A Smarter Transmission Grid

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Introduction
Our modern transmission grid transports bulk power over long distances and across many provincial boundaries, but ever-increasing energy demands are significantly transforming it. Worldwide, many catalysts are driving this transformation, including emerging supplyand demand-side technologies, cyber security concerns, and aging infrastructures, to name just a few. As the grid transforms and more grid-connected renewable resources complicate reliability, it will be increasingly difficult to meet its future needs with todays technologies. Therefore, global Smart Grid initiatives have become a major driving force towards building a new and efficient transmission infrastructure, improving the operating efficiency of the existing infrastructure, and deploying advanced technologies. This will enhance the capacity, safety, reliability, security, efficiency, and economic operation of the interconnected power systems to meet the everchanging and sophisticated needs of consumers in the 21st Century. This paper represents collective input from the industry regarding the vision of a smarter transmission grid, challenges faced in realizing the vision, and technologies that can help in realizing the vision. The paper presents not only a vision of a future smarter transmission grid but also identifies specific applications that when collectively implemented by owners and operatorswill help achieve the vision. mental issues such as CO2 emissions constraints and greenhouse gas emissions reductions need to be addressed. Two recent EPRI initiatives directly impact this issue. Prism analysis [17] provides a comprehensive assessment of eight key electricity technologies and the Transmission Efficiency Initiative [18] leading to a better understanding of how transmission efficiency can be a contributor to achieve a lower carbon future. Integration of technologies like these is more easily facilitated through the smart grid. To prepare for the challenges of building a smarter transmission grid, it is time for this global electricity industry to adopt novel tools, techniques, and technologies.

Global Smart Grid Initiatives

R&D programs with the goal to improve the intelligence of the electric power infrastructure have been underway for many years [1]. The U.S. DOEs Modern Grid Initiative, with a mission to accelerate grid modernization in the Unites States, developed the fundamental Smart Grid concepts and shared those concepts with key stakeholders [2, 3]. Based on this foundation, the U.S. National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) embarked upon collaborative efforts in 2009 to develop a comprehensive framework for a nationwide, interoperable Smart Grid for the U.S. electric power system. With industry, government, and consumer stakeholders,

Need for a Smarter Transmission Grid

Todays transmission grid already employs intelligent technologies so that asset managers as well as grid planners, designers, and operators can meet todays needs. For example, transmission control centers employ system data-acquisition and situational-awareness tools that can help operators identify potential adverse operating conditions across the power system. However, these technologies will not meet the future needs of a Smart Grid. Because the electricity infrastructure is aging, the electric utility industry must charter more vigorous efforts to diagnose the health of assets and innovate creative life-extension and replacement strategies. Additionally, concerns over cyber security are mounting because the industry is relying more on the Internet, as well as networks and applications based on Internet protocol. Compliance with reliability, security, and safety criteria and standards has become a paramount goal for the industry. Additionally, environ-

Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................. 2 Need for a Smarter Transmission Grid............................ 2 Global Smart Grid Initiatives......................................... 2 Vision of a Smarter Transmission Grid............................ 3 Technology Pillars for a Smarter Transmission Grid........... 4 Key Technologies and Initiatives. .................................... 6 Next Steps and Key Factors for Success.......................... 8 Achieving the Smarter Transmission Grid........................ 9 Leadership.................................................................. 13 References.................................................................. 14
This white paper was prepared by Navin Bhatt, Paul Myrda, and Andrew Phillips of Electric Power Research Institute.

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What Is a Smart Grid?

If the visionary Thomas Edisonone of the power grids prominent architectswere transported 100 years into the future from 1882, he would recognize the vast majority of the modern grid. But the grid envisioned by todays grid planners, designers, and operators would inspire wonder in the mind of Edison. When constructed in full, the Smart Grid will be rich with intelligence, conveying information about itself to decision-makers. While the exact meaning of Smart Grid differs among various players, the concept embedded in the following broad and comprehensive definition is widely accepted: Smart Grid is the integration of technologies that allow us to rethink electric grid design and operations [3]. The Smart Grid will have remarkable intelligence. The principal characteristics of a Smart Grid include [2]: Self-heals. Resists both physical and cyber attacks. Motivates consumers to participate in saving energy, among others. Provides a high level of power quality for 21st Century needs. Accommodates all generation and storage options. Enables wholesale and retail electricity markets to mature and flourish, optimizing assets and enabling efficient operation. The key Smart Grid technologies that are often cited include [2]: Integrated communication across the grid. Advanced control methods. Sensing, metering, and measurement. Advanced grid components that incorporate superconductive materials, power electronics, and microelectronics. Decision support and human interface.

NIST is expediting identification and development of standards critical to achieving a reliable and robust Smart Grid [4]. In 2006, the European Commission issued the results of its community research on the Smart Grid by presenting its vision and strategy for Europes electricity networks of the future [5]. The State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) places a great importance on Smart Grid R&D and carries out research on many facets of transmission technologies [6].

Figure 1 Vision and Goals of a Smarter Transmission Grid

Vision of a Smarter Transmission Grid

The transformation of the existing grid into a smarter transmission grid will require improving the operating efficiency of the existing infrastructure, deploying advanced technologies, and building a new and efficient transmission infrastructure. The resulting grid will be robust, with state-of-the-art technologies and enhanced safety, reliability, local and national security, power quality, and efficiency. Additionally, the grid will promote efficient markets and economic growth. The key transmission functional areas, associated technologies, and applications are described below to set the stage for the global collaborative R&D required to achieve the vision of a smarter grid. This information is based upon input from industry practitioners and ideas presented in R&D-related literature [7].

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Figure 2 Technology Pillars for a Smarter Transmission Grid

Technology Pillars for a Smarter Transmission Grid

Three technology pillars will facilitate the transformation to a smarter transmission grid (see Figure 2): Grid Development and Operation, Asset Lifecycle Management, and Information and Communication Technologies.

Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). Compliance is becoming an increasingly critical activity for transmission and generation organizations in the industry. The industry is seeking to develop processes and technologies that can facilitate compliance. To realize a smarter grid, stakeholders will develop long-term, regional, inter-regional, and interconnection-wide transmission plans, in addition to local transmission reinforcements. Without compromising reliability, grid planners and operators will have to integrate an expanding array of renewable generation sources and demand-side resources into the existing infrastructure[8], finding solutions for the variability of renewable generation sources, the lack of voltage and frequency support from these sources, the lack of computer representation of renewable generation sources and demand-side devices, and the uncertainties in generation and load forecasts introduced by new generation and demand-side resources. Technology solutions to address the above challenges include enhanced transmission lines that can transmit power efficiently. This includes extra-high voltage (EHV), ultra-high voltage (UHV), and high-voltage DC (HVDC) and encompasses overhead lines as well as underground and under sea. The liberal use of simulation and modeling will enable off-line studies and real-time contingency analysis. Better control-center tools and techniques will improve the operators situational awareness to facilitate decision-

Grid Development and Operation

Although the existing grid operations, planning processes, and technologies may be adequate to meet todays needs, new processes and technologies are needed to address the challenges faced by grid planners and operators in a new era of power transmission. Unprecedented levels of variable generation and the integration of emerging supply-and demand-side technologies will challenge electric utilities as they continue to rely on and maintain an aging infrastructure to ensure reliability. The increased number of players and transactions in the electricity market and the ever-growing footprint of the vast electrical grid will significantly increase the complexity of grid operations. On the regulation front, the industry must comply with mandatory safety, reliability, and security criteria and standards, as well as emerging energy and environmental policies. The entire U.S. electric power industry is operating under mandatory and enforceable reliability/security standards developed by the North American

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making. And advanced automated controls will increase system performance, such as damping inter-area oscillations, which are detrimental to maximum power transfer and power flow. By coordinating multiple controls, automated controls take advantage of high-resolution data from synchrophasor or phasor measurement units (PMUs), which monitor the system voltages, currents, and frequencies to determine the performance of a transmission system.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

As new technologies are deployed to enable a smarter transmission grid, the information and communication technology infrastructure will take on an increasingly critical role. Smart Grid technologies will demand more analytical horsepower and data-handling capabilities. These data will be large in volume and scattered through the interconnected network. The data sources will be diverse, including equipment health sensors, PMUs, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), and weather sensors, among many other types. Some of these data will be harvested in real time, while others will be stored in a historian database. The challenge will be to ensure that the data and the associated information are made available to end users and end-use applications with the desired levels of accuracy, security, and speed. Self-diagnosticincluding status monitoring, fault detection, isolation, and recoveryis critical in the new ICT environment. Countermeasures to cyber attacks must be designed into the new ICT to prevent equipment malfunctions and system collapse through communication vulnerabilities. Maintaining a high quality of service for a wide range of applications for ICT is critical to not only security but also completeness and accuracy of data. To facilitate ICTs, utilities will widely deploy advanced information technology tools and techniques such as cloud computing, parallel processing, multi-core processors, and fast simulation techniques. This will facilitate the collection, processing, analysis, storage, retrieval, and display of vast data and the associated information derived from it. However, before ICT can be widely deployed, the future communication infrastructure must be designed to address, at the minimum, confidentiality (to ensure that the system does not reveal data to the wrong parties), integrity (to ensure that data in storage does not get changed in inappropriate or illicit ways), and availability (to ensure that the right parties can always use the system when they need it) [19]. Integrating ICT into a utility transmission infrastructure will yield many benefits. Diverse sets of data will be quickly and accurately transmitted across an entire network, users will be able to customize their data and information needs, an emerging sea of end-use applications will facilitate the work of planners and operators, and two-way communication among data sources will enable remote management of demand response, energy storage, and electric vehicles.

Asset Lifecycle Management (LCM)

Asset lifecycle management optimizes the use of existing transmission assets, builds new and efficient (high-capacity) transmission infrastructures, and develops and deploys a new generation of equipment. The ultimate goal of LCM efforts is to ensure and enhance the safety, reliability, security, cost-effectiveness, and power quality of the transmission grid. LCM can be used to diagnose the health and proper operation of utility assets by analyzing data from sensors (discussed in Section 6), equipment loading history, voltage profiles, and performance history. The resulting information facilitates the determination of root causes of malfunctions and failures, the scheduling of maintenance, and compliance with local and federal regulations and standards. An enhanced situational awareness helps asset managers, equipment experts, field staff, and grid operators to manage operational risks, decide whether to repair or replace equipment, develop specifications for new equipment, and develop equipment sparing strategies, which are becoming increasingly important in light of aging equipment and long lead times for replacement equipment. The electricity industry is currently facing difficulty in obtaining rights of way. An increased utilization of right of way optimizes the power-carrying capacity of existing transmission lines through voltage uprating, reconductoring, and other measures [9]. When rights of way can be secured, new high-capacity EHV, UHV, and HVDC transmission lines will also enhance power capacity. Research and development in the area of advanced grid equipment is yielding the next generation of power system equipment, taking advantage of new materials, nanotechnologies, superconducting technology, and advanced digital designs. This advanced grid equipment is smaller than and outperforms traditional equipment.

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Figure 3 Phasor Measurement Units Installed in North America as of September 2009

Electric utilities are still apprehensive about cyber security, quick and accurate data sharing among data owners, and the interoperability, reliability, availability, and scalability of data sets. But a smarter transmission grid should account for these concerns by detecting bad or malicious data and either correcting or eliminating it, while at the same time making sure that the applications depending on such data are robust enough to tolerate some loss of data. By anticipating the large volume of data from ICTs, asset owners can avoid communication bottlenecks that now occur, for example, during the streaming of synchrophasor data from transmission substations when PMUs are installed. These pillars are essential elements in support of the following key technologies and initiatives.

Key Technologies and Initiatives

The following technologies and initiatives have recently received noteworthy worldwide momentum.

Enhance Situational Awareness and Improve Decision Making Using Synchrophasor Technology
Synchrophasor technology has demonstrated the potential to enhance grid planning and operations [11, 12]. Recent worldwide R&D efforts have focused on developing a variety of applications, including situational awareness, small signal stability behavior, event analysis, model validation, enhancement of state-estimation, and assessment of on-line voltage stability. Currently, about 150 PMUs have been installed in North America (as shown in Figure 3), and

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Figure 4 Example of Suite of Sensor Technologies Being Developed by EPRI to Address Transmission Applications

over 850 additional PMUs will be installed during the next several years across the U.S. as part of the DOE Smart Grid Investment Grant. While the industry continues to explore the use of synchrophasors in real time and off-line environments, the lack of killer applications has impeded the widespread use of synchrophasor technology. A concerted industry R&D effort is warranted among the research community, end users (grid operators and planners) and EMS vendors to produce production-grade synchrophasors applications for the users. To that end, EPRI is collaborating with the

industry by forming an executive team to help accelerate the deployment of advanced control room applications.

Improve Life Cycle Asset Management Using Equipment Sensor Technology

As shown in Figure 4, R&D is underway by EPRI, universities, and others around the world to develop and demonstrate a suite of advanced sensors to inspect and assess the health of transmission line and substation equipment [13, 14]. These comprehensive

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R&D efforts encompass the development of sensors that employ promising technologies; the installation of the sensors at substations and on transmission-line structures to remotely collect data on equipment health; analysis of sensor data for conversion to health information; and display of the information for use by field personnel, equipment experts, asset managers, and operators. Key challenges in developing the sensors are related to their ruggedness and integrity; sensors should not cost more to maintain than the components and systems that they are intended to serve. Also, sensors should be robust. A malfunctioning sensor should not bring down parts of the system or its critical components. The long-term goal is to develop a virtual asset health center that can monitor the condition of each major piece of equipment across the power system in real time and predict its remaining useful life in real time. EPRI is collaborating with its members to develop sensors that are cost-effective to deploy, easy to implement, and endowed with algorithms to provide information rather than just raw data. This technology holds promise to facilitate the jobs of asset managers and operators. In the future grid, new utility assets will have built-in sensors, which will save the cost of retrofitting sensors to existing assets. R&D is also underway to develop robotics technology, whereby robots equipped with sensors can transverse along a transmission line, inspect the line to assess equipment condition (such as a malfunctioning insulator string) or problems (such as vegetation approaching the line conductors) and alert field personnel, equipment experts, asset managers, and grid operators. In 2009, EPRI and its members initiated an R&D project on robotics titled the Line Inspection Robot.

providing the data. The results will serve as a blueprint that will help improve the efficiency of the existing transmission system and the future bulk-power network. The collaborative is an outgrowth of efforts by EPRI, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), and transmission owners and operators to implement various technical designs that can facilitate more efficiency in the transmission system.

Next Steps and Key Factors for Success

The industry R&D efforts on technologies to facilitate a smarter transmission grid need to culminate in practical applications for the users, who include field personnel, equipment experts, asset managers, and grid planners and operators (See the table Practical Applications for the Three Technology Pillars on pages 10, 11 and 12). It is essential to get the users involved in the R&D efforts to ensure success. The success will be measured by the number of production-grade or commercially available hardware/software products and the level of their deployment across the industry worldwide. These R&D efforts will involve collecting data on asset health and power-system situational awareness, developing analytical engines to convert the data into information, and displaying the information for the end users to act on, as shown in Figure 5. A promising approach to guide the collaborative industry R&D efforts is to develop use cases [15]. Use cases are scenarios that describe how various participants interact to accomplish a specific goal. They involve identifying the participants, their goals, and their actions. Next, the responses to the actions are identified. One or more scenarios may be needed to describe how the overall goal is achieved. These use cases are then reviewed and documented to ensure that the needs of all stakeholders have been captured. Software and other high-technology companies have employed use cases for years to identify and document project requirements. EPRI has also used this process for a number of projects, including the NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap Project [10].

Transmission-Efficiency Initiative
In May 2010, EPRI launched an industry-wide transmissionefficiency demonstration collaborative with a group of utilities and transmission-system operators that will compile and analyze performance data from transmission lines, substations, and grid operations to assess the cost, benefit, and technical criteria for implementing efficiency measures. More than 20 organizations proposed 33 transmission-demonstration projects will be

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Figure 5 Simplied Analytics Overview

Achieving the Smarter Transmission Grid

To accomplish the current vision of a smarter transmission grid, deploying advanced technologies is essential. Such technologies include integrated communication across the grid; advanced methods of control; devices that sense, meter, and measure the parameters of electric power; and software and hardware that enable people to make better decisions. The next generation of the electrical grid will take full advantage of innovative materials, nanotechnologies, superconducting technologies, advanced computing, parallel processing, and fast simulation. At the heart of the emerging smart grid is a network of communication devices that more precisely monitor grid parameters and provide a path toward an aware network that leads us toward the Holy Grail of the industry self-diagnostics. Getting

to this point requires carefully planned and coordinated steps that safely, reliably and securely move the industry toward the goal. Managing the path toward a smarter transmission grid is complex and cumbersome due to the inter-relationships and dependencies between all the elements presented here. However prudent planning along with technology roadmaps can play a key role in assuring the implementation sequence and selections build upon one another effectively and reduce the likelihood of stranded investments, unreliable operation and other missteps along the way. The time is now to work collaboratively in transitioning to a Smarter Transmission Grid in order to meet the future needs and expectations of the bulk power system.

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Examples of Promising Applications for a Smarter Transmission Grid that Build on the Three Technology Pillars

Application
1 Situational Awareness with Look Ahead Capability A set of situationalawareness tools for control centers will be available to display present state (conditions) within and around the system of interest and to provide an indication of system conditions anticipated throughout the day. This comprehensive tool will incorporate some or all of the following technologies: situational awareness, synchrophasor data, on-line assessment of voltage stability performance, on-line reactive power management and fast simulation techniques. Simulation Tools and Modeling Grid planners and operators will have the ability to seamlessly transfer real-time EMS data to off-line simulation study tools for conducting off-line studies and to transfer results of off-line simulation studies to an EMS environment for display. All operators within an interconnection will be able to readily exchange their EMS models and data. Simulation tools will incorporate fast simulation techniques to facilitate prompt real-time contingency analysis. Automated processes will be available to validate component simulation models (such as generator-excitation system models) by comparing routinely available eld data with simulation results. Online System Restoration Decision-support tools will be available to system operators to restore their systems following a major blackout. These analytical tools will provide guidance on an optimal system restoration path from the multiple paths available as the restoration progresses. The tools will also help in identifying an optimal restoration sequence among the lines, loads, and generation sources available to energize. State Measurement (Evolving from State Estimation) Currently, control centers use SCADA technology, in which data from transmission substation RTUs are fed into a state-estimation (SE) engine, which calculates the state of the power system once every few minutes. In the future, PMUs will be installed at one-third of these substations, and an engine will instantly derive the state of the entire system, which then will be displayed as frequently as multiple times a second or less frequently, based on operators needs. Such frequent information could be helpful to operators in dealing with areas prone to dynamic stability performance issues. Model Validation Automated processes will be available for grid planners and operators to continuously validate the model(s) they use in real time and off-line power system studies. Reactive Power Management Grid operators will have the ability to identify in real time the potential areas of voltage instability and the corresponding dynamic and static reactive power requirements in these areas to avoid instability. To address potential voltage-collapse situations, automated voltagecontrol strategies will be in place through coordination among various voltagecontrol devices within the area such as generator automatic voltage regulators (AVRs), capacitors, shunt reactors, static var controllers (SVCs), FACTS devices, and power system stabilizers (PSSs).

Grid Development and Operation

Asset Lifecycle Management

Information and Communication Technologies

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Application
7 On-Line Assessment of Voltage Security Performance For each potential voltage-security or collapse scenario identied from off-line studies, PMU data will be used to calculate MW or MVAR margin available in real time before a voltage collapse could occur. Real-time tools, including mitigation strategies, will be able to guide the operator in decision making to steer through such security situations. Automated Event Analysis Automated tools will be available to replicate a system event using power ow and system dynamics simulation programs. The tools will include interfaces for the simulation programs to read real-time data across wide areas. This will facilitate a timely investigation of the event, in terms of root causes, solutions, and what-if scenarios. Electricity Storage for Transmission Large-scale bulk-storage options will be available for deployment to address transmission needs. The options will include compressed air energy storage and ow batteries, in addition to pumped hydro. Storage technology will play an important role in managing variable renewable generation and peak loads. Asset Health Center Health sensors will be installed to remotely collect data from all major pieces of equipment across the system. The sensor data will be analyzed and converted into information that will provide on a real-time basis: a) the current condition of each piece of equipment; b) available loading margin; and c) its useful remaining life. The information will be sent continuously to eld personnel, equipment experts, and asset managers to perform forensic analysis and to enhance their asset-management strategies (such as repair or replace, life extension, sparing strategies, maintenance strategies, and specication for replacement equipment) and to grid operators to enhance their decision making. Increased Utilization of Right of Way A set of tools, techniques and technologies will be available to asset managers and grid planners and operators to enable: a) increased power ows on new and existing transmission lines, while maintaining high reliability and low costs; b) reduced transmission line losses; and c) safe and efcient use of right of way by multiple entities, such as pipelines and telephone lines. To increase the transmission capacity, technical guidance will be available to apply the advanced technologies such as voltage upgrade, FACTS, advanced conductors, dynamic thermal circuit rating (DTCR), advanced line design. Advanced Grid Components A set of advanced components will be available for their incorporation into the existing and new transmission infrastructures. Technical guidance will be available to transmission planners, designers, asset managers, eld personnel, equipment experts, and grid operators to enable the selection, specication, installation, and maintenance of these components. A few examples of novel grid component technologies are as follows: advanced energy storage, advanced (composite) conductors, next-generation fault current limiters, next generation relays, superconducting cables and fault current limiters, nano technology, and advanced transformers, circuit breakers, tower structures, insulators, and surge arresters.

Grid Development and Operation

Asset Lifecycle Management

Information and Communication Technologies

10

11

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Application
13 Substation IED Data Utilities Data from protection and control (P&C) IEDs at substations will be transformed automatically into information by specialized techniques/utilities developed for this purpose. The information will include fault recording, sequence of event recording, fault location identication, relay and circuit breaker performance (e.g. misoperation), and so on. The information will be used to create an automated event analysis. The information and event analysis will be transmitted to the users, including P&C engineering and maintenance staff, relay and circuit breaker experts, and grid operators, on an as-needed basis. Advanced Computing Techniques and Communication Technologies A robust and secure information and communication platform/infrastructure will be in place to meet the users needs, namely the collection, analysis, processing, transmittal, storage, retrieval, and display of asset, system performance, and situational-awareness data, and the associated information derived from the data. Advanced computing techniques, such as parallel processing and multi-core processors, will be deployed throughout the infrastructure to deal with computingintensive real-time contingency-analysis efforts and data-intensive processing of PMU and sensor data. Substation Automation Transmission substations will become data hubs, where data from within the substation as well as nearby transmission line structures will be collected. Some of these data will be processed locally at the substation and converted to information. This information will then be transmitted directly to the end users or to automated controls as input in control strategy or to an asset-management database for analysis and storage. All communication within and to/from substations will use the IEC 61850 communication protocol. The information/communication infrastructure will be designed by taking into consideration a well-thought-out strategy regarding local versus central processing needs of a diverse set of applications on a long-term basis. Advanced Controls and Control Strategies Advanced controls, such as adaptive relays and protection and control devices, will be available. Advanced hierarchical control strategies will be available to coordinate among various controls located over a wide area. These novel controls and strategies will signicantly improve the self-healing nature of the transmission grid. The actions of such controls will be displayed in control centers to facilitate grid operators situational awareness and decision making.

Grid Development and Operation

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Information and Communication Technologies

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Leadership
EPRI has undertaken this effort on behalf of various EPRI Power Delivery & Utilization councils and executive advisory groups. We would like to acknowledge their continued leadership and support in the overall research and development efforts across the bulk power system. A current list as of August 2010 of the members of these committees is shown below.

Transmission Efciency Ad-Hoc Committee (continued)

Barry MacColl Manager, Technology Strategy & Planning Eskom Rob Manning Exec. V.P., Power System Operations Tennessee Valley Authority John McAvoy Sr. V.P. Central Operations Consolidated Edison Ellen Smith COO, U.S. Electric Ops National Grid USA Ian Welch R&D Strategy Manager, Asset Management National Grid Rich Mandes Vice President, Transmission Southern Company/Alabama Power Yakout Mansour President & CEO California ISO Pedro Pizarro Sr. V.P. Power Procurement Southern California Edison Magdalena Wasiluk-Hassa Dir., Department of Innovation & External Funds PSE-Operator Steve Whitley President & CEO New York ISO

Sector Executive Leadership Team

John Houston, Sector Chair Division V.P., Trans & Substation Operations CenterPoint Energy Brad Ewing, Sector V-Chair Vice President, Utility Support FirstEnergy

Transmission Executive Leadership Committee

Mike Heyeck, Trans Chair Sr. Vice President, Transmission American Electric Power Larry Avery Vice President, Power Delivery PowerSouth Energy David Curtis Director of Asset Management Processes & Policies Hydro One Networks Terry Oliver Chief Technology Innovation Officer Bonneville Power Administration Ian Welch R&D Strategy Manager, Asset Management National Grid Rob Manning, Trans V-Chair Exec. V.P., Power System Operations Tennessee Valley Authority Sanjay Bose Vice President, Substation Operations Consolidated Edison Jennifer Dering Manager of Operations Planning New York Power Authority Ron Snead Vice President, Asset Management Duke Energy

Smart Grid Ad-Hoc Committee

Larry Bekkadahl V.P., Transmission Engineering & Tech Service Bonneville Power Administration Diane Blankenhorn Manager of RD&D for EDO&G National Grid US Aubrey Braz V.P., Staten Island & Electric Services Consolidated Edison Denis Chartrand Strategic Planning Manager Hydro-Quebec Jennifer Dering Manager of Operations Planning New York Power Authority Jay Farrington Manager, T&D Planning & Reliability PowerSouth Energy Cooperative George Bjelovuk Managing Dir., Mktg, Research & Program Dev American Electric Power Sanjay Bose Vice President, Substation Operations Consolidated Edison Rusty Burroughs V.P., Integrated Energy Management Entergy Services David Curtis Dir. of Asset Management Processes & Policies Hydro-One Networks Vincent Dow Vice President Detroit Edison Terry Finley V.P., Distribution Engineering and Services CenterPoint Energy

Transmission Efciency Ad-Hoc Committee

Jon Wellingho Chairman Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Nicholas Brown President & CEO Southwest Power Pool Michael Hervey Chief Operating Officer Long Island Power Authority Terry Boston Chairman, President & CEO PJM Interconnection Steve DeCarlo Sr. Vice President, Transmission New York Power Authority Mike Heyeck Sr. Vice President, Transmission American Electric Power

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Smart Grid Ad-Hoc Committee (continued)

Ajay Garg Manager, Transmission Load Connectors Hydro One Networks Becky Harrison Dir., Smart Grid Program Manager Progress Energy Todd Hillman Exec Dir. Communications & Stakeholder Relations Midwest ISO Wayne Longcore Enterprise Architect Consumers Energy John Paganie Vice President, Energy Efficiency FirstEnergy Dan Pudenz V.P., Energy Delivery Lincoln Electric Heather Sanders Director, Smart Grid California ISO Camilo Serna Director, Strategy & Business Development Northeast Utilities Joe Waligorski Delivery Operations Tech. Manager FirstEnergy Charles Yeung Executive Director Interregional Affairs Southwest Power Pool Danny Glover V.P. Distribution Alabama Power/Southern Company Michael Hervey Chief Operating Officer Long Island Power Authority Oliver Huet R&D Distribution Program Director Electricit de France Joe Nowaczyk Manager, Electronic Systems Salt River Project Dana Parshall Director, Energy Efficiency FirstEnergy Bruce Rogers V.P., Technology Innovations Tennessee Valley Authority Dave Schepers V.P., Energy Delivery Tech Services Ameren Services Gary Stuebing Strategic Planning Manager Duke Energy Thomas Wick Director, Electric Distribution Asset Management We Energies Ralph Zucker Director, Smart Grid Development BC Hydro

References
1. Profiling and Mapping of Intelligent Grid R&D Programs, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2006. 1014600. 2. The NETL Modern Grid Initiative: A Systems View of the Modern Grid. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, January 2007. 3. John Westerman (SAIC Smart Grid Team), San Diego Smart Grid Study Overview Results and Insights, May 10, 2007. 4. NIST Special Publication 1108, NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0, Office of the National Coordinator for Smart Grid Interoperability, January 2010. 5. European Commission, European Smart Grids Technology Platform, 2006. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/ smartgrids_en.pdf ) 6. State Grid Corporation of China, A Strong and Smart Grid: SGCCs Way Ahead, Presented at the 2009 International Conference on UHV Transmission Technology, May 21, 2009. 7. U.S. Department of Energy, Five-Year Program Plan for Fiscal Years 2008 to 2012 for Electric Transmission and Distribution Programs, August 2006. 8. U.S. Department of Energy, 20% Wind Energy by 2030, July 2008. 9. Increased Power Flow Guide Book, Third Edition, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 1017775. 10. EPRI, Report to NIST on Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap (Contract No. SB1341-09-CN-0031Deliverable 10) Post Comment Period Version Document, National Institute of Standards and Technology under the terms of Contract No. SB1341-09-CN-0031.

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11. North American Synchrophasor Initiative (NASPI; www.naspi. org), Synchrophasor Technology Roadmap, March 13, 2009. 12. Navin Bhatt, Role of Synchrophasor Technology in the Development of a Smarter Transmission Grid, Proceedings of the IEEE PES 2010 General Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, July 2530, 2010. 13. Andrew Phillips, Staying in Shape, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, March/April 2010, pp. 2733. 14. Sensor Technologies for a Smart Transmission System, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 1020619. 15. The Case for Use Cases, A Smart Grid Newsletter, September 2006, www.smartgridnews.com. 16. Additional References (need to properly sequence the reference numbers and replace the a & b) 17. Prism & MERGE analysis 2009 Update: EPRI Report 1019563 18. Transmission Efficiency Initiative: Key Findings, Plan for Demonstration Projects, and Next Steps to Increase Transmission Efficiency. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2009. 1017894 19. The Craft of System Security, Sean Smith, John Marchesini C2008, ISBN 13: 978-0-321-43483-8

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The Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI, www.epri.com) conducts research and development relating to the generation, delivery and use of electricity for the benefit of the public. An independent, nonprofit organization, EPRI brings together its scientists and engineers as well as experts from academia and industry to help address challenges in electricity, including reliability, efficiency, health, safety and the environment. EPRI also provides technology, policy and economic analyses to drive long-range research and development planning, and supports research in emerging technologies. EPRIs members represent more than 90 percent of the electricity generated and delivered in the United States, and international participation extends to 40 countries. EPRIs principal offices and laboratories are located in Palo Alto, Calif.; Charlotte, N.C.; Knoxville, Tenn.; and Lenox, Mass. Together...Shaping the Future of Electricity

EPRI Resources
Navin Bhatt Technical Executive Grid Operations & Planning, EPRI 614.726.2115, nbhatt@epri.com Paul Myrda Program Manager Grid Operations & Planning, EPRI 708.479.5543, pmyrda@epri.com Andrew Phillips Director Transmission, EPRI 704.595.2728, aphillip@epri.com Overhead Transmission Program 35 Underground Transmission Program 36 Substations Program 37 Grid Operations Program 39 Grid Planning Program 40 IntelliGrid Program 161 HVDC Systems Program 162 Efficient Transmission and Distribution Systems for a LowCarbon Future Program 172 Integration of Variable Generation and Controllable Loads Program 173

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Electric Power Research Institute

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