting to
T
, we get a point
:
T
X
. Projecting to Z
X
K
, we thus get a point
Z
X
:
T
Z
X
K
. Moreover, it
is easy to see that this morphism extends to a morphism
T
Z
X
: T
Z
X
, where T
is an open subscheme obtained as the D(f) (i.e., the complement of V (f) T
) for
some f (T
, O
T
) with the property that f is nonzero at every generic point of the
special ber of T
Spec(O
K
). Indeed, this follows from the following two facts: (i) we
already have an extension to T
K
, since Z
X
K
X
K
is nite, and
T
X
:
T
X
K
extends
to T
K
; (ii) to extend from T
K
to some T
, it suces to apply the valuative criterion for

properness (since Z
X
Spec(O
K
) is proper).
Next, let us consider the morphism T
T. Clearly (after possibly enlarging

K
) there exists a closed point t T such that if we let S be the completion of T at t, then
the morphism S
S obtained by base-changing T
T by S T has the following

properties: (i) S
S is nite and at; (ii) S
is a nite disjoint sum of connected

components which are geometrically irreducible over O
K
; (iii) each of these components
admits a section over O
K
. Let S
be any one of these connected components. Then we

have the following:
Lemma 13.1. The scheme S
is normal.
Proof. (Note that this is not entirely obvious since it is not clear that T is excellent.) First,
I claim that the (at) morphism S T is geometrically regular. Indeed, over the generic
66
ber, this follows from the fact that S is regular and generically of characteristic zero;
over a closed point of T
K
or T, either the ber of the morphism S T is (schematically)
isomorphic to the given closed point, or it is empty. Thus, it remains to check what happens
over the height one prime of T which is the special ber of T Spec(O
K
). But over this
prime, the geometric regularity of S T follows from the excellence of T k = W (which
is nitely generated over a nite eld). This completes the proof of the claim. Thus, it
follows that S
is geometrically regular. Moreover, T
is normal; hence, we obtain

that S
is normal, as desired. _
Thus, S
S satises the properties listed in Denition 6.3. Moreover, if we apply the

base-change S T to all the objects in the above discussion, it is easy to see that we are
in the situation discussed in Proposition 7.4. Note, in particular, that the existence of the
morphism
T
Z
X
: T
Z
X
shows that the condition ()
S
(cf. the discussion preceding

Denition 6.4) is satised by
S
X
S

X
S
. In fact, we also have the following:
Lemma 13.2.
S
X
is F-geometric, hence also FI-geometric.

Proof. Indeed, rst observe that restricting
T
Z
X
gives rise to a morphism
1
: S
Z
X
.
Since S
was constructed so as to admit a section over O

K
, let : Spec(O
K
) S
be such a section. Then we may form the composite
: S
Z
X
of the structure
morphism S
Spec(O
K
) with
1
. Now observe that
1
and
both dene sections

of Z
X
S
def
= Z
X
O
K
(which coincide over Im()). Let D

1
, D
Z
X
S
be the Weil
divisors which are the images of these two sections. Next, let us observe that by Lemma
13.3 below, these two Weil divisors are Q-Cartier. Hence it follows that there exists a
positive integer N such that N D
1
and N D
are, in fact, Cartier divisors, so we may

form the line bundle L
def
= O
Z
X
S
(N D
1
N D
). Note that the line bundle L is trivial over

Im() S
, hence over the closed point of S
. Let
Z
X Spec(O
K
) be the unique semi-
abelian scheme whose generic ber is the Jacobian of Z
X
K
. Then it follows that L denes
an S
-valued point of
Z
X which arises from an S
-valued point of the formal completion

of
Z
X at the identity. But, sorting through the denitions (in particular, Denitions 6.2,
6.4) reveals that this implies that
S
X
is F-geometric, hence also FI-geometric (cf. the

paragraph following Dention 6.4). _
Lemma 13.3. The scheme Z
X
S
def
= Z
X
O
K
is normal, and, moreover, any Weil

divisor D Z
X
S
arising as the graph of an O
K
-morphism
D
: S
Z
X
is Q-Cartier.
Proof. By Lemma 13.1 above, S
is normal. Moreover, since Z

X
S
is a generically smooth
stable curve over S
, one checks easily that the conditions R

1
and S
2
of Serre (see, e.g.,
[Mats], Chapter 7, 17.I, Theorem 39) are satised by Z
X
S
, so Z
X
S
is normal. Now recall
that to say that a Weil divisor is Q-Cartier simply means that some nonzero multiple of
that Weil divisor is Cartier. Next, let us observe that since the graph of
D
is dened by a
67
single equation in a neighborhood of any point of the smooth locus of Z
X
Spec(O
K
), it
suces to check that D is Q-Cartier in a neighborhood of the nodes of the special ber of
Z
X
Spec(O
K
). In fact, it even suces to check that D is Q-Cartier over the spectrum
of the completion of the local ring of Z
X
S
at such a node.
Thus, let us write
/
def
= (S
, O
S
); B
def
= O
K
[[x, y]]/(xy
n
); (
def
= /[[x, y]]/(xy
n
)
where O
K
is a uniformizer, and n is a positive integer. Here, we think of B (respec-
tively, () as the result of completing Z
X
(respectively, Z
X
S
) at a node (respectively, at
the inverse image of this node via the projection Z
X
S
Z
X
). Recall that S
is ane, so
S
= Spec(/). Now
D
is given by some morphism B /. Write s
x
, s
y
/ for the images
of x and y, respectively, under this morphism. Note that s
x
s
y
=
n
/. Moreover, the
restriction D
C
of the subscheme D to Spec(() is dened by the equations x s
x
, y s
y
,
i.e., D
C
= V (x s
x
, y s
y
). Now let us consider the regular function x s
x
on Spec(().
I claim that the ideals (x s
x
) and (x s
x
, y s
y
) in ( coincide in ([
1
]. Indeed, this
follows from the following equation:
y s
y
=
y s
y
n
(x s
x
) ([
1
]
Thus, we conclude that on Spec((), the Weil divisor D
C
is linearly equivalent to a Weil
divisor E on Spec(() which is supported on the special ber F
C
of Spec(() Spec(O
K
).
On the other hand, the fact that S
Spec(O
K
) is geometrically irreducible implies that
(F
C
)
red
has precisely two irreducible components, namely, V (x)
red
and V (y)
red
. Thus, it
follows that any divisor supported on F
C
is Q-Cartier, as desired. This completes the proof
of the Lemma. _
Thus, (by Lemma 13.2) we may apply Proposition 7.4 to conclude that Y
S
admits a
line bundle of degree prime to p. Moreover, by Proposition 8.1 and Lemma 8.2, it thus
follows that:
Y
L
def
= Y
T
Spec(L) has a rational point over some tamely ramied
extension L
of L.
It is this key result that will allow us to conclude the proof of ()
Lpt
.
Let us review what we have done so far, from the point of view of objects over Y
L
.
First, we have a section a
L
Y
:
L

Y
L
of
Y
L

L
(dened by
L
Y
). Moreover, given
any p-derivate
Y
L

Y
, we obtain a nite etale covering Y
L
Y
L
dened by
Y
L
def
=
Im(a
L
Y
)
Y
L

Y
L
. Under these circumstances, we just showed that Y
L
necessarily has
68
a rational point over some tamely ramied extension of L. Moreover, tracing through the
denitions, it is easy to see that the assumption placed on p in ()
Lpt
that
L
be not
identically zero means precisely (in the language introduced at the beginning of Section
9) that a
L
Y
is nondegenerate. It thus follows that we can apply Corollary 10.5 to conclude
that:
a
L
Y
:
L

Y
L
arises from some geometric point (
)
L
Y
L
(L).
In other words, the proof of ()
Lpt
has been completed. Thus, by Proposition 12.1, we
conclude the following:
Corollary 13.4. Let :
U
K

Y
K
be a continuous open homomorphism over
K
.
Then preserves relations, i.e., (in the notation of Section 12), we have
N
(1
N
) = 0,
for all positive integers N.
Note that in [Mzk2] (where we essentially dealt with the case where is an isomor-
phism), the preservation of relations is already enough to conclude the proof of the main
theorem. In the present context, however, because of the fact that H
U
is of innite rank,
it is necessary to go through one more intermediate technical step before we can complete
the proof of the (rst part of the) rst main theorem. This step essentially amounts to
showing that any as in Corollary 13.4 necessarily factors through
X
K
. The proof of
this next step is the main topic of the following Section. Note that if this fact (i.e., that
factors through
X
K
) could be proven more directly, then this paper could be simplied con-
siderably. (For instance, Section 11, as well as the rather technical notions of irreducibly
splittable and FI-geometric would be unnecessary.) Unfortunately, however, the proof
of this fact in Section 14 relies heavily on the preservation of relations (Corollary 13.4).
Section 14: The Annihilation of Inertia
In this Section, we prove that any continuous surjective homomorphism :
U
K
Y
K
over
K
necessarily (acts as though it) factors through
X
K
. In the process of doing
this, we complete the proof of the (rst part of) the rst main theorem of this paper, in the
case where the base eld is a local eld. Throughout most of this Section (except for the
very end i.e., from the statement of Theorem 14.1 on), we continue to use the notation of
the preceding three Sections. Let us assume, moreover, that Y
K
is not hyperelliptic. Thus,
it follows (e.g., from Lemma 10.4 (3)) that any connected nite etale covering of Y
K
is also
non-hyperelliptic.
Let us rst consider the morphism
H
0
(Y,
Y/O
K
)
O
K
O
K
T
69
constructed in Section 12. We would like to show rst of all that
()
F
F
X
This morphism factors through T
F
X
O
K
O
K
T
, where T
F
X
def
=
H
0
(X,
X/O
K
) (cf. the discussion preceding Proposition 11.3).
To do this, we argue as follows: Let x X
K
(K). Let
x
: T

O
K
be the morphism induced by restriction: i.e., elements of T
are sections of L[], hence

dierentials on X[]; thus, by taking the residue of such a dierential at x, we get a
residue map T
O
K
; then taking the p-adic completion of this residue map gives us
x
. We would like to show in the following that the restriction
x
: H
0
(Y,
Y/O
K
)

O
K
of
x
to H
0
(Y,
Y/O
K
) is zero. If we show this, then this will be also hold for all x

X
K
(K
) (where K
is a nite extension of K), hence ()

F
F
X
will follow immediately (from
the fact that T
F
X
consists precisely of all those dierentials whose residues at every point
are zero).
Thus, let us assume that
x
,= 0. Let I
x

U
denote the inertia group (well-dened
up to conjugation) corresponding to x. Then observe that the restriction I
x

U

Y
of to
U
is nontrivial. Indeed, if this restriction were zero, then it is clear from the way
that
x
was constructed (cf. the comparison theorem of Proposition 11.3) that
x
would
be zero. Thus, (I
x
) ,= 1. In particular, it follows (by possibly enlarging K) that there
exists an open normal subgroup
Y
K

Y
K
(corresponding to a covering Y
K
Y
K
) such
that: (i)
Y
K
surjects onto
K
; and (ii) if we let U
K
U
K
be the result of pulling back
Y
K
Y
K
via , then U
K
U
K
is a connected Galois covering which is ramied over x.
Let G
def
=
Y
K
/
Y
K
. Thus, G is a nite group, and G = Gal(U
K
/U
K
) = Gal(Y
K
/Y
K
).
Note that U
K
U
K
extends to a ramied covering X
K
X
K
. Let x
X
K
(K) (where
we enlarge K if necessary) be a point lying above x.
Now let us denote with primes the objects corresponding to U
K
, X
K
, and Y
K
that
are analogous to the objects already constructed for U
K
, X
K
, and Y
K
. Thus, we have
x
: (T

O
K
and
x
: H
0
(Y
,
Y
/O
K
)

O
K
70
Note that the fact that
x
,= 0 implies (since
x
[
H
0
(Y,
Y/O
K
)
=
x
) that
x
,= 0. Let G
be such that (x
) = x
, ,= 1. Then the fact that xes x
implies that xes
x
,
which, in turn, implies (since the inclusion H
0
(Y
,
Y

/O
K
) (T
is G-equivariant)
that xes
x
.
On the other hand, by Corollary 13.4 (preservation of relations) and the fact
that Y
K
is not hyperelliptic, it follows that the point of the projective space P
K
def
=
P(H
0
(Y

,
Y
/O
K
)) dened by
x
lies on the canonically embedded curve Y
K
P
K
.
Thus, the fact that
x
is xed by implies that Y
K
admits a

K-valued point which is xed
by . Since Y
K
Y
K
= Y
K
/G is etale, however, this is absurd. This contradiction thus
completes the proof that
x
= 0, and hence also the proof of ()
F
F
X
.
Let us review what we have done so far. Given a surjective continuous homomorphism
:
U
K
Y
K
over
K
, we have seen that induces an injection
H
0
(Y
K
,
Y
K
/K
) H
0
(X
K
,
X
K
/K
)
that preserves relations. Thus, it follows (by using the canonical embedding of Y
K
) that
we get a dominant morphism
U
: U
K
Y
K
which extends to a morphism
X
: X
K
Y
K
by properness. Moreover, given any nite Galois etale covering Y
K
Y
K
whose geometric
part has p-power order, we can pull-back this covering via to obtain U
K
U
K
(nite
etale), X
K
X
K
(nite and possibly ramied), together with
:
U
K

Y
K
. If
we then repeat the argument just applied to for
, we see that we get a morphism
X
: X
K
Y
K
which lies over
X
. If we then continue this procedure for arbitrary
nite Galois etale coverings (whose geometric parts have p-power order), the well-known
correspondence between fundamental groups and categories of etale coverings thus shows
that the morphism induced by
U
on fundamental groups coincides with up to composition
with an inner automorphism induced by an element of
Y
K
. On the other hand, since both
and the morphism induced by
U
on fundamental groups have the property that they
lie over
K
, it follows that the element of
Y
K
in question must map to the the center
of
K
. Since, however,
K
is center-free (see Lemma 15.6 below one checks easily that
there are no vicious circles in the reasoning), it follows that the element in question
must therefore be an element of
Y

Y
K
. That is to say, we have essentially proven the
following result:
Theorem 14.1. Let K be a nite extension of Q
p
. Let Y
K
be a hyperbolic curve (not
necessarily proper) over K. Let U
K
be the spectrum of a one-dimensional function eld
over K. Let Hom
dom
K
(U
K
, Y
K
) be the set of dominant K-morphisms from U
K
to Y
K
. Let
Hom
open
K
(
U
K
,
Y
K
U
K

Y
K
over
K
, considered up to composition with an inner automorphism arising from
Y
.
Then the natural map
71
Hom
dom
K
(U
K
, Y
K
) Hom
open
K
(
U
K
,
Y
K
)
is bijective.
Proof. We begin by proving that this map is injective. First, observe that by replacing U
K
and Y
K
by coverings dened by p-derivates (as in Denition 0.2) of
U
and
Y
(where
we use p-derivates since they are natural), we may assume that both U
K
and Y
K
admit
hyperbolic compactications U
K
and Y
K
(i.e., U
K
and Y
K
are proper hyperbolic curves
over K). Since dominant K-morphisms U
K
Y
K
are the same as dominant K-morphisms
U
K
Y
K
, it suces to show that such a morphism U
K
Y
K
is determined by its
induced morphism
ab
U

ab
Y
(on abelianizations of geometric fundamental groups). But
this follows from the fact that this morphism
ab
U

ab
Y
clearly determines the morphism
between all p-power torsion points of the Jacobians of U
K
and Y
K
, hence it determines
the induced morphism between the Jacobians of U
K
and Y
K
. Moreover, since U
K
and
Y
K
are both proper hyperbolic (i.e., of genus 2), they both embed in their Jacobians,
so we conclude that the original morphism U
K
Y
K
is uniquely determined, as desired.
Next, we consider surjectivity. Let us rst consider the case where Y
K
is proper. By
replacing U
K
by a nite etale covering of U
K
(and then descending at the end, which is
possible since (by the preceding paragraph) the natural map in the Theorem is injective),
we can assume that the proper model X
K
of U
K
is hyperbolic. Note, moreover, that if
:
U
K

Y
K
is open, then its image is of nite index, so by replacing Y
K
by a nite
etale covering of Y
K
, it is clear that we may assume that is surjective. Finally, by Lemma
10.4 (4), by replacing Y
K
by a nite etale covering of Y
K
, it is clear that we may assume
that Y
K
is non-hyperelliptic. Now we are in the circumstances considered above, and so
we see that arises from a geometric morphism U
K
Y
K
, as desired. This completes the
proof of the Theorem when Y
K
is proper.
Now let us consider the case when Y
K
is not proper. First note that by replacing Y
K
by a nite etale covering of Y
K
, we may assume that the compactication Z
K
of Y
K
is
hyperbolic. Now the point is to compose the given :
U
K

Y
K
with the morphism
Y
K

Z
K
arising from the compactication inclusion Y
K
Z
K
. Since we know the
Theorem to be true for morphisms between U
K
and Z
K
, we thus obtain that
U
K
Z
K
arises from some dominant U
K
Z
K
(which necessarily factors since U
K
is the spectrum
of a eld through Y
K
, thus yielding a U
K
Y
K
). Thus it remains only to see that the
morphism induced on
1
s by this U
K
Y
K
is the same as the given . But this is done
(as usual) by considering a nite etale covering Y
K
Y
K
, and applying the argument just
described to U
K
and Y
K
to obtain a U
K
Y
K
which lies over the U
K
Y
K
constructed
previously. As usual, this is enough to show (cf. the argument directly preceding the
statement of Theorem 14.1) that the morphism induced on fundamental groups by the
U
K
Y
K
that we constructed is the same as the given . This completes the proof of the
Theorem. _
In fact, we have the following:
72
Corollary 14.2. Let K be a nite extension of Q
p
. Let X
K
(respectively, Y
K
) be either
a hyperbolic curve (not necessarily proper!) over K or the spectrum of a one-dimensional
function eld over K. Let Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) be the set of dominant K-morphisms from
X
K
to Y
K
. Let Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
X
K

Y
K
over
K
from
Y
Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
)
is bijective.
Proof. By an argument analogous to that of the nal paragraph of the proof of Theorem
14.1, it follows that it suces to consider the case where Y
K
is a hyperbolic curve. If U
K
is
the generic point (considered as a scheme) of X
K
, then given any open
X
:
X
K
Y
K
,
composing
X
with the natural surjection
U
K
X
K
induced by U
K
X
K
gives us an
open
U
:
U
K

Y
K
. Applying Theorem 14.1 to
U
thus gives us a dominant morphism
X
K
Y
K
(where Y
K
is the compactication of the curve Y
K
). To see that this morphism
factors through Y
K
, it suces to apply this construction to Y
K
Y
K
, where Y
K
is a nite,
geometrically connected (over K), Galois etale covering (of p-power order) of Y
K
which
is ramied over all the points of Y
K
Y
K
. In fact, we may even choose Y
K
so that the
ramication indices over all the points of Y
K
Y
K
are larger than the degree of X
K
over
Y
K
. Then the fact that we get some X
K
Y
K
(where X
K
is etale over X
K
) lying
over the morphism X
K
Y
K
obtained previously shows that this morphism X
K
Y
K
factors through Y
K
, as desired. This completes the proof of the Corollary. _
Remark. Corollary 14.2 is thus a special case of Theorem A, the rst main theorem of this
paper. In fact, Corollary 14.2 holds even in the case where K is only nitely generated over
Q
p
. However, unlike the situation in [Mzk2], deriving this nitely generated case from the
local eld case is not so trivial, again (cf. the discussion at the end of Section 13) because
of the fact that
U
is so large. Thus, we save the derivation of the nitely generated case
for the following Section.
Section 15: Base Fields Finitely Generated over the p-adics
In this Section, we let L be a nitely generated extension of Q
p
. We would like to
prove versions of Theorem 14.1 and Corollary 14.2 in the case where the base eld is L
(as opposed to a nite extension of Q
p
). Thus, by induction on the transcendence degree
of L over Q
p
, we may assume that Theorem 14.1, for instance, is known for all base elds
whose transcendence degree over Q
p
is < that of L.
Let X
L
and Y
L
be proper hyperbolic curves over L. Let U
L
be the generic point of
X
L
(regarded as a scheme). Moreover, let us assume that we have been given a continuous
surjective homomorphism over
L
73
:
U
L

Y
L
Once it is shown that factors though
X
L
, it is relatively easy to derive that arises
geometrically from Theorem 14.1. Thus, the rst order of business is to show that factors
through
X
L
. To achieve this, we assume that this is not the case. Then (cf. the argument
employed in Section 14) by replacing Y
L
and U
L
by nite etale coverings Y
L
Y
L
and
U
L
U
L
(the latter obtained by pulling back the former via ), we may assume that we
are in the following situation: There is a nite cyclic group G (with generator ) acting
faithfully on U
L
(hence also X
L
) and Y
L
via L-linear automorphisms in such a way that
xes a point x
0
X
L
(L), but acts without xed points on Y
L
. Moreover, we assume
that
1
coincides with up to composition with an inner automorphism dened
by an element of
Y
. If we can show that these assumptions lead to a contradiction, it
will follow immediately that factors through
X
L
.
Let (as usual) H
U
(respectively, H
Y
) be the abelianization of
U
(respectively,
Y
)
regarded as a
K
-module. Let H
P
U
H
U
be the closure of the image of all the inertia
groups (cf. the beginning of Section 11). Note that induces a
K
-morphism H
U
H
Y
.
Since H
Y
is a nitely generated Z
p
-module, it follows that (by possibly replacing L by a
nite extension of L) there exist points x
1
, . . . , x
r
X
L
(L) such that the images of the
corresponding inertia groups (I
i
) (for i = 1, . . . , r) in H
Y
is equal to the image of (H
P
U
)
in H
Y
.
Now let K L be a subeld such that L is a one-dimensional function eld over
K (hence, in particular, we assume that K is algebraically closed in L). Note that such
a K always exists (as long as L is not a nite extension of Q
p
). Thus, there exists a
smooth ane model M Spec(K) of L such that X
L
and Y
L
extend to smooth curves
X
M
M and Y
M
M over M. Moreover, we may also assume (by shrinking M) that
x
1
, . . . , x
r
extend to sections s
1
, . . . , s
r
: X
M
M whose images are disjoint from one
another, and that acts on X
M
and Y
M
. The point x
0
X
L
(L) then extends (by the
valuative criterion for properness) to a section s
0
: M X
M
. Finally, let us observe that
(by further shrinking M), we may assume that acts without xed points on Y
M
.
The rst thing that we would like to get our hands on is a morphism like , except for
objects over K, so that we can apply Theorem 14.1 over K (which we know to be true via the
induction hypothesis). To construct such a morphism, we argue as follows. Let m M(K)
be a point (which, after possibly enlarging K, always exists). Let D be the spectrum of the
completion of O
M,m
. (Here, one should think of the D as standing for disk.) Thus, we
may choose an isomorphism D

= Spec(K[[t]]) (where t is an indeterminate). Let D
D
be the ramied covering of innite degree obtained by adjoining all t
1
N
(for N a positive
integer) to O
D
. Let p X
M
be the prime which is the ber X
m
of X
M
M over M. Let
|
D
be the spectrum of the completion of O
X
M
,p
. Thus, |
D
is the spectrum of a complete
discrete valuation ring with residue eld equal to K(U
m
), the function eld of X
m
. Let
D
(respectively,
D
) be the generic point of D (respectively, D
). Let |
D
def
= |
D

D

D
.
Thus, |
D
is the spectrum of a complete, discretely valued eld. In particular, it follows
74
from the well-known theory of such elds (see, e.g., [Ser2]) that if
U
D
is the absolute
Galois group of this eld, then we have an exact sequence
1

Z(1)
U
K(U
m
)
1
Here the covering corresponding to the

Z(1) is given by adjoining all t
1
N
(for N a positive
integer) cf. the covering D
D.
Now let us denote by
U
D
the result of replacing the geometric portion (i.e., relative
to the morphism |
D

D
) of the fundamental group of |
D
by its maximal pro-p
quotient. Then we get an exact sequence
1
U
m

U
D
1
If we pull this exact sequence back via
=
K

D
, we thus get an exact sequence
1
U
m

U
=
K
1
Moreover, it is easy to see that this last exact sequence can be identied with
1
U
m

U
m

K
1
On the other hand, if we pull back
Y
L

L
via
K
=

L
, we get an exact
sequence
1
Y
m

Y
m

K
1
Thus, if we pull-back via
K
=

L
to obtain a morphism
U
(where the subscripted

D
denotes
L
) and compose with

1
of the natural
morphism |
, we get a continuous homomorphism
m
:
U
m

Y
m
over
K
(where K we regard here as the residue eld of M at m).
Lemma 15.1. The morphism
m
is surjective.
Proof. It suces to show that the restriction of
m
to
U
m
surjects onto
Y
m
=
Y
. In
fact, by the basic theory of p-groups, it suces to show that
m
induces a surjection of
U
m
onto H
Y
m
= H
Y
. To see this, it suces to consider (after replacing M by a nite
75
etale covering of M, and enlarging K if necessary) a nite abelian covering Y
L
Y
L
(where Y
L
L is geometrically connected) of degree a power of p which is > 1. Let
us pull-back this covering to some covering U
L
U
L
via . Then we must show that
the pull-back |
of this covering to |
is not the trivial covering. Thus,

suppose that it is the trivial covering. Then the covering U
m
U
m
that it induces (cf.
the exact sequences above) of U
m
is again trivial. Since the images of s
1
, . . . , s
r
in X
m
are disjoint this implies rst of all that U
L
U
L
is unramied at x
1
, . . . , x
r
. But because
of the way in which x
1
, . . . , x
r
were chosen, this implies that the covering Y
L
Y
L
was
obtained from a quotient of H
Y
/Im((H
P
U
)). Thus, it follows that U
L
U
L
extends to
a nite etale covering X
L
X
L
. Moreover, since X
M
is smooth over M at m, it follows
that X
L
X
L
is split if and only if the induced X
m
X
m
is split. But this X
m
X
m
extends the covering U
m
U
m
which we already saw to be trivial. Thus, we obtain that
X
L
X
L
, hence U
L
U
L
is trivial. Since is surjective, however, this implies that
Y
L
Y
L
is trivial. This contradiction completes the proof of the Lemma. _
Now by the induction hypothesis on the transcendence degree of L, it follows that
m
arises from some geometric morphism U
m
Y
m
which is compatible with the action of
on both sides (since is compatible with ). By the valuative criterion for properness,
this morphism extends to a morphism X
m
Y
m
. Moreover, xes s
0
(m) X
m
(K), so
s
0
(m) X
m
(K) is mapped to a xed point of Y
m
(K), which is absurd, since acts on Y
m
without xed points. This contradiction completes the proof of the following result:
Lemma 15.2. Let L be a nitely generated extension of Q
p
. Let X
L
and Y
L
be
proper hyperbolic curves over L. Let U
L
be the generic point of X
L
. Then any continuous
surjective homomorphism :
U
L
Y
L
over
L
necessarily factors through
X
L
.
Now we can conclude that arises geometrically, as follows. Consider the M-scheme
H
M
def
= Hom
M
(X
M
, Y
M
) M. Since Y
M
is hyperbolic, it is well-known that H
M
is
nite and unramied over M. (Indeed, that H
M
M is unramied (respectively, quasi-
nite; proper) follows since the pull-back of the tangent bundle of Y
m
to X
m
(for any
m M) has no global sections (respectively, follows from the Hurwitz formula, which
allows one to bound the degree of a morphism X
m
Y
m
; follows via the same argument
as that used in Lemma 8.3 of [Mzk1]).) By shrinking M, we may assume that H
M
is nite
etale over M. Then the fact that
m
arises geometrically (from some X
m
Y
m
) shows
that over some nite extension L
of L, we have a morphism X
L
Y
L
that specializes
to X
m
Y
m
. Moreover, if M
is the normalization of M in L
, then since the pro-p

geometric fundamental groups of X
M
and Y
M
form local systems over M
, it follows (by
checking what happens over the point m) that the morphism on s induced by X
L
Y
L
is the same (up to composition with an inner automorphism) as that induced by . In

particular, the morphism H
X
H
Y
induced by X
L
Y
L
is the same as that induced
by . On the other hand, a morphism from X
L
to Y
L
(over any eld) is determined by
the morphism it induces from H
X
to H
Y
(cf. the proof of the injectivity part of Theorem
14.1). Thus, since the H
X
H
Y
in question is
L
- (not just
L
-) equivariant, we obtain
76
that X
L
Y
L
descends to a X
L
Y
L
. By repeating this construction (as usual) for
all nite etale coverings of Y
L
, we also obtain that the morphism induced on fundamental
groups by this X
L
Y
L
is the original .
That is to say, in summary, we have proven that any :
U
L

Y
L
as in Lemma
15.2 necessarily arises geometrically from some morphism U
L
Y
L
. Thus, by arguments
formally analogous to those of the proofs of Theorem 14.1 and Corollary 14.2, we obtain
the following analogue of Corollary 14.2:
Corollary 15.3. Let K be a nitely generated eld extension of Q
p
. Let X
K
(re-
spectively, Y
K
) be either a hyperbolic curve over K or the spectrum of a one-dimensional
function eld over K. Let Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) be the set of dominant K-morphisms from
X
K
to Y
K
. Let Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
X
K

Y
K
over
K
from
Y
Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
)
is bijective.
It turns out that it is most natural to generalize Corollary 15.3 to the case where the
long and unwieldy expression hyperbolic curve/spectrum of a one-dimensional function
eld dened over a nitely generated eld extension of Q
p
is replaced by the much shorter
expression pro-hyperbolic curve over a sub-p-adic eld. Thus, we make the following
denition: Let K be a eld. Let X
K
be a K-scheme.
Denition 15.4. (i) We shall call a eld K a sub-p-adic eld if there exists a prime num-
ber p, together with a nitely generated eld extension L of Q
p
such that K is isomorphic
to a subeld of L.
(ii) We shall call X
K
a hyperbolic pro-curve (over K) if X
K
can be written as the projec-
tive limit of a projective system of hyperbolic curves over K such that all the transition
morphisms in the projective system are birational.
Thus, the following are all examples of sub-p-adic elds:
(1) nitely generated (in particular, nite) extensions of Q
p
(2) number elds (i.e., nite extensions of Q)
(3) the subeld of Q which is the composite of all number elds of degree
n over Q (for some xed integer n).
77
Another way to think of a pro-hyperbolic curve X
K
is as the result of removing some set
(possibly innite, possibly empty) of closed points from some hyperbolic curve. In partic-
ular, the notion of a hyperbolic pro-curve generalizes both the notion of a hyperbolic
curve and the case of the spectrum of a function eld of dimension one. Then we have the
following result:
Corollary 15.5. Let K be sub-p-adic. Let X
K
(respectively, Y
K
) be a hyperbolic
pro-curve over K. Let Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) be the set of dominant K-morphisms from X
K
to Y
K
. Let Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
X
K

Y
K
over
K
from
Y
Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
)
is bijective.
Proof. First, let us observe that if K is a nitely generated eld extension of Q
p
, then
Corollary 15.5 follows immediately from Corollary 15.3 by arguments formally analogous
to those of the proofs of Theorem 14.1 and Corollary 14.2. Thus, the only (slightly)
new phenomenon here is the fact that we allow K to be a subeld of a nitely generated
extension of Q
p
. The argument for such subelds is as follows: Let K be a subeld of a
nitely generated extension eld L of Q
p
. Suppose that we have been given X
K
and Y
K
as in the statement of Corollary 15.5, as well as an open :
X
K
Y
K
over
K
. Let us
denote by
geom
the morphism
X

Y
induced by on geometric fundamental groups.
By base-changing to L and applying the Corollary 15.5 over L, we obtain that there exists
a morphism
L
: X
L
Y
L
whose induced morphism on geometric fundamental groups
coincides with that dened by . On the other hand, since morphisms between hyperbolic
curves (hence also hyperbolic pro-curves), clearly have no moduli (cf. the fact that the
scheme H
M
of the discussion preceding Corollary 15.3 was nite and unramied over M),
it follows that
L
descends to a nite Galois extension K
of K. Thus, we have a morphism
K
: X
K
Y
K
. It remains to descend
K
to K. But this follows from the fact that
if Gal(K
/K), then conjugating

K
by gives a morphism
K
: X
K
Y
K
whose
induced morphism on geometric fundamental groups is the result of conjugating
geom
by
. On the other hand,
geom
arises from which lies over
K
, so
geom
is xed (up to
composition with an inner automorphism dened by an element of
Y
) by conjugation
by . Thus,
K
and
K
induce the same morphism on geometric fundamental groups,
hence coincide (cf. the argument of the discussion preceding Corollary 15.3). This shows
that
K
descends to a morphism
K
: X
K
Y
K
. Repeating this construction (as usual
cf. the argument preceding the statement of Theorem 14.1) for coverings of X
K
and Y
K
shows that the morphism induced by
K
on fundamental groups coincides with (up to
composition with an inner automorphism dened by an element of
Y
). _
Remark. Note that in Corollaries 15.3 and 15.5, in fact, we implicitly used the fact that
78
for K as in those Corollaries,
K
is center-free. This may be proven as follows. First, if
K is a nite extension of Q
p
, then we have the following:
Lemma 15.6. If K is a nite extension of Q
p
, then the group
K
is center-free.
Proof. (The argument given here is well-known, but was related to the author by A.
Tamagawa.) Since one knows explicitly (see, e.g., [Ser2], Chapter IV, 2) the structure of
Gal(K
tm
/K), it is clear that the quotient Gal(K
tm
/K) of
K
is center-free. Thus, the
center of
K
must lie in
K
tm
K
. On the other hand,
K
tm is a pro-p group. Moreover,
it follows immediately from the facts that
(1) H
2
(K, F
p
(1)) = F
p
;
(2) if K
is a nite unramied extension of K of degree p (which always

exists), then the natural morphism H
2
(K, F
p
(1)) H
2
(K
, F
p
(1)) is
zero;
that H
2
(
K
tm, F
p
) = 0. But by [Shatz], Chapter III, 3, Proposition 2.3, this is enough
to imply that
K
tm is free (as a pro-p group), which implies that its center is trivial (see,
e.g., [Tama], 1, Propositions 1.1, 1.11). _
Next, we consider the case of a nitely generated extension of Q
p
:
Lemma 15.7. Suppose that K
0
is a eld of characteristic zero with the property that
every open subgroup of
K
0
is center-free. Then any nitely generated eld extension K
of K
0
also has this property. In particular, if K is a nitely generated eld extension of
Q
p
, then
K
is center-free.
Proof. The last statement follows from the rst plus Lemma 15.6. Thus, let us prove
the rst statement. Note that an extension of a center-free group by a center-free group
is center-free. Thus, it suces to prove that if L is a function eld (of arbitrary nite
dimension) over K
0
, then
L
is center-free. Next, note that the projective limit of a
projective system of center-free groups in which all the transition morphisms are surjective
is center-free. Moreover, as is well-known, Spec(L) is a projective limit of hyperbolic Artin
neighborhoods over K
0
(i.e., successive brations of hyperbolic curves see [SGA4], XI
3.3). Thus, it suces to prove that the fundamental group of such an Artin neighborhood
is center-free. But this then reduces to showing that the fundamental group of a hyperbolic
curve is center-free, which is well-known (see, e.g., [Tama], 1, Proposition 1.11). _
This is already enough for Corollary 15.3. Now we can conclude the result for arbitrary
K as in Corollary 15.5 by means of the following Lemma (due to A. Tamagawa):
79
Lemma 15.8. Let K be sub-p-adic. Then
K
is center-free.
Proof. Let K
be a nitely generated eld extension of Q

p
that contains K. Suppose
that
K
lies in the center of
K
, but is not equal to the identity. Then there exists
a nite Galois extension L of K such that maps to an element of Gal(L/K) other than
the identity. Write L = K(), for some L. Let E
L
be an elliptic curve over L with
j-invariant . Let X
L
be the complement of 0 in E
L
. Thus, X
L
is a hyperbolic curve
over L. Let Y
L
be the result of base-changing X
L
by : L L. Thus, it follows that
X
L
and Y
L
are isomorphic as schemes over K. Moreover, conjugating by denes an
isomorphism
X
L
=
Y
L
which lies over
L
because is in the center of
K
. Base-
changing this isomorphism to L
(the composite of K
and L over K), we get a

L
-
isomorphism
X
L
=
Y
L
. By Corollary 15.3 (in fact, really, this follows already from the
results of [Mzk2]), we obtain that this isomorphism arises from an L
-isomorphism of X
L
with Y
L
. But this implies that the j-invariants of the compactifying elliptic curves of X
L
and Y
L
are the same, i.e., that =
L L
, which is absurd. This contradiction

completes the proof of the Lemma. _
Section 16: Maps From Higher-Dimensional Function Fields to Curves
Let K be sub-p-adic (cf. Denition 15.4 (i)). Let U
K
be the spectrum of a function
eld over K. (Note that here, we do not assume that the dimension of the function eld is
one.) Let X
K
be a smooth projective model of U
K
(which exists by [Hiro]). Thus, U
K
is
the generic point of X
K
. Let n be the dimension of X
K
. By abuse of terminology, we shall
also say that n is the dimension of U
K
over K. Since the one-dimensional case has been
dealt with previously, we assume here that n 2. The purpose of this Section is to prove
a result like Corollary 15.5, except for morphisms between U
K
and a hyperbolic pro-curve.
Let L be a very ample line bundle on X
K
. Let
V
def
= (X
K
, L)
Since the dimension of X
K
is 2, and L is very ample, it follows that dim
K
(V ) 3.
Let W
V be a one-dimensional (over K) subspace, generated by a section of L whose

zero locus forms a smooth, connected subvariety of X
K
. (Note that by Bertinis theorem
(see, e.g., Theorem 6.3, pp. 66, of [Jou]), it is well-known that such a W
exists.) Let
W V be a two-dimensional subspace containing W
. Choose a basis e
1
, e
2
for W such
that e
1
W
. Let e
3
V be an element whose image in V/W is nonzero. Let us also
assume that the common zero locus in X
K
of the three sections e
1
, e
2
, e
3
is a subscheme
of X
K
of codimension 3. (This can always be achieved by choosing e
1
, e
2
, e
3
suciently
generically.) Let K
= K(t) (where t is an indeterminate). Let s

1
def
= t; s
2
def
= t
1
. Then we
can construct a new two-dimensional subspace

W V
K
def
= V
K
K
, over K
, as follows:
80
We let

W be the subspace generated by the vectors e
1
def
= e
1
+ s
1
e
3
, e
2
def
= e
2
+ s
2
e
3
.
Thus, to summarize, we have the following situation:
W
W K e
1
+K e
2
+K e
3
V
| | |
K e
1
K e
1
+K e
2
K e
1
+K e
2
+K e
3
W = K
e
1
+K
e
2
V
K
= V
K
K
; K
= K(t)
e
1
= e
1
+s
1
e
3
; e
2
def
= e
2
+s
2
e
3
; s
1
= t; s
2
= t
1
Lemma 16.1. Let be an algebraically closed eld containing K
. Then there do not

exist any one-dimensional subspaces W
of

W
def
=

W
K
such that W
is dened (as
a subspace of V
K
) over a nite extension of K.
Proof. Indeed, if such a W
existed, then there would exist elements a, b, c (with

c ,= 0, and at least one of a, b nonzero), together with
1
,
2
,
3
K such that
a e
1
+b e
2
= c (
1
e
1
+
2
e
2
+
3
e
3
)
By dividing a and b by c, we may assume that c = 1. Then, equating the coecients of
e
1
, e
2
, e
3
, we obtain that a =
1
; b =
2
; s
1
a +s
2
b =
3
. But this implies that t, t
1
,
and 1 (as elements of K
) are linearly dependent over K, which is absurd. This completes

Before proceeding, let us pause to interpret what this Lemma means. Note that the
3-dimensional K-subspace of V generated by e
1
, e
2
, e
3
denes a rational morphism from
X
K
to Q
K
def
= P(K e
1
+ K e
2
+ K e
3
). Thus, is dened outside of some closed
subscheme of X
K
of codimension 2. Moreover, note that the inverse image via of any
closed point of Q
K
is a subscheme of X
K
of codimension 2. (Indeed, this follows from
the fact that the common zero locus of e
1
, e
2
, e
3
has codimension 3 in X
K
.) Now let
be a nite extension of K
, and let us consider a one-dimensional (over ) subspace W
of

W
. Thus, W
corresponds to a line L
def
= Q
K

K
, and the zero locus (in
X
def
= X
K

K
) of a nonzero section of W
is equal to the closure of

1
(L
) X
.
Now we are ready to interpret Lemma 16.1: Namely, I claim that Lemma 16.1 implies
that no irreducible component of the (closure of the) divisor
1
(L
) is dened over K.
81
Indeed, if there were a divisor D X
K
such that
(D
) L
, then by spreading out

(respectively, L
) to a smooth ane curve C

K
over K (respectively, a family of lines in Q
K
parametrized by C
K
), we obtain that for every closed point c C
K
, we have (D) L
c
.
But since (by Lemma 16.1) L
is not dened over K, it follows that for two suciently

generic closed points c, c
C
K
, dim
K
(L
c
L
c
) = 0, which implies that D is contained
in the inverse image of a nite set of closed points of Q
K
. But we saw in the preceding
paragraph that the inverse image via of a closed point of Q
K
is of codimension 2.
Since D is a divisor, this is absurd. This completes the proof of the claim stated at the
beginning of this paragraph.
Next, let us base-change U
K
and X
K
to K
: this gives rise to U

K
and X
K
. The
two-dimensional subspace

W V
K
denes a rational map from X
K
to P
K
def
= P(
W). Let
X
K
X
K
be the complement of the indeterminacy locus of this rational map. Thus, the
complement of X
K
in X
K
is of codimension 2, and, moreover, we obtain a dominant
morphism (a pencil)
: X
K
P
K
Let
P
be the generic point of P
K
. Let
P
be the spectrum of an algebraic closure of
K(
P
) (the function eld of P
K
). Let
F
P
X
P
def
= X
K

K

P
be the divisor which is the zero locus of the section of L
K
K(
P
) dened by the generic
point
P
of P
K
. (Thus, F
P

P
is proper.) Put another way, F
P
is the (closure in X
P
of the) ber ( X
P
X
P
) of the morphism over the generic point
P
P
K
(whence
the use of the letter F). Since the pencil P
K
contains e
1
, which is a genericization of e
1
(i.e., e
1
is the specialization of e
1
at s
1
= t = 0), and the zero locus of e
1
is (geometrically)
smooth and connected, it follows that F
P
will also be geometrically smooth and connected
over
P
. Moreover, by the Lefshetz hyperplane theorem (see, e.g., [SGA2]), it follows (since
dim
K
(X
K
) 2) that the natural morphism
1
(F
P
)
1
(X
P
) =
1
(X
K
) =
1
(X
K
)
is surjective. Let
G
P
def
= F
P

X
P
U
P
= F
P

X
K
U
K
Since U
K
is a projective limit of dense open subschemes of X
K
, it thus follows that G
P
is a projective limit of open subschemes of F
P
. Moreover, since F
P
(thought of as (the
closure of) the ber of the dominant morphism over the generic point
P
of P
K
) contains
(as a dense open subset) a scheme which is a projective limit of dense open subschemes of
X
K
, we conclude that G
P
is an integral, nonempty scheme.
82
At any rate, we get a natural morphism
1
(G
P
)
1
(U
P
) =
1
(U
K
) =
1
(U
K
)
Now we have the following important
Lemma 16.2. This morphism
1
(G
P
)
1
(U
K
) is surjective.
Proof. It suces to take a nite, connected etale covering

U
K
U
K
(of degree > 1),
pull it back to a covering

G
P
G
P
over G
P
, and show that this pulled back covering
can never be split. Indeed, suppose that

G
P
G
P
is split. Now observe that since is
dominant, it follows that F
P
X
K
and G
P
U
K
are dominant. In fact, F
P
X
K
and G
P
U
K
are even birational isomorphisms. Moreover, I claim that the divisors (in
X
K
) that were thrown out of X
K
to create F
P
let us call these divisors F-divisors
are dierent from the divisors that were thrown out of X
K
to create U
K
which we shall
call U-divisors. Indeed, as divisors of X
K
= X
K

K
K
, the U-divisors are all dened

over nite extensions of K, whereas the F-divisors (which are just bers of over closed
points of P
K
) are, by Lemma 16.1 (see also the interpretation of Lemma 16.1 in the two
paragraphs following the proof of Lemma 16.1), never dened over nite extensions of K.
This proves the claim.
Next, let us observe that the morphism F
P
F
P
is ramied only over F-divisors.
Thus, it is unramied over U-divisors. Since G
P
F
P
is birational, the fact that
P
G
P
splits (hence, in particular, extends to a nite etale covering over F
P
) thus
implies that the original

U
K
U
K
is unramied over the U-divisors, i.e.,

U
K
U
K
arises
from a covering

X
K
X
K
. (Here we use purity of the branch locus for regular local
rings see, e.g., [SGA2], Expose X, p. 118, Theorème 3.4.) But then the fact that the
pull-back

F
P
F
P
of this covering to F
P
does not split follows from the surjectivity
observed immediately before the statement of this Lemma. Thus, since G
P
F
P
is
birational, it follows that

G
P
G
P
cannot split either. This contradiction completes
Now let us assume that we are given a surjective continuous homomorphism over
K
:
U
K

Y
K
where Y
K
is a proper hyperbolic curve over K. Let Y
P
def
= Y
K

K

P
. Thus, Y
P
is a
proper hyperbolic curve over
P
. Suppose, moreover, that we know that morphisms like
necessarily arise geometrically (i.e., from a dominant morphism U
K
Y
K
) for U
K
of dimension < n. (We shall refer to this assumption as the Induction Hypothesis.
83
Note that by Corollary 15.5, we already know that this induction hypothesis is true for
dim
K
(U
K
) = 1.) Then the morphism
Y
K
obtained by composing (
1
of) the natural morphism G
P
U
K
with lies over
K
, and by Lemma 16.2, is such that it induces a surjection between the (maximal pro-
p quotients of the) respective geometric fundamental groups. Moreover, this morphism
naturally denes a morphism
G
:
G
P
(since
Y
P
is the bered product of
Y
K
and
P
over
K
). Thus, to summarize,
G
is
a surjective continuous homomorphism over
P
.
Let U
G
P
be the generic point of G
P
. Thus, by composing (
1
of) U
G
P
G
P
with
G
, we obtain a continuous surjective homomorphism
U
G :
U
G
P
over
P
. Moreover, the dimension of U
G
P
over
P
is < n. Thus, by the induction hypothesis,
it follows that
U
G arises geometrically, from some unique dominant morphism U
G
P
Y
P
.
Projecting to Y
K
then gives a dominant morphism U
G
P
Y
K
.
We would like to observe that this morphism U
G
P
Y
K
extends to U
K
. Indeed,
to see this, observe that U
G
P
and U
K
are both projective limits of open subsets of the
projective K
-variety X
K
. Moreover, U
K
can be written as the projective limit of K
-
smooth open subsets of X
K
. Thus, the fact that we get a morphism
U
K
Y
K
follows from the following

Lemma 16.3. Let L be a eld;
L
be a proper, smooth, geometrically connected curve
of nonzero genus over L; and Z
L
be a smooth L-variety. Suppose that we have a rational
map from Z
L
to
L
. Then is dened over all of Z
L
.
Proof. This Lemma is a well-known consequence of the classical theory of the Albanese
variety (see, e.g., [Lang]): Namely, let |
L
Z
L
be a (nonempty) open over which is
dened. Assume (without loss of generality) that
L
(L) ,= . Let /
L
be the Jacobian of
L
, and let B
L
be its dual. Then a point of
L
(L) denes an embedding
L
/
L
which
we can compose with to obtain a rational map
A
from Z
L
to /
L
. It suces to show
84
that
A
extends to a morphism on Z
L
. But note that the portion of
A
which already is
a morphism (from |
L
to /
L
) denes (by pulling back the Poincare bundle on /
L
L
B
L
)
a line bundle on |
L

L
B
L
. Since Z
L

L
B
L
is a regular scheme, it follows that this line
bundle extends to Z
L

L
B
L
. Then taking the classifying morphism associated to this
extended line bundle gives a morphism Z
L
/
L
, as desired. _
Let us review what we have done so far. We started with a continuous surjective
homomorphism
:
U
K

Y
K
over
K
. Moreover, we have shown that if we base-change from K to K
to obtain
K
:
U
K

Y
K
then
K
arises geometrically from some dominant U
K
Y
K
. Note, moreover, that this
morphism U
K
Y
K
is the unique morphism that gives rise to (the geometric portion
of) . (This follows, for instance, from the inductive hypothesis on n. Moreover, this
uniqueness also holds, of course, over any nite extension of K
.) Thus, if we specialize
the indeterminate t K
to some element of a nite extension L of K that is suciently

generic so that U
K
Y
K
specializes to U
L
Y
L
, and then base-change this U
L
Y
L
back up to a morphism U
L
Y
L
(where L
is the composite of K
and L), then this

morphism U
L
Y
L
coincides with the morphism obtained by base-changing the original
U
K
Y
K
via K
. But this means that the original U

K
Y
K
is, in fact, dened
over L. Finally, since K
and L are linearly disjoint over K, it follows that the original

U
K
Y
K
is dened over K. Thus, we get a morphism U
K
Y
K
which clearly induces
the original (since, for instance,
U
K

U
K
is surjective).
Let us step back now and take stock of what we have done so far in this Section. We
started with U
K
, the spectrum of a function eld over K, and a proper hyperbolic curve
Y
K
over K. Then given any surjective continuous homomorphism
:
U
K

Y
K
over
K
, we showed that necessarily arises geometrically. Now let us pause for a deni-
tion:
Denition 16.4. Let Q
K
be a K-scheme. We shall call Q
K
a smooth pro-variety if it
is the projective limit of a projective system of smooth (geometrically connected) varieties
over K such that the transition morphisms are all birational.
Now Lemma 16.3, plus the techniques of the proofs of Theorem 14.1 and Corollary 14.2
show that we have, in fact, proven the following (our rst main theorem Theorem A in
the Introduction):
85
Theorem 16.5. Let K be sub-p-adic (cf. Denition 15.4 (i)). Let X
K
(respectively, Y
K
)
be a smooth pro-variety (respectively, hyperbolic pro-curve) over K. Let Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
)
the set of dominant K-morphisms from X
K
to Y
K
. Let Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
) be the set of
open, continuous group homomorphisms
X
K
Y
K
over
K
, considered up to composi-
tion with an inner automorphism arising from
Y
Hom
dom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) Hom
open
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
)
is bijective.
Remark. Finally, we make the following important observation:
Note that given any pro-p result such as Theorem 16.5, one can always
immediately derive a corresponding pronite result from it.
(Here by corresponding pronite result, we mean the same result, except that
(respectively, ) is replaced by
prf
(respectively,
prf
).) Indeed, suppose that K,
X
K
, and Y
K
are as in the statement of Theorem 16.5, and let
:
prf
X
K
=
1
(X
K
)
prf
Y
K
=
1
(Y
K
)
be an open homomorphism over
K
. Then note that immediately induces an open
homomorphism
p
:
X
K

Y
K
. Applying Theorem 16.5 shows that
p
arises from
some : X
K
Y
K
. Thus, it remains only to show that the morphism induced by
on fundamental groups coincides with . But this follows from the argument preceding
Theorem 14.1: namely, we consider an arbitrary nite etale covering Y
K
Y
K
. Pulling
this covering back via gives a nite etale covering X
K
X
K
. Moreover, induces a
morphism between the full pronite fundamental groups of X
K
and Y
K
. Next, observe that
this morphism gives us a
: X
K
Y
K
(by the same argument as that used to construct
from ) which (by naturality of the constructions involved) lies over . Thus, if we
continue this procedure for arbitrary nite etale coverings, the well-known correspondence
between fundamental groups and categories of etale coverings shows that the morphism
induced by on fundamental groups coincides with up to composition with an inner
automorphism induced by an element of
prf
Y
. This completes the proof of the pronite
analogue of Theorem 16.5.
Section 17: Maps Between Higher-Dimensional Function Fields
Let K be sub-p-adic (cf. Denition 15.4 (i)). Let L and M be function elds (of
arbitrary dimension) over K. (Thus, in particular, we assume here that K is algebraically
closed in L and M). We denote by
L
and
M
the absolute Galois groups of L and
86
M, respectively. In this Section, we would like to show how to derive a result (Theorem
17.1, which is stated as Theorem B in the Introduction) like Theorem 16.5 for morphisms
between L and M (over K).
Theorem 17.1. Let K be sub-p-adic (cf. Denition 15.4 (i)). Let L and M be func-
tion elds of arbitrary dimension over K. Let Hom
K
(Spec(L), Spec(M)) be the set of
K-morphisms from M to L. Let Hom
open
K
(
L
,
M
) be the set of open, continuous group
homomorphisms
L

M
over
K
, considered up to composition with an inner automor-
phism arising from Ker(
M

K
). Then the natural map
Hom
K
(Spec(L), Spec(M)) Hom
open
K
(
L
,
M
)
is bijective.
Proof. First, recall (cf. the Remark following Theorem 16.5) that any pro-p result such
as Theorem 16.5 always implies a corresponding pronite result. Now we use induction
on the transcendence degree which we shall henceforth denote by dim
K
(M) of M over
K. When dim
K
(M) = 0, the result is vacuous. When dim
K
(M) = 1, the result follows
from the pronite version of Theorem 16.5; thus, we may assume that dim
K
(M) > 1. Now
suppose that we know Theorem 17.1 to be true for maps to functions elds of transcendence
degree < dim
K
(M). Suppose that we are given an open continuous homomorphism
:
L

M
over
K
. Observe that just as previously (e.g., in the proof of Theorem 14.1), we can
assume without loss of generality that is surjective.
Next, observe that there exists a function eld P M such that 0 < dim
K
(P) <
dim
K
(M). Moreover, we may assume that P is algebraically closed in M. Thus, we
get a surjection
M

P
. Composing with this surjection, we obtain a surjection
P
:
L

P
, which, by the induction hypothesis on dim
K
(M), we know arises geo-
metrically from some P L (over K). Moreover, since
P
is surjective, it follows that
P is algebraically closed in L. Thus, we may regard L and M as function elds over P.
Moreover, dim
P
(M) < dim
K
(M). Thus, since :
L

M
is (by the denition of
P
)
a morphism over
P
, it follows from the induction hypothesis on dim
K
(M) that arises
from some M L over P (hence also over K). This completes the proof of the Theorem.
_
Remark. Note that in this case, we needed to work with pronite (not pro-p) fundamental
groups because the operation of taking the maximal pro-p quotient is not well-behaved
with respect to brations: i.e., if we had replaced Ker(
M

K
) with its maximal
pro-p quotient, we would run into trouble because it is not clear that the maximal pro-p
quotient of Ker(
M

P
) injects into the maximal pro-p quotient of Ker(
M

K
).
87
Also, we needed to work with function elds (as opposed to varieties) because, if, for
instance, Spec(L) and Spec(P) had been varieties, the fact that the geometric (over K)
fundamental group of Spec(L) surjects onto that of Spec(P) does not necessarily imply that
the morphism Spec(L) Spec(P) has geometrically connected bers. Moreover, if the
generic geometric ber of Spec(L) Spec(P) has several distinct connected components, it
is not necessarily the case that the fundamental group of any of these connected components
surjects onto the geometric (over P) fundamental group of Spec(M). Indeed, by replacing
Spec(M) by a smooth projective variety Y
K
(of dimension 3), and Spec(L) by the
result call it X
K
of cutting this variety with a generic hyperplane section, then the
inclusion X
K
Y
K
induces an isomorphism on geometric fundamental groups despite
the fact that X
K
is not isomorphic to Y
K
. Moreover, note that such a counterexample to
a variety version of Theorem 17.1 exists even if Y
K
is hyperbolic (say, a product of
proper hyperbolic curves), in which case, one would expect X
K
(at least if the ample line
bundle used to cut Y
K
to form X
K
has suciently high degree) to be quite hyperbolic,
as well.
Section 18: Truncated Fundamental Groups
If is a topological group, let us introduce the following notation: 0
def
= ; for
i 1, i
def
= [i1, i1]. Also, let us write
i
(respectively,
i
) for /i
(respectively, /i). The purpose of this Section is to observe that much of the theory
of this paper continues to hold to a large extent even when we consider morphisms not
between the full s, but between certain truncated versions of the s. Our rst main
result is the following:
K
be a smooth
variety over K. Let Y
K
be a hyperbolic curve over K. Let n 5. Then every continuous
open homomorphism
:
n
X
K

n
Y
K
over
K
K
Y
K
whose induced morphism on fun-
damental groups coincides (up to composition with an inner automorphism arising from
Y
K
) with the morphism
n3
X
K
n3
Y
K
dened by considering modulo n 3.
Proof. First let us consider the case where: (i) K is a nite extension of Q
p
; (ii) X
K
is a curve; (iii) Y
K
is a non-hyperelliptic proper hyperbolic curve; (iv) n = 3. Then note
that the theory of Sections 1 through 5 manifestly only involves
2
X
K
. It thus follows
immediately (via the help of a technical lemma Lemma 18.4 below necessary in order
to assure that Lemma 7.3 goes through in the truncated context) that to prove Proposition
7.4, we really only used
2
Y
S
. Thus, in summary, as long as the covering Y
S
Y
S
(in
88
the notation of the discussion preceding Proposition 7.4) arises from an open subgroup of
1
Y
K
, we can apply Proposition 7.4 to Y
S
to conclude that Y
S
admits a line bundle of
degree prime to p.
Now we would like to conclude the preservation of relations. Note that Section 11
manifestly only involves the abelianization of the geometric fundamental group. More-
over, Section 12 is just formal manipulation. In Section 13, the only thing from Sections
1 through 7 that is used is Proposition 7.4 (whose applicability under the present circum-
stances was discussed in the preceding paragraph). Thus, by using Propositions 7.4 and
8.1, Lemma 8.2, and the theory of Section 9, we may conclude preservation of relations
for the morphism H
0
(Y
K
,
Y
K
/K
) H
0
(X
K
,
X
K
/K
) induced by
1
X
K

1
Y
K
. (Note,
however, that this time, in the application of Section 9, we take for our tower of coverings
X
n
L
not the coverings corresponding to the p-derivates of the whole geometric fundamen-
tal group , but rather the p-derivates of
1
which is enough to carry out the argument
of Section 9.) Hence we get a morphism : X
K
Y
K
.
Now let us lift the hypothesis that n = 3. Then we obtain the following: If Y
K
Y
K
is a covering arising from an open subgroup of
n3
Y
K
, and X
K
X
K
is a connected
component of the pull-back of this covering to X
K
via , then we get a natural morphism
: X
K
Y
K
. Moreover, the naturality of the construction of this morphism means that
it always lies over the morphism X
K
Y
K
. Thus, it follows by the usual argument (i.e.,
the one preceding Theorem 14.1) that the morphism induced by on fundamental groups
is equal to modulo n 3 (up to composition with an inner automorphism arising
from
Y
K
).
So far we have not used that n 5. (In fact, we have only used that n 3.)
The purpose of assuming that n 5 is to lift hypothesis (iii) (in the rst paragraph of
this proof). Namely, given any hyperbolic curve Y
K
, it is elementary to show that there
always exists a covering Y
K
Y
K
dened by an open subgroup of
2
Y
K
such that the
compactication Y
K
of Y
K
is hyperbolic and non-hyperelliptic, and such that Y
K
Y
K
has arbitrarily large (specied) ramication over all the points of Y
K
Y
K
. Thus, we get a
map X
K
Y
K
which descends to a map X
K
Y
K
. Moreover, the fact that X
K
X
K
is etale, while Y
K
Y
K
is ramied over the points of Y
K
Y
K
(with ramication indices
arbitrarily large) implies that the map X
K
Y
K
factors through Y
K
. Thus, we get a
map X
K
Y
K
, as desired. Then arguing as in the preceding paragraph completes the
proof, albeit still under the assumptions (i) and (ii) (of the rst paragraph of the proof).
The extension to the case of elds K that are subelds of nitely generated extensions
of Q
p
then follows via the same specialization argument as that employed previously
in the nontruncated case (following Lemma 15.2). Thus, we can also lift assumption (i).
Finally, the cutting with a hyperplane argument of Section 16 extends immediately to
the truncated case. This allows us to lift assumption (ii), thus completing the proof of the
Theorem. _
Theorem 18.2. Let K be a subeld of a nitely generated eld extension of Q
p
. Let
X
K
K
be a hyperbolic pro-curve over K. Let n
0
be
89
the minimum transcendence degree over Q
p
of all nitely generated eld extensions of Q
p
that contain K. Let n
0
be the transcendence degree over K of the function eld of X
K
.
Let n
0
def
= n
0
+ 2(n
0
1) + 1.
Let n 3n
0
+ 5. Then every continuous open homomorphism
:
n
X
K

n
Y
K
over
K
K
Y
K
whose induced morphism on
fundamental groups coincides (up to composition with an inner automorphism arising
from
Y
K
) with the morphism
n33n
0
X
K

n33n
0
Y
K
dened by considering mod-
ulo n 3 3n
0
.
Proof. The reason for the inclusion of the extra 3n
0
(i.e., a price of three steps for
every additional transcendence degree that is used, plus an extra tax of three steps for
allowing the prex pro) is the following: in order to reduce to the situation discussed
in the proof of Theorem 18.1, we need to show (in the present pro context) that inertia
groups are annihilated. Moreover, to apply the rst inertia annihilation argument (at
the beginning of Section 14), we needed to know that after one passes to some covering
Y
K
Y
K
arising from an open subgroup of
n3
Y
K
(i.e., we wish to apply the arguments
of Theorem 18.1 for n 3), one knows preservation of relations for Y
K
. Thus, already
one needs some extra padding to the tune of three steps (necessary, as we saw in the
rst two paragraphs of the proof of Theorem 18.1, to derive preservations of relations
for Y
K
). (This accounts for the 1 in the denition of n
0
.) Moreover, each time one adds a
transcendence degree, one needs to apply the inertia annihilation argument of the rst
half of Section 15. Thus, by the same line of reasoning, one needs extra padding consisting
of three steps. (This accounts for the n
0
in the denition of n
0
.) In Section 16, one uses not
only the transcendence degrees inherent in K, but also 2(n
0
1) auxiliary transcendence
degrees here the 2 = 1 + 1 comes from the transcendence degree of K
over K,
plus the transcendence degree of the pencil . (This accounts for the 2(n
0
1) in the
denition of n
0
.) Finally, we remark that although in Sections 14, 15, and 16, we assumed
that the morphism of fundamental groups was surjective, it is easy to see that this
assumption is merely cosmetic, i.e., is inessential and serves only to simplify the discussion.
This completes the proof of the Theorem. _
Remark. Thus, the essential dierence between Theorems 18.1 and 18.2 is that in Theo-
rem 18.2, we allow pro-objects, at the cost of having to apply annihilation of inertia
arguments, which require us to use larger quotients of
X
K
,
Y
K
(i.e., each application of
annihilation of inertia costs three units of n).
Remark. We do not mean to pretend that the estimates in the above two Theorems (e.g.,
the 5s, n
0
, etc.) are the best possible. Especially if one is willing to add hypotheses
90
to Y
K
, it should not be so dicult to improve these estimates. The point of the above two
Theorems is simply to illustrate the principle involved.
We conclude this Section with two technical lemmas that were used in the proofs of
the above two Theorems.
Lemma 18.3. Let X
K
be a proper hyperbolic curve over a eld K of characteristic zero.
Let
X
be (as usual) the maximal pro-p quotient of its geometric fundamental group. Let
X
def
=
X
/[
X
, [
X
,
X
]]. Then the natural morphism
H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1))
K
H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1))
K
(induced by the quotient map
X

X
) is surjective. Here, the superscripted
K
denotes the submodule of

K
-invariants.
Proof. Let us rst consider the morphism
H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1)) H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1))
To do this, we shall use the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence for the quotient
X
H
X
(where, as usual, we write H
X
for the abelianization of
X
). Write
X

X
for the kernel
of
X
H
X
. Thus,
X
may be identied with a certain well-understood (cf. Lemma
3.1) quotient of
2
H
X
. Consideration of the E
2
-term of this spectral sequence shows
that there is a natural
K
-equivariant injection of the cokernel of the natural morphism
(induced by the quotient
2
H
X

X
)
H
1
(
X
, Z
p
(1)) = Hom
Z
p
(
X
, Z
p
(1)) H
2
(H
X
, Z
p
(1)) = Hom
Z
p
(
2
H
X
, Z
p
(1))
into H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1)). (In other words, the above morphism is the dierential (from E
0,1
2
to
E
2,0
2
) of the E
pq
2
= H
p
(H
X
, H
q
(
X
, Z
p
(1)))-term of the spectral sequence.) Moreover,
it follows from Lemma 3.1 that the cokernel of this natural morphism is precisely the
quotient of H
2
(H
X
, Z
p
(1)) = (
2
H
1
(H
X
, Z
p
))(1) given by the (surjective) cup-product
map (
2
H
1
(H
X
, Z
p
))(1) H
2
(
X
, Z
p
)(1). Thus, in summary, we have a
K
-equivariant
diagram:
H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1)) Image(H
2
(H
X
, Z
p
(1))) H
2
(
X
, Z
p
(1))
in which the arrow is bijective. This implies the assertion stated in the Lemma. _
91
Lemma 18.4. Let K, X
K
,
X
, and
X
be as in Lemma 18.3. Since the kernel of
X

X
is a normal subgroup not only of
X
, but also of
X
K
, write
X
K

X
K
for
the quotient of
X
K
by this subgroup. Then the natural morphisms
H
2
(
X
K
, Z
p
(1)) H
2
(
X
K
, Z
p
(1))
and
H
2
(
X
K

X
K
, Z
p
(1)) H
2
(
X
K

K

X
K
=
X
K
K
X
K
, Z
p
(1))
are surjective. In particular, if H
2
(
X
K
K
X
K
, Z
p
(1)) denotes the rst Chern class of
the diagonal in X
K

K
X
K
, then lies in the image of H
2
(
X
K

X
K
, Z
p
(1)).
Proof. The assertions of this Lemma follow by considering the consequences of the sur-
jectivity assertion of Lemma 18.3 for the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequences associated
to
X
K

K
;
X
K

K
;
X
K

X
K

K
; and
X
K

K

X
K

K
. _
Section 19: Injectivity Result
In this Section, we prove the following pro-p injectivity part of the so-called Section
Conjecture:
K
be a hyperbolic
curve over K. Let X
K
(K) be the set of K-valued points of X
K
. Let Sect(
K
,
X
K
) be
the set of sections
K

X
K
of
X
K

K
X
K
X
K
(K) Sect(
K
,
X
K
)
is injective.
Remark. The so-called Section Conjecture states that (for instance when X
K
is proper)
the natural map in Theorem 19.1 is bijective. (When X
K
is ane, the statement must be
modied slightly.) At the time of writing (July 1996), the Section Conjecture has not yet
been proven.
Proof. (of Theorem 19.1) Let H
X
be the abelianization of
X
. First, note that by
replacing X
K
by some nite Galois etale covering of X
K
of p-power order, we may assume
92
that the compactication X
K
of X
K
is itself hyperbolic and non-hyperelliptic. Let r be
the number of points in (X
K
X
K
)(K). Let Z
X
be the complement of the diagonal in
X
K

K
X
K
. By taking the second projection Z
X
X
K
, we may regard Z
X
as a family
(parametrized by X
K
) of smooth hyperbolic curves obtained by removing r + 1 distinct
points from some compactication.
Let
X
be the generic point of X
K
. Let
X
be the spectrum of some algebraic closure
of K(
X
). Let Z
X
def
= Z
X
X
. Then (since Z
X
X
K
is a family of smooth hyperbolic
curves obtained by removing precisely r + 1 distinct points from some compactication)
we obtain an exterior Galois representation
Z
:
prf
X
K
Out(
Z
X
)
Now I claim that
Z
factors through
X
K
. Indeed, to see this, note that if H
Z
X
is the
abelianization of
Z
X
, then since
Z
X
is a pro-p group, the kernel of
: Out(
Z
X
) Aut(H
Z
X
)
is itself a pro-p group. Thus, it suces to show that
Z
maps
prf
X
into a pro-p subgroup
of Aut(H
Z
X
). But now observe that one has a Galois-equivariant surjection H
Z
X
H
X
whose kernel is either 0 or Z
p
(1) (depending on whether r = 0 or r > 0). Moreover,
the actions of
prf
X
on H
X
and Z
p
(1) are trivial. Thus, it follows immediately that the
prf
X
-action on H
Z
X
is by unipotent matrices, so
Z
maps
prf
X
into a pro-p subgroup
of Aut(M
Z
), as desired. This completes the proof of the claim.
Thus, we have a representation
Z
:
X
K
Out(
Z
X
)
Now suppose that we have two points , X
K
(K) that induce the same element
Sect(
K
,
X
K
). Let Z
(respectively, Z
) be the pull-back of Z
X
X via (respectively,
). Thus, Z
and Z
are hyperbolic curves over K. Moreover, since the action of

K
on
(respectively,
Z
) is determined by composing with

Z
, it follows that there exists
some isomorphism :
Z
=
Z
such that (i) is compatible with the respective outer
K
-actions; (ii) preserves and induces the identity between the quotients
Z
H
X
,
H
X
. Thus, by Theorem 16.5 (in fact, really, all we need is Theorem A of [Mzk2]),
it follows that arises from some isomorphism Z

= Z
which is compatible with and

induces the identity on the inclusions Z
X
K
, Z
X
K
. But this clearly implies that
= , thus completing the proof of the Theorem. _
Remark. Note that in fact, in the proof of Theorem 19.1, we really only used the weaker
results of [Mzk2] i.e., we did not need to use Theorem A of the present paper. On the
93
other hand, at the time that [Mzk2] was written, the author was unaware of Theorem 19.1,
which is the primary reason that Theorem 19.1 did not appear in [Mzk2]. Note also that
although Theorem 19.1 implies a corresponding pronite result, the pronite result can
be proven much more easily, by using the Kummer exact sequence for the Jacobian of
X
K
. Finally, it should be remarked that the argument employed in the proof of Theorem
19.1 (as well as the Kummer sequence argument just mentioned) have been well-known
for some time (see, e.g., [Naka2]). The main reason that Theorem 19.1 was included in
this paper was that the author just wanted to make explicit that a pro-p injectivity result
(such as Theorem 19.1) could now be proven.
APPENDIX: A Grothendieck Conjecture-Type Result for
Certain Hyperbolic Surfaces
Section a0: Introduction
In this Appendix, we show how Theorem A (cf. the Introduction) can be used to
prove a Grothendieck Conjecture-type result for certain types of surfaces. The surfaces
considered are families of (smooth) hyperbolic curves that are parametrized by hyperbolic
curves (cf. Denition a2.1). We call such surfaces hyperbolically bred. Our notation is
similar to that of the rest of the paper, except that since here we consider only pronite
(i.e., not pro-p) fundamental groups, in this Appendix, we will write
X
K
for the pronite
K
:
Notation: If K is a eld and X
K
is a K-scheme, we denote by
X
K
def
=
1
(X
K
) the
K
(for some choice of base-point), and by
K
the absolute Galois
group of K. Then we have a natural morphism
X
K

K
whose kernel
X

X
K
is
the geometric fundamental group
1
(X
K

K
K) (where K is an algebraic closure of K).
Our main theorem is the following:
Theorem D. Let K be sub-p-adic (cf. Denition 15.4 (i)). Let X
K
and Y
K
be
hyperbolically bred surfaces over K. Let Isom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) be the set of K-isomorphisms
(in the category of K-schemes) between X
K
and Y
K
. Let Isom
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
) be the set of
continuous group isomorphisms
X
K

Y
K
over
K
, considered up to composition with
an inner automorphism arising from
Y
Isom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) Isom
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
)
94
is bijective.
This Theorem is given as Theorem a2.4 in the text.
We remark that:
(1) Theorem D above is (modulo a certain technical result Lemma a1.1)
essentially derived from Theorem A. Note that one needs the full power
of the Hom version of the Grothendieck Conjecture for hyperbolic
curves (i.e., Theorem A) in order to prove an Isom-type result for
surfaces (i.e., Theorem D above). That is to say, the Isom version
of Theorem A of the present paper i.e., Theorem A of [Mzk2] is
not sucient to prove Theorem D above. Moreover, even with the
Hom version of the Grothendieck Conjecture for hyperbolic curves
(i.e., Theorem A), at the present time, I am unable to prove a Hom
version of Theorem D.
(2) One might ask whether Theorem D can be extended to hyperbolically
bered varieties (i.e., varieties obtained as successive brations of hy-
perbolic curves) of higher dimension. The problem is that just as we
needed (see Remark (1)) the Hom version in dimension one to prove
an Isom-type result in dimension two, we would need a Hom-type
result in dimension two which is currently not available in order
to prove an Isom-type result in, say, dimension three. Thus, at the
present time, we are unable to advance beyond dimension two.
(3) Since TheoremAis valid in the pro-p case as well, one might ask why one
cannot prove a pro-p version of Theorem D above. The problem is that
the process of passing to the maximal pro-p quotient is not well-behaved
with respect to brations. That is to say, if X
K
X
K
is a family of
hyperbolic curves parametrized by a hyperbolic curve (as in Denition
a2.1), then the maximal pro-p quotient of the fundamental group of
the geometric generic ber of X
K
X
K
does not map injectively (in
general) to the maximal pro-p quotient of
X
. Thus, any attempt to
prove a pro-p version of TheoremD by means of the techniques employed
here would result in a rather unnatural theorem.
(4) Since Theorem A admits various truncated versions (cf. the Introduc-
tion) as well, one might ask why one cannot prove a truncated version
of Theorem D. The problem here is the same as the problem that arises
when one tries to prove a pro-p result: i.e., truncating is not well-behaved
with respect to brations.
(5) To a slight extent, the content of Theorem D above overlaps with recent
results of H. Nakamura and N. Takao (see Theorem A and Corollary B
of [NT]).
95
Section a1: A Key Lemma
In this Section, we prove a simple technical lemma which will be the key technical
ingredient that allows us to extend Theorem A to the case of surfaces. Let K be an
algebraically closed eld of characteristic zero. Let X and Y be hyperbolic curves over K
(cf. Section 0 for a denition of this term).
Lemma a1.1. Let : X Y be a nite K-morphism. Let :
X
K

Y
K
be the
induced morphism on fundamental groups. Suppose that Ker() is topologically nitely
generated. Then is etale.
Proof. By replacing Y by the nite etale covering of Y corresponding to Im()
Y
K
,
we may assume that is surjective. Under this assumption, is etale if and only if is
an isomorphism. Thus, it suces to assume that:
(1) Ker() is topologically nitely generated; and
(2) is not an isomorphism (hence has degree > 1)
and derive a contradiction.
Let Y
Y be a nite etale covering Y , where Y
is connected. Let X
def
= X
Y
Y
.
Then X
X is nite etale, and it follows from the assumption that is surjective that
X
is connected. Since Y is hyperbolic, it follows that for a suitable choice of Y
Y , Y
will have genus 2. Thus, by replacing our original X Y by X
, we may assume
that X
and Y
have genus 2.
Since X Y is assumed to have degree > 1, it follows that g
X
(the genus of X)
is strictly greater than g
Y
(the genus of Y ). Let Y
Y be a nite etale covering of

degree d such that Y
is connected, and Y
Y extends to an etale covering over some

compactication of Y . Then the Riemann-Hurwitz formula implies that, as Y
Y varies,
g
Y
(which we think of as a function of d) is equal to d(g
Y
1) + 1. On the other hand,
if X
def
= X
Y
Y
, then (again by the Riemann-Hurwitz formula) g

X
= d(g
X
1) + 1.
Thus, it follows that as d , the dierence g
X
g
Y
.
Now let H
X
denote the rst homology group of the compactication of X
with
coecients in Z
p
(for some prime number p which will be xed throughout the discussion).
Then induces a surjection H
: H
X
H
Y
. Thus, Ker(H
) is a free Z
p
-module of rank
2(g
X
g
Y
). On the other hand, any topological generators of Ker() clearly dene
a set of Z
p
-generators of Ker(H
). But this implies that rank

Z
p
(Ker(H
)) is bounded,
independently of Y
Y , which contradicts the fact that rank

Z
p
(Ker(H
)) = 2(g
X

g
Y
) as d . This contradiction completes the proof. _
96
Section a2: The Main Theorem
Let K be a eld of characteristic zero. Let X
K
be a surface over K, by which we
mean that X
K
is a smooth (geometrically connected) variety over K of dimension two.
Denition a2.1. We shall say that X
K
is a hyperbolically bred surface if the following
condition holds: There exists a hyperbolic curve X
K
over K, together with a smooth,
proper, connected morphism X
K
X
K
of relative dimension one such that X
K
embeds
as an open subvariety of X
K
satisfying the following conditions: (i) X
K
X
K
is a divisor
in X
K
which is etale over X
K
; (ii) the geometric bers of X
K
X
K
X
K
are hyperbolic
curves.
If X
K
is a hyperbolically bred surface, then we shall refer to X
K
X
K
(as above)
as a parametrizing morphism for X
K
.
Note that given a hyperbolically bered surface X
K
, in general, there can exist more than
one parametrizing morphism for X
K
. If X
K
X
K
is a parametrizing morphism for
X
K
, and F
X
K
is a ber of this morphism (over some point of X
K
() valued in an
algebraically closed eld ), then we have an exact sequence of fundamental groups:
1
F

X
K

X
K
1
Note that since F
and X
K
are hyperbolic curves, it follows that
F
and
X
K
(hence
also
X
K
) are topologically nitely generated.
Now let K be sub-p-adic (cf. Denition 15.4 (i)) (for some prime number p), and let
X
K
and Y
K
be hyperbolically bred surfaces over K. Let
:
X
K

Y
K
be a continuous group isomorphism over
K
. We would like to show that arises geomet-
rically.
Let
Y
: Y
K
Y
K
be a parametrizing morphism for Y
K
. Then by composing
with
1
(
Y
), we obtain a continuous surjection
X
K

Y
K
. By Theorem A, it follows
that this surjection arises geometrically, from some morphism X
K
Y
K
. Thus, we may
regard X
K
and Y
K
as objects over Y
K
. Let Z
K
be the normalization of Y
K
in X
K
. Thus,
the morphism X
K
Y
K
factors through : Z
K
Y
K
. Observe that Z
K
is a smooth,
geometrically connected (since X
K
is geometrically connected over K) curve over K, and
that Z
K
Y
K
is nite. (In particular, since Y
K
is hyperbolic, it follows that Z
K
is also
hyperbolic.) Moreover, it follows from the denition of Z
K
that the morphism
X
K

Z
K
induced by X
K
Z
K
is surjective. This implies that Ker(()) is a quotient of
Ker(
X
K
Y

K
)
= Ker(
Y
K
K
), which (by the denition of a hyperbolically bred
97
surface) is topologically nitely generated. Thus, it follows that Ker(()) is topologically
nitely generated. But then Lemma a1.1 implies that Z
K
Y
K
is etale. On the other
hand, since
X
K
Y

K
is surjective, we thus see that Z
K
Y
K
must be an isomorphism.
In particular, we thus conclude that the generic ber of X
K
Y
K
is smooth, geometrically
connected, and of dimension one.
In fact, the argument of the preceding paragraph can be applied more generally to
coverings of X
K
, as follows: Let

Y
K
Y
K
be a nite etale covering such that

Y
K
is
geometrically connected over K. Let

Y
K
Y
K
K
be a nite etale covering such that
Y
K

Y
K
is geometrically connected. Let

X
K
X
K
be the covering corresponding (via
) to

Y
K
Y
K
. Thus,

X
K
X
K
factors through

X
K
X
K

Y
K
. Then I claim that
X
K

Y
K
is geometrically connected. Indeed, this follows by the same argument as that
employed in the preceding paragraph: Namely, we simply observe that
X
K

Y
K
is
isomorphic to
Y
K
K
, which is surjective with topologically nitely generated kernel.
This proves the claim. Let L be the function eld of Y
K
; let L be its algebraic closure.
Note that the natural map Spec(L) Y
K
factors through

Y
K
. Moreover, the above claim
implies that if we base-change

X
K

Y
K
via Spec(L)

Y
K
, the resulting

X
K
K
Spec(L)
is connected.
Now let us reinterpret the conclusions of the preceding paragraph in terms of funda-
mental groups. Let
Y
be the generic point of Y
K
. Let Y
def
= Y
K

Y
Y
; X
def
=
X
K

Y
Y
. Then what we did in the preceding paragraph implies precisely that the
morphism
Ker(
1
(X
)
1
(
Y
)) Ker(
1
(Y
)
1
(
Y
)) = Ker(
Y
K

Y
K
)
(induced by ) is surjective. Thus, we see that by composing the natural surjection of
1
(X
) onto
X
K
with , we obtain a continuous surjective group homomorphism
:
X
over
(where we regard X
and Y
as curves over
Y
). Now we would like to
apply Theorem A again. This Theorem tells us that
arises geometrically from some
Y
-morphism X
.
Remark. Note that in the argument of the preceding three paragraphs, it was absolutely
essential to invoke Lemma a1.1 before we could apply Theorem A. In fact, if the variety
on the left (i.e., in this case, X
) is not geometrically connected over the base eld

(i.e., in this case, L), then it is not dicult to see that Theorem A does not hold. Indeed,
to construct such a counterexample, suppose that Y
K
is proper, and let H
K
Y
K
be a
98
hyperplane section (with respect to some projective embedding of Y
K
) such that H
K
is
smooth and geometrically connected over K, and
1
(H
K
)
1
(Y
K
) is surjective. (Such
an H
K
exists by the Lefshetz hyperplane theorem.) Write
H
for the generic point of
H
K
, and take for our X
any hyperbolic curve over

H
. Then note that (if H
K
is
suciently generic so that every ber of H
K
Y
K
contains at least one point at which
H
K
Y
K
is etale, then) the induced morphism
1
(
H
)
1
(Y
) is also surjective, so we
get a surjective morphism
1
(X
)
1
(Y
) (by composing the (necessarily surjective)

structure morphism
1
(X
)
1
(
H
) with
1
(
H
)
1
(Y
)). But this surjective

morphism does not arise from a dominant morphism X
.
This completes the portion of the proof which is an application of (the nontrivial, sur-
jectivity part of) Theorem A. The remainder of the proof will consists of using elementary
algebraic geometry to show that the morphism X
constructed above extends to

a morphism X
K
Y
K
.
Lemma a2.2. The morphism X
above extends to a morphism X

K
Y
K
.
Proof. First, observe that there exists a nite etale covering V
K
Y
K
with the following
properties:
(1) V
K
is a hyperbolically bered surface that admits a parametrizing mor-
phism V
K
V
K
that ts into a commutative diagram:
V
K
V
_
Y
K
Y
K
(2) The bers of V
K
V
K
have genus 2.
Let U
K
X
K
be the nite etale covering that corresponds (via ) to V
K
Y
K
. Let
V
K
V
K
be the family of proper hyperbolic curves that compacties V
K
V
K
(as in
Denition a2.1). Write
V
for the generic point of V
K
. Note that there exists a natural map
U
K
V
K
covering X
K
Y
K
, and that both U
K
and V
K
are geometrically connected over
V
(cf. the argument used above to show that

X
K

Y
K
is geometrically connected).
Thus, we may form (geometrically connected)
V
-curves U
, V
. Moreover, by the
denition of U
K
, we have a commutative diagram
U
_
X
99
Thus, in particular, we obtain a morphism U
(over
V
). I claim that this
morphism extends to a morphism U
K
V
K
. Indeed, by the elementary theory of surfaces
elimination of indeterminacy (see, e.g., Theorem 5.5 of Chapter V of [Harts]) it follows
that there exists some

U
K
U
K
(obtained by successively blowing up smooth points) such
that the birational transformation from U
K
to V
K
dened by U
extends to a
morphism

U
K
V
K
. On the other hand, any exceptional curve in

U
K
necessarily maps
into a ber of V
K
V
K
(this follows since U
K
V
K
is already a morphism). Thus, any
exceptional P
1
in

U
K
maps quasi-nitely into a ber of V
K
V

K
(which will always be a
smooth, proper, hyperbolic curve) which is clearly absurd. This contradiction completes
the proof of the claim.
Thus, we have a morphism U
K
V
K
. Let Y
K
Y
K
compactify Y
K
Y
K
(as in
Denition a2.1). Then clearly V
K
Y
K
extends to a nite (in general, ramied) morphism
V
K
Y
K
. Thus, to summarize, we have a rational map from X
K
to Y
K
which is covered
by a morphism U
K
V
K
, where U
K
(respectively, V
K
) is nite over X
K
(respectively,
Y
K
). By elementary algebraic geometry, this implies that we get a morphism X
K
Y
K
(covered by U
K
V
K
).
To complete the proof of the Lemma, we must verify that this morphism X
K
Y
K
factors through Y
K
. To do this, we simply choose V
K
Y
K
in the above argument
such that V
K
is ramied, with very large (say, compared to the degree of X
K
Y
K
)
ramication index, over all of the divisor Y
K
Y
K
. (Note that such coverings exist, by
the exact sequence of fundamental groups following Denition a2.1, plus the well-known
fact from topology that the fundamental group of a compact surface with nitely many
punctures has coverings with arbitrarily large ramication index at those punctures.) Then
since X
K
Y
K
is covered by U
K
V
K
, and U
K
X
K
is nite etale, we see that we
obtain a contradiction, unless X
K
Y
K
maps into Y
K
. Thus, we conclude that we have
a morphism X
K
Y
K
, as desired. _
Let us summarize what we have done so far. We started with a continuous group
isomorphism
:
X
K

Y
K
over
K
. From , we constructed a K-morphism X
K
Y
K
, which we denote by . Since
is invertible, we thus see that we have also constructed a K-morphism : Y
K
X
K
from
1
. Since everything we have been doing is functorial, it follows that
1
( )
is the identity on
X
K
(up to composition with an inner automorphism arising from an
element of
X
). Thus, by Lemma a2.3 below, we conclude that is the identity on
X
K
. Similarly, is the identity on Y
K
.
Lemma a2.3. Let : X
K
X
K
be a K-morphism such that
1
() is the identity
on
X
K
(up to composition with an inner automorphism arising from an element of
X
).
Then is the identity.
100
Proof. First observe that
1
() is trivially compatible (up to composition with a geometric
inner automorphism) with the map induced by
1
s by X
K
X
K
. Thus, (the injectivity
part of) Theorem A tells us that is compatible with X
K
X
K
. Let
X
be the
generic point of X
K
. Then denes a morphism
: X
which induces the

identity (up to composition with a geometric inner automorphism) on
1
s. Applying (the
injectivity part of) Theorem A again then tells us that
is the identity. Thus, it follows

that is the identity, as desired. _
Thus, and are isomorphisms. Moreover, it follows from the construction of that
1
() coincides with (up to composition with an inner automorphism arising from an
element of
Y
), and it follows from Lemma a2.3 that is the unique such K-isomorphism
X
K

= Y
K
. Thus, we see that we see that we have proven the following result:
Theorem a2.4. Let K be sub-p-adic (cf. Denition 15.4 (i)). Let X
K
and Y
K
be
hyperbolically bred surfaces over K. Let Isom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) be the set of K-isomorphisms
(in the category of K-schemes) between X
K
and Y
K
. Let Isom
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
) be the set of
continuous group isomorphisms
X
K

Y
K
over
K
, considered up to composition with
an inner automorphism arising from
Y
Isom
K
(X
K
, Y
K
) Isom
K
(
X
K
,
Y
K
)
is bijective.
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The Local Pro-p Anabelian Geometry of Curves

This assignment denes a functor from the category (

) for truncated fundamental

. Let K be sub-p-adic. Let X

. Let K be sub-p-adic. Let X

. Finally, Section 19 reviews a standard argument (already present in the work of H.

). Note that for each r Z, Z

be the unique normal subgroup of with the following

is the maximal (topologically) Hausdor abelian quotient of which

Y of p-power order such that [

Y has degree p over every connected

(a vector bundle over S, or alternatively, a projective R-module, of rank g) and

(a vector bundle over S, or alternatively, a projective R-module, whose rank is = g if r = 0

then denes an action of

as a section of a certain vector bundle over

associated to some section : S X

which induces an action of

(i.e., the quotient

(considered in Section 1) induces a natural

that the surjection

induces a morphism from Z

to the weight zero quotient (i.e., constructed in a fashion

. On the other hand, since the action of

is trivial, it follows that the weight zero quotient of

is just the Malcev

(truncated at the second step and tensored over Z

is an isomorphism. (Indeed, surjectivity follows from the fact

is a free pro-p group of rank g

(which will necessarily be xed by

that we are interested in)

, this means that the restriction

to the point is zero. On the other hand, if

is zero when restricted to any such

K. In particular, one has a natural

K). Then we have the following:

K) are induced by conjugation by () and () inside

K) be -invariant, i.e., invariant under the action of

is precisely the cohomology class dened by the

K). (Indeed, this follows from Proposition 3.5

= 0. This completes the proof of

K).) Then we have the following

K) factors naturally through Z

K). This shows the

corresponding to etale coverings

is nite and at (since S is regular of dimension 2, and R

is normal, hence an R-module of depth 2) over S.

-module obtained by restricting the

arises as the Tate module of some p-divisible group G Spec(O

-action on V then factors through the quotient

, then we get a natural map

) under the morphism

Then we make the following technical

as quotients (by some group of periods) of semi-abelian varieties that

above. Then we shall call F-geometric (respectively, FI-geometric) if some

is nite, it follows that some nonzero multiple of this point in J

). Thus, by Denition 6.2, we see that the dierence

lies in the image

(and thus also enlarging S

(where the denotes p-adic

and (the image of)

. Thus, it follows that H

, ) of the weight zero component of H

to cohomology classes over S