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PretensionedBeamExample
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Pretensionedbeamsaretypicallymanufacturedbyavendorinaprestressingyard.Structuralengineers selectappropriatebeams(forexamplehollowcoreslabsectionsanddoubleTbeams)forbuildingsfrom loadtablesprovidedbythevendor.Pretensionedbridgegirders(e.g.AASHTOandbulbTgirders)can bedesignedbythevendorusingspecialcomputersoftware. Studentscangainanunderstandingofthebehaviorofpretensionedbeamsbyanalyzingtheresponseof atypicalpretensionedbeamateachstageofitslife. Example:SelectapretensionedDoubleTbeamfromthePCImanualandcheckitagainstcriteriainACI 31808.Span=52ft,SDL=0,LL=60psf. 1. Selectashapeandprestressinglayout.FromthePCIloadtableshowninFigure1,selecta10DT26 with10diameter270ksilowrelaxationstrandswithoneharppoint(atmidspan).
Figure1.SpanloadtablefromPCIManual(5thEdition)for10DT26.
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
2/15
L Concrete:
52
ft
SDL LL
0 60
psf psf
strength@ 28 days
689 120 4
1
UW
0.80 150 718 80% 4,000 psi 4287 3834 ksi ksi pcf plf
unitweight selfweight
SW f'ci/f'c f'ci
3 3
strengthattransfer mod.ofelasticity
St Sb
=I/yt =I/yb
Ec Eci
SteelStrands: SectionProperties Nstrands 10 ps Astrand Aps ys_end ys_mid 0.5 0.153 1.53 10 3 in in in in in
2 2
numberofs tra nds s tra nd di a meter a rea ofs tra nd a rea ofa l l s tra nds from bea m bottom
ksi
28,500 ksi
Jacking&Release fjacking/fpu 75% f trans/fjacking fpo Po Ldevel 90% 182 279 30.38 ksi k in =f pu*fjacking/fpu*f trans/fjacking =fpo*Aps =fpo* ps/3
TendonProfile
Bea m end Tra ns ferPt 0.4Spa n eccentri ci ty Mi d Spa n
10.29
10.97
15.89
17.29
in
=ybys_mid
Moments
Tra ns ferPt 0.4 Span MidSpan
x /L MCoef
momentdue to s el f wt mentdue to l i ve l oa d
SW L
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
3/15
LossofPrestress(@0.4L) Po 279 k e 15.89 in fci_CGS 1.251 9.30 16.64 2.05 75 5.12 1.0 3.76 34.8 168 257 ksi ksi ksi % ksi ksi ksi ksi k =fpu*fs_jacking/fpuTotal_Loss =fpe*Aps =Po/A+Po*e^2/IM *12*e /I =fci_CGS/Eci*Eps =2*ES*Eci/Ec
SW
ES CR V/S RH SH
C
rel a xa ti on
RE Total_Loss fpe
Pe
3. Calculatethestressesintheconcreteattransferandatservice.TheallowablestressesfromACI 31808areshownonFigureA2.
StressesatTransfer(all stressesinpsi)
Tra ns ferPt 0.4 Span MidSpan concrete s tres s es a t: top ofbea m bottom ofbea m
ft fb ft fb
Allowable compression tension 2800 379 =0.7*f'ci 2400 =0.6*f'ci =6*SQRT(f'ci) 190 =3*SQRT(f'ci)
SW
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
4/15
Allowable compression tension 2250 =0.45*f'c 849 =12*SQRT(f'c) 849 =12*SQRT(f'c) 849 =12*SQRT(f'c)
ft
sustained
51
134
89
a l l s ervi ce l oa ds
ft
all
33
568
541
3000 =0.6*f'c
a l l s ervi ce l oa ds
fb
all
1578 where: ft
324
228
3000 =0.6*f'c
sustained
=( Pe/A+Pe*e/StM *12/St) *1000 =( Pe/A+Pe*e/StM *12/StM *12/St) *1000 =( Pe/APe*e/Sb+M *12/Sb+M *12/Sb) *1000
SW L SW L
SW
ft
all
fb
all
4. Checktheflexurestrengthunderoverload(atultimateconditions). Thestressstraingraphforprestressingstrands(seeFigureA3)isnotbilinear,asassumedfor rebar.Thestressinthestrandscanbecalculatedasafunctionofthetotalstrainintheprestressing usingtheequationsatthebottomofthefigure. Thetotalstraininthetendonsisthesumofthestrainduetotheeffectiveprestressforce(Pe)plus thestrainintheconcreteattheCGSduetothefailureloads(seeFigureA4).ThestrainattheCGS duetothefailureloadsismosteasilycalculatedbyfirstcalculatingthestrainrequiredto decompresstheconcrete,thencalculatingthetensilestrainintheconcreteatultimate(similarto anormallyreinforcedconcretebeam). Theinternalforcesmustbecalculatediteratively,sincetheforceintheprestressingisafunctionof thestrainintheprestressing,andthestraindistributionisafunctionoftheinternalforces.When checkingtheflexurestrengthusinghandcalculations,itsconvenienttostartwithanassumedvalue ofthestressintheprestressingthatisclosetotheultimatetendonstrength,saywithin5ksi. Theavailableflexurestrength,Mn,mustbegreaterthanthemomentduetofactoredloads,Mu, andmustbegreaterthan1.2xthecrackingmoment,Mcr.Thislaststipulationistoensureaductile failure:iftheflexurestrength(Mnwhichisbasedontheassumptionthattheconcreteinthe tensilezonehascracked)islessthantheuncrackedstrengthofthebeam,thenwhenthe overloadedbeamdoescrackitwillfailsuddenly.
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
5/15
FlexureStrength
0.4 Span MidSpan
e
due to pres tres s i ng decompres s ion i n concrete a tCGS
15.89 0.00588
17.29 0.0058836
in =Pe/(Aps*Eps)
Pe
CGS Pe dp c
effecti ve depth to PS
depth to neutra l a xi s
CGS
0.06116 0.06762 269.3 412 412 0.000 728 0.90 655 544 591
0.06530 0.07186 269.4 412 412 0.000 776 0.90 698 580 616 ksi k k k kft kft kft
PSU fps
U
U
U
omp.force i n concrete
Cc Tps FH Mn Mn
AdjustNA
1.2Mcr Mu
=1.2*M +1.6*M
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
6/15
DeflectionduetoPrestressing.Equationstocalculatethedeflectionduetoprestressingcanbe derivedfromthemomentdistributionscausedbytheprestressingforces.
M PS dx EI
Forabeamwithasingledepressionpoint,themomentdiagramduetoprestressingisasshown below: L/2 L/2 eend emid e TendonProfile Poeend Poe MomentsduetoPS Doubleintegrationoftheequationabove: x
( E ci I ) = Po eend dx + Po e'
midspan =
x dx L/2
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
7/15
CrackedMomentofInertia.Ifthebeamwillcrackunderserviceloads,thenthecrackedmomentof intertia(Icr)mustbecalculated.Thetransformedsectionshownbelowisconstructedinwhichthe areaoftheprestressingismultipliedbythemodularratioofsteeltoconcrete,n=Eps/Ec.the concretebelowtheneutralaxis(NA)isneglectedbecauseitisintensionandcracked.Inthefigure below,K=curvature=strain/(distancefromNA). bf flange dp K nAps strains concrete stress x NA
Thefirsttaskistocalculatethelocationoftheneutralaxis,xinchesbelowthetopoftheflange, forwhichthecompressionforcesarebalancedbythetensionforces.
Usingthequadraticequationtosolveforxgives(andlettingnAps=A,bf=b,anddp=d)
Thecrackedmomentofinertiaisthen
I cr
b x3 = + A' (d x) 2 3
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
8/15
M cr Ie = M a
3 M cr I + g 1 M a
I cr
Definethetotalstressatthebottomofthebeamas
f bT = f b e + f bD + f bL
then
f bL f bT = f bPe f bD
and
M cr f L f bT + f r = b , Ma f bL
M cr fT f = 1 b L r Ma fb
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
9/15
Toillustratethecalculationprocedureforabeamthatcracksunderliveload,increasetheliveload to80psfforthisexample.
Deflection Immediate Deflectionsdue PSandSW: e end 10.29 in e mid e'
defl ecti on a ttrans fer
transf
fl ecti on due to s el f wt
LL
SW
1.00
in
=5*SW/1000*L^4*1728/(384*Eci*I)
Icr: n A nA d b sqrt x1
from top fi berto NA
x2 x Icr Ieff:
ti a forcracked s ecti on
=b*x^3/3+nA*(dx)^2
s due a l l l oa ds a t0.4L
fb
psi psi
4
L fb
Mcr/Ma Ieff
defl ecti on due to LL owa bl e defl ectdue LL
LL
LL max
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
10/15
LongTermDeflections.Longtermdeflectionsduetocreepcanbecalculatedusingconvenientsimple spanmultipliersprovidedinthePCIManual(seeTableA5.)
due to creep
1.72 1.00
1.72 1.00 0.72 1.80 1.85 3.10 1.85 0 0 1.25 4.22 2.71 0.00 0.00 1.52
LL
in
Erection
Po SW topping SDL
1.72 1.00
in
1.72 1.00 0 0
in
aftererection aftererection
1.23 2.60
in in
max
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
11/15
FigureA1.Stressesinconcreteduetopretensioning.
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
12/15
PrestressingSteel:ThefollowingcriteriaarespecifiedbyACIfortheprestressingsteel(Section18.5.1, pg287): Maxstressduetojackingforce=min(0.94fpy,0.80fpu) Maxstressattransfer=min(0.82fpy,0.74fpu) Stage 1. Concrete stressesat transferofPT forceto concrete (ACI18.4.1, pg284) 2.Concrete stressesunder serviceloads (ACITable R18.3.3, pg284) maxtension maxcomp. Sustained loads Allloads
wSW+SDL+LL
elsewhere
atends
wSW
6 f c'i
0 .7 f c'i
3 f c'i
0 .6 f c'i
P P
12 f c'i
0.60 f c'i
0.45 f c'i
3.Flexure strength)
Mn Mu M n 1.2 M cr (ACI18.8.2,pg290)
max LL = max
L 360 L = 240
after erection
FigureA2.RelevantdesigncriteriainACI31808
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
13/15
FigureA3.Stressvsstrainforprestressingtendon.
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
14/15
1.Aftertransfer&losses (butnogravityloads)
2.Gravityoverloadsareapplied tobeamuntilfailure
Pe
Pe .003 dp c
+
straindistributionin concreteduePe
=
straindistributionin concreteduetooverloads
e CGS
U CGS
straininsteelduePe:
sPe =
Pe A ps E ps
straininsteelduetodecompressing theconcreteattheCGS:
straininsteelduetotheconcreteat theCGSgoingintotensionatfailure:
CGS =
Pe
Pe Ac Ec
Pe e
I c Ec
CGS =
Pe
Pe Ac Ec
Pe e
I c Ec
FigureA4.Straininprestressingsteelatultimateflexurestrengthofbeam
CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
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FigureA5.Deflectionmultipliersforestimatinglongtermdeflections.