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Useful Formulae

General dierential equation for oscillators


2 x = f0 cos (t) + x x + 0

has solutions x(t) = A e x(t) = x(t) =


2t

cos
2 0

2 t+ 4
t 2

+ xss (t) + xss (t) + xss (t)

(A + B t) e

A e1 t + B e2 t

2 0 = 2 0 < 2 0 >

where 1 = 2 2 and the steady-state solution is

2 2 0 4

xss (t) = A( ) cos (t ( )) f0 A( ) = 2 2 )2 + 2 2 1/2 (0 Non-dispersive wave equation 2

tan ( ) =

2 0

2 1 2 y ( x, t ) = y (x, t) x2 v 2 t2 where v = T / for a string or v = / for a gas. Kinetic, potential energy and power 1 dK = dx 2 y t 2 1 dU = T dx 2 y x 2 P (t) = T y t y x

Reection and transmission coecients R= v2 v1 v2 + v1 T = 2v2 v2 + v1

Fourier series for a function f () = f ( + 2 ) f () = Am = Bm =


A0 m=1

+ Am cos (m ) + Bm sin (m ) m = 0, 1, 2, . . . m = 1, 2, 3, . . .

1 f () cos (m) d 1 f () sin (m) d

Dispersion vphase = Maxwells equations E =


0

and

vgroup =

d dk

E =

B t
0

B =0

B = 0

E + 0 J t

EM force, ux, energy, intensity F =q E+vB 0 2 UE = E 2 S= UM EB 1 2 = B 2 0


1 0

Dipole approximation Erad (r, t) = Brad (r, t) = Srad (r, t) = P = qa (t r/c) 4 0 c2 r 1 r Erad (t) c 1 Erad Brad 0 q 2 a2 6 0 c3 Volt/m Tesla Watt/m2 Watt

Boundary conditions at the surface of a perfect conductor B// = 0 |JS | E// = 0 S E = B = 0


0

Transmission lines I V = L0 z t I V = C0 z t 1 vp = L C 0 0 L0 Z0 = C0 Vr ZL Z0 = Vi ZL + Z0 Z0 ZL Ir = Ii ZL + Z0

Boundary conditions at the surface of a perfect dielectric


(1) E// (1) e1 E

= =

(2) E//

B// 1

(1)

B// 2
(2)

(2)

(2) e2 E

s
0

(1) B

= B

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 Fresnel equations r r t t tan(1 2 ) n1 cos 2 n2 cos 1 = n1 cos 2 + n2 cos 1 tan(1 + 2 ) sin(1 2 ) n1 cos 1 n2 cos 2 = E0r /E0i = = n1 cos 1 + n2 cos 2 sin(1 + 2 ) 2n1 cos 1 2 sin 2 cos 1 = E0t /E0i = = n1 cos 2 + n2 cos 1 sin(1 + 2 ) cos(1 2 ) 2n1 cos 1 2 sin 2 cos 1 = E0t /E0i = = n1 cos 1 + n2 cos 2 sin(1 + 2 ) = E0r /E0i = Er n1 n2 = n1 + n2 Ei Et 2 n1 = Ei n1 + n2

Special case of normal incidence (1 = 2 = 0) r Doppler Eect f f = = 1 cos 1 2 vs + vr cos r vs vt cos t for EM waves for sound waves
,

N source interference and diraction: Interference Diraction I = I0

sin (N /2) sin (/2) sin 2 I = I0

2 = =

2 d sin D sin

Diraction gratings: I = I0 sin (N /2) sin (/2) 2 sin 2

Physical constants Speed of light Vacuum permeability Vacuum permittivity Electron rest mass Elementary charge Gravitational constant c 0
0

m e G

3 108 1.26 106 8.85 1012 9.1 1031 1.6 1019 6.7 1011

1 m s 1 V m /A C/ V m1 kg C N m2 /kg2

Trigonometric Formulae sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b cos (a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b a+b ab sin a + sin b = 2 sin cos 2 2 a+b ab sin a sin b = 2 cos sin 2 2 a+b ab cos cos a + cos b = 2 cos 2 2 a+b ab cos a cos b = 2 sin sin 2 2 ) = cos 2 cos ( ) = sin 2 sin ( ) = sin sin ( cos ( ) = cos

Complex exponentials ej = cos + j sin sin = e j e j 2j cos = e j + ej 2

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