Middle English (1100-1500) 1066 - battle of Hastings - William of Normandy invaded England and was crownem King of England

on Christmas Day 1085- The Doomsday Book, a record of property, conceived by William. William consequences: *introduction of a new nobility, *changes within the England church, *arrival of merchants and craftsmen, *11th-13th - French became an official lg. after a conquest: *Normans estab. their rule in their own tongue which became the new lg of power and prestige, *for 3 cent. English ceased to be the official lg of the land, surviving among lower classes. trilingual England: *Latin - the lg of church, *Norman French - lg of the government, *English - lg of majority of the population. Norman French influenced English in: *lexicon - the biggest change; borrowing from French, *spelling, *morphology-loss of inflection, *syntax - word ordering. Norman French borrowings: court, justice, judge, jury, suit, plea, crime, damage, crown, office, battle, arms, enemy, castle, faith, saint, miracle, dress, image, body parts, aunt, cousin, nephew, niece, uncle, carpenter, chandler, engineer, chivalry, noun, lg, tense, boil, dinner, bacon, mutton, robe, cloak, beauty, music, column, tower, cloister, mutton, beef, pork, bacon, veal, venison, Prince, Duke, Marquess, Countess, Viscount, Baron, Squire, Bailiff, Sergeant, Page/Groom. 13-14th - 1204 - King John Lackland lost Normandy by 1300 - French had become a foreign lg 1254 - 1st official royal proclamation was written in English; also the author of the poem 'Cursor Mundi' (c.1300) declared for the English lg. 1337-1453 - the Hundred Years' War between England and France. 1348-1350 - Black Death - many teachers of French died so ppl turned to English Replacement of: *ae by a; * by ou or ow; *u by o; * by g,y; *, by th; *non- initial <-h> by gh; *cg by dg; *c by ch; *sc by sh; cw by qu. OE -> ME: sunu - son, cniht - knight, brycg - bridge, cum - come, oer - other, baecc - back, munuc monk, tun - town, waes - was, hu - how, cese- cheese, giet - yet, cyning - king, ure - our, cwen queen, lufu - love, mus - mouse, ofer - over, scipu - ship, gif/yif - if, biscep - bishop, in - thin, cwean - quoth, tunge - tongue. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) - East Midland dialect The Canterbury Tales (1386) - collection of stories told by pilgrims. Middle English pronunciation: *a /a/ or /ae/, * i and y /i/, *long i /i:/ in words that in Modern Eng have a dipthong /ai/, *e /e/, *e /e:/ in words that in Modern Eng have /i:/, *o /o:/ usually in words taht in modern eng have /u:/ or double o, * u /u/ usually in words that in modern eng have /u/ or //, *u /u:/(ou, ow) in words that in modern eng have a diphthong /au/, *au /au/, ai /ei/, ew /iu/, *initial kg and gn fully articulated, *gh /x(h)/, *th - voiced between vowels. *which /xw/, roote /o:/, vertu /ju/, inspired /i:/j, foweles /u:/, ye /i:/j, shires /i:/j, shoures / / and //, bathed //, flour //, hath //, melodye / i:/j, corages /u/ and /d/, seke /e/, droghte /u/, licour /u:/, breeth /e:/, yonge /u/, nyght /i/ and /x/, straunge /au/ and /d/, seeke /e:/, somer /u/, whan /xw/, heremite /-/, sleepen /e:/, thought // and /x/, wonder /u/, swich /t/, about /u:/, koude /u/, habite /-/, line /i:/, touching /u/, where /xw/, caught /au/ and /x/, much /u/, religioun /d/ and /u:/, contre /u/. and th - OE letters still used in Middle Eng. ME morphology: *loss of inflections, *loss of grammatical gender ->into semantic gender: because Eng was exposed to different inflectional systems of 3 lgs: eng, French and Scandinavian -> creolization of eng.; phonological changes - all unstressed syllables were reduced to shwa.

ME verbs: *infinitive ending -en, in north -/(e), *3rd P.Sg. ending -e, in North -es, *present participle -ende/ing(e). Fixed word order, direct questions ->VS(O). Dialect - a particular variety of a lg spoken by a group of ppl that is characterized by systematic differences from other varieties of the same lg. Idiolect - is simply the technical term we use to refer to the variety of lg spoken by each individual speaker of the lg. Accent - systematic phonological variation. Everyone speaks with an accent. Grammatical aspects of dialects: *phonetic lvl - in American (t,d,n,s,z) are alveolar while in NYC dental. *phonological lvl - in southern Eng flood, but and cup //, while good, put are /u/. in northern eng they all have /u/. *morphological lvl - in parts of northern England and southern Wales, -s becomes a general present tense marker : we goes, i likes. *syntactic lvl - Midwestern dialects -> the car needs repaired as a variant of the car needs t be repaired, southern speakers of American -> she done already told you = she has already told you. *sematic lvl - soft drink, soda, pop, soda pop. MIDLANDS: 1. EAST MIDLAND: *the Peterborough Chronicle, *Geoffrey Chaucer's works, *John Wycliff - the translation of the Bible (14th), *the Ormulum (1200) - by Orm, an Augustinian canon,alliteration and rhyme, a valuable source of Middle lg. 2. WEST MIDLAND: *use only alliteration, *revival of the alliterative poetry, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - Northern, *Piers the Plowman (by William Langland) - Southern, *The Brut (by Layamon) - a history of Britain, *the Ancrene Riwle (1200) - guide for nuns. SOUTHERN: 1. KENTISH: *Kentish Sermons, *Ayenbite of Inwyt, *voicing of initial fricatives, *unrounding [>e], *raising [ae>e], *J-insertion before OE eo and ea -> deofal -dyevel. 2. SOUTHERN: *u [] - fynde -> funde, *o *+ from OE eo -> beo ->bo, *the Poema Morale, *the Owl and the Nightingale, *Sing, Cuckoo (1230) NORTHERN: *-s (3Sg PrT), *are (Pl PrTof ME be), *pronouns they, them, their, she, *lack of palatalization (N. kirk vs S chirch), *Richard Rolle of Hampole - the Love of God dialects 4 -> 5 -> *Northumbrian into Northern, *Mercian into E./W Midlands, *West-Saxon into Southern, *Kentish - Kentish. Plural nouns: Northern: they, their, them, *Midlands: they, hir, hem, *Southern: hi, hir, hem. verb 3rd person sg: Northern: -s (hits), *Midlands: th (hitteth), *Southern: th (hitteth) verb pl: Northern: -s (hits), *Midlands: -en (hitten), *Southern: -eth (hitteth) OE long o: Northern: a (stan), *Midlands/Southern: o (stone). OE c: Northern: k (kirk, ik), *Midlands: ch (ich, chirch), *Southern: ch (church) -> OE /y/ ->/u or i/ OE f: Northern: f (fox), *Midlands: f (fox), *Southern: v (vox).