528green Economy Guidebook 100912 FINAL

A guidebook to the Green Economy
Issue 1: Green Economy, Green Growth, and Low-Carbon Development history, denitions and a guide to recent publications Division for Sustainable Development, UNDESA
This document was prepared by Cameron Allen and Stuart Clouth, UN Division for Sustainable Development, August 2012
Contents
1. 2. 3. Introduction.....................................................................................................................5 Relatedconcepts:Greeneconomy,greengrowthandlowcarbondevelopment.............6 GreenEconomy................................................................................................................7
3.A.Publications.................................................................................................................................. 9
TowardsaGreenEconomy:PathwaystoSustainableDevelopmentandPovertyEradicationUNEP........ 9 WorkingTowardsaBalancedandInclusiveGreenEconomyEnvironmentalManagementGroup,United Nations ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 GreenEconomyBriefingPapersUNEP...................................................................................................... 11 WhyaGreenEconomyMattersfortheLeastDevelopedCountriesUNEP,UNCTAD,UNOHRLLS............ 11 MeasuringProgressTowardsaGreenEconomyUNEP............................................................................. 12 GreenJobs:TowardsDecentWorkinaSustainable,LowCarbonWorldUNEP,ILO ................................ 12 GreenEconomyinaBlueWorld:SynthesisReportUNEP,FAO,IMO,UNDP,UNDESA,IUCN,WorldFish Center,GRIDArendal .................................................................................................................................. 13 ForestsinaGreenEconomyASynthesis,UNEP ....................................................................................... 13 GreenEconomyandTradeOpportunities,UNEP ........................................................................................ 13 AdaptingforaGreenEconomy:Companies,CommunitiesandClimateChangeWRI,Oxfam,UNEP ..... 14 TheTransitiontoaGreenEconomy:Benefits,ChallengesandRisksfromaSustainableDevelopment Perspective .................................................................................................................................................. 15 BuildinganEquitableGreenEconomyDanish92Group.......................................................................... 16 TheRoadtoRio+20:ForadevelopmentledgreeneconomyUNCTAD.................................................... 17 BeyondRio+20:GovernanceforaGreenEconomyBostonUniversity..................................................... 17 Rio+20PolicyBrief:Agreeneconomyforaplanetunderpressure ............................................................ 18 TheGreenEconomy:TradeandSustainableDevelopmentImplicationsUNCTAD .................................. 18 AfreshlookatthegreeneconomyOxfamAmerica ................................................................................ 20 FromGreenEconomiestoGreenSocietiesUNESCO ................................................................................ 20 Thefuturewewant,OutcomeoftheUNCSD2012(Rio+20)....................................................................... 21 Progresstodateandremaininggapsintheimplementationoftheoutcomesofthemajorsummitsinthe areaofsustainabledevelopment,aswellasananalysisofthethemesoftheConference,UNDESA ........ 21 SecretaryGeneralsReportonObjectivesandThemesoftheUNConferenceonSustainableDevelopment, UNDESA....................................................................................................................................................... 22 AGreenEconomyKnowledgeSharingPlatform:ExploringOptions........................................................... 23 AGlobalGreenNewDeal,EdwardBarbier ................................................................................................. 23 AGuidebookforIUCNsThematicProgrammeAreaonGreeningtheWorldEconomy.............................. 24 PrinciplesfortheGreenEconomyStakeholderForum ............................................................................. 24
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1.Aguidetothegreeneconomy
ThePrinciplesofaGreen,FairandInclusiveEconomyGreenEconomyCoalition .................................. 25 TheGreenEconomyPocketbookGreenEconomyCoalition .................................................................... 25 InternationalChamberofCommerceGreenEconomyRoadmapandTenConditionsforaTransition towardaGreenEconomy ........................................................................................................................... 26
3.B.NationalStrategies ..................................................................................................................... 26
GreenEconomy:ScopingStudySynthesisReportBarbadosUNEP,UWI,GovernmentofBarbados ....... 26 GreenEconomyAccordSouthAfrica ........................................................................................................ 27 EthiopiasClimateResilientGreenEconomyFederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia........................... 28 EnablingtheTransitiontoaGreenEconomy:GovernmentandbusinessworkingtogetherHM Government,UK .......................................................................................................................................... 28 TowardsaGreenEconomyinJordanUNEP ............................................................................................. 29 EnvironmentsofthePoorinthecontextofClimateChangeandtheGreenEconomyGovernmentof Nepal ........................................................................................................................................................... 29 NationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy:TowardsaGreen&FairEconomyRepublicFrancaise ..... 30 RoadMaponBuildingaGreenEconomyforSustainableDevelopmentinCarriacouandPetiteMartinique, GrenadaDivisionforSustainableDevelopment,UnitedNations ............................................................. 31 AGreenEconomyforCanadaCanadianInstituteforEnvironmentalLawandPolicy.............................. 31 RoadmapforagreeneconomyintheHeartofBorneo:AscopingstudyWWF,PwC.............................. 32 The2011GlobalGreenEconomyIndex:AnAnalyticToolMeasuringNationalGreenReputationsand Performance,DualCitizen........................................................................................................................... 33
4.
GreenGrowth ................................................................................................................33
4.A.Publications................................................................................................................................ 35
TowardsGreenGrowthOECD .................................................................................................................. 35 FosteringInnovationforGreenGrowthOECD ......................................................................................... 36 GreenGrowthandDevelopingCountriesConsultationDraftOECD...................................................... 37 InclusiveGreenGrowth:FortheFutureWeWantOECD......................................................................... 37 GreeningDevelopment:EnhancingCapacityforEnvironmentalManagementandGoveranceOECD.... 38 IncorporatingGreenGrowthandSustainableDevelopmentPoliciesintoStructuralReformAgendas OECD,WorldBank,UN................................................................................................................................ 38 ResilientPeopleResilientPlanetSGsHighLevelPanelonGlobalSustainability .................................... 39 FromGrowthtoGreenGrowth:AFrameworkWorldBank ..................................................................... 40 InclusiveGreenGrowth:ThePathwaytoSustainableDevelopmentWorldBank.................................... 40 ShapingtheGreenGrowthEconomyGreenGrowthLeaders .................................................................. 41 LifeBeyondGrowthAtKisson ................................................................................................................... 41 GreenGrowth,ResourcesandResilienceUNESCAP,ADB,UNEP ............................................................. 42 LowCarbonGreenGrowthRoadmapforAsiaandthePacificUNESCAP................................................. 42
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AToolkitofPolicyOptionstoSupportInclusiveGreenGrowthAfDB,OECD,UN,WorldBank ............... 43 DecouplingNaturalResourceUseandEnvironmentalImpactsfromEconomicGrowthUNEP ............... 44 GreenGrowthinMotionGGGI.................................................................................................................. 44 AFrameworkforAssessingGreenGrowthPoliciesOECD ........................................................................ 45 EnvironmentProgram:GreeningGrowthinAsiaandthePacificAsianDevelopmentBank.................... 45
GreenGrowthandClimateResilienceRepublicofRwanda ..................................................................... 46 RoadtoOurFuture:GreenGrowthRepublicofKorea ............................................................................. 46 TheNationalGreenGrowthRoadmapKingdomofCambodia ................................................................ 47 Chinas12thFiveYearPlanAPCOworldwide............................................................................................ 47 JapansNewGrowthStrategytoCreateDemandandJobsOECD ........................................................... 48 GreenGrowthintheNetherlandsStatisticsNetherland .......................................................................... 48 GreenGrowthintheCzechRepublicCzechStatisticalOffice ................................................................... 49 TowardsGreenGrowthinDenmarkOECD............................................................................................... 49 ALively&LiveableSingapore:StrategiesforSustainableGrowthMinistryoftheEnvironmentandWater ResourcesandMinistryofNationalDevelopment,Singapore .................................................................... 50 GreenGrowthPlanningGGGICountryPrograms..................................................................................... 50
5.
LowCarbonDevelopment..............................................................................................51
5.A.Publications................................................................................................................................ 52
LowEmissionDevelopmentStrategies(LEDS)OECD/IEA......................................................................... 52 LowCarbonGrowthPlans:AdvancingGoodPracticeProjectCatalyst.................................................... 52 PromotingpolesofcleangrowthtofosterthetransitiontoamoresustainableeconomyUNCTAD ...... 53 PreparingLowEmissionClimateResilientDevelopmentStrategiesUNDP ............................................. 54 ClimateChangeandtheWorldBankGroup:TheChallengeofLowCarbonDevelopmentWorldBank.. 54
LowcarbonDevelopmentforMexicoESMAP .......................................................................................... 55 BrazilLowCarbonDevelopmentStudyWorldBank ................................................................................. 55 ColumbianLowCarbonDevelopmentStrategyMinistryofEnvironment&SustainableDevelopment... 56 LowCarbonGrowthPlanforAustraliaClimateWorksAustralia ............................................................. 56 DominicaLowCarbonClimateResilientDevelopmentStrategy20122020ClimateInvestmentFunds . 57 TransformingGuyanasEconomyWhileCombatingClimateChangeRepublicofGuyana...................... 57 BuildingaLowCarbonIndianEconomyConfederationofIndianIndustry .............................................. 58 LowCarbonDevelopmentOptionsforIndonesiaWorldBank,MinistryofFinance,Indonesia ............... 58
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OpportunitiesforLowCarbonInvestmentinTanzaniaanAssessmentofFutureEmissionsGrowthand LowCarbonReductionPotentialGlobalClimateAdaptationPartnership,StockholmEnvironment Institute,UKAID........................................................................................................................................... 59 TheUKLowCarbonTransitionPlanHMGovernment.............................................................................. 59
6. 7.
ACritiqueofEmergingConcepts ....................................................................................60 Appendix1:DefinitionsofGreenEconomyandGreenGrowth ......................................63
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1. Introduction
Sustainabledevelopmenthasbeentheoverarchinggoaloftheinternationalcommunitysincethe UNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED)in1992.Amongstnumerous commitments,theConferencecalledupongovernmentstodevelopnationalstrategiesfor sustainabledevelopment,incorporatingpolicymeasuresoutlinedintheRioDeclarationand Agenda21.Despitetheeffortsofmanygovernmentsaroundtheworldtoimplementsuch strategiesaswellasinternationalcooperationtosupportnationalgovernments,thereare continuingconcernsoverglobaleconomicandenvironmentaldevelopmentsinmanycountries. Thesehavebeenintensifiedbyrecentprolongedglobalenergy,foodandfinancialcrises,and underscoredbycontinuedwarningsfromglobalscientiststhatsocietyisindangeroftransgressing anumberofplanetaryboundariesorecologicallimits 1 . Withgovernmentstodayseekingeffectivewaystoleadtheirnationsoutoftheserelatedcrises whilstalsotakingintoaccounttheseecologicallimits,greeneconomy(initsvariousforms)has beenproposedasameansforcatalysingrenewednationalpolicydevelopmentandinternational cooperationandsupportforsustainabledevelopment.Theconcepthasreceivedsignificant internationalattentionoverthepastfewyearsasatooltoaddressthe2008financialcrisisaswell asoneoftwothemesforthe2012UNConferenceonSustainableDevelopment(Rio+20).Thishas resultedinarapidlyexpandingliteratureincludingnewpublicationsongreeneconomyfroma varietyofinfluentialinternationalorganisations,nationalgovernments,thinktanks,experts,non governmentorganisationsandothers. Despitethegrowinginternationalinterestingreeneconomy,negotiationsamongMemberStates ontheconceptintheleaduptoRio+20werechallenging.Thiswaspartlyduetothelackofan internationallyagreeddefinitionoruniversalprinciplesforgreeneconomy,theemergenceof interrelatedbutdifferentterminologyandconceptsoverrecentyears(suchasgreengrowth,low carbondevelopment,sustainableeconomy,steadystateeconomyetc.),alackofclarityaround whatgreeneconomypolicymeasuresencompassandhowtheyintegratewithnationalpriorities andobjectivesrelatingtoeconomicgrowthandpovertyeradication,aswellasaperceivedlackof experienceindesigning,implementingandreviewingthecostsandbenefitsofgreeneconomy policies. RecentpublicationsongreeneconomyorgreengrowthbytheUnitedNationsEnvironment Program(UNEP),theUNDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(UNDESA),theUnitedNations ConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD),theInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO),the WorldBank,theOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),theGlobal GreenGrowthInstitute(GGGI),theGreenEconomyCoalition,StakeholderForum,theGreen GrowthLeadersandmanyothershavebeguntoaddresstheseknowledgegapsanddemystify theseconcepts.Importantly,thereisalsoemergingpracticeinthedesignandimplementationof nationalgreeneconomystrategiesbybothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesacrossmost
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Cf.StateofthePlanetDeclaration,PlanetUnderPressure2012,2629March,London,whichrefersto humanitysimpactontheEarthsystemandtoresearchersfirststepstoidentifyplanetaryandregional thresholdsandboundariesthat,ifcrossed,couldgenerateunacceptableenvironmentalandsocialchange (para.7A1.).SeealsoRockstrometal(2009)ASafeOperatingSpaceforHumanity,Nature461,24 September2009,http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html.
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regions,includingAfrica,LatinAmerica,theAsiaPacificandEurope.Thisemergingpracticecan helptoprovidesomeimportantinsightsandmuchneededclarityregardingthetypesofgreen economypolicymeasures,theirscopewithregardtovarioussectorsandnationalpriorities,and theirinstitutionalbarriers,risksandimplementationcostsaswellasenvironmental,socialand economicbenefits.Thisinternationalexperiencemayservetoalleviateconcernsregardingthe effectiveintegrationofgreeneconomypolicieswithnationaleconomicandsocialprioritiesand objectives,includingtheachievementofinternationallyagreeddevelopmentgoals. ThisdocumentaimstoprovideanoverviewofrecentliteratureonGreenEconomyandthe relatedconceptsofGreenGrowthandLowCarbonDevelopment(andothervariationssuchas lowemissionsdevelopmentorlowcarbongrowth).Theoverviewprovidesabriefhistoryofthese conceptsandbringstogetherrecentpublicationsfrominternationalorganisations,thinktanks, experts,politicalgroups,governments,nongovernmentorganisationsandothers,mostofwhich arefreelyavailableontheInternet.Recentnationalgreeneconomy,greengrowthandlowcarbon developmentstrategiesarealsoprovided.Inmostcases,aweblinkandcitationhavebeen providedsothatthereadercanfindoutmoreinformationorreferencethedocumentas necessary.
2. Relatedconcepts:Greeneconomy,greengrowthandlowcarbon development
Whilsttheconceptofgreeneconomyhasonlyrecentlygainedsignificantinternationalattention, greeneconomypolicieshavebeendiscussedandanalysedforsomedecadesbyeconomistsand academics,particularlyinthefieldsofenvironmentalandecologicaleconomics.Greeneconomy policymeasureshavealsobeendiscussedatlengthininternationalnegotiations,includingUNCED inRioin1992.Forexample,theRioDeclarationincludedprinciplespromotingtheinternalisation ofenvironmentalcostsandtheuseofeconomicinstruments(Principle16)aswellaseliminating unsustainableconsumptionandproduction(Principle8).Agenda21furtherelaboratedonthese principlesandcalledforthedevelopmentofnationalstrategiesforsustainabledevelopment incorporatingmeasuresforintegratingenvironmentanddevelopment,providingeffectivelegal andregulatoryframeworks,makingeffectiveuseofeconomicinstrumentsandmarketandother incentives,andestablishingsystemsforintegratedenvironmentalandeconomicaccounting (Chapter8). Tenyearslater,theJohannesburgPlanofImplementation(JPoI)alsoidentifiedtheneedtochange thewaysocietiesproduceandconsume,andcalledforthedevelopmentofa10yearframework ofprogrammesforsustainableconsumptionandproduction.TheFirst(Marrakech,June2003)and theSecond(SanJose,September2005)InternationalExpertMeetingsemphasisedtheneedto promotesocialandeconomicdevelopmentwithinthecarryingcapacityoftheenvironment,de linkeconomicgrowthandenvironmentaldegradationthroughimprovingefficiencyand sustainabilityintheuseofresourcesandproductionprocesses,andreduceresourcedegradation, pollutionandwaste2 .
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(seehttp://www.greengrowth.org/)
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TheRioConferencein1992alsoproducedtheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange (UNFCCC),whichhasinvolvedprolongeddebateregardingpotentialeconomic,regulatoryand marketbasedmeasurestoaddressclimatechangethroughlowcarbondevelopment.Inrecent negotiationsunderthisConvention,ithasbeenagreedthatLowEmissionDevelopmentStrategies (LEDS)thatadoptappropriatepolicymeasuresforlowcarbondevelopmentareindispensiblefor achievingsustainabledevelopment. Thissectionprovidesabriefoverviewoftherecenthistoryofthreeinterrelatedconceptsthat havegainedsignificantattentioninrecentyearsinthecontextofcatalysingeffortstoachieve sustainabledevelopment:greeneconomy,greengrowthandlowcarbondevelopment.Itis acknowledgedthatthisisnotafinitelistofapproaches,modelsortoolsproposedforachieving sustainabledevelopment,butratherisasubsetofapproachesthathavegainedprominencein recentyearsinthecontextofinternationalnegotiationsandamongstinfluentialinternational organisations.Sections3,4and5belowprovideabriefhistoryofeachoftheconceptsandrecent definitions,aswellasasummaryofrecentpublicationsandnationalstrategiesthatareavailable online.Thislistisnotexhaustiveand,withnewpublicationsbeingreleasedeveryotherday,itis intendedthatthisguidebookbeaworkingdocumentthatwillberegularlyupdated.Section6 providesabriefcritiqueoftheseconcepts.
3. GreenEconomy
Thetermgreeneconomywasfirstcoinedinapioneering1989reportfortheGovernmentofthe UnitedKingdombyagroupofleadingenvironmentaleconomists,entitledBlueprintforaGreen Economy(Pearce,MarkandyaandBarbier,1989).ThereportwascommissionedtoadvisetheUK Governmentiftherewasaconsensusdefinitiontothetermsustainabledevelopmentandthe implicationsofsustainabledevelopmentforthemeasurementofeconomicprogressandthe appraisalofprojectsandpolicies 3 .Apartfrominthetitleofthereport,thereisnofurther referencetogreeneconomyanditappearsthatthetermwasusedasanafterthoughtbythe authors.In1991and1994theauthorsreleasedsequelstothefirstreportentitledBlueprint2: GreeningtheworldeconomyandBlueprint3:MeasuringSustainableDevelopment.Whilstthe themeofthefirstBlueprintreportwasthateconomicscanandshouldcometotheaidof environmentalpolicy,thesequelsextendedthismessagetoglobalproblemsclimatechange, ozonedepletion,tropicaldeforestation,andresourcelossinthedevelopingworld.Allreportsbuilt uponresearchandpracticeinenvironmentaleconomicsspanningbackseveraldecades. In2008,thetermwasrevivedinthecontextofdiscussionsonthepolicyresponsetomultiple globalcrises.Inthecontextofthefinancialcrisisandconcernsofaglobalrecession,UNEP championedtheideaofgreenstimuluspackagesandidentifiedspecificareaswherelargescale publicinvestmentcouldkickstartagreeneconomy(Atkisson,2012).Itinspiredseveral governmentstoimplementsignificantgreenstimuluspackagesaspartoftheireconomic recoveryefforts.
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Thereportinterpretssustainabledevelopmentasnondeclininghumanwelfareovertimethatis,a developmentpaththatmakespeoplebetterofftodaybutmakespeopletomorrowhavealowerstandardof livingisnotsustainable.
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InOctober2008,UNEPlauncheditsGreenEconomyInitiativetoprovideanalysisandpolicy supportforinvestmentingreensectorsandforgreeningresourceand/orpollutionintensive sectors.AspartofthisInitiative,UNEPcommissionedoneoftheoriginalauthorsofBlueprintfora GreenEconomytoprepareareportentitledaGlobalGreenNewDeal(GGND),whichwasreleased inApril2009andproposedamixofpolicyactionsthatwouldstimulateeconomicrecoveryandat thesametimeimprovethesustainabilityoftheworldeconomy.TheGGNDcalledongovernments toallocateasignificantshareofstimulusfundingtogreensectorsandsetoutthreeobjectives:(i) economicrecovery;(ii)povertyeradication;and(iii)reducedcarbonemissionsandecosystem degradation;italsoproposedaframeworkforgreenstimulusprogramsaswellassupportive domesticandinternationalpolicies(UNEMG,2011). InJune2009,intheleaduptotheUNClimateChangeConferenceinCopenhagen,theUN releasedaninteragencystatementsupportingthegreeneconomyasatransformationtoaddress multiplecrises 4 .Thestatementincludedthehopethattheeconomicrecoverywouldbethe turningpointforanambitiousandeffectiveinternationalresponsetothemultiplecrisesfacing humanitybasedonaglobalgreeneconomy. InFebruary2010,MinistersandHeadsofDelegationoftheUNEPGlobalMinisterialEnvironment ForuminNusaDuaacknowledgedintheirdeclarationthatthegreeneconomyconceptcan significantlyaddresscurrentchallengesanddelivereconomicdevelopmentopportunitiesand multiplebenefitsforallnations.ItalsoacknowledgedUNEPsleadingroleinfurtherdefiningand promotingtheconceptandencouragedUNEPtocontributetothisworkthroughthepreparatory processfortheUNConferenceonSustainableDevelopmentin2012(Rio+20). InMarch2010,theGeneralAssemblyagreedthatgreeneconomyinthecontextofsustainable developmentandpovertyeradicationwouldformoneofthetwospecificthemesforRio+20 (resolution64/236).Thisledtoagreatdealofinternationalattentionongreeneconomyand relatedconceptsandthepublicationofnumerousreportsandotherliteratureaimingtofurther defineanddemystifytheconcept. OneofthekeyreportswastheflagshipGreenEconomyReportreleasedbyUNEPinNovember 2011underitsGreenEconomyInitiative.UNEPpartneredwiththinktanksandcommercialactors (includingDeutscheBank),lendingcredibilitytoitseconomicanalyses(Atkisson,2012). Importantly,thereportalsoprovidesaworkingdefinitionofgreeneconomywhichhassince beencitedinnumerousotherpublications. AseriesofotherpublicationsbyUNEP,UNCTAD,UNDESAandtheUNCSDSecretariathave attemptedtoelaborateontheconceptandoutlineguidingprinciples,benefits,risksandemerging internationalexperience5 .InDecember2011,theUNEnvironmentManagementGroup(asystem widecoordinationbodyofover40specializedagencies,programmesandorgansoftheUnited Nations)alsoreleaseditssystemwideperspectiveongreeneconomyWorkingTowardsa BalancedandInclusiveGreenEconomywhichidentifiesandclarifiestheuseofgreeneconomy
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http://www.unep.ch/etb/pdf/2009%20statement%20deliver%20as%20one/Interagency%20Joint%20Statement.%20E%20rev1.pdf Forexample,seeUNEP,UNCTAD,UNDESA(2011)TransitiontoaGreenEconomy:Benefits,Challengesand RisksfromaSustainableDevelopmentPerspective,UN,July2011;UNCTADsRoadtoRio+20seriesof publications;UNEP,UNCTAD,UNOHRLLS(2011)WhyaGreenEconomyMattersfortheLeastDeveloped Countries;andpaperspreparedbyUNCSDSecretariatfortheRio+20Conferenceincluding A/CONF.216/PC/6andA/CONF.216/PC/1.
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andotherrelatedterms.ThisreportadoptsthedefinitionprovidedbyUNEPinits2011Green EconomyReport.Anumberofnongovernmentorganizationsandpartnershipshavealso developedinrecentyearswhichaimtopromotegreeneconomyasaconceptandundertake research,analysisandoutreach 6 . Thereisnointernationallyagreeddefinitionofgreeneconomyandatleasteightseparate definitionswereidentifiedinrecentpublications(seeAppendix1).Forexample,UNEPhasdefined thegreeneconomyasonethatresultsinimprovedhumanwellbeingandsocialequity,while significantlyreducingenvironmentalrisksandecologicalscarcities.Itislowcarbon,resource efficient,andsociallyinclusive(UNEP,2011).Thisdefinitionhasbeencitedinanumberofmore recentreports,includingbytheUNEMGandtheOECD.Anotherdefinitionforgreeneconomy offeredbytheGreenEconomyCoalition(agroupofNGOs,tradeuniongroupsandothersdoing grassrootsworkonagreeneconomy)succinctlydefinesgreeneconomyasaresilienteconomy thatprovidesabetterqualityoflifeforallwithintheecologicallimitsoftheplanet.
3.A.Publications
Followingisasummaryofrecentgreeneconomypublicationsavailableonline. TowardsaGreenEconomy:PathwaystoSustainableDevelopmentand PovertyEradicationUNEP Thispublicationaimstosetthestageforthetransitiontoagreen economy.Thereportprovidesevidencethatthetransitionhassound economicandsocialjustificationandoffersgovernmentsandthe privatesectormeanstocontributetotheshift.Opportunitiesfor governmentincludephasingoutantiquatedsubsidies,reformingpolicies andprovidingnewincentives,strengtheningmarketinfrastructureand marketbasedmechanisms,redirectingpublicinvestmentandgreening publicprocurement.Optionsfortheprivatesectormayinclude understandingtheopportunityarisingfromagreeneconomictransition, andrespondingtopolicyreformsandpricesignalsthroughhigherlevelsoffinanceand investment. Thereportidentifiesthemainfailingsofourcurrenteconomicparadigmandhighlightsthecauses andwhatcanbedonetoreversenegativetrends.Asubstantialsectionisdevotedtodefiningwhat agreeneconomymightlooklike,therelationshipbetweenthetermgreeneconomyandthe termssustainabledevelopmentandpovertyeradication,andhowfarwecurrentlyarefroma truegreeneconomy.Inrelationtothelatter,thereportprovidesoptionsformeasuringprogress towardsagreeneconomyandbeginstoexplorehowagreeneconomymightperformovertime. ThegreeneconomyisdefinedbyUNEPasonethatresultsinimprovedhumanwellbeingand socialequity,whilesignificantlyreducingenvironmentalrisksandecologicalscarcities. Downloadhere
Forexample,seetheGreenEconomyCoalitionhttp://www.greeneconomycoalition.org/
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Citation:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,2011.TowardsaGreenEconomy:Pathwaysto SustainableDevelopmentandPovertyEradication. WorkingTowardsaBalancedandInclusiveGreenEconomy EnvironmentalManagementGroup,UnitedNations ThispublicationdocumentstheUnitedNationssystemwideperspective onthegreeneconomyandofferseachagencytheopportunitytodefine theircontributiontoallthreepillarsofsustainabledevelopment.The reportprovidesacommonreferenceforUnitedNationsagenciesonthe meaningsandimplicationsofagreeneconomy,anddocumentsthe understandingoftheUNonwhatisrequiredtomeetcurrenteconomic andresourcechallenges.Theoverallgoalofthereportwastoassess howtheUNsystemcouldcoherentlysupportcountriesintransitioningtoagreeneconomy.A secondaimofthereportwastocontributetothepreparatoryprocessfortheRio+20United NationsConferenceonSustainableDevelopment2012. AsthereportisasynthesisofUNagencypositions,thegreeneconomyisdefinedinthesameway asintheUNEPsTowardsaGreenEconomyreport.Thereportalsoincludessectionson: investmentinphysicalinfrastructureandtargetsectors; investmentinhumancapitalandsocietalinfrastructure(restatingthatagreeneconomy mustcontributetotheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)); enablingthetransitiontowardsagreeneconomy,withthefollowingsubsectionson: mainstreamingenvironmentalandsocialintegration; publicandprivatefinancing; fullcostpricing; sustainabletrade; innovationandtechnologytransfer;and, assessmentandindicators.
thewayforwardfortheUnitedNationssystem.
ParticularemphasisisplacedontheRio+20conferenceanditspotentialtosendapowerfulsignal togovernments,businessandcivilsocietyaroundtheworldofthedeterminationoftheUnited NationstoDeliverasOneonagreeneconomytransformationforsustainabledevelopmentand povertyeradication. Downloadhere Citation:UnitedNations.(2011).WorkingtowardsaBalancedandInclusiveGreenEconomy.
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UnitedNations GreenEconomyBriefingPapersUNEP
UnderitsGreenEconomyInitiative,UNEPpreparedaseriesofnine greeneconomybriefingpapersonpriorityissuesforthe transformationtowardsagreeneconomy:povertyreduction; advisoryservices;health;indicators;trade;finance;employment; valuingnature;andinnovation.Eachbriefprovidesanoverviewof theissue,thewayforward,andoutlineswhatUNEPisdoingto addresstheissue. Downloadhere Citation:UNEP(2012).GreenEconomyPolicyBriefskeyissuesforthetransformationtowardsthe GreenEconomy,UNEP. WhyaGreenEconomyMattersfortheLeastDevelopedCountries UNEP,UNCTAD,UNOHRLLS ThisisajointreportpreparedbytheUnitedNationsEnvironment Program(UNEP),theUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeand Development(UNCTAD)andtheOfficeoftheHighRepresentativefor theLeastDevelopedCountries,LandlockedDevelopingCountriesand SmallIslandDevelopingStates(UNOHRLLS)fortheFourthUN ConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)in2011.Thereport exploreshowagreeneconomymightcontributetopovertyeradication objectivesinLDCs,andaimstobeillustrativeratherthancomprehensivebyshowcasingexamples ofinnovativepoliciesandpractices,identifyingemergingopportunitiesandchallengesforagreen economytransitioninLDCs,andstimulatingfurtherdiscussionamongstinterestedstakeholders. ThereporthighlightsthatLDCsarewellpositionedinthetransitiontoagreeneconomygiventheir lowcarbonprofileandrichnaturalcapitalassets.Keysectorsforgreeningeconomiesinclude energyaccess,waste,ecotourism,agriculture,sustainableurbanisationandforestry.Through targetedspending,appropriatenationalpoliciesandincentives,governmenthelpencouragegreen investment,bothpublicandprivate.Internationalcooperationwillalsobeessentialto complementnationalactionsofLDCs,inparticularaccesstofinancing. Downloadhere. Citation:UNEP,UNCTAD,UNOHRLLS(2011).WhataGreenEconomyMattersforLeastDeveloped Countries,UNEP.
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MeasuringProgressTowardsaGreenEconomyUNEP ThisdraftworkingpaperpreparedbyUNEPintroducesaframeworkforthe useofindicatorsindevelopingandtrackinggreeneconomypolicies.The objectiveistoprovidebriefguidanceontheuseofindicatorsinmajor stagesofpolicymakingusingenvironmentalissuesasanillustrativeentry point.Section2introducestheindicatorsforenvironmentalissuesand targets.Section3discussesindicatorsforenvironmentalpolicy interventions.Section4focusesonindicatorsthatshowtheimpactsof policyinterventionsonwellbeingandsocialequitybeyondthe environmentalrealm.Examplesofpoliciesandtheindicatorsthatcanbeutilizedtoevaluatethem arepresentedinsection5.Dataneedsandcapacitybuildingissuesarehighlightedinsection6, andthefinalsectionpointstothenextstepsthatcouldfacilitatetheuseofthisframework. Downloadhere Citation:UNEP(2012)MeasuringProgressTowardsaGreenEconomydraftworkingpaper, UNEP. GreenJobs:TowardsDecentWorkinaSustainable,LowCarbon WorldUNEP,ILO Thisreportassemblesevidenceforexistinggreenjobsandpresents estimatesforfuturegreenemploymentinthekeyeconomicsectors ofrenewableenergy,buildingsandconstruction,transportation,basic industry,agricultureandforestry.Thereportindicatesthataglobal transitiontoalowcarbonandsustainableeconomycancreatelarge numbersofgreenjobsacrossthesesectorsandbecomeanenginefor development.Currentgreenjobcreationisoccurringinboth developedanddevelopingcountries. Thereportdefinesgreenjobsasworkinagricultural,manufacturing,researchanddevelopment, administrative,andserviceactivitiesthatcontributesubstantiallytopreservingorrestoring environmentalquality.Specifically,butnotexclusively,thisincludesjobsthathelptoprotect ecosystemsandbiodiversity;reduceenergy,materials,andwaterconsumptionthroughhigh efficiencystrategies;decarbonizetheeconomy;andminimizeoraltogetheravoidgenerationof allformsofwasteandpollution.However,thereportalsoacknowledgesthattherewillbewinners andlosersandpublicpolicyshouldseektominimizedisparities. Forwardthinkinggovernmentpolicieswillbeindispensible,includingsubsidies,carbonmarkets, taxreform,regulatorytoolsandtargets,feedintariffs,ecolabeling,R&Dinvestment,and internationalaid. Downloadhere Citation:UNEP,ILO(2011).GreenJobs:TowardsDecentWorkinaSustainable,LowCarbonWorld, UNEP.
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GreenEconomyinaBlueWorld:SynthesisReportUNEP,FAO,IMO, UNDP,UNDESA,IUCN,WorldFishCenter,GRIDArendal Thisreportanalyseshowkeysectorsthatareinterlinkedwiththe marineandcoastalenvironmenttheblueworldcanmakethe transitiontowardsagreeneconomy.Itcoverstheimpactsand opportunitieslinkedwithshippingandfisheriestotourism,marine basedrenewableenergiesandagriculture. Thereportconcludesthatashifttosustainabilityintermsofimproved humanwellbeingandsocialequitycanleadtohealthierandmore economicallyproductiveoceansthatcansimultaneouslybenefitcoastalcommunitiesandocean linkedindustries. Downloadhere Citation:UNEP,FAO,IMO,UNDP,UNDESA,IUCN,WorldFishCenter,GRIDArendal(2012).Green EconomyinaBlueWorldSynthesisReport,UNEP. ForestsinaGreenEconomyASynthesis,UNEP DrawingonUNEPsGreenEconomyReport,thisUNEPbriefprovides anevidencebasedroadmapforpolicymakers,theprivatesector, forestsectorandforestdwellersalike.Thepaperincludesan overviewoftheroleofforestsinthegreeneconomy,policy recommendationsforforestsinagreeneconomy,andanumberof successstories. Thepaperconcludesthattofullyrealizethebenefitsofforestsina greeneconomy,governmentsandtheinternationalcommunitywill needtotakeanactiverole,includingthroughpolicyreformstocreate incentivestomaintainandinvestinforestsandintroducedisincentivestomodifymarketsignals andassociatedrentseekingbehavior.Examplesofpoliciesincludenationalregulations,smart subsidiesandincentives,informationmanagement,supportiveinternationalmarkets,legal infrastructure,andconducivetradeandaidprotocols. Downloadhere Citation:UNEP2011.ForestsinaGreenEconomySynthesisReport,UNEP. GreenEconomyandTradeOpportunities,UNEP Thisstudyseekstoidentifyandassesstheinternationaltrade opportunitiesassociatedwiththetransitiontoagreeneconomy,andin particularhowdevelopingcountriescanincreaseexportstorespondto internationaldemandforenvironmentallyfriendlygoodsandservices.
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Thestudyfocusesonsixkeyeconomicsectorsconsideredtohaveahighpotentialtogenerate tradeopportunitieswhilecontributingtothetransitiontoagreeneconomy:agriculture,fisheries, forests,manufacturing,renewableenergy,andtourism. Thestudyhighlightsthatsignificantuntappedtradeopportunitiesexistandareexpectedto continuetoexpandinthefuture.Inparticular,exportmarketsforgreenandsustainablefood, products,services,energyandtourism,areexpectedtogrowrapidlyduetochangingconsumer preferencesastheworldbecomesmoreenvironmentallyaware.Itiscrucialtoidentifythesetrade opportunities,togetherwiththepolicyreformsthatcanpromoteandstrengthendeveloping countriescapacitytobenefitfromthem. Downloadhere Citation:UNEP,InternationalTradeCentre,ICTSD2012.GreenEconomyandTradeOpportunities DraftforDiscussion(18June2012),UNEP. AdaptingforaGreenEconomy:Companies,CommunitiesandClimate ChangeWRI,Oxfam,UNEP Thisreportisverymuchfocusedonprivatesectorledinitiativesto respondingtoclimatechange.Thereportisbasedupontheresultsofa surveyofbusinessleaderscommittedtoadvancingclimateaction, especiallyinwaysthatbuildtheresilienceofvulnerablecommunitiesin developingcountries.Itoffershelptocompanieswithnational,regional orglobalreachtodevelopstrategiesfordealingwiththeimmediateto longtermconsequencesofclimatechangeindevelopingcountries wheretheyhaveoperations,supplychains,employees,orcustomers. Acentralmessageofthereportisthatcommunityandsocialriskofclimatechangechallengesare alsobusinessrisksbusinessesfailinfailingsocietiesanditisdifficulttoseparatecommunity wellbeingfromcompaniesviabilityand,inturn,economicgrowth.Thereportmentionsthat businessresponsetoclimatechangeformspartofthetransitiontoagreeneconomy,definedas onethatislowcarbon,resourceefficientandsociallyinclusive.Itgoesontosaythat,inagreen economy,growthinincomeandemploymentcanbegeneratedbystrategicpublicandprivate investmentsthatreduceGHGemissions,improveresourceefficiencyandreducelossof biodiversity.Businessescanacceleratethistransitionbyaligningtheirinvestmentswithclimate changeadaptionopportunities,andindoingsogreentheeconomy. Thereportconcludesthattheprivatesectorisacriticalsectorinaddressingtheneedsof vulnerablecommunitiesandhasmuchtocontributetothedevelopmentandimplementationof climateadaptionstrategies,includingsectorspecificexpertise,technology,financing,efficiency andentrepreneurialspirit.Thekeyistofindexactlywherebusinessincentivesalignwith communitiesadaptationneeds. Downloadhere Citation:UNGlobalCompact,UNEnvironmentProgramme,Oxfam,WorldResourcesInstitute (2011).AdaptingforaGreenEconomy:Companies,CommunitiesandClimateChange.
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TheTransitiontoaGreenEconomy:Benefits,ChallengesandRisks fromaSustainableDevelopmentPerspective ThisreportcomprisesaseriesofthreeperspectivesoftheGreen EconomyfromleadingexpertsJoseAntonioOcampo,AaronCosbey andMartinKhorandanoverarchingsummarybyJoseAntonioOcampo. Thecoreelementsofthepaperare: Themacroeconomicsofthegreeneconomy Here,Ocampointroducestheconceptofthegreeneconomy fromtheperspectiveoftheUNEPasonethatnotonlyimproveshumanwellbeingand lessensinequalitybutalsoreducesenvironmentalrisksandecologicalscarcities.He continuesbystatingthatthemajorityofliteratureonsustainabilityandthegreen economyexistatamicroeconomicdimension(externalities,taxes,emissionstrading, subsidiesandsoforth)andthatthereisadearthofliteratureonthegreen macroeconomy.Heassertsthattherearefourissuesthatneedtobeanalysedfroma macroeconomicperspective:intergenerationalwelfare;theeffectsofenvironmental spendingandprotectionpoliciesonbothaggregatesupplyanddemand;structuralchange ofgrowth;andglobalfinancingforgreeneconomicinitiatives. Trade,sustainabledevelopmentandagreeneconomy ThispaperbyAaronCosbeyexploresthepotentialopportunitiesandrisksoftrade,arising inthetransitiontothegreeneconomy.Thepaperdiscussesthereasonswhyagreen economyisdesirableandhowtradepolicycaneasethetransition,therelativepositionsof tradingpartnerspursuingagreeneconomy,andtheroleoftheinternationalcommunity inensuringthattradeandinvestmentpolicycontributetoawidespreadpursuitofthe greeneconomy. Challengesofthegreeneconomyconceptandpoliciesinthecontextofsustainable development,povertyandequity InthispaperMartinKhorexplainsthatthegreeneconomyhasbecomeamajorfocal pointindiscussionsaroundtheenvironmentalcrisis.Hedocumentstheproblems associatedwithdefiningtheconceptofagreeneconomyastherehasnotyetbeen widespreadagreementamongstenvironmentalistsoreconomistsonwhatitshouldentail. Hestatesthatitisanextremelycomplexconceptandassuch,itisunlikelytherewillbe internationalconsensusonitsmeaninganduseintheshortterm.However,hedoessay thatagreeneconomyshouldbeenvironmentallyfriendly,sensitivetotheneedto conservenaturalresources,minimizepollutionandemissionsthatdamagethe environmentandproduceproductsandserviceswhichdonotharmtheenvironment. Importantly,Khorraisesseveralconcernsandrisksassociatedwithgreeneconomyfrom theperspectiveofdevelopingcountries,including:thatgreeneconomymustcontributeto ratherthanreplacesustainabledevelopment;thatcountriescannotbetreatedinthe samemannerthroughaonesizefitsallapproach;theriskofgreenprotectionism;
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attemptingtogainmarketaccessthroughtheguiseofenvironment;thetreatmentof subsidies;environmentalstandards;andconditionalitiesonaidandfinance. Downloadhere Citation:UNDESA,UNEP,UNCTAD.(2011).TheTransitiontoaGreenEconomy:Benefits, ChallengesandRisksfromaSustainableDevelopmentPerspective. BuildinganEquitableGreenEconomyDanish92Group Thispaperlaysouthowagreeneconomymustbedesignedto contributetoratherthandistractfromsustainabledevelopment. Theauthorsdefinetheequitablegreeneconomyasonethatisnota statebutaprocessoftransformationandaconstantdynamic progression.TheGreenEconomydoesawaywiththesystemic distortionsanddisfunctionalitiesofthecurrentmainstreameconomy andresultsinhumanwellbeingandequitableaccesstoopportunityfor allpeople,whilesafeguardingenvironmentalandeconomicintegrityin ordertoremainwithintheplanetsfinitecarryingcapacity.The economycannotbeGreenwithoutbeingEquitable. Thepaperproposesfivekeyworkingprinciplesthataimtohelpinformpolicyandmarket decisionsinprogressingthegreeneconomyandprovidingthelinkbetweenanequitablegreen economyandsustainabledevelopment.TheprinciplesarethattheGreenEconomy: 1. Linkstopoliciesspecifyingcleargoalsforkeycrosscuttingprerequisites(enabling conditions)toaddresssystemicdistortionsanddisfunctionalitiesinordertoestablishthe foundationforequitabletransformationandachievingsustainabledevelopment. 2. Establishesclearobjectivesforthenecessarymeansforactiontobemobilised (technology,capacity,finance)anddefinestheapproach,natureandprofileofthese means,e.g.theroleoftechnologywithinthecontextofbuildinganequitableGreen Economy. 3. Createsthenecessaryalignedframeworkofinstitutionsatalllevelswithclearlydefined rolesandmandatestoenablethemtoactivelyadvanceanequitableGreenEconomy. 4. Istransparentandengagesallinvolvedandaffectedactors,withpowerfulactorshaving clearlydefinedresponsibilitiesandformsofaccountability,whilemakingsureother stakeholdersareempoweredtoactbothasbeneficiariesofandcontributorstotheGreen Economy. 5. Includescleartimelinesforactiontoachieveobjectives,introducenewsystemsfor measuringprogressandsuccess,andintegratethetrackingofthewellbeingofpeople, places,andtheplanet. Thereportputsaheavyemphasisonanequitablegreeneconomytotheextenttowhichit appearsthattheydonotbelievethatagreeneconomyisequitableperse.Eachworkingprinciple isdescribedinrelationtotheframeworkthatneedstobeinplace.Eachchapteralsocontains referencesandlinkstotheproposalintheZeroDraftdocumentforRio+20.
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Citation:TheDanish92GroupForumforSustainableDevelopment.(2012).BuildinganEquitable GreenEconomy. TheRoadtoRio+20:ForadevelopmentledgreeneconomyUNCTAD TheRoadtoRio+20publications,bytheUnitedNationsConferenceon TradeandDevelopmentprovideaseriesofessaycompilations,allbased aroundthewhat,whyandhowofmakingthetransitiontoa developmentledgreeneconomy.RoadtoRio+20comprisesthreeissues releasedinMarch2011,November2011andJune2012. Thefirstissueaimstocontextualisethegreeneconomy,examinetheprosand consfromdifferentperspectives,identifythecriticalissuesandprovideacasestudytolookata specificgreeneconomyinitiative.Thesecondissueprovidesaseriesofrealworldreferencesfor governments,businessesandcivilsociety;whatisreferredtointhisvolumeaspathwaystoa developmentledgreeneconomy.Thethirdissuemovesforwardthedebate,focusingprimarily oncommitmentsandoutcomesandthepotentialofRio+20togenerateinnovativeideas,policies andtoconsolidatesustainabledevelopmentstrategiesofgovernments. Inthefirstissue,theUNCTADSecretaryGeneralSupachaiPanitchpakdidescribesthegreen economyasaneconomythatresultsinimprovedhumanwellbeingandreducedinequalities, whilenotexposingfuturegenerationstosignificantenvironmentalrisksandecologicalscarcities. Hestressesthatagreeneconomyisacriticalenablingcomponentoftheoverarchinggoalof sustainabledevelopment.Movingtowardsagreeneconomyimpliesnotonlythemainstreaming ofgreennichesinspecificsectorsofaneconomybutalsoachangeinaneconomysoverallsocial construct. Downloadhere Citation:UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment.(2011).TheRoadtoRio+20:Fora developmentledgreeneconomy.Issue1March2011. UNCTAD.(2011).TheRoadtoRio+20:Foradevelopmentledgreeneconomy.Issue2,November 2011. UNCTAD.(2012).TheRoadtoRio+20:Foradevelopmentledgreeneconomy.Issue3,June2012. BeyondRio+20:GovernanceforaGreenEconomyBoston University AsanintellectualcontributiontotheRio+20preparatoryprocess, theBostonUniversityFrederickS.PardeeCenterfortheStudyofthe LongerRangeFutureconvenedasmalltaskforceofexpertsto discusstheroleofinstitutionsintheactualizationofagreen economyinthecontextofsustainabledevelopment.Thereport includespapersbyexpertsfromacademia,government,andcivil
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societyonwhattheworldhaslearnedaboutinstitutionsforsustainabledevelopmentfromthe past,andwhatcanbeproposedaboutthegovernancechallengesandopportunitiesforthe continuousdevelopmentofagreeneconomyinthefuture.Basedonthesepapers,thereport synthesizessixrecommendationsfortheRio+20process:thinkboldlyandmoveincrementally; takeeconomicpolicyseriously;recognizewhatisworkingandwhatisnotworking;make implementationthefocus;thestateremainscentralbutnonstateactorshavetobebetter accommodated;andputequityatthecenter. Downloadhere Citation:PardeeCentre(2011).BeyondRio+20:GovernanceforaGreenEconomy,Boston University. Rio+20PolicyBrief:Agreeneconomyforaplanetunderpressure ThispolicybriefbyPlanetunderPressureisoneofninepolicybriefs producedbythescientificcommunitytoinformtheRio+20United NationsConferenceonSustainableDevelopment.Thebriefsuggests thatthecurrentconceptofthegreeneconomyisbasedona traditionalandtrickledowneconomicgrowththeorywhichhas rendereditinadequate.Inthislight,thedocumentsetsoutaseriesof guidelinesforthesocialandtechnologicaltransformationneededfor aneweconomicsystem: 1. Findcommonagreementonanagreedsetofplanetary boundariesthattheglobalsocietyshouldnotcross. 2. Establishacommonsetofrulesfortheglobaleconomicsystemthatemphasisesnot shorttermmonetarybenefits,butlongtermsustainablewellbeing. 3. Allowallcountriestogivetheircitizensaccesstothesixkeyinstrumentalfreedoms. 4. Establishasetofrulesontechnologytransferanddevelopment,whichwouldenable technologytobeeitherdevelopedoradaptedlocally. 5. Measurecountryprogressbyestablishinganewsetofaccountsthattrackwellbeingand notjusteconomicperformance. Downloadhere Citation:PlanetUnderPressure.(2012).Rio+20PolicyBrief:Agreeneconomyforaplanetunder pressure(pp.18). TheGreenEconomy:TradeandSustainableDevelopmentImplications UNCTAD Thispaperfocusesprimarilyontheopportunitiesthatglobaltradecan bringinthetransitiontothegreeneconomyandhowtheRio+20 conferencecancatalysethetransitionbygeneratingnewinvestment,
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incomesourcesandjobsamongcountriesofvariedlevelsofdevelopment.Itelaboratesby explainingthattradeplaysanessentialroleinthediffusionofgreengoods,services,technologies andproductionamongcountriesandthatthisenhanceseconomicgrowthandcontributesto environmentalandsocialdevelopmentalobjectives. Thereportstressesthatgrowthresultingfrominternationaltradeofgreengoodsandservices shouldbeinclusive,buildingthehumanandproductivecapacitiesofdevelopingcountriesand stimulatingeconomicdiversification,employmentforthepoorandincreasedaccesstobasic servicessuchasenergy,water,housing,education,communicationsandtransport. Thepaperconcludesbypresentingkeyissuesandconsiderationsthatneedtobetakeninto accountintheRio+20conferencedeliberationsandhowUNCTADcansupportcountriesintheir transitiontoagreeneconomy. Downloadhere Citation:UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment.(2011).TheGreenEconomy: TradeandSustainableDevelopmentImplications. ChallengePaper:TheGreenEconomyStakeholderForum TheGlobalTransition2012paperswereborneoutofacollaborative initiativebetweentwoUKbasedorganisations,StakeholderForumand nef(neweconomicsfoundation),andaimtohelpcatalyseaGlobal Transitiontoaneconomythatmaximiseswellbeing,operateswithin environmentallimitsandiscapableofcopingandadaptingtoglobal environmentalchange. ThisparticularpaperfocusesontheGreenEconomyandputsforward 6challengesthatwouldformthebasisforsystemicchange.Theseare: Developanationaltransitionplanthatputscountriesonpathstooperatewithinplanetary boundaries,andontimescalessufficientlyquicktopreservekey,ecologicallifesupport functions; Dontstartfromagrowthperspective; Agreetodevelopandimplementnewmeasuresofeconomicsuccess; Committoreduceincomeandwealthinequalitiesbetweenandwithinnations; Putfiscalpolicyandpublicexpenditurecentrestageinmanagingeconomictransition;and Recapturethefinancialsectorforthepublicgood.
Thepaperrecognisesthesystemicproblemsfacingtheworldandproposesthattheycanonlybe rectifiedwiththeabovesystemicchanges. Downloadhere Citation:Jenkins,T.,&Simms,A.(2012).ChallengePaper:TheGreenEconomy,StakeholderForum (pp.19).
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AfreshlookatthegreeneconomyOxfamAmerica Thisreport,byOxfamAmerica,reexaminesthegreeneconomyin Americawithaparticularfocusongreenjobsthatbuildresilienceto climatechange.Thereportrevealsthattwomillionpeoplealreadywork infieldsthatcontributetobuildingresiliencetoclimatechangeacross theUSA.However,itgoesontostatethatsubstantialinvestmentwillbe requirednotjustinthemitigationofcarbonemissionsthatemphasise climatechange,butinadaptingtotheeffectsbroughtaboutbythe changingclimate. Investmentindevelopmentanddeploymentofnewtechnologiesandstrategiescanbuild resiliencetothenegativeconsequencesofclimatechange,createjobsandsavelivesatthesame time.Thisreportfocusesmoreonjobsthatrelatetoadaptationratherthanmitigationofclimate changeeffects. Downloadhere Citation:OxfamAmerica.(2010).Afreshlookatthegreeneconomy.WashingtonDC. FromGreenEconomiestoGreenSocietiesUNESCO ThisreportfromUNESCOrecognisesthatthereareincreasingsocial disparitiesandinequityintheworld,alongsidepopulationgrowth, climatechange,thedeteriorationandpollutionoftheenvironment,the unsustainableuseoffreshwateranddepletionofoceanresources,as wellasincreasingcasesofnaturalandhumanmadedisasters.The reportrevealsUNESCOsvisionthataimstocountertheabove challengesbyprovidinganewwayforwardthroughthedevelopmentofaninclusivegreen societyandeconomy.ThereportidentifiesfivepriorityareasforUNESCOinthetransitiontoa greeneconomy.Theseare: Education:thereportstatesthateducationisoneofthebestweaponstofightpovertyand inequalityandcanfostertheattitudesandbehavioursnecessaryforanewcultureof sustainability. Science:UNESCOidentifiesthatscience,technologyandinnovationcanandmustdrivethe pursuitofmoreequitableandsustainabledevelopment. Culture:thereportrecognisesthatnewapproacheswillonlyworkiftheymatchthecontext andsoculturemustbebuiltintodevelopmentfromthestart. Information:thegreentransitionwillrelyonthemediatoenablegovernmentstocreate policyforsustainabledevelopmentandactonit.Mediacanraisepublicawarenessofthese issuesandbuildsolidarity. Oceans:thereportidentifiesthatoceansmaketheworldhabitableforpeopleandsothere mustberenewedefforttomanagetheworldswatersystemsinanewgreeneconomy.
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UNESCOalsodetailtheirroadmaptoasustainableworldwhichincorporatestheaboveelements aswellasdisasterpreparedness,conservationofbiodiversity,andimprovinggovernancefor sustainabledevelopment. Downloadhere Citation:UNESCO.(2011).FromGreenEconomiestoGreenSocieties. Thefuturewewant,OutcomeoftheUNCSD2012(Rio+20) TheoutcomedocumentfortheUnitedNationsConferenceon SustainableDevelopment2012includesachapterongreeneconomy inthecontextofsustainabledevelopmentandpovertyeradication. Whilstnotastrongchapter,itissignificantasitisthefirstreference togreeneconomyintheoutcomedocumentofamajorUNsummit. Thechapterhelpstoframethegreeneconomyconcepts,identifyinga rangeofprinciplesforapplyingtheconceptinawaythatachieves sustainabledevelopmentandcontributestopovertyeradication. Importantly,thedocumentinvitestheUNsystem,incooperationwithrelevantdonorsand internationalorganisations,tocoordinateanumberofgreeneconomydeliverablesrelatingto tools,bestpractices,methodologiesandplatformsthatcanassistwithgreeneconomycapacity building. Downloadhere Citation:UNCSD2012.TheFuturewewant,outcomeoftheUnitedNationsConferenceon SustainableDevelopment(Rio+20). Progresstodateandremaininggapsintheimplementationofthe outcomesofthemajorsummitsintheareaofsustainable development,aswellasananalysisofthethemesoftheConference, UNDESA ThispaperpreparedbyUNDESAfortheFirstSessionofthePreparatory CommitteefortheUnitedNationsConferenceonSustainable Development(UNCSD)providesaconciseoverviewoftheconceptof greeneconomyinthecontextofsustainabledevelopmentandpoverty eradicationwhichwasoneofthetwothemesfortheUNCSD2012,or Rio+20.Theconceptisdescribedasoneofseveralmutually complementaryconstructionsthathaveemergedinrecentyearsto enhanceconvergencebetweenthedifferentdimensionsofsustainabledevelopment. Thepaperoutlinesfourdifferentapproachesorstrandstogreeneconomywithslightlydifferent modesofeconomicanalysis:thefirstapproachesthequestionthroughtheanalysisofmarket failureandinternalisationofexternalities;thesecondtakesasystemicviewoftheeconomic structureanditsimpactonrelevantaspectsofsustainabledevelopment;thethirdfocuseson socialgoals(e.g.jobs)andexaminesancillarypoliciesneededtoreconcilesocialgoalswithother
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objectives;andthefourthfocusesonthemacroeconomicframeworkanddevelopmentstrategy withthegoalofidentifyingdynamicpathwaystowardssustainabledevelopment.Examplesof existingprogramsandactorssupportingeachapproacharealsoprovided. Thepaperalsohighlightsasetofpolicyinstrumentsthatarecommonacrosstheapproaches, whicharegroupedintoseveralcategories:(a)gettingpricesright(includingsubsidies,valuing naturalresourcesandimposingtaxesonenvironmentalbadsinordertointernalise externalities);(b)publicprocurementpoliciestopromotegreeningofbusinessandmarkets;(c) ecologicaltaxreforms;(d)publicinvestmentinsustainableinfrastructure;(e)targetedpublic supportforresearchanddevelopment;(f)strategicinvestmentthroughpublicsector developmentoutlays,incentiveprogrammesandpartnerships;and(g)socialpoliciestoreconcile socialgoalswitheconomicpolicies. Thepaperconcludesthatgreeneconomyisanomnibusterm,likesustainabledevelopmentitself, whichcomprisesasuiteofeconomicinstrumentsthatcouldharnesseconomicactivityinsupport ofoneormoresustainabledevelopmentgoals.Theapplicationoftheseinstrumentswillrequire carefulconsiderationofthesocial,institutionalandpoliticalcontextofthecountry. Downloadhere Citation:UNDESA2010.Progresstodateandremaininggapsintheimplementationofthe outcomesofthemajorsummitsintheareaofsustainabledevelopment,aswellasananalysisof thethemesoftheConference.PreparatoryCommitteefortheUNCSD,1720May2010. SecretaryGeneralsReportonObjectivesandThemesoftheUN ConferenceonSustainableDevelopment,UNDESA ThisreportexaminesthetwothemesoftheUnitedNationsConference onSustainableDevelopment,includinggreeneconomyinthecontextof sustainabledevelopmentandpovertyeradication,inrelationtothe objectiveofrenewedpoliticalcommitmenttosustainabledevelopment, reviewingprogressandimplementationgapsandaddressingnewand emergingchallenges. Thereportdrawsanumberofconclusionsrelatingtogreeneconomy: countriesatalllevelsofdevelopmenthavebeenimplementing nationallytailoredpoliciesandprogramsforgreeneconomy; agrowingnumberofcountriesareexperimentingwithamorecomprehensiveframingof theirnationalsustainabledevelopmentstrategiesandpoliciesalonggreeneconomylines, includingaslowcarbongreengrowthstrategies; theircombinedimpactdoesnotyetadduptochangesinproductionandconsumption patternsonascaleequaltothechallenges; anearlyfocusonwinwinopportunitieswithshorttermcobenefitscanbuildsupport foragreeneconomy; improvedinstitutionsarecrucialtothefavourablesocialoutcomesofgreeneconomy policies;and
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movingtowardsagreeneconomyisasmuchaboutstructuralchangeintheinstitutions governingeconomiesatdifferentlevelsasabouttechnologicalchange. Downloadhere Citation:UNDESA2011.ObjectiveandthemesoftheUnitedNationslConferenceonSustainable Development:ReportoftheSecretaryGeneral,PreparatoryCommitteefortheUNCSD,78March 2011. AGreenEconomyKnowledgeSharingPlatform:ExploringOptions Thispaperexploresapotentialdeliverablethatemergedfrom submissionstotheRio+20compilationdocumentthedevelopmentofa greeneconomyknowledgesharingplatform.Thepaperprovidesan overviewofexistingplatformsandinitiatives,andproposespotential aims/objectives,governancearrangements,andstructuralcomponents foragreeneconomyplatformbasedonexistinginitiativesandbest practiceliterature.Theexecutivesummaryofthispaperisavailableonline,withthefullversion availableonrequest. Thepaperconcludesthatacomprehensivegreeneconomyknowledgesharingplatformwould needclearaims/objectives,aneffectivegovernancestructure,andanumberofkeystructural components: Amechanismforpromotingconnections,networksandpartnerships; Abrokeringmechanismtomatchknowledgeseekerswithknowledgeproviders; Anonlinedataplatformandgreeneconomytoolbox; Expertfocalpointsorhubsforsectoralorcrosssectoralissues;and Afinancingfacilityfordevelopingcountries. Downloadhere Citation:Allen,Cameron2012.AGreenEconomyKnowledgeSharingPlatform:ExploringOptions, UNCSDSecretariat. AGlobalGreenNewDeal,EdwardBarbier ThisreportwascommissionedbyUNEPinresponsetothemultiple globalcrisesof2008fuel,foodandfinancial.Thereportproposesa mixofpolicyactionsthatwouldstimulateeconomicrecoveryandatthe sametimeimprovethesustainabilityoftheworldeconomy.TheGlobal GreenNewDeal(GGND)callsongovernmentstoallocateasignificant shareofstimulusfundingtogreensectorsandsetsoutthreeobjectives: (i)economicrecovery;(ii)povertyeradication;and(iii)reducedcarbon emissionsandecosystemdegradation;andproposedaframeworkfor greenstimulusprogramsaswellassupportivedomesticand internationalpolicies.
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NationalactionsproposedfortheGGNDinclude: US,theEUandotherhighincomeOECDeconomies,aswellasmiddleandhighincome economiesoftheG20,shouldspendover2yearsatleast1%oftheirGDPonreducing carbondependency; Developingeconomiesshouldalsoimplementnationalactionsproposedforreducing carbondependencies,shouldspendatleast1%ofGDPonimprovingcleanwaterand sanitationforthepoor,shoulddevelopsafetynetprogramsandhealthandeducational services,andshouldadoptothernationalactionsforimprovingsustainabilityoftheir primaryproductionactivities. Alleconomiesshouldconsiderremovingwatersubsidiesandotherdistortions,adopting marketbasedinstrumentsorsimilarmeasurestoenhancewatermanagement. Downloadhere Citation:Barbier,EdwardB(2009).AGlobalGreenNewDeal,ReportpreparedfortheGreen EconomyInitiativeofUNEP. AGuidebookforIUCNsThematicProgrammeAreaonGreeningthe WorldEconomy Thisguideisintendedtoofferanoverviewofavailableliterature relatingtothemaintopicscoveredbyIUCNsThematicProgramme AreaonGreeningtheWorldEconomy(TPA5).Similartothecurrent guide,itisacompilationofpapers,reports,andarticlesthatcanbe freelyaccessedontheinternet.Itisnotintendedtoserveasacomplete bibliographyofavailableliterature,butmoreasanoverviewofthe differentconceptsanddiscoursesthatanimateongoingdiscussionson thetopicoftheGreenEconomy. Theguidebeginswithabriefsummaryofthetheoreticalframeworkforgreeneconomy,withlinks tosomerelevantpublications.Itthenprovidesasummaryofpublicationsrelatingto macroeconomicpolicies,financingconservation,engagingtheprivatesectorandotherareasof interesttobiodiversitymanagement.Overall,ithaslimitedduplicationwiththecurrentguideand providesausefulcomplementforthoseseekinginformationontheframingofgreeneconomyin economictheory,macroeconomicpoliciesandearliergreeneconomyreportsandinitiativeswitha focusonbiodiversityconservation. Downloadhere Citation:Huberman,David(2010).AGuidebookforIUCNsThematicProgrammeAreaonGreening theWorldEconomy(TPA5). PrinciplesfortheGreenEconomyStakeholderForum Thispublicationaimstodevelopasetofgreeneconomy principlesbasedonsomeofthemostprominentexisting principlesrelatingtosustainabledevelopmentandthegreen economyfromtheexistingliterature.Fifteenprinciplesare
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identifiedthatrepresentaconsolidationofexistinginternationalagreementsandmoreradical andforwardthinkingproposals,cuttingacrossTheStockholmDeclaration,theRioDeclaration, TheJohannesburgDeclaration,TheEarthCharter,TheOnePlanetLivingPrinciples,TheGreen EconomyCoalition,theTUCJustTransitionprinciples,andTheNewEconomicsFoundation. Downloadhere Citation:StakeholderForum,Bioregional,theEarthCharterInitiative(2012).Principlesforthe GreenEconomy:acollectionofprinciplesforthegreeneconomyinthecontextofsustainable developmentandpovertyeradication. ThePrinciplesofaGreen,FairandInclusiveEconomyGreenEconomy Coalition ThisbriefpublicationwaspreparedasaninputintotheUNConferenceon SustainableDevelopment2012bytheGreenEconomyCoalition,aglobal networkoforganisationscommittedtoacceleratingthetransitiontoa newgreen,inclusiveeconomy. Itsetsoutnineprinciplesforagreen,fairandinclusiveeconomythat providesabetterqualityoflifeforallwithintheecologicallimitsofthe planet.Theprinciplesaretheresultoffivemonthsofconsultationswith peopleandorganisationsaroundtheworld.Theprinciplesare:the SustainablePrinciple;theJusticePrinciple;theDignityPrinciple;theHealthyPlanetPrinciple;the InclusionPrinciple;theGoodGovernanceandAccountabilityPrinciple;theResiliencePrinciple;the EfficiencyandSufficiencyPrinciple;andtheGenerationsPrinciple. Downloadhere Citation:GreenEconomyCoalition(2012).Principlesforagreen,fairandinclusiveeconomy,3May 2012. TheGreenEconomyPocketbookGreenEconomyCoalition ThispublicationwaspreparedasaninputintotheUNConferenceon SustainableDevelopment2012bytheGreenEconomyCoalition.Itsets outtheCoalitionsvisionforchange,drawinglessonsfromtheirseriesof nationaldialoguesindevelopinganddevelopedcountriesandfromacross theCoalitionsdiversemembership.Thepocketbookdescribesexamples, storiesandglimpsesofatransitionthatisalreadyunderway. QuotingtheCoalitionthepublicationisthemostsuccinctbut comprehensiveunderstandingofagreeneconomydrawnfromaglobal andmultistakeholderperspective.Itconnectsthedotsbetweenthemanydifferentactionsgoing onatalllevelscivilsociety,government,financebusinesstoshowhowitispossibleto transformoureconomiessothattheyworkforpeopleandplanet. Downloadhere Citation:GreenEconomyCoalition(2012).TheGreenEconomyPocketbookThecaseforaction.
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InternationalChamberofCommerceGreenEconomyRoadmapandTenConditionsfora TransitiontowardaGreenEconomy ThesepublicationsbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC)set outtheICCsproposedroadmapforthegreeneconomybasedon10 conditionsthatareneededtodrivegrowthinaresourceconstrained worldwithstrongdemographicgrowth.TheICCrepresentshundredsof thousandsofcompaniesinover120countries.Someofthekeyconditions are: Social,environmentalandeconomicinnovation:Agreeneconomyis onethatisembeddedinglobalmarketsandbalancesheets,andwhich drivesinnovationinprivateandpublicfinance. Collaborationbetweenallsectorsofsociety,businessandgovernment. Integratedgovernance:intrapolicyandintraindustrycoordinationandgovernanceatall levels.Policiesthatadvanceeconomicgrowthwhileenhancingenvironmentalprotectionand socialprogress,andthatareconsistentwithinternationaltraderules,provideaccessto finance,promotetechnologytransfer,strengthencapacityandreducesinequality. Balancingshortandlongtermstrategies:agreeneconomyneedstoreconciletheneedfor shortandmediumtermpressures/profitswithlongertermsharedvalue. Multilateralism.Multilateralapproachesacrosscountriesandsectorsareindispensablein todaysgloballyconnectedworld.
TheICCdefinesthegreeneconomyasaneconomyinwhicheconomicgrowthandenvironmental responsibilityworktogetherinamutuallyreinforcingfashionwhilesupportingprogressonsocial development. Downloadhere Citation:InternationalChamberofCommerce(2012).GreenEconomyRoadmap,ICC. InternationalChamberofCommerce(2011)TenconditionsforatransitiontowardaGreen Economy,ICC
3.B.NationalStrategies
Followingisasummaryofrecentgreeneconomynationalstrategiesandsimilardocuments availableonline. GreenEconomy:ScopingStudySynthesisReportBarbadosUNEP, UWI,GovernmentofBarbados Thissynthesisreportfocusedonfivekeysectors(agriculture,fisheries, building,transportationandtourism)inBarbadostoscopethe transitiontoagreeneconomyontheisland.Inparticular,thestudy
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focusesontheapplicabilityoftheacceptedUNEPdefinitionofgreeneconomytoSmallIslands DevelopingStates,ofwhichBarbadosisone. Barbadosisvulnerabletobothfluctuationsinthepriceofitsimportedfossilfuelsandatriskfrom thedestructionofitsmarineandcoastalecosystemsfromclimatechangethereforethereport statesthatthepursuitofagreenerpathtoeconomicdevelopmentishighlyattractivetothe country. Thedocumentcontinuestoexploreoptionsforgreeningthefiveareasoffocusbylookingat strengths,challengesandinvestmentgaps,measuresandpotentialreturnsoninvestment.The reportconcludesbyanalysingtheenablingconditionsofatransitiontothegreeneconomy,which include:Finance,Development,accessandtechnology;Trade,tariffsandinvestment;Taxation, incentivesandfiscalreform;Education,trainingandcapacityenhancement;Standardsand regulation;Governmentprocurement;Governanceandinstitutions;Information,dataanalysisand communication. Downloadhere Citation:UNEP,UWI,GovernmentofBarbados.(2012).GreenEconomy:ScopingStudySynthesis ReportBarbados.Christchurch,Barbados. GreenEconomyAccordSouthAfrica TheSouthAfricanGovernmentsignedaGreenEconomyAccordin November2011andthisdocumentsetsoutthetextoftheAccord.It focusesprimarilyonjobcreationandthekeymessagesare:opportunity tobenefitfromnewprospectsforeconomicactivityfromclimate change,innovationdrawnfromtechnology,researchand manufacturing,responsibilityofgovernmenttocreateanenabling environment,andpartnershipofallconstituenciesandcitizensto achievethegoalsofthegreeneconomy. TheAccordfallsshortofattemptingtodefinetheGreenEconomybutit doesgosomewaytoexploringwhatwillbeneededtomakethetransition.Inclusivityisanother focalpoint:theAccordtalksaboutthegreeneconomyprovidinganentrypointforbroadbased blackeconomicempowerment,addressingtheneedsofwomenandyouthentrepreneursand offeringopportunitiesforenterprisesinthesocialeconomy. Downloadhere Citation:EconomicDevelopmentDepartment,RepublicofSouthAfrica.(2011).GreenEconomy Accord(Vol.1).Pretoria,SA.
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EthiopiasClimateResilientGreenEconomyFederalDemocratic RepublicofEthiopia TheFederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopiahaveputforththeir strategyfordevelopingaclimateresilientgreeneconomyby2025. ThegovernmentstatesthatEthiopiaaimstobeamiddleincome countryby2025.However,thestrategyrecognisesthatachievingthis throughtheconventionaldevelopmentpathwouldresultin dramaticallyincreasedcarbonemissionsandunsustainableuseof naturalresources. TheclimateresilientgreeneconomicstrategyforEthiopiademonstratesthecommitmentof Ethiopiatobypasstheconventionalapproachtoeconomicdevelopmentandcreateagreen economywhereeconomicdevelopmentgoalsaremetinasustainableway.Thestrategyidentifies thefollowingfourpillarsofdevelopmentinthegreeneconomicactionplan: 1. Improvecropandlivestockproductionpracticesforhigherfoodsecurityandfarmer incomewhilereducingemissions; 2. Protectandreestablishforestsfortheireconomicandecosystemservices,includingas carbonstocks; 3. Expandelectricitygenerationfromrenewablesourcesofenergyfordomesticandregional markets;and 4. Leapfrogtomodernandenergyefficienttechnologiesintransport,industrialsectors,and buildings. Downloadhere Citation:FederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia.(2011).EthiopiasClimateResilientGreen Economy. EnablingtheTransitiontoaGreenEconomy:Governmentandbusiness workingtogetherHMGovernment,UK ThisstrategydocumentproposesmeansbywhichtheGovernmentand businessintheUKcanworktogethertocatalysethetransitiontothe greeneconomy.Itexplainsthepotentialbenefitsthatthegreen economywillbringtotheUKincluding:mitigatingrisksfromincreasing andfluctuatingfossilfuelpricesandclimatechangeimpactsandseizing theopportunitiesfromnewandemergingmarketsbothnationallyand internationally. TheUKGovernmentproposeafourpointvisionforwhatagreen economylookslikeintheUK.Thegreeneconomywill: Growsustainablyandforthelongterm.
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Growthandwealthwillbegeneratedwhilstemissionsandotherenvironmentalimpacts arereduced. Usenaturalresourcesefficiently. Demandmanagementwillbeoperationalandenergyefficiencymeasureswillbe implementedinhomes,officesandbusinessesacrossthecountry. Bemoreresilient. TheUKwillbelessreliantonfossilfuelswhilstmaintainingsecuresuppliesofenergyand othernaturalresources. Exploitcomparativeadvantages. TheUKwillbewellplacedtotakeadvantageoftheexpandingmarketforgreengoodsand services. ThestrategydocumentswhattheUKGovernmentisdoingtoeasethetransition,whichinclude: promotionofinternationalaction;regulation;financialincentives;voluntaryagreements;fiscal measures;publicsectorprocurement;provisionofinformation;andtargetedworktounblock nonfinancialbarrierstothedeploymentofcleanenergytechnologies.Thereportconcludeswith asectiononhowUKbusinessescanworkwiththeGovernmenttobenefitfromthetransitionto thenewglobalgreeneconomy. Downloadhere Citation:HMGovernment.(2011).EnablingtheTransitiontoaGreenEconomy:Governmentand businessworkingtogether.London,UK. TowardsaGreenEconomyinJordanUNEP Thisreportinvestigatesthecurrentlevelsofinvestmentingreen economicinitiativesandinfrastructureinJordan.Thereportalso definestheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalchallengesfacedby Jordanandidentifiesthesectorsthatpresentthegreatestopportunities forfurtherinvestmenttodrivethetransitiontoagreeneconomy.The reportidentifiessectorsthatincludeenergy,water,transport,waste management,agricultureandtourism. Downloadhere Citation:UNEP.(2011).TowardsaGreenEconomyinJordan. EnvironmentsofthePoorinthecontextofClimateChangeandthe GreenEconomyGovernmentofNepal Thisreportexplorestheenvironmentalissuesexperiencedbythepoor inNepal,andidentifieslinkstoresourceconstraintsfacedintheir everydaylives.Withthisconsideration,thegovernmentheldanational workshopwithexpertsandacademicstodiscussspecificresearchand policyinthecontextofclimatechangeandthegreeneconomy.In
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particular,theyaimedtoidentifywhatisneededtoprotectnaturalresourceswhilstimprovingthe livelihoodoftheruralpoor. Followingtheworkshop,aseriesofpapersexploringdifferentareasofthegreeneconomywere presentedonthefollowingtopics:IntegratingEnvironment,PovertyandGreenEconomyinto NationalPlanningProcess",ClimateScreening,AdaptionActions,FinancingandPolicies: EssentialsforImprovingtheLivelihoodsofthePoor,UplandPoverty:ExaminingCauses, IdentifyingSolutions,EconomicAnalysisofLocalGovernmentInvestmentsinRuralRoads: ReducingPovertythroughManagingClimateandEnvironmentRisks,"LocalGovernment RevenueRaisingfromNaturalResources,AlternativeEnergyLinkingClimateandEnvironment Consideration,CommunityBasedForestryandClimateChange:ImplicationsforEnvironment andPeopleLivinginPovertyinNepal.Thedocumentreportsoneachofthepapers. Downloadhere Citation:GovernmentofNepal,UNEP.(2011).EnvironmentsofthePoorintheContextofClimate ChangeandTheGreenEconomy. NationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy:TowardsaGreen&Fair EconomyRepublicFrancaise TheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategyputsforwardFrances approachtodevelopingagreeneconomy.Thestrategyproposesa frameworkfororganisationsinboththepublicandprivatesectorsto helpdevelopsustainableprojectsandinitiativesaroundaseriesof strategicindicatorsthatwereagreeduponbywideconsensus.In alignmentwithEuropeancommitments,thestrategyidentifiesnine strategicchallengeswhichmustbetackledinthemovetowardsagreen andequitableeconomy.Theseare: 1. Sustainableconsumptionandproduction 2. Theknowledgeeconomy 3. Governance 4. Climatechangeandenergy 5. Sustainabletransportandmobility 6. Conservationandsustainablemanagementofbiodiversityandnaturalresources 7. Publichealth,riskpreventionandmanagement 8. Demography,immigrationandsocialinclusion,and 9. Internationalchallengesofsustainabledevelopmentandthefightagainstglobalpoverty Thestrategydealswitheachoftheseindependentlyandoffersaseriesofstrategicchoices organisationscantakeinassumingleadershipforsustainabledevelopment. Downloadhere
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Citation:RepublicFrancaise.(2010).NationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy:TowardsaGreen &FairEconomy. RoadMaponBuildingaGreenEconomyforSustainableDevelopment inCarriacouandPetiteMartinique,GrenadaDivisionforSustainable Development,UnitedNations Thispublication,bytheDivisionforSustainableDevelopmentatthe UnitedNationsincollaborationwiththeMinistryofCarriacouand PetiteMartiniqueAffairsandtheMinistryofEnvironment,Foreign TradeandExportDevelopmentofGrenada,aimstoprovidea frameworkandsystematicapproachtodevelopingapractical implementationplanforgreeningtheeconomiesofCarriacouand PetiteMartinique. Thepublicationrecognisesthatsmallislandsaremicrocosmsthatexhibitcharacteristicsofthe Earthbutonamuchsmallerscaleandcanbeusedasexamplesforleadersinlargercities,nations orregions.Severalareaswhichpresentchallengesforsmallislanddevelopingstatesareexplored inthecontextofsustainabledevelopmentwhichare:energyresourcesandtechnologies,water resources,educationandjobs,transport,agriculture,fisheriesandfoodsecurity,ecotourism, andenvironmentalsustainability.Inconclusion,thestudyprovidesthefirststepsthatthetwo islandeconomiesneedtotakeinordertoachievethegreeneconomyandenhancethewellbeing oftheinhabitants. Downloadhere Citation:DivisionforSustainableDevelopment,UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicand SocialAffairs.(2012).RoadMaponBuildingaGreenEconomyforSustainableDevelopmentin CarriacouandPetiteMartinique,Grenada. AGreenEconomyforCanadaCanadianInstituteforEnvironmental LawandPolicy TheGreenEconomyforCanadapublicationpresentstheresultsofa nationalresearchstudythataimedtoseektheperspectivesofCanadian stakeholdersontheirperspectivesonhowthegreeneconomyshould bestructuredandwhatitwouldmeanforCanadians.Thereport exploreshowCanadians,andtheinstitutionstheyworkfor,definethe greeneconomyanditsassociatedconcepts,whatpotentialgainsexist forregularCanadians,successes,bestpracticeandlessonslearned, challengesandopportunitiespresentedbythetransition,andtheroleofgovernmentand stakeholders. Ingeneral,theCanadiansinvolvedinthestudybelievethatCanadahasmuchtogainfromthe transitiontoagreeneconomy,andwouldhavemuchtoloseifthecountrywastoignorewhatis alreadyaglobaltransitioninprogress.Thenextstepsidentifiedbystakeholdersinclude:
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2. Advanceastrongnationaldialogueanddevelopmentofasharedvision; 3. Establishclearpricesignalsandinvestintechnology,R&Dandgreenbusiness; 4. Federalleadershipontheinternationalstage. Downloadhere Citation:CanadianInstituteforEnvironmentalLawandPolicy.(2011).AGreenEconomyfor Canada. RoadmapforagreeneconomyintheHeartofBorneo:Ascopingstudy WWF,PwC Thisreport,authoredbyWWFandPwC,providesaroadmapforagreen economyinBorneo,SouthEastAsiathatwillhelptoachievethe commitmentsmadeintheHeartofBorneo(HoB)Declaration,signedby theIndonesian,MalaysianandBruneigovernmentsin2007toconserve andsustainablymanagethebiodiversity,ecosystemsandnatural resourcesofBorneo. Theroadmapidentifiesthepoliciesalreadyinplaceintheregionthat contributetoagreeneconomysuchaspaymentsforecosystem services,renewableenergyincentives(i.e.FeedInTariffsetc.)andpublicprivateconservation programmesinBrunei.Theroadmapthenprovidesrecommendationsforfurtherdevelopmentof thegreeneconomy.Theseare: DevelopmentofaGreenGrowthGeneratoranevidencebaseddecisionmaking frameworkforgreengrowth CreationofavirtualGreenEconomyCentreofExcellenceacapacitybuilding programmeforskillsandknowledgetoadvancetrilateralcommitments CreationofaHoBPartnershipforumaplatformforcoordinatedstakeholder engagementtoincubateideasandstimulateandfacilitatepublicprivatecollaboration CreationofaSustainableFinanceFacilityforGreenGrowthtoleverageprivate investment Identificationofasetofdemonstrationprojectstocreaterealchangeonthegroundto improvepeopleslivesandtheenvironment
Downloadhere Citation:WWF,P.(2011).RoadmapforagreeneconomyintheHeartofBorneo.
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The2011GlobalGreenEconomyIndex:AnAnalyticToolMeasuringNationalGreenReputations andPerformance,DualCitizen Thisreportprovidesanoverviewofthe2011analysisoftheGlobal GreenEconomyIndex(GGEI)whichisacomprehensiveanalytictool offeringstakeholdersinthegreeneconomyarobustsystemtotrack, analyse,andimproveuponboththeperceptionsandperformanceof nationalgreeneconomies.TheGGEImeasuresperceptionsofgreen reputationsof27countriesasjudgedbyhundredsofexpert practitionersandbenchmarkstheseagainstagreeneconomy performanceindex.The27countriesselectedrepresentover90%of theinternationalgreeneconomy. Thetoptennationalperformersfor2011were:NewZealand,Denmark,Germany,Norway, Iceland,Sweden,Brazil,Canada,FinlandandtheUnitedKingdom. Downloadhere Citation:DualCitizen(2011).The2011GlobalGreenEconomyIndex:AnAnalyticToolMeasuring NationalGreenReputationsandPerformance.
4. GreenGrowth
TheconceptofgreengrowthhasitsoriginsintheAsiaandPacificRegion.AttheFifthMinisterial ConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(MCED)heldinMarch2005inSeoul,52 GovernmentsandotherstakeholdersfromAsiaandthePacificagreedtomovebeyondthe sustainabledevelopmentrhetoricandpursueapathofgreengrowth.Todoso,theyadopteda Ministerialdeclaration(theSeoulInitiativeNetworkonGreenGrowth)andaregional implementationplanforsustainabledevelopment(UNESCAP,2008).Thiscommencedabroader visionofgreengrowthasaregionalinitiativeofUNESCAP,whereitisviewedasakeystrategyfor achievingsustainabledevelopmentaswellastheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(inparticular2 and7relatingtopovertyreductionandenvironmentalsustainability)(UNESCAP,2012). ThegreengrowthapproachadoptedbytheMCEDsoughttoharmonizeeconomicgrowthwith environmentalsustainability,whileimprovingtheecoefficiencyofeconomicgrowthand enhancingthesynergiesbetweenenvironmentandeconomy.Aswithgreeneconomy,green growthattractedsignificantattentionasawayoutoftodayseconomicdoldrumsintheaftermath ofthe2008financialcrisis(GreenGrowthLeaders,2011). In2008,partlyinresponsetotheglobalfinancialcrisis,theRepublicofKorea(RoK)adoptedlow carbongreengrowthasthecountrysnewdevelopmentvision,whichwasfollowedshortlyafter bythereleasein2009oftheirNationalStrategyforGreenGrowthandFiveYearPlanforGreen Growth(whichwereaccompaniedbytheenactmentofaFrameworkActonLowCarbonGreen Growth).TheRoKhassincebeeninstrumentalinpromotingtheconceptmorebroadly,including throughtheOECD.AttheOECDMinisterialCouncilMeetinginJune2009,30membersandfive prospectivemembers(comprisingapproximately80%oftheglobaleconomy)approveda declarationacknowledgingthatgreenandgrowthcangohandinhand,andaskedtheOECDto developagreengrowthstrategybringingtogethereconomic,environmental,technological,
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financialanddevelopmentaspectsintoacomprehensiveframework(UNESCAP,2012). 7 Since then,theOECDhasbecomeamajorproponentofgreengrowthandsupportseffortsofcountries toimplementgreengrowth. InApril2010,theAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)summitinHanoiadoptedthe ASEANLeadersStatementonSustainedRecoveryandDevelopment,whichhighlightedthe leadersdeterminationtopromotegreengrowth,includinginvestmentsinlongterm environmentalsustainabilityandsustainableuseofnaturalresourcesinordertodiversifyand ensureeconomicresilience. InMay2010,atitssixtysixthsession,UNESCAPcountriesadoptedtheIncheonDeclarationon GreenGrowth,inwhichmembersexpressedtheirintenttostrengtheneffortstopursuegreen growthstrategiesaspartof[their]responsetothecurrentcrisisandbeyond.Laterthatyear, supporttopursuegreengrowthwasalsostatedinthe6thMCEDDeclarationinAstanainOctober 2010(UNESCAP,2012).Themainfocusofgreengrowthinthiscontextwasfordeveloping countriesinAsiaandthePacificregiontoharmoniseeconomicgrowthwithenvironmental sustainability,whileimprovingtheecoefficiencyofeconomicgrowthandenhancingthesynergy betweenenvironmentandeconomy. InJune2010,theRoKwasinstrumentalintheestablishmentoftheGlobalGreenGrowthInstitute (GGGI)asanonprofitfoundation(whichwaselevatedtoanewinternationalorganizationatthe Rio+20ConferenceinJune2012).TheGGGIisdedicatedtodiffusinggreengrowthasanewmodel ofeconomicgrowth,targetingpovertyreduction,jobcreation,socialinclusion,andenvironmental sustainability,climatechangemitigation,biodiversityloss,andsecurityofaccesstocleanenergy andwater.TheboardoftheGGGIreflectsawhoswhoofeconomicthinkers(includingNicholas SternandJeffreySachs)anditsplacementinRoKreflectsabroaderregionalinterestledby UNESCAPinhelpingtheAsiaandPacificregiontoleapfrogovertheindustrializationpatterns ofthedevelopedworld,andavoidthetrapofgrowingfirst,cleaninguplater(Atkisson,2012). InNovember2010,attheG20SeoulSummit,leadersalsorecognizedgreengrowthasaninherent partofsustainabledevelopmentwhichcouldenablecountriestoleapfrogoldtechnologiesin manysectors.Theyagreedtotakestepstocreateenablingenvironmentsforthedevelopmentof energyefficiencyandcleanenergytechnologies.Thiswasalsoclearlyevidentintheresponseof G20countriestotheglobalfinancialcrisisandrecessionof200809,wheresomegovernments adoptedexpansionarypoliciesthatincorporatedagreenfiscalcomponent(Barbier,2011).In fact,almosttheentireglobalgreenstimuluswasmadebyG20countries,withmeasuresincluding supportfor:renewableenergy;carboncaptureandsequestration;energyefficiency;public transportandrail;improvingelectricalgridtransmission;aswellasotherpublicinvestmentsand incentivesaimedatenvironmentalprotection.OftheUS$3.3trillionallocatedworldwidetofiscal stimulusover200809,US$522billion(around16%)wasdevotedtogreenexpendituresortax breaks(Robins,CloverandSaravanan,2010).In2012,theMexicanPresidencyoftheG20 introducedinclusivegreengrowthasacrosscuttingpriorityontheG20developmentagenda.
ThestrategyTowardsGreenGrowthwaslaunchedattheOECDMinisterialCouncilMeetinginMay 2011.Itincludesasuiteofpublicationsincludingapolicytoolkitandindicators(see http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,3746,en_2649_37465_47983690_1_1_1_37465,00.html)
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Anumberofotherinternationalorganisations,thinktanksandacademicshavealsoturnedtheir attentiontogreengrowth,includingtheWorldBank 8 andtheGreenGrowthLeaders.InFebruary 2012,theWorldBankalongwithUNEP,OECDandtheGGGIlaunchedanewinternational knowledgesharingplatforminMexicotheGreenGrowthKnowledgePlatform(GGKP)bringing togetherunderthesameroofthemajorinternationalorganizationssupportingandpromoting bothgreengrowthandgreeneconomy.TheGGKPaimstoenhanceandexpandeffortstoidentify andaddressmajorknowledgegapsingreengrowththeoryandpractice,andtohelpcountries designandimplementpoliciestomovetowardsagreeneconomy. Atleast13separatedefinitionsforgreengrowthwereidentifiedinrecentpublications(see Appendix1).Thisincludesdefinitionsbykeyinternationalactorsinvolvedingreengrowthwork: UNESCAP:growththatemphasizesenvironmentallysustainableeconomicprogresstofoster lowcarbon,sociallyinclusivedevelopment. OECD:fosteringeconomicgrowthanddevelopment,whileensuringthatnaturalassets continuetoprovidetheresourcesandenvironmentalservicesonwhichourwellbeingrelies. WorldBank:growththatisefficientinitsuseofnaturalresources,cleaninthatitminimizes pollutionandenvironmentalimpacts,andresilientinthatitaccountsfornaturalhazardsand theroleofenvironmentalmanagementandnaturalcapitalinpreventingphysicaldisasters. GGGI:greengrowthisthenewrevolutionarydevelopmentparadigmthatsustainseconomic growthwhileatthesametimeensuringclimaticandenvironmentalsustainability.Itfocuses onaddressingtherootcausesofthesechallengeswhileensuringthecreationofthenecessary channelsforresourcedistributionandaccesstobasiccommoditiesfortheimpoverished.
4.A.Publications
Followingisasummaryofrecentgreengrowthpublicationsavailableonline. TowardsGreenGrowthOECD TheTowardsGreenGrowthreportbytheOECDintroducesthe organisationsGreenGrowthStrategythatprovidesaframeworkfor howcountriescanachieveeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentwhileat thesametimecombatingclimatechangeandpreventingcostly environmentaldegradationandtheinefficientuseofresources.The strategycomprisesanumberofreports,includingTowardsGreen Growth;TowardsGreenGrowthMonitoringProgress:OECDIndicators; andToolsforDeliveringGreenGrowth. Thestrategyprovidesalensforreexaminingthecurrenteconomic growthparadigmwhilstatthesametimeofferinganactionablepolicyframeworkforpolicy makersinadvanced,emerginganddevelopingeconomies.TheOECDstatesthatareturntothe businessasusualapproachastheworldeconomyemergesfromthefinancialcrisiswouldbe unwiseandindeedunsustainableandwouldimposehumancostsandeventuallyconstraintson economicgrowthanddevelopment.
8
InMay2012,theWorldBankreleaseditsflagshipreportinadvanceoftheRio+20Conferenceentitled InclusiveGreenGrowthThePathwaytoSustainableDevelopment.
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Insummary,thestrategystatesthereasonswhyagreengrowthstrategyiscritical,thenprovides aframeworkforgreengrowthandcontinueswithoptionsforpromotionofthetransition. SimilarlytotheUNEPGreenEconomyreport,theOECDstrategypresentsoptionsformeasuring progressagainstgreengrowthandbeginstoexploredeliverymechanisms. AccordingtotheOECD,GreenGrowthmeansfosteringeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentwhile ensuringthatnaturalassetscontinuetoprovidetheresourcesandenvironmentalserviceson whichourwellbeingrelies. Downloadhere Citation:OECD,2011.TowardsGreenGrowth.OECDPublishing. FosteringInnovationforGreenGrowthOECD ThispublicationonFosteringInnovationforGreenGrowthformspart oftheOECDsGreenGrowthStudiesandaddressestheroleof innovationingreengrowthstrategies.Thereportbeginsbystatingthat innovationwillbeanimportantpartofthetransitiontogreengrowth economiesandwithoutit,itwillbeverydifficultandcostlytoachieve greenereconomies.Theconceptofdecouplingeconomicgrowthfrom naturalresourcedepletionisdiscussedandhowinnovationin developingnewbusinessmodelsaswellasintechnologicalprocesses willbecrucial. Thepublicationidentifiesaseriesofpolicyactionsgovernmentscantakethatwillhelptodrive innovationandovercomemarketfailures.Theseare: Supportforprivateinvestmentininnovation,notablyR&Dandthecommercialisation ofgreeneconomies. Supportforgeneralpurposetechnologies Fosteringthegrowthofnewentrepreneurialfirms Facilitatingthetransitiontogreengrowthinsmallandmediumsizedenterprises
Thereportalsodetailsmarketbasedpolicyinnovationstohelpthetakeupofgreeninnovationsin themarketplace.Theseinclude:fosteringdiffusionofgreeninnovationwithinandacross countriesbyexploringnewknowledgeavenuesandtechnologies,strengtheningmarketsforgreen innovationandchangingconsumerbehaviour. Downloadhere Citation:OECD.(2011).FosteringInnovationforGreenGrowth.OECDPublishing
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GreenGrowthandDevelopingCountriesConsultationDraftOECD Thisreportandtheaccompanyingsummaryforpolicymakersprovidea conceptualoutlineforgreengrowthinthedevelopingcountrycontext, providingarationaleforgreengrowthandexaminingtheconcernsheldby somedevelopingcountriesaboutthegreengrowthagendainformedbya seriesofconsultations.Thereportdiscussestheeconomic,environmental andsocialobjectivesthatgreengrowthcanhelpdevelopingcountriesto achieve,andrevieweconomicgrowthandenvironmentaltrendsover recentyearsandspeculatesonhoweconomicandsocialtrendswillevolve intheyearstocome.Basedonthisevidence,countryclustersareestablishedforanalysisof countrieswhichmayapplysimilarapproachestofostergreengrowth. Relevantnationalframeworksandarangeofpolicyinstruments,nationalandlocal,publicand private,arearticulatedanddetailofhowtheycanbesupportedbytheinternationalcommunity throughexistingmechanismsandpolicycoherencefordevelopmentwillbesetout. Importantly,thereportarticulatessixnationalenablingconditionsforgreengrowth,fourgreen growthmainstreamingmechanisms,andeightgreengrowthpolicyinstruments. Downloadhere Citation:OECD.(2012).GreenGrowthandDevelopingCountriesConsultationDraft,OECD Publishing. OECD.(2012).GreenGrowthandDevelopingCountriesASummaryforPolicyMakers,OECD Publishing. InclusiveGreenGrowth:FortheFutureWeWantOECD Thisreportprovidesaconcisesummaryofgreengrowthandthework oftheOECDinthisareathatwaspreparedasacontributiontoRio+20. Thereportbrieflydefinesgreengrowthandhowitcandeliver sustainabledevelopment,aswellassomekeyprinciplesforguiding greengrowthpolicies.Thereportalsodetailshowtheworkprogramsof theOECDarecontributingtointernationalgreengrowthwork,including itseffortstosupportcountriesinthedesignandimplementationof strategiesforgreenerandmoreinclusivegrowth. Thereportindicatesthattheelementsofsuccessfulgreengrowth strategiesare:makingpollutionmorecostly;reformingenvironmentallyharmfulsubsidies; innovationandgreentechnologydevelopmentanddiffusion;skillsdevelopmentandlabour marketpolicies;leveragingprivateinvestmentforgreeninfrastructuretechnologies;andgreening consumerbehaviour. Downloadhere
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Citation:OECD.(2012).InclusiveGreenGrowthfortheFutureWeWantOECDWorkofRelevance toRio+20,OECDPublishing. GreeningDevelopment:EnhancingCapacityforEnvironmental ManagementandGoveranceOECD Thisreportoutlinesanumberofstepstobeconsideredwhenbuilding capacityforgreeningnationaldevelopmentplanning,nationalbudgetary processesandkeyeconomicsectorstrategies.Itidentifiesthekeyactors tobeengagedinthedecisionmakingprocesses,outlinespossiblecapacity needsandsuggestshowthesecanbeaddressed.Itisintendedtosupport developingcountriesintheireffortstomovetoagreenerdevelopment path.Itisalsointendedtoassistdevelopmentcooperationand environmentagenciesintheireffortstosupportthatprocess. Effectiveenvironmentalmanagementrequiresabroadrangeofskillsandknowledgeamong individualsandorganisationsandanenablingenvironmentthatsupportsthisprocess(e.g. internationalregimes,nationalpolicies,ruleoflaw,accountabilityandtransparency).Withinthis framework,somespecificinterventionsforgreeningdevelopmentinclude: Usemultiyeardevelopmentplanningprocesses; Developkeyactorstechnicalskills; Encouragetheparticipationofnongovernmentactors; Buildfunctionalandtechnicalskills;and Planandtargeteffortscarefully. Downloadhere Citation:OECD.(2012).GreeningDevelopment:EnhancingCapacityforEnvironmental ManagementandGovernance,OECDPublishing. IncorporatingGreenGrowthandSustainableDevelopmentPolicies intoStructuralReformAgendasOECD,WorldBank,UN ThisreportwaspreparedbytheOECD,WorldBankandanumberof UnitedNationsagenciesasaninputtotheG20SummitinLosCabosin June2012.Thereport,waspreparedinresponsetotherequestfrom G20FinanceMinistersandCentralBankGovernorsinFebruary2012 thataskedtheOECD,withtheWorldBankandtheUN,topreparea reportthatprovidesoptionsforG20countriesoninsertinggreen growthandsustainabledevelopmentpoliciesintostructuralreform agendas,tailoredtospecificcountryconditionsandlevelof development. Thereporthighlightsthatgreengrowthisatoolforachievingthebroadergoalofsustainable development,andimpliesamediumtolongtermpolicystrategythatunderstandsandaddresses potentialpovertyandresourcescarcitygaps;providesopportunitiesforfosteringalternate economic,productionandlivelihoodmodels;andintendstoshielddevelopmentandgrowth prospectsfromfutureresourcepricevolatility,aswellastheimpactsofenvironmental
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degradation.Greengrowththatisinclusivecanhelptoimplementsocialandsustainable developmentgoals. Thereportprovidesatoolkitofpolicyoptionsthatareavailableforcountriestodrawuponwhen designingagreengrowthstrategy: Reformsofthestructureoftaxesandchargeswithaviewtopricingnegativeenvironmental externalities. Reformsthatimprovetheworkingofproductmarkets. Otherpoliciessuchasregulationsandstandardsandotherapproachestoaddressinformation failures,measurementissuesandbehaviouralbiases. Conditionsforassuringtherightpolicyframeworkforgreeninginfrastructureprovision. Innovationpolicies,andtradeandinternationalinvestmentpolicies. Broadersocialpoliciestobetterharnesssynergiesandminimisetradeoffs. Downloadhere Citation:OECD,WorldBank,UnitedNations(2012).IncorporatingGreenGrowthandSustainable DevelopmentPoliciesintoStructuralReformAgendas,AreportbytheOECD,theWorldBankand theUnitedNationspreparedfortheG20Summit(LosCabos,1819June2012),OECDPublishing. ResilientPeopleResilientPlanetSGsHighLevelPanelonGlobal Sustainability ThisreportwaspreparedbytheUNSecretaryGeneralsHighLevel PanelonGlobalSustainabilityasaninputtotheUNConferenceon SustainableDevelopment2012(Rio+20).The22memberPanel, establishedbytheSecretaryGeneralinAugust2010toformulatea newblueprintforsustainabledevelopmentandlowcarbon prosperity,wascochairedbyFinnishPresidentTarjaHalonenandSouthAfricanPresidentJacob Zuma.ThePanel'sfinalreportcontains56recommendationstoputsustainabledevelopmentinto practiceandtomainstreamitintoeconomicpolicyasquicklyaspossible. Whilstnotspecificallytargetinggreengrowth,thereportdoesincludeasectiononmoving towardsasustainableeconomyinwhichitoutlinespolicyactionstoshifttowardsgreengrowth, including: Incorporatingsocialandenvironmentalcostsinregulatingandpricingofgoodsandservices, aswellasaddressingmarketfailures. Creatinganincentiveroadmapthatincreasinglyvalueslongtermsustainabledevelopmentin investmentandfinancialtransactions. Increasingfinanceforsustainabledevelopment,includingpublicandprivatefundingand partnershipstomobilizelargevolumesofnewfinancing. Expandinghowwemeasureprogressinsustainabledevelopmentbycreatingasustainable developmentindexorsetofindicators. Downloadhere Citation:UnitedNationsSecretaryGeneralsHighLevelPanelonGlobalSustainability(2012). Resilientpeople,resilientplanet:Afutureworthchoosing.NewYork:UnitedNations.
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FromGrowthtoGreenGrowth:AFrameworkWorldBank Thispublication,producedbytheWorldBankaspartoftheirPolicy ResearchWorkingPapers,aimstoprovideacontributiontodiscussions ongreengrowtharoundtheworld.Thepaperdefinesgreengrowthas about:makinggrowthprocessesresourceefficient,cleanerandmore resilientwithoutnecessarilyslowingthem. Thepaperaimstoclarifytheconceptofgreengrowthby(a)proposing thatweneedtofocusonwhatneedstohappenoverthenext510 yearstoremovetheworldfrompatternsthatwouldbecomplexand expensivetomodifyand(b)reconcilingtheshortandlongtermbyoffsettingshorttermcostsand maximisingsynergiesandeconomiccobenefits. Thepaperthenputsforwardananalyticalframeworkthroughwhichgreenpoliciescancontribute toeconomicgrowth.Itconcludeswithproposingpoliciesthatcanbeimplementedtocapture thesecobenefitsandenvironmentalbenefits.Theseinclude:pricebasedpolicies,normsand regulations,publicproductionanddirectinvestment,informationcreationanddissemination, educationandmoralsuasion,orindustrialandinnovationpolicies. Downloadhere Citation:WorldBank.(2011).FromGrowthtoGreenGrowth:AFramework. InclusiveGreenGrowth:ThePathwaytoSustainableDevelopment WorldBank Inthispublication,theWorldBankindicatesthatinclusivegreengrowth isthepathwaytosustainabledevelopment.Thereportbeginsbystating thatalthougheconomicgrowthhasliftedmorethan660millionpeople outofpovertyoverthepast20years,ithasoftencomeattheexpense oftheenvironment.Longtermsustainabilityofgrowthandprogresson socialwelfarearethreatenedbyinefficientandwastefuluseofthe earthsnaturalcapitalresourceswithoutadequatereinvestmentof otherformsofwealthorsufficientreckoningofthetruesocialcosts. Thereportmaintainsthatthiscanbeblamedonmarket,policyandinstitutionalfailures. Inclusivityisattheheartoftheconcept:thereportstatesthattherearestillmanypeoplewho havebeenexcludedfromthebenefitsofeconomicgrowth.1.3billionstilldonothaveaccessto electricity,2.6billiondonothaveaccesstosanitationand900millionlackaccesstocleandrinking water. SimilarlytotheDanish92GroupsreportontheEquitableGreenEconomytheWorldBankstates thatwecannotassumethatgreengrowthwillbeinclusiveandequitable.Greengrowthpolicies mustbedevelopedtoensuremaximisedbenefitsandminimisedcoststothepoorandmost vulnerable,andpoliciesandactionswithirreversiblenegativeimpactsmustbeavoided.The reportalsocallsforbettermeasurestomonitoreconomicperformanceandmentions comprehensivewealth,whichincludesnaturalcapital,asanexample.Thefivekeymessages
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fromthereportare:1)Greeninggrowthisnecessary,efficient,andaffordable2)Obstaclesto greeninggrowtharepoliticalandbehaviouralinertia,andalackoffinancinginstruments3)Green growthshouldlookatwhatneedstobedoneinthenext510years4)Thewayforwardrequiresa blendofeconomics,politicalscience,andsocialpsychologyand5)Thereisnosinglegreengrowth model. Downloadhere Citation:WorldBank.(2012).InclusiveGreenGrowth:ThePathwaytoSustainableDevelopment. Washington. ShapingtheGreenGrowthEconomyGreenGrowthLeaders Thispublication,byGreenGrowthLeaders,commencesbysayingthat theconceptofgreengrowthhasenormouspotentialinchangingthe mindsetsofgovernmentsandbusinessesaroundtheworldfromfearing thatactingonclimatechangewouldbringaboutrisingcostsand reducinggrowthtorealisingthatgreengrowthcancreatefoundations foreconomicprosperity.Theauthorsreasonthatthisiswhygreen growthhasbecomeespeciallyattractivetopolicymakersinthewakeof thefinancialcrisis. Thereportassertsthatsustainedgreengrowthwillrequirebotha fundamentalchangeintheenergysystemitself,andapolicyframeworkthatallowstheprivate sectortodiscoverandcapturethegainsthattransformationcanprovidetotheentireeconomy. Thetransformationislikenedtothesystemictransformationsofthepastincludingtherail transportandinformationtechnologyrevolutionsthatbothfundamentallyalteredthewaythings areproduced,distributedandconsumed,andgeneratedsubstantialeconomicgrowth(bycreating aplatformfornewinnovations,businessmodelsandvaluecreation)intheprocess. TheauthorsdefinewhattheyunderstandbygreengrowthasjobcreationorGDPgrowth compatiblewithordrivenbyactionstoreducegreenhousegases. Downloadhere Citation:GreenGrowthLeaders.(2011).ShapingtheGreenGrowthEconomy. LifeBeyondGrowthAtKisson TheLifeBeyondGrowthpublicationbyAtKissonfortheInstitutefor StudiesinHappiness,EconomyandSociety,explores,asabasis, alternativesandcomplementstoGDPMeasuredgrowthasaframing conceptforsocialprogress.Thereportbeginsbyanalysingthehistoryof theeconomicgrowthparadigm,summarisingthekeyfactorsthathave supportedthedominanceofgrowthinglobalhistory,andthen continuestoprovideinsightonsomeofthecontemporarypolitical factorsandtechnicalinitiativesthathaveledtonewthinkingongreen
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growthandhumanwellbeingasindicatorsforsocialprogress. Thedocumentaimstoprovideasummationofthecurrentstateoftheartinrelationtorethinking economicgrowthinfavourofalternativemodelssuchasgreengrowth.Itconcludeswithasection ontheethicsofgrowthandhappinessandavisionforthefuture. Downloadhere Citation:InstituteforStudiesinHappiness,Economy,andSociety,AtKisson.(2012).LifeBeyond Growth. GreenGrowth,ResourcesandResilienceUNESCAP,ADB,UNEP TheGreenGrowth,ResourcesandResiliencereportbyESCAP,ADB andUNEPfocusesonenvironmentalsustainabilityinAsiaandthePacific region.Itisthesixthreportofaseriespublishedevery5yearsonthe stateoftheenvironmentinAsiaandthePacific,thistimehighlighting theissuesofgreengrowth,resourceefficienciesandlimitations,and resiliencetoglobalturbulenceinmarketsandecosystems. Thereportbeginsbystatingthateconomicgrowthhasbeenthemain reasonbehindliftingmorethan500millionpeopleoutofpovertyinthe regionoverthelast20yearsbutthissocioeconomicprogresshascome attheexpenseoftheenvironmentduetounsustainableandinequitablegrowthpatterns. Theconceptofgreengrowthisexploredindetailandstrategiestorespondtothemounting challengestosustainabledevelopmentintheregionareanalysed.GreenGrowthisdefinedinthe reportaseconomicprogressthatfostersenvironmentallysustainable,lowcarbonandsocially inclusivedevelopment.ThisdefinitiondiffersfromthatoftheWorldBankbyassumingthegreen growthinherentlyinvolvessocialinclusiveness. Thepublicationidentifiesseveralstrategiesforgreengrowthincluding:1)Asupportiveeconomic incentivesframeworkattheheartofsuccessfulgreengrowthinitiatives,2)Infrastructure investmentsguidedbytheprinciplesofsustainability,accessibility,andsocialinclusiveness,3) Naturalinfrastructureprovidingvaluablebutundervaluedeconomicinputs,and4)Sustainable agricultureasacriticalaspectofmaintainingandbuildingnaturalcapital. Downloadhere Citation:UNESCAP,ADB,UNEP.(2012).GreenGrowth,ResourcesandResilience. LowCarbonGreenGrowthRoadmapforAsiaandthePacific UNESCAP Thisreportexplorestheopportunitiesthatalowcarbongreengrowth pathofferstotheregion.Itarticulatesfivetrackstodrivetheeconomic changenecessarytopursuelowcarbongreengrowthasaneweconomic developmentpath.Inparticular,thevisiblestructureoftheeconomy,
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comprisingsuchphysicalinfrastructureastransport,buildingsandenergysystems,togetherwith theinvisiblestructure,whichencompassesmarketprices,governance,regulationsandlifestyles, havetobereorientedtowardsresourceefficiency.TheRoadmapprovidespolicymakersinthe regionwithacomprehensivelistofpolicyoptionsandpracticalimplementingstrategiesaswellas examplesofsuccessfulpractices,woventhroughmorethan100factsheetsandcasestudies. TheRoadmapisdividedintothreeparts:PartIprovidesanoverviewofthechallengesand opportunitiesconfrontingtheregionintermsoflowcarbongreengrowthandelaboratesonthe systemchangerequiredtopursuethenewdevelopmentpath.PartIIpresentsfivetracksascore elementsofthesystemchangenecessaryforlowcarbongreengrowthandasectionthat elaboratesonthemeansofimplementingthepolicyoptions.PartIIIprovidesdetailedinformation andanalysisofthepolicyoptionsandsuccessfulpracticesidentifiedinPartII. Downloadhere Citation:UNESCAP(2012).LowCarbonGreenGrowthRoadmapforAsiaandthePacificturning resourceconstraintsandtheclimatecrisisintoeconomicgrowthopportunities. AToolkitofPolicyOptionstoSupportInclusiveGreenGrowthAfDB, OECD,UN,WorldBank Thisdocument,publishedbytheAfDB,theOECD,theUNandtheWorld Bank,identifiesaseriesofpolicyinitiatives,mechanismsandother optionsthatcanbeemployedtosupportinclusivegreengrowth.The authorsrecognisethatthesekindofpolicyapproachesgivetheprivate sectorthesecuritytobegininvestmentandinnovationforsustainable developmentandensurethatconsumersandbusinessesinternalizethe truecostoftheirbehaviours. Thetoolkitincludessummariesofthefollowingpolicyoptions:EnvironmentalFiscalReform, PublicEnvironmentalExpenditureReviews,SustainablePublicProcurement,Strategic EnvironmentalAssessments,SocialProtectionInstruments,PaymentsforEcosystemServices, CertificationforSustainableProduction,Greeninnovationandindustrialpolicies,ProjectLevel ImpactAssessment,IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementandGreenAccounting.The publicationalsoincludesasectiononknowledgesharingandcapacitydevelopmentandtheir importanceindiffusingthisknowledgeacrossandwithincountries. Downloadhere Citation:AfDB,OECD,UN,WorldBank.(2012).AToolkitofPolicyOptionstoSupportInclusive GreenGrowth(pp.161).
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DecouplingNaturalResourceUseandEnvironmentalImpactsfrom EconomicGrowthUNEP Thispublication,byUNEP,aimstoidentifythechallengesfacedin attemptingtodecouplehumanwellbeingfromresourceconsumption andexistsasthefirstreportamongstmanyinvestigationsinto decouplingwhichwillbeundertakenbytheInternationalResource PanelandUNEPoverthenextfewyears.Thereportoffersfactsand statisticsofnaturalresourceflowsandtradegloballyandnotesthat consumptionofnaturalresourcesisstillrapidlyrising.Aseriesof countrywidecasestudiesarepresentedthatexaminethedecouplingpotentialofthecountriesin question.Thereportobservesthatdevelopedcountriesappeartoshowstabilizationofresource andenergyconsumptionhowevertheseeconomiesappeartohaveexportedthemoreenergyand resourceintensiveelementselsewhere.Thereappearstobesomesuccessofrelativedecoupling (whereresourceintensityperunitgrowthfalls)indevelopingcountriesbutresourceconsumption intheseeconomiesissteeplyontherise. Thereportalsooffersoptionsforabsolutedecouplingofenvironmentalimpactandeconomic growth,somethingintrinsictothesurvivalofhumancivilization,accordingtoUNEP.Theseare: betterandmoreefficienttechnologies,policiesandappropriatemarketsignalsthatmakethe transitionattractiveandprofitable,andthespecialroleofurbanareasinforginginnovations towardsasustainableeconomy. Downloadhere Citation:UNEP.(2011).DecouplingNaturalResourceUseandEnvironmentalImpactsfrom EconomicGrowth. GreenGrowthinMotionGGGI Thisreport,preparedbytheGlobalGreenGrowthInstitute(anew internationalorganisationwithheadquartersinSeoul),outlinesthe RepublicofKoreasexperiencewithdevelopingitslowcarbon,green growthstrategy.Thereportoutlinesthephilosophybehindthestrategy aswellitstheinstitutionalfoundationsandkeypoliciesandprograms acrossvarioussectorsclimatepolicy;greenenergy;greentechnology andindustry;greencities,transportationandbuildings,andgreenlife. Thestrategyproposesgreengrowthasanewgrowthparadigmthatcan addressthechallengesofclimatechangeandresourcedepletion. TheintentisthatthesharingofKoreaspracticesforgreengrowthwillprovideothercountries withusefultoolsandideasthatcanbeutilizedtoaddresstheirownchallengesandtheglobal imperatives. Downloadhere
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Citation:GlobalGreenGrowthInstitute(2011).GreenGrowthinMotionSharingKoreas Experience. AFrameworkforAssessingGreenGrowthPoliciesOECD ThisacademicstylepaperfromtheOECDfocusesontwokeyelements: thefirstidentifiesprinciplesandcriteriaforselectingpoliciesthat contributetoeconomicgrowthwhistreducingenvironmentalimpact, andthesecondexamineswhatstructuraladjustmentsarerequiredin thetransitiontothegreeneconomy. Thepoliciestopromotegreengrowth,asstatedinthepaper,are categorisedasmarketbasedornonmarketinstrumentsunderthe broadareasofcosteffectiveness,adoptionandcompliance,uncertainty measuresandR&Dandtechnologydiffusionincentives.Thestructuralchangesasindicatedinthe secondsectionofthepaperinclude:fosteringthetransitiontowardsgreentechnologies,easing thetransitiontowardsagreenereconomy,greenpoliciestosustaintheeconomy,sectoralre allocation,andmanaginggreentaxrevenuesintimesofpublicfinancedeterioration. Downloadhere Citation:AlaindeSerres,FabriceMurtin,G.N.(2010).AFrameworkforAssessingGreenGrowth PoliciesOECDEconomicsDepartmentWorkingPapers,(774). EnvironmentProgram:GreeningGrowthinAsiaandthePacificAsian DevelopmentBank TheAsianDevelopmentBankhaspublishedareportongreeninggrowth intheAsiaandthePacificregion.Thereportidentifiesthechallenges facedbyADBsdevelopingmembercountrieswhichareexperiencing someofthehighesteconomicgrowthratesintheworld.TheBank recognisesthatalthoughthisgrowthhasimprovedthelivingconditions ofnearlyhalfabillionpeople,theenvironmentalcarryingcapacityof theregionhasbeensubjecttoimmensepressure. Thedocumenthighlightsthenaturalresourcesavailableintheregionandtheenvironment relatedchallengesassociatedwiththem,withtheaimtoincreaseawarenessamongstthe borrowers,clients,developmentpartners,civilsociety(inclNGOs),theprivatesectorandother stakeholdersoftheADB.ThereportdocumentstheeffortstheADBisemployingtoincorporate environmentalconcernsintocountrydevelopmentstrategiesandinvestmentoperations.The ADBsinitiatives,programsandpartnershiprelatedtoitsenvironmentaloperationsarediscussed alongsideoptionstohelpachieveenvironmentallysustainablegrowthintheregionforthefuture. Downloadhere Citation:AsianDevelopmentBank.(2011).EnvironmentProgram:GreeningGrowthinAsiaandthe Pacific.
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Followingaresummariesofrecentnationalgreengrowthstrategiesandsimilardocuments availableonline. GreenGrowthandClimateResilienceRepublicofRwanda TheGreenGrowthandClimateResiliencereport,developedasa collaborativeprojectbetweentheGovernmentofRwanda,theSmith SchoolofEnterpriseandEnvironmentandTheUniversityofOxford,sets outtheNationalStrategyforClimateChangeandLowCarbon DevelopmentforRwanda.ThestrategybeginsbystatingthatRwanda hasexperiencedsignificanthumanandsocialdevelopmentinrecent years,howeverthecountrysfuturesocioeconomicdevelopmentis uncertain:itspopulationwillmorethandoubleby2050,thecountryis vulnerabletoclimatechangeasitisstronglyreliantonrainfed agriculture,anditis100%reliantonoilimportsandthereforevulnerabletopriceincreasesand fluctuations. Thestrategyaimstoguidetheprocessofmainstreamingclimateresilienceandlowcarbon developmentintokeysectorsoftheeconomy.Thestrategicframeworkprovidesavisionfor2050, guidingprinciples,strategicobjectives,programmesofaction,enablingpillarsandaroadmapfor implementation. Thestrategydefinesgreengrowthasanemergingconceptthatrecognisesthatenvironmental protectionisadriverofglobalandnationaleconomicdevelopment.Itisaboutfocusingsocietyon qualitativegrowthratherthansimplyincreasingGDP. Downloadhere Citation:RepublicofRwanda.(2011).GreenGrowthandClimateResilience.Kigali. RoadtoOurFuture:GreenGrowthRepublicofKorea RoadtoOurFuture:GreenGrowthistheRepublicofKoreasnational strategyforgreengrowthforthe5yearperiod20092013.Thestrategy aimstoshiftthecurrentdevelopmentparadigmofquantityorientated, fossilfueldependentgrowthtoqualityorientatedgrowthwithmore emphasisonnewandrenewableenergysources.Thestrategyhasthree overallobjectives,(1)topromoteecofriendlynewgrowthenginesfor thenationaleconomy,(2)toenhancethequalityoflifeforthe membersofthesociety,and(3)tocontributetotheinternational effortstofightclimatechange. KoreaareputtingGreenGrowthatthecentreoftheirvisionforthenext60yearsandare confidentthatitwillleadtonewopportunitiesforeconomicgrowthandenvironmentalprotection simultaneously.
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Citation:RepublicofKorea.(2009).RoadtoOurFuture:GreenGrowth.Seoul. TheNationalGreenGrowthRoadmapKingdomofCambodia TheNationalGreenGrowthRoadmapputsforwardanimplementation planofthenationalandlocalsustainabledevelopmentstrategyforall policyareasintheKingdomofCambodia.Itprovidesasupporting frameworkforenvironmentallysustainableandsociallyinclusive developmentandgrowthinCambodiathataimstostrengthen environmentalcooperationconcerningnationalandinternational environmentalpolicythroughthesharingofideasandexperiences whilstcontributingtowardstheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsand NationalSustainableDevelopmentObjectives. ThestrategybuildsonESCAPsdefinitionofgreengrowththatemphasisesecologicallysustainable economicprogresstofosterlowcarbon,sociallyinclusivedevelopment.Tothisend,theroadmap proposespotentialpathsforshort,mediumandlongtermimplementationofgreengrowthin Cambodiathatwillhelpthecountrytoimproveresilienceanddecreasevulnerabilitytoclimate change.ThestrategyisbasedlargelyaroundESCAPsholisticGreenGrowthApproachwhichstates thattheeconomy,theenvironmentandsocietyarenotmutuallyexclusivebutrather interdependent,deeplyintertwinedandintegralcomponentsofoneanother. Downloadhere Citation:KingdomofCambodia.(2009).TheNationalGreenGrowthRoadMap.PhnomPenh. Chinas12thFiveYearPlanAPCOworldwide Thisreport,byAPCOWorldwide,summarisesthekeyguidingprinciples ofChinas12thFiveYearPlanwhichfocusonrebalancingtheeconomy, mitigatingsocialinequityandconservingtheenvironment.TheChinese Governmentputstrongemphasisoninclusivegrowthwherethe benefitsofeconomicgrowtharefeltinallregionsandsocialgroupings inChina.TheplanidentifiesthethreeSEIs(StrategicEmerging Industries)healthcare,energyandtechnologyandrecommendsthe initiativesthatwillencouragegrowthinthesesectors. Thereportalsodetailsthechangesthatmayfaceforeignbusinessinthefiveyearperiodinterms ofcostimplicationsassociatedwithchangestotheminimumwage,valueaddedtaxincreases,raw materialresourcepricereformsandenvironmentrelatedtaxes.TheplanreportsthatChinais facingsevereenvironmentaldegradationbroughtaboutbyrapidindustrialization,relianceoncoal asanenergysource,alargeenergyintensivemanufacturingsectorandlittleenvironmental regulation.Threeareasoffocusareexaminedintheplantocounterthenegativetrend:energy conservation(includingdiscussionofmandatoryemissionstargets),environmentalqualitywhich
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includewaterqualityandcommitmentsforhighpollutingsectors,andnewenergyregimes(15% ofenergyfromrenewablesourcesby2020). Downloadhere Citation:APCOWorldwide.(2010).Chinas12thFiveYearPlan. JapansNewGrowthStrategytoCreateDemandandJobsOECD ThispaperputsforwardastrategyforJapantoforgenewareasof growth,createdemandandjobsthroughregulatoryreformandfiscal measures.Aseriesofkeychallengesareidentifiedthatincludeclimate change,andageingpopulationswhich,accordingtothestrategy,canbe turnedintosourcesofgreengrowth. Thestrategystatesthatmarketbasedinitiativessuchasaneffective emissionstradingsystemwouldpromoteprivateinvestmentandgreen innovation.Otherpoliciesthatencouragefurthereconomicintegration withAsiaarediscussedsuchasreducingagriculturalsubsidiesandbringingdownbarrierstotrade andforeignworkers. Sevenstrategicgrowthareasarepresentedinthestrategy,oneofwhichisgreeninnovation.This areacomprisesthreenationalstrategicprojectstopromotegreengrowth.Theseare: Introduceafeedintariffsystemtoexpandtherenewableenergymarket; UsetheFutureCityInitiativetopromotetheuseofecoproductsandservices;and, Revitaliseforestryandraisetheselfsufficiencyratiotoover50%.
Downloadhere Citation:Jones,R.S.,&Yoo,B.(2011).JapansNewGrowthStrategytoCreateDemandandJobs, (890). GreenGrowthintheNetherlandsStatisticsNetherland Thisreport,byStatisticsNetherlands,givesanoverviewofgreen growthintheNetherlandsandpresentsdataforthemajorityofthe indicatorsforgreengrowthasspecifiedbytheOECD.Thereport concludesthatrelativedecoupling(whereintensityperunitof economicgrowthisfalling)isevidentinthefollowingareas:wateruse, nitrogenandphosphorussurpluses,greenhousegasemissionsand materialconsumption.However,comprehensiveabsolutedecoupling (whereconsumptionfallsastheeconomygrows)isnotevident. ThereportrepresentsafirstattemptattranslatingtheOECDindicators forgreengrowthtothenationallevel,andprovidingfeedbacktotheinternationalcommunity.A recommendationismadeforamorecomprehensiveassessmentofgreengrowthinthefuture. Indicatorsaregroupedintothefollowingthemes:
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EnvironmentalefficiencyofproductionProductionbasedgreenhousegasintensity, Consumptionbasedgreenhousegasemissions,Energyefficiency,Renewableenergy, Nutrientsurpluses,Materialintensity,Wateruseintensity,Wastetreatment. NaturalassetsbaseStocksoftimber,Fishinputs,Naturalgasreserves,Landconversion intobuiltupland,Threatstobiodiversity. EnvironmentalqualityoflifePollutioninducedhealthproblems PolicyresponsesandeconomicopportunitiesGreenpatents,Shareofgreentaxes, Energyprices,Carbonemissiontrading,EnvironmentalinvestmentandGreenjobs.
Eachoftheaboveindicatorsispresentedonagraphwithatimeaxis,soprogresscanbe measured.Eachgraphisaccompaniedbyaseriesofconclusionsandastatementofitsrelevance togreengrowth. Downloadhere Citation:StatisticsNetherlands.(2009).GreenGrowthintheNetherlands. GreenGrowthintheCzechRepublicCzechStatisticalOffice ThisreportgivesanoverviewofgreengrowthintheCzechRepublicand presentsdatafor27indicatorsforgreengrowthbasedontheOECD indicatorframeworktoassessthedevelopmentoftheCzecheconomy towardsgreengrowth.Thereportstructurestheselectedindicatorsinto fiveinterrelatedgroups:sustainabilityandequity;environmentaland resourceproductivity;naturalassetbase;environmentalqualityoflife; andpolicyresponsesandeconomicopportunities.Resultofthe assessmentarepresentedaspositive,negativeorstabletrendsagainst eachoftheindicators. Downloadhere Citation:CzechStatisticalOffice.(2011).GreenGrowthintheCzechRepublic. TowardsGreenGrowthinDenmarkOECD ThispaperassessesDanishenergyandclimatepoliciesanddiscusseshow theycouldbeimprovedtoensurethatobjectivesaremetatleastcost.It firstdepictstheevolutionofGHGemissionsandtheenergymixsince 1990.Itthenputsenergyandclimatepoliciesandtargetsintoperspective andsetsoutthemainchallenges.Thefinalsectionassesseshowpolicies couldbeshapedtoenhancetheefficiencyofthesetargetsandminimise theircosts. Denmarksgreengrowthstrategyfocusesonmovingtheenergysystem awayfromfossilfuelsandinvestingingreentechnologies,whilelimitinggreenhousegas(GHG) emissions.Onthewhole,currentpoliciesshouldallowDenmarktoreachneartermclimate
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changetargets,butmaynotbesufficienttoachieveitsmostambitioustargets.Thechallengeisto achieveobjectivesinacosteffectivemannerandtoensurethattheseambitionscontributeas muchaspossibletoglobalGHGemissionsmitigationandtostrongerandgreenergrowthin Denmark.BetterexploitinginteractionswithEUandinternationalpolicies,findingtheappropriate waytosupportgreentechnologiesandreducingGHGemissionsinsectorsnotcoveredbytheEU emissiontradingschemearekeyissueswhichneedtobeaddressedtomeetthischallenge. Downloadhere Citation:Jamet,S.(2012),TowardsGreenGrowthinDenmark:ImprovingEnergyandClimate ChangePolicies,OECDEconomicsDepartmentWorkingPapers,No.974,OECDPublishing. ALively&LiveableSingapore:StrategiesforSustainableGrowth MinistryoftheEnvironmentandWaterResourcesandMinistryof NationalDevelopment,Singapore ThisreportdocumentsthefindingsoftheIMCSD(InterMinisterial CommitteeonSustainableDevelopment)whichwassetupin2008with theaimofdevelopinganationalsustainabledevelopmentstrategyfor Singapore.Thecommitteeconsultedextensivelywithbusiness, communityleadersandmembersofthepublictodevelopthestrategy. TheresultingvisionwastoMakeSingaporealiveableandlivelycity state,onethatSingaporeansloveandareproudtocallhome. AseriesofstrategiesweredevelopedtoworktowardsinthetransitiontoasustainableSingapore. Thesewere:BoostingResourceEfficiency,EnhancingtheUrbanEnvironment,Building Capabilities,andFosteringCommunityAction.Thesestrategiesaredocumentedindetailinthe overarchingsustainabledevelopmentstrategyandincludetargetsandtimebasedactions. Downloadhere Citation:MinistryoftheEnvironmentandWaterResourcesandMinistryofNationalDevelopment, S.(2009).ALively&LiveableSingapore:StrategiesforSustainableGrowth. GreenGrowthPlanningGGGICountryPrograms ThispaperprovidesanoverviewoftheGreenGrowthPlanningprogram oftheGlobalGreenGrowthInstitute(GGGI).TheGGGIhelpsdeveloping countriestopreparepolicyoptionsanddevelopinstitutionstailoredto theirrespectiveeconomiccircumstancesandconstraints,includingthe developmentofnationalgreengrowthplans(GGPs) Thereportoutlinestheprojectscurrentbeingcoordinatedthroughthe GGGI,whichincludesprojectsin:Brazil,Cambodia,Ethiopia,Indonesia, Kazakhstan,Thailand,andtheUnitedArabEmirates,China,Mongolia, Philippines,Rwanda,andVietnam.Foreachproject,informationisprovidedontheproject background,objectives,mainactivitiesandoutputs,andpolicyimplications.
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Citation:GlobalGreenGrowthInstitute(2012).GreenGrowthPlanningGGGICountryPrograms.
5. LowCarbonDevelopment
TheconceptoflowcarbondevelopmenthasitsrootsintheUNFCCCadoptedinRioin1992.Inthe contextofthisconvention,lowcarbondevelopmentisnowgenerallyexpressedusingtheterm lowemissiondevelopmentstrategies(LEDSalsoknownaslowcarbondevelopmentstrategies, orlowcarbongrowthplans).Thoughnoformallyagreeddefinitionexists,LEDSaregenerallyused todescribeforwardlookingnationaleconomicdevelopmentplansorstrategiesthatencompass lowemissionand/orclimateresilienteconomicgrowth(OECD,IEA2010). LEDShaveattractedinterestintheclimatenegotiationsasasoftalternativetovoluntaryor obligatoryGHGemissionreductiontargetsindevelopingcountries(ECN,2011).Theinitial proposaltointroduceLEDSwasputforwardbytheEUin2008,highlightinghowinformationon plannedlowcarbonpathwayscanhelptoinformtheinternationalcommunityaboutfunding needsandprioritiesandtohelpgaugethelevelofglobalclimatechangeaction(OECD,IEA2010). TheconcepthasbeenincludedinthenegotiatingtextsundertheUNFCCCsincetherunupto COP15inCopenhagenin2009andispartofboththeCopenhagenAccord(UNFCCC,2009)andthe CancunAgreements(UNFCCC,2011),whichrecognizethataLEDSisindispensibletosustainable developmentandthatincentivesarerequiredtosupportthedevelopmentofsuchstrategiesin developingcountries.Thoughnotclearlyimpliedbytheterminology,LEDSareunderstoodtoalso includeprovisionstoreducevulnerabilitytoclimatechangeimpacts. Thediscourseofintegratingclimatechangeanddevelopmentbuildsonalargebodyofliterature, whichwasassessedbytheIPCCinitsfourthassessmentreport(Sathayeetal.,2007),and distinguishedbetweenthetraditionalclimatefirstapproachandadevelopmentfirst approach(ODI,2009).Theconceptoflowcarbondevelopmenttakesadevelopmentfirst approachwhichrethinksdevelopmentplanningandproposesstructuralsolutions(suchas alternativeinfrastructureandspatialplanning)withloweremissiontrajectories(Moritaetal. 2001).Itfocusesonaddressingandintegratingclimatechangewithdevelopmentobjectivesandis thereforeamoreusefulapproachfordevelopingcountries.Inpractice,theplansareoften combinationsofnewandexistingelements,allcombinedinanewwaytoaddresspreexisting policyobjectivesalongwiththeneedtoslowclimatechangeandprepareforitsimpacts. OutsideoftheUNFCCC,theconcepthasalsogainedrecognitionandsupportbyworldleaders, includingattheMajorEconomiesForuminItalyinJuly2009whereleadersdeclaredthattheir countrieswouldpreparelowcarbongrowthplans9 .Agrowingnumberofinternational organizationsandconsultancieshavealsobeeninvolvedinlowcarbondevelopmentprograms, includingtheUNDP,UNEP,theWorldBank(includingthroughitsEnergySectorManagement
9
The17majoreconomiesparticipatingintheMEFare:Australia,Brazil,Canada,China,theEuropeanUnion, France,Germany,India,Indonesia,Italy,Japan,Korea,Mexico,Russia,SouthAfrica,theUnitedKingdom, andtheUnitedStates.
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AssistanceProgram(ESMAP)),ClimateWorks,theClimateDevelopmentKnowledgeNetwork, WWF,theEuropeanUnionandavarietyofbilateraldonors.
5.A.Publications
Followingaresummariesofrecentpublicationsonlowcarbondevelopmentavailableonline. LowEmissionDevelopmentStrategies(LEDS)OECD/IEA TheOECDandIEASecretariatpreparedthisoverviewofLowEmission DevelopmentStrategiesinresponsetoarequestfromtheClimate ChangeExpertGroupontheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon ClimateChange(UNFCCC).Thedocumentsdonotnecessarilyrepresent theviewsoftheOECDortheIEAbutmerelypresentnationalpolicy makersandotherdecisionmakerswithbestpracticeexampleoflow carbondevelopment. Thedocumentalsogoessomewaytodefininglowemission developmentasforwardlookingnationaleconomicdevelopmentplans orstrategiesthatencompasslowemissionand/orclimateresilientgrowth.Thepublication recognisesthatthetermLEDSisarelativelynewconcept(firstusedbyUNFCCCin2008)butthat itsusehasbeenbecomingmoreandmorefrequentandcurrentlyismentionedinnegotiating textsfromCOP15andbeyond,includingtheCopenhagenAccord,whichrecognisedthataLEDSis indispensabletosustainabledevelopment. TheLEDSreportprovidesanoverviewoftechnical,institutionalandpolicylessonslearnedinthe preparationofnationalclimatechangestrategiesandLEDS,inthecontextofExpertiseand resources,GovernmentcoordinationandStakeholderinvolvement.Eachlessoncontributesto thecycle(definedinthereport)ofpreparingcoherent,coordinatedandstrategicLowEmission DevelopmentStrategies.Prominentexamplesare:theUKsLowCarbonTransitionPlan,Mexicos GHGinventory,ClimateChangeReportCoordinationinThailandandGuyanasMeasurement ReportingandVerification(MRV)Roadmap. Downloadhere Citation:OECD,IEA,2010.LowEmissionDevelopmentStrategies.OECDPublishing. LowCarbonGrowthPlans:AdvancingGoodPracticeProjectCatalyst TheLowCarbonGrowthPlans:AdvancingGoodPracticereportwas authoredbyProjectCatalyst,aninitiativeoftheClimateWorks Foundation,toprovideanalyticalandpolicysupportfortheUnited NationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC) negotiationsonapostKyotointernationalclimateagreement.The reportstatesthatstabilisingcarbonemissionsat450ppmtoensure globaltemperaturerisesdonotincreasefurtherthan2degrees centigradeabovethepreindustrialaveragedependsonourwilland
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abilitytomakeafasttransitiontoalowcarbongrowtheconomy. Thereportrefrainsfromdefininglowcarbongrowthdirectly,butdoesofferaseriesofelements thatshouldbeconsideredinthedevelopmentofalowcarbonplan.Theseareasfollows:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Developmentpriorities:howtheyrelatewithachangingclimateandGHGemissions, Baselinesetting:developmentplansandobstacles,vulnerability,GHGemissions, AlongtermvisionforaneconomywithlowGHGemissionsandlowvulnerabilitytoclimate change, Adaptationplan,specifyingwhatactionsaretobeundertakentomovetowardsaclimateresilient societyandeconomy, Mitigationplan,specifyingwhatactionsaretobeundertakentomovetowardsalowemissions economy, Identificationofwhatcanbeachievedwithoutassistanceandwhatcouldbeachievedwith internationalsupport,and Theincrementalcostofalltechnology,financingandcapacitybuildingsupportneededto implementtheplan.
Downloadhere Citation:ClimateWorksFoundation,EuropeanClimateFoundation.(2009).LowCarbonGrowth Plans:AdvancingGoodPractice. Promotingpolesofcleangrowthtofosterthetransitiontoamore sustainableeconomyUNCTAD ThisUNCTADpublicationcoverspolicyresponsestomeetingthe challengeofclimatechangeandthechangestotheeconomicsystem thatneedtotakeplaceinordertodoso.Thereportassertsthatthe greatestchallengetomitigatingclimatechangeisnotthe macroeconomiccosts,butthelackofpolicy,regulatoryandinstitutional structurestosupporttheshifttoamoresustainableeconomythat combineslowcarbongrowthwithjobandincomecreationin developingcountries. Thereportpresentsthreeoverarchinggrowthpolesthatcanprovideopportunitiesforlow carboneconomicgrowthandplacetheglobaleconomyonapathtomoresustainable development.Thesegrowthpolesare: Energyefficiency Sustainableagriculture Renewableenergytechnologies
Eachpoleisexploredingreatdetailandpolicyoptionsfortheidentifiedinitiativesarediscussed. Downloadhere
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Citation:UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment.(2010).Promotingpolesofclean growthtofosterthetransitiontoamoresustainableeconomy. PreparingLowEmissionClimateResilientDevelopmentStrategies UNDP ThePreparingLowEmissionClimateResilientDevelopmentStrategies, developedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,isa guidebooktoassistnationalandsubnationalgovernmentsin developingcountriestopreparelowemission,climateresilient developmentstrategiesthataimtosimultaneouslyaddressthethreats, risks,vulnerabilitiesanduncertaintiesassociatedwithglobalclimate changeandthepressingdevelopmentneedscountriesfaceasthey pursuesustainabledevelopment. SimilarlytotheProjectCatalystreport,theUNDPguidebookdoesnotofferashortdefinitionof lowemissiondevelopmentbutinsteadprovidesaseriesofdetailedstepstotheformationoflow emissiondevelopmentplans.Theseareasfollows:identificationofkeystakeholdersand establishmentofparticipatoryplanningandcoordinationframeworks;generationofclimate changeprofilesandvulnerabilityscenarios;identificationandprioritisationofmitigationand adaptationoptions;assessmentoffinancingrequirements;anddevelopmentoflowemission climateresilientroadmapsforprojectdevelopment,policyinstruments,andfinancialflows. Downloadhere Citation:UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.(2011).PreparingLowEmissionClimate ResilientDevelopmentStrategies. ClimateChangeandtheWorldBankGroup:TheChallengeofLow CarbonDevelopmentWorldBank Thepublicationpresentstheresultsofanevaluationthataimedtoseek lessonsandrecommendationsinrelationtothelowcarbon developmentoftheWorldBankGroupsportfolioinenergy,forestry andtransport.TheevaluationsoughttoestablishhowtheWBGs investmentsinlowcarbongrowthopportunitiescanhavethegreatest impact,bothfordevelopmentandforgreenhousegasmitigation. Thethreekeyfindingsemergingfromtheevaluationarethat(1)The WBGcanachievegreatimpactbyprovidingadviceandsupportforfavourablepoliciessuchas removalofenergysubsidiesandotherbiasesagainstrenewablesandenergyefficiency,(2)Act morelikeaventurecapitalist,bysupportingthetransferandadaptationtolocalconditionsof existingtechnologies,policiesandfinancialpractices,and(3)Byfocusingonhighimpactsectors andinstruments,suchasenergyefficiencyandforestryinterventions. Thereportisbasedaroundfinancialinvestmentsandtheirimportanceinthedevelopmentoflow carboneconomies.Again,thepublicationrefrainsfromdefiningexactlywhatlowcarbon
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developmentis,butoffersamultitudeofelementsthatcompriseeconomicdevelopmentfroma lowcarbonperspective. Downloadhere Citation:WorldBank.(2010).ClimateChangeandtheWorldBankGroup:TheChallengeofLow CarbonDevelopment.WashingtonDC.
Followingaresummariesofrecentnationallowcarbondevelopmentstrategiesorsimilar documentsavailableonline. LowcarbonDevelopmentforMexicoESMAP TheLowcarbonDevelopmentforMexicoreportbyESMAP,provides ananalysisofhowMexicoisabletosubstantiallyreduceitscarbon emissionswhilstatthesametimegrowingtheeconomy.Thedocument beginsbyassertingthatlowcarbondevelopmentisindeedpossiblein Mexicohowevertherearemanyentrenchedbarrierstoachievingit whichcomeintheformofinformationgaps,regulationandtrade. Thereportevaluatesinterventionsthatpromotelowcarbon developmentinfivekeysectors:Electricpower,oilandgas,energyend use,transport,andagricultureandforestry.Eachsectorissubjecttoa costanalysistodeterminethemostviableinterventionmechanismsthatcanbeimplemented within5to10years.Inaddition,lowcarboninitiativesareanalysedforeachsectorandforecasts areproducedtodeterminepotentialcarbonsavingsto2030. Downloadhere Citation:ESMAP.(2010).LowCarbonDevelopmentforMexico.WashingtonDC. BrazilLowCarbonDevelopmentStudyWorldBank TheBrazilLowCarbonDevelopmentStudybytheWorldBankoffersa significantexplorationintothepotentialforBraziltofostereconomic developmentwhilstreducinggreenhousegasemissionsandistheresult ofaconsultative,iterativeapproachwithexpertsandgovernment representativesinBrazilwithaninterestinlowcarbondevelopment. ThisstudyusestheBrazilianGovernmentsfourkeydevelopmentareas (LULUCF{LandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry},energy,transport andwastemanagement)tofocusonandexaminethecurrentsystemsthatgeneratecarbon emissioninthesesectors.Thereportthenanalysestheconditionsrequiredforlargescale decarbonisationofthesectorsto2030byprovidingtechnicalandanalyticalelementsfor emissionsreductions.
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Followingthis,thestudyanalysestheoptionsfrombothamacroandmicroeconomicperspective, presentsanationallowcarbonscenarioforBrazilandthenprovidesfinancingoptionstoachieve thescenario.Thefinalsectionidentifiestheotherstructuralandinstitutionalchangesthatwillbe requiredinBraziltomeetthelowcarbonscenario. Downloadhere Citation:WorldBank.(2010).BrazilLowcarbonCountryCaseStudy.WashingtonDC. ColumbianLowCarbonDevelopmentStrategyMinistryof Environment&SustainableDevelopment TheColumbianLowCarbonDevelopmentStrategyrecognisesthat althoughColumbiascarbonemissionsarelowrelativetodeveloped countries,theywillgrowsignificantlyifnomitigationoccurs, consideringtheprojectedeconomicgrowth.Thestrategystatesthat Columbiashouldtakeadvantageofinternationalfinancialincentivestopromotelowcarbon growthandpreparetheeconomyforafuturecarbonconsciousglobaleconomy. Thestrategycomprises3keycomponentseachofwhichareexploredindetail: 1. Identificationandassessmentofalternativesandopportunitiesinlowcarbon development; 2. DesignandimplementationofPlans,PoliciesandMeasurementsinlowcarbon development;and, 3. DesignandconstructionofMRV(monitoring,reportingandverification)System. Downloadhere Citation:MinistryofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment.(20011).ColombianLowCarbon DevelopmentStrategy. LowCarbonGrowthPlanforAustraliaClimateWorksAustralia Thisplan,producedbyClimateWorksAustralia,setsoutemissions reductionsopportunitiesforAustralia,thechallengesfacedincapturing them,andactionsrequiredtosucceed.Thereportidentifies opportunitiesavailabletobusinessesaswellasguidingtheactions requiredforGovernmentandconsumerstoachievetheemissions reductionsforAustraliaatthelowestpossiblecost. ThereportisnotanationalstrategyoftheAustralianGovernmentper se,butitwasfundedthroughtheAustralianCarbonTrustandregional andnationalgovernmentaldepartments. Downloadhere Citation:ClimateWorksAustralia.(2010).LowCarbonGrowthPlanforAustralia.Clayton, Australia.
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DominicaLowCarbonClimateResilientDevelopmentStrategy2012 2020ClimateInvestmentFunds TheLowcarbonClimateresilientDevelopmentStrategy20122020for Dominica,byClimateInvestmentFunds,isaimedatfurthering Dominicaseffortsinthetransformationtoagreeneconomy.The strategyrecognisesthechallengesthatSmallIslandDevelopingStates facewithregardtotheimpactsofclimatechange.Inresponsetothis, thelowcarbonstrategyputsforwardaplantoachievetheislands sustainabledevelopmentgoalswhilstmeetingcriticalsocial developmentandpovertyreductiontargets. Thestrategybeginsbysettingthedevelopmentcontextfortheisland,whichdocumentsthe existingdevelopmentplansandprograms,beforeanalysingthepolicy,legalandinstitutional elementsoflowcarbondevelopment.Followingthis,thestrategyidentifiestherationalefor climatechangefinancingandinvestmentandthendocumentstheimplementationplanforthe CouncilforEnvironment,ClimateChangeandDevelopment,accountableforthedeliveryofthe lowcarbondevelopmentstrategy. Downloadhere Citation:CIF.(2012).DominicaLowCarbonClimateResilientDevelopmentStrategy20122020. TransformingGuyanasEconomyWhileCombatingClimateChange RepublicofGuyana TheLowcarbonDevelopmentStrategyofGuyana,entitled TransformingGuyanasEconomyWhileCombatingClimateChange,is theresultofoverayearofconsultationwithinGuyanaand substantiatedwithinputfromtheUnitedNationsandinternational climatechangeinitiatives.ItsetsoutGuyanasplantocreateanewlow carboneconomyto2020anddoessobyidentifyingsevenpriorityareas thatwillbefocusedonintheinitialimplementationphaseandprovides aframeworkforfurtherdevelopmentofthestrategybeyond2015. Thesevenstrategicpriorityareasforinvestmentare: 1. GovernmentequityintheAmailaFallsHydroElectricityCompany; 2. AcceleratingAmerindianlandtitling,demarcationandextensionprocesses; 3. AmerindianDevelopmentFund; 4. Expansionoffibreopticdigitalinfrastructure; 5. MicrofinanceforSmallandMediumEnterprisesandVulnerableGroupsLowCarbon Development; 6. InitialworktoestablishanInternationalCentreforBioDiversityResearchandLowCarbon Development,coupledwithenhancementofthenationalschoolcurriculum;
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7. WorkonMonitoring,ReportingandVerificationSystems(MRVS)andothersupportforthe LCDS. Downloadhere Citation:OfficeofthePresident,RepublicofGuyana.(2010).TransformingGuyanasEconomy WhileCombatingClimateChange(pp.1128). BuildingaLowCarbonIndianEconomyConfederationofIndian Industry TheBuildingaLowcarbonIndianEconomyreport,bythe ConfederationofIndianIndustry,recognisesthatalthoughIndiais undergoingaphaseofrapidindustrialdevelopmentthereareclear signsthatindustryinIndiahasadoptedanapproachthatcanhelpIndia leapfrogtoalowcarboneconomy.Thereportassertsthatthiscanbe donebyadoptingsuitablepoliciestopromotenoncarbonintensive fuels,renewablesandstateofthearttechnologiestopromoteenergy efficiency. Thestrategyidentifies12priorityareaswiththepotentialtomitigate Indiascarbonemissionsandputthecountryonthepathtoalowcarboneconomy.Theseare: RenewableEnergy,EnergyEfficiency,CleanerConventionalEnergyTechnologies,HydrogenFuel Cells,FreeandOpenMarkets,GreenBuildings,TheAviationSector,WaterEfficiency,Agriculture, Afforestation,Research&DevelopmentandFinancing. Thedocumentconcludesbyprovidingspecificactionstobeundertakenbygovernment,industry andcivilsocietyindependently,thatwillputIndiaonapathtoalowcarboneconomy. Downloadhere Citation:ConfederationofIndianIndustry.(2008).BuildingaLowCarbonIndianEconomy. LowCarbonDevelopmentOptionsforIndonesiaWorldBank, MinistryofFinance,Indonesia ThereportonLowcarbonDevelopmentOptionsforIndonesia producedbytheWorldBankincollaborationwiththeMinistryof FinanceforIndonesia,putsforwardaseriesofeconomicdevelopment optionsforIndonesiathatwillhelpinthetransitiontoagreen economy.Thephase1reportrecognisesthatsoundenvironmental management,reductionofgreenhousegasemissions,andeconomic efficiencyandgrowtharecompatiblegoals.Thispartofthestudy investigatedthegreenhousegasemissionsofthecountryaswellastheeconomicpolicy instrumentsavailableforaddressingclimatechangemitigationandadaptioninIndonesia. Downloadhere Citation:WorldBank,M.ofF.(2008).LowCarbonDevelopmentOptionsforIndonesia.
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OpportunitiesforLowCarbonInvestmentinTanzaniaanAssessment ofFutureEmissionsGrowthandLowCarbonReductionPotential GlobalClimateAdaptationPartnership,StockholmEnvironment Institute,UKAID Thisreportfocusesonthepotentialforlowcarbonopportunitiesand thefinancingthatcouldflowfromsuchprojects.Tanzanianeeds additionalinvestmenttofacilitategrowththatismoresustainablethan thecurrentpathway.Thiscouldbeachievedthroughusingfinancing mechanismsthatprovidefundingforprojectsandprogrammeswhere greenhousegas(GHG)emissionsreductionscanbedemonstrated.In additiontoreducingcarbon,manyoftheseoptionscouldleadtomore sustainablegrowththroughprotectingnaturalresources,improvingenvironmentalquality, deliveringeconomicopportunitiesandreducingrelianceonfossilimports. Downloadhere Citation:UKAID.(2010).OpportunitiesforLowCarbonInvestmentinTanzaniaAnassessmentof futureemissionsgrowthandlowcarbonreductionpotential. TheUKLowCarbonTransitionPlanHMGovernment ThisWhitePapersetsouttheUKstransitionplanforbuildingalow carbonUKaspartoftheGovernmentsfivepointplantotackleclimate change:cuttingemissions,maintainingsecureenergysupplies, maximisingeconomicopportunitiesandprotectingthemostvulnerable. Theplanwilldeliveremissioncutsof18%on2008levelsby2020(and overaonethirdreductionon1990levels).Thisincludessourcing40%of electricityfromlowcarbonsourcesby2020. Downloadhere Citation:HMGovernment.(2009).TheUKLowCarbonTransitionPlan Nationalstrategyforclimateandenergy.
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6. ACritiqueofEmergingConcepts
Whilsttheconceptsofgreeneconomy,greengrowthandlowcarbondevelopmenthaveemerged fromdifferentsources,throughtheworkofdifferentorganisationsandwithdifferenttarget audiences,thedistinctionsamongthemhavebecomeblurredandtheyarenowbeingusedalmost interchangeably.Amaindriverbehindthedevelopmentoftheseconceptshasbeenthemove towardsamoreintegratedandholisticapproachtoincorporatingenvironmentanddevelopment ineconomicdecisionmaking,policyandplanning. Whilstthetermsgreeneconomyandgreengrowthmightimplyastrongfocusontheintersection betweenenvironmentandtheeconomy,manyofthedefinitionsofthesetermsfromrecent publicationsclearlyalsoincorporateasocialemphasis(seeAppendix1).Asummaryofkeywords fromthefulllistofdefinitionsinAppendix1isprovidedinTable1below,categorisedaccordingto thethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment. Table1:KeywordsinpublisheddefinitionsofGreenEconomyandGreenGrowth
Dimension Social GreenEconomy Humanwellbeing;socialequity;socially inclusive;reducedinequalities;betterquality oflife;socialdevelopment;equitableaccess; addressingneedsofwomenandyouth. Growthinincomeandemployment;publicand privateinvestments;resilienteconomy; economicgrowth;neweconomicactivity. GreenGrowth Wellbeing,sociallyinclusive,accesstobasic commoditiesfortheimpoverished;meeting demandsforfoodproduction,transport, construction,housingandenergy. Economicgrowthanddevelopment; technologyandinnovation;environmentally sustainableeconomicprogress;more resilient;sustainedeconomicgrowth;driver foreconomicgrowth;newgrowthengines; greentechnology;newjobopportunities; qualitativegrowthratherthansimply increasingGDP;jobcreationorGDPgrowth. Protectionandmaintenanceofnaturalassets andenvironmentalservices;provisionof resourcesandservices;lowcarbon;using fewerresourcesandgeneratingfewer emissions;resourceefficient;cleaner; climaticandenvironmentalsustainability; energyandresourceefficient;minimises pollutionandenvironmentalimpacts; resilienttohazards;harmonybetweenthe economyandtheenvironment; environmentalprotection;reduceGHG.
Economic
Environmental Reducingenvironmentalrisksandecological scarcities;lowcarbon;resourceefficient; reducecarbonemissionsandpollution; enhanceenergyandresourceefficiency; preventlossofbiodiversityandecosystem services;withinecologicallimitsoftheplanet; environmentalresponsibility;finitecarrying capacity.
Whilstthisanalysisisillustrative,thereisclearlysignificantoverlapbetweenthetwoconcepts, includinglanguagearoundgrowthandeconomicdevelopment,environmentalprotection,low carbondevelopment,resilience,resourceefficiency,ecologicalsustainability,humanwellbeing, inclusivenessandequity.Inthisregard,lowcarbondevelopmentcanbeseenasasubsetofboth greengrowthandgreeneconomy.Importantly,manydefinitionsofgreeneconomyincludea
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referencetoecologicallimitsorplanetaryboundaries,whicharereferencestothescientificarticle whichidentifiesnineplanetaryboundariesthatdefinethesafeoperatingspaceforhumanitywith respecttotheEarthsystemandassociatedwiththeplanet'sbiophysicalsubsystemsorprocesses (seeRockstrometal,2009).Interestingly,thisreferencehasnotbeenincludedindefinitionsof greengrowth. TheInternationalChamberofCommerce(2011)proposeakeydifferencebetweengreengrowth andgreeneconomyi.e.thatgreengrowthisabottomupapproachofgreeningproducts, processes,services,technologiesandsupplychains,comparedwiththetopdownapproachof greeneconomywhichinvolvesstrategic,macroeconomicpoliciesaddressingsystemicchallenges. Othershighlightthatgreengrowth,moresothanthemultidimensionalconceptofgreen economy,representsanewglobalcompromiseposition,whichmaybeseenasaweakstep forwardbutonethathasthepotentialtounitemanydifferentfactionsaroundagoalthatmany seeastransformative(Atkisson,2012). Overall,thevariousdefinitionsofgreengrowthandgreeneconomyaregenerallyconsistent,both havingsustainabledevelopmentastheirultimateobjectiveandbeingameanstoreconcilethe economicandenvironmentalpillars,withoutignoringsocialaspects(WorldBank,2012).Assuch, thedistinctionbetweenthetermsisprobablyoflittlerelevance. However,theapproachestogreeneconomyandgreengrowthcanbeseentocoveraspectrumof differentshadesofgreen,fromnarrowconcernsaboutclimatechangeontheonehand(inline withinitialapproachestolowcarbongrowth),tolargercritiquesoftheenvironmental sustainabilityofmoderncapitalismontheother(GreenGrowthLeaders,2011).Inotherwords, andfromascientificperspective,thefocusvariesbetweenaddressingoneoftheplanetary boundariesdefinedbyscientists(i.e.climatechange)tomoreholisticallyaddressingthewider rangeofresourceandecologicallimitsandthegeneralstateoftheplanet. Ofcourse,greeneconomyhasnotbeenwithoutitscritics10 .Criticismsraisedincludethatthe conceptshouldnotcompetewithordisplacesustainabledevelopmentandinternationallyagreed principles,thatitimpliesafocusonenvironmentalandeconomicdimensionstothedetrimentof thesocialdimension,thatitwillleadtothefinancialisationofnatureaswellasfurther concentrationofmarketpowerandglobalinequality(ThirdWorldNetwork,2011;Lander,2011). Otherrisksassociatedwithgreeneconomyincludethatitmayattempttotreatcountriesinthe samemanner(i.e.bebasedonaonesizefitsallapproach),thatitmayresultintrade protectionism,thatthroughitsomecountriesmayattempttogainenhancedmarketaccessfor theirproducts,achievingcommercialadvantage,andthatitmayplacenewconditionalitieson developingcountriesforaid,loansanddebtrelief(Khor,2011). Criticshavealsohighlighteditsfailuretodojusticetotheinterdependentrelationshipbetween environmentprotectionandinclusiveeconomicandsocialdevelopment(Dagupta,2011;Khor, 2011;ThirdWorldNetwork,2011).InthecontextofRio+20,therelationshipofgreeneconomyas ameanstoachievingbroadersustainabledevelopmentandpovertyeradicationwasgivenaclear emphasis.Morerecentreferencestoanequitablegreeneconomyorinclusivegreengrowthare clearlyattemptingmoreholisticallytointegratethethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment
10
ForexampleseetheNotothegreeneconomycampaign:http://nogreeneconomy.org/en/
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intotheseconceptstoallaytheseconcerns 11 .However,ithasalsobeenpointedoutthat,whilst thishasbeenanimportantdevelopment,ifonefollowsthistrackthegreeneconomyconcept wouldincorporatesomanyadditionalaspectsthattheconceptwouldbecomeequivalentto sustainabledevelopmentitselfinthatsense,whybother?(Condezey,2011). Perhapsakeybenefitoftheemergenceofthegreeneconomyconcepthasbeenthatithas stimulatedinternationalattentionandrenewedglobaleffortstotransformourcurrent unsustainableeconomicmodelintoonewhichbetteralignswiththeoverarchinggoalsof sustainabledevelopment.Importantly,thishasincludedeffortsbyinternationalorganizations, majorgroups,thinktanksandresearchers(bothsupportersandcriticsalike)todevelop operationalprinciplesforgreeneconomyandgreengrowth,aswellastheelaborationofpolicy toolkitsandsuitesofmeasuresthatcanbeadoptedbynationalgovernmentstoshifttoamore sustainableeconomicframework.Thereisalsoanemerginginternationalpracticeasnational governmentsinallregionsadoptwhatcouldbeclassifiedasgreeneconomypolicies,withsome countriestakingaleadingroleindevelopingoverarchingnationalgreeneconomystrategiesthat integratewithlongtermdevelopmentstrategies.Inthisregard,thegreeneconomyandrelated conceptshavesucceededinreinvigoratingglobaldebateonhowtoredefineoureconomicmodel toachievetheoverarchingagreedgoalofsustainabledevelopment. Itislikelythattheconceptsofgreeneconomyandgreengrowthwillfurtherconvergeincoming yearsandcontinuetogathermomentumasmoreinfluentialinternationalorganizationsaswellas nationalgovernmentsadopttheconceptsintotheirprogramsandpolicyagendas.Duringthis process,itwillbecriticalthatproponentsofgreeneconomyeffectivelytakeonboardtheconcerns raisedandaddresstherisksassociatedwiththeconcept.Thedevelopmentofagreedgreen economyprinciples,policytoolkitsanddatabasesofgoodpracticewillcontributeinthisregard.
11
Forexampleseerecentpublicationsby:theWorldBank(2012)InclusiveGreenGrowth:ThePathwayto SustainableDevelopment;theUNEMG(2011)WorkingtowardsaBalancedandInclusiveGreenEconomy:A UnitedNationsSystemwidePerspective;andTheDanish92Group(2012)BuildinganEquitableGreen Economy.
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7. Appendix1:DefinitionsofGreenEconomyandGreenGrowth
Concept
Greeneconomy
Definition
1. Onethatresultsinimprovedhumanwellbeingandsocialequity,whilesignificantlyreducing environmentalrisksandecologicalscarcities.Itislowcarbon,resourceefficient,andsocially inclusive.Inagreeneconomy,growthinincomeandemploymentshouldbedrivenbypublic andprivateinvestmentsthatreducecarbonemissionsandpollution,enhanceenergyand resourceefficiency,andpreventthelossofbiodiversityandecosystemservices(UNEP2011). Asystemofeconomicactivitiesrelatedtotheproduction,distributionandconsumptionof goodsandservicesthatresultinimprovedhumanwellbeingoverthelongterm,whilenot exposingfuturegenerationstosignificantenvironmentalrisksorecologicalscarcities.(UNEP, 2009). Aneconomythatresultsinimprovedhumanwellbeingandreducedinequalities,whilenot exposingfuturegenerationstosignificantenvironmentalrisksandecologicalscarcities.Itseeks tobringlongtermsocietalbenefitstoshorttermactivitiesaimedatmitigatingenvironmental risks.Agreeneconomyisanenablingcomponentoftheoverarchinggoalofsustainable development(UNCTAD,2011). Greeneconomyisaresilienteconomythatprovidesabetterqualityoflifeforallwithinthe ecologicallimitsoftheplanet.(GreenEconomyCoalition,2011) GreenEconomyisdescribedasaneconomyinwhicheconomicgrowthandenvironmental responsibilityworktogetherinamutuallyreinforcingfashionwhilesupportingprogresson socialdevelopment.(InternationalChamberofCommerce,2011). TheGreenEconomyisnotastatebutaprocessofTransformationandaconstantdynamic progression.TheGreenEconomydoesawaywiththesystemicdistortionsanddisfunctionalities ofthecurrentmainstreameconomyandresultsinhumanwellbeingandequitableaccessto opportunityforallpeople,whilesafeguardingenvironmentalandeconomicintegrityinorder toremainwithintheplanetsfinitecarryingcapacity.TheEconomycannotbeGreenwithout beingEquitable(Danish92Group,2012). Thegreeneconomyinvolveslargelyneweconomicactivitiesandmustprovideanimportant entrypointforbroadbasedblackeconomicempowerment,addressingtheneedsofwomen andyouthentrepreneursandofferingopportunitiesforenterprisesinthesocialeconomy (GovernmentofSouthAfrica,2011). Greeneconomycanbeseenasalensforfocusingonandseizingopportunitiestoadvance economicandenvironmentalgoalssimultaneously.(Rio+20ObjectivesandThemesofthe ConferenceUNCSD,2011)
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8. GreenGrowth 1.
Aimstofostereconomicgrowthanddevelopmentwhileensuringthatnaturalassetsand environmentalservicesareprotectedandmaintained.Theapproachplacesapremiumon technologyandinnovationfromsmartgridsystemsandhighefficiencylightingsystemsto renewableenergiesincludingsolarandgeothermalpoweraswellasonimprovingincentives fortechnologydevelopmentandinnovation(GlobalSustainabilityPanel,2011). 2. Fosteringeconomicgrowthanddevelopment,whileensuringthatnaturalassetscontinueto providetheresourcesandenvironmentalservicesonwhichourwellbeingrelies(OECD,2011). 3. ApolicyfocusfortheAsiaPacificregionthatemphasizesenvironmentallysustainable economicprogresstofosterlowcarbon,sociallyinclusivedevelopment(UNESCAPwebsite). 4. Is,ingeneralterms,economicprogressthatfostersenvironmentallysustainable,lowcarbon andsociallyinclusivedevelopment.Pursuinggreengrowthinvolvesoutliningapathto achievingeconomicgrowthandwellbeingwhileusingfewerresourcesandgeneratingfewer emissionsinmeetingdemandsforfoodproduction,transport,constructionandhousing,and energy(UNESCAP,2012). 5. Isaboutmakinggrowthprocessesresourceefficient,cleanerandmoreresilientwithout necessarilyslowingthem.Developmentthatisgreen[whichheremeansresourcesefficient], cleanandresilient(WorldBank,2011) 6. Isthenewrevolutionarydevelopmentparadigmthatsustainseconomicgrowthwhileatthe
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11. 12.
13.
sametimeensuringclimaticandenvironmentalsustainability.Itfocusesonaddressingtheroot causesofthesechallengeswhileensuringthecreationofthenecessarychannelsforresource distributionandaccesstobasiccommoditiesfortheimpoverished.(GGGIwebsite) Greengrowthisgrowththatemphasisesenvironmentallysustainableeconomicprogressto fosterlowcarbon,sociallyinclusivedevelopment.TheOECDdefinitionissimilarbut emphasisesalsogreeninvestmentasadriverforeconomicgrowth.(UNDESARio+20 ObjectivesandThemesoftheConference) Itisgrowththatisefficientinitsuseofnaturalresources,cleaninthatitminimisespollution andenvironmentalimpactsandresilientinthatitaccountsfornaturalhazards(WorldBank, 2012). Isgrowththatisefficientinitsuseofnaturalresources,cleaninthatitminimizespollutionand environmentalimpacts,andresilientinthatitaccountsfornaturalhazardsandtheroleof environmentalmanagementandnaturalcapitalinpreventingphysicaldisasters.Andthis growthneedstobeinclusive.Inclusivegreengrowthaimstooperationalisesustainable developmentbyreconcilingdevelopingcountriesurgentneedforrapidgrowthandpoverty alleviationwiththeneedtoavoidirreversibleandcostlyenvironmentaldamage(WorldBank, 2012) Growthachievedbysavingandusingenergyandresourcesefficientlytoreduceclimate changeanddamagetotheenvironment,securingnewgrowthenginesthroughresearchand developmentofgreentechnology,creatingnewjobopportunities,andachievingharmony betweentheeconomyandenvironment(RoKFrameworkActonLowCarbon,GreenGrowth, 2010). Definedasenvironmentallysustainableprogressthatfosterslowcarbon,sociallyinclusive development(GovernmentofCambodia,2009). Anemergingconceptthatrecognisesthatenvironmentalprotectionisadriverofglobaland nationaleconomicdevelopment.Itrefocusessocietyonachievingqualitativegrowthrather thansimplyincreasingGDP(GovernmentofRwanda,2011). MeansjobcreationorGDPgrowthcompatiblewithordrivenbyactionstoreducegreenhouse gases.(GreenGrowthLeaders,2011)
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A guidebook to the Green Economy

ACritiqueofEmergingConcepts ....................................................................................60 Appendix1:DefinitionsofGreenEconomyandGreenGrowth ......................................63

Thereportinterpretssustainabledevelopmentasnondeclininghumanwelfareovertimethatis,a developmentpaththatmakespeoplebetterofftodaybutmakespeopletomorrowhavealowerstandardof livingisnotsustainable.

Thepaperrecognisesthesystemicproblemsfacingtheworldandproposesthattheycanonlybe rectifiedwiththeabovesystemicchanges. Downloadhere Citation:Jenkins,T.,&Simms,A.(2012).ChallengePaper:TheGreenEconomy,StakeholderForum (pp.19).

ThestrategyTowardsGreenGrowthwaslaunchedattheOECDMinisterialCouncilMeetinginMay 2011.Itincludesasuiteofpublicationsincludingapolicytoolkitandindicators(see http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,3746,en_2649_37465_47983690_1_1_1_37465,00.html)

The17majoreconomiesparticipatingintheMEFare:Australia,Brazil,Canada,China,theEuropeanUnion, France,Germany,India,Indonesia,Italy,Japan,Korea,Mexico,Russia,SouthAfrica,theUnitedKingdom, andtheUnitedStates.

abilitytomakeafasttransitiontoalowcarbongrowtheconomy. Thereportrefrainsfromdefininglowcarbongrowthdirectly,butdoesofferaseriesofelements thatshouldbeconsideredinthedevelopmentofalowcarbonplan.Theseareasfollows:

developmentis,butoffersamultitudeofelementsthatcompriseeconomicdevelopmentfroma lowcarbonperspective. Downloadhere Citation:WorldBank.(2010).ClimateChangeandtheWorldBankGroup:TheChallengeofLow CarbonDevelopment.WashingtonDC.

Environmental Reducingenvironmentalrisksandecological scarcities;lowcarbon;resourceefficient; reducecarbonemissionsandpollution; enhanceenergyandresourceefficiency; preventlossofbiodiversityandecosystem services;withinecologicallimitsoftheplanet; environmentalresponsibility;finitecarrying capacity.

Forexampleseerecentpublicationsby:theWorldBank(2012)InclusiveGreenGrowth:ThePathwayto SustainableDevelopment;theUNEMG(2011)WorkingtowardsaBalancedandInclusiveGreenEconomy:A UnitedNationsSystemwidePerspective;andTheDanish92Group(2012)BuildinganEquitableGreen Economy.

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