ADVANCE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PRESENTATIONS

F.S B-ARCHV (2013-14)

GUIDED BY:V.U.MATAI ANIL NAVANGUL MONA DESAI

SOUND INSULATION PARTITION FURNITURE HARDWARE

04- HITEESHA CHOTAI 06- NISHTHA DESAI 15- NIDHI.S.MEHTA 16- RUCHITA MISTRY 21- MANISH PARMAR 29- HELLY SOLANKI 30- SURIYA SOWDESWARI.S

Sound Insulation: It is the ability of building elements or structures to reduce sound transmission. Sound insulation is the process of soundproofing an enclosed space, such as a room. This type of insulating activity is usually employed when there is a need to keep sound from filtering into or out of the space.

Sound against a wall

When sound impinges on the boundary of a wall, part of its energy is absorbed and transmitted and part is reflected back to the source. The energy balance shows three main fluxes: Reflected Absorbed Transmitted

r+a+t =1

Sound absorbing materials must not be confused with sound insulating materials:
It is important to avoid confusion between sound absorption and . (a) Sound absorption is the prevention of reflection of sound or alternatively, a reduction in the sound energy reflected by the surfaces of a room. (b) Sound insulation is the prevention of transmission of sound or alternatively, a reduction of sound energy transmitted into an adjoining air space. Sound Insulating material: Heavy and stiff, minimizes the transmitted power Wt.

Sound Absorbing material:

Soft and porous, minimizes the reflected power Wr.

Sound Insulation, the ability of building elements or structures to reduce sound transmission Two types: (a) Airborne Sound Insulation : the insulation against noise originating in air, e.g. voices, music, motor traffic, wind.

(b) Impact Sound Insulation : the insulation against noise originating directly on a structure by blows or vibration e.g. footsteps above, furniture being moved, drilling and hammering the structure.
Impact Sound Insulation

Airborne Sound Insulation

Paths for Sound Transmission between Adjacent Rooms Airborne sound can be transmitted in a receiving room via some or all of the paths (A) to (D) as shown in Figure 9. Path (A) is called the direct path.

Critical Frequencies & Densities for Some Common Materials

The ideal material for good sound insulation has a very high mass and low stiffness but some of the most convenient building material have low mass and relatively high stiffness.

Sound insulation regulation

The building codes of many countries include standards for sound insulation in buildings, especially where walls and floors are shared between dwellings, such as those between flats and joined houses. These codes have usually evolved from a desire to protect people from annoyance or potential ill health caused by noise from traffic, industry or neighbors.
The following parts of buildings are those where regulations are typically used to ensure suitable standards of sound insulation:

Building envelope: such as the roof, external walls and windows which separate a dwelling from external sources such as noise from industry, road traffic, trains and aircraft.
Separating walls: between dwellings and within the same dwelling. Separating floors: between dwellings.

Floors
The natural mass of concrete floors provides insulation against airborne sound but concrete can transfer impact sound; therefore a resilient layer is also needed to provide insulation against impact sound. Older methods of construction increased the mass of timber floors by the use of sand pugging within the joist space. More recent methods of mass enhancement include the use of thick layers of composite floorboard or multiple layers of plasterboard.
The insulation of a floor must be maintained at all junctions with the surrounding walls in order to prevent flanking transmission. The separation of the two parts of a floating floor must continue around all the edges by the use of resilient materials and airtight techniques.

Windows
Glass has relatively high density so increasing the thickness of glass provides improved sound insulation because of the Mass Law. Air cavities can provide worthwhile increased sound insulation if their width is greater than 150 mm. The cavity should be lined with absorbent material to minimize resonance and the two frames must be isolated from one another by some construction technique such as a resilient layer. Such efforts for increased sound insulation are a waste of time unless the windows also shut with a good seal in order to provide air tightness.

An anechoic chamber (an-echoic meaning non-echoing or echo-free) is a room designed to completely absorb reflections of either sound orelectromagnetic waves. They are also insulated from exterior sources of noise.

 An acoustic board is a special kind of board made of sound absorbing materials. Its job is to provide sound insulation. Between two outer walls sound absorbing material is inserted and the wall is porous. Thus, when sound passes through an acoustic board, the intensity of sound is decreased. The loss of sound energy is balanced by producing heat energy. They are used in auditoriums, halls, seminar rooms, libraries, courts and wherever sound insulation is needed. Acoustic boards are also used in speaker boxes

Acoustic board

Megasorber C50VA is 50mm thick foam barrier foam soundproofing material specially designed to have maximum sound absorption and sound insulation capacities. It consists of a flexible high mass noise barrier laminated between two layers of flexible acoustic foam. It increases transmission loss and provides sound absorption hence maximizing the noise reduction.

M20 Acoustic Soundproofing Mat - Size - 1m by 1m sheets, 20mm thick

M20 Acoustic Matting is a 20mm thick recycled rubber soundproofing matting designed to be installed on existing walls to improve the acoustic performance and reduce the amount of sound transferring between two rooms by up to 87%. When the thicker, more efficient Studio Wall system cannot be used, this thinner, recycled rubber sound insulation system can be used to upgrade the sound insulation properties of party walls in the home and all types of domestic properties.

Acoustic Foam
Acoustic foam is an open celled foam used for acoustic treatment. It attenuates airborne sound waves by increasing air resistance, thus reducing the amplitude of the waves. The energy is dissipated as heat.

PARTITION WALL

Introduction
A partition wall may be defined as a wall or division made up of bricks, studding, glass or other such material and provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room from another. Partition walls are designed as non-load bearing walls. It may be of folding, collapsible or fixed type. If partition walls are load bearing then they are called as internal wall.

Types of partition wall

Brick partitions Hollow clay block partitions Concrete partitions Glass partitions Wooden partitions Straw board partitions Metal partitions Asbestos cement partitions Double glazed window.

Advantages of partition walls:

Divide the whole area into a number of rooms. Provide privacy to the inmates from sight and sound. Are light in weight and cheaper in cost of construction. Occupy lesser area Easily constructed in any position.

Requirements of a Good Partition Wall:

Thin in cross-section so that maximum floor area can be utilized. Provide adequate privacy in rooms both in respect of sight and sound. Constructed from light, sound, uniform, homogeneous, durable and sound insulated materials. Simple in nature, easy and economical in construction having proper coherence with the type of building structure. Offer sufficient resistance against fire, heat, dampness, white ant or fungus, etc. Rigid enough to take the vibrations caused due to loads. Strong enough to support sanitary fittings and heavy fixtures.

Brick Partition:
Constructed with plain bricks, Reinforced bricks, bricks-nogged or hollow bricks. Plain brick partition of half brick thickness is not more than 2m in height. In reinforced brick partition of half brick thickness, reinforcement in the form of wire mesh or hoop iron or steel bars is provided. Brick noggin partition wall consists of brickwork built up within a framework of wooden members. Brick partition is fire-resistant and sound-proof.

Hollow Clay Block Partitions:

Hollow concrete block partitions are built of individual units of concrete. Clay blocks used are well blocks of section 30*20 cm with thickness varying from 5 cm to 15 cm can also prepared from clay or terra-cotta, and they are either solids or hollow. The blocks are provided with grooves on top, bottom and sides, surfaces are kept glazed in different colures. They do not change their volume and are in lighter in weight. Hollow clay blocks Acoustic Clay Hollow Partition Wall.

Concrete Partition:
It can be either precast or cast in-situ. Special concrete posts are used for the construction of precast concrete partition walls.

Wooden Partition:
Lighter in weight and easy to construct. Neither sound-proof nor fire-proof. Not suitable for damp locations.

Glass Partition:
Tow Type Of Glass Partition : Glass partition Glass block partition Glass partition are made from sheet glass or hollow glass blocks. Provides good aesthetics and allow light are damp, sound and heat proof. Easy to clean and maintain. Sheets of glass are fixed in the frame work of wooden or metal. Hollow blocks doesnt need timber framework .

Strawboard Partitions:
Strawboard partitions Useful where removal of partitions is frequent. Made of compressed straw covered thick paper or hardboard. Easy to construct. Heat and sound proof partition. Strawboard Partition( with glass also used)

Metal Partitions:
Metal partitions Are light in weight, fireproof and strong. Are easy to construct and shift. Insulated material is filled into hollow spaces. Used for office and industrial buildings. Are also formed of metal lathes supported and fixed by wires. Skeleton metal partition

Asbestos Cement Panel Partitions :

Asbestos Cement partitions Light in weight, impervious, durable, water tight and fire-proof. Asbestos cement sheets are made of asbestos cement sheets and fixed into timber framework. Sheets are placed in position and joined by cement mortar. Are mostly adopted in works of temporary character.

PVC Partitions
PVC is used both for partitions and false ceiling. Advantages: 1. 100% damp proof 2. No spliting, cracking, wraping and rotting 3. No painting or varnishing 4. Light in weight 5. Consistency in quality 6. Easy to install 7. Time and labour saving 8. High durability 9. Wide colour range 10. High asthetic appeal 11.Reusable

Gypsum Board Partition

Gypsum Board Partition Works that are unique and one of their kinds. These are 75mm thick partitions that are made using G. I. Metal sections with gypsum boards on either side. This enables the user to conceal the electrical and networking cables. Features:

Easy to install Cost effective Excellent quality

Portable Partitions :
which provide temporary walls. The portable wall partition has two full panel end members which provide support, rigidity, privacy, and noise reduction. They fold and are on wheels enabling mobility and ease of storage.

Three common uses are:

To divide space quickly. As a cost effective way to create a classroom or meeting room in existing space. Convenient sight divider to conceal door openings to restrooms, commercial kitchens, and other backroom areas.

A c o u s t i c s M o v a b l e Wa l l
Movable walls have extruded aluminum profiles as edges in natural anodized finish ( powder coating of aluminum trims in different color is also possible ) with 12mm MDF as base material backed with glass-wool for acoustic rating. The panels slides on an extruded aluminum track by means of heavy duty two wheeled steel and nylon trolleys.

FURNITURE

Furniture is the mass noun for the movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating and sleeping. Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground),or to store things.

TYPE OF FURNITURE:1 Seating 1.1 Single seat 1.2 Multiple seats 2 Sleeping or lying 3 Entertainment 4 Surfaces 5 Storage 6 Sets

ANTHROPOMETRICS

JOINERY DETAILS

FURNITURE HINGES

FURNITURE HINGES

MULTIPLE MOTION SLIDING DOOR

END CAP

FURNITURE LOCKS AND CATCHES

KITCHEN FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES

WASTE BINS

MAGNIA-HALF-TRAYS

PRO ARC-HALF-TRAYS

STORAGE FITTINGS
BED STORAGE FITTINGS

D STORAGE FITTINGS SETTING POSITIONS

SOFA AND BED FITTINGS

WARDROBE FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES

WARDROBE LIFT TROUSER RACK PULL-OUT WICKER & DRAWER PULL-OUT CORNER SUPPORTS PULL-OUT ON GALLERY RAILS

SHOE-RACK TIE AND BELT HOLDER ACCESSORIES FOR CORNER APP. WARDROBE LIFT

DRAWER RUNNERS

SOFT CLOSE DRAWER RUNNER

FULL EXTENSION TWO-WAY TRAVEL

SINGLE EXTENSION

SLIDIND DOOR FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES

EXTERNAL DOOR

VERTICAL SLIDING SYSTEM INTERNAL DOOR

DETAILS IN DIFFERENT MATERIALS

WOODEN DOOR

ALUMINIUM FRAMED GLASS DOOR

DETAILS OF

FOLDING

DOORS

DIFFERENT FURNITURE

TRENDING FURNITURE

DRAWING ROOM

KITCHEN

KITCHEN

BEDROOM

FURITURE

CHAIRS

OFFICE

PORTABLE AND COMPACT

PORTABLE AND COMPACT

HARDWARE FOR OPENINGS (SLIDING AND FOLDING TYPES OF OPENINGS)

SLIDING DOOR

209

235

210

216 21 8

228

21 3

FOLDING DOOR

802 780

772

775

774
755

715

701

704

70

702

404

HARDWARE AND THEIR USE (FOLDING)

A. UPPER PIVOT PIN B. GUIDE FOR TRACK C. SNUGGER OR SLIDE GUIDE D. LOWER PIVOT PIN E. LOWER BRACKET F. TRACK SLIDE G. KNOB H. ALIGNER I. TRACK J. TRACK BRACKET SCREWS

o o o o

PIVOT PINS ARE GUIDED INTO PRE-DRILLED HOLES INSTALLATION OF GUIDING TRACK UPPER PIVOT PIN INSTALLATION IN TRACK WITH PROPER POSITIONING IF MORE THEN ONE TRACKS ARE GOING TO B INSTALLED,MUST USE TRACK BRACKET BETWEEN TWO ENDS IN CENTRE

o o

ADJUST LOWER AND UPPER PINS IN THEIR RESPECTIVE SLOTS VARIFY PROPER CLEARANCE BRTWEEN DOOR AND JAMB.(I.E. ) INSERT THE LOCKING SYSTEM IF NECESSARY LIFT THE ASSEMBLY SLIGHTLY.TO GET PROPER ADJUSTMENT OF DOOR WITH THE TRACKS ON BACK SIDE,ALIGNERS ARE INSTALLED FOR MOVEMENT OF FOLDING DOORS. FOR ASTHETICAL PURPOSE,ON MIDDLE RAIL,KNOB IS INSTALLED.

HARDWARE AND THEIR USE (SLIDING)

A. HEAD FRAME B. STAINLESS STEEL TRACK C. FIXED PANEL RISER D. POCKET COVER E. JAMB F. SPACER BLOCK G. SILL FRAME H. SCREEN TRACK I . BUMPER J . SILL RISER (ALUMINUM)

INSTALLATION OF SILL PAN WITH PROPER o GUIDANCE. PREPERATION OF BUCKo

ASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATION OF o FRAME

oPROPER INSTALLATION OF FRAME ON EACH SIDE oSECURING FRAME POSITIONS WITH WALLS OR SIDES oINSTALLATION OF GUIDE TRACKS oINSTALLATION OF SPACER oINSTALLATION OF PANELS oFITTING OF PANELS IN PROPER WAYS oINSTALLATION OF LOCK0

 References:: References: Dr B.C.Punamia, Building Construction S.P.Arora and S.P.Bindra, Building Construction Robert Jantschek, Portable wall partition with full panel end members. www.niceduniya.com, Principles of design of partitions walls. Images are taken from google image search.

BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSYTEMS

Guided by : Anil Navangul, Vijay Matai, Mona Desai. Presented by -Sheena Desai,07 -Arpita Jambekar,11 -Parthavi Muley,18 -Vaidehi Naik,19 -Anuradha Suryavansi,32 -Himali Tamboli,35 -Kinnari Wagh,37

COMPONENTS

eu.bac the European Building Automation and Controls Association


Controllers are essentially small, purpose-built computers with input and output capabilities. These controllers come in a range of sizes and capabilities to control devices commonly found in buildings, and to control sub-networks of controllers. Inputs allow a controller to read temperatures, humidity, pressure, current flow, air flow, and other essential factors. The outputs allow the controller to send command and control signals to slave devices, and to other parts of the system. Inputs and outputs can be either digital or analog. Digital outputs are also sometimes called discrete depending on manufacturer. Controllers used for building automation can be grouped in 3 categories. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), System/Network controllers, and Terminal Unit controllers. However an additional device can also exist in order to integrate 3rd party systems (i.e. a stand-alone AC system) into a central Building automation system).

The basic layout of an intrusion alarm panel (VdS Intruder alarm control and indicating equipment I-CIE) is as follows:

Micro-processor based Pre-configured / Freely programmable Controls the HVAC equipment of the building

Temperature, Humidity, Pressure sensors Valves, Actuators

HOME AUTOMATION

Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning

BMS -PLUMBING
Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains fittings, valves, valve assemblies, and devices installed in a building for the distribution of water for drinking, heating and washing, and the removal of waterborne wastes, and the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures in such systems. The word "plumbing" comes from the Latin plumbum for lead, as pipes were once made from lead. Materials used earlier were lead( lead poisoning ) then later copper piping was introduced as a safer alternative. Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay ,lead,bamboo, wood, or stone.

Components Of plumbing
In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings are used in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. Pipe and fittings are held in place with pipe hangers and strapping. Plumbing fixtures are exchangeable devices using water that can be connected to a building's plumbing system. They are considered to be "fixtures", in that they are semipermanent parts of buildings, not usually owned or maintained separately. Plumbing fixtures are seen by and designed for the end-users. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets, urinals , bidets , showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.

ENGINEERING SERVICES
Domestic Cold and Hot Water Systems Domestic Waste and Vent Systems Fuel Gas Piping Systems Storm Water Systems Performance Specification of Automatic Sprinkler Systems

AREAS OF SPECIAL EXPERTICE !

Lab Gas Systems Medical Gas Systems Compressed air systems Vacuum Systems Grease Interceptors

The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are: 1. Potable cold and hot tap water supply 2. Plumbing drainage venting 3. Septic systems 4. Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage 5. Fuel gas piping

 EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS

A plumber uses two wrenches to tighten the fitting on a gas supply line. Plumbing equipment includes devices often hidden behind walls or in utility spaces which are not seen by the general public. It includes water meters , pumps, expansion tanks, backflow arrestors, water filters, UV sterilization lights, water softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems. Specialized plumbing tools include pipe wrenches, flaring pliers, and joining tools such as soldering torches and crimp tools. New tools have been developed to help plumbers fix problems more efficiently. For example, plumbers use video cameras for inspections of hidden leaks or problems, they use hydro jets, and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement. For their environmental benefit and sizable energy savings, hot water heat recycling units are being installed in residential buildings. Ecological concerns and water shortages have increased interest in graywater recovery and treatment systems. Plumbing may also include hydronics, which involves heating and cooling systems utilizing water to transport thermal energy. The New York City steam system is an example of a large district heating system. New plumbing products and technology installed routinely in restrooms today are designed in direct response to the changing expectations of building owners, managers and occupants. One important expectation relates to hygiene. This design criteria has been around the longest and only becomes more important with time.

In short, most people would prefer not to touch handles or surfaces in restrooms, and sensor-operated devices allow this to happen. In buildings such as hospitals, airports and restaurants where the need for hygiene is heightened, touchless plumbing systems both provide peace of mind and reduce the risk of cross contamination. WATER CONSERVATION Measure water use for restroom fixtures, and develop a conservation plan. Check for, locate, and fix leaks in faucets, showerheads, and flush valves on toilets and urinals. Check for leaks in custodial closet sinks. Water waste might exist where workers store janitorial equipment and supplies and fill cleaning buckets. Monitor for potential water losses by replacing worn O-rings and washers before they start to leak. Replace older, high-volume, timed-cycle flush valves and high-volume taps with newer, low-flow valves. Make sure that sensor valves respond only to appropriate movements and that solenoids function properly. Inserting restrictors or replacing valves can lock savings into the system. Convert to fixtures with copper pipe extensions and a brass coupling nut when upgrading fixtures. Technicians can install these extensions more quickly because they do not require a special wrench to reach up under the back of the sink. Check to see if hot-water temperatures at the heaters are set properly. If the temperature is set at 140 degrees, lowering it to 120 degrees can save a great del of electricity. Insulate hot-water lines, or move the heater closer to the point of use. This step can minimize heat loss, as well as save water and chemicals. If the savings related to these and other steps are greater than the cost of plumbingsystem upgrades, the result is a win-win situation a greener facility and lower

HOW AUTOMATIC TAP WORKS? Sensor Tap mainly consists of - Solenoid valve, I/R Sensor, Power Adapter & Main Tap Body. I/R Sensor Sensor senses the presence of users hands in front of the tap and sends a signal to the solenoid valve to initiate the flow of water. Once object is no longer present, the I/R Sensor sends an electronic signal to the solenoid valve to stop the flow of water. Solenoid Valves It Transforms electrical/battery energy into motion, It starts & stops the water flow. Solenoid valve initiates water flow; Plunger is driven into the range of permanent magnet, which in turn holds the plunger in the "open" position. In order to return the plunger into its original "closed" position the solenoid is once again "pulsed" but this time by reversing polarity. Power Adapter. Most Auto Taps possibility to be powered by regular AA batteries (Alkaline) or by mains via a 6V transformer. Solid Brass body Main Tap Body delivers the water. We pay more attention to design and quality.

ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

Physical Access Control We provide Biometrics access control-door control-fingerprint Door Access Control,doorlocks,lock security Fingerprints access control- door lock-recognitions security door control, Electric Bolt locks, time clocks. Managing access to resources is assuming increasing importance for organizations everywhere, from small entrepreneurial companies to large corporate enterprises and government bodies of all sizes. Even the most neutral organization now recognizes the danger of a security breach.

How it works :
To the user, an access control system is composed of three elements: A card or biometric (an identity credential) that is presented at the door reader. The door reader which indicates whether the card or biometrics is valid and entry is authorized. A door or gate which is unlocked when entry is authorized.

How it works :
Fingerprint Auto Sensing USB Optical Fingerprint Scanner Live Scan fingerprinting :: Introduction Fingkey Hamster II has a Live Scan fingerprint sensing function and is a cutting-edge fingerprint sensor that prevents use of fake fingerprints. It can be connected to PC along with a normal mouse and used for all the areas involving passwords and will be a competent security gadget without having to use a password, which is often hard to remember and misused by unauthorised persons. Software developers can use this device with various Fingerprint SDKs to develop customized fingerprint matching software solutions. This USB fingerprint scanner is widely used for fingerprint recognition, fingerprint verification, fingerprint authentication & fingerprint scanning applications. :: Features It perfectly verifies the authorized user with its fake fingerprint identification function. It makes accurate user identification with its excellent algorithm technology and accuracy. It is well designed for convenient use. It has high durability that ensures robustness. It ensures speedy verification. Dry fingers are also well sensed. Fast and Perfect Authentication through excellent Algorithm. Compact, lightweight and portable. High-performance, maintenance-free optical fingerprint scanner. Resistance to scratches, impact, vibration and electrostatic shock. Latent print image removal (does not accept prints left behind). Encryption of fingerprint templates.

DAC:: Door Access Control System :: We provide Door fingerprint iris face Palm Access Control System USA China India Korea Japan Germany South Africa Introduction DAC is a compact, standalone, low cost, Card based access control terminal. DAC Access is suitable for homes, offices and other access control applications. DAC use less number of components compared to other access control systems and does not allow PC or network connectivity. DAC is ready to use, easy to install device. Any electrician can install it with electromagnetic lock with simple instructions provided by us. Features High-performance, maintenance-free Fast and Perfect Authentication (less than 1 sec.) Reduces administrative cost. Optional Features :: EM lock. :: Battery backup. :: RS485 networking. :: More.... Comes with assured warranty, support and service Device is manufactured in India :: Applications Access Control: Offices, Server rooms, Homes, Airports, Defense, Data centers etc. :: Packaging list for DAC DAC Terminal

BlackBox is a unique home automation and media center device. It altogether will change your entertainment, infotainment and home life perception. It contains dynamic content that allows Home Automation control, Security and access control, Media browsing, VOD (Video-On-Demand), MOD (Music-On-Demand), Concierge Services such as: Room service, Restaurants, Taxies, Online shopping, Advanced communication systems using Wireless Phone, VOIP, Chat , News and Magazines, Weather casting, City guides and number of other amazing features. Home Automation BlackBox interactive interfaces change the perception of home control experience. Easy access to your favorite entertainment sources, including huge exposure to a new world of advanced multimedia features, and large amount of services. It will allow you to focus on the important things in life. BlackBox works as an intelligent home control system. The ergonomic user interface enables you to intuitively operate all the integrated functions without any previous knowledge. BlackBox Home Automation Module facilitates to execute function like turning off the lights in different rooms, activating the alarm system throughout the entire building, turning on the answer phone which is integrated in the system and starting a film in the controlled home cinema. Device Functions Control and visualization of security systems Retrieval of information such as world news, weather forecasts Regulation of heating and air conditioning Light and window shade control Video intercom E-mail home cinema Traffic reports User can customise all functionalities according to interests and desires.

Employee Verification OnTime Compact is a Time & Attendance System with a Face recognition mechanism, specifically designed to provide irrefutable personal verification. It consists of a standard Camera and OnTime Software to enroll and verify employees, store their Face records, keep logs and interface with computers. provides enhanced security and superior speed. Employee IN & OUT times are stored as Soft Data. This reduces the manual drudgery of Data Entry, Register maintenance and monthly requirement of Punch Cards for conventional Time Clocks to a minimum. Facial Recognition :PC Security Most of the people store their personal or business information in computers. However, with the trend of increasing number of identity thefts, conventional way of using ID and password to protect access to computer involves lot of risks . Logon provides a simple but effective option. The integration of Logon and PC camera provides access only when a live-fed face image of authorized user is detected, thus effectively preventing unauthorized access. Logon is a non-invasive technology that does not require physical contact. Constant search for the presence of the user Automatic lock, if an unauthorized user tries to use system Options for 1 / 5 / unlimited users (up to database size limitations) Very small Face template size: 2.3KB, thereby low disk usage Works with all normal 640X480 pixels good quality Webcams (interpolation cameras are not recommended) Fast & accurate face detection Hands-Free Login This is a revolutionary technology that facilitates secure and biometric login to a Microsoft Windows environment. The software runs an automatic scan and then detects and matches the physical presence of the user, thereby eliminating the need for user name and password. The process does not store any image of the user but uses only algorithm based calculation results. In case the user is absent, the system locks the computer access until the FRS FaceLog Scan identifies the user through the physical data stored in the system

The world faces a lot of threats and risks at this present era and for the same reason the need for upgrading and integrating the security needs at all levels are highly vital. Video security, biometrics and face recognition systems are at the forefront of the world's efforts to cope up with the threats at hand. The need to accurately detect the suspects in real time or suspicious behavior has become evident in places such as airports and railway stations, government and public buildings as well as around high security facilities such as water and energy utilities. Real time multiple video stream analysis and reconcile the evidence with the facts 1:N Matching, database matching between live images, video images and database images Real time face comparison against watch list Alarm notification and recordings Enrollment from still image, still image camera and live video stream High scalability in terms of watch list size, number of video streams, and number of visible faces End-to-end security solution Web-based system administration Comprehensive audit trails and reports Whole face capture in surveillance area FRS Suspect Detect acts as a surveillance system that has video recording capability.The system can automatically detect faces of people that appear in the surveillance area. With its intelligent face recognition algorithms, FRS Suspect Detect analyses the input from numerous CCTV cameras, comparing the captured face images with database containing previously stored profiles and face templates. As face images are detected, FRS Suspect Detect automatically captures and records those face images. At the same time as capturing face images, FRS Suspect Detect matches all those captured images with the face images pre-enrolled in the database.

Applicable For Law Enforcement agencies, Airports & other high traffic areas Criminal Investigation Casinos, Clubs, Sport arenas Banks & Buildings requiring high security. System Targets Improve Video Quality Centralized Digital Suspect Album Automatic Suspect Enrollment Automatic Suspect Detection System Workflow Suspect are captured on the enrollment system Stores faces in local database Export to global database Suspect Detect matches images with the pre-enrolled images in database.

Visitor Management System Is specially designed to keep track of visitors coming and going out of the premises. With this system you will be able to expedite the visitor registration process, determine who is still inside your facility and notify the system users once any banned visitor intends to sign in or sign out. This system utilizes the latest technology which enhances the security in the facility. Employees and visitors will feel more secure and protected and it will create a great first impression on the corporate image. Detects, identifies and captures visitor from remote Updates visitor statistics Meets and schedules appointments over website Visitor kiosk creates photo affixed visitor cards Stores the secrets of embedded facial features of visitor Identifies visitor and lists out previous visit details Restricts visitor engagements as and only scheduled by the host. Ensures and records access to hosts only on prior appointment Visitors Register facility: The Visitor Register Facility offers a comfortable way for entering visitors and hosts details, purpose of visit etc. Details of appointments and previous visits of a visitor can be retrieved automatically. To create an air of courteousness, the visitor is welcomed by the system by calling his/her name, after identifying from the facial features recorded during previous visits. Details of the present visit also are fed into the system. Visitor ID card Printing Print Visitor ID card with photograph, name and other details regarding the visit. Provide facility to confirm the visit only to the permitted person. Visitor black listing Facility to deny appointment for black listed visitors

The System Shall See the status of appointments before accepting the registration. Provide facility to schedule or re-schedule appointments Record facial features of the first time visitor or retrieve the facial ID and record details of present visit. Facility to deny appointment for black listed visitors Advantages Easily records visitor details and track their log data. With automatic detection function, system can retrieve a specific date or time of each visit. Visitors data contains visitor name, company name, reason for visit, visiting dept.etc. Access area and time can be controlled by access group Various reports given by the system include: Visitor Statistics Entertained Visitor statistics Visitor frequency report Department wise visitor report Daily visitor report Appointment Management Vistrack provides innovative solution for Appointment Management. Web based appointment is an interesting option .Visitor can log in to the website of the organization by adding his/her photograph for obtaining the appointments. The officials in the organization can schedule the appointments recognizing the online visitor by the photograph. The system in turn recognizes the visitor when he reaches the organization. Employee / Staff Recognition The systems intelligence recognizes the employee and staff of the organization and does not activate the routine for visitor, when an employee of the organization approaches the visitor kiosk.

CONTROL 4 HARDWARE STUDY

CASE STUDY - SCHOOL ST-JOSEPH ELEMENTARY

SOLUTION

Floor 2 > 4 controllers > 16 actuators > 15 thermostats > 27 relays > 27 light switches Total: 58 Inputs, 58 Outputs, 0 wires

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ? Construction management or construction project management (CPM) is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. CPM is aimed at meeting a client's requirement in order to produce a functionally and financially viable project.

A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work.

The functions of Construction management typically include the following: Specifying project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants. Maximizing the resource efficiency through procurement of labor, materials and equipment. Implementing various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction in the entire process. Developing effective communications and mechanisms for resolving conflicts.:

 The Five Types of Construction Residential: Residential house is for society including individual homes, apartments, condominiums, and townhouses. Commercial: This refers to construction dealing with the needs of commerce, trade, and government. Some examples may be schools, banks, hospitals, theaters, and government buildings. Heavy Civil: This type of construction greatly impacts society since it deals with transportation. Some examples are roads, bridges, railroads, dams, tunnels, and airports. Industrial: Industrial is connected with buildings that are used for different types of production. Some are chemical plants, steel mills, oil refineries, manufacturing plants, and pipelines. Environmental: Environmental used to be part of heavy civil, but it now has its own section since it deals with projects that improve the environment. Some examples are sanitary sewers, waste management, and clean water.

The design stage contains a lot of steps: programming and feasibility, schematic design, design development, and contract documents. It is the responsibility of the design team to ensure that the design meets all building codes and regulations. It is during the design stage that the bidding process takes place. Programming and feasibility: The needs, goals, and objectives must be determined for the building. Decisions must be made on the building size, number of rooms, how the space will be used, and who will be using the space. This must all be considered to begin the actual designing of the building. Schematic design: Schematic designs are sketches used to identify spaces, shapes, and patterns. Materials, sizes, colors, and textures must be considered in the sketches. Design development (DD): This step requires research and investigation into what materials and equipment will be used as well as their cost. Contract documents (CDs): Contract documents are the final drawings and specifications of the construction project. They are used by contractors to determine their bid while builders use them for the construction process. Contract documents can also be called working drawings.

PRE- CONSTRUCTION
The pre-construction stage begins when the owner gives a notice to proceed to the contractor that they have chosen through the bidding process. A notice to proceed is when the owner gives permission to the contractor to begin their work on the project. The first step is to assign the project team which includes the project manager (PM), contract administrator, superintendent, and field engineer.[ Project manager: The project manager is in charge of the project team. Contract administrator: The contract administrator assists the project manager as well as the superintendent with the details of the construction contract. Superintendent: It is the superintendent's job to make sure everything is on schedule including flow of materials, deliveries, and equipment. They are also in charge of coordinating on-site construction activities.

Field Engineer: A field engineer is considered an entry-level position and is responsible for paperwork. During the pre-construction stage, a site investigation must take place. A site investigation takes place to discover if any steps need to be implemented on the job site. This is in order to get the site ready before the actual construction begins. This also includes any unforeseen conditions such as historical artifacts or environment problems. A soil test must be done to determine if the soil is in good condition to be built upon

Construction stage

Post-Construction Once the construction has been completed there are specific steps that must be taken to prepare the building for occupancy. Project punchout: A project punchout means that the project must be looked at for any issues before it is considered completely finished. Issues may include replacing a cracked tile on the floor or changing the color of paint. A list is created containing these issues and it is known as a punch list or a snag list. Substantial completion: The architect for the project determines if the building meets every requirement and issues a certificate of substantial completion. This certificate announces the official completion of the project. Final inspection: A final inspection is done by the building official once the certificate of substantial completion has been issued. Certificate of Occupancy: A certificate of occupancy is issued by the building official which informs the owner that it is now safe to occupy. This is issued by the building official after the final inspection. Commissioning: This is the process of testing systems and equipment to ensure that they are working correctly. Then the owner must be trained to properly operate the systems and equipment in the building. Final documentation: This provides information on the building to the owner for future references. This includes warranties, operation manuals, inspection and testing reports, and record drawings. Final completion: Final completion occurs when all required paperwork and documentation is completed, including payments to the contractor

 Resolving Disputes Mediation: Mediation uses a third party mediator to resolve any disputes. The mediator helps both disputing parties to come to a mutual agreement. This process ensures that no attorneys become involved in the dispute and is less time-consuming. Minitrial: A minitrial takes more time and money than a mediation. The minitrial takes place in an informal setting and involves some type of advisor or attorney that must be paid. The disputing parties may come to an agreement or the third party advisor may offer their advice. The agreement is nonbinding and can be broken. Arbitration: Arbitration is the most costly and time-consuming way to resolve a dispute. Each party is represented by an attorney while witnesses and evidence are presented. Once all information is provided on the issue, the arbitrator makes a ruling which provides the final decision. The arbitrator provides the final decision on what must be done and it is a binding agreement between each of the disputing parties.

 A word document of tender of civil works is attached along with the presentation please find the attachment

Electricity Intake to a Building

The termination and metering of services cables to buildings is determined by the electricity authority's supply arrangements. Most domestic supplies are underground with the service cable terminating at the meter cupboard, as shown. Depth of cover to underground cables should be at least 750 mm below roads and 450 mm below open ground. In remote areas the supply may be overhead. Whatever method is used, it is essential that a safety electrical earthing facility is provided. Meters are preferably sited in a purpose-made reinforced plastic compartment set in or on the external wall of a building

Rising Main Electricity Distribution

The rising main supply system is used in high rise offices and flats. Copper busbars run vertically inside trunking and are given support by insulated bars across the trunking chamber. The supply to each floor is connected to the rising main by means of tap-off units. To balance electrical distribution across the phases, connections at each floor should be spread between the phase bars. If a six-storey building has the same loading on each floor, two floors would be supplied from separate phases. Flats and apartments will require a meter at each tap-off unit.

Ducts for Engineering Services

Before installing ducts for the entry of services into a building, it is essential to ascertain the location of pipes and cables provided by the public utilities companies. Thereafter, the shortest, most practicable and most economic route can be planned. For flexible pipes and cables, a purpose-made plastic pipe duct and bend may be used. For rigid pipes or large cables, a straight pipe duct to a pit will be required. Pipe ducts must be sealed at the ends with a plastic filling and mastic sealant, otherwise subsoil and other materials will encroach into the duct. If this occurs, it will reduce the effectiveness of the void around the pipe or cable to absorb differential settlement between the building and incoming service. To accommodate horizontal services, a skirting or floor duct may be used. These may be purpose made by the site joiner or be standard manufactured items. Vertical services may be housed in either a surface-type duct or a chase. The latter may only be used if the depth of chase does not affect the structural strength of the wall. The reduction in the wall's thermal and sound insulation properties may also be a consideration. No water installation or fitting should be embedded in a wall or floor.

Notching and Holing Joists

Services installations may be concealed within the structure by an access board or panel. The structure and its components should not be damaged to accommodate services but some nominal holing and notching will be unavoidable and is acceptable. Wherever possible, pipes and cables should run parallel and be secured to the side of joists. Where services are at right angles to joists the optimum location is through a hole in the joist centre or neutral axis. This is where compressive and tensile stresses are minimal. Holing is convenient for cables and flexible pipes, but notching the top of joists is the only practical means for accommodating rigid pipes. Notching will reduce the strength of joists, therefore where services are apparent, the structural designer should be informed and the joists oversized accordingly. Restrictions and guidance the principal areas to avoid notching and holing of joists are mid-span (maximum bending) and close to supports (maximum shear). . Notches not greater than 0.125 joist depth. . Notches located between 0.17 and 0.25 times the span, from support. . Hole diameter, maximum of 0.25 joist depth. . Holes a minimum of 3 diameter apart. . Holes located between 0.25 and 0.40 times the span, from support.

Floor and Skirting Ducts

A grid distribution of floor ducting is appropriate in open plan offices and shops where there is an absence of internal walls for power and telecommunications sockets. It is also useful in offices designed with demountable partitioning where room layout is subject to changes. Sockets are surface mounted in the floor with a hinged cover plate to protect them when not in use. The disruption to the structure is minimal as the ducts can be set in the screed, eliminating the need for long lengths of trailing cables to remote workstations. For partitioned rooms, a branching duct layout may be preferred. The branches can terminate at sockets near to the wall or extend into wall sockets. Where power supplies run parallel with telecommunications cables in shared ducts, the services must be segregated and clearly defined. For some buildings, proprietary metal, plastic or laminated plywood skirting ducts may be used. These usually have socket outlets at fixed intervals.

Medium and Large Vertical Ducts

The purpose of a service duct is to conceal the services without restricting access for inspection, repair and alterations. A duct also helps to reduce noise and protect the services from damage. When designing a service duct, the transmission of noise, possible build-up of heat in the enclosure and accessibility to the services must be considered. The number of ducts required will depend on the variation in services, the need for segregation and location of equipment served. Vertical ducts usually extend the full height of a building which is an important factor when considering the potential for spread of fire. The duct must be constructed as a protected shaft and form a complete barrier to fire between the different compartments it passes. This will require construction of at least 60 minutes' fire resistance with access doors at least half the structural fire resistance.

Medium and Large Horizontal Ducts

Floor trenches are usually fitted with continuous covers. Crawl-ways generally have access covers of minimum 600 mm dimension, provided at convenient intervals. A crawl-way should be wide enough to allow a clear working space of at least 700 mm and have a minimum headroom of at least 1 m. Continuous trench covers may be of timber, stone, reinforced concrete, metal or a metal tray filled to match the floor finish. The covers should be light enough to be raised by one person, or, at most, two. Sockets for lifting handles should be incorporated in the covers. In external situations, the cover slabs (usually of stone or concrete) can be bedded and joined together with a weak cement mortar. If timber or similar covers are used to match a floor finish, they should be fixed with brass cups and countersunk brass screws. A trench has an internal depth of less than 1 m. In internal situations where ducts cross the line of fire compartment walls, a fire barrier must be provided within the void and the services suitably fire stopped

VERTICAL CIRCULATION

LIFT
To function efficiently and to provide access for the elderly and disabled, modern offices and public buildings are provided with suitably designed lift installations. Priority must be given to locating lifts centrally within a building to minimise horizontal travel distance. Consideration must also be given to position, relative to entrances and stairs. Where the building size justifies several passenger lifts, they should be grouped together. In large buildings it is usual to provide a group of lifts near the main entrance and single lifts at the ends of the building. The lift lobby must be wide enough to allow pedestrian traffic to circulate and pass through the lift area without causing congestion. For tall buildings in excess of 15 storeys, high speed express lifts may be used which by-pass the lower floors.

FIRE FIGHTING LIFT

During the early part of the twentieth century, it became apparent that the growing number of high rise buildings would require special provisions for fire control. The fire fighting lift was conceived as a means of rapidly accessing the upper floors. Early innovations prioritised the passenger lift by means of a `break-glass' key switch which brought the lift to the ground floor immediately. This is now unlikely to be acceptable to building insurers and the fire authorities. It is also contrary to current building standards which specify a separate lift installation specifically for fire fighting purposes.

ESCALATORS
Escalators are moving stairs used to convey people between floor levels. They are usually arranged in pairs for opposing directional travel to transport up to 12 000 persons per hour between them. The maximum carrying capacity depends on the step width and conveyor speed. Standard steps widths are 600, 800 and 1000 mm, with speeds of 0.5 and 0.65 m/s. Control gear is less complex than that required for lifts as the motor runs continuously with less load variations. In high rise buildings space for an escalator is unjustified for the full height and the high speed of modern lifts provides for a better service.

Air Conditioning services

Air conditioning is achieved by developing the principles of moving air in ducted ventilation systems to include a number of physical and scientific processes which enhance the air quality. The objective is to provide and maintain internal air conditions at a pre-determined state, regardless of the time of year, the season and the external atmospheric environment.

This system is used where the air condition can be the same throughout the various parts of a building. It is also known as an all air system and may be categorized as low velocity for use in buildings with large open spaces, e.g. supermarkets, theatres, factories, assembly halls, etc. A variation could incorporate a heating and cooling element in sub-branch ductwork to smaller rooms such as offices. Very large and high rise buildings will require a high velocity and high pressure to overcome the resistances to air flow in long lengths of ductwork. Noise from the air velocity and pressure can be reduced just before the point of discharge, by incorporating an acoustic plenum chamber with low velocity sub-ducts conveying air to room diffusers.

Operation of the main air processing or air handling unit: . Fresh air enters through a louvred inlet and mixes with the recirculated air. Maximum 75% recirculated to minimum 25% fresh air. . The air is filtered to remove any suspended dust and dirt particles. . In winter the air is pre-heated before passing through a humidifier. A spray wash humidifier may be used to cool the air up to dew point temperature. If a steam humidifier is used the air will gain slightly in temperature. . In summer the air can be cooled by a chilled water coil or a direct expansion coil. The latter is the evaporator coil in a refrigeration cycle. Condensation of the air will begin, until at saturation level the air dehumidifies and reduces in temperature. Spray washing will also dehumidify the air. . Air washers have zig-zag eliminator plates which remove drops of water and any dirt that may have escaped the filter. . The final heater or reheater is used to adjust the supply air temperature and relative humidity before delivery through a system of insulated ductwork.

The VAV system has a central air processing unit to produce air at a specified temperature and relative humidity. The conditioned air from the main unit is conveyed in ductwork to ceiling diffusers which incorporate hermostatically controlled actuators. These can change the air volume to suit each room load. In a large room, several of these VAV ceiling units may be controlled by one room thermostat. Several rooms/zones may have separate thermostats to control the air flow to each room, the system is only suitable for buildings having a fairly evenly distributed cooling load.

The dual duct system is another means of providing varying air temperatures to different rooms in the same building. There is no water circulation to peripheral discharge units with terminal reheaters or coolers. This simplifies the plumbing installation as heating and cooling elements for each duct are located in the plant room. However, the system is space consuming and. The system is most energy economic when heating and cooling elements operate individually. For some of the year this will not be practical and simultaneous delivery of cold and hot air is provided for blending at the point of discharge. Delivery is at high velocity with hot and cold air regulated by a damper connected to a room thermostat. A control plate in the mixing unit maintains constant air volume

System types: . Self-contained (single) package. . Split (double) package.

Self-contained (single) package suitable for relatively small rooms, e.g. shops, restaurants and classrooms. May be free standing or attached to the structure.

Split (double) package two separate units. One contains fan, filter, evaporator and expansion valve for interior location. The other contains condenser, fan and compressor for external location. The two link by refrigeration pipework. This has the advantage that one external unit can serve several interior units.

3 4

1
AC compressor Vertical circulation Ducts

THANK YOU

PRESENTED BYKHUSHBOO BHATT-02 URVISH BHATT NIDHI MEHTA -03 -14

ROSHNI PATEL
SHAILEE SHAH

-25
-28

RAJESH SUTHAR -33

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

MUD

TIMBER STONE

BRICK CONCRETE GLASS STEEL FABRIC

MUD
EARTH IS ONE OF THE OLDEST MATERIALS USED FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN RURAL AREAS. IT IS USED FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES AND IS USED IN DIFFERENT WAYS. THERE ARE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF STICKING IT TOGETHER AND MAKING IT INTO A WALL OR WHATEVER. MUD AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY USED SINCE NEOLITHIC TIMES. MUD CONSTRUCTION IS MAINLY FOUND IN PLACES WHICH ARE: RELATIVELY DRY AND HAVE MUD IN ABUNDANCE. CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS

MUD
COB

ADOBE

RAMMED EARTH WATTLE AND DAUB

COB
COB IS USED EXTENSIVELY IN TROPICAL AFRICA, WHERE SUITABLE SOILS ARE OBTAINABLE OVER WIDE AREAS. THE BEST SOIL MIX CONSISTS OF GRAVEL, SAND, SILT AND CLAY IN ROUGHLY EQUAL PROPORTIONS. SOMETIMES CHOPPED GRASS OR STRAW IS ADDED TO REDUCE CRACKING. WITH ONLY A LITTLE WATER TO FORM A VERY STIFF MUD, A LARGE LUMP IS ROUGHLY MOULDED INTO THE SHAPE OF A HUGE ELONGATED EGG. THE USUAL SIZE IS ANYTHING BETWEEN 12 TO 18-INCHES, (30 TO 40-CM) LONG AND ABOUT 6-INCHES (15-CM) IN DIAMETER. A ROW OF THESE COBS OF MUD ARE LAID NEATLY SIDE-BY-SIDE - PREFERABLY SOMEWHAT PRESSED TOGETHER. THEN ANOTHER ROW OF COBS IS LAID ON TOP. WHEN THREE OR FOUR COURSES HAVE BEEN LAID, ONE ABOVE THE OTHER, THE SIDES ARE SMOOTHED OVER SO THAT THE HOLES AND CRACKS DISAPPEAR. OPENINGS FOR DOORS, AND WINDOWS ARE A PROBLEM, WHICH CAN BE SOLVED BY USING TEMPORARY VERTICAL PLANKS OR SHUTTERING. ANOTHER VERY SIMPLE SHUTTERING FOR OPENINGS IS TO USE EMPTY KEROSENE TINS.

RAMMED EARTH
THE SECOND METHOD HAS DEVELOPED FROM THE COB WALL SO AS TO STANDARDIZE OR REGULARIZE THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL. IT IS ALSO AN ATTEMPT TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF THE WALL BY RAMMING IT. IT IS KNOWN AS THE RAMMED EARTH METHOD. TWO PARALLEL PLANKS ARE HELD FIRMLY APART BY METAL RODS AND CLIPS OR BOLTS, OR BY SMALL CROSSPIECES OF WOOD. STIFF MUD IS THROWN IN BETWEEN THESE TWO PLANKS AND RAMMED DOWN WITH EITHER A WOODEN OR METAL RAMROD. WHEN ONE SECTION IS COMPLETED AND HARD, THE TWO BOARDS ARE MOVED ALONG AND THE PROCESS IS REPEATED THE TWO PLANKS ARE THEN RAISED UP AND A SECOND COURSE OF RAMMED EARTH IS REPEATED OVER THE FIRST.

ADOBE
BLOCKS SHALL BE KEPT COVERED WITH AIR TIGHT POLYTHENE SHEETS FOR FIRST 48 HRS WITH RELATIVE HUMIDITY UP TO 100. POLYTHENE SHEETS SHALL BE REMOVED AFTER 48 HRS AND THE BLOCKS SHALL BE KEPT IN SHADED AREA LIKE HAVING ENOUGH AIR CIRCULATION.

SPRINKLE WATER OVER BLOCKS DAILY, AS MANY TIMES NEEDED, DURING 28 DAYS.
WRITE DATE OF PRODUCTION ON BLOCK CORNER. COVER STACKS TOP WITH COCONUT LEAVES OR ANY OTHER COVER TO AVOID DIRECT SUNLIGHT. PRINCIPLE IS THAT BLOCKS SHALL NOT DRY FOR 4WEEKS.

WATTLE AND DAUB

WATTLE AND DAUB METHOD IS AN OLD AND COMMON METHOD OF BUILDING MUD STRUCTURES. THERE BAMBOO AND CANE FRAME STRUCTURE THAT SUPPORTS THE ROOF. MUD IS PLASTERED OVER THIS MESH OF BAMBOO CANE AND STRAWS DUE TO EXCESSIVE RAINFALL THE WATTLE AND DAUB STRUCTURES GETS WASHED OFF. HOWEVER, THE MESH OF CANE OR SPLIT BAMBOO REMAINS INTACT AND AFTER THE HEAVY RAIN IS OVER THE MUD IS PLASTERED ON AGAIN.

Traditional wattle and daub consists of a structure made from cylindrical wood or bamboo (guadua) filled with earth and straw inside a double structure made from bamboo strips or thin canes.

TIMBER- INTRODUCTION
TIMBER AND OTHER NATURAL ORGANIC MATERIALS WERE AMONG THE VERY EARLIEST BUILDING MATERIALS AND IN ITS MODERN FORM TIMBER CONTINUES TO SERVE AS A BASIC BUILDING MATERIAL. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, DETAIL DESIGN AND PROCESSES OF TECHNOLOGY TAKE CARE OF A NUMBER OF THE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF TIMBER STRUCTURES, SUCH AS BUCKLING, BEHAVIOUR AROUND NOTCHES, PREVENTION OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION, PROTECTION AGAINST MOISTURE, INSECT AND FUNGAL ATTACK, AND FIRE. TECHNICAL PROGRESS IN THE USE OF TIMBER HAS SOME MAJOR REPERCUSSIONS ON ARCHITECTURE. TRANSFORMATION OF THE BASIC TIMBER MATERIAL INTO ONE WITH NEW PROPERTIES NEW TIMBER PRODUCTS, FOR EXAMPLE, STRESSED SKIN PANELS AND VARIOUS TYPES OF BOARDS (PLYWOOD, FIBREBOARD, PARTICLEBOARD, ORIENTED STRANDED BOARD, WAFERBOARD, FLAKEBOARD), TAPERED, CURVED OR PITCHED CAMBERED BEAMS, GLUED THIN-WEBBED BEAMS, SANDWICH PANELS, PORTAL FRAMES AND ARCHES NEW TYPES OF ORGANIC ADHESIVES, INCLUDING THOSE ABLE TO WITHSTAND OUTDOOR EXPOSURE IMPROVEMENT OF PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCES (E.G. IMPROVING BEHAVIOUR IN FIRE) ENHANCEMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF SOFTWOODS FOR USE IN GLUED STRUCTURES USE OF NEW FASTENERS, HANGERS, CONNECTORS NEW PRINCIPLES IN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, INCLUDING ADEQUATE CONSIDERATION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LOADS AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES.

TIMBER TYPES AND PROPERTIES

CONIFEROUS

DIFFUSE POROUS

RING POROUS

TIMBER TYPES AND PROPERTIES

TIMBER TYPES AND PROPERTIES

TIMBER TYPES AND PROPERTIES

TIMBER TYPES AND PROPERTIES

TIMBER TYPES AND PROPERTIES

TIMBER - TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

TIMBER - TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

DOWEL JOINT DOWELS COME IN DIFFERENT SIZES , 3/8, , 5/8 ETC. THESE JOINTS ARE HIDDEN AND ADD STRENGTH TO THE JOINT. DOWEL HOLES ARE DRILL AND GLUED AND CLAMPED TOGETHER.

DADO DADO'S ARE TYPICALLY USED IN MAKING BOOK SHELVES, THEY SUPPORT THE SHELF WITHOUT THE BENEFIT OF ANY ADDITIONAL FASTENERS, ANY GLUE OR HARDWARE SIMPLY HOLDS THE SHELF IN PLACE. DADOS MAY BE MADE WITH A DADO BLADE ON A TABLE SAW.

TIMBER TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

RABET THIS TYPE OF JOINT IS MADE BY USING THE DADO BLADE. EACH SIDE OF WOOD IS CUT TO A SPECIFIC LENGTH, THEN GLUED OR BRAD NAILED TO MAKE A STRONGER JOINT.

LAP JOINT A LAP JOINT IS WHEN TWO PIECE ARE CUT ON A DADO AND GLUED OR NAIL TOGETHER TO CREATE A STRONGER JOINT.

TIMBER TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

DOVETAIL JOINT MOST COMMONLY USED TO ATTACH DRAWER SIDES TO DRAWER FRONTS, DOVETAILS JOINTS ALMOST ALWAYS INDICATE QUALITY FURNITURE. TYPICALLY CUT USING A MANUFACTURED JIG TO CUT THESE. CAN BE DONE BY HAND.

MORTISE AND TENON JOINT THE MORTISE AND TENON JOINT IS ONE OF THE STRONGEST WOOD JOINTS.

MORTISE AND TENON JOINT IS NORMALLY FORMED BY CUTTING A SQUARE TONGUE (THE TENON) ON THE END OF ONE PIECE OF WOOD AND AN EQUAL SIZE SQUARE HOLE OR SLOT (THE MORTISE) IN ANOTHER.

TIMBER TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

MITRED WITH WOOD SPLICE

MITERED CORNERS MAKE THE JOINT DISAPPEAR. THEY HAVE A CLEAN LOOK, AND CAN BE STRENGTHENED WITH SPLICES. SPLICES CAN BE EITHER HIDDEN INSIDE THE JOINT OR CUT ON THE OUTSIDE.

TONGUE AND GROOVE JOINT TONGUE AND GROOVE IS A METHOD OF FITTING SIMILAR OBJECTS TOGETHER, EDGE TO EDGE, USED MAINLY WITH WOOD: FLOORING, PARQUETRY, PANELING, AND SIMILAR CONSTRUCTIONS. TONGUE AND GROOVE JOINTS ALLOW TWO FLAT PIECES TO BE JOINED STRONGLY TOGETHER TO MAKE A SINGLE FLAT SURFACE. THE EFFECT OF WOOD SHRINKAGE IS CONCEALED WHEN THE JOINT IS BEADED OR OTHERWISE MOLDED.

TIMBER EXAMPLES

TIMBER EXAMPLES

TIMBER EXAMPLES
THE STRESSED SKIN PRINCIPLE, INTRODUCED IN THE PREVIOUS CENTURY, ENABLES THE INCLUSION OF THE PANELS IN THE STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS. WITH GLULAM AND MECHANICALLY CONNECTED TIMBER COMPONENTS LONG-SPAN STRUCTURES COVERING LARGE SPACES MAY BE CONSTRUCTED. ONE OF THE LARGEST TIMBER STRUCTURED BUILDINGS IS THE OLYMPIC STADIUM IN HAMAR, NORWAY, WHICH WAS COMPLETED IN 1992 (ARCHITECT: NIELS TORP). IT HOUSES NO FEWER THAN13 000 SEATS, AND 2000 CUBIC METRES OF GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER WERE USED FOR ITS CONSTRUCTION. ITS VAULTED ROOF IS SUPPORTED BY ARCHED TIMBER TRUSSES. ANOTHER IMPORTANT TIMBER BUILDING IS THE DOME IN IZUMO, JAPAN, WHICH WAS ALSO COMPLETED IN 1992 (DESIGN: KAJIMA). THE DIAMETER OF THE BUILDING IS 143 METRES. IN APPEARANCE ITS DOME GIVES THE IMPRESSION OF BEING SHAPED LIKE AN OPEN UMBRELLA BUT ITS STRUCTURE IS BASED ON QUITE ANOTHER PRINCIPLE. THIRTY SIX HALF-ARCHES WERE ASSEMBLED, EACH 90 METRES LONG AND THESE WERE THEN RAISED TO THEIR FINAL POSITION. AS A GENERAL PRINCIPLE, IT CAN BE STATED THAT THE SCOPE OF APPLYING TIMBER IN CONSTRUCTION IS WIDENING, INCLUDING TO MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS.

STONE
STONE IS AMONG THE OLDEST MATERIALS HAVING BEEN USED IN ANCIENT BABYLON AND EGYPT. IT IS STILL A MATERIAL FOR MASONRY, OR ARE USED BY PREFABRICATING LARGE PANELS WITH A THIN EXPOSED SURFACES AND BACKED BY A THIN REINFORCED CONCRETE LAYER AND, FINALLY, GLUING ALSO PROVIDES A SOLUTION. NEW ARCHITECTURES DIFFERENT TRENDS CAN ALSO BE IDENTIFIED ON BOTTAS BUILDINGS: LARGE PLANE SURFACES UNINTERRUPTED BY WINDOWS OR OTHER OPENINGS THEREBY ALSO CAMOUFLAGING THE NUMBER OF FLOOR LEVELS BEHIND THE FAADE; A STRONG BRICK-RED COLOUR CONTRASTING WITH BLACK AND WHITE COLOURED SURFACES ON OTHER PARTS OF THE FAADE; SIMPLE GEOMETRIC CONTOURS: RECTANGLES, CIRCLES, ARTICULATION OF THE FAADE BY PARALLEL OR RADIAL LINES. ALL THESE FEATURES CHARACTERIZE, FOR EXAMPLE, THE SAN FRANCISCO MUSEUM OF MODERN ART CREATED BY BOTTA DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF THE 1990S AND THE EVRY CATHEDRAL, FRANCE, ANOTHER DESIGN BY BOTTA, 199295. IN RECENT TIMES INNOVATIVE NEW TYPES OF MASONRY PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED, SUCH AS FLASHING BLOCK, MOISTURE CONTROL BLOCK, DRY STACK MASONRY SYSTEMS, THIN BRICK SYSTEMS, NEW MORTAR ADDITIVES AND NEW MASONRY TIES. MASONRY FOR LOW-RISE BUILDINGS USUALLY SUFFERS MUCH IN EARTHQUAKES, ALTHOUGH VARIOUS WAYS TO IMPROVE RESISTANCE TO SEISMIC ACTIONS ARE KNOWN. IN MODERN, POST-MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE STONE HAS RELINQUISHED ITS POSITION AS A STRUCTURAL (LOAD-BEARING) MATERIAL. HOWEVER, IT IS MUCH FAVOURED IN SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS CLADDING FOR CURTAIN WALLS, FLOOR PAVING AND SCULPTURAL AND DECORATIVE PURPOSES. IN CURTAIN WALLS IT IS USED AS THIN SLABS SUSPENDED ON A STEEL FRAME. STONE (MARBLE VENEER) HAS SEEN INCREASING APPLICATION OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS.

BRICK
BRICK IS A BLOCK OR A SINGLE UNIT OF A CERAMIC MATERIAL USED IN MASONARY. THEY HAVE BEEN REGARDED AS ONE OF THE LONGEST LASTING AND STRONGEST BUILDING MATERIALS USED THROUGHOUT HISTORY. THE EARLIEST BRICKS WERE DRIED BRICK, MEANING THEY WERE FORMED FROM CLAY-BEARING EARTH OR MUD AND DRIED (USUALLY IN THE SUN) UNTIL THEY WERE STRONG ENOUGH FOR USE. THE HISTORY OF BRICKS AND BRICKMAKING. BRICKS ARE ONE OF THE OLDEST KNOWN BUILDING MATERIALS DATING BACK TO 7000BC WHERE THEY WERE FIRST FOUND IN SOUTHERN TURKEY AND AROUND JERICHO. THE FIRST BRICKS WERE SUN DRIED MUD BRICKS. FIRED BRICKS WERE FOUND TO BE MORE RESISTANT TO HARSHER WEATHER CONDITIONS, WHICH MADE THEM A MUCH MORE RELIABLE BRICK FOR USE IN PERMANENT BUILDINGS, WHERE MUD BRICKS WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN SUFFICIENT. FIRED BRICK WERE ALSO USEFUL FOR ABSORBING ANY HEAT GENERATED THROUGHOUT THE DAY, THEN RELEASING IT AT NIGHT. HISTORY OF BRICK MAKING MESOPOTAMIA

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION EGYPT PERSIA

BRICK- A MUD BLOCK

TYPICALLY BRICKS WERE STACKED TOGETHER OR LAID AS BRICKWORK USING MORTAR TO HOLD THE BRICKS TOGETHER AND MAKE A PERMANENT STRUCTURE. INITIALLY FOUNDATION TO FINAL FINISHING OF STRUCTURES WAS DONE BY BRICKS.

HAND FORMED, SUN DRIED MUD BRICKS

BRICK- PERFORATED AND KILN FRIED BLOCKS

BRICKS ARE MORE COMMONLY USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS THAN ANY OTHER MATERIAL EXCEPT WOOD. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF BRICKS OF ALL SHAPES AND COLOURS. WITH MODERN MACHINERY, EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT, POWERFUL ELECTRIC MOTORS AND MODERN TUNNEL KILNS, MAKING BRICKS HAS BECOME MUCH MORE PRODUCTIVE AND EFFICIENT. BRICKS CAN BE MADE FROM VARIETY OF MATERIALS THE MOST COMMON BEING CLAY BUT ALSO CALCIUM SILICATE AND CONCRETE.

BRICK- SHAPES AND BOND TYPES

COMMON CUT BRICK SHAPES

BRICK BOND TYPES

BRICK- AN AESTHETIC ELEMENT

FLY ASH BRICKS: (FAB) ARE MASONRY UNITS, CONTAINING CLASS C FLY ASH AND WATER. OWING TO THE HIGH CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM OXIDE IN CLASS C FLY ASH, THE BRICK IS DESCRIBED AS "SELF-CEMENTING". THE MANUFACTURING METHOD SAVES ENERGY, REDUCES MERCURY POLLUTION, AND COSTS 20% LESS THAN TRADITIONAL CLAY BRICK MANUFACTURING. CONCRETE BRICKS: CONCRETE BRICKS ARE MIXTURES OF CEMENT, SAND AND AGGREGATES VIBRATED IN MOULDS AND STEAM CURED. GLASS BRICK: ALSO KNOWN AS GLASS BLOCK, IS AN ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT MADE FROM GLASS. GLASS BRICKS PROVIDE VISUAL OBSCURATION WHILE ADMITTING LIGHT. CLADDING BRICK: BRICKS ARE NOW MORE OF USED AS AN AESTHETIC ELEMENT THAN A AN MASONARY ELEMENT. DUE TO GOOD ADHESIVE MATERIALS THE USE OF BRICK HAS INCREASED AS AN ONRAMENTING UNIT.

LAURIE BAKER
BAKER BECAME WELL KNOWN FOR DESIGNING AND BUILDING LOW COST, HIGH QUALITY, BEAUTIFUL HOMES, WITH A GREAT PORTION OF HIS WORK SUITED TO OR BUILT FOR LOWER-MIDDLE TO LOWER CLASS CLIENTS. HIS BUILDINGS TEND TO EMPHASIZE PROLIFIC - AT TIMES VIRTUOSIC - MASONRY CONSTRUCTION, INSTILLING PRIVACY AND EVOKING HISTORY WITH BRICK JALI WALLS, A PERFORATED BRICK SCREEN WHICH INVITES A NATURAL AIR FLOW TO COOL THE BUILDINGS.

Laurie Baker Centre For Habitat Studies Sewa

Indian Coffee House, Trivendrum The Hamlet, Thiruvananthapuram

Loyola Hostel

LAURIE BAKER

VARIOUS BRICK JALI PATTERNS AND FORMS BY BAKER

CONCRETE INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

CONCRETE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL HAS BEEN USED IN RANGE OF CASTING METHODS DUE TO THE VARIETY OF WAYS OF WORKING WITH THE MATERIAL. CONCRETE IS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL COMPOSED OF COARSE GRANULAR MATERIAL (THE AGGREGATE OR FILLER) EMBEDDED IN A HARD MATRIX OF MATERIAL (THE CEMENT OR BINDER) THAT FILLS THE SPACE AMONG THE AGGREGATE PARTICLES AND GLUES THEM TOGETHER. CONCRETE IS WIDELY USED FOR MAKING ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES, FOUNDATIONS, BRICK/BLOCK WALLS, PAVEMENTS, BRIDGES/OVERPASSES, HIGHWAYS, RUNWAYS, PARKINGSTRUCTURES, DAMS, POOLS/RESERVOIRS, PIPES, FOOTINGS FOR GATES, FENCES AND POLES AND EVEN BOATS. FAMOUS CONCRETE STRUCTURES INCLUDE THE HOOVER DAM, THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE ROMAN PANTHEON. CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY WAS KNOWN BY THE ANCIENT ROMANS AND WAS WIDELY USED WITHIN THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE COLOSSEUM IS LARGELY BUILT OF CONCRETE AND THE CONCRETE DOME OF THE PANTHEON IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST. AFTER THE EMPIRE PASSED, USE OF CONCRETE BECAME SCARCE UNTIL THE TECHNOLOGY WAS RE-PIONEERED IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY.

CONCRETE INTRODUCTION OF CEMENT

A CEMENT IS A BINDER, A SUBSTANCE THAT SETS AND HARDENS INDEPENDENTLY, AND CAN BIND OTHER MATERIALS TOGETHER.
THE VOLCANIC ASH AND PULVERIZED BRICK ADDITIVES THAT WERE ADDED TO THE BURNT LIME TO OBTAIN A HYDRAULIC BINDER WERE REFERRED TO AS CEMENT.

CEMENTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AS BEING EITHER HYDRAULIC OR NON-HYDRAULIC. HYDRAULIC CEMENTS (E.G., PORTLAND CEMENT) HARDEN BECAUSE OF HYDRATION, A CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN THE ANHYDROUS CEMENT POWDER AND WATER. THUS, THEY CAN HARDEN UNDERWATER OR WHEN CONSTANTLY EXPOSED TO WET WEATHER. THE CHEMICAL REACTION RESULTS IN HYDRATES THAT ARE NOT VERY WATER-SOLUBLE AND SO ARE QUITE DURABLE IN WATER. NON-HYDRAULIC CEMENTS DO NOT HARDEN UNDERWATER; FOR EXAMPLE, SLAKED LIMES HARDEN BY REACTION WITH ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE.
PORTLAND CEMENT (OFTEN REFERRED TO AS OPC, FROM ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT) IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF CEMENT IN GENERAL USE AROUND THE WORLD, USED AS A BASIC INGREDIENT OF CONCRETE, MORTAR, STUCCO, AND MOST NON-SPECIALTY GROUT. IT USUALLY ORIGINATES FROM LIMESTONE.

CONCRETE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF NORMAL STRENGTH PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE ARE INDICATED BELOW: DENSITY : 2240 - 2400 KG/M3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH : 20 - 40 MPA FLEXURAL STRENGTH : 3 - 5 MPA TENSILE STRENGTH : 2 - 5 MPA MODULUS OF ELASTICITY : 14000 - 41000 MPA THE INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CONCRETE IS 30 MIN AND THE FINAL SETTING TIME IS 600 MIN.

GRADES OF CONCRETE M-15 = 1:2:4 (cement:stone:sand) m-20= 1:1.5:3 (cement:stone:sand) m-25= 1:1:2 (cement:stone:sand)

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

TILT UP CONSTRUCTION AND FINISHING(1940) TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION INVOLVES SITECASTING THE CONCRETE WALLS OF A BUILDING ON ITS FLOOR SLAB OR ON A SEPARATE CASTING BED AND THEN TILTING AND LIFTING THEM INTO POSITION BY CRANE. THE RESULT IS RAPID CONSTRUCTION ARISING FROM A WELLPLANNED PROCESS MORE AKIN TO A FACTORY PRODUCTION LINE, BUT RETAINING THE FLEXIBILITY OF IN-SITU CONCRETE WORK.

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

CAST IN PLACE METHODS-(1950-60)

CONCRETE - MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
FLOOR AND WALL UNITS ARE PRODUCED OFF-SITE IN A FACTORY AND ERECTED ON-SITE TO FORM ROBUST STRUCTURES, IDEAL FOR ALL REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROJECTS.

3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION (ALSO KNOWN AS MODULAR CONSTRUCTION) INVOLVES THE PRODUCTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL UNITS IN CONTROLLED FACTORY CONDITIONS PRIOR TO TRANSPORTATION TO SITE.
TUNNEL FORM TUNNEL FORM IS A FORMWORK SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS THE CONTRACTOR TO BUILD MONOLITHIC WALLS AND SLABS IN ONE OPERATION ON A DAILY CYCLE. HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (HCC) COMBINES ALL THE BENEFITS OF PRECASTING WITH THE ADVANTAGES OF CAST IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION. INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK (ICF) SYSTEMS CONSIST OF TWIN-WALLED, EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE PANELS OR BLOCKS THAT ARE QUICKLY BUILT UP TO CREATE FORMWORK FOR THE WALLS OF A BUILDING.

PLACING OF REINFORCEMENTS

CONCRETE PLACEMENTS FOR PRECAST PANELS

TEXTURING OF CONCRETE

TUNNEL FORM

HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

PRECAST CONCRETE FOUNDATION THIN JOINT MASONRY INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE

PUMPING METHOD A CONCRETE PUMP IS A MACHINE USED FOR TRANSFERRING LIQUID CONCRETE BY PUMPING. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CONCRETE PUMPS. THE FIRST TYPE OF CONCRETE PUMP IS ATTACHED TO A TRUCK. IT IS KNOWN AS A TRAILERMOUNTED BOOM CONCRETE PUMP THE SECOND MAIN TYPE OF CONCRETE PUMP IS EITHER MOUNTED ON A TRUCK AND KNOWN AS A TRUCK-MOUNTED CONCRETE PUMP OR PLACED ON A TRAILER, AND IT IS COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS A LINE PUMP OR TRAILERMOUNTED CONCRETE PUMP.

CONCRETE UNDER WATER CONSTRUCTION

FOR UNDERWATER CONCRETE,WORKABILITY CAN BE INTERPRETED AS 3 BASIC PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AS FOLLOWS: FLOWABILITY: CONCRETE MUST BE ABLE TO FLOW OUT EASILY UNDERWATER AND COMPLETELY FILL THE PLACEMENT AREA WITHOUT TRAPPING WATER INSIDE.IT WORKS WELL WITH CONCRETE WITH SLUMP UP TO 150 MM.
SELF-COMSOLIDATION: SINCE IT IS IMPRACTICAL TO CONSOLIDATE CONCRETE UNDERWATER BY MECHANICAL VIBRATION,THE CONCRETE MUST CONSOLIDATE ITSELF BY THE PRIMARY DRIVING FORCE WHICH IS ITS OWN WEIGHT,WHICH IS SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED BY THE BUOYANCY IN WATER. COHESION: THE CONCRETE IS REQUIRED TO REMAIN COHESIVE UNDERWATER.THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE IS TO ENSURE THE HOMOGENEITY AND STRENGTH OF UNDERWATER CONCRETE BY MINIMIZING CEMENT WASHOUT,SEGREGATION,AND LAITANCE.

CONCRETE AKASHIKAKYO BRIDGE, JAPAN

First, they dug the gargantuan hole for the foundation.

The tugboats tugged the caisson to the location.

To sink the caisson, engineers fraught the compartments with the seawater.

Using the caisson to form the foundation. Each caisson has the inner and outer The caisson made up of steel rather than wall, the gap between the walls forms wood. the circular Compartments filled with the air. This keep the caisson buoyant.

Once the caisson located on the seabed, they filled with the concrete.

IT IS 1991 M LONG SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN JAPAN.

CONCRETE CONCRETE SHELL STRUCTURES

CONCRETE SHELL STRUCTURES, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THIN SHELLS, HAVE BEEN AROUND SINCE THE 1930S. THE DESIGN OF THESE THIN SHELLS WAS STIMULATED BY THE DESIRE TO COVER WIDE SPANS IN AN ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE MANNER. TYPICALLY, THE THICKNESS OF CONCRETE SHELLS IS RELATIVELY SMALL COMPARED TO THE CURVATURE AND SPAN. THE MAIN REASON FOR CONCRETE SHELLS TO BE ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE (ESPECIALLY FROM A MATERIAL POINT OF VIEW), IS THAT SHELLS ARE STRUCTURALLY EFFICIENT IN CARRYING LOADS ACTING PERPENDICULAR TO THEIR SURFACE BY INPLANE MEMBRANE STRESSES.

DESIGN-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF (CONCRETE) SHELL STRUCTURES THE DIVERSITY OF SHELL STRUCTURES IS VAST. ANY SURFACE THAT IS CURVED IN ONE OR MORE DIRECTIONS CAN BE CONSIDERED A SHELL SURFACE. SHELL SURFACES MAY BE DEFINED BY THE CLASSIFICATION OF THEIR CURVATURE, EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF GAUSSIAN CURVATURE.

CONCRETE LES MANANTIALES RESTAURANT IN MEXICO CITY BY

FELIX CANDELA
A BLOOMING PERIOD OF WIDESPREAD CONCRETE SHELL CONSTRUCTION TOOK PLACE FROM THE 1930S, WHERE ENGINEERS LIKE FELIX CANDELA, EDUARDO TORROJA, ANTON TEDESKO AND PIER LUIGI NERVI MANAGED TO DESIGN, CALCULATE AND CONSTRUCT EXTREMELY ELEGANT CONCRETE SHELLS

GLASS INTRODUCTION
GLASS PERFORMS A SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION IN SPACE DIVISIONS AND HEAT AND LIGHT CONTROL. IT HAS BEEN KNOWN SINCE EARLY TIMES SO IT FULLY JUSTIFIES BEING CONSIDERED AS A TRADITIONAL MATERIAL. GLASS, HOWEVER, WAS EXPENSIVE AND SO ENJOYED ONLY RESTRICTED USE UP TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. MASS PRODUCTION OF SHEET GLASS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEEL FRAMES, CABLE STRUCTURES, FIXING DEVICES AND SYSTEMS AS WELL AS OF ELASTIC AND ELASTO-PLASTIC SEALANT CHANGED THIS AND RESULTED IN A NUMBER OF INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND SYSTEMS. DURING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THE CURTAIN WALL EMERGED WITH NEW TYPES OF GLAZING. HOWEVER, ON THE FAADES OF THE SKYSCRAPERS, LINEAR GLASS FIXING COMPONENTS WERE STILL PRESENT.

THE GLASS PYRAMIDE AT THE LOUVRE, PARIS, 1988,ARCHITECT: I.M. PEI AND PARTNERS

GLASS TYPES AND USES

GRADUAL PROGRESS IN MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS ACHIEVED THE OBJECTIVE TO DEVELOP ALL-GLASS FAADES WITH UNINTERRUPTED GLASS SURFACES. THE BASIC GLAZING MATERIAL USED FOR EXTERNAL ENVELOPES IS THE GLASS PANE, WHICH MAY BE CLEAR WHITE, BODY TINTED, PHOTOSENSITIVE, OR PHOTO CHROMATIC. FOR GLASS ROOFS, INCREASED SAFETY LAMINATED GLASS MAY BE USED. THE LOW TENSILE STRENGTH OF GLASS CAN BE IMPROVED BY ITS THERMAL OR CHEMICAL TOUGHENING. THERMALLY TOUGHENED GLASS (TEMPERED GLASS) FRACTURES INTO SMALL PIECES AND THEREBY REDUCES RISK IN THE CASE OF GLASS BREAKAGE. SUCH GLASS IS REFERRED TO AS SAFETY GLASS. GLASS COATED BY ONE OR BY SEVERAL THIN COATING LAYERS MAY BE HEAT AND LIGHT ABSORBENT AND/OR REFLECTIVE.

GLASS GLAZING SYSTEM

ALL-GLASS GLAZING SYSTEMS EVOLVED FROM EARLIER CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS IN WHICH THE GLASS PANES WERE FIXED BETWEEN LINEAR FRAME COMPONENTS: GLASS BEADS, GASKETS OR PRESSURE PROFILES. LATER, SYSTEMS WERE DEVELOPED WHERE THE GLASS PANES WERE FIXED AT THE CORNERS ONLY, EITHER INDIVIDUALLY, OR WITH TWO OR FOUR PANES BEING FIXED BY A SINGLE FIXING DEVICE. THE GLASS FAADE IS SUSPENDED BY STRESSED CABLES TO THE STRUCTURE.

FURTHER DEVELOPED FIXING SYSTEMS:

BOLTED CORNER PLATE FIXING POINTS THE COUNTERSUNK PLANAR FIXING SYSTEM THE BOLTED FIXING SYSTEM WITH SWIVEL JOINTS (RFR SYSTEM)

THE NETHERLANDS ARCHITECTURE INSTITUTE, ROTTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, DESIGNER: JO COENEN,

WATERLOO INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY STATION, LONDON, 1994, ARCHITECT: NICOLAS GRIMSHAW AND PARTNERS

WESTERN MORNING NEWS, PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND, 1992, ARCHITECT: NICOLAS GRIMSHAW AND PARTNERS

STEEL - INTRODUCTION
THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF METALS USED FOR BUILDING: STEEL IS A METAL ALLOY WHOSE MAJOR COMPONENT IS IRON, AND IS THE USUAL CHOICE FOR METAL STRUCTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS. IT IS STRONG, FLEXIBLE, AND IF REFINED WELL AND/OR TREATED LASTS A LONG TIME ; OTHER METALS INCLUDE ALUMINUM ALLOYS, TIN, BRASS, CHROME, TITANIUM, GOLD AND SILVER. THE VARIOUS USES OF METALS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY INCLUDE: ARCHITECTURAL CLADDING, HANDRAILS AND BALUSTRADING, ROOFING, DRAINAGE AND RAINWATER GOODS, WALL SUPPORTS PRODUCTS AND STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS. STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS STRUCTURALLY A BUILDING CAN EITHER BE A STEEL BUILDING OR A STEEL FRAMED BUILDING.

STEEL - PREFABRICATED STEEL STRUCTURES

JOINERY DETAILS IN PREFABRICATED STEEL STRUCTURES

STEEL - PREFABRICATED STEEL STRUCTURES

STEEL - MODULAR STEEL CONTRUCTION

MODULAR CONSTRUCTION USES LIGHT STEEL FRAMING AS ITS BASIC COMPONENT. WALLS, FLOORS AND CEILINGS ARE CONSTRUCTED AS 3-DIMENSIONAL UNITS, WHICH ARE FULLY FITTED OUT BEFORE DELIVERY TO THE SITE. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE MODULAR UNIT ARE LIMITED ONLY BY TRANSPORTATION (WIDTHS OF 3 TO 4 M ARE TYPICAL). OPEN-SIDED UNITS CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER TO FORM LARGER SPACES. MODULAR CONSTRUCTION PRODUCT RANGES INCLUDE MODULAR PANEL AND FLOOR CASSETTE SYSTEMS IN WHICH THE BENEFITS OF MIXED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES MAY BE REALISED FOR A RANGE OF BUILDING FORMS. THE BASIC COMPONENTS ARE 100 MM DEEP CSECTIONS FOR THE WALLS AND CEILINGS AND LONGSPAN LATTICE JOISTS FOR FLOORS. THE LONG-SPAN FLOOR JOISTS ARE NORMALLY CUSTOM-DESIGNED FOR THE SPAN AND DEPTH REQUIRED FOR THE FLOOR.

STEEL - STABILITY CORES

MOST BUILDINGS NEED A STIFF CORE TO PROVIDE STABILITY AND ENSURE THAT, UNDER LATERAL LOADS, SWAY MOVEMENTS ARE MINIMISED. FOR LOW RISE DWELLINGS CROSS BRACING IS USUALLY THE MOST COST EFFICIENT. THE BRACES CAN BE PLACED IN BETWEEN FENESTRATION CONSTRAINTS OR BETWEEN COLUMNS WITHIN WALLS. FOR LARGE MULTI-STOREY APARTMENT BLOCK CONSTRUCTIONS, A RIGID CORE IS MORE COST EFFICIENT. THESE RIGID CORES ARE NORMALLY WHERE STAIRCASES AND LIFTS ARE LOCATED, AND THE RIGID CORE IS CONTINUOUS UP THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING. A RAPIDLY CONSTRUCTED STEEL CORE IS CONSTRUCTED OF STEEL/CONCRETE SANDWICH PANELS THAT ARE WELDED MODULES. THESE ARE SUBSEQUENTLY ASSEMBLED ON SITE TO FORM THE STEEL CORE. THE GAP IN BETWEEN THE TWO STEEL PLATES IS THEN FILLED WITH CONCRETE. THE PLATES ACT AS PERMANENT FORMWORK; AND WHEN THE CONCRETE HAS SET, THE SANDWICH PLATES ACT AS STEEL REINFORCEMENT. THESE MODULES ARE RELATIVELY LIGHT IN WEIGHT FOR THEIR SIZE. THIS MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO ERECT THE STRUCTURE USING STANDARD SITE EQUIPMENT.

STEEL - ROOFING AND WALL CLADDING SYSTEMS

ROOFING SYSTEMS THESE CAN BE OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES: SINGLE ROOF METAL CLADDING ROOF DECKING INSULATED PANELS, COMPOSITE OR SANDWICH PANELS

single roof metal cladding

WALL CLADDING SYSTEMS Roof decking THESE CAN BE OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES: WALL CLADDING DOUBLE SKIN CLADDING INSULATED PANELS: COMPOSITE OR SANDWICH PANELS CLAY FINISHES

Insulated panels,

Simple wall claddings

Double skin cladding

Insulated panels

Clay finishes

STEEL EXAMPLES : EIFFEL TOWER

THE EIFFEL TOWER, IS AN IRON LATTICE TOWER LOCATED ON THE CHAMP DE MARS IN PARIS, NAMED AFTER THE ENGINEER GUSTAVE EIFFEL, WHOSE COMPANY DESIGNED AND BUILT THE TOWER. ERECTED IN 1889 AS THE ENTRANCE ARCH TO THE 1889 WORLD'S FAIR THE TOWER SHOWS TWO DIFFERENT EXPONENTIALS, THE LOWER SECTION OVERDESIGNED TO ENSURE RESISTANCE TO WIND FORCES. WORK ON THE FOUNDATIONS STARTED IN JANUARY 1887. THOSE FOR THE EAST AND SOUTH LEGS WERE STRAIGHTFORWARD, EACH LEG RESTING ON FOUR 2 M (6.6 FT) CONCRETE SLABS, ONE FOR EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL GIRDERS OF EACH LEG BUT THE OTHER TWO, BEING CLOSER TO THE RIVER SEINE, WERE MORE COMPLICATED: EACH SLAB NEEDED TWOPILES INSTALLED BY USING COMPRESSED-AIR CAISSONS 15 M (49 FT) LONG AND 6 M (20 FT) IN DIAMETER DRIVEN TO A DEPTH OF 22 M (72 FT) TO SUPPORT THE CONCRETE SLABS, WHICH WERE 6 M (20 FT) THICK. EACH OF THESE SLABS SUPPORTED A BLOCK BUILT OF LIMESTONE EACH WITH AN INCLINED TOP TO BEAR A SUPPORTING SHOE FOR THE IRONWORK. EACH SHOE WAS ANCHORED INTO THE STONEWORK BY A PAIR OF BOLTS 10 CM (4 IN) IN DIAMETER AND 7.5 M (25 FT) LONG.

STEEL EXAMPLES : STATUE OF LIBERTY

DESIGNED BY FRDRIC BARTHOLDI IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FRENCH ENGINEER GUSTAVE EIFFEL (WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS FRAME) AND DEDICATED ON OCTOBER 28, 1886, THE STATUE OF LIBERTY IS A LARGE NEOCLASSICAL SCULPTURE ON LIBERTY ISLAND IN NEW YORK HARBOR. THE STATUE WAS A GIFT TO THE UNITED STATES FROM THE PEOPLE OF FRANCE. THE STATUE OF LIBERTY STANDS AT A HEIGHT OF 151 FEET 1 INCH (46 METERS). FROM GROUND TO TORCH IT IS 305 FEET 1 INCH (93 METERS) TALL. EIFFEL PRODUCED A 94-FT-HIGH WROUGHT-IRON SQUARE SKELETON WHOSE CHIEF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ARE FOUR POSTS THAT WORK IN COMPRESSION. THE SKELETON SUPPORTS A SECONDARY IRON FRAME THAT, IN TURN, CARRIES A SYSTEM OF FLAT WROUGHT IRON BARS. THESE MEMBERS CARRY THE COPPER PLATES THAT FORM THE STATUE'S EXTERIOR SKIN. EXTENDING FROM THE MAIN FRAME ARE A SMALLER FRAME SUPPORTING THE HEAD AND A SLIM 47-FT, 7-IN. SKELETON CARRYING THE ARM THAT HOLDS THE TORCH. THE FRAME IS BRACED WITH DIAGONAL MEMBERS AND WAS DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND A WIND LOAD OF 58 PSF. IN A 50-MPH WIND, THE MONUMENT MOVES 3 IN.

STEEL EXAMPLES : MILLENIUM BRIDGE, LONDON

SPANNING 320 METRES, IT IS A VERY SHALLOW SUSPENSION BRIDGE. TWO Y-SHAPED ARMATURES SUPPORT EIGHT CABLES THAT RUN ALONG THE SIDES OF THE 4-METRE-WIDE DECK, WHILE STEEL TRANSVERSE ARMS CLAMP ON TO THE CABLES AT 8-METRE INTERVALS TO SUPPORT THE DECK ITSELF. THIS GROUNDBREAKING STRUCTURE MEANS THAT THE CABLES NEVER RISE MORE THAN 2.3 METRES ABOVE THE DECK, ALLOWING THOSE CROSSING THE BRIDGE TO ENJOY UNINTERRUPTED PANORAMIC VIEWS AND PRESERVING SIGHT LINES FROM THE SURROUNDING BUILDINGS. AS A RESULT, THE BRIDGE HAS A UNIQUELY THIN PROFILE, FORMING A SLENDER ARC ACROSS THE WATER. THE BRIDGE OPENED IN JUNE 2000 AND AN ASTONISHING 100,000 PEOPLE CROSSED IT DURING THE FIRST WEEKEND. UNDER THIS HEAVY TRAFFIC THE BRIDGE EXHIBITED GREATER THAN EXPECTED LATERAL MOVEMENT, AND AS A RESULT IT WAS TEMPORARILY CLOSED. EXTENSIVE RESEARCH REVEALED THAT THIS MOVEMENT WAS CAUSED BY SYNCHRONISED PEDESTRIAN FOOTFALL A PHENOMENON OF WHICH LITTLE WAS PREVIOUSLY KNOWN IN THE ENGINEERING WORLD. THE SOLUTION WAS TO FIT DAMPERS DISCREETLY BENEATH THE DECK TO MITIGATE MOVEMENT.

FABRIC INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

THE ORIGINS TRACED BACK OVER 44,000 YEARS TO THE ICE AGE AND THE SIBERIAN STEPPE WHERE SIMPLE TEXTILES WERE USED FOR SPATIAL DIVISION AND SHELTER THE FIRST DWELLINGS ACTUALLY CONSTRUCTED BY HUMANS PURPOSE: GENERATING SHELTER RATHER THAN AS ENCLOSURES OF PERMANENT SPACE.
Tents: simple shelters constructed from animal skins draped between sticks.

Timber structure covered with decorated canvas

Velarium: A horizontal and vertical support structure with Tipi: Structure of tied poles textile panels suspended over it covered with canvas

Yurt: A simple, demountable structure consisting wooden parts and felt covering

F.W. Lanchesters (1918 ) design for an 'air tent' in which it was proposed that a patterned balloon fabric could be inflated at a low pressure to form a Montreal German Pavilion (1967) by habitable enclosure. Otto Frei

Mannheim Multihalle: A self standing gridshell structure covered with translucent, PVC coated polyester fabric.

FABRIC JOINERY AND MATERIALS

MATERIALS
TYPICALLY, THE FABRIC IS COATED AND LAMINATED WITH SYNTHETIC MATERIALS FOR INCREASED STRENGTH, DURABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE. AMONG THE MOST WIDELY USED MATERIALS ARE POLYESTERS LAMINATED OR COATED WITH POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC), AND WOVEN FIBERGLASS COATED WITHPOLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE).

JOINERY DETAILS

Welded joint detail

Edge cable with clamps

Tube in pocket

Clamped connection between 2 members Edge clamping detail Clamped edge with plates

Lopp fastner detail

Membranes with plastic or metallic eyes connected by zigzag curved plastic rope Ridge and valley cables

FABRIC EXAMPLE : MONTREAL GERMAN PAVILLION BY OTTO FREI

THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF THE PRESTRESSED 50 CM MESHED STEEL CABLE NET AND THE SUSPENDED PRESTRESSED TEXTILE MEMBRANE. A SHINY WHITE AND TRANSLUCENT WEATHER SKIN WITH CLEAR EYE LOOPS, PUSHED UP NEEDLE-LIKE BY EIGHT MAST HIGH POINTS AND PULLED DOWN FUNNEL-LIKE AT THREE LOW POINTS, ALL OF THEM FREELY PLACED INSIDE AN UP-AND DOWN SWEEPING OUTLINE PERIPHERY, - CREATING A HUGE DIVERSIFIED INTERIOR SPACE OF ALMOST 8000 M COVERED AREA, OPEN ALL AROUND TO THE OUTSIDE. IT WAS BOUNDED BY RESTRAINT 2.25 M HIGH WIND-DEFLECTOR GLASS WALLS ON MANIFOLD GROUND FLOOR LEVELS (OPEN ON TOP FOR NATURAL VENTILATION IN SUMMER AND CLOSED WITH APRONS AGAINST THE ROOF MEMBRANE FOR HEATING IN WINTER). WHICH WAS SUBDIVIDED SPATIALLY BY 1.25 M MODULAR GALVANIZED STEEL DECKS ON MUSHROOM-LIKE BRANCHING COLUMNS IN VARIOUS HEIGHTS.

AND IT EVEN SHELTERED IN ONE CORNER TWO SMALL COMPRESSION STRESSED WOODEN GRID SHELL DOMES FOR A LECTURE HALL AND ITS ENTRANCE FOYER WITH AN IRREGULARLY SHAPED GROUND AREA OF ALMOST 300M

FABRIC - PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES

PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE IS A MEMBRANE STRUCTURE THAT IS STABILIZED BY THE PRESSURE OF COMPRESSED AIR. AIR-SUPPORTED STRUCTURES ARE SUPPORTED BY INTERNAL AIR PRESSURE. A NETWORK OF CABLES STIFFENS THE FABRIC, AND THE ASSEMBLY IS SUPPORTED BY A RIGID RING AT THE EDGE. THE AIR PRESSURE WITHIN THIS BUBBLE IS INCREASED SLIGHTLY ABOVE NORMAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND MAINTAINED BY COMPRESSORS OR FANS. AIR LOCKS ARE REQUIRED AT ENTRANCES TO PREVENT LOSS OF INTERNAL AIR PRESSURE. AIR-SUPPORTED MEMBRANES WERE FIRST DEVISED BY WALTER BIRD IN THE LATE 1940S. AIR-INFLATED STRUCTURES ARE SUPPORTED BY PRESSURIZED AIR WITHIN INFLATED BUILDING ELEMENTS THAT ARE SHAPED TO CARRY LOADS IN A TRADITIONAL MANNER. PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES ARE PERHAPS THE MOST COST-EFFECTIVE TYPE OF BUILDING FOR VERY LONG SPANS. THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE REQUIRED IS A FUNCTION OF THE WEIGHT OF THE MATERIAL - AND THE BUILDING SYSTEMS SUSPENDED ON IT (LIGHTING, VENTILATION, ETC.) - AND WIND PRESSURE. INTERNAL PRESSURE IS COMMONLY MEASURED IN INCHES OF WATER, InAq, AND VARIES FRACTIONALLY FROM 0.3 InAq FOR MINIMAL INFLATION TO 3 InAq FOR MAXIMUM, WITH 1 INAQ BEING A STANDARD PRESSURIZATION LEVEL FOR NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS. IN TERMS OF THE MORE COMMON POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH, 1 INAQ EQUATES TO A MERE 0.037 PSI.

FABRIC - FABRIC FORM CONCRETE

FABRIC FORMWORK, AS A NEW CONCRETE FORMING TECHNIQUE, PROVIDES TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES AND NEW FREEDOM TO THE ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS AND CONCRETE FORMWORK INDUSTRY. FABRIC-FORMED CONCRETE MEMBERS ARE EASY TO FORM, IMMACULATE IN FINISH, ORGANIC IN FORM, AND INEXPENSIVE TO PRODUCE. THIS INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE UTILIZES FABRIC WOVEN OF HIGH TENACITY NYLON YARN INTO A VARIETY OF FORMS INCLUDING MATS, PILE JACKETS AND BAGS. AT THE WORK SITE, THE CUSTOMMADE FORMS ARE POSITIONED AND SEWN TOGETHER WITH HANDHELD SEWING MACHINES. THEY ARE THEN PUMPED WITH FINE AGGREGATE CONCRETE AND ALLOWED TO CURE. CONCRETE CLOSE TO THE SURFACE OF A CONVENTIONAL FORMWORK ALWAYS HAS A HIGHER WATER CEMENT RATIO THAN THE CORE CONCRETE. WOVEN GEOTEXTILES USED AS FORMING MEMBRANE IN FABRIC FORMWORK TECHNIQUE HAVE VERY SMALL PORES LETTING AIR BUBBLES AND EXCESS MIX WATER BLEED OUT, LEAVING A CEMENT-RICH PASTE AT THE SURFACE OF THE CONCRETE. THIS FILTERING ACTION REDUCES THE WATER CEMENT RATIO OF THE CONCRETE AT THE SURFACE ZONE AND PRODUCES IMMACULATE FINISHES UNKNOWN TO OTHER CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. THE LOW SURFACE WATER/CEMENT RATIO IN TURN, MAKES THE CONCRETE MORE WATERPROOF AND CAUSES LESS SHRINKAGE AND FEWER CRACKS IN THE LONG TERM.

FABRIC EXAMPLES

FALSE FLOORING
CEILING
PRESENTED BY. 5. DUHITA DAS 17. CHIRAG MULANI 23. NIKUNJ PATEL 26. HARSH SANGHVI 37. NIGAM OZA

DROPPED CEILING (FALSE CEILING)

DEFINITION
A FALSE CEILING IS A CEILING THAT IS SUSPENDED FROM THE MAIN CEILING. THE SUSPENSION IS FIXED TO THE WALLS, ROOF OR BEAMS OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE. IN SIMPLER WORDS, A FALSE CEILING IS A SECOND CEILING CREATED BELLOWS THE ORIGINAL.

USES : TO CONCEAL SERVICE LINES, SUCH AS AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS, ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SPARKERS. TO GIVE THERMAL INSULATION. TO SOUNDPROOF ROOMS SUCH AS MEETING ROOMS, AUDITORIUMS, ETC, WHICH REQUIRE A QUIT ENVIRONMENT. TO ACCOMMODATE LIGHTING SYSTEMS. TO PROVIDE LIGHTING EFFECTS SUCH AS HIDDEN LIGHTING, WALL WASHERS, COVE LIGHTING AND FLOATING LIGHT EFFECTS ON THE CEILING. AS A DESIGN ELEMENT.

MATERIALS
1 GYPSUM BOARD (GYPBOARD): LIGHTWEIGHT, FLEXIBLE AND FIRE AND MOISTURE RESISTANT, GYPSUM IS MOST COMMONLY USED FOR FALSE CEILING. GYPSUM BOARD PANELS ARE TOUGH, VERSATILE AND ECONOMICAL, AND ARE FAST REPLACING OTHER CEILING MATERIALS SUCH AS POP. GYPSUM BOARD CAN BE USED WHILE CONSTRUCTING FALSE CEILING. AS WELL AS TO RENOVATE OLD CEILINGS. THE MATERIAL IS FIRE-RESISTANT, WATERPROOF, AS WELL AS SOUNDPROOF, WHICH IS WHY IT IS THE MOST PREFERRED MATERIAL FOR FALSE CEILING. A GYPSUM PANEL COULD HAVE TAPERED OR SQUARE EDGES. PANELS WITH TAPERED ADAGE ARE USED FOR CEILING SINCE THE GAP BETWEEN EACH EDGE CAN BE FILLED, TO GIVE A SMOOTH SURFACE. SQUARE-EDGES BOARD CAN BE USED. WHERE VISIBILITY OF THE JOINTS IS A REQUIREMENT. A SUSPENDED GYPSUM BOARD CEILING CAN BE CONSTRUCTED BY NAILING GYPSUM BOARD PANELS TO EACH OTHER, OR BY FIXING THE PANELS IN A METAL GRID (USUALLY STEEL). GENERALLY, GYPSUM PANELS OF 600 MM600MM ARE USED.

GYPSUM CEILING ARE POPULAR BECAUSE: THE DRY CONSTRUCTION ELIMINATES THE USE OF EXTRA WATER WHILE MAKING THE CEILING. THIS ALSO KEEPS THE BUILDING CLEAN. GYPSUM BOARD IS QUITE FLEXIBLE. IT ALLOWS FOR VARIOUS SHAPES AND DESIGNSUCH AS PLAIN, CURVED, STEPPED, COFFERED, PELMET, DROP DESIGN, ETC. IT IS POSSIBLE TO SUSPEND A LOAD OF UP TO 15 KG FROM THE CEILING WITHOUT ANY DIFFICULTY. A GYP BOARD CEILING SUSPENDED ON A METAL GRID FORMS A STRONG CEILING DESIGN. THE CEILING CAN BE EASILY DECORATED WITH WALLPAPER OR PAINT, 24 HOURS AFTER IT IS CONSTRUCTED. GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED GYP BOARD MAKES EXCELLENT INSULATION MATERIAL.

GYPSUM CEILINGS ARE NON-RESONANT WHICH MAKES THEN GOOD SOUNDPROOFING.

WHEN EXPOSED TO FIRE, GYPSUM GIVES OUT WATER, WHICH IS CONVERTED TO STEAM AND HELPS COMBAT THE FIRE. THIS IS WHAT MAKES THE CEILING FIREPROOF.

METHOD OF GYPBOARD ATTACHMENT

GYPBOARD ATTACHED(DIRECT TO FRAMING): SECURED DIRECTLY TO FRAMING MEMBERS OR TO SOLID FURING. MOST WIDELY USED IN RESIDENTIAL AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION. TWO LAYERS MAY BE REQUIRED FOR AN IMPROVED FIRE RESISTENCE TO SOUND TRANSMISSION. DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY DEFLECTION AND/OR EXPANSION/CONTRACTION IN SUPPORTING FRAMING.

PRIMARY & SECONDARY SUPPORTS

Concealed metal framework

Concealed wooden framework

2. METAL CEILING PANELS: METAL PENALS ARE NOT SOUND RESISTIVESO THEY ARE COUPLED WITH INSULATING MATERIALS TO MAKE THEM SOUNDPROOF.

THEY ARE IDEAL FOR CONCEALING DUCTS AND WIRING, SINCE THEY CAN BE EASILY INSTALLED AND MAINTAINED.
ALUMINUM OR STEEL PANELS, 600MM600MM IN SIZE, ARE GENERALLY USED. THE PANELS CAN BE LAID ON A VISIBLE STEEL GRID WITH T-SECTIONS OR CROSS-SECTIONS THAT ARE SUSPENDED FROM THE CEILING BY RODS. THIS RESULT IS STRONG, LONG-LASTING SURFACE, WHICH IS EASY TO ACCESS. THE PANELS CAN ALSO BE CLIPPED TO EACH OTHER OR CLIPPING INTO A SUSPENSION SYSTEM HAVING SPRINGS. THAT METHOD PREVENTS THE PANEL EDGES FROM BEING SEEN. THE THIRD METHOD IS TO STRETCH THE METAL SHEETS TO FORM VARIOUS SHAPES, WHICH CAN BE SUSPENDED FORM THE CEILING. THIS TREATMENT IS IDEAL FOR OBTAINING A VARIETY OF SHAPES IN THE METAL, WITHOUT CHANGING ITS SOUNDPROOFING ABILITY.

ADVANTAGES OF METAL CEILING: THEY REDUCE OVERALL COST, SINCE THEY ARE EASY TO INSTALL AND ACCESS. HIDDEN SERVICES CAN BE EASILY ACCESSED SINCE THE PANELS ARE REMOVABLE. THEY ARE IDEAL FOR WORKSPACES WHICH REQUIRE CLEAN ENVIRONMENTS AND SERVICES THAT REQUIRE MAINTENANCE SUCH AS THE MACHINERY ROOMS, THE AHU, ETC. THEY HAVE A MONOLITHIC LOOK. THEY GIVE THE SPACE A VERY MODERN LOOK AND BLEND WELL WITH GLASS.

3. FIBREBOARED AND FIBRE/MINRAL REINFORCED TILES: FALSE CEILING CAN BE MADE WITH FIBRE OR MINERAL REINFORCED TILES AND FIBREBOARD. FIBRE REINFORCED TILES ARE STRENGTHENED WITH WOOD VEGETABLE FIBRE, WOOD WASTE, REED PAPER AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES. MINERAL TILES ARE CERAMICS REINFORCED WITH NATURAL STONE, WOOD, VEGETABLE FIBRE, BITUMEN AND TARS. THIS PROCESS INCREASES THE INSULATION CAPACITY OF THE PRODUCT. FIBREMINERAL-REINFORCED MATERIALS ARE USED BECAUSE: THEY HAVE HIGH INSULATION AGAINST SOUND AND FIRE. THE FIBRE INCREASES THE HARDNESS AND THE TOUGHNESS OF THE MATERIAL. THE MATERIAL CAN BE DECORATED WITH PAINT OR OTHER FINISHES IMPROVING THE AESTHETICS OF THE ROOM. WATER REPELLENTS AND PRESERVATIVES CAN BE ADDED TO INCREASE THE LIFE OF THE PRODUCT.

4. PLASTER OF PARIS: PLASTER OF PARIS (POP) IS COMMONLY USED FOR CONSTRUCTING FALSE CEILINGS. GYPSUM, WHICH GIVES OUT WATER WHEN HEATED, MAKES POP. POST-HEATING, GYPSUM SOFTENS AND IS THEN CRUSHED TO FORM A POWDER. POP HARDENS INSTANTLY WHEN WATER IS ADDED TO IT. IT IS APPLIED TO FIBREBOARD OR A WOOD BASE, WHICH IS THEN SUSPENDED TO FORM THE FALSE CEILING.
ADVANTAGES OF POP: A SMOOTH, UNIFORM FINISH. THE SURFACE CAN BE RECORDED OR PAINTED. POP FALSE CEILING ARE EASY TO CONSTRUCT AND MAINTAIN. THE CEILINGS ARE REALITY LIGHT.

5. PLYWOOD: PLYWOOD CEILING ARE WIDELY USED FOR THEIR VISUAL APPEAL. THESE CEILINGS ARE CREATED WITH STRIPS OF PLY GLUED OR NAILED TOGETHER. THE STRIPS ARE HELD TOGETHER AND STRENGTHENED WITH PLY SUPPORTS AT EQUAL DISTANCES. PLY CEILING ARE GENERALLY USED IN PLACE WITH COLD CLIMATES. ADVANTAGE OF PLY CEILINGS: THEY ARE STRONG AND LOOK APPEALING. THEY CAN BE GIVEN VARIOUS FINISHES, OR PAINTED TO GET THE RIGHT LOOK. THEY CAN BE TREATED TO INCREASE THEIR LIFESPAN. HOWEVER, PLY CEILING ARE DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN, SINCE THE ARE PRONE TO TERMITE ATTACKS. THE ROOM HAS TO BE THERMALLY CONTROLLED TO REDUCE THE HUMIDITY IN THE AIR. ALSO, THE WOOD IS PRONE TO WARPING AND OTHER PHYSICAL CHANGES, WITH TIME.

6.PVC FALSE CEILING PVC CEILING SYSTEM IS LIGHT IN WEIGHT, MOISTURE RESISTANT AND REDUCES CONDENSATION AND SUBSEQUENT DRIPPING FROM CEILING ONTO WORK SURFACES. THE CLEANABLE, NONABSORBENT SURFACE IS UV STABLE AND WILL NOT DISCOLOUR. PVC CEILING SYSTEMS SOLVES THE PROBLEM OF DIRTY, UNHYGIENIC CEILINGS THAT ARE DIFFICULT, AND EXPENSIVE TO CLEAN BY PROVIDING A BRIGHT, DURABLE AND HYGIENIC SURFACE, WHICH IS EASILY MAINTAINED. THIS EXTREMELY PRACTICAL CEILING SYSTEM IS SUITABLE FOR ANY AREA REQUIRING A FIXED, NON-POROUS, NON-FIBROUS AND NONABSORBENT CEILING. THEY ARE WATERPROOF, TERMITE PROOF, FIRE RETARDANT, ECONOMICAL, MAINTENANCE FREE, BEING NON-POROUS AND NON-ABSORBENT, CAN INCORPORATE FLUSH FITTING LIGHTING, ACCESS HATCHES, AIR VENTS AND SPRINKLERS EASY TO INSTALL & AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS COLOURS SHADES & NO HASSLES OF PAINTING & POLISHING.

FABRIC
INEXPENSIVE MATERIAL, MAY BE DRAPED ACROSS CEILINGS, COLLECT DUST TENSILE SPANNING ONLY PARTIALLY CONCEALS DUCTS BUT GREATLY ADDS TO THE AESTHETICS OF THE SPACE. THE LIGHT IS DIFFUSED THROUGH THE FABRIC PROVIDING A COMFORTABLE INTENSITY.

ADVANTAGES
FIRE SAFETY IF FIRE SAFETY IS A FACTOR, CEILING TILES MADE FROM MINERAL FIBRES, OR FIRE-RATED WOOD PANELS CAN BE USED WITHIN THE CONSTRUCTION TO MEET ACCEPTABLE STANDARDS/RATINGS. EASE OF MODIFICATION ANOTHER ADVANTAGE OF A DROPPED CEILING IS THAT THE EASILY-REMOVED CEILING PANELS OFFER INSTANT ACCESS TO THE PLENUM, GREATLY SIMPLIFYING REPAIRS OR ALTERATIONS.

DISADVANTAGES ONE DISADVANTAGE WITH THIS CEILING SYSTEM IS REDUCED HEADROOM. CLEARANCE IS REQUIRED BETWEEN THE GRID AND ANY PIPES OR DUCTWORK ABOVE TO INSTALL THE CEILING TILES AND LIGHT FIXTURES. IN GENERAL, A MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF 100 TO 200 MILLIMETRES (4 TO 8 IN) IS OFTEN NEEDED BETWEEN THE LOWEST OBSTRUCTION AND THE LEVEL OF THE CEILING GRID.

Case study

SITES : ELECTRICAL SHOP IN CITY

Gypsum

Screws

2.Horizontal

3.Horizontal

1.Vertical

1. THE CLAMPS ARE FIRST DRILLED INTO THE CEILING . 2. THEN THE VERTICAL MEMBERS ARE SUSPENDED WITH HELP OF THE CLAMP SCREWS. ONE ASSEMBLY IS CAPABLE OF TAKING A LOAD OF ABOUT 25 KG. 3. NOW THE C-SECTIONS ARE FIXED HORIZONTALLY TO ALL THE SIDES(WALLS) OF THE ROOM. 4. THEREAFTER AN ENTIRE HORIZONTAL GRID OF C-SECTIONS ARE LAID; AND TO THIS THE SECTIONS ARE FIXED. NOW THESE ARE FIXED AT ONE END AND KEPT FREE AT OTHER SO THAT THEIR INCLINATION CAN BE ADJUSTED IF REQUIRED TO , AT THE TIME OF FIXING THE GYPSUM BOARDS. 5. NEXT THE LAYING OF WIRING PIPES IS DONE.

6. FOR LAYING GYPSUM BOARDS THEY ARE CUT APPROXIMATELY TO THE NEEDED SIZE. THE BOARDS ARE EXTREMELY EASY TO CUT. 7. NOW THEY ARE HELD AGAINST THE FRAMING AND CHECKED FOR ANY DISCREPANCIES IN MEASUREMENT. AFTER FINALIZING THE SIZE THE THEY ARE SCREWED TO THE FRAMING. 8. THIS FINISHED OUR CASE STUDY AT THE FIRST SITE.

1. THE BOARDS AFTER THEY GET FIXED. FINISHING LEFT.

2. THE JOINTS ARE THEN MADE AS V-GROOVE BEFORE FINISHING. 3. THEN LAPI GYPSUM POWDER PASTE IS FILLED IN THE V-GROOVE AND A NET TAPE IS STUCK OVER IT. 4. AFTER COMPLETING THE PROCESS WITH ALL THE JOINTS OF CEILING ITS LEFT FOR SOMETIME AND THEN FINALLY THE FIRST COAT IS DONE FOR THE ENTIRE CEILING.

RAISED ACCESS FLOOR (FALSE FLOOR)

FALSE FLOORING

FALSE FLOORING IS USED FOR BUILDINGS WITH HIGH SERVICE REQUIREMENT MOSTLY OFFICES WHICH CARRIES HIGH AMOUNT OF CABLES ETC. AND SOMETIMES AIR-CONDITIONER, WATER SUPPLY PIPES. AND IT IS ALSO USED IN COMPUTER ROOMS FOR ROUTING CABLES UNDER FLOOR. THE ENTIRE FLOOR SHOULD BE CAPABLE TO TAKE DISTRIBUTED LOAD OF 1200 KG. PER SQ/M. SUCH FLOORING CAN BE INSTALLED AT VARYING HEIGHTS FROM 2 INCHES (51 MM) TO HEIGHTS ABOVE 4 FEET (1,200 MM) TO SUIT SERVICES THAT MAY BE ACCOMMODATED BENEATH. ADDITIONAL STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND LIGHTING ARE OFTEN PROVIDED WHEN A FLOOR IS RAISED ENOUGH FOR A PERSON TO CRAWL OR EVEN WALK BENEATH.

 THE HEIGHT OF THE LEGS/PEDESTALS IS DICTATED BY THE VOLUME OF CABLE AND OTHER SERVICES PROVIDED BENEATH, BUT TYPICALLY ARRANGED FOR CLEARANCE OF AT LEAST SIX INCHES OR 15CMS. THE PANELS ARE NORMALLY MADE OF STEEL-CLAD PARTICLE BOARD OR A STEEL PANEL WITH A CEMENTITIOUS INTERNAL CORE. THERE ARE A VARIETY OF FLOORING FINISHES TO SUIT THE APPLICATION SUCH AS CARPETS, HIGH PRESSURE LAMINATES, MARBLE, STONE, AND ANTI-STATIC FINISHES.

IN THE U.S., UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION IS BECOMING A MORE COMMON WAY TO COOL A BUILDING BY USING THE VOID BELOW THE RAISED FLOOR AS A PLENUM CHAMBER TO DISTRIBUTE CONDITIONED AIR, AS HAS BEEN DONE IN EUROPE SINCE THE 1970S. IN DATA CENTERS, ISOLATED AIR-CONDITIONING ZONES ARE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH RAISED FLOORS. PERFORATED TILES ARE TRADITIONALLY PLACED BENEATH COMPUTER SYSTEMS TO DIRECT CONDITIONED AIR DIRECTLY TO THEM. IN TURN, THE COMPUTING EQUIPMENT IS OFTEN DESIGNED TO DRAW COOLING AIR FROM BELOW AND EXHAUST INTO THE ROOM. AN AIR CONDITIONING UNIT THEN DRAWS AIR FROM THE ROOM, COOLS IT, AND FORCES IT BENEATH THE RAISED FLOOR, COMPLETING THE CYCLE.

PLENUM CHAMBER

BENEFITS FOR RAISED/ACCESS FLOORING :

TOUGH BUILDS TO SUPPORT DEMANDING ENVIRONMENTS GREATER ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY DIRECTING AIRFLOW ONLY TO WHERE IT IS NEEDED CONVENIENT ACCESS TO UNDERFLOOR CABLING AND CRITICAL SERVICES LEVELING OF UNEVEN FLOORS IN SITES WITH GRADED SURFACES REDUCED FUTURE COSTS TIED TO LAYOUT RECONFIGURATIONS A LARGE VARIETY OF SURFACE OPTIONS TO CREATE THE LOOK YOU WANT

TYPES OF PANEL
CONCRETE-FILLED: THE PANEL HAS AN OUTER STEEL SHELL AND ITS CENTER IS FILLED IN WITH CONCRETE. THE ADDED STRENGTH OF HAVING A CONCRETE CORE OVER A HOLLOW PANEL. A MINOR DRAWBACK TO CONCRETE-FILLED PANELS ARE THEIR WEIGHT (12-18 KGS EACH), BUT MOST CUSTOMERS OVERLOOK THIS IN FAVOR OF THEIR GREATER STRENGTH. HOLLOW-STEEL: STEEL OUTER SHELL WITH A HOLLOW, OR EMPTY, CENTER. ALTHOUGH THESE DO NOT HAVE THE STRENGTH OF A CONCRETE-FILLED PANEL, THEY REMAIN POPULAR IN OFFICE ENVIRONMENTS DUE TO THEIR LIGHTER WEIGHT AND REASONABLE STRENGTH. WOODCORE: STEEL OUTER SHELL WITH A COMPOSITE WOOD CENTER. WOODCORE PANELS WERE VERY POPULAR UNTIL THE EARLY 2000S. AT PRESENT, THESE PANELS ARE MOSTLY INSTALLED AS REPLACEMENTS IN SITES WHERE WOODCORES ALREADY EXIST

ALUMINUM PANELS THIS ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM CONSISTS OF COMPLETE DIE CAST ALUMINUM COMPONENTS THAT ARE TYPICALLY USED IN HI-TECH ENVIRONMENTS SUCH AS CLEAN ROOMS, DATA CENTERS, MEDICAL X-RAY, BIOMEDICAL, MICROELECTRONIC, PHARMACEUTICAL AND LABORATORY FACILITIES. PERFORATED RAISED FLOOR TILE AND GRATES PROVIDE SUPERIOR COOLING FOR MANAGING HEAT LOADS IN MISSION CRITICAL FACILITIES. 25% TO 55% FREE FLOW AIR AVAILABLE FOR ALL SYSTEMS

THE SYSTEM CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS : A) STRINGER BASED SYSTEM B) STRINGER FREE - CORNER LOCK SYSTEM

A) STRINGER BASED SYSTEM THIS SYSTEM BASED UNDERSTRUCTURE CREATES A 6000MM X 600MM GRID AND ENHANCES STABILITY AND IMPROVES LOADING PERFORMANCE. THIS SYSTEM CAN PROVIDE A FINISHED FLOOR HEIGHT ( FFH) OF 70MM UPTO 1200MM.
B) STRINGER FREE - CORNER LOCK SYSTEM IDEAL FOR LOW HEIGHT OFFICE FLOORS, IT CONSISTS OF ONLY PEDESTALS AS UNDERSTRUCTURE. STRINGERS ARE NOT USED FOR LATERAL AND LOADING SUPPORT. AS PEDESTAL IN THIS SYSTEM DO NOT HAVE STRINGERS SO WHEN PANELS ARE OPENED THE FLOOR BELOW IS FREE OF STRINGER GRID AND VERY OPEN TO APPROACH AND HENCE SERVICE.

INSTALLATION
TILE SIZE -- 600MM X 600MM THICKNESS -- 35 MM THESE RAISED FLOOR SYSTEM AND FALSE FLOOR SYSTEM CONSISTS OF STEEL CEMENT PANELS, STRINGERS, AND STEEL PEDESTALS. THE FLOOR PANELS OF FALSE FLOOR SYSTEM ARE EPOXY COATED UNITIZED SHELLS CONSISTING OF A FLAT STEEL TOP SHEET WELDED TO A FORMED STEEL BOTTOM SHEET FILLED WITH A HIGHLY CONTROLLED MIXTURE OF LIGHTWEIGHT CEMENT.

TO REMOVE PANELS, A TOOL WITH A SUCTION CUP ON THE END (REFERRED TO AS A "FLOOR PULLER", "TILE LIFTER", OR "SUCTION LIFTER") IS USED. A HOOK-AND-LOOP LIFTER MAY BE USED ON CARPETED PANELS

IMPROVED DATA AFTER PRESENTATION

GEORGE POMPIDOU CENTER FALSE CEILING OF LARGE SPAN STRUTURE FEBRIC FALSE CEILING DETAIL APPLICATION OF FALSE FLOORING DUCTING SYSTEM IN FALSE FLOORING

GEORGE POMPIDOU CENTER

DUCTING FOR AIR CIRCULATION

SERVICE DUCTS

FALSE ROOFING IN CLOTH

LARGE SPAN SUSPENDED CELINGS :

RAISED FLOOR SYSTEM

WHY USE A RAISED ACCESS FLOOR? A RAISED ACCESS FLOOR IS USED TO PROVIDE A MEANS OF CREATING A VOID BELOW FLOOR LEVEL WHICH IS CAPABLE OF ENSURING BUILDING SERVICES ARE AVAILABLE AT THEIR REQUIRED DESTINATION. THESE SERVICES WILL TYPICALLY INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: . . . . . . . ELECTRICAL POWER DATA TELECOM ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL/AIR CONDITIONING FIRE DETECTION AND SUPPRESSION SECURITY WATER AND DRAINAGE.

THE USE OF A RAISED ACCESS FLOOR WILL ALLOW QUICK AND EASY ACCESS TO THESE SERVICES FOR MAINTENANCE REASONS. ALSO IN TODAY'S MODERN OFFICE ENVIRONMENT CHURN IS A MAJOR ISSUE. THAT IS THE NUMBER OF TIMES THAT THE OFFICE LAYOUT HAS TO BE MODIFIED TO CATER FOR CHANGING REQUIREMENTS BROUGHT ABOUT BY NEW TECHNOLOGY, NEW PERSONNEL OR NEW TENANTS TO A BUILDING.

The technique of raised floors is very ancient. At the time of Gallo-Romans, our ancestors had used a technique to create a buffer zone between the soil and the ground on which they walked. The objective was to drain fluids under the floor or get rid of the soil moisture.

RAISED FLOOR SYSTEM IN SERVER ROOM DIFFRENT TYPE OF PANEL FOR AIR CIRCULATION

AIR CIRCULATION FALSE FLOORING

THANK YOU

Tender for Civil Works

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR. CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. INVITATION FOR BIDS CONTRACTORS BID FORMAT TERMS & CONDITIONS BILLS OF QUANTITIES & TENDER DRAWINGS

NO OF PAGES 1 1 7

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

INVITATION FOR BID SETCO AUTOMOTIVE LIMITED, KALOL Date: To, __________________________ __________________________ Sub: Sir, General Manager Operation, Setco Automotive Limited invites sealed item rate bids from bidders for the execution of the Civil works for R&D Centre at Setco Automotive, Kalol. The duration of works is ___ Months from date of commencement. The details of the project and set of bidding documents can be obtained by your representative on submission of an authority letter along with a copy of this letter, from the office of M/s. ______________. The documents will be available only on _____________ (from 11 A.M. to 6 P.M.) Bidders may obtain further information, if required, from the above-mentioned office. Bids must be delivered to the Setco Automotive office at the address given below: Setco Automotive Limited, Vadodara Godhara Highway, Kalol (PMS) 389 330, Gujarat on or before 1200 hours of ________________ Other details can be seen in the bidding document. A letter acknowledging the receipt of this IFB may please be sent. Yours faithfully, For Setco Automotive Limited Bid for Civil Works for R & D Centre at Setco Automotive, Kalol

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

CONTRACTORS BID Description of the work To, Setco Automotive Limited, Vadodara Godhara Highway, Kalol (PMS) 389 330, Gujarat Sir, We offer to execute the Works described above in accordance with the Conditions of Contract accompanying this Bid for the Contract Price of Rs. Rupees ). This Bid and your written acceptance of it shall constitute a binding Contract between us. We understand that you are not bound to accept the lowest or any Bid you receive. The terms and conditions of the Bid mentioned forthwith are hereby accepted by us and be binding upon us. We hereby confirm that we shall comply with the bidding formalities and are providing earnest money deposit, along with the bid. Yours faithfully, Authorised Signatory Name and Title of Signatory Name of bidder .. Address: . Date: Civil Works for R & D Centre at Setco Automotives, Kalol

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

TERMS AND CONDITIONS: 1.0 Definitions In the contract (as hereinafter defined) the following words and expressions shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them except where the contract otherwise requires: Owner shall mean Setco Automotive Limited., having their Office at Vadodara Godhra Highway, Kalol (PMS) 389 330, Gujarat Contractor shall mean the tenderer / bidder selected by the Owner for the performance of the Work Architect shall mean _______________________________ having their office __________________________________________________________ appointed by the Owner. at

2.0 Scope of Work: Civil Works for R & D Centre at Setco Automotives, Kalol . The successful bidder (i.e Contractor) is expected to complete the works, reckoned from date of commencement specified herein under. 3.0 Contract Price The bidder shall fill in rates and prices for all items of work indicated in the Bill of Quantities. Items for which no rate or price is entered by the bidder will not be paid for by the Owner when executed and shall be deemed as covered by other rates and prices in the Bill of Quantities. Corrections, if any, shall be made by crossing out, initialling, dating and rewriting. All applicable duties, taxes, octroi, other levies, insurance, freight, loading unloading and handling rehandling charges etc payable by the Contractor under the Contract, or for any other cause, shall be included in the rates / prices and the total contract price submitted by the bidder, and the evaluation and comparison of Bids by the Owner shall be made accordingly. The contract price shall be also inclusive of cost of necessary scaffolding and temporary work required for execution of work. 4.0 Bid Validity Bids shall remain valid for a period not less than sixty (60) days from the date of submission of Bid. Bid valid for a shorter period may be rejected by the Owner as non-responsive. In exceptional circumstances, prior to the expiry of the original time limit, the Owner may request the bidders to extend the period of validity for a specified additional period. The request and the bidders responses shall be made in writing. A bidder may refuse the request without forfeiting his Earnest Money. A bidder agreeing to the request will not be required or permitted to modify his bid. 5.0 Earnest Money Deposit The bidder shall furnish, as part of his Bid, an Interest Free Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) of the amount _________ for the referred scope of work. This Earnest Money Deposit shall be in the form of Demand Draft only in favour of Setco Automotive Limited payable at Mumbai. Bids without proper EMD shall be summarily rejected. No other form of EMD is accepted. The Earnest Money Deposit of the unsuccessful bidders will be returned after the date of expiry of bid validity or 15 days from the date of award of the work, whichever is earlier. The EMD may be forfeited; If the bidder withdraws or modifies his Bid after the Bid opening and during the period of Bid validity; If the bidder does not accept the correction/ errors of his Contract prices. In the case of a successful bidder, if he fails within the stipulated limit to; 1) Mobilise the work, or 2) Sign the Work order

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

6.0 Architects Duties and Authority The Owner has appointed & Authorize the Architect to deal with all the matters related to the execution and operation of Contract. However, the Owner / Owner's representative reserves the right in checking / test checking of the operation of the contract in respect of quality, testing, and measurement of Works either directly or through a separate agency or both. 7.0 Instruction In Writing Instructions given by the Architect shall be in writing, provided that if for any reason the Architect considers it necessary to give any such instruction orally, the Contractor shall comply with such instruction. Confirmation in writing of such oral instruction given by the Architect, whether before or after carrying out of the instruction, shall be deemed to be an instruction within the meaning of this Clause. Provided further that if the Contractor, within 3 days, confirms in writing to the Architect any oral instruction of the Architect and such confirmation is not contradicted in writing within 3 days by the Architect, it shall be deemed to be an instruction of the Architect. The Contractor shall be bound to receive all instructions from Architect and the Owner and give proper receipt for the same. 8.0 Safety, Security and Protection of the Environment The Contractor shall, throughout the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein; Have full regard for the safety of all persons entitled to be upon the Site and keep the Site (so far as the same is under his control) and the Works (so far as the same are not completed or occupied by the Owner) in an orderly state appropriate to the avoidance of danger to such persons, and Provide and maintain at his own cost all lights, guards, fencing, warning signs, personal protection equipments, when and where necessary or required by the Architect or by any duly constituted authority, for the protection of the Works, Workmen or for the safety and convenience of the public or others, and Take all reasonable steps to protect the environment on and off the Site and to avoid damage or nuisance to persons or to property of the public or others resulting from pollution, noise or other causes arising as a consequence of his methods or operation.

In case of the failure on the part of the Contractor on above accounts, the consequences of the same shall be borne by the Contractor. Alternatively, the Architect may take reasonable steps to comply with the above at the risk and cost of the Contractor. 9.0 Care of Works The Contractor shall take full responsibility for the care of the Works and materials and Plant for incorporation therein from the Commencement Date until the date of issue of the Taking Over Certificate for the whole of the Works, when the responsibility for the said care shall subject to, pass to the Owner, provided that; If the Architect issues a Taking Over Certificate for any Section or part of the Works, the Contractor shall cease to be liable for the care of that Section or part from the date of issuing of the Taking - Over Certificate, when the responsibility for the care of that Section or part shall pass to the Owner, and The Contractor shall take full responsibility for the care of any outstanding Works and materials and Plant for incorporation therein which he undertakes to or is otherwise required to finish during the Defects Liability Period along with the defects if any until such outstanding Works have been completed.

10.0 Contractor to Keep Site Clear During the execution of the works the contractor shall keep the site reasonably free from all unnecessary obstructions/ unwanted material and shall store or dispose off any contractors equipment and surplus materials and clear away, remove from site any wreckage, rubbish or temporary works no longer required. If the Contractor fails to keep the site clear to the satisfaction of the Architect, then Architect shall get it cleared through any other agency at Contractors risk and cost.

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

11.0 Clearance of Site on Completion Before the issue of any Taking - Over Certificate, the Contractor shall clear away and remove from that part of the Site to which such Taking-Over Certificate relates all Contractors equipment, surplus material, rubbish and temporary Works of every kind, and leave such part of the Site and Works clean and in a workmanlike condition to the satisfaction of the Owner / Architect, provided that the Contractor shall be entitled to retain on Site, until the end of the Defects Liability Period, such materials, Contractors Equipment, and temporary Works as are required by him for the purpose of fulfilling his obligations during the Defects Liability Period. 12.0 Space for Storage Adequate covered space shall be provided within the property for establishing store etc. Security of store shall be contractors responsibility. Contractor shall remove site storage on completion of the work or as directed by Architect. 13.0 Labour The contractor shall make his own arrangement for the engagement of all labour local or other. The contractor shall file labour returns in detail to the respective authorities/ statutory bodies as prescribed under law applicable at the work site and inform the Owner/ Architect with copies of the returns directly filled. The Contractor shall abide by the local laws and regulations governing labour , all existing labour enactments and rules made thereunder, regulations, notifications and bye laws of State or Central Government or local authority, and any other labour law (including rules), regulations, bye laws that may be passed or notification that may be issued under any labour law in future either by the State or the Central Government or the local authority. The Contractor shall keep the Owner indemnified in case any action is taken against the Owner by the competent authority on account of the contravention of any of the provisions of any Act or rules made thereunder, regulations or notifications including amendments. If the Owner is caused to pay or reimburse, such amounts as may be necessary to cause or observe, or for non observance of the provisions stipulated in the notifications in the amendments / bye laws / acts / rules / regulations / including amendments, if any, on the part of the Contractor, the Engineer / Owner shall have the right to deduct any money due to the Contractor. The Owner / Architect shall also have right to recover from the Contractor any sum required or estimated to be required for making good the loss or damage suffered by the Owner. 14.0 Sanitary Facilities & Accommodation Contractor should note that dinking water, sanitary facilities and accommodation for labour & staff is not available at site and contractor shall have to make necessary arrangements for the same. 15.0 Insurance & Indemnities Following is the indicative list of Insurances, which a contractor is supposed to take: Insurance of Works: The Contractor shall insure in the joint names of the Owner and the Contractor, against all loss or damage during transit, storage, and execution or installation and commissioning from whatever cause arising, for which he is responsible under the terms of Contract, including CONTRACTORS ALL RISK INSURANCE POLICY as may be applicable. Owner may at its discretion obtain the All Risk Policy for the entire project for the project duration. In such a case, the recovery of premium amount (paid by Owner) applicable for the certified value of work done shall be effected @ 1% of the certified value of work done by contractor. Contractor shall be fully responsible for liasoning with the insurance company for settlement of the claims. Insurance Against Accident or Injury to Workers The Owner shall not be liable for or in respect of any damage or compensation payable at law in respect or in consequence of any accident or injury to any workmen or other person in the employment of the Contractor or any SubContractor. The Contractor shall indemnify and keep indemnified the Owner against all such damages and compensations, and against all claims, proceedings, costs, charges and expenses, whatsoever, in respect thereof or in relation thereto.

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

The Contractor shall insure against such liability and obtain Workmens Compensation Policy with an insurer approved by the Owner and shall continue such insurance during the whole of the time that any person employed by him on the Works. Third Party Insurance Before commencing the execution of the Works, the Contractor shall insure against third party liability for any material or physical damage, loss or injury which may occur to any property or persons by or arising out of the execution of the Works or in the carrying out of the Contract. Such insurance shall be affected with an insurer and in the terms approved by the Owner and to the extent of Rs. 15,00,000/- (Rupees Fifteen Lac Only) per claim subject to a maximum of Rs. 35,00,000/(Rupees Thirty Five Only). Insurance of plant & machinery brought at site by the contractor. The terms of the insurance policies shall include a provision whereby, in the event of any claim in respect of which the Contractor would be entitled to receive, indemnify under the policy, being brought or made against the Owner, the insurer will indemnify the Owner against such claims and any costs, charges and expenses in respect thereof. The insurance policies shall provide that they shall not be cancelled till the Owner has agreed to their cancellation. The Contractor shall provide Owner and the Architect with a copy of each of the insurance policies and documents taken out by him in pursuance of the Contract immediately after such insurance coverage. If the Contractor shall fail to effect and keep in force insurance, as per the terms of Contract, the Owner may effect and keep in force any such insurance and pay such premium or premiums as may be necessary for that purpose and from time to time deduct the amount so paid by the Owner as aforesaid from any monies due or which may become due to the Contractor, or recover the same as debit due from the Contractor. The Contractor shall be responsible for preparing all claims and make good for all damage or loss by way of repairs and / or replacement of portion of any Works damaged or lost. The transfer of title shall not in any way relieve the Contractor of his responsibilities during the period of the Contract including the Defects Liability period. 16.0 Commencement & Completion of Work Time is essence of contract the time schedule specified herein shall be strictly adhered to. Successful Bidder shall commence work at site within 3 days from the date of work order or Letter of Acceptance. The date of completion shall be ___ Months from the date of commencement.

17.0 Extension of Time for Completion In the event of following condition extension of time for completion may be granted at the discretion of the owner (a) (b) (c) (d) The amount of nature of extra or additional work, or Exceptionally adverse climatic conditions, or Any delay, impediment or prevention by the Owner, or Other special circumstances which may occur, other through a default of or breach of Contract by the Contractor or for which he is responsible,

Being such as fairly to entitle the Contractor to extension of time for completion of the Works or any Section or part thereof, the Architect shall after due approval of the Owner, determine the period of such extension and shall notify the Contractor in writing accordingly, with a copy to Owner. Provided further that the Architect is not bound to make any determination unless the Contractor has

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

(a) Within 3 days after such event has arisen notified the Architect, of his intention to claim extension in time, and (b) Within 10 days, or such other reasonable time as may be agreed by the Architect, after such notification submitted to the Architect detailed particulars of any extension of time to which he may consider himself entitled in order that such submission may be investigated at the time. 18.0 Defects Liability Period In the conditions the expression Defects Liability Period shall mean the defects liability period of 18 months from the date of completion of whole of Works and not the Sections certified by the Architect. During the entire Defects Liability Period, the Contractor is required rectify all defects noticed in the works at no additional cost to Owner. Incase the contractor fails to rectify the defects noticed during the Defects Liability Period, The Owner shall get the same rectified at contractors cost and risk. 19.0 Temporary Power Supply The electricity required for execution of works shall be provided by the owner free of cost. The Electrical supply of 15 KVA shall be available at one point for the works. The contractor shall have to distribute the power as per his requirement and at his own cost. The Contractor shall remove all the wires, pipes, ballies etc. after completion of work. If the power supply is not available on certain occasions due to failure of the grid or equipment failure or such other reasons, the contractor shall have to necessary backup power arrangements at his own cost. Extension in completion period on this account will not be allowed. 20.0 Temporary Water Supply For construction purpose the Contractor has to make it own arrangements for water and its distribution at the work site. All such installation and pipes should not interfere with the layout and progress of other construction Works at Site. Contractor shall remove at his own cost all pipelines, equipment, pumps etc. after completion of work. 21.0 Alterations, Additions and Omissions 21.1 Variations The Architect shall have power: To make alteration in, omissions from, additions to, or substitutions for the original specifications, drawings, designs and instructions that may appear to him to be necessary or advisable during the progress of the work, and To omit a part of the Works in case of non availability of a portion of a Site or for any other reasons and the Contractor shall be bound to carry out the Works in accordance with any instruction given to him in writing signed by the Architect and such alterations, omissions, additions or substituted work which the Contractor may be directed to do in the manner specified above on the same conditions in all respects including price on which he agreed to do the main work except as hereafter provided. The time for completion of Works shall, in the event of any deviations resulting in additional effort requiring additional time, if requested by the Contractor, extended as determined by the Architect. 21.2 Extent of Variations This is an item rate contract. The quantities of items may vary to any extent and no variation in prices shall be considered for variation in quantities. The rates /prices of items are firm for entire duration of contract till completion of your scope of work.

21.3 Valuation of Variation

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

For any extra or altered items, rates shall be worked out as under: (a) (b) (c) (d) The direct cost of labour including indirect charges thereon, and The material cost inclusive of taxes, levies, etc. as delivered to the site. Works contract tax/ VAT, if applicable on (a) + (b) above. In addition the contractor shall be entitled towards operational cost of plants and equipment, overheads and profit. This shall be 15% of [(a) + (b) +(c) ] as above

The contractor shall be required to support his rate by proper and detailed rate analysis with backup documents to the entire satisfaction of the Architect. 22.0 Terms of Payment a) Mobilization Advance Payment Mobilization Advance Payment @ 10% of Contract Value on submission of irrevocable Bank Guarantee in favour of Setco Automotive, in the approved format issued from Nationalized bank or approved private bank, of equivalent amount valid till completion of scope of work. The bank Guarantee shall be returned to the contractor after Completion of work and / or 100% of the recovery of Advance. Format of Bank Gaurantee enclosed as Annexure A b) Running Account Bills The contractors shall submit Running Account Bill (RA Bill) every week for claiming payment against work done at site, in format approved by Architect. The RA Bill submitted by the contractor shall be scrutinized and certified by Architect within 7 days from receipt of the bill. The Owner shall make payment to the contractor within 10 days from date of certification from Architect. c) Final Bill Not later than 15 days after the issue of the Taking- Over Certificate in respect of the whole of the Works, the Contractor shall submit to the Architect, 3 copies of final bill with supporting documents showing in details, in the form approved by the Architect: o o The final price of all work done in accordance with the Contract up to the date stated in such TakingOver Certificate. Any further sums which the Contractor considers to be due.

The Final measured bill shall be certified by the ARCHITECT within 30 days of its submission. The payment shall be made within 15 days of receipt of certified Final Measured Bill by the Owner. 23.0 Retention Money 5% of the value of work certified amount will be withheld by owner as retention. The Retention Money will be released at the end of the defects liability period, provided there is no rectification of defects & demand outstanding against the contractor. Any amount payable by the Contractor under the terms of the Contract may be deducted from the retention money. The Retention Money amount shall not bear any interest. Bank Guarantee for this during defects liability period is acceptable, provided the same is kept valid till the issue of Defect Liability Completion certificate. Format of Bank Gaurantee enclosed as Annexure B 24.0 Liquidated Damages for Delay The Contractor shall pay a liquidated damage (LD) to the Owner at the rate per completed week stated in herein under for each day (calculated on pro rata basis) that the completion date of any milestone is later than the intended completion date of milestone. The total amount of LD shall not exceed the amount defined herein under. The Owner may deduct the LD from the payments due to the Contractor. Recovery of LD shall not relieve the Contractor of its liability/obligation to complete the work in accordance with the contract.

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

The Architect shall calculate the amount of LD to be recovered from the Contractor for failure to achieve any milestone by the intended completion date. Any short or excess recovery of LD from the Contractor shall be adjusted by the Architect by suitably correcting the interim payment certificate. The LD shall be levied for failure to reach any or all of the sectional milestones as indicated herein under. The LD thus recovered for failure to reach each individual milestone could be refunded without interest, which is at the discretion of the Architect & the Owner, if the overall project is completed in time. Liquidated Damages Amount of Liquidated Damage for non-completion of Work with in stipulated time is as below subject to a maximum of 10 % of the Contract price. Total Period of Contract has been divided into 2 milestones. These shall be mutually agreed with the successful tenderer. Milestone 1 - 75,000/- per week or part thereof 2 - 1,00,000/- per week or part thereof 25.0 Indemnification The Contractor shall indemnify and hold harmless the Owner, against any and all actions, claims, law suits, damages and liabilities, including reasonable attorney fees, arising out of breach of this Agreement or any act or omission in connection with this Agreement. 26.0 Arbitration If a dispute of any kind whatsoever arises between the Owner and the Contractor in connection with, or arising out of, the Contract or the execution of the Works, whether during the execution of the Works or after their completion and whether before or after repudiation or other termination of the Contract, including any dispute as to any opinion, instruction, determination, certificate or valuation of the Architect, the matter in dispute shall be shall be finally settled, unless otherwise specified in the Contract, under the Rules of Indian Arbitration & Conciliation Act 1996 by one or more arbitrators appointed under such Rules. The said arbitrator/s shall have full power to open up, review and revise any decision, opinion, instruction, determination, certificate or valuation of the Architect related to the dispute. Unless the Contract has already been repudiated or terminated, the Contractor shall, in every case, continue to proceed with the works with all due diligence. Where notice of intention to commence arbitration as to a dispute has been given in accordance with stated above the parties shall attempt to settle such dispute amicably before the commencement of arbitration. Provided that, unless the parties otherwise agree, arbitration may be commenced on or after the 30th day after the day on which notice of intention to commence arbitration of such dispute was given, even if no attempt at amicable settlement thereof has been made.

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

Annexure A FORMAT FOR BANK GUARANTEE FOR MOBILIZATION ADVANCE THIS DEED OF GUARANTEE made this [Date], between [Name of Bank]., having Registered Office at [Address], and one of its office at Mumbai, at [ Address], (hereinafter called the Bank) through its official (Name of official)being authorized to furnish the guarantee contained herein and to bind the Bank for the terms appearing hereunder, and M/s. ___________., having its Office at _____________________ (hereinafter called the OWNER ). The terms Bank and the OWNER shall include their respective legal representative, successors and assigns. WHEREAS OWNER has issued a Work Order dated [Date] to [Name of Contractor] a Company registered under the Indian Companies Act, [Act Ref.], and having its Registered Office at [ Address] (hereinafter called the Contractor) which constitute a binding Contract (hereinafter called Said Contract) for carrying out the [Name of Work] at OWNER s ___________ Project at [ Location] based upon the Tender submitted by the Contractor and subject to the terms therein contained. The said Work shall be supervised and implemented by M/s. [PMCs Name], OWNER s Project Management Consultant (hereinafter called PMC). AND WHEREAS in accordance with the terms and conditions of the contract agreement, OWNER has agreed to make an interest free advance payment for Mobilization to the Contractor of Rs. [Sum] (Rupees ------------------------------------------------------------ only) equivalent to [10%] of the total contract value of Works (Advance Payment) and such payment is to be secured by the Contractor by way of an irrevocable Bank Guarantee. AND WHEREAS OWNER is entitled to adjust the Advance Payment against the Contractors bill raised from time to time for Work carried out by him pursuant to and in accordance with the contract agreement. AND WHEREAS the Bank has at the request of the Contractor agreed to furnish a guarantee in favour of OWNER to secure the Advance Payment. NOW THIS DEED WITHNESSTH AS FOLLOWS: 1. In consideration of OWNER having appointed the Contractor and having made the Advance Payment of Rs. [Sum] (Rupees ---------------------------- only) to the Contractor, the Bank do hereby guarantee that in the event OWNER is unable to adjust and recover the Advance Payment against bills to be raised from time to time by the Contractor for Work carried out pursuant to and in accordance with the Said Contract, a sum equivalent to any unadjusted amount of Advance Payment shall become payable by the Bank to OWNER and the Bank shall absolutely, irrevocably and unconditionally, without any right of set off or counter claim forthwith upon written demand by OWNER and without demur or protest, and without recourse to the Contractor pay to OWNER the unadjusted amount of the Advance Payment required to be paid by the Bank on demand by OWNER . The Banks liability under this Guarantee is restricted to Rs. [Sum] (Rupees ---------------------------only) and shall stand reduced upon receipt of advice in writing from OWNER of and to the extent of adjustments made by OWNER of and to the extent of adjustments made by OWNER against progressive bills raised by the Contractor from time to time for Work done by the Contractor pursuant to and in accordance with the contract agreement. The decision of OWNER , for the time being in force or at any time thereafter as to whether or not the Advance Payment has been fully adjusted and recovered shall be final, conclusive and binding upon the Bank and shall not in any circumstances be questioned by the Bank. Any demand for payment under this Guarantee shall be made on the Bank by OWNER in writing at [Address], and shall be deemed to have been sufficiently made by OWNER if the writing containing the demand is sent to the Bank by registered post to the address as aforesaid or sent to the Bank by hand delivery at such address and written acknowledgement obtained to such delivery. The guarantee obligations of the Bank hereunder shall continue in force and effect and be binding on the Bank in accordance with its terms upto [ Date], or until such time the Advance Payment is adjusted/recovered by OWNER in full, whichever is earlier, and upon communication of the same by OWNER. As between the Bank and OWNER (but without affecting the Contractors obligations) the Bank shall be liable under this Guarantee as if it were the sole principal debtor. The Banks liability hereunder shall not be discharged nor shall its liability be affected by:

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) 7. any time, indulgence, waiver or consent at any time given by OWNER to the Contractor; any amendment to the contract agreement; the making or the absence of any demand by OWNER on the Contractor or any other person for payment; the enforcement or absence of enforcement of the Said Contract or of any security or other guarantee or indemnity; the illegality, invalidity or unenforceability of or any defect in any provision of the Said Contract or of any of the Contractors obligations thereunder; the dissolution, amalgamation, reconstruction or reorganization or reorganization or appointment of any Administrative Receiver of the Contractor. The Guarantee hereinbefore contained shall not be determined or in any way prejudiced or affected by any change in the constitution of the Bank or by any merger, or amalgamation or reconstruction of the Bank but shall be enforceable against the merged, amalgamated or reconstruction body. OWNER shall be at liberty to vary and alter or modify any of the terms and conditions of the contract agreement including without limitation to extend from time to time the time for the performance of the contract agreement by the Contractor or to postpone from time to time any of the powers exercisable by OWNER against the Contractor, to forbear or to enforce any of the terms and conditions of the contract agreement, without in any manner affecting this Guarantee and without notice to or assent of the Bank. The Bank hereby expressly and irrevocably waives all claims of waiver, release, surrender or compromise and all defenses, setoffs, counter claims, recoupments, reductions, limitations and impairments against OWNER , in relation to the said guaranteed sum of money. The Bank waives any right to require/proceeding first against the Contractor or the realization first of any security or other guarantee, if any. The Bank agrees and confirms that its obligation to make payment to OWNER on demand hereunder and discharge of such obligation shall not be delayed, exercised or avoided by reason of any act or omission on the part of OWNER the legal consequence of which may be the discharge of the Bank as guarantor. This guarantees shall be governed by and construed in all respects according to the laws of India and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts in Mumbai. The Bank declares and confirms that the Bank has taken all necessary corporate action to authorize the execution delivery and performance of this Guarantee in accordance with the terms hereof and that the Bank had full power to enter into and perform and discharge its obligations undertaken hereunder and that this Guarantee constitutes legal, valid and binding obligation of the Bank, enforceable in accordance with its terms. anything contained hereinabove; The Banks liability under this bank guarantee shall not exceed Rs. [Sum] (Rupees ----------------------------only). This bank guarantee shall be valid upto [Date]and It is a condition to the Banks liability for payment of the guaranteed amount or part any thereof arising under this Bank guarantee that the Bank receive a valid written claim or demand for payment under this bank guarantee on or before [ Date] failing which, the Banks liability under this bank guarantee will automatically cease, 30 days after the date mentioned at (ii) above.

8.

9.

10. 11.

12. 13.

Notwithstanding i) ii) iii)

IN WITNESS WHEREOF THE BANK HAS SET ITS HAND AND SEAL THE DAY AND YEAR FIRST ABOVE WRITTEN.

SIGNED for and behalf Of the Bank by its duly authorized Representative Mr. In the presence of

) ) ) )

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

ANNEXURE - B FORMAT FOR BANK GUARANTEE FOR RETENTION THIS DEED OF GUARANTEE made this day of [year] between bank ______ having its Head Office at___________ and one of its Branch Office in _____ situated at _____________________________ (hereinafter called the "BANK" which expression shall unless repugnant to the context and meaning thereof include its successors) and and M/s.___________, having its Office at _______________ (hereinafter called the "OWNER " which expression shall unless repugnant to the context and meaning thereof include its successors and assigns). WHEREAS OWNER has issued Work Orders dated __________ No. ________ to Messrs ___________________. Having their Registered Office at _______________________________ (hereinafter called the "Contractor) which constitute a binding Contract (hereinafter called "Contract Agreement") for carrying out the ___________________________at OWNERs ___________ Project at [location] based upon the quotation submitted by the Contractor and subject to the terms therein contained. The said work has been supervised and implemented by Messrs [PMCs Name], OWNER 's Project Management Consultant (herein called "PMC) AND WHEREAS in accordance with the terms and conditions of the contract agreement, the Contractor has agreed to furnish a Bank Guarantee to OWNER in the form acceptable to OWNER for a sum of Rs. _______________ (Rupees __________________________Only) being 5% of contract price to serve as retention money for fulfillment of his obligations during the defect liability period in accordance with the Contract Agreement. AND WHEREAS the Bank has at the request of the contractor agreed to furnish an irrevocable guarantee in favour of the work to secure performance by the contractor of its obligations under the contract agreement during defects liability period on the terms and conditions herein contained. NOW THIS DEED WITHNESSTH AS FOLLOWS:1. The Bank hereby unconditionally and irrevocably guarantees the due and punctual performance and observance of the compliance by the contractor of the covenants, agreement, conditions and provisions expressed or implied on the part of the contractor to be performed observed or complied with under the contract agreement in accordance with the terms thereof and in the event of the contractor's non-performance and non-compliance of the same for any reason, the bank shall absolutely irrevocably and unconditionally without any right of set off or counter claim, forthwith upon written demand by OWNER and without demur or protest and without reference to the contractor pay to OWNER a sum not exceeding Rs. ____________ (Rupees _______________________Only). A demand so made by OWNER shall be final and binding on the Bank. The banks liability under this Guarantee (Rupees________________________________Only). is restricted to Rs. _____________

2. 3.

The decision of OWNER , for the time being in force, or at any time thereafter as to the nonperformance, non-observance and non-compliance by the contractor of the covenants, agreements, conditions and provisions, expressed or implied, on the part of the Contractor, to be observed performed or complied with under the contract agreement shall be final, conclusive and binding upon the Bank and shall not in any circumstance be questioned by the Bank. Any demand for payment under this Guarantees shall be made on the Bank by OWNER in writing at _____________________________ and shall be deemed to have been sufficiently made by OWNER if the writing containing the demand is sent to the Bank by registered post to the address as aforesaid or sent to the bank by hand delivery at such address and written acknowledgment obtained to such delivery. The guarantee obligations of the Bank hereunder shall continue in force and effect and be binding on the Bank in accordance with its terms upto ___________________. As between the Bank and OWNER (but without affecting the contractors obligations) the Bank shall be liable under this Guarantee as if it were the sole principal debtor. The Bank's liability hereunder shall not be discharged nor shall its liability be affected by. I. any time, indulgence, waiver or consent at any time given by OWNER to the Contractor. II. any amendment to the contract agreement. III. The making or the absence of any demand by OWNER on the Contractor or any other person

4.

5. 6.

Setco Automotive at Kalol

Tender for Civil Works

for payment, IV.The enforcement or absence of enforcement of the contract agreement or of any security or other defect in any provision of the contract agreement or of any of the contractors obligations thereunder. V.The dissolution, amalgamation, reconstruction reorganization or appointment of any Administrative Receiver of the Contractor. 7. The Guarantee herein contained shall not be determined or in any way prejudiced or affected by any change in the constitution of the Bank or by any merger, or amalgamation or reconstruction of the Bank but shall be enforceable against the merged, amalgamated or reconstruction body. The bank hereby expressly and irrevocably waives all claimed of waiver, release, surrender or compromise and all defenses, set offs, counter claims recoupments, reductions, limitations and impairments. OWNER shall be at liberty to vary and after or modify any of the terms and conditions of the contract agreement including without limitation to extend from time to time for the performance of the contract agreement by the Contractor or to postpone from time to time any of the powers exercisable by OWNER against the Contractor , to forbear or to enforce any of the terms and conditions of the contract agreement, without in any manner affecting this Guarantee and without notice to or assent of the Bank

8.

9.

10. The Bank waives any right to require / proceeding first against the Contractor or the realization first of any security or other guarantee , if any. 11. The Bank agrees and confirms that its obligation to make payment to OWNER on demand and discharge of such obligation shall not be delayed, exercised or avoided by reason of any act or omission on the part of OWNER . 12. The Bank declares and confirms that the Bank has taken all necessary corporate action to authorise the execution delivery and performance of this Guarantee in accordance with the terms hereof and that the Bank has full power to enter into and perform and discharge its obligations under taken hereunder and that the Guarantee constitutes legal, valid and binding obligation of the Bank, enforceable in accordance with its term. 13. This guarantee shall be governed by and construed in all respects according to the laws of India and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts in Mumbai. 14. Any forbearance or indulgence on the part of OWNER in the enforcement of the covenants, agreements, conditions, and provisions expressed or implied on the part of the Contractor to be performed, observed or complied with by the Contractor under the contract agreement shall in no way relieve the Bank of its liability under the Guarantee 15. Terms and expression defined in the contract agreement and used herein shall have the meanings assigned to them therein save and except where the context otherwise require. Notwithstanding anything contained hereinabove. I. Our liability under this bank guarantee shall not exceed Rs. __________ (Rupees ______________________ Only). II. This Bank guarantee shall be valid upto ____________. And III. It is a conditions to liability for payment of the guaranteed amount or part any thereof arising under this Bank guarantee that we receive a valid written claim or demand for payment under this bank guarantee on or before ___________________ failing which our liability under this guarantee will automatically cease. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF THE BANK HAS SET ITS HAND AND SEAL THE DAY AND YEAR FIRST ABOVE WRITTEN. Signed for and behalf of the Bank by its duly authorised representative Mr. In the presence of ] ] ] ]

Setco Automotive at Kalol