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Chapter#4

FirstLawAnalysis (opensystems)

Controlvolumeanalysis Massbalanceequation Energybalanceequation Steadystateflowprocesses Charginganddischargingofcylinders

ControlVolumeAnalysis
Focus on a specified region in space through which material flows continuously in and out (e.g. turbines, compressors, pumps, heat exchangers) Heat and work interaction across control surface Control volume need not be constant in volume and shape and may undergo configuration change. Most often, we deal with control volumes that are of fixed shape and size. To analyze continuous flow processes

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Massanalysisforopensystems
Let us consider a control volume,

let dmi = mass entering in control volume during time interval dt dme = mass leaving in time dt

m(t) = mass inside control volume at time t m(t + dt) = mass inside control volume at time (t + dt) t g law a o of co conservation se at o o of mass, ass, Writing m (t + dt) = m(t) + dmi dme m(t+dt) m(t)=dmi dme Dividebydt, [m(t+dt) m(t)]/dt =dmi /dt dme /dt Inlimit l dt d 0; dm/dt =dmi /dt dme /dt

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Ifcontrolvolumehasmanyinletportandexitports,

Rateofmassaccumulation= Netrateofmassin Netrateofmassout (Equationofcontinuity) Particularly,forsteadystateprocess, dm/dt =0, m=constant andtotalmassrate(in)=Totalmassrate(out)

Energyanalysisforopensystems
Considerfollowinganopensystem(e.g.steamturbine),

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Let m(t) = total mass inside control volume at time t m(t +dt) = total mass inside at time (t + dt) e(t) = u + V2/2 + gz = specific energy of matter inside the control volume at time t e(t + dt) = specific energy of matter at time (t + dt) Pi and Pe = pressure at inlet and exit ports Vi and Ve = velocity at inlet and exit ports vi and ve = specific volume at inlet and exit ports ei and ee = specific energy at inlet and exit ports

Writingmassbalance,

Workdonebysurroundingoncontrolvolume,bycompressing massAincontrolvolume= Workdoneonsurroundingoncontrolvolume,releasingmass Bfromcontrolvolume= Energyofsystemattimet=

Energyofsystemattime(t+dt)=

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Applyingfirstlawofthermodynamicsfortimeintervaldt, E2 E1 =Q W

Rearranginganddividebydt,

,p pute=u+V2/ /2+g gz andh=u+Pv Uselimitdt0,

Rearranging,

Inwords, Rateofenergyaccumulation=Rateofenergyinflow Rateofenergyoutflow Note:Aboveequationisusefulforanalysisofunsteadyflow processes.

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SteadyStateFlowProcess
In any steady state flow process, = constant and dm/dt = 0, m = constant

(no accumulation)

The state of matter at the inlet, exit and at any given point inside control volume does not change with time. Therefore, dE/dt = 0, E = constant, and Also, Also First law for steady state open system (SFE),

Applicationsofsteadystateflowprocesses
Turbine
High pressure steam, expanded to a lower pressure with help of nozzles Pressure energy converted into kinetic energy High velocity fluid impacts on set of blades Delivering of shaft work

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Writing first law for steady flow process,

Ignoring heat losses, small change in kinetic and potential energy through a turbine,

Compressor
Operatinginreverseofturbine Writingfirstlawforsteadyflowprocess, process

Ignoringheatlosses,kineticandpotentialenergychange,

Here,he >hi

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Nozzle
Primarilyusedtoincreaseflowvelocity Writingfirstlawforsteadyflowprocess, process

Neglectingpotentialenergyforanadiabaticnozzle,

Ifinletvelocityisnegligible(Vi 0), Ve ={2(hi he)} Foridealgas,puthi he =CP(Ti Te)above, Ve ={2CP( (Ti Te)} Ve ={2CPTi(1 Te/Ti )} Particularlyforadiabaticexpansionthroughnozzle,

PutthisinVe above,

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Diffuser Canbethoughtasreversetonozzle Firstlawanalysisforanadiabaticdiffuser,

HeatExchanger/Condenser

Transferofenergyasheatfromonefluidtoanother

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First law for a heat exchanger can be written as,

As, shaft work = 0, heat losses = 0 and change in kinetic and potential energy = small Therefore,

ThrottlingValves

Flowrestricting devices that cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid Pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a large drop in temperature (or, sometimes, the temperature rise)

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Small devices, flow may be assumed to be adiabatic (Q = 0), since neither sufficient time nor large enough area for any effective heat transfer to take place Writing first law for steady state device,

No shaft work (Wsh = 0), small potential energy change and insignificant increase in kinetic energy, So hi = he (Isenthalpic device) or ui + Pivi = ue + Peve

MixingChambers
Writingfirstlawforsteadyflow,

Ignoringheattransfer,shaftwork,potentialandkinetic energychanges,

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TransientFlowProcesses
Unsteadyflowprocesses Differentmassflowrates(inandout) Propertiesincontrolvolumevarywithtime Charginganddischargingofagascylinder

Chargingofacylinder

Considercylinderascontrolvolumeandwritingfirst lawforunsteadyflowsystems,

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Here, Ignoringchangeinpotentialandkineticenergy Equationreducesto,

Where,m=massofgasincontrolvolumeattimet andu=specificinternalenergyincontrolvolumeat timet. Integrateaboveeq.fromstartofchargingoperation (t=0)toendofchargingoperation(t=t),

Writingmassbalanceforcontrolvolume, Integratingfromtimet=0totimet,

Putvalueinequation(1),

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Dischargingofacylinder

Writing first law for flow process across control volume,

Here, Ignoringpotentialenergychange

Integratingfromtimet=0totimet,

Writingmassbalancefordischarging, Integrating,

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Putthisvalueinequation(2),

Example(Dischargingofacylinder):
A 750 L rigid tank, shown in figure 3, initially contains water at 250C and 50% liquid and 50% vapour by volume. A valve at the bottom of the tank is opened and liquid is slowly withdrawn. Heat transfer takes place such that the temperature remains constant Find the amount of heat transfer required to the state constant. where half the initial mass is withdrawn.

Solution:
Writing equation for discharging a cylinder with neglecting kinetic and potential energy change, change

Usesat.temperaturetableat250C, vf =0.001251m3/kg,vg =0.0500037m3/kg

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So,massofliquid=mf =0.375/0.001251=299.76kg andmassofvapour =mg =0.375/0.050037=7.49kg Totalinitialinternalenergyintankm0u0 =mfuf +mgug =mf (hf Psatvf)+mg(hg Psatvg) =( (299.76)(1085.8 )( 3977.6*0.001251) )+( (7.49)(2800.4 )( 3977.6*0.050037)=343464kJ Initialtotalmass=299.76+7.49=307.25kg Finalmassintank=(307.25)/2=153.63kg Infinalstate(250C),specificvolumevf =0.75/153.63 =0.004882m3/kg Atfinalstate,usev=x.vg +(1 x)vf 0.004882=xfinal(0.050037)+(1 xfinal)0.001251 xf =0.074

Now,ufinal =xfinal.ug +(1 xfinal)uf =xfinal (hg Psatvg)+(1 xfinal)(hf Psatvf) =0.074(2800.4 3977.6*0.050037)+(1 0.074)(1085.8 3977.6*0.001251) =193.45kJ/kg (bysteamtable) =1151.87 Also,he =hf =enthalpyofliquidwithdrawing =1085.34kJ/kg Puttingallvalueinenergyequationabove, Q=6450kJ

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