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6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 7, November December (2013), IAEME
276
STABILITY DERIVATIVES IN THE NEWTONIAN LIMIT
Asha Crasta
1
, S. A. Khan
2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, Jain University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
2
Principal, Mechanical Engineering Department, Bearys Institute of Technology, Innoli Mangalore,
Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an analytical method to predict the aerodynamic stability derivatives of
oscillating delta wings with curved leading edge. It uses the Ghosh similitude and the strip theory to
obtain the expressions for stability derivatives in pitch and roll in the Newtonian limit. The present
theory gives a quick and approximate method to estimate the stability derivatives which is very
handy at the design stage. They are applicable for wings of arbitrary plan form shape at high angles
of attack provided the shock wave is attached to the leading edge of the wing. The expressions
derived for stability derivatives become exact in the Newtonian limit. The stiffness derivative and
damping derivative in pitch and roll are dependent on the geometric parameter of the wing. It is
found that stiffness derivative linearly varies with the amplitude. Whenever, the plan form area is
increased the stiffness derivative is also increased and vice versa. There is a shift of the center of
pressure towards the trailing edge whenever wing plan form is changed from concave to convex plan
form. In the case of damping derivative since expressions for these derivatives are non-linear and the
same is reflected in all the results. Good agreement is found with existing theories in some special
cases.
Keywords: Curved Leading Edges, Newtonian Limit, Strip Theory.
1. INTRODUCTION
Unsteady supersonic/hypersonic aerodynamics has been studied extensively for moderate
supersonic Mach number and hypersonic Mach number for small angles of attack only and hence
there is evidently a need for a unified supersonic/hypersonic flow theory that is applicable for large
as well as small angles of attack.
For two-dimensional flow, exact solutions were given by Carrier [1] and Hui [2] for the case
of an oscillating wedge and by Hui [3] for an oscillating flat plate. They are valid uniformly for all
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING
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ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print)
ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online)
Volume 4, Issue 7, November - December 2013, pp. 276-289
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 7, November December (2013), IAEME
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supersonic Mach numbers and for arbitrary angles of attack or wedge angles, provided that the shock
waves are attached to the leading edge of the body.
For an oscillating triangular wing in supersonic/hypersonic flow, the shock wave may be
attached or detached from the leading edges, depending on the combination of flight Mach number,
the angle of attack, the ratio of specific heats of the gas, and the swept-back angle of the wing. The
attached shock case was studied by Liu and Hui [4] where as the detached shock case in hypersonic
flow was studied by Hui and Hemdan both are valid for moderate angles of attack. Hui et.al [5]
applied the strip theory to study the problem of stability of an oscillating flat plate wing of arbitrary
plan form shape placed at a certain mean angle of attack in a supersonic/hypersonic stream. For a
given wing plan form at a given angle of attack, the accuracy of the strip theory in approximating the
actual three-dimensional flow around the wing is expected to increase with increasing flight Mach
Number. The strip theory becomes exact in the Newtonian limit since the Newtonian flow, in which
fluid particles do not interact with each other is truly two-dimensional locally. In this paper the
Ghosh theory [6] is been extended to oscillating delta wings with curved leading edges and the
relations have been obtained for the stability derivatives in pitch and roll in the Newtonian limit.
2. ANALYSIS
Consider a wing whose leading edge is given by a sine wave superimposed on a straight
leading edge.
The Stiffness Derivative is given by
{ } ) 1 2 .( 2 .
1
cot )
3
2
[(
)
4
(cot
) ( cos sin 1
0 0
+ +
= h A A h
A
S f
C
H F
H
m
(1)
Damping derivative in pitch is given by
)
`
+ + +
=
H F
H
m
A h h A h h h
A
S f
C
q
) 1
4
2 2 ( 2 ) 1 2 (
1
cot )
2
1
3
4
(
)
4
(cot
) ( sin
2
2 2
1 0
(2)
Rolling moment due to rate of roll is given by
]
3
2
1 0
2
15
16
2
9
16
3
9
4
)
2
2
( cot
4
1
) 4
2
(
2
2
cot
12
3
cot
[
) cot
4
(
) ( sin
H F
H F
H H F
H F
H
l
A A
A A
A A A
A A
A
Cot
S f
C
p
+ + +
(3)
Where 1 S =
0
sin
M
Where ( ] ) /( ) 2 ( 2 [
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
1
1
S B S B s
S
S f + + +
+
=
sin
1
= M S
2
)
1
4
(
+
=
B
in all above cases.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 7, November December (2013), IAEME
278
In the Newtonian limit M
and .
1
1
2
2
1
1 1 1 1
2 2 1 2 2
1 1 1
(4 2 )
( 2 ) ( 1)
lim ( ) lim {2 } lim 2 4
2
( ) (4 )
M M S
S
B S
f S S
S
B S S s
(
+
+ +
(
= + = + =
(
+ +
(
(4)
Therefore in the Newtonian limit, stiffness derivative in pitch,
{ }
0 0
4sin cos 2 1
[( ) cot .2.(2 1)
4
3
(cot )
m F H
H
C h A A h
A
= + +
{ }
0
2 2 1
[( ) cot .2.(2 1)
4
sin 2 3
(cot )
m
F H
H
C
h A A h
A
= + +
(5)
The Damping derivative in Newtonian limit for a full sine wave is given by
{ }
0 1
2
sin ( ) 4 1 1
( ) cot (2 1)
(cot ) 3 2
q
m F
f S
C h h h A
= +
We define g(h) =
{ }
2
4 1 1
( ) cot (2 1)
3 2
F
h h h A
=
In Eq. (5), only g (h) depends on h and other terms are constant. To get minimum value of
q
m
C only
g (h) is to be differentiated and putting ) (h g
h
equal to zero
{ }
2
4 1 1
[( ) cot (2 1) ] 0
3 2
F
h h h A
h
+ =
2
3
F
A
h
= +
Let the value for h corresponding to
min
] [
q m
C be denoted
m
h .
m
h =
2
3
F
A
+
Hence =
min
) (h g { }
2
4 1 1
( )cot (2 1)
3 2
m m m F
h h h A
+
q
m
C =
min
4sin ( )
(cot )
g h
sin
min
q
m
C
=
min
4 ( )
(cot )
g h
(6)
The Damping derivative for a half sine wave in a Newtonian limit is given by
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 7, November December (2013), IAEME
279
q
m
C = )] 1
4
2 2 (
2
cot )
2
1
3
4
[(
)
4
(cot
sin 4
2
2 2
+ +
h h
A
h h
A
H
H
(7)
We define g (h) = )] 1
4
2 2 (
2
cot )
2
1
3
4
[(
2
2 2
+ +
h h
A
h h
H
which is a quadratic in pivot
position h and hence has a minimum value.
)
4
(cot
) ( sin 4
H
m
A
h g
C
q
= (8)
In Eq. (8), only g (h) depends on h and other terms are constant. To get minimum value of
q
m
C only
g (h) is to be differentiated and putting ) (h g
h
equal to zero.
Or 0 )] 1
2
4
2 2 (
2
cot )
2
1
3
4
[(
2 2
= + +
h h
A
h h
h
H
h =
) 4 (cot ( 3
) 4 cot ( 2
H
H H
A
A A
+
Let the value for h corresponding to
min
] [
q m
C be denoted
m
h .
m
h = ]
) 4 cot
1 [
3
2
H
H
A
A
+
(9)
Hence =
min
) (h g (10)
From (8) and (10)
q
m
C =
)
4
(cot
) ( sin 4
min
H
A
h g
sin
min
q
m
C
=
)
4
(cot
) ( 4
min
H
A
h g
(11)
Rolling Moment due to roll in Newtonian limit becomes
0
2
]
3
4sin
4
( cot )
3
2 cot 1 4 16 16
2 2 2 3 2
[ cot ( 4) cot ( )
2
12 2 4 9 9 15
p
l
H
F H F H
F H H F H
C
A
Cot
A A A A
A A A A A
+ + +
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 7, November December (2013), IAEME
280
2
0
]
3
4
4
sin
( cot )
3
2 cot 1 4 16 16
2 2 2 3 2
[ cot ( 4) cot ( )
2
12 2 4 9 9 15
p
l
H
F H F H
F H H F H
C
A
Cot
A A A A
A A A A A
+ + + (12)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Before we discuss the results obtained from the present theory and by Hui et al (5) in the
Newtonian limit, it is important to discuss the matching of wing geometry of the present theory with
Ref. [5] power law wings ( ;
n
bx y = Eq. for leading edge) for n = 0.5, 1, 2. The wing geometries
have been approximated (as far as possible) by present half sine wave (Fig. 1). It is to be noted that
for n = 1 the matching is exact (straight leading edge). For n = 2, the matching is good only in the
trailing edge but in the leading the matching is poor. However, for n = 0.5 the matching is poor
throughout. The values of
sin / ] [
min
q
m
C are compared with Hui et al [5] in Fig. 2. The
agreement is good when the geometrical plan form matching is good and matching is poor when the
wing plan form matching is poor. Another reason for the disagreement could be that the present
theory is quasi steady one where as the theory of Ref. (5) is fully unsteady. Further, the results are
presented only for three values of n = 0.5, 1, and 2 as matching of the wing leading edge was done
only for these three values and for higher values of n the matching is not possible for higher values
of n even though Ref. (5) presented the results up to n = 8
Fig. 1: Comparison of wing geometry with Hui et al [5]
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 7, November December (2013), IAEME
281
Fig. 2: Variation of minimum damping in pitch derivative with power n of a delta wing
Figure 3 presents the results of stiffness derivative for power law wing of Ref. (5) and the
present work. As discussed earlier for n = 0.5 and A
H
= -0.16 the matching of the wing plan form
area is poor, and the wing plan form area of Ref. (5) is more where as the wing plan form area of
present study is less. In view of the above the magnitude of stiffness derivative is more for the wings
having convex leading edge where as for the wing the having concave leading edge the trend is
reversed.
Fig. 3: Variation of stiffness derivative ratio with pivot position for a half sine wave
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 7, November December (2013), IAEME
282
Fig. 4: Variation of damping derivative ratio with amplitude of half sine wave
Figure 4 presents the value of
min
( ) / sin ,
q
Cm