Environment Major Changes in Fuel Lubes

Hussam Adeni
The Environment -major changes in last decade

Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Major changes in last decade - for the environment

New Accords and Protocols
Automobile Industry Radical
changes Environment restrictions
Hussam Adeni
5 Major changes in the last decade

Montreal Accord
Euro IV and Euro V fuels Engine configurations Stringent API specifications Kyoto Protocol
Hussam Adeni

Montreal Accord
Largely for refrigerants
Euro IV and Euro V fuels

Sulphur reduction in fuels
Engine configurations
Fuel injection mechanism Higher operating speeds and pressure
Hussam Adeni

Stringent API specifications
API CJ-4 specifications
Kyoto Protocols
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions
Hussam Adeni
1. Montreal Accord 1995/96

Treaty structured around halogenated
hydro carbons known to play a role in Ozone depletion

Treaty deals with phase-out Management Plan for 1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 2. Carbon Tetra chloride (CCl4), 3. Hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFCs)
Hussam Adeni

Treaty structured around widely used
halogenated hydrocarbons now known to play a role in Ozone depletion

Targets HCFCs, CFCs, CCl4 used as 1. Refrigerants, 2. Solvents, 3. Blowing agents for plastic/foam manufacture 4. Fire extinguisher.
Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Update - 2006 Largely implemented across the world R 134 A successfully identified as alternative refrigerant. Widely used today in Air conditioners used in automobiles, in house and office ACs and in industries. Montreal compliant solvents and fire extinguishers have been developed & are in use today in many applications
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Role of fuels

Three major function in an IC engine
Energy source to drive engine Coolant for injector It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors
In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system
Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling. As a result, there will no leakage of fuels, gas & oil
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Environmental demands

Under the Clean Air Act
Sulphur in fuels to be reduced 15 ppm Most developing countries: Sulphur in fuels approx. 2000 ppm till the early 90s Many have now implemented 50 ppm sulphur in all fuels. Developed countries have progressively moved to 10 ppm Sulphur in Fuels
Hussam Adeni
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Diesel
Diesel
Poly aromatics Vol%,Max Sulphur ppm, Max
Euro I 1993 N/A 2000
Euro II 1996 N/A 500
Euro III Euro IV 2000 2005 11 350 11 50 (10)*
Euro V 2009 11 10
Cetane number - Min

Density@15 C, kg/m
49
35- 100
49
35-100
51
60-70
51
60-70
51
60-70
Distillation -79.5@ 15 C
370
370
360
360
360
Reduction of Sulphur results in reduction of aromatics, this robs the fuel of its lubricity. Damaging fuel injectors, whose replacement cost $ 100 each, there are 8 nos in an engine. Dosing with Fuel additives , a quick remedy
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Gasoline - Petrol
Gasoline
Aromatics - Vol%, Max Olefins - Vol %, Max Benzene - Vol%, Max
Euro I 1993 No limit No limit 5
Euro II 1996 No limit No limit 5
Euro III Euro IV 2000 2005 42 18 1 35 18 1
Euro V 2009 35 18 1
Oxygen - Vol%, Ma
Sulphur ppm,Max RON - Min RVP - kPa Lead - g/Lt, Max
2.5
1000 91
2.5
500 91
2.7
150 91 60 - 70 None
2.7
50 (10)* 91 60 - 70 None
3.7
10 91 60 - 70 None
35 - 100 35 - 100 0.013 0.013

Hussam Adeni
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels

Hydro treatment- Sulphur removal
Sulphur in fuels is removed at the refinery by stripping Process of stripping of sulphur is called Hydrotreatment
Hussam Adeni

Pitfalls of - Sulphur removal
Unfortunately - sulphur reduction also removes

Natural lubricity compounds Natural conductivity properties It changes combustion properties Biocide property of sulphur
Hussam Adeni

Implication loss of lubricity
No protective barrier between

metal surfaces
Could lead to damage of vital engine components
Some vital components are

Fuel pump Fuel injectors Valves & ports

In 2005, ASTM had put in a
lubricity specification
Implication ASTM and lubricity
ASTM D 975 for middle distillates ASTM D 6079 is widely used for other fuels Wear scar value is 520 microns or less OEMs in Europe suggested 420 or less Fully synthetic esters widely accepted component in fuel additives
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels Implication - Sulphur removal

Natural conductivity properties
Conductivity is decreased Static charge may build up while fuel is being pumped Probably danger of ignition from static electricity Essential that fuels are dosed with special conductivity additives
Hussam Adeni

It changes combustion properties Hydro treatment may reduce Cetane in
diesel to the 40s Modern Diesel engines are computer controlled and deliver optimal combustion in the range of 45 to 51. Cetane boosting additives now essential for peak performance
Hussam Adeni

Biocide property of sulphur
Widely used today as antiseptic
Used in many drugs and medicines Sulphur controls fungal growth in fuel tanks. Fuels now need to be treated with biocides to prevent fungal growth in fuel storage tanks
Hussam Adeni
3. Engine configuration - Radical changes

Three major function in an IC engine
Energy source to drive engine Coolant for injector It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors
In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system
Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling. As a result there will be no leakage of fuels, gas & oil
3. Engine configuration - Radical changes

Evolution of fuel/injector/exhaust mechanism
Naturally aspirated (NA) Turbo charged Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Direct injection (DI) Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI)
Hussam Adeni
3. Engine configuration Radical changes - psi

Dramatic increase in Operating pressures
Early diesel engines 600 psi Current CRDI 30,000 psi
Hussam Adeni
3. Engine configuration
Radical changes Cat. converter Engine manufacturers proposed reduction of treat level of ZincPhosphate and Calcium sulphonates
Engine manufacturers sought extension of life
for catalytic converters Research showed interference to life of catalytic converters from additives in lubes ZDDP Anti wear Over based Calcium Detergency
Hussam Adeni
4. API CJ-4 requirements History of Lube additives

Since 1975 triboapplications utilized solid boundary additive in the carrier oil acting as a barrier of molecules between moving parts with the following:
1. 2. 3. 4. ZDDP (Zinc Di Thiophosphates) Phosphorous Sulphur Calcium sulphonates
4. API CJ-4 requirements Used oil disposal issues

These additives had the disadvantage of being:
Highly toxic difficult to dispose Sacrificial Deplete on use Inert Do not react with metal alloys Become acidic due to oxidation and water Also corrosive furthering micro-pitting
Hussam Adeni
4. API CJ-4 requirements

API CJ-4 demands
Lube manufacturers use up to 1% ZDDP Zinc-Phosphate levels at 1% are for all practical purposes negligible Treats of 1% ZDDP packages likely to have little impact on reducing wear
Hussam Adeni
4. API CJ-4 requirements

Alternative EP additives consisting of Graphite, Molybdenum have come into prominence
Graphite & Molybdenum have little lubricating value as they are not reactive Under heavy pressure will press out Will lead to metal to metal contact Research is going on for alternative compounds for use as anti wear additives
5. Kyoto Protocol
Proposed reduction of Green House
Gases (GHG) Major constituent of GHG identified Major sources for GHG emitters identified Incentive for reduction of GHG
Hussam Adeni
5. Kyoto Protocol
Gases (GHG)
Country wise and industry wise data collated. Reduction targets broadly agreed upon
Major constituent of GHG identified

Carbon dioxide CO2 Nitrogen Oxides - NOx
Major sources for GHG emitters
identified
Hussam Adeni
5. Kyoto Protocol
Gases (GHG)
Country wise and industry wise data collated. Reduction targets broadly agreed upon
Major constituent of GHG identified

Carbon dioxide CO2 Nitrogen Oxides NOx
Hussam Adeni
5. Kyoto Protocol
Major sources for GHG emitters
identified
Aviation Industry Power Plants Auto Industry
Hussam Adeni
5. Kyoto Protocol
Incentive for reduction of GHG
To users who register, document and reduce GHG emissions ISO 14064 initiated to document reduction Tradable Carbon Credits to offset bulk GHG emitters Bulk users in Auto related industry likely to be major beneficiary
Hussam Adeni
Thank you
Hussam Adeni

Environment Major Changes in Fuel Lubes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Environment Major Changes in Fuel Lubes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hussam Adeni

The Environment -major changes in last decade

Major changes in last decade - for the environment

changes Environment restrictions

5 Major changes in the last decade

5 Major changes in the last decade

Euro IV and Euro V fuels

5 Major changes in the last decade

1. Montreal Accord 1995/96

hydro carbons known to play a role in Ozone depletion

1. Montreal Accord 1995/6

halogenated hydrocarbons now known to play a role in Ozone depletion

1. Montreal Accord 1995/6

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Role of fuels

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Environmental demands

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Diesel

Euro I 1993 N/A 2000

Euro II 1996 N/A 500

Euro III Euro IV 2000 2005 11 350 11 50 (10)*

Cetane number - Min

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Gasoline - Petrol

Euro I 1993 No limit No limit 5

Euro II 1996 No limit No limit 5

Euro III Euro IV 2000 2005 42 18 1 35 18 1

35 - 100 35 - 100 0.013 0.013

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels

Unfortunately - sulphur reduction also removes

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels

No protective barrier between

Some vital components are

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels

Implication ASTM and lubricity

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels Implication - Sulphur removal

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels Implication - Sulphur removal

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels Implication - Sulphur removal

3. Engine configuration - Radical changes

3. Engine configuration - Radical changes

3. Engine configuration Radical changes - psi

4. API CJ-4 requirements History of Lube additives

4. API CJ-4 requirements Used oil disposal issues

4. API CJ-4 requirements

4. API CJ-4 requirements

Major constituent of GHG identified

Major sources for GHG emitters

Major constituent of GHG identified

Aviation Industry Power Plants Auto Industry

You might also like