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THE CENTRAL
SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY
Deals with the study of matter :
Chemistry
classification
properties
changes / transformations
energy involved in its transformations
MATTER
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Elements mixtures mixtures
Compounds
Colloids
TYPES OF MATTER
SUBSTANCES - definite composition and
properties
MIXTURES
• Homogeneous mixtures – true solutions
made up of only one phase
indefinite composition and properties
• Heterogeneous mixtures
made up of two or more phases
indefinite composition and properties
• Colloids
intermediate phase
Test yourself !
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Intrinsic Properties :
Independent of the amount of material
Extrinsic Properties :
Dependent on the amount of material
Test yourself !
• Developed by J.J.
THOMSON in 1904
• Sphere of positive
charge where negative
charges are embedded
(1871-1937),
British physicist,
who became a
1908 Nobel
Alpha-particle scattering experiment laureate
SUB- ATOMIC PARTICLES
• Based on a quantum
model – DEFINITE
ENERGY ORBITS
• Electrons in an atom
move around the
nucleus in circular
orbits.
(1885-1962), Danish
physicist and 1922
Nobel laureate,
QUANTUM MECHANICAL ATOM
n = 1, 2, 3…
• gives the energy level or energy
shell the electron is in
• gives the atomic size of the atom
AZIMUTHAL OR ORBITAL
QUANTUM NUMBER: l
n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0 1s orbital
y y
n = 2, l = 0, ml = 0 2s
x
orbital
x
2pz
2p x
l = 1, ml = +1, 0, -1
z
2px 2pz
y
x
2py
2py
MAGNETIC QUANTUM
NUMBER: ml
n=3, l = 0, l =1
l = 2, m l = +2, +1, 0, -1, -2
z z z z z
y y y y y
N
Spin up (+1/2) Spin down(-1/2)
S
ATOMIC NUMBER AND
ATOMIC MASS
A – MASS NUMBER = number of protons + neutrons
Z – ATOMIC NUMBER = number of protons
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s . . .
PAULI’S EXCLUSION
PRINCIPLE
In a given atom, no two electrons can have
the same set of quantum numbers
Right ! EACH
ELECTRON
Wrong! IS UNIQUE!
1s
HUND’S RULE OF
MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
Right !
Wrong!
2s ↑↓ 2p ↑ 2p ↑ 2p ↑
2 1 -1 + 1/2
Test yourself !
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
10
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
3
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Lr
ATOMIC SIZE/RADIUS