CHAPTER 9 : INTEGRATION

9.1 Integration of functions

9.1.1 Anti-derivative of a function

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. Let be a given function of . If

we can find a function derivative of a function

such that . We notate it as

, then

is called an anti-

Indefinite integra

Let

. Then

So, The arbitrary constant is called the constant of integration. indefinite integral. !a"ple # is called the

$ewrite

using integral notation

%ns&

!a"ple '

$ewrite

using integral notation.

%ns&

!a"ple (

Let %ns&

. )ind

. *ence, by inspection state

Thus,

!ercise #+ $ewrite the following anti-derivative using integral notation

a+

b+

'+ Show that a+ b+ (+ ,ifferentiate

is an anti-derivative of

with respect to . *ence, find

9.1.! Ru es of integration

The process of integration of a function can be perfor"ed using a standard set of rules and for"ulae. .onstant $ule

/ower $ule

.onstant 0ultiple

!a"ple #-.onstant $ule+ )ind

a+ %ns& a+

b+

b+

!a"ple ' -/ower $ule+ Solve a+ %ns& b+

a+

b+

!a"ple ( -0ultiple $ule+ )ind %ns&

!a"ple 1 -The Su" and ,ifference $ule+ )ind %ns&

E"tension of genera integration ru e

2iven then the result is divided by

. If

is replaced by

and

being constants+

-the coefficient of +

!a"ple 3 )ind %ns&

Integration of e"#onentia functions )or functions in e!ponential for", the following for"ulae can be used to deter"ine the anti-derivative.

!a"ple 4 )ind a+ %ns& b+

a+

b+

!ercise #+ )ind a+ '+ Solve b+

a+

b+

c+

9.1.$ Integration of Rationa %unctions of T&e %or'

We 5now that

, therefore

To evaluate

, we "ay use the following for"ula

where

and

are constants.

In general, if the nu"erator of he rational function can be written as the derivative of the deno"inator then we can find its integral by using the for"ula&

!a"ple #

)ind the following integrals in the for"

and

a+

b+ %ns& a+

b+

!a"ple '

)ind %ns&

in the for"

6ote that

!ercise #+ )ind the following integrals a+

b+

c+

9.! Tec&ni(ues of Integration

9.!.1 Integration )* +u)titution

7y a suitable substitution, the e!pression another variable integrable. so that the integrand in the is changed into is changed into which is easily

!a"ple # )ind %ns&

Let

!ercise

#+ )ind

'+ valuate

(+ 8sing the "ethod of substitution, find

9.!.! Integration )* Parts

Let and be two differentiable of . We 5now that

Integrating both sides with respect to

99999.-#+

!pression -#+ is called the integration by parts for"ula.

!a"ple ' )ind %ns& Let *ence, and -by differentiating+ -by integrating+

!ercise #+ )ind a+ b+ '+ )ind each of the following integrals a+

b+

9.!.$ Integration )* Partia %raction

This "ethod is useful for integration of a rational function, e!pressed in ter"s of its partial fractions. where can be

The rules of partial fraction are as follows& i- The nu"erator of a given function "ust be of lower degree than that of the deno"inator. If not, then the first step is to carry out long division. ii- )actori:e the deno"inator into its factors iii- 2uide line to for" the partial fractions& ,eno"inator % non-repeated linear factor $epeated linear factors !a"ples of /artial fraction for"

% ;uadratic factor which cant resolved further into real factors

!a"ple # )ind %ns& ST / #

0ultiple both sides by

&

Substitute Substitute

ST / ' $ewrite integral ST / ( Integrate

!ercise 8sing "ethod of integration by partial fractions, find a+

b+

c+

9.$ ,efinite Integra s

9.$.1 ,efinition and Pro#erties of ,efinite Integra s
,efinite integrals refer to the difference in values of the anti-derivatives evaluated at two specific values of . It is denoted by , where and and are 5nown as the be two functions of

lower and upper li"its of the integral respectively. Let such that

Then, the definite integral of

over

, denoted by

is defined as

Pro#erties of t&e ,efinite Integra

is constant

, for

, where

is

!a"ple # valuate %ns&

!a"ple ' valuate %ns&

!a"ple ( If %ns& and , evaluate

!ercise #+ valuate

'+ 2iven that

and

. )ind

a+

b+

(+ /rove that

9.$.! Area under a Curve

The area bounded by the curve and is given by , the -a!is, the lines

<if the bounded region is under the -a!is, then or

The area bounded by the curve and is given

, the -a!is, the lines

<if the bounded region is under the -a!is, then or

!a"ple # )ind the area enclosed by the curve and the -a!is.

%ns&

The bounded region is below the -a!is. %rea of the enclosed region

!ercise #+ )ind the area of the region enclosed by the following curves a+ b+ c+ d+ -a!is, -a!is, -a!is, and and and and -a!is

9.$.$ Area -et.een T.o Curve

Suppose and where are

defined on an interval bounded by the curves, is given by

. Then, the area of the region and , lines and

Suppose

and

where

are

defined on an interval bounded by the curves, is given by

. Then, the area of the region and , lines and

!a"ple # )ind the area bounded by th curve %ns& Total area and the lines and .

!ercise #+ S5etch the region bounded between the curves the area of the region. '+ S5etch the curves and on the sa"e a!es. and . *ence, find

a+ )ind the coordinates of , the point of intersection between the two curves. b+ )ind the area enclosed by the curves and the -a!is.