Unit 7 Notes Chemical Equations & Chemical Reactions

Review The process by which the atoms of one of more substances are rearranged to form different substances is called a chemical reaction. Some indicators of a chemical reaction might be a change in temperature, odor and/or gas bubbles. Below you will find four other things that can indicate when a reaction has taken place. Evidences of a Chemical Reaction 1. Formation a precipitate - a new substance is formed with a much lower solubility than the original substance. When a precipitate (a new solid produced when solutions are mixed) forms, new stronger bonds must have formed which cannot be broken by reactions with the other chemicals available. Example:

2. Formation of a gas - a new substance is formed which is a gas at laboratory conditions of temperature and pressure (visible bubbles without boiling). Example: 3. Color Change - a new substance is formed which has a different color than the original substances. The forming of new bonds influences the energy of the electrons, which in turn influences the color of the substances. Example: 4. Energy Change - (heat and/or light is released or absorbed) - new substances are formed which contain a different amount of chemical energy than the reactants. The new bond energies are either less or greater than the original energies. Energy is released or absorbed. A chemical reaction that releases heat energy is called exothermic. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy is called endothermic.

I. Counting Atoms: Before you can write or balance a chemical equation, you must first be able to count the atoms, which are present. A _subscript_ multiplies only what is immediately in front of it. A __coefficient_ placed in front of a molecule or a formula unit multiplies every atom in the formula by that number.
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Example 7-1:

(a) How many oxygen atoms are there in a formula unit of iron(III) chromate:

(b) in 5 formula units of iron(III) chromate?

Example 7-2: (a)How many total atoms are there in 6 formula units of barium chloride?

(b) How many H atoms are in the following? 2CH4

II. Chemical Equations A chemical equation is exactly what it says it isan equality between the reactants (which are substances written on the left side of the equation) and the products (which are substances written on the right side). An arrow () pointing to the right serves as the = sign and is read as yields. CO2 (g) +

CH4 (g)

O2 (g)

2H2O (l)

A. Three types of chemical equations: a. Word Equations- use words Methane gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon Dioxide gas and liquid water methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water b. Formula Equations (skeleton equations)- use symbols CH4 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (l) c. Balanced Chemical Equations **Remember about the Diatomic Elements!! Whenever they are written by themselves, there must be two of them together.

I Bring Clay For Our New House

I2, Br2, Cl2, F2, O2, N2, H2

B. STATE SYMBOLS There are four physical state symbols which are used as subscripts immediately following substances whose physical states are known or given. 1. (s) solid, which is used for solids or precipitates 2. (l) liquid, which is used only for true liquids such as elements which are liquids at room temperature such as mercury and bromine; also for water, and for molten (melted) substances 3. (g) gas 4. (aq) aqueous, which means dissolved in water, denoted within the word equation as solution.
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Example 7-3: Lets practice writing word to formula equations! (all unbalanced) 1. Solid sodium oxide is added to water at room temperature and forms sodium hydroxide.

2. Solid copper metal reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to produce solid silver metal and aqueous copper nitrate.

3. Solid zinc metal reacts with aqueous copper sulfate to produce solid copper metal and aqueous zinc sulfate.

4. Zinc oxide and solid carbon react to produce solid zinc metal and carbon dioxide gas.

5. Solid sodium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide gas and water vapor to produce solid sodium hydrogen carbonate.

Example 7-4 Lets practice writing formulas to word equations (all unbalanced) 1. H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) HCl (g)

2. Al(s) + ZnCl2 (aq) Zn (s) + AlCl3 (aq)

3. Ca (s)

S8 (s)

CaS (s)

4. NO2 (g) + H2O (l) HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)

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5. KClO3 (s) KCl (s) +

O2 (g)

HOW TO WRITE A BALANCED EQUATION: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS- the amount I start with must equal the amount I end with. The Rules and guidelines for balancing an equation: Once you write a formula equation, you must balance it so that the amount of each atom you start with on the reactant side equals the amount of the atoms on the product side. Balance the metals first, putting coefficients where necessary. Balance the polyatomics next (IF THEY STAY TOGETHERthat is, if there are the same polyatomics on each side of the equation) by adding a coefficient in front of the entire compound. (not in the middle of the compound) If the polyatomic comes apart OR if there is no polyatomic present, balance the nonmetals except hydrogen and oxygen next by adding coefficients where necessary. Balance the hydrogens and the oxygens. (which were not part of the polyatomics) Never change the subscripts. All you can do to balance the equation is add coefficients.

NOTE: Coefficients CANNOT be placed in the middle of a compound. To Start: 1) List the elements in your equation separately in an atom inventory box. Example: H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) Reactants Hydrogen Oxygen

Products Hydrogen Oxygen

2) Count the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side and record it in the box. Do the same with the atoms of each element on the product side. Example: H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) Reactants Hydrogen 2 Oxygen 2

Products Hydrogen 4 Oxygen 2

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3) If the number of atoms of each element is not the same, the equation is not balanced. Using the rules stated above, we will add coefficients to the reactants and products until the number of atoms is equal on each side of the equation.

Example 7-5 Balance the following equations using the atom inventory box method

1. _____NH3 + _____HCl _____NH4Cl

2. _____Na + _____H2O _____NaOH + _____H2

3. _____H2+_____Cl2_____HCl

4. _____ NH3 + _____O2 _____NO + _____H2O

5. _____FeS2 + _____O2 _____Fe2O3 + _____SO2 _____SO2 _____CS2 +_____CO

6. _____C +

III. Types of Reactions A. HOW TO PREDICT THE PRODUCTS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION: To be able to predict the products of a chemical reaction, you must first be able to recognize what type of reaction it is. There are five specific types of reactions, which you need to be able to recognize. (1) SYNTHESIS means putting together; characterized by having two pure elements as its reactants and there will be only ONE product formeda compound between these two elements; LIKE A MARRIAGE; A + B AB OR

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1. _____K + _____Cl2 _____ KCl

2. _____Li + _____S8 _____ Li2S

Example 7-6: (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction, which will take place when potassium reacts with chlorine gas.

(b)

Write a balanced equation for the reaction, which will take place when aluminum is allowed to react with oxygen gas.

(c)

If iron(III) nitride is the only product formed in this reaction, write a balanced equation for the reaction.

(2) DECOMPOSITION means breaking apart characterized by having only ONE reactant which simply comes apart into its elements or into smaller compounds (the products); REQUIRES ENERGY INPUT, and its usually written OVER the yield arrow. LIKE A DIVORCE; CD D + C OR

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_____

KClO4

_____ KCl + ___2__ O2

Example 7-7: (a)Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of lead (II) oxide by heat.

(b) Write a balanced equation for the decomposition (by electricity) of water (c) Note: Sometimes the products will be given, if YOU cannot predict them. The following is an example: Write a balanced equation for the decomposition (by heat) of potassium chlorate into potassium chloride and oxygen gas

(3) SINGLE REPLACEMENT characterized by having an element and a compound as reactants and the products will be another element and another compound; there are really two types of single replacement reactionsone in which the positive ion of the compound is replaced by the lone element and one in which the negative ion of the compound is replaced by the lone element; LIKE A LOVE TRIANGLE; A + BC AC + B or in some cases XY + Z XZ +Y

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Note: guys dont dance with guys in chemistry and girls dont dance with girls in chemistry!! i.e. the negative wont react with another negative to form a compound, same holds true for 2 metals. KCl + I2 KI + Cl2 NOT KCl + I2 ICl + Li

1. _____ Zn + _____ HCl _____ ZnCl2 + _____H2 2.____Ca + ____ AlCl3 ____ CaCl2 + ____ Al

3._____Li + _____AlBr3_____ LiBr + _____Al

Example 7-8: (a)Write a balanced equation for magnesium is added to a solution of tin(IV) nitrate

(b) lithium is added to a solution of barium hydroxide

(c) magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas are the PRODUCTS of this reaction

(d) liquid bromine is poured into a solution of sodium iodide

(e) flourine gas bubbles through a solution of strontium bromide

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(4) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT characterized by having two compounds as reactants and two different compounds will be the products. These often produce a precipitate that is a solid that settles out of the solution. They can also be an acid/base reaction; also called a neutralization reaction. The products of an acid/base (aka neutralization) reaction are always a salt and water. LIKE A DO-SI-DO AND CHANGE PARTNERS OR

1._____Al(OH)3 + ____H2SO3 _____Al2(SO3)3 + _____H2O

2._____H3PO4 + _____Mg(OH)2 _____Mg3(PO4)2 + _____H2O 3._____Al(OH)3+ _____HCl _____AlCl3 + _____H2O

Example 7-9: (a) Write a balanced equation for solution of barium chlorate and silver nitrate being mixed

(b)

Write a balanced equation for the reaction of potassium cyanide plus tin(II) flouride

(c)

calcium phosphate and aluminum bromide are the PRODUCTS of this reaction

(d) hydrochloric acid is mixed with a solution of calcium hydroxide

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(5) COMBUSTION literally means burning, but we will take it to mean that hydrocarbon (compound with H and C) or an oxyhydrocarbon (compound with H, C, & O) reacts with oxygen. The products are always the samecarbon dioxide and water vapor, no matter what the beginning reactants are. Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of just hydrogen and carbon. There are thousands of compounds that are made up of just these two elements. Here are the first four and their common names. CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C3H10 Methane Ethane Propane Butane (this is the gas we use in lab)

Reminder: ALWAYS WRITE OXYGEN AS A REACTANT IN A COMBUSTION REACTION. _____C2H2 + _____ O2 _____ CO2 +_____ H2O _____ C7H16 + _____ O2 _____ CO2

+ _____ H2O

Example 7-10: (a) Write a balanced equation for the combustion of propane (C3H8).

(b) Write a balanced equation for the burning of octane (C8H18).

(c) What is the balanced equation when methyl alcohol (CH3OH) is burned?

(6) Oxidation-Reduction Reactions most often referred to as redox reactions, are characterized by the movement of electrons from one atom to another as well as the gain or loss of oxygen if it is present in the compound. The table summarizes how to distinguish a reduction from an oxidation. Another way to remember is to learn the phrase, LEO says GER which is an acronym for Losing Electrons is Oxidation; Gaining Electrons is Reduction.
OXIDATION Loss of electrons Gain of oxygen REDUCTION Gain of electrons Loss of oxygen pg. 11 of 13

IV. Predicting if Single Replacement reactions occur or not: We have been assuming that if you can write an equation, IT WILL OCCUR, and that is not necessarily true. It is difficult to predict whether equations will actually take place or not, so we will assume that ALL REACTIONS EXCEPT SINGLE REPLACEMENT REACTIONS WILL TAKE PLACE as written. Whether or not a single replacement reaction will take place will be based on the ACTIVITY SERIES of metals and on metals shown below. It is not necessary to memorize it because it will be provided for you on all quizzes and exams, but you must know how to use it AND YOU MUST REMEMBER TO USE IT!
ACTIVITY SERIES

To React or not to React That is the Question!

Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au

*IF A REACTION DOES NOT TAKE PLACE, WRITE THE REACTANTS CORRECTLY, DRAW THE YIELD ARROW AND WRITE NO REACTION. Example 7-11: Write a correct balanced equation for each of the following: (a) a piece of zinc is added to a solution of silver nitrate

(b) tin(II) chloride solution is poured over magnesium

(c) iron(III) nitrate solution plus copper

(d) copper(II) chloride solution plus aluminum

(e) sodium chloride solution plus calcium

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(f) silver dropped into hydrochloric acid

(g) magnesium is added to phosphoric acid Recognizing Reaction Types Determine the reaction type for each of the following equations and BALANCE: (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement or combustion) ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Fe + O2 Fe + O2 C4H10 + O2 FeO Fe2O3 CO2 + H2O Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 NaCl Na + Cl2

Na + H2O N2 + H2

NaOH + H2 NH3 FeCl2 + H2S FeSO4 + Cu PCl3 HNO3 + AgCl CO2 + H2O H3PO4 Na3AsO3 + H2

HCl + FeS Fe + CuSO4 P + Cl2

HCl + AgNO3 C7H16 + O2 P4O10 + H2O As + NaOH AgNO3 + Cu

CuNO3 + Ag

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