The Secret of Physics

PART1:MASTERINGTHEDEFINITION PHYSICSTERM Physicalquantity Basequantity Derivedquantity Scalarquantity Vectorquantity Distance Displacement Speed Isaquantitythatcanbedefinedinothertermsofphysicalquantitiesbyeithermultiplication ordivisionorboth. Isaquantitywithmagnitudeonly. Example:distance,speed,time,mass,temperature Isaquantitywithbothmagnitudeanddirection. Example:displacement,velocity,acceleration,force FORM4CHAPTER2FORCESANDMOTION Isthetotallengthbetweentwopoints. Measuretheactuallength. Isthetotallengthbetweentwopointsatcertaindirection. Measuretheshortcutlength Distance Istherateofchangeofdistance. Speed=
Time taken

DEFINITION FORM4CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONTOPHYSICS Isaquantitythatcanbemeasured. Isaquantitythatcannotbedefinedinothertermsofphysicalquantities.

EXAMPLE/QUESTION

Unitofspeedisms1. Velocity Istherateofchangeofdisplacement. Velocity,v=

Displacement Time taken

Unitofvelocityisms1. Acceleration Istherateofchangeofvelocity. Acceleration,a=

v-u T
Change of velocity Time taken

Unitofaccelerationisms2. Anda= Inertia Isthetendencyofobjecttoresistthesuddenchangeactingonthesystem OR Is the tendency of object to remain at rest if rest or continue to move with uniform velocityinstraightlineifmovingunlessexternalforceactingonit. Istheproductofmassandvelocity.

Momentum Principleofconservationof momentum Impulse

No formula as it is not a physical quantity that can be measured. BUTinertiadependsonthemass.Biggermasshasbigger inertia. Momentum,p=mvm=mass,v=velocity Unitofmomentumiskgms1 States that in closed system, total momentum before collision is equal to the total Elastic:m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m1v2 momentumafterthecollisionsuchthatthetotalmomentumisconserved. Inelastic:m1u1+m2u2=(m1+m1)v Explosion:0=m1v1+m1v2 Isthechangeofmomentum. Impulse=FtF=force,t=time Impulse=mvmu Unitofimpulseiskgms1
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PHYSICSTERM Impulsiveforce

DEFINITION Istherateofchangeofmomentum.

EXAMPLE/QUESTION Impulsiveforce,F=
mv - mu t

Unitofimpulsiveforceiskgms2 Shorterimpacttime,biggerimpulsiveforce. Force Istheproductofmassandacceleration. Force,F=mam=mass a=acceleration Unitofforceiskgms2orNewtonorN Newtonsfirstlawofmotion Statesthatabodycontinuesinstateofrestoruniformvelocityinstraightlineunless Alwaysreferredtoinertiacondition!! acteduponbyanexternalforce. Newtonssecondlawof States that the rate of change of momentum of moving object is directly Alwaysreferredtocollisionsystems!! motion proportionaltoandinthesamedirectionastheforceactingonit. Newtonsthirdlawof States that if one body exerts a force on another, there is an equal but opposite Alwaysreferredtoactionandreaction!! motion forcecalledreactionexertedonthefirstbodybythesecond. (Ihitballaction) (Theballcausesmyhandpainreaction) Energy Istheabilityofdoingwork. Workdone Istheproductofforceanddisplacementwhichisparalleltothedisplacementofthe Workdone,W=Fs[noangle] object. Workdone,W=Fscos[ifangle] F=force s=displacement UnitofworkdoneisJouleorJ Potentialenergy Istheenergypossessedbytheobjectduetoitspositionorlocation. Potentialenergy,Ep=mgh m=mass g=gravityvalue=10ms2 h=height UnitofpotentialenergyisJoule Kineticenergy Istheenergypossessedbytheobjectduetoitsconditionofmovement. Kineticenergy,Ek=mv2 m=mass v=velocity UnitofkineticenergyisJoule Principleofconservationof States that in a closed system, the energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can energy be changed from one form to another form that is the total energy is being conserved.
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PHYSICSTERM Power

DEFINITION Istherateofworkdone. Power,P= OR Power,P=

EXAMPLE/QUESTION
WorkDone Time
Energy Time

UnitofpowerisWattorW Efficiency Hookeslaw Istheratioofoutputworkdonetotheinputenergysuppliedbythesystem. Efficiency,e=

OutputWork x100% InputEnergy

Elasticity Springconstant

Pressure

Atmosphericpressure

States that the extension of spring is directly proportional to the force acting on it Force,F=kx suchthattheelasticlimitisnotexceeded. k=forceconstant x=extensionofspring Fistotheweightofobjectwhereweight=massx10 Is the ability of an object to resume to its original state once the applied force is removed. Istheforceperunitlengthofextension. k=F/x UnitofspringconstantisNm1 FORM4CHAPTER3FORCESANDPRESSURE Istheforceactingnormallytothesurfaceperunitarea. Pressure,p=F/A[ifsolid] F=force A=area UnitofpressureisNm2orPascalorPa OR Pressure,p=hg[ifliquid] h=depth =densityofliquid g=gravityvalue=10ms2 UnitofpressureisNm2orPascalorPa OR Pressure,p=76cmHg+unbalance[mercury] Isthepressureexertedbytheatmosphereonthesurfaceoftheearth.
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PHYSICSTERM Pascalsprinciple

DEFINITION States that in enclosed system, the applied pressure will be transmitted equally to everypartofthefluidandalsotothewallofthecontainer.

EXAMPLE/QUESTION
F1 F2 = A1 A2

AndA1d1=A2d2 A=area d=distancemoved Achimedesprinciple States thatwhenanobjectisimmersedpartiallyor whollyintoa fluid,theweightof Buoyantforce,F=Vg water being displaced due buoyant force is equal to the weight of object being =densityofliquid immersed. V=Immersedvolumeoftheobject g=gravityvalue=10ms2 UnitofbuoyantforceisNewtonorN Bernoullisprinciple States that a region where experiences high air speed will has low air pressure and Highspeedlowpressure viceversa. Lowspeedhighpressure FORM4CHAPTER4HEAT Thermalequilibrium Is a condition where two objects in contact have the same temperature and there is nonettransferofheatbetweentwoobjects. Heat Isaformofenergy. Temperature Isthedegreeofhotnessofanobject. Specificheatcapacity Is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 kg object by 1 C Heat,H=mc withoutchangeinphysicalstate. m=mass,c=specificheatcapacity,=riseintemperature UnitofheatisJouleorJ Lowspecificheatcapacityfastergettinghot Highspecificheatcapacityslowergettinghot Waterisagoodcoolingagentasithashighspecificheat capacity Meltingpoint Is the maximum temperature point that can be sustained by the object before the Highmeltingpointcanwithstandhightemperature objectstartstomelt. beforeitgetsmelt Boilingpoint Is the maximum temperature point that can be sustained by the object before the objectstartstoboil. Specificlatentheatoffusion Is the amount of heat required to change the 1 kg object physically from solid to Heat,H=mLf liquidwithoutthechangeintemperature. m=mass Lf=specificlatentheatoffusion

Specificlatentheatof vapourisation

UnitofheatisJouleorJ Is the amount of heat required to change the 1 kg object physically from liquid to Heat,H=mLv steamwithoutthechangeintemperature. m=mass Lv=specificlatentheatofvapourisation

UnitofheatisJouleorJ
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PHYSICSTERM Boyleslaw Charleslaw

DEFINITION Statesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisinverselyproportionaltoits volumesuchthatthetemperatureofgasiskeptconstant. States that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolutetemperaturesuchthatthepressureofgasiskeptconstant.

EXAMPLE/QUESTION P1V1=P2V2 P=pressure,V=volume

V1 V 2 = T1 T2

V=volume,T=temperaturemustbeinunitKelvin T=(+273)K Pressurelaw States that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of gas is directly proportional to its P1 P2 = absolutetemperaturesuchthatthevolumeofgasiskeptconstant. T1 T2 P=pressure,T=temperaturemustbeinunitKelvin T=(+273)K FORM4CHAPTER5LIGHT States that the angle of incidence, angle of reflection and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane such that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Isanobjectwithonlyonesideoffocus/viewwhereitwillreflecttheincidentray. Isanobjectwithtwosidesoffocus/viewwhereitallowstherefractionoflight. sin i Istheratioofsineofincidenceangletothesineofrefractedangle. Refractiveindex,n= sin r
imustbeinairandrinmedium

Snellslaw

Mirror Lens Refractiveindex

Apparentdepth Realdepth Criticalangle

Isthedistanceofthevirtualimagefromthesurfaceofthewater. Isthedistanceoftherealobjectfromthesurfaceofthewater.

Refractiveindex,n=
Real Depth Apparent Depth

Totalinternalreflection Focalpoint Focallength,f Poweroflens

1 Is defined as the angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of Refractiveindex,n= refractioninthelessdensemediumis90. sin c c=criticalangle States that when the angle of incidence is further increase so that it is greater than Example:mirage,opticalfibre thecriticalangle,thenthelightisnolongerrefractedbutitisreflectedinternally. Isapointwherealltherayswillfocusat. IsthedistancebetweenthecentreofthelenswiththeprincipleF. Isthereciprocalofthefocallengthofalens. Poweroflens,P=1/f f=focallength(mustconverttounitmetre) UnitofpoweroflensisDioptreorD Formulaoflens: 1 + 1 = 1
u

u=objectdistance,v=imagedistance,f=focallength Imagemagnification,m=v/u
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