RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Work-Power-Energy
Definitions
Work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. In this perspective power, can be defined as the amount of energy consumed or generated per unit time. If t is constant;

= lim = lim
0

NOTES: When using Power-Energy relation instead of Power-Work, it will be more proper using letter E then using letter W.

Work-Power-Energy
Energy Conversation Forms
Energy Conversation Forms Mechanic Energy - Electric Energy Chemical Energy-Electric Energy Energy Conversation Technologies Electric Generator Battery Fuel Cell Photovoltaic (Solar) Energy-Electric Energy Termal Energy- Electric Energy Mechanic Energy-Mechanic Energy Kinetic Energy-Mechanic Energy Photovoltaic Cell Termocupl Gear Box Water Turbine Wind Turbine Electrical Energy-Mechanic Energy Chemical Energy-Termal Energy Electric Machine Gas Fired Oven Steam Boiler Diesel Machine Gas Turbine Internal Combustion Engine Electric Energy-Heat Energy Resistance Based Electrical Heater Efficiency %95-%98 90% 60% %15-%20 %5-%7 %75-%85 95% %30-%45 %65-%95 85% 87% 38% %35-%38 25%

Arc Furnace
Induction Furnace Electic Energy-Lighting Energy Incandescent Lamp
Gas Discharged Lamps

Efficiency Factor is used Efficiency Factor is used Efficiency Factor is used %42-%45

LED Solar Energy-Heat Energy Solar Collectors

Classification of Energy Sources

ENERGY SOURCES

CONVENTIONAL POWER SOURCES

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1. WIND 2. SOLAR 3. GEOTHERMAL 4. HYDROLIC/TIDAL/WAVE 5. BIOMASS/BIOFUEL 6. HYDROGEN

FOSSIL FUELS 1. COAL 2. PETROLEUM 3. NATURAL GAS

MINERAL FUELS 1. NUCLEAR ENERGY (Uranium-Torium)

Electric Energy Generation: Conventional and Renewable Based System

Hydroelectic Power Generation

Hydroelectric energy sources are the basic energy sources among the other energy sources.

Working principle of Hydroelectric systems is based on a water fall through a piping system to rotate turbine generator pairs.

Hydroelectric Power Generation

Potential Energy of a Mass
= [Watt-second]
2 = 2 = = = 3 = = 2

h= height[m] , g= acceleration due to gravity [m/s2] =

: = Q= water mass flow rate[m3/s] ; =water density [kg/m3] ; Pwater = [W] To find Pelc , Pwater is multiplied by efficiency factor ; Pelc = . . . . 0 [W] = 2 +
2 1

If

will be neglected : =

Hydroelectric Power Generation

Example: Kebans rated hydraulic head is 210 m and its rated power is 1300 MW. Assume all system efficiency as %78 and compute the water flow when plant works at full capacity. Solution :

Notes : 13 water is 1000

Hydroelectric Power Generation

In some hydroelectric plants, water pumps is used to meet peak power demand. In this type of plants water pump efficiency (p)must be taken into account. EXAMPLE: A hydroelectric plant with a water pump, of which rated hydraulic head is 210 meter and whole system efficiency is %62,4 . If a turbines water flow is 70 3 compute the electric output power. During fall, compute the maximum velocity of water when penstock losses are neglected SOLUTION:

Hydroelectric Power Generation

EXAMPLE: A Hydroelectic power plants rated
head height is 500 meter and whole system

SOLUTION

efficiency is %82. The power plants one day

production graphic is seen below. According to this, compute changing in water flow of power plant and produced energy through 24 hours.
Produced Power (MW) 340 300 220 140 100 Hours 0 6 10 14 21 24

Tidal Power
Occurs due to the gravitational force between Earth and the Moon. Is repeated at regular intervals during the day. There are two ways to produce energy in Tidal Power; 1. Use direct flow to produce enegy with generators 2. Genarators are driven by a water (as that of conventional hydraulic dam ) which is collected in a basin.
DAM
DAM

RAISING WATER

River
TURBINE SEA

FALLING WATER

TIDAL BASIN

OPEN SEA

River
TURBINE SEA

DAM

LAND

Figure of Tidal Basin

Tidal Power
DAM

h/2 h HIGH SEA LEVEL

LOW WATER LEVEL

For computing the potantiel power, h[m] is taken into account. If basins floor area A[m2] ; = is water volume. If water density is ; Mass of water will be found as = . .

Average water mass moving will be energy equation

, thus the potantiel

Pe = m. g. h if the parameter values are inserted into the equation

=
1 2

= 2 2 will be found.

Tidal Power
Tides are repeated twice a day. Since it is based on the moons movement, Lunar Calender should be taken into account when calculating energy. A lunar (moon) day equals to 24 hours and 50 minutes. (24,8) =
4 24,86060 422 89280
1

4210009,812 89280

0,22 2 []

Energy which is obtained from this system, equals to 0,2-0,3 times maximum theorical power. By adding this efficiency to the formula; = 0 0,22 2 will be found.

Tidal Power
EXAMPLE: A tidal plants floor area is 90 km2
and moving waters average vertical height is 3 m.
When systems whole efficiency is %27, compute the produced energy (kWh) for 1 month. Find the maximum wall lenght which makes the system applicable economically. [An applicable system has to deal with this formula (Wall Lenght, m)/ (Floor area, km2 ) < 80 ]

SOLUTION:

Tidal Power
EXAMPLE : A tidal power plants floor area is 500 km2 and head height is 6 m. Compute the average power when system efficiency is %25.

Wave Power
Solar energy creates wind, wind energy creates tidal energy. Characteristic of the wave is sinusoidal and water particles follow a circular orbit.

Propagation speed of the wave which is in Figure : = = / { [m] , f [1/s] } Angular frequency of wave is w = 2. .f. Herein, surface waves angular frequency equals to circular orbit s angular frequency which is followed by water particles. Linear speed of water particles which move circularly is = = ( )
2

wt

v, wave speed
R

wt
D

Seabed

According to the wave theory, length of the surface wave can be expressed as a function of gravitational acceleration and angular speed.

Wave Power
=
2 , 2

2 = = = = 2 2 2 2 2(1/)2

Total energy of a wave for per unit distance (for one period) is 1 1 2 1 2 = = ( ) = 2 2 2 2 8 given as above. =
2 2

From here, propagation of water wave can be rearranged in terms of length of the wave and gravitational acceleration , 2 2 = = = = = = = 2 2 2 2 2

and = 2

so we can write ; 2 = 2

2 = 2 =.

= from this equation 2 = 2 is obtained. If this inser into equation which is above ;
=
2

2 If this equation insert into energy equation 1 2 1 2 = = 2 2 2 8 2 16 Theoretical power can be found through dividing the energy by one period

, [m/s] will be found.

Wave Power
=
1 2 2 2 16

1 2 2 16

In practice 30 percent of surface waves energy can be converted to electrical energy.

= 2 2 0 16 (0 : efficiency)
1

EXAMPLE : A surface waves theoretical power is 50 kW/m and period is 12s . Compute parameters which are given below; a) Angular speed, b) Frequency, c) Length of wave,

In literature the formula is applied when :

=
1 2 2 32

d) Propagation speed of wave,

e) Height of wave, f) If this wave is a deep-water wave and whole system efficiency is %30, compute the produced power per meter. (/)

Efficiency for this waves is around %15-%20.

Wave Power
SOLUTION :

EXAMPLE : A surface waves length is 90 m and magnitude is 0.9 m, compute the power of this wave in kW. SOLUTION :