AP Euro Vocabulary 347-356

Thomas Aquinas,- O.P.(also Saint Thomas Aquinas, Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino; c. 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Catholic

priest in the Dominican Order, a philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition, known as Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Universalis and Doctor

Communis. He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of the Thomistic school of philosophy and theology. Aquinas is

held in the Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood (Code of Canon Law, Can. 252, §3). The works for which he

is best-known are the Summa Theologica and the Summa Contra Gentiles. One of the 33 Doctors of the Church, he is considered by many Catholics

to be the Catholic Church's greatest theologian and philosopher. Consequently, many institutions of learning have been named after him.

The Summa Theologica (or the Summa Theologiae or simply the Summa, written 1265–1274) is the most famous work of Thomas

Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) although it was never finished. It was intended as a manual for beginners as a compilation of all of the main theological

teachings of that time. It summarizes the reasonings for almost all points of Christianity, which, before the Protestant Reformation, subsisted solely in

the Catholic Church. The Summa's topics follow a cycle: the existence of God, God's creation, Man, Man's purpose, Christ, the Sacraments, and back

to God. It is famous for its five arguments for the existence of God, the Quinquae viae (Latin: five ways). Throughout his work, Aquinas cites Augustine,

Aristotle, and other Christian, Jewish and even Muslim and ancient pagan scholars.

John Duns Scotus, O.F.M (c. 1266 – November 8, 1308) was a theologian, philosopher, and logician. Some argue that during his

tenure at Oxford, the systematic examination of what differentiates theology from philosophy and science began in earnest. He was one of the most

influential theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages, nicknamed "Doctor Subtilis" for his penetrating manner of thought.

Occam's razor (sometimes spelled Ockham's razor) is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English logician and Franciscan friar

William of Ockham. This is often paraphrased as "All other things being equal, the simplest solution is the best." In other words, when multiple

competing theories are equal in other respects, the principle recommends selecting the theory that introduces the fewest assumptions and postulates

the fewest entities. It is in this sense that Occam's razor is usually understood.

ver·nac·u·lar vərˈnæk yə lər, vəˈnæk- - Show Spelled Pronunciation[ver-nak-yuh-ler, vuh-nak-] Pronunciation

Key - Show IPA Pronunciation

1. (of language) native or indigenous (opposed to LITERARY or LEARNED).

2. expressed or written in the native language of a place, as literary works: a vernacular poem.

The Decameron (subtitle: Prencipe Galeotto) is a collection of 100 novellas by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio, probably begun in 1350 and
finished in 1353. It is a medieval allegorical work best known for its bawdy tales of love, appearing in all its possibilities from the erotic to the tragic.
Many notable writers such as Shakespeare and Chaucer are said to have borrowed from The Decameron (See Literary sources and influence of
the Decameron below).

Chrétien de Troyes- was a French poet and trouvère who flourished in the late 12th century. Little is known of his life, but he seems to have
been from Troyes, or at least intimately connected with it, and between 1160 and 1172 he served at the court of his patroness Countess Marie de
Champagne, daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine, perhaps as herald-at-arms (as Gaston Paris speculated).[1] His work on Arthurian subjects
represents some of the best of medieval literature.

Giotto di Bondone -(c. 1267 – January 8, 1337), better known simply as Giotto, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence. He is
generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance.

Dante Alighieri-, or simply Dante (May 14/June 13, 1265 – September 13/14[1], 1321), was an Italian poet from Florence. His central work, the
Commedia (Divine Comedy), is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. In
Italian he is known as "the Supreme Poet" (il Sommo Poeta). Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio are also known as "the three fountains" or "the three
crowns". Dante is also called the "the Father of the Italian language". The first biography written on him was by his contemporary Giovanni Villani
(1276–1348).