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cos
2 0
2 t+ 4
t 2
(A + B t) e
A e1 t + B e2 t
2 0 = 2 0 < 2 0 >
2 2 0 4
tan ( ) =
2 0
2 1 2 y ( x, t ) = y (x, t) x2 v 2 t2 where v = T / for a string or v = / for a gas. Kinetic, potential energy and power 1 dK = dx 2 y t 2 1 dU = T dx 2 y x 2 P (t) = T y t y x
+ Am cos (m ) + Bm sin (m ) m = 0, 1, 2, . . . m = 1, 2, 3, . . .
and
vgroup =
d dk
E =
B t
0
B =0
B = 0
E + 0 J t
Dipole approximation Erad (r, t) = Brad (r, t) = Srad (r, t) = P = qa (t r/c) 4 0 c2 r 1 r Erad (t) c 1 Erad Brad 0 q 2 a2 6 0 c3 Volt/m Tesla Watt/m2 Watt
Transmission lines I V = L0 z t I V = C0 z t 1 vp = L C 0 0 L0 Z0 = C0 Vr ZL Z0 = Vi ZL + Z0 Z0 ZL Ir = Ii ZL + Z0
= =
(2) E//
B// 1
(1)
B// 2
(2)
(2)
(2) e2 E
s
0
(1) B
= B
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 Fresnel equations r r t t tan(1 2 ) n1 cos 2 n2 cos 1 = n1 cos 2 + n2 cos 1 tan(1 + 2 ) sin(1 2 ) n1 cos 1 n2 cos 2 = E0r /E0i = = n1 cos 1 + n2 cos 2 sin(1 + 2 ) 2n1 cos 1 2 sin 2 cos 1 = E0t /E0i = = n1 cos 2 + n2 cos 1 sin(1 + 2 ) cos(1 2 ) 2n1 cos 1 2 sin 2 cos 1 = E0t /E0i = = n1 cos 1 + n2 cos 2 sin(1 + 2 ) = E0r /E0i = Er n1 n2 = n1 + n2 Ei Et 2 n1 = Ei n1 + n2
Special case of normal incidence (1 = 2 = 0) r Doppler Eect f f = = 1 cos 1 2 vs + vr cos r vs vt cos t for EM waves for sound waves
,
2 = =
2 d sin D sin
Physical constants Speed of light Vacuum permeability Vacuum permittivity Electron rest mass Elementary charge Gravitational constant c 0
0
m e G
3 108 1.26 106 8.85 1012 9.1 1031 1.6 1019 6.7 1011
1 m s 1 V m /A C/ V m1 kg C N m2 /kg2
Trigonometric Formulae sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b cos (a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b a+b ab sin a + sin b = 2 sin cos 2 2 a+b ab sin a sin b = 2 cos sin 2 2 a+b ab cos cos a + cos b = 2 cos 2 2 a+b ab cos a cos b = 2 sin sin 2 2 ) = cos 2 cos ( ) = sin 2 sin ( ) = sin sin ( cos ( ) = cos