II ცვალებადობა

§7
memkvidruli cvalebadoba
aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba

genetika Seiswavlis ara mxolod memkvidreobiTobas, aramed cvalebado-

basac. cvalebadoba ewodeba cocxali organizmis unars, garegani da Sina-
gani zemoqmedebiT SeiZinos axali niSnebi da Tvisebebi.
arsebobs cvalebadobis ori saxe:

cvalebadobis saxeebi

memkvidruli anu genotipuri aramemkvidruli anu modifikaciuri

მემკვიდრული ცვალებადობა

memkvidruli cvalebadoba genotipis cvlilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. is

memkvidreobiT gadaecema Taobebis manZilze.
ganarCeven memkvidruli cvalebadobis or saxes:

memkvidruli cvalebadoba

mutaciuri cvalebadoba anu mutaciebi kombinaciuri cvalebadoba

XX saukunis dasawyisSi holandielma botanikosma

da genetikosma, hugo de frizma mcenare enoTeras mem-
kvidreobiTobis Seswavlisas SeniSna tipuri formi-
dan mkveTri gadaxrebis warmoqmna. STamomavlebs So-
ris Cndebodnen giganturi an Zalian dabali, Zlieri an
susti Reros mqone mcenareebi. es gadaxrebi memkvidre-
obiTi iyo. niSan-Tvisebis ucabed, mkveTr cvlilebas,
romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema, hugo de frizma
mutacia uwoda.

hugo de frizi

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 mutaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili gadaxrebi enoTeraSi

giganturi dabali mZlavrReroiani sustReroiani

mcenareebis, cxovelebisa da mikroorganizmebis Semdgomma kvlevam daad-

gina, rom mutaciuri cvalebadoba damaxasiaTebelia yvela organizmisTvis.
genuri mutacia dakavSirebulia erTi genis
mutacia struqturis cvlilebasTan, rac iwvevs rogorc
umniSvnelo, ise sasicocxlod aucilebeli niS-
nis cvlilebas. magaliTad, mutaciis Sedegia
genuri qromosomuli sxvadasxva Seferilobis Tvalis gaCena drozo-
filaSi, moklefexianoba cxvrebSi, Sebumbvlis
ararseboba qaTmebSi.
gamovlinebis mixedviT genuri mutacia SeiZleba iyos recesiuli da dom-
inanturi. mutaciebis umravlesoba recesiulia.
1 ra SemTxvevaSi gamovlin-
mutaciis Sedegad deba organizmSi recesiuli
warmoqmnili axali niSnebi genuri mutacia? dominantu-
ri genuri mutacia?
cxovelebs Soris mravla-
daa albinosi. magaliTad, ada-
mianis Tma, iseve rogorc sxva
ZuZumwovrebis balani, ufe-
rulia, kani _ TeTri, Tvalis
drozofilas Seubumblavi moklefexiani
sxvadasxvagvari qaTami cxvari
feradi garsi _ wiTeli.
Tvalebi

Tma da kani zang albi-

albinosebi xerxemlian cxovelTa TiTqmis yvela nosebsac ki TeTri aqvT
klasSi gvxvdeba

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geni, romelic normalur organizmSi ganapirobebs melaninis warmoqmnas, al-
binosSi `ar muSaobs~. es recesiuli mutaciis Sedegia.
2 SeiZleba Tu ara albinosebs normaluri pigmentaciis STamomavlebi
eyoloT?
1 SeiZleba Tu ara normaluri pigmentaciis STamomavali eyoloT mSob-
lebs, romelTagan erT-erTi albinosia?
adamianSi genuri mutaciebi mravali memkvidruli daavadebis gamomwvevia.

mglis sasa kurdRlis tuCi podagra naadrevi gameloteba

genuri mutaciebis Sedegad warmoqmnili anomaliebi cxovelebSi

qromosomuli mutacia qromosomis struqturis an qromosomTa nakrebSi

misi raodenobis cvlilebas iwvevs.
qromosomebis struqturis cvlilebas miekuTvneba qromosomis nawilis
dakargva an 1800-iT Semobruneba, qromosomis garkveuli fragmentis gaorma-
geba, arahomologiur qromosomebs Soris monakveTebis gacvla.
qromosomuli mutaciis Sedegad genotipSi SeiZleba moxdes qromosomTa
ricxvis cvlileba. es ki imas niSnavs, rom genotipSi erTiT an oriT meti an
naklebi qromosomaa. zogjer qromosomebis raodenoba jeradad izrdeba. es
cvlilebebi meiozis procesSi xdeba.
warmogidgenT meiozis normaluri msvlelobis process:

meiozi

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3 rogor dairRva meiozis procesi, Tu organizmSi aRmoCnda erTiT meti
qromosoma?
4 rogor dairRva meiozis procesi, Tu organizmSi qromosomTa nakrebi
2-jer gaizarda?
qromosomTa ricxvis darRvevas Tan axlavs darRvevebi organizmis ganvi-
TarebaSi. zogjer aseTi uxeSi da Zlieri cvlilebis gamo Canasaxi iRupeba.
5 rogoria daunis, terner-SereSevskis, klainfelteris sindromiT daa-
vadebulebis genotipebi? ra darRvevebi aReniSnebaT maT?
mutacia, warmoqmnis adgilis mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos sasqeso da somaturi
somaturi.
sasqeso ujredebSi warmoqmnili mutacia ar moqmedebs mocemuli orga-
nizmis niSan-Tvisebebze. is gamovlindeba mxolod momdevno TaobaSi.
somaturi mutacia organizmSi gamovlindeba da ar gadaecema memkvidre-
obiT sqesobrivi gamravlebis dros. magram usqeso gamravlebisas, Tu orga-
nizmi viTardeba iseTi ujredidan an ujredTa jgufidan, romelTac aqvT
mutaciuri geni, mutacia SeiZleba STamomavlobiT gadaeces.
suraTze gamosaxulia somaturi mutaciis Sedegad drozofilas Tvalis
nawilobrivad TeTrad Seferva, mcenare devispirasa da senpoliaSi yvavilis
gvirgvinis furclis Seferilobis cvlileba.

somaturi mutaciis Sedegebi

drozofila devispira senpolia

mutacia SemTxveviTi movlenaa da rogorc yvela SemTxveviToba, SeiZle-

ba kargic iyos da cudic.
sqesobrivi gamravlebis dros STamomavali genebis erT naxevars erTi
mSoblisgan Rebulobs, xolo meore naxevars _ meore mSoblisgan. amitom
STamomavalSi genebis SeTanwyoba gansxvavdeba TiToeuli mSoblis genTa
SeTanwyobisgan. yoveli axali organizmi mSoblebis genebis axal kombina-
cias Seicavs. amitom memkvidruli cvalebadobis am formas kombinaciuri
cvalebadoba hqvia. cocxali organizmebis usasrulo mravalgvaroba, yove-
li genotipis unikaluroba kombinaciuri cvalebadobiTaa ganpirobebuli.

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 არამემკვიდრული ცვალებადობა
erTia, rogor genotips miiRebs individi mSoblebisgan, da meore, rogor
gamovlindeba es niSan-Tviseba. adamians SesaZlebelia memkvidreobiT gadae-
ces musikaluri niWi, magram Tu mas ar Seeqmna saTanado garemo niWis gasavi-
Tareblad, am unars ver gamoavlens.
fenotipis Camoyalibebaze garemos zegavlenis Sesaswavlad cnobil-
ma frangma botanikosma boniem Caatara cdebis farTo seria mcenareebze,
romlebic 120 sxvadasxva saxeobas miekuTvnebodnen. mcenaris TiToeul eg-
zemplars igi or Tanabar nawilad Wrida. cxadia, am orive nawils erTnairi
genotipi hqonda. erT nawils igi rgavda
parizis botanikur baRSi _ rbili, Tbi-
li klimatis pirobebSi, meore nawils ki
_ maRal mTebSi. parizSi gazrdil miwis
msxals Rero maRali hqonda, xolo mTa-
Si gazrdils _ Zlier damoklebuli,
TiTqmis miwaze garTxmuli. Reros Secv-
lili forma warmoadgenda Seguebulo-
bas mTis mkacr pirobebSi saarsebod.
botanikur baRSi da mTaSi gazrdili orive mcenaris Teslis erTnair pi-
robebSi daTesvisas mcenareebi erTnairi gaizardnen. aqedan gamomdinare,
boniem gaakeTa daskvna, rom fenotipis ganviTarebaze garemo pirobebis moq-
medebam ar gamoiwvia maTi genotipis cvlileba.
analogiuri cdebi boniem cxovelebzec Caatara. cxovelebSi Znelia erT-
nairi genotipis individebis moZebna _ erTnairi genotipi xom mxolod erT-
kvercxian tyupebs aqvT. rqosani pirutyvis tyupebis simaRlesa da maT gan-
viTarebaze kvebis racionis moqmedebis Sesaswavlad man Semdegi gamokvleva
Caatara. sxvadasxva jiSis cxra wyvili erTkvercxiani tyupi furi man dahyo
or jgufad da TiTo jgufSi tyupidan TiTo xbo Seiyvana. erTi jgufis furebs
dabadebidan gaZlierebulad kvebavda, meore jgufis furebs ki _ mwirad.

I II III IV V

VI VII VIII IX

I I II
VI II VI
VIII VIII

IV III IX III

IV IV
VII VII
V V

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 cdis bolos monacemebis Sedarebisas aRmoCnda, rom gaZlierebul kveba-
ze myofi furebis wona mniSvnelovnad aRemateboda mwirad nakvebi tyupis-
calebis wonas. amasTan, sxvadasxva jiSis tyupebs Soris wonaSi gansxvaveba
sxvadasxvagvari iyo. igive pirobebma naklebi xarisxiT imoqmeda maT simaR-
leSi zrdaze _ gansxvaveba tyupebs Soris TiTqmis ar iyo.
aqedan gamomdinare, bonie kidev erTxel darwmunda, rom fenotipis Camo-
yalibebaze genotipTan erTad moqmedebs garemo. Tumca, sxvadasxva jiSis
erTi da igive niSani sxvadasxvagvarad reagirebs erTnair pirobebze.
organizmis niSan-Tvisebebis cvlilebas, romelic warmoiqmneba garemo
faqtorebis moqmedebiT, misi genotipis cvlilebis gareSe, modifikaciuri
cvalebadoba ewodeba. rogorc wesi, is memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema.
modifikaciur cvalebadobas yvela niSan-Tviseba erTnairad ar eqvemde-
bareba. ZiriTadad, garemos zemoqmedebiT icvleba organizmis zomebi, wona,
produqtiuloba. rac Seexeba Seferilobas, formas, maTi Secvla garemos cv-
lilebiT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. isini, ZiriTadad, genotipiT ganisazRvreba.

modifikaciur cvalebadobas SeguebiTi xasiaTi aqvs. is viTardeba Tand-

aTan da mimarTulia garemos cvlilebebTan saxeobis an jiSis Seguebulobis
gasaumjobeseblad. magaliTad, Tu Tagvebi, romlebic mTis maxloblad bar-
Si saxlobdnen, gadasaxldebian mTaSi, maT sisxlSi eriTrocitebis raode-
noba moimatebs.
6 ra aris TagvebSi eriTrocitebis momatebis mizezi? rogor eguebian am
cvlilebiT isini Secvlil garemos?
7 moifiqreT, barSi daSvebisas rogor Seicvleba eriTrocitebis raode-
noba Tagvebis sisxlSi.

baias wyalzeda foTlebs aqvT mci-

red danakvTuli farTe foTlis fir-
fitebi. amave mcenaris wyalSi CaZiruli
foTlebi ki Zlier danakvTulia, rac
icavs maT wylis nakadis damazianebeli
moqmedebisgan.

wylis baia

modifikaciur cvalebadobas aqvs jgufuri xasiaTi. garemos gansazR-

vruli faqtoris moqmedebiT warmoqmnili cvlileba exeba saxeobis an jiSis
individTa umravlesobas an yvelas da yvela individSi TiTqmis erTnairad
gamovlindeba.
magaliTad, ultraiisferi sxivebis moqmedebiT yvela adamiani irujeba,
TeTrTaviani kombostos yvela mcenare cxel qveynebSi Tavs ar iviTarebs,
yvela cxenis bewvi brwyinvalebas iZens, Tu mas qeriT kvebaven.

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Tu wylian WurWels evglenebiT sibneleSi movaTavsebT, yvela evglena da-
kargavs mwvane fers. Tu WurWels isev sinaTleze davdgavT, isini kvlav
mwvane fers miiReben.

sibneleSi sinaTleze

8 ra aris evglenas feris cvlilebis mizezi?

garemo pirobebis moqmedebiT niSnebs cvlileba SeuZliaT, magram xom
ar SeiZleba niSani usazRvrod icvlebodes? arsebobs Tu ara niSnis cvli-
lebis raime zRvari? magaliTad, kvebis racionis gavleniT mkveTrad iz-
rdeba msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis wveladoba. magram arsebobs racionis
momatebis zRvari, romlis zeviT, rogorc ar unda vkveboT Zroxa, misi wve-
ladoba aRar moimatebs. gansazRvruli niSan-Tvisebis modifikaciuri cva-
lebadobis farglebs am niSan-Tvisebis reaqciis norma ewodeba. reaqciis
normas genotipi gansazRvravs.
Taobidan TaobaSi memkvidreobiT gadadis ara TviT niSnis sidide, aramed
am niSnis reaqciis norma.
rogorc wesi, raodenobriv niSnebs _ foTlis zomas, qaTmis kvercxis-
mdeblobas, adamianis wonas, simaRles, ZuZumwovrebis sxeulSi cximis dag-
rovebas _ farTo reaqciis norma aqvs, xolo Tvisobriv niSnebs _ bewvis
fers, rZis cximianobas, yvavilis agebulebas _ ufro viwro.
Tu organizmebs ganvalagebT ama Tu im niSnis zrdis an klebis rigiTo-
biT, maSin miiReba mocemuli niSnis cvalebadobis rigi, romelsac variaci-
uli rigi ewodeba. es rigi Sedgeba calkeuli variantebisgan. varianti aris
niSan-Tvisebis ganviTarebis calkeuli gamosaxuleba. variaciuli rigis
SedgeniT SesaZlebelia individis raime niSnis reaqciis normis, anu am niSnis
modifikaciuri cvalebadobis farglebis dadgena.
SevadginoT erTi jiSis lobios marcvlebis sigrZis cvalebadobis vari-
aciuli rigi. gavzomoT 50 cali Teslis sigrZe. vTqvaT gazomviT dadginda,
rom es ricxvi cvalebadobs 13 mm-dan 20 mm-mde. variantebi SevitanoT cxri-
lis pirvel rigSi.
ganvsazRvroT sxvadasxva variantis Sexvedris sixSire. magaliTad, ram-
denjer gvxvdeba 15 mm sigrZis Tesli da monacemebi CavweroT cxrilis meore
rigSi. ase gavakeToT yvela variantisTvis.

lobios Teslis
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
sigrZis variantebi
TiToeuli variantis
2 4 6 13 14 7 3 1
Sexvedris sixSire

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 rogorc aRmoCnda, yvelaze xSiria saSualo sigrZis marcvlis Sexvedris
sixSire, xolo ufro iSviaTi _ yvelaze mokle an yvelaze grZeli marcvlis.
variaciuli rigis safuZvelze igeba variaciuli mrudi _ yoveli variantis
Sexvedris sixSiris grafikuli asaxva.
2 aageT lobios Teslis sigrZis variaciuli mrudi. ordinatTa RerZze dai-
taneT variantebis Sexvedris sixSiris maCveneblebi, xolo abscisTa RerZze _
variantebi. mrudis monacemebiT gansazRvreT mocemuli niSnis saSualo sidide.

9 ra SeiZleba iyos lobios Teslis zomis cvlilebis mizezi?

cvalebadoba cocxali organizmis unaria, garegani da Sina-

Σ gani zemoqmedebiT SeiZinos axali niSnebi da Tvisebebi. ar-
sebobs memkvidruli da aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba. memkvi-
druli cvalebadoba genotipis cvlilebiT aris gamowveuli.
Sinagani da garegani garemos zemoqmedebiT organizmis gene-
tikuri masalis ucabed cvlilebebs, romlebic memkvidreobiT
gadaecema, mutacia ewodeba. kombinaciuri cvalebadobis dros
organizmSi axali niSnebis warmoqmna gamravlebis dros zigot-
aSi mSoblebis genebis axali kombinaciebis warmoqmnis Sedegia.
organizmis niSan-Tvisebebis cvlilebas, romelic warmoiqmne-
ba garemo faqtorebis moqmedebiT, misi genotipis cvlilebis
gareSe, modifikaciuri cvalebadoba hqvia.

1. daasaxeleT cvalebadobis tipi, romelmac qaTmebis Sejvarebi-

sas STamomavlebSi axali fenotipis individebis gaCena gamoiwvia.

2. ra mniSvneloba unda hqondes sisxlis gadasxmis sadgurisTvis im

qalaqis sisxlis jgufis variaciuli rigis codnas, sadac es sad-
guria?

3. isaras aqvs foTlebis sami forma

_ wyalSi CaZiruli grZeli da wvr-
ili, wyalze motivtive farTo da
wyalzeda fexze mdgomi. Seicvle-
ba Tu ara isaras foTlebis forma
wylis donis cvlilebiT? gansaz-
RvreT, cvalebadobis romel tips
miekuTvneba es magaliTi?

4. mSoblebs, qromosomTa normaluri kompleqtiT, SeeZinaT Svili,

romlis ujredebSi gamovlenili iyo sami X qromosoma. cvalebado-
bis romel tips miekuTvneba es cvlileba?

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 qvemoT CamoTvlili movlenebi daakavSireT isrebiT cvalebadobis
saxeebTan:

Cinuri primula 30°

30°C-ze
-ze da ufro maRal tempe- genuri mutacia
raturaze ikeTebs TeTr yvavilebs, xolo gacilebiT
dabal temperaturaze _ vardisfers.

qromosomuli
Sereuli qorwinebiT daibada TeTri gogona da Savi vaJi.
mutacia
bayayis Tavkombalas nawlavis sigrZe, mxolod mcena-
reuli sakvebiT kvebisas, orjer metia cxoveluri
sakvebiT mkvebavi Tavkombalas nawlavis sigrZeze. kombinaciuri
cvalebadoba
qromosomaSi moxda misi erT-erTi nawilis gaormageba.

zamTris dadgomasTan erTad cxovelebma Seicvales

bewvis Seferiloba da sixSire. modifikaciuri
cvalebadoba
normalur mSoblebs SeeZinaT bavSvi mglis sasiT.

1. tyupi Zroxa sxvadasxva fermaSi sxvadasxva cximianobis rZes

iwvelida: erTis cximianoba iyo 1,5%, xolo meoris _ 2,4%. es gan-
sxvaveba Sedegia:
a. kombinaciuri cvalebadobis;
b. aramemkvidruli cvalebadobis;
g. mutaciis.

2. modifikaciuri cvalebadoba iwvevs:

a. genotipis cvlilebas;
b. genebis axal kombinacias;
g. sxvadasxva garemo pirobebisadmi Seguebas.

eqimisTvis cnobilia sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufSi arteriuli

wnevis reaqciis norma. rogor fiqrobT, risTvis iyeneben isini am
maCveneblebs?

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