Isaiah 7:14, Immanuel: Prophecy of Jesus? Kaleef K.

Karim

Isaiah 7:13-16 is one of Chris ian !rini arian"s mos fa#oure$ #erses, hey use i as e#i$ence ha i is a Prophecy of Jesus comin% an$ ha he chil$ name$ &Immanuel' in he #erse is ()i#ine.* Is he name (Immanuel* really a Prophecy of Jesus an$ is he chil$ )i#ine? +e shall fin$ ou as you rea$ fur her, ,o$ -illin%. .ere is he passa%e:

Isaiah 7:13-16 &/I0' 13 !hen Isaiah sai$, (.ear no-, you house of )a#i$1 Is i no enou%h o ry he pa ience of humans? +ill you ry he pa ience of my ,o$ also? 14 !herefore he 2or$ himself -ill %i#e you a si%n: !he #ir%in -ill concei#e an$ %i#e 3ir h o a son, an$ -ill call him Immanuel. 14 .e -ill 3e ea in% cur$s an$ honey -hen he 5no-s enou%h o re6ec he -ron% an$ choose he ri%h , 16 for 3efore he 3oy 5no-s enou%h o re6ec he -ron% an$ choose he ri%h , he lan$ of he -o 5in%s you $rea$ -ill 3e lai$ -as e.

7rom he a3o#e #erse -e can see:

Isaiah is frus ra e$ an$ says he -ill %i#e a (8I,/* o 9ha:. +e see he chil$ -ill 3e 3orn from a (0ir%in* &!rini arian ransla ion'. !he chil$ ha is o 3e 3orn -ill 3e name$ (Immanuel.* !he chil$ -ill learn o re6ec e#il;. (3oy 5no-s enou%h o re6ec an$ choose he ri%h .* I -ill $eal -i h Isaiah 7:13-16 in four sec ions as -ri en a3o#e. he -ron%

1. (8i%n o 9ha:(

+ha sor of *8I,/* -oul$ i 3e o 9ha: -hen he -ill ne#er see i ? .o- can his Prophecy 3e of Jesus -hen he &<essiah' came 7== years af er 9ha:? If I say (I -ill sho- you a si%n.* 8houl$n" I sho- you he (si%n* sooner or la er, -hile you are s ill ali#e? .o- can his passa%e ma5e any sense if Chris ians

say his is a Prophecy of Jesus? !he correc #ie- ha is re%ar$e$ 3y ma6ori y of 8cholars is he (si%n* -as fulfille$ a he ime of 9ha: -hile he -as ali#e. I -oul$ ma5e no sense -ha soe#er if he (8I,/* o 9ha: comes 7== years la er -hile he is $ea$.

> )oes (9lmah* mean (#ir%in?*

!he -or$ (0ir%in* in he ori%inal .e3re- lan%ua%e means (3e hulah* no (9lmah.* !he Chris ian polemics $on" 5no- -ha o $o -i h ha #erse 3u o chan%e he ac ual meanin% an$ ma5e i ou as if his is a Prophecy of Jesus. !he -or$ in .e3re- use$ in Isaiah 7:14 is (9lmah* an$ he li eral meanin% of i is (youn% marria%ea3le -oman* no (#ir%in.* !here are some ru hful Chris ian scholars no- a$mi in% ha he -or$ $oes no mean (#ir%in* an$ a%ree -i h he Je-ish posi ion ha i means (youn% marria%ea3le -oman.* 2e "s see -ha hese 8cholars ha#e o say a3ou he -or$ (9lmah.*

9' !heo$ore ,eral$ 8oares P..). Professor of reli%ious ?$uca ion in @ni#ersi y of Chica%o commen s on he .e3re- -or$ (9lmah*:

!he meanin% of 9lmah, ransla e$ (#ir%in* is no cer ain. ,enerally i seems o si%nify a youn% marria%ea3le -oman, 3u i is possi3ly use$ of hose alrea$y marrie$, as -e shoul$ ha#e a 3ri$e. !he 8ep ua%in se#eral imes ransla es he -or$ 9lmah, (youn% -oman*&?Ao$us, >:BC Pss. 46:1C 6B:>6C 8on% of 8on%s, 1:3=- 6:B'. In none of hese passa%es is he i$ea of #ir%ini y implie$.*D1E

F' Professor .. ,. <i chell says:

(/o e 9lmah means: G he youn% -oman of marria%ea3le a%e" &in$efini e use of he ar icle' i.e. (youn% -oman.*D>E

c' 8 e33ins has he same #ie- as Professor <i chell:

(!he -or$ 9lmah means marria%ea3le a%e, an$ no necessarily unmarrie$.*D3E

)' ,. +. +a$e, ,. +oosun% +a$e &).)., .on. ).)., +ales' H Prof. of 2a in an$ 2ec urer in .e3re-, 8 . )a#i$"s Colle%e:

(a G#ir%in" 3e er, a &li erally, he' Gyoun% -oman." !he .e3. +or$ G9lmah" seems e ymolo%ically o mean a %irl of marria%ea3le a%e, -he her ac ually marrie$ or no .*D4E

?' ?n%lish Fi3lical 8cholar 9r hur 8amuel Pea5e, one of he mos famous Chris ian Fi3le commen a ors commen s on he -or$ 9lmah:

(!he ren$erin% G#ir%in" is un6us ifia3leC for his 3e hulah -oul$ ha#e 3een use: he -or$ here, Galmah" means youn% -oman or marria%ea3le a%e, -i hou any su%%es ion ha she is no marrie$.*D4E

7' Pro%fessor ?$-ar$ 2. Cur is:

(.is mo her is in$ica e$ 3y a #ery in$efini e erm, i.e., G he youn% -oman of marria%ea3le a%e," for ha is he s ric meanin% of he ori%inal.*D6E

,' 2as 3u no leas -e ha#e Ie#eren$, Professor ,. Fuchanan -ho %oes in $e ail eAplainin% he .e3re- -or$ G9lmah":

(0ir%in: 3u his ren$erin% is unJues iona3ly, an$ is no- %enerally a$mi e$ o 3e, un6us ifia3le. !he -or$ 9lmah is fem. Kf, you h, -hich is use$ in 1 sam 17:46 >=:>> an$ correspon$s o %halaam &9ra3ic', a $eri#a i#e no from he roo , o conceal, -hich seems o 3e 5no-n in 9ra3ic, 3u from %hallam, o 3e lus fulC 9lmah means a %irl, or a youn% -oman, a3o#e he a%e of chil$hoo$ an$ seAual imma uri y &in his 3ein% specific han he synonymous', a person of he a%e a -hich seAual emo ion a-a5ens an$ 3ecomes po en C i asser s

nei her #ir%ini y o -omen -ho -ere as a ma er of fac cer ainly &,n >4:43, ?A >B', or pro3a3ly &Ca 1:3 6:B, Ps 6B:>6', #ir%ins. Kn he o her han$, i is also use$ in Pr 3=:1L -here he mar#els of procrea ion an$ em3ryolo%y &cp. Ps 13L:13-16, ?c 11:4' seem o 3e allu$e$ o, an$ he correspon$in% erm &or erms' is use$ in 9ramaic of persons cer ainly /K! #ir%in*D7E

+ha -e learne$ is he -or$ (9lmah* $oes /K! mean (0ir%in*, his is accor$in% o hese hi%hly respec e$ 8cholars, ha ha#e 3een Juo e$. 9ccor$in% o hem, hey harmoniously in a%reemen , ha he .e3re- -or$ (9lmah* means (youn% marria%ea3le -oman.*

3 )oes he name (Immanuel* in$ica e he chil$ -ill 3e )i#ine, a Prophecy of Jesus?

/o- he name (Immanuel* accor$in% o Chris ian #ie- i means (,o$ -i h us.* +hen hey say ha , -ha hey mean is he (chil$ is $i#ine*, ,o$ Incarna e in o her -or$s. If you a5e a closer loo5 (Immanuel* only means (,o$ is -i h us* in o her -or$s ,o$ -ill 3e -i h his people in ime comfor , no hin% o $o -i h (Chil$ 3ein% )i#ine.* /o- le "s urn our a en ion o hese 8cholars, mos ly Chris ian, le us see -ha is heir #ie- on Isaiah 7:13-16 an$ -ho is i a3ou i.e is i a3ou Jesus or someone else?

9' Professor ,eor%e 8. ,oo$spee$ -ri es:

(!he appearance of he sym3olical name of Immanuel in 7:14 an$ B:1B is coeAis en -i h he $ar5 an$ $esola e eAperiences of 9ssyrian in#asion. (,o$ is -i h us* no af er hese pass a-ay.*DBE

Professor ,eor%e men ions no hin% a3ou (Immanuel* 3ein% (,o$ Incarna e* i.e a prophecy of Jesus. .e ma5es i clear his is a3ou he (9ssyrian in#asion.*

F' Professor C.I Fro-n says:

(!he fac ha Jeho#ah is sore $isplease$ -i h 9ha: is 3ase$ upon his -earin% ,o$, 3y occasionin% him o eAhaus all means for he reco#ery of he 5in%"s loyal y, -i hou success. !he si%n -hich he 2or$ %i#es, herefore, -hile poin in% o relief from he allie$ armies, poin s also o $is ress from 9ssyria herselfC hence he si%n in#ol#es a hrea as -ell as a promise. +e no- come o he Prophecy ofImmanuel. I is o 3e remar5e$ firs , ha he same name .e3re- consonan s permi us o ren$er, hou &9ha:' shal call, hou shal call, or she is a3ou o call; !he 9r icle in Isaiah 7:14, mos na urally refers o some -ell-5no-n -oman, ha$ in min$ 3y 3o h Isaiah an$ he royal house, an$ perhaps presen -hen he -or$s -ere spo5en. !his is ma$e ye more pro3a3le 3y he in$i#i$uali y in#ol#e$ in he name Immanuel, an$ 3y he fac ha he lan$ of Ju$ah is af er-ar$ calle$ Immanuel"s 2an$ &Isaiah B:B'(DLE

C' Ie#eren$ Professor !heo$ore ,eral$ 8oares, ). )., @ni#ersi y of Chica%o:

(Isaiah u ere$ he s ri5in% oracle, 7:13-17. !here is no hin% o in$ica e ha he si%n -hich -as o 3e %i#en -as he miraculous concep ion of a chil$. !he oracle -oul$ ha#e 3een he same if he prophe sai$, (3ehol$, a mai$en shall 3e marrie$ an$ shall 3ear a son.* ? c. !he si%n is in he name of he chil$, an$ in he poli ical con$i ions occurrin% -i hin he ime of he chil$"s 3ir h an$ %ro- h.*D1=E

)' Professor .., <i chell:

(8hall call,* e c., shoul$ 3e (-ill call,* i.e., -hen emporary $eli#erance from Ie:in comes, mo hers -ill hin5 ha Jeho#ah has espouse$ heir cause an$ so ( -ill call* e c., (Immanuel,* is name -hich $escri3es no he chil$ 3u he con$i ion of he lan$ a he ime -hen he name is %i#en i.e., no (,o$ -i h us,* 3u (,o$ is -i h us*D11E

?' 8 e33ins says:

(!he common o36ec ion ma$e o referrin% his Prophecy o Chris is, ha a

chil$ o 3e 3orn se#en hun$re$ years af er-ar$ coul$ 3e no si%n o 9ha: ha Jerusalem -oul$ no 3e a5en 3y he approachin% army.

8 e33ins %oes fur her M -ri es:

(-ha hen -as his si%n? I -as, ha a youn% female here presen shoul$ 3ear a son, an$ ha 3efore he shoul$ ha#e learne$ o choose he %oo$ an$ refuses he e#il, he lan$ of 8yria an$ Israel, o#er -hich Ie:in an$ Pe5ah rule$ shoul$ 3ecome $esola eC 3e o#ercome 3y he enemy an$ heir 5in%$oms $es roye$. 8uch is he o3#ious meanin% of his Prophecy. D1>E

7' Fi3lical 8cholar 9r hur 8amuel Pea5e"s commen ary:

(1=-17 !he si%n of Immanuel- !his inci$en pro3a3ly oo5 place only a fe$ays af er he fore%oin%, 3efore 9ha: ha$ pu3licly commi e$ himself o his policy. Isaiah"s -or$s -hich are loa$e$ -i h cul ic o#er ones are reminiscen of a $usnas ic oracle. In$ica in% a youn% -oman, possi3ly amon% he company presen , cer ainly 5no-n o hem, he $ecales ha she is pre%nan an$ -ill soon 3ear a son -ho -ill 3e name$ Immanuel &G,o$ is -i h us"'. Pro3a3ly he youn% -oman -as one of he -i#es of he 5in%; !he name Immanuel means G,o$ is -i h us" no G,o$ -i h us"C here is no reference in i o an incarna ion of ,o$.*D13E

,' +.I.7. Fro-nin% commen s on Isaiah 7, Prophecy of Immanuel:

?mmanuel: !he %ree5 ransli era ion of he .e3re- Immanuel- G,o$ -i h us"an$ use$ 3y <a 1:>3 -hen Juo in% Isa 7:14. !he name -as a si%n %i#en 3y he prophe o 5in%N9ha: in 734FC? an$ -as par of his -arnin% no o pu his rus in N9ssyria as a $efence a%ains he com3ine$ forces of N8yria an$ Israel -ho -ere hrea enin% NJu$ah. !hey -oul$ 3e $es roye$ 3efore he chil$ o 3e calle$ Immanuel shor ly o 3e 3orn o a youn% -oman & he .e3re- -or$ in Isaiah 7:14 $oes no necessarily $eno e a #ir%in' -oul$ 3e ol$ enou%h o $iscern he $ifference 3e -een N%oo$ an$ e#ilN. !he si%n 3ein% offere$ 3y Isaiah -as hus of an assurance of he pro ec in% po-er of ,o$ a a $an%erous momen .D14E

.' Ie#eren$ ,. Fuchanan:

!he promise is ha -i hin a fe- -ee5s, or $ays e#en, ,o$"s ac of $eli#erance -ill 3e in e#ery one"s mou h. !he al erna i#e ren$erin% Gshall 3e -i h chil$ an$ 3rin% for h," -oul$ pos pone he $eli#erance for he 3es par of a year, -hereas he narra i#e seems o su%%es ha Isaiah eApec e$ i a once.OG9n$ shall call his name" <! ri%h ly punc ua es an$ unusual form of he 3r$ pers. 7em.: he chil$ is o recei#e his name in he or$inary -ay, #i:. 7rom his mo her: see .as in%s, )F iii.4B=3C prophe s -ho -ishe$ o use heir chil$ren"s names as si%ns na urally a#aile$ hemsel#es of he less usual namin% 3y he fa her; G!hou shal call -oul$, of course, imply ha he chil$ -as o 3e a son of 9ha:.D14E

+ha -e see from mos of he 8cholars Juo e$, hey all unanimously a%ree Isaiah 7:13-16 is no a Prophecy of Jesus. 8econ$ly hey all a%ree$ o ha he Chil$ ha -as o 3e 3orn i.e (Immanuel* -as no )i#ine. !his -as a Prophecy of 9ha: ha -as fulfille$ alrea$y in 9ha: life ime /K! 7== years la er.

&4' (Immanuel* -ill ha#e o 5no- -ha is -ron% an$ ri%h an$ %ro- up o re6ec e#il?

!his is he las sec ion I am %oin% o $eal -i h. +hen e#er a !rini arian Juo es Isaiah 7, hee so-calle$ Prophecy of Jesus, hey Juo e #erses 13,14 an$ he 3e%innin% of #erse 14 (.e -ill 3e ea in% cur$s an$ honey* an$ hey s op. +hy $o hey al-ays $o ha ? !here is some hin% special in he #erses af er, you -ill see as you rea$ fur her. .ere is he passa%e:

Isaiah 7:14 .e -ill 3e ea in% cur$s an$ honey -hen he 5no-s enou%h o re6ec he -ron% an$ choose he ri%h , 16 for 3efore he 3oy 5no-senou%h o re6ec he -ron% an$ choose he ri%h , he lan$ of he -o 5in%s you $rea$ -ill 3e lai$ -as e.

8o (,o$* &Immanuel accor$in% o Chris ians is Pah-eh' has o learn -ha is

%oo$ an$ e#il? 2e "s %e o#er i a%ain shall -e. ,o$ -ho crea e$ he hea#ens an$ he ear h has o %ro- up li5e any or$inary 5i$ an$ he has o learn 3e -een -ron% an$ ri%h ? )oes ha ma5e any sense a all, o say (,o$ -ill %ro- up* an$ ,o$ -ill 3e a 3oy -ho -ill ha#e o learn a3ou ri%h an$ -ron%, %oo$ an$ 3a$? 8o in o her -or$s ,o$ &Pah-eh' $oesn" 5no- he $ifference 3e -een -ha is %oo$ an$ 3a$, he has o learn? Ii$iculous, 3lasphemy1 +e no- 5no- -hy he Chris ian <issionaries hi$e he #erses an$ ne#er Juo e i . I is perfec ly clear if anyone -i h common sense -ho rea$s hese #erses -ill see ha Isaiah 7:13-16 $oes no in any -ay in$ica e any hin% a3ou he Chil$ &Immanuel' 3ein% )i#ine nor is i a Prophecy of Jesus. .ere is parallel !ransla ions for #erses 14-16:

/e- In erna ional 0ersion &Q>=11' .e -ill 3e ea in% cur$s an$ honey -hen he 5no-s enou%h o re6ec he -ron% an$ choose he ri%h , for 3efore he 3oy 5no-s enou%h o re6ec he -ron% an$ choose he ri%h , he lan$ of he -o 5in%s you $rea$ -ill 3e lai$ -as e.

/e- 2i#in% !ransla ion &Q>==7' Fy he ime his chil$ is ol$ enou%h o choose -ha is ri%h an$ re6ec -ha is -ron%, he -ill 3e ea in% yo%hur an$ honey, for 3efore he chil$ is ha ol$, he lan$s of he -o 5in%s you fear so much -ill 3o h 3e $eser e$.

?n%lish 8 an$ar$ 0ersion &Q>==1' .e shall ea cur$s an$ honey -hen he 5no-s ho- o refuse he e#il an$ choose he %oo$, for 3efore he 3oy 5no-s ho- o refuse he e#il an$ choose he %oo$, he lan$ -hose -o 5in%s you $rea$ -ill 3e $eser e$.

/e- 9merican 8 an$ar$ Fi3le &Q1LL4' (.e -ill ea cur$s an$ honey a he ime .e 5no-s enou%h o refuse e#il an$ choose %oo$, for 3efore he 3oy -ill 5no- enou%h o refuse e#il an$ choose %oo$, he lan$ -hose -o 5in%s you $rea$ -ill 3e forsa5en.

Kin% James Fi3le &Cam3ri$%e ?$.'

Fu er an$ honey shall he ea , ha he may 5no- o refuse he e#il, an$ choose he %oo$, for 3efore he chil$ shall 5no- o refuse he e#il, an$ choose he %oo$, he lan$ ha hou a3horres shall 3e forsa5en of 3o h her 5in%s.

.olman Chris ian 8 an$ar$ Fi3le &Q>==L' Fy he ime he learns o re6ec -ha is 3a$ an$ choose -ha is %oo$, he -ill 3e ea in% 3u er an$ honey, for 3efore he 3oy 5no-s o re6ec -ha is 3a$ an$ choose -ha is %oo$, he lan$ of he -o 5in%s you $rea$ -ill 3e a3an$one$.

In erna ional 8 an$ar$ 0ersion &Q>=1>' .e"ll ea cheese an$ honey, -hen he 5no-s enou%h o re6ec -ha "s -ron% an$ choose -ha "s ri%h . .o-e#er, 3efore he you h 5no-s enou%h o re6ec -ha "s -ron% an$ choose -ha "s ri%h , he lan$ -hose -o 5in%s you $rea$ -ill 3e $e#as a e$.*

/?! Fi3le &Q>==6' .e -ill ea sour mil5 an$ honey, -hich -ill help him 5no- ho- o re6ec e#il an$ choose -ha is ri%h . .ere is -hy his -ill 3e so: Fefore he chil$ 5no-s ho- o re6ec e#il an$ choose -ha is ri%h , he lan$ -hose -o 5in%s you fear -ill 3e $esola e.

,K)"8 +KI)R !ransla ion &Q1LL4' .e -ill ea cheese an$ honey un il he 5no-s ho- o re6ec e#il an$ choose %oo$. In$ee$, 3efore he 3oy 5no-s ho- o re6ec e#il an$ choose %oo$, he lan$ of he -o 5in%s -ho errify you -ill 3e $eser e$.

Kin% James >=== Fi3le &Q>==3' Cur$s an$ honey shall he ea , ha he may 5no- o refuse he e#il, an$ choose he %oo$, for 3efore he chil$ shall 5no- o refuse he e#il, an$ choose he %oo$, he lan$ ha you $rea$ shall 3e forsa5en 3y 3o h her 5in%s.

9merican Kin% James 0ersion Fu er an$ honey shall he ea , ha he may 5no- o refuse he e#il, an$ choose he %oo$, for 3efore he chil$ shall 5no- o refuse he e#il, an$ choose he %oo$, he lan$ ha you a3hor shall 3e forsa5en of 3o h her 5in%s.

9merican 8 an$ar$ 0ersion Fu er an$ honey shall he ea , -hen he 5no-e h o refuse he e#il, an$ choose he %oo$, for 3efore he chil$ shall 5no- o refuse he e#il, an$ choose he %oo$, he lan$ -hose -o 5in%s hou a3horres shall 3e forsa5en.

Conclusion: 1. Isaiah %a#e a (si%n* o 9ha: an$ i -as fulfille$ $urin% he life ime of 9ha: -hile he -as s ill ali#e no 7== years af er as I s a e$ earlier.

>. !he -or$ (#ir%in* ha is use$ 3y mos har$-hea$e$ Chris ian !rini arians has also 3een ans-ere$ in $e ail. 9ccor$in% o all hem & he 8cholars I Juo e$', hey unanimously a%ree$ (9lmah* $oes no mean (#ir%in.* !he -or$ for (#ir%in* in .e3re- is (Fe hulah* no (9lmah.* !hey all Jui e clearly s a e$ ha he .e3re- -or$ (9lmah* means (youn% marria%ea3le -oman* no (#ir%in.*

3. !he amoun of Juo es I use$ for Isaiah 7:13-16 3y he 8cholars, a%ain a%ree$ ha his coul$ no 3e a Prophecy of Jesus, ins ea$ i -as a Prophecy ha -as fulfille$ a he ime 9ha:.

4. I -en o#er Isaiah 7:14-16 ha i coul$ no 3e a Prophecy of Jesus, since #erses 14-16 men ion ha *Immanuel* &,o$ accor$in% o Chris ians' has o learn -ha is %oo$ an$ 3a$ an$ learn o refuse e#il. )oesn" ,o$ alrea$y 5no- hese hin%s? I -ill le you $eci$e. In he #erses i is men ione$ ha hey -ill (name him Immanuel.* .o- come Jesus -as ne#er calle$ 3y he name (Immanuel* in his life ime? +here $i$ his mo her or s ep fa her,

$isciples -ho 5ne- him 3es , e#er call him 3y he name (Immanuel?* 9%ain i is e#i$en ha his coul$ no 3e a Prophecy of Jesus.

Ieferences:

D1E!heo$ore ,eral$ 8oares, !he Fi3lical +orl$ 0ol. >3, /o. 6, Pa%e 477 D>E .. ,. <i chell !he Kl$ an$ /e- !es amen 8 u$en 0ol. 1>, /o. 6, Pa%e 377 D3E I. P. 8 e33ins. Journal of he 8ocie y of Fi3lical 2i era ure an$ ?Ae%esis. #ol 4. pa%es B=-B> D4E ,. +. +a$e. !he Foo5 of he Prophe Isaiah. pa%e 4B D4E 9r hur 8amuel Pea5e. 9 commen ary on he Fi3le pa%e 44> D6E ?$-ar$ 2. Cur is. !he Kl$ an$ /e- !es amen 8 u$en . 0ol. 11, /o. 4. Pa%e >7B D7E professor of .e3re- Ie#eren$ ,. Fuchanan. !he in erna ional cri ical commen ary on he .oly scrip ure of he Kl$ an$ /e- !es amen , pa%e 1>7 DBE ,eor%e 8. ,oo$spee$ !he Fi3lical +orl$ 0ol. L, Pa%e 1LB DLE C.I. Fro-n. Journal of Fi3lical 2i era ure. ?Ae%esis of Isaiah 0ol. L, /o.1. pa%e 1>1-1>3. D1=E !heo$ore ,eral$ 8oares. !he Fi3lical +orl$ #olume >3 num3er 6. Pa%e 41B D11E .., <i chell !he Kl$ an$ /e- !es amen 8 u$en 0ol. 1>, /o. 6, Pa%e 377 D1>E I. P. 8 e33ins Journal of he 8ocie y of Fi3lical 2i era ure an$ ?Ae%esis. 0ol. 4, /o. pa%es B=-B> D13E 9r hur 8amuel Pea5e. 9 commen ary on he Fi3le pa%e 44> D14E +.I.7. Fro-nin%. )ic ionary of he Fi3le pa%e 114 D14EIe#eren$. ,. Fuchanan, !he in erna ional cri ical commen ary on he .oly scrip ure of he Kl$ an$ /e- !es amen pa%e 1>7