Emerging Trends and Challenges Electric Power Systems

By Dr. S.N. Singh, Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur- !"!#$, INDI%.

Evolution of Power Systems Late 1870s 1882 Commercial use of electricity irst Electric !ower system " #en$% ca&le% fuse% load' &y Thomas Edison at Pearl Street Station in ()$ - *C system% +, customers% 1$+ -m in radius - 110 . load% underground ca&le% incandescent Lam!s

188/ 1otors were develo!ed &y ran- S!rague 1880 Limitation of *C &ecome a!!arent 2 3igh losses and voltage dro!$ 2 Transformation of voltage re4uired$ Transformers and 5C distri&ution "1+0 lam!s' develo!ed &y 6illiam Stanley of 6estinghouse 188, irst ac transmission system in 7S5 &etween 6illamette alls and Portland% 8regon$ 2 12 !hase% /000 .% over 21 -m

Evolution of Power Systems "Contd$'

#""" N. Tesla de&eloped poly-phase systems and had patents of gen., motors, transformers, trans. 'ines. (estinghouse )ought it. #"*!s +ontro&ersy on ,hether industry should standardi-e %+ or D+. Edison ad&ocated D+ and (estinghouse %+. - .oltage increase, simpler / cheaper gen. and motors #"*0 1irst 0-phase line, 0!! ., # 2m in +alifornia. ac ,as chosen at Niagara 1alls 3 0! 2m4

#* #* 0 #*05 #*50 #*$5 #*$$ #*$* #**!s

Early .oltage "3ighest' #$5 2. ! 2. "6 2. 00! 2. 5!! 2. 605 2. 6$5 2. ##!! 2. Standards are ##5, #0", #$#, 0! 2. 7 8. 095, 9!!, 5!! 2. - E8. 6$5, ##!! 2. - :8. Earlier re4uencies were 5, 5!, $!, # 5 and #00 8-; :S% - $! 8- and some countries - 5! 8-

3.*C Transmission System #*5!s <ercury arc &al&e #*59 1irst 8.D+ transmission )et,een S,eden and =ot land island )y ca)le Limitations of 3.5C Transmission #. >eacti&e Po,er 'oss . Sta)ility 0. +urrent +arrying +apacity 9. 1erranti Effect 5. No smooth control of po,er flo,

Indian Power System - Present

%ll figs. in <(

? 9nstalled Ca!acity; 1+7#6

9$C2:0+00 P*2 :1+00 *eficit2 +000 9$C22+70 P*2 1/70 *eficit2 :00

? Pea- *emand < 110 #6 ? Pea- *eficit < 1:$,= ? Energy *eficit < ,$0=

9$C2:7+00 P*2 :0+00 *eficit2 ,000

9$C2187+0 P*2 10/00 Sur!lus2 +000 "incl Talcher'

9$C2:/+80 P*2 20000 *eficit2:800

Indian Power System - Present

? Transmission =rid +omprises@ 7 6$52.A9!!2. 'ines - 66,5!! c2t. 2m 7 !A#0 2. 'ines - ##9,$!! c2t. 2m 7 8.D+ )ipoles - 0 nos. 7 8.D+ )ac2-to-)ac2 - 6 nos. 7 1S+ 7 #" nos.; T+S+ 7 $ nos. ? NE>, E>, N> / (> operating as single grid of *!,!!!<( ? Inter-regional capacity @ #9,$!! <(

Inter-regional links At present

9nter2regional ca!acity ; 1/%00016

Scenario by 2012
? Pea- *emand ; 1+7%000 16 (1.5 times of 2007) ? 9nstalled Ca!acity ; 212%000 16 (1.5 times of
2007)

? 3ydro !otential in (E> and u!!er !art of (> ? Coal reserves mainly in E> ? or o!timal utilisation of resources < strong (ational #rid

9nter >egional Lin-s &y 2012 < /0%000 16 Ca!acity

"###$W
Sahupuri 5gra 5llaha&ad *ehri Sasara m 1uAaffar!ur Patna ?iharshariff ?arh #aya Sasaram ?ir!ara (E> Pooling Sala-at i North-

Northern
Auraiya Kota

Gorakhpur Balia Balia Kankroli Balia Singrauli Agra Balia !atehpur

eastern
1ald a Siliguri ?ongaigaon ?ongaigaon

"'%# $W

&'(%#$W %### $W
7CCain Gwalior 1alan!ur Vindhyachal erda Korba Raipur Ranchi WR Pooling *handrapur

Eastern
?udhi!ada r Rourkela Sipat >anchi

(estern
Ponda Kolhapur

)'%# $W

@ey!or Talcher Balimela e

')## $W
+ag,hari >amagunda Belgaum m 71PP 6ith Brishna!attanam #aAuwa- Bolar a Upper Sileru

"(%# $W

Southern

Pushing Technological 1rontiers

B"!! 2. 8.D+ 6$52. %+ B5!! 2. 8.D+ # !!2. :8.%+

9!! 2.

#*66

#**!

!!!

!##

!# A#0

Line Parameters

? Line !arameters of 1200-.D70+-.D/00-. Transmission System

1200 -. (ominal .oltage "-.' 3ighest voltage"-.' >esistance "!uD-m' >eactance "!uD-m' Susce!tance "!uD-m' Surge 9m!edance Loading "16'
Base kV :1200kV/765kV/400kV;

70+-. 6$5 "!! #.*5#C#!-$ 9.965C#!-5 .9C#!0#5

/00-. 9!! 9 ! #."$ C#!-5 .!65C#!-9 5.55C#!-0 5#5

##5! # !! 9.00" C#!-6 #.66 C#!-5 $.996 C#!$!0!

Base MVA :100 MVA

Adoption of Generating unit size

000D800D 100016

500MW

200D 21016

Less than 200MW

#*6!Ds

#*"!Ds

#**!Ds

!!!Ds

'i2ely po,er transfer reEuirement )et,een &arious regions )y ! / )eyond

#" =( (orth2eastern >egion

(orthern >egion
9C E 1/+ #6 *es!atch E 110 #6 *emand E 1/0 #6 *eficit E :0 #6

6 =(

! =(
# =(

9C E 80 #6 *es!atch E 00 #6 *emand E 10 #6 Sur!lus E +0 #6

Eastern >egion

#!,!!!<(

6estern >egion
9C E 1:+ #6 *es!atch E 100 #6 *emand E 1:0 #6 *eficit E :0 #6

0 =(

9C E 100 #6 *es!atch E 80 #6 *emand E /0 #6 Sur!lus E /0 #6

5LL 9(*95 9C E 000 #6 *emand E /+0 #6

#5 =(

#5 =(

9C E 1:+ #6 *es!atch E 100 #6 *emand E 1:0 #6 *eficit E :0%#6

Southern >egion

Transmission System through Narro, %rea

Eastern >egionD 6estern >egionD Southern >egion (orth2eastern >egion +0 #6

? ? ? ?

>e4uirement of Power low &etween (E> F E>D6>D(>; +0 #6 >e4uired Transmission Ca!acity ; +7$+ #6 "1+= redundancy' EGisting F !lanned Ca!acity ; ,$+ #6 5dditional Trans$ Ca!acity to &e !lanned ; /8 #6 Fptions @ #. G"!!2. 8.D+ @ "nos. . G"!!2. 8.D+ @ 5nos.; 6$52. E8.%+ @ $nos. 0. G"!!2. 8.D+ @ 9nos.; # !!2. :8.%+ @ nos. ? Selection of (eGt Level Transmission .oltage i$e$ 1200-. 73.5C in view of ;
7 'oading lines upto Thermal Ca!acity"10000 16' compared to S9L"0000 16' 7 Sa&ing >ight of 6ay

Ne, Transmission Technologies

? 3igh .oltage 8verhead Transmission 7 .oltage up to ##!! 2. 7 8igh E< radiation and noise 7 8igh corona loss 7 <ore >F( clearance ? #as 9nsulated Ca&lesDTransmission lines ? 3.*C2Light ? leGi&le 5C Transmission Systems " 5CTS'

=as insulated Transmission 'ines

? Benefits of =IT'
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 'o, resisti&e losses 3reduced )y factor 94 'o, capaciti&e losses and less charging current No eCternal electromagnetic fields No correction of phase angle is necessary e&en for long distance transmission No cooling needed No danger of fire Short repair time No aging 'o,er total life cycle costs.

8.D+-'ight
? Classical 3.*C technology 7 <ostly used for long distance point-to-point transmission 7 >eEuires fast communication channels )et,een t,o stations 7 'arge reacti&e po,er support at )oth stations 7 Thyristor &al&es are used. 7 'ine or phase commutated con&erters are used. ? 3.*C2Light 7 Po,er transmission through 8.D+ utili-ing &oltage source con&erters ,ith insulated gate )ipolar transistors 3I=BT4 ,hich eCtinguishes the current more faster and ,ith less energy loss than =TFs.

8.D+-'ight
7 It is economical e&en in lo, po,er range. 7 >eal and reacti&e po,er is controlled independently in t,o 8.D+ light con&erters. 7 +ontrols %+ &oltage rapidly. 7 There is possi)ility to connect passi&e loads. 7 No contri)ution to short circuit current. 7 No need to ha&e fast communication )et,een t,o con&erter stations. 7 Fperates in all four Euadrants. 7 P(< scheme is used. 7 Fpportunity to transmit any amount of current of po,er o&er long distance &ia ca)les.

8.D+-'ight
'o, compleCity-than2s to fe,er components Small and compact :seful in ,indmills Fffers asynchronous operation. ? irst 3.*C2Light !ilot transmission for : 16% 10-. in 1arch% 1,,7 "Sweden' ? irst commercial !roCect +0 16% 70 -.% 72 -m% in 1,,,$ 7 7 7 7

? Transmission system limitations@

7 System Sta&ility ? Transient sta)ility ? .oltage sta)ility ? Dynamic Sta)ility ? Steady state sta)ility ? 1reEuency collapse ? Su)-synchronous resonance 7 Loo! flows 7 .oltage limits 7 Thermal limits of lines 7 3igh short2circuit limits

LEH9?LE 5C T>5(S19SS98( S)STE1 " 5CTS'

? 1leCi)le %+ Transmission Systems 31%+TS4 are the name gi&en to the application of po,er electronics de&ices to control the po,er flo,s and other Euantities in po,er systems.

? ?enefits of 5CTS Technology

7 To increase the po,er transfer capa)ility of transmission net,or2s and 7 To pro&ide direct control of po,er flo, o&er designated transmission routes.

? 3owever it offers following o!!ortunities

7 +ontrol of po,er flo, as ordered so that it follo,s on the prescri)ed transmission corridors. 7 The use of control of the po,er flo, may )e to follo, a contract, meet the utilitiesD o,n needs, ensure optimum po,er flo,, ride through emergency conditions, or a com)ination thereof. 7 Increase the loading capa)ility of lines to their thermal capa)ilities, including short-term and seasonal. 7 Increase the system security through raising the transient sta)ility limit, limiting short-circuit currents and o&erloads, managing cascading )lac2outs and damping electromechanical oscillations of po,er systems and machines.

7 Pro&ide secure tie line connections to neigh)oring utilities and regions there)y decreasing o&erall generation reser&e reEuirements on )oth sides. 7 %llo, secure loading of transmission line to a le&el closer to the thermal limits, ,hile a&oiding o&erloading and reduce the generation margin )y ha&ing the a)ility to transfer more po,er )et,een the controlled areas. 7 Damping of po,er oscillation, 7 Pre&enting cascading outages )y limiting the impacts of faults and eEuipment failures. 7 Pro&ide greater fleCi)ility in sitting ne, generation. 7 :pgrade of lines. 7 >educe reacti&e po,er flo,s, thus allo,ing the lines to carry more acti&e po,er. 7 >educe loop flo,s. 7 Increase utili-ation of lo,est cost generation.

? (hether 8.D+ or 1%+TS H

7 Both are complementary technologies. 7 The role of 8.D+ is to interconnect ac systems ,here a relia)le ac interconnection ,ould )e too eCpensi&e.
? 9nde!endent fre4uency and control ? Lower line cost ? Power control% voltage control and sta&ility control !ossi&le$

7 The large mar2et potential for 1%+TS is ,ithin %+ system on a &alue added )asis ,here
? The eGisting steady2state !hase angle &etween &us nodes is reasona&le$ ? The cost of 5CTS solution is lower than the 3.*C cost and ? The re4uired 5CTS controller ca!acity is lesser than the transmission rating$

Throughput !! <( 5!! <( #!!! <( !!! <(

8.D+

terminal

1%+TS I 5-#! < #!- ! < !-0! < 0!-5! <

I 9!-5! < 65-#!! < # !-#6! < !!-0!! <

? 1%+TS technology is concerned ,ith de&elopment of follo,ing t,o areas

7 8igh rating Po,er electronic s,itching de&ices and Pulse (idth <odulated con&erters. 7 +ontrol methods using digital signal processing and <icroprocessors. 7 De&ices@ I=BT Insulated gate )ipolar transistors, =TF gate turn off thyristor, <+T <etal oCide thyristor 3<FS4 controlled transistor

Table: Comparison of power semiconductor devices Thyristor )*** 2*** Sym$4 1sym$ 5ulse ,$. , GTO IGBT SI * thyristor ./** )** 1sym$ CT 0*** 2** Sym$4 1sym 'olta%e ,$. .* / . OS!"T ,*** ,** 1sym$ 'olta%e 6esistive ,** . *$.

a#$ volta%e ratin% &'( a#$ current ratin% &1( 'olta%e bloc3in%

Gatin% Current Conduction drop &'( 2 Switchin% fre7uency .* &389( :evelopment tar%et ,* ,* 0$/ / ma#$ volta%e ratin% &3'( :evelopment tar%et ) ) . . ma#$ current ratin% &31( * SI: Static induction thyristor; OS!"T: OS field effect transistor

+*** ,-** +*** )** Sym$4 1sym$ 1sym$ Current 'olta%e .$/ 0 / .*

? *evelo!ments in #eneration side

7 Po,erformer Energy System 7 Distri)uted =enerations
? (ind Po,er ? 1uel +ells ? Biomass etc.

7 +om)ined +ycle Po,er Plants

Po,erformer Energy System

Po,erformer
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

T<

Benefits

8igher performance 3a&aila)ility, o&erload4 En&ironmental impro&ement 'o,er ,eight 'ess total space reEuirement 'o,er cost for +i&il (or2s 'ess maintenance >educed losses 'o,er in&estment 'o,er '++

Electrical 1ield Distri)ution

?ar E2field non2uniform E2field :-.Dmm uniform Ca&le

02,-.Dmm

E 32.Amm4

Stator ,inding

Conductor &,(; Inner semi-conductin% layer &.(; Insulation &0( and an outer semi-conductin% layer &2($

FpportunitiesA+hallenges
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ... ... 1ault %nalysis including Internal 1ault 1aulty Synchroni-ation <odel for Dou)le (inding =enerator .... ....

Distri)uted =enerationADispersed =eneration

D= includes the application of small generations in the range of 1+ to 10%000 -6, scattered throughout a po,er system D= includes all use of small electric po,er generators ,hether located on the utility system at the site of a utility customer, or at an isolated site not connected to the !ower grid. By contrast, dis!ersed generation 3capacity ranges from 10 to 2+0 -6', a su)set of distri)uted generation, refers to generation that is located at customer facilities or off the utility system.

 D= includes traditional -- diesel% com&ustion tur&ine% com&ined cycle tur&ine% low2head hydro , or other rotating machinery and rene,a)le -- wind% solar% or low2head hydro generation. The !lant efficiency of most eCisting large central generation units is in the range of 28 to :+=% con&erting )et,een " to 05J of the energy in their fuel into useful electric po,er. By contrast, efficiencies of /0 to ++= are attri)uted to small fuel cells and to &arious hi2tech gas tur&ine and com&ined cycle units suita)le for D= application. Part of this com!arison is unfair. <odern D= utili-e prefect hi-tech materials and incorporating ad&anced designs that minimi-e ,ear and reEuired maintenance and include eCtensi&e computeri-ed control that reduces operating la)or.

*# I6insJ (ot ?ecause 9t is Efficient% ?ut ?ecause 9t 5voids TF* Costs Proximity is often more important than efficiency (hy use D= units, if they are not most efficient or the lo,est costH
The reason is that they are closer to the customer. They only ha&e to )e more economical than the central station generation and its associated T/D system. % TF* system represents a significant cost in initial ca!ital and continuing 8F1. By a&oiding T/D costs and those relia)ility pro)lems, D= can pro&ide &etter service at lower cost, at least in some cases. 1or eCample, in situations ,here an eCisting distri)ution system is near capacity, so that it must )e reinforced in order to ser&e ne, or additional electrical demand, the capital costA2( for T/D eCpansion alone can eCceed that for D= units.

Fperational +hanges

Intelligent Grid - WAMS

Leader not a follower

? Po,er System >estructuring 3Pri&ati-ation or Deregulation4

7 But not only Pri&ati-ation ? *eregulation is also -nown as 7 +ompetiti&e po,er mar2et 7 >e-regulated mar2et 7 Fpen Po,er <ar2et 7 .ertically un)undled po,er system 7 Fpen access

8ori-ontal separation or .ertical cut

Generation Business

Transmission Business

.ertical separation

8ori-ontal separation or .ertical cut

:istribution Business

? 6hy >estructuring of Electric Su!!ly 9ndustriesK

7 Better eCperience of other restructured mar2et such as communication, )an2ing, oil and gas, airlines, etc. 7 +ompetition among energy suppliers and ,ide choice for electric customers.

? 6hy was the electric utility industry regulatedK

7 >egulation originally reduced ris2, as it ,as percei&ed )y )oth )usiness and go&ernment. 7 Se&eral important )enefits@
? It legitimi-ed the electric utility )usiness.

? 9t gave utilities recognition and limited su!!ort from the local #ovt$ in a!!roving >86 and easements$ ? 9t assured a return on the investment% regulated as that might &e$ ? 9t esta&lished a local mono!oly in &uilding the system and 4uality of su!!ly without com!etitors$ ? Sim!lified &uying !rocess for consumers$ ? Electricity of new and confusing to deal with the conflicting claims% standards and offerings of different !ower com!anies$ ? Least cost o!eration$ ? 1eeting social o&ligations ? 3ugh investments with high ris-

orces &ehind the >estructuring are

7 8igh tariffs and o&er staffing 7 =lo)al economic crisis 7 >egulatory failure 7 Political and ideological changes 7 <anagerial inefficiency 7 'ac2 of pu)lic resources for the future de&elopment 7 Technological ad&ancement 7 >ise of en&ironmentalism 7 Pressure of 1inancial institutions 7 >ise in pu)lic a,areness 7 Some more KK.

>easons why deregulation is a!!ealing

<o lon%er necessary "lectricity 5rice may drop Customer focus will improve "ncoura%e innovation 1u%ments privati9ation

The primary reason for re%ulation; to foster the development of "SI infrastructure; had been achieved$ "#pected to drop due to innovation and competition$ "#pected to result in wider customer choice and more attention to improve service 6ewards to ris3 ta3ers and encoura%e new technolo%y and business approaches; In the countries where Govt$ wishes to sell state -owned utilities; dere%ulation may provide potential buyers and new producers$

? 6hat will &e the transformation K

7 .ertically integrated LM &ertically un)undled 7 >egulated cost-)ased LLM :nregulated price)ased 7 <onopoly LLM +ompetition 7 ser&ice LLM commodity 7 consumer LLM customer 7 pri&ilege LLM choice 7 Engineers 'a,yerA<anager

? 5 num&er of 4uestions to &e answered

7 Is a >estructuring good for our societyH 7 (hat are the 2ey issues in mo&ing to,ards the restructuring H 7 (hat are the implications for current industry participantsH 7 (hat type of ne, participants ,ill )e seen and ,hy H 7 (hat should )e structure of mar2et and operationH 7 (hat might an electricity transaction of future loo2 li2eH

? 6hat will &e the Potential Pro&lems K 7 +ongestion and <ar2et po,er 7 F)ligation to ser&e 7 Some suppliers at disad&antages 7 Price &olatility 7 Non-performance o)ligation 7 'oss operating fleCi)ility 7 Pricing of energy and transmission ser&ices 7 %T+ calculations 7 %ncillary ser&ices <anagement
? ? ? ? ? >eser&es Blac2 start capa)ility .oltage and freEuency control System security and sta)ility Transmission reser&es

7 <ar2et Settlements and disputes

<ilestones of >estructuring
1,82 Chile 1,,0 7B 1,,2 5rgentina% Sweden F (orway 1,,: ?olivia F Colom&ia 1,,/ 5ustralia 1,,0 (ew Leeland 1,,7 Panama% El Salvador% #uatemala% (icaragua% Costa >ica and 3onduras 1,,8 California% 7S5 and several others$ 2000 Several E7 and 5merican States

? <ar2ets are defined )y the commodity traded

7 Energy 7 Transmission system 7 %ncillary ser&ices

? <ar2ets defined )y the time-frame of trade

7 Day-ahead 7 8our-ahead 7 >eal-time

? Based on auction - single-sided or dou)le sided ? Based on type of )ids --M )loc2 or linear )id ? Based on generation settlement - uniform price 3<+P4 or pay-as-)id

1ar-et Clearing Price

#en$ #en21 #en22 #en2: #en2/ #en2+ Price "M' 2$+ 2$0 2$/ 2$: 2$2 16 20 10 1+ /+ :0
#en2+ 18 16 #en22 *emand E 80 16 8 16 #en2/ #en21 #en2: 8+ 16

/0 16

? Electricity 1ar-et is very ris-y

7 7 7 7 7 Electricity is not stora)le in )ul2 Euantity End user demand is typically constant Trading is directly related to the relia)ility of the grid Demand and supply should )e eCact Electricity prices are directly related ,ith other &olatile mar2et participants. 7 +ost of continuity is more than cost of electric.

Than2 Nou H