F

I I

i
I

GERM ICIDAL AND SHORT-WAVE

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Radiant energy from tl're sun may be divided into tilree broad bands: long-wave or infrared energy such as llcat. whjch is invisible; visible energy which produces light arrcl color; and short-wave energy such as invisible ultr-aviolet. As
shorvn

of the solar ultraviolet energy below 295 nanometers can reach tlie earth's surface due to absorption in the ozor.rc layer ol tlie r-rppel atmosphere. Although the percentage ol ultraviolet ellergy in sunlight is small, there is still appreciable energy in the shorter rvavelengths. The germicidal
elfectiveness of sunlight valies enorntously with the hour of the day and also with the seasons. Germicidal lamps.

in Figure f . it is the ultraviolet radiation

betlveerr

120 and 300 nanometers that is germicidal in eflect;i.e.. it destroys bacteria, rnold, yeast, and virus. Practically rrone

holvever, make ultraviolet energy available with controllable limits regardless ol r.ratural environinental conditions.

VISIBLE
VIOLET
RED

cosMrc

nx/e

aMMA

-*t/,

aavs

/'t

JLTRA OLET

INFRARED

,/RADIO WAVES

.SCHUMANN

X RAYS----r too

+G ER M lC

IDAL+I

II

l.-

BLAcK
t_ I G

T ----r
VISIBLE

l?HN'l
200 300
NEAR

400

l.Figure
1

EXTREME

WAVELENGTH

uv-----+FAR uv-*(NANOMETER
UNITS)

uv{

ELEcTRoMAGNET|c SPEOTRUM(enlorgement of ultroviolet region)

GERMICIDAL LAMPS
Germicidal lamps are electricaliy the same as tluorescent lamps ol corresponding sizes and wattages and require essentially the sar.ne auxiliary equipment. These lamps cliftbr physically from fluorescent lamps in that they

physicai and electrical characteristics of the germicidal lamps are showr.r in Table I.

no phosphor and are constructed with a special glass to permit maximum emission of germicidal ultraviolet energy. The glass used in ordinary fluorescent larrips filters out ali germicidal ultraviolet energy. The
contair.r

type of

The rnost practical method of generating gcrmicidal radiation is by passage of an elcctric discharge thror.tgh a low-pressure mercury vapor. About 95o/o of the ultraviolet energy is iadiated in the 253.7 nanometer lir.re. This is in the wavelength region of greatest gcrrnicidal efficacl,. Typical spec,ral power distribution for the tubular geLrnicidal lamps, Showing the principal radiation, is illustrated in
Figure 2.

-t -

= z
(tt

o
F
J

= f
E, = lrj

o = oF

z
o
0c

400
WAVELENGTH ( NANOMETERS)
Figure 2. Principal radiation of the G30T8 lamp. When the weaker radiation is included, the total radiation between 250 and 600 nm is approximately 10 watts. The only other significant radiation in, or near, the visible region falls between 1000 and 1750 nm; this amounts to less than 1/4 watt. The lower wattage Germicidal lamps have spectral radiant power distributions similar to the graph shown; approximate multiplying factors are: Gi5T8 = 0.39; G8T5 = O.17;G4T411= 0.07.

TABLE
Description Rated Power (watts) Bulb
Base
I

I.
b

GERMICIDAL LAMP DATAA

c4T4l1
4

c4s11
4

G8T5
o

G15T8

G3OT8

i5
T8
Med. Bipin
18 14

30

s11 nter.

14c
4 Pin Radio
5 3/4

T5 Min. Bipin
12

T8
Med. Bipin 36 32

Nominal Lamp Length (inches) Nominal Arc Length (inches) Rated Life (hours) 253.7 nm Output (watts)
e

2114

6d
4000
0.1

8112
6000
1.4

4000
0.6

7500

7500
8.4

a2
h

253.7 nm Power Density at ^ One Meter (microwatt per cmzl

\ J

1.2
0.35

8s
0.1 52
15
c.
1

15 0.17
57

35h
0.30
56 100

80h
0.35
100

Approx. Lamp Amperes Approx. Lamp Volts Approx. Lumens

a-

10

112

40

250

The life and radiant power of these lamps are based on operation with ballasts providing the proper operating

Bent tube construction (U-shape) makes lamp approximately one inch wide.
Measured along U-shape. 100 hour value.

characteristics. b. The G4511 is classif ied primarily as an ozone producing

lamp since

it emits power at 184.9 nm

capable of

On line perperrdicular to plane of filament (C 2V).

generating ozone. The total power radiated at 184.9 nm is approximately one milliwatt. No starter is required for this lamp, but a ballast is required.

On line perpendicular to plane of U through

center.

larnp

On line perpendicular to lamp axis through lamp center.

I I

i
I

ly in still air at an ambient temperature of 7joF. These are the conditions under which the ultraviolet output is
quently the germicidal effectiveness, of these lamps de_ at temperatures above or below this optimum temperature. Lamps operating in a room at .+0oF produce only about two-thirds to three-fourths as much ultraviolet
creases measured and tabuiated. The ultraviolet output, and conse-

The majority of gennicidal lamps operate most elficient_

power as aI 17oF . Il a lamp is cooled by air currents or by submersion in a iiquid, the ultraviolet output similarly decreases. Typical maintenance information for the germi_ cidal lamps is shown in Figure 3. Maintenance values for any particular iamp depend on several factors. The most important are the number of hours that a lamp has been operated and the number ol operating hours per start. Dust collecting on the tube and reflecting surfaces can easily double the loss as determined at the irradiated surface.

F l d F

o E I o o
o ;!

Figure

3. Typical maintenance

data

for germicidal

lamps.

control of odors: char.rging an odorous substar.rce by oxidatior.r to another chemical composition with no noticeable odor. Ozone production is reduced as temperature and humidity are increased. The 184.9 nanometer radiation is absorbed by the air, and ozone is produced only within a few inches of the lamp. Continuous circulation of air near the tube is necessary for the ozone to be carried out into the room where it will be most effective. The greater the air circulation, the more widely the ozone will be dispersed, and more will be formed by the air passing near the larnp. The Council on Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the A.M.A. has set a human tolerable limitation of one part per ten million of ozone in the air of occupied rooms. A rule-of-thumb recommendation has been to use one 4-watt G4S 1 1 lamp per I ,000 cubic f'eet of inhabited space.

reverting to ordinary oxygen. It is a powerlul oxldatior.r agent: the active oxygen ion will combine chemically with substances to change their character. This is one method of

damp areas. lt also has a gern.ricidal effect that is beneficial, since it follows tlie air circulation and can get to areas shielded from direct ultraviolet radiation. Other uses for the G4Sl l ozone lamps are in electric clothes dryers to give garments a clean, fresh smeil like sunlight drying and in food and beverage vending machines and refrigerators. Ozone is oxygen in the chemical form of 03. It consists of three atoms of oxygen. It is a colorless gas-and boils at -1l2oC. Ozone gas is characteristically observed in nature after electrical storms and has a freshness effect. It is commonly experienced around sparkir.rg electrical ma_ chinery. It is present in the air in varying concentrations, sometimes as high as one part in a rnillion, more usually less than one part per ten million. Ozone is unstable, quickly

in

SYLVANIA GERMICIDAL LAMPS

Sylvania germicidal lamps are availablc in four wlttages and five bulb types. A complete description of all live lamp types is inciuded in Table I. The E, 15, and 30 watt sizes are designed to operate witir standard fluorescent lamp equip_ rnent of corresponding size. The U-shaped, 4 watt-larnp operates with a normal 4-watt ballast, but requires an FS-5 starter. The G4S11 4-watt lamp operates on either a normal

F z U
O q U o

o
U

l c F l

= F

operation

standard inductive ballast designed ibr 0.350 ampere on 120 volt circuits, or a 35A/Al5 resistance

F
J

36b^4

4o4.iS.P
(

lamp: no starter is required.

180 220 260 300 340 3BO 420 460 500 540 580 620
WAVELENGTH
N

In
1

G4S

addition

to the

cnergy

lamp generates

nanometer radiatior.r which produces ozone gas lrom atrnospheric oxygen (See Figurc 4). Ozone is a deodorant and. in tlie presence of water vapor, is bactericidal and
fungicidal.

a con trolled amount of

at

253.1 nanometers, the

I

ANOI\4ETERS]

g4.9

Figure

4.

Relative spectral power distribution

of

ozone

producing bactericidal lamps.

MEASUREMENT OF OZONE
A standard test method fbr ozonc uses potassium iodide. ln principle, oxidation causcd by ozone produces iodine. In
turn, this is detected by a starch test (See Relerence 9). Another ozone tcst makes use of the fuct that dihydroacridine in an alcohol solution is oxidized by ozone into acridinc which has an intense violet fluorescence on exposure to 365.0 nanometers, while the hydrated compound does not f-luoresce.

OZONE
Ozone has no odor. The odor associated with ozonc is nitrous oxide formed by the combination ol ozone and nitrogen. Nitrous oxide has a pungent acriti odor and a physiologically irritating quality to certain tissue. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent which can neutralize objectionable odors such as stale tobacco smoke or tl-re mildew orlor

-3-

NEED FOR GERMICIDAL LAMPS "Fresh air" always has been considered beneficial. Indoors, however, the air can be relatively stagnant or have poor circulation, particularly during cold weather. Also, it can be contaminated with germs from human beings. Under such conditions, air can be a means of carrying infectious organisms into the body. Bacteria and mold spores in the air can cause considerable damage to products in a wide variety of industries. This damage takes the form of spoilage and contamination. In addition to the costs resulting from such damage, there are costs of added maintenance and refrigeration, plus the ever-present threat to the health of consumers of the affected products. Product sanitation obviously is of vital importance. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

The near ultraviolet region of the spectrum in the vicinity of 330 to 380 nanometers is used for "black light" effects. This radiation does not produce erythemal effects
and is not considered hazardous.

EXPOSURE TIME

by its

A lethal exposure period of an organism is determined susceptibility, the wavelength of radiation, the density of the radiant flux (watts per unit area), and the time of exposure. Table III gives the amount of 253.7

nanometer energy density in microwatt-seconds per square centimeter to destroy 90 percent of various common
microorganisms.

The germicidal
few hours.

effectiveness

is

proportional

to

the
a

product of intensity times time from one microsecond to

TABLE

It is essential that adequate precautions be taken in any application of germicidal lamps- Prolonged exposures or exposures to high intensities of ultraviolet radiation can cause temporary, but painful inflammation of the conjunctiva (inflammation of the outer membrane of the eye), as well as histological effects in the cornea, iris, and lens ofthe eye. In extreme cases, permanent harmful effects can occur. Reddening or even burning of the skin (erythema), similar to sunburn, will be caused by excessive exposure to
ultraviolet energy. The glass used in conventional eyeglasses affords adequate eye protection. However, care should be taken that the ultraviolet energy does not enter the eyes from the side, nor is reflected into the eyes from the back side of the
glasses.

GERMICIDAL ENERGY REOUIRED TO DESTROY COMMON MICROORGANISMS

Organisms
Bacillus anthracis
S. enteritidis

III.

Energy (pw-sec/cm2)

4520 4000
1

B. megatherium sp. (veg.) B, megatherium sp. (spores) B. paratyphosus

B. subtilis B. subtilis spores

300

2730 3200 7100 1 2000

3370
2',t40

Clear plastic face shields are available to protect the face. Welders' shields sometimes have been used. Such protection should include the ears, particularly when the wearer may be exposed to a number of lamps. It is well to remember that when one is exposed to short-wave ultraviolet energy, the effects may not be felt until several hours afterward. Likewise, individuals vary greatly in their sensitivity to radiation. Children, for example, are much more sensitive to ultraviolet than are adults. Where the concentration of germicidal energy is especially high, protection of hands and arms may be necessary. Clothing and gloves will generally provide adequate protection. Safe exposure limits for ultraviolet germicidal irradiation have been set by the Council on Physical Medicine of the American Medical Association. The general practice based on these limits is given in Table II. Exposure is roughly the product of irradiation (microwatts per square centimeter) and time. The safe exposure time at 18 inches from a bare G30T8 germicidal lamp is about one minute.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Eberthella typhosa Escherichia coli Micrococcus candidus Micrococcus sphaero ides Neisseria catarrhalis Phytomonas tumef aciens
Proteus vu lgaris Pseudomonas aerugi nosa Pseudomonas f luorescens S. typhimurium

3000 6050 1 0000

4400 4400 2640 5500

3500

Sarcina lutea Seratia marcescens Dysentery bacilli Shigella paradysenteriae

8000 1 9700 2420 2200

1

680

Spirillum rubrum
Staphylococcus albus Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus hemolyticus Streptococcus lactis Streptococcus viridans
Yeast

4400 1 840
2600

2160
50 2000
61

TABLE

RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM SAFE EXPOSUR E TO GERM ICI DAL U LTRAVIOLET

Exposure lrradiance Uw cm-2
0.1

II.

Saccharomyces el lipsoideus Saccharomyces sp. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Brewers' yeast Bakers' yeast Common yeast cake

6000 8000 6000 3300 3900 6000 3000 3000 44000 44000 60000 I 32000 I 1 1000 1 7000 1 7000 5000
1 1

Continuous
12 Hours

Mold Spores Penicillium roqueforti Penicillium expansum Penicillium digitatum

Aspergillus glaucus Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger Rhizopus nigricans Mucor racemosus A Mucor racemosus B Oospora lactis

Color
Green

Olive Olive Bluish green

0.3 0.5 3.5 20

Yellowish green
B B

7 Hours
1 Hour 10 Minutes
1 Minute

lack lack

210

White gray White gray White

-4-

MEASUREMENT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

An ultraviolet meter developed by Ultra-Violet Products,

Inc., measures 253.7 nm germicidal radiation directly. Visible light is not measured with this meter. Measurements are calibrated in microwatts per square centimeter (pW/cm2). Figures 5A and 58 illustrate the meter. Interna-

tional Light, Inc., also manufactures and markets instruments that measure the germicidal region ol the spectrum. As lamps age, it is important to know when to replace lamps that have fallen below the standards normally required for effective germicidal action. Since it is impossible to observe when this point occurs by looking at the tube, the use of a meter becomes imperative.

Figure 5A. The BLAK RAY@ Ultraviolet Meter is calibrated to measure short wave intensity in microwatts per square centimeter.

Figure 5B. Detachable sensor cell makes readings as close as a one-quarter inch from the irradiated surface. The picture shows the measurement of short wave radiation on substances in laboratory
dishes.

APPLICATIONS
The more common applications of germicidal lamps fall classifications, personal protection and product protection. Personal protection is the irradiation of

into two broad

the air

in a room for the purpose of

protecting the

More accurate calculations which may be required for large installations require an allowance for air temperature and humidity. For a relative humidity of 60% or less, if the duct air temperature is less than:

occupants from airborne infectious diseases. Product pro-

tection is the use of ultraviolet radiation in areas where food, pharmaceuticals, and other products are processed
and stored to prevent contamination and spoilage by moids or other microorganisms.

60oF
50oF 40oF 30oF

increase increase increase increase

the number of lamps 1 l/2 times, the number of lamps 2 112 times, the number of lamps 4 times, and the number of lamps 6 times.

Air Irradiation in Heating and Air-Conditioning Ducts: Germicidal lamps are used in heating and air-conditioning ducts to reduce the quantity of live bacteria and to make the air passing through the ducts equivalent, insofar as possible, to outdoor air in terms of freedom from live
bacteria. The design

At higher relative humidities, twice this number of lamps

should be used. The basis of this formula is a 90% deactivation of the standard test microorganism, Eschericia coli. It is assumed that the duct walls have zero reflectance to 253.7 nanometef energy. Example

of any

system

for air sterilization

of

depends upon the sources of the contamination, the type

space, and the kind of occupancy of the space. The requirements for theaters, restaurants, and stores are quite different from those for schools and those for hospital wards and operating rooms.

Air

being brought into

a room or building can be

sterilized readily by properly placing lamps in the air-han-

How many G30T8 lamps would be required for 10,800 CFM of air carried by a 60- by 75-inch duct?

dling duct work. The size and shape of the duct, the ultraviolet reflection characteristics of walls, and the number and arrangement of the lamps determine the
efficiency. The essential feature of the geometry is to insure that all the bacteria passing through the duct are subjected to sufficient bactericidal irradiation.

Air temperature is 60oF, relative humidity

r0.800 \=2*xllr2

55%.

calculating the number of G30T8 germicidal lamps in such ducts for air temperatures of 65o-70oF is as follows:

simplified formula

for

N=

13.5

or 14lamps

CFM It = t6-;-?

where

CFM

N = approximate number of G30T8 lamps required = cubic feet of air per minute d = smaller cross-sectional dimension of duct
in inches

Although there are a number of ways of installing germicidal lamps in air ducts, the best compromise is to place the lamps lengthwise on the duct wall. The lamps should be mounted on 4- to S-inch centers and grouped in thecenterhalf of the duct walls, away from the corners (rectangular ducts). Where mechanical conditions require it, the iamps may be mounted end-to-end along the duct. Several methods of installing germicidal lamps in air ducts are shown in Figures 6,4, B, and C.

TYPICAL METHODS OF INSTALLING GERMICIDAL LAMPS IN AIR DUCTS

Figure 64.

Figure 68.

Figure 6C.

-6I

,L

r
I

Since gelnticidal larnps must be kcpt reasonably free of dust lirr best results, tliey rnust be accessible lor cleaning. This rcquirer.neltt can usually be met by the use of hinged panels c'rn the sides ot tlie bottom of the air duct. ln large ducts, gerrnicidal larnps rnay be assembled in vertical frarnes, like rungs of a ladder, supportcd in the center of tlie chan.rber in wltatever series or ntultiple arrangemeut bcst lits local conditions and also provides access fbr cleaning and replacement. In very large ducts where the air speeds are relatively low, the tubes should be placed in such a manner that the

increase the resistance of bacteria and other microorganisms

to germicidal energy.

Irradiation of Air and Room Surfaces: Warm air in hospital rooms, offices, school rooms, cafeterias, and hallways normally rises toward the ceiling. The convection currents lorce cooler air down along the walls to the floor where the air is warmed and again rises.
The presence of such heat sources as radiators, floor lamps, and even human beings generally aids in the convection of
air-

from the tubes to the duct walls is maximum. The direction of air flow is not considered in this situation. It is sometimes desirable to courbinc the gcrmicidal treatment of air with humidifying, filtering, and heating. In such cases, if possible, the lamps should be placed at a point of average air temperature, away from the very hot air or the very cold air. Further, the larlps should be placed after the air filtering, but befbre the humidification stage of the system. Placing the lamps alier liltering reduces lamp maintenance; placing them befbre hurnidilication increlses germicidal eff'ectiveness, since humidiflcation tends to

average distance measured perpendicular

Due to this air movement in a roqm, germicidal lamps can be installed on walls, slightly above eye level, and still be germicidally effective. Air irradiated near the ceiling is carried by convection to the lower portions of the room without exposing human occupants to direct lamp radiation. The effect is similar to exchanging the air in the room with air from the outside. Germicidal fixtures may be either recessed in the wall or surface-mounted on the wall. These two methods are illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. Two types of fixtures may be used generally in occupied rooms: open and louvered types. Diagrams of these two types are shown in Figures 9 and 10.

INSTALLATION OF GERMICIDAL FIXTURES FOR AIR AND ROOM SURFACES IRRADIATION

Figure

7.

RECESSED lN THE WALL.

Figure

8. SURFACE

IVTOUNTED ON THE WALL.

TYPES OF FIXTURES USED IN OCCUPIED ROOMS (TYPICAL PLACEMENT)

FIXTURE

10. LOUVER

ED FIXTURE

The open type fixture is satisfactory fbr rooms where the ceiling is at least 9 112 feel in height and where the occupants do not stay for more than eight hours at a time. Where ceilings are less than 9 l12feet high and where the occupants remain for prolonged periods as in hospital wards and nurseries, the fixtures should be louvered.

formed, ultraviolet energy cannot eliminate it. The food industry represents a wide and varied lield of

application. Non-food products also offer a considerable number of applications. List of Products Protected by Germicidal Lamps:
Food Products Sugar: granulated, syrups Beverages: fruit juices, bottled drinks, beer, wine Dairy Products: milk, cheese
Baked Goods: bread. cakes

Any plan to install germicidal lamps for

upper-air

irradiation must take into account the ultraviolet reflectance characteristics of the ceiling. In areas with painted "white-coated" plaster ceilings and walls, an exposure of more than two to three hours may be unsafe unless proper finishes are used. The "white-coat" should be painted with either a water-soluble or an oil paint. The number of lamps recommended in open-front or in louvered fixtures for the irradiation of the upper air is given in Table IV. This data is based on 90% upper-air deactivation of a standard microorganism, Eschericia coli. An annual fixture cleaning and lamp replacement is assumed. TABLE

Fruit
Nuts, Pies, Pickles
Vinegar
Vegetables

Water

Meats: processing, packaging, storing (coolers)

Non-Food Products

lV. Recommended Number of 15- or 30-Watt Germicidal Lamps For lrradiation of Upper Air ln Rooms (Open-front or Louvered Fixtures) Room Widths (ft.)

Biologicals: vaccines, serums, toxoids, ointments

Packaging

lnstruments: medical. der.rtal, barber equipment

Textiles

Bottling Operations
Storage Cabinets
Paper Products

Room

10-13 14-18 19-24

25-31

32-39

LamP Size Length (Ft.) 15W 30W 15W 30W 15W 30W 10-13
14-1
B

Industrial Liquids: oils, dyes

30W
30Vv

Glasses

2 2 2
J
tr

19^24 25-31

32-39
40-48 49-58

113113142142523 2-3-34 3-3-45 4-4-56

Toothbrushes

;
6
1

PRODUCT PROTECTION
Although germicidal radiation was discovered I50 years it developed from a laboratory curio to an engineering tool only during the last quarter of a century.
ago,

Germicidal applications

for product protection are

should be

Figure 11. Fixtures for germicidal lamps of highly polished surfaces, and

numerous. They range from the simple application of germicidai energy on products stored in storage cabinets to the irradiation of harmful organisms in liquids. New fields for the use of germicidal lamps exist wherever products designed for human consumption are manufactured, or wherever a health hazard exists due to bacterial contamination. All reflectors for industriai applications of germicidal

resistant to acid or alkaline fumes and moisture.

ALZAK ALUMINUM REFLECTOR AND T-8 LAMP

l; "V
*

l
I

to 70%reflectance for energy at 253.7 nanometers. Materials should be of highly polished metal surfaces such as stainless steei, polished Alzak aluminum, decorative chrome plate, or Lurium@. All fixture parts should be specially processed for resistance to acid or alkaline fumes and moisture (See Figure 11). Figure 12 illustrates a simple fixture that can be used to provide
lamps should provide 60%

RADIANT INTENSITY

- "/" OF BARE LAMP

direct germicidal irradiation. The relative radiant intensity

is shown on a polar graph.

Airborne microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and moid spores, cannot thrive on the surfaces of foods, liquids, and pharmaceuticals if these surfaces are directly irradiated with sufficient amounts of ultraviolet energy. Mold spores, in general, are more resistant to ultraviolet energy than airborne bacteria. Hence, high intensities of germicidai energy are required for good control. If mold has already
o -o-

PARALLEL

TO LAMP

PER PEN D IC

TO LAMP

LAR

Figure 12. This illustrates a typical distribution curve of a bare T-8 germicidal lamp in an Alzak alum inum ref lector.

ULTRAVIOLET SAN ITATION

There are three general methods for ultraviolet sanitation that can be used, either separateiy or in combination: L Upper-lir Irradiation: This hclps to provide an area of irradiated air in the upper portion ol the room. Normal air currents dilute the lower contaminated air with the purilied air to mairrtain a low bacterial count at the breathing level. Upper-air irradiation permits continuous, safe occupancy ol a room (See Figure 13).

prevent the passage

3. Direct Irradiation:

of live microorganisms from one

place to another. This method is iilustrated in Figure 14.

2. Barrier-type Trradiation: This type of germicidal installation provides a narrow beam of germicidal energy that can be directed to

This is the most efficient way ol disinfecting, not only the air ol a room, but also the exposed solid surfaces. The limitation of this method is that germicidal intensities are also irritating to the skin and eyes of both individuals and animals in the room. It is necessary to turn the germicidal lamps off when workers are on routine duty or to protect them by goggles, masks, gloves, or other means. Germicidal lamps are used lor the direct irradiation of various biological liquids, such
as serums, plasma, vaccines,

toxins, etc.

ffim*m*,

Figure 13. The principle of upperair irradiation is shown in a veterinary hospital. Upper air in the
zone irradiated by germicidal lamps is disinfected and displaced downward, diluting microorganism concentration at the lower level.

Figure 14. Combination

of

upper-air

aAd

barrier-type irradiation that disinfects the air in the hospital service room adjoining the nursery. lt consists of a 2-lamp fixture that helps to prevent the circulation of airborne microorganisms into the nursery.

SANITARY ENVIRONMENT
Germicidal radiation can provide and maintait.r sanitary conditions for objects previously made sterile. An 8-watt gerrnicidal lamp, for example, can be used eflectively in storage cabinets which liave a volume of one cubic lbot or

lor storir.rg barbers' supplies, babies' bottles, drinking glasses, and medlcal and dental instruments (See Figure 15). Similarly, a l5-watt germicidal larnp will provide sufficient ultraviolet radiation lor a storage capacity of 8 cubic feet and a 30-watt lamp for 20 cubic feet or less. These systems provide effective intensities of from 10 to 100 times those produced in the irradiation of air for room ventilation. They are adequate for almost
less, such as those used

instantaneous destruction ol bacteria introduced by thc opening and closing ol the cabinet door. The G4S11 and

G4T4lI lamps are also useful fbr similar low

volume

sanitary applications. Lamps sl'rould always be positionecl directly to the rear of the cabinet door so that when the: door is opened, the incornir.rg air will be intercepted by the energy from the lamps.

Figure 15. TYPICAL SANITARY STORAGE CABINETS.

MEAT STORAGE
Freshly slaughtered beef must be "hung" in cold storage

borne

temperatures, and similar methods are preventives of

proven value.

in mind that

careful handling, cleanliness, low

for a short period of time to break down the connective it to a gelatinous mass. This change, known as tenderizing, is due to enzyme action and can be enhanced by increasing the ambient temperature. The cooler may be operated as high as 45oF (7oC) using a sufficiently high relative humidity to reduce dehydration
tissue changing
losses. Temperatures of 45oF or above are conducive to the

ly

Ultraviolet radiation of bactericidal wavelengths is puresurface-effective. Its penetrating power is negligible. In the food industry, surface sterilization is important in the endeavor to prevent the infection not only of foodstuffs but also of machines and tools.

acceleration

at the same time, will also promote growth of molds on meat. The

of the

tenderizing process but,

infected parts must be cut away, and this means a loss to the butcher. contamination

severe

organoleptic changes as a result of ultraviolet irradiation except with fats and oils. This is due to the generation of hydrogen peroxide H2O2and its strong oxidizing action.

There

is little possibility of

introducing flavor or

Properly installed germicidal tubes not only reduce

of

stored meat

by airborne bacteria, but

they reduce the bacterial growth on meat surfaces equivalent to a l0oF lowering of temperature below the 40oF-45oF range. This retardation of bacterial growth is significant since losses due to trimming, drying out,
bacterial slime, and mold can range as high as 15 percent. Likewise, when aged meat is stored, the use of germicidal lamps will result in a reduction of spoilage trim, To obtain best results, install one l5-watt germicidal tube to cover 40 square feet of floor area, with a minimum, in case of small storage spaces, of two lamps. Ultraviolet radiation must be directed on the meat surface, as well as on surfaces of the ceiling, walls, and floor. These germicidal lamps should operate continuously. For worker protection, a switch should be installed to turn off the lamps when the storage door is opened and while workers are in the storage
room.

Slight air circulation is important. A small fan in the upper portion of the cooler will provide air circulation through the whole storage room. The fan should not be
directed on the germicidal tubes because cool circulating air

Figure 16. SANITARY STORAGE OF MEAT.

jacketed with tubes of the same glass used to make the lamp. This jacket restores normal operating lamp temperature and jacketed tubes have two to three times the germicidal ultraviolet output of an unjacketed tube at the
usual meat storage temperatures.

will reduce the ultraviolet output of the tubes. If reduced germicidal radiation is a problem when the ambient temperature is low, the germicidal lamps can be

BAKERIES Mold contamination is a major problem in bakeries. Humidity and the constant accumulation of fine dust makes it difficult to prevent mold formation even with periodic cleaning. Ultraviolet irradiation of walls and ceilings to inhibit spore formation with localized treatment of the conveyor and bakery products has proved effective. Germicidal irradiation of walls and ceilings in the fermentation room can reduce the need for frequent cleaning of those surfaces and thus reduce maintenance costs. One 15-watt germicidal lamp is commonly used for every 30 to 40 square feet of ceiling area or one 30-watt germicidal lamp may be used for every 75 to 100 square feet of ceiling
area.

In the holding rooms a common usage is one l5-watt germicidal lamp for each 40 square feet, or one 30-watt germicidal lamp for each 100 square feet, above the monorail system. The usual mounting heights are 12 feet;a typical arrangement is illustrated in Figure 16. For cooling rooms, use 15 watts per 40 to 60 square feet, or 30 watts per 120 to 150 square feet of area. The lamps should be mounted to irradiate as much of the meat
surfaces as possible.

Two types of mold are mostly responsible for the damage to the meat, namely Sporotrichum carnis which
produces long white threads, and the Mucors together with Thamnidium which form a greyish'white growth known as whiskers. Mold formation is also encouraged by the high

BIOLOGICAL SUPPLIES
Due to ever-increasing demands for biological supplies, pharmaceutical houses use large volume testing procedures and mass production. These large-scale operations demand increased sanitary control measures to insure that products are free of contaminating organisms. Germicidal lamps play an important part in attaining sterile areas for the production and packaging of sterile material and in protecting laboratory workers from infection.

relative humidity (r.h.

desirable condition

85 to 90 percent) which is a to prevent'evaporation of the moisture and shrinkage of the meat. Mucors and other fungi are readily destroyed by the 253.1nm radiation. It must be

-l 0-

STERILIZATION OF LIOUIDS
Microorganisms absorb considerably less germicidal radiation when in very humid air, or in water, than when in very dry air. Waterborne E. coli, for example, may require

classified

The basic techniques for purifying water may be by the way the germicidal lamps are used

minimum provisions for circulation during irradiation require an additional multiplying factor of about 5, so that the exposures to produce any given disinfection of water are 40 to 50 times greater than those required for dry air. Absorptive liquids decrease the germicidal intensity logarithmically with the distance from the lamp. Minute
traces of iron compounds and organic compounds in liquids decrease the transmission of germicidal energy. Compounds of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and aluminum sulfate in a liquid increase the transmission of germicidal energy, unless

an 8 to 10 times greater exposure for a given kill than dry airborne bacteria. The ultraviolet absorption of water and

(immersed or offset) and by the water system (pressure or gravity). They combine in three basic types: IP (immersedpressure), OP (offset-pressure), and OG (offset-gravity) as shown in Figure 17.

LP

OP

OG

Figure 17. Basic Types of Water Disinfecting Devices

two or more of the compounds form a precipitate. In each specific liquid, there is a critical distance from the germicidal lamp at which 90% of the ultraviolet energy has been absorbed. Ten percent of the energy, or less, remain to be transmitted to the liquid beyond that distance. The distance for a 90% absorption, called the "effective depth of penetration" may vaty upward from a few thousandths of an inch in milk, and serums, or one-tenth of an inch in wines and syrups, to five inches through drinkable water of high transmission and l0 feet for some distilled water. The design of systems depends upon the particular requirements. Immersion of the lamp directly in the water is unsatisfactory because of the decrease in ultraviolet output due to the cooling of the tube by the water. When the lamp has to be immersed in the water, it should be installed inside a quarlz tube for satisfactory ultraviolet
transmission. This avoids the cooling and consequent loss

*-'-r
I

/,/
4t",."

Figure 18. Suggested Dimensions and Ratings of Small Gravity Type Water Disinf ectors

An Alzak or Lurium aluminum reflector on the upper cylindrical surface of the chamber nearly doubles the germicidal radiation throughout the lower half of the
chamber.

Figure 18 illustrates practical dimensions for the gravity

flow disinfectors which can be used with the 8, 15, and 30 watt lamps. They will provide 90% disinfection, (with a l0O% factor of safety) of drinking water, transmitting
253.7 nanometer radiation effectively to a depth of at least 5 inches if these rates of flow are not exceeded: G8T5, 100 gallons per hour; G15T8,200 gallons per hour; and G30T8,
500 gallons per hour. Where a compact and powerful source

lamp efficiency which would result if the water were in contact with the lamp wall. It also makes the cleaning and replacing of the lamp easier. There must be a water-tight
bond between the enveloping tube ends and the lamp ends

of

of germicidal energy is required, it is suggested that quartz

tubular high intensity mercury lamps be used. The continuous-flow capacity ratings of the three basic techniques are tabulated in Table V. The effective depth of penetration of Table V determined in a laboratory, fixes the maximum depth of water to be processed in any device. The water may otherwise be distributed around or under

for satlsfactory operation. However, to avoid the extremes of water temperature,

the germicidal lamp may be placed above the water surface and partially enclosed in a reflector. In this system, about 25% of the ultraviolet output of the lamp should reach the water surface directly; 50% Io 75% of the balance comes from the reflector.

the germicidal tubes

in

any convenient way that will

intercept all the energy from the tubes and reflectors.

TABLE V. 90% Disinfection of Liquids

No. No. No. No.

of G4T4t of G8T5t of G15T8t of G30T8t

1

3 2

l
3 2

Gallons per Hour*

21

2 3 FO cc o ol Oc oO Po -d

4
F

6 7 8 9 10 12 15 18 24

42 63 84 104 125 146

167 188

209 250
313

42 83 84 167 124 250 167 334 208 416 250 500 292 584 333 666 375 750 417 834
500 625 750
1000
1000

235 200 400 400 800

600 1200 800 1600
12AO

600 1200 1800

2400
3600

1000 2000 3000 1400 2800 1600 3200 1800 3600 2000 4000 2400 4800

2400

4200
4800 5400 6000

7200

375
500

1250 1500 2000

3000 6000 9000 3600 7200 10800 4800 9600 14400

7200 9000 10800 8000 10000 12000 9600 12000 14400 2000 15000 19000 4400 18000 21600 9200 24000 28800

7 8 10 800 1000 1200 1600 2000 2400 2400 3000 3600 3200 4000 4800 4000 5000 6000 4800 6000 7200 5600 7000 8400 6400 8000 9600

13
3200 4800 6400
8000 9600

16

1600

2000 4000 6000 8000

11200 12800 14400 16000 15200 24000 24000 30000 28800 36000 38400 48000

10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

For cu. ft. per hour, multiply above by 0.13368; for cu. in. per hour, by 231.O; for cu. in. per minute, by 3.85. tAllows for 650/0 ol trare lamp eff iciency for lamp and reflector combination. *Based on standard microorganism, E. coli.

ANTIOUING BOTTLES
Some antique hobbyists use germicidal lamps to produce glass. Exposure of preserve-type jars and germicidal radiation can change the color of the to bottles glass and age the bottle. Certain impurities in the glass cause the color to change. The bottles thus become more valuable as a collector's item. Al1 glasses do not color, but exposure

can be entirely neglected for wavelengths above 300 nanometers in the ultraviolet. It becomes appreciable below 300 nanometers and increases rapidly with a decrease in
wavelength. Atmospheric effects should be considered, even for distances of less than one meter, for wavelengths below about 230 nanometers. At a wavelength of 205 nanometers,

Atmospheric attenuation over distances of several meters

old apothecary

a typical value of

atmospheric transmittance

for a

one

energy for a few hours will indicate whether color changes will take place. Safety precautions must be adhered to at all time (See "Safety Precautions").

to the germicidal

meter path might be 0.1. Absorption and scattering are the two basic mechanisms of attenuatioir. -At a given wavelength the attenuation can easily vary by a factor of 100 due to atmospheric conditions. The reflectance of metals is dependent on the method of

CALCULATIONS IN THE ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM Many of the techniques and equations that are familiar in illumination engineering for lighting calculations can be used for the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. The various geometric equations are basic to all radiometric calculations. Photometry parallels radiometry and is a special case of radiometry. In the specific case of photometry, terms from the luminous system are used. The
corresponding radiometric terms can be used directly in the same equations. Table VI gives the basic quantities using

surface preparation, impurities, surface conditions, and other factors. The difference for metals between polished bulk material and evaporated surfaces can be quite large. Figure 19 shows typical values for specular surfaces. The high value shown for aluminum is obtained for deposited films in vacuum. Even a very brief exposure to the
atmosphere

Transmittance values

will significantly reduce this value. of materials are dependent on

sample thickness since absorption losses vary exponentially

with

thickness. Figure

20

shows typical transmittance

the new standard symbols. Many other symbols and units

have been used in the past.

When considering light, the radiant power (watts) is weighted, wavelength by wavelength, using the spectral sensitivity of the eye, i.e., the luminous spectral efficiency function. If the appropriate constant of proportionality is used, the result is the lumen. In considering the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum, one can weight the radiant power by an appropriate factor for each wavelength, e.g., the erythemal response will lead to the unit of E-viton. Alternately, one may work directly with the power at a particular wavelength or with the power in a particular
wavelength band.

curves of several common materials. The sample thicknesses are indicated, and surface reflection losses are included. The curves for materials such as quartz vary considerably with the particular type. Transmittance values for glass often vary significantly with temperature, this effect is important for filters operating near hot sources. Measurement accuracy in the ultraviolet, particularly at the shorter wavelengths, is considerably less than found in the visible spectium. Also, the optical properties of the various system components are not as well known for the ultraviolet region of the spectrum as for the visible

Several units of length are commonly used for wavelength. These includ., Ih. nuno-eter (,4m) equal to 10'9 meters, the micron (1r) -e^qual to 10-b meters, and the
angslrom (A ) equal

to l0-l u meters.

spectrum. Consequently, approximate calculations, based on typical data, often are adequate. Examples of typical calculations are given below. Several methods are possible for solving each of the problems. The techniques used were selected to demonstrate several types of calculations and are not necessarily the most direct. These examples are analogous to lighting calculations as described in standard textbooks on illuminating engineering.

TABLE

VI.

FUNDAMENTAL OUANTITIES
PHOTOMETRIC (LUMINOUS) SYSTEM

RADIOMETBIC SYSTEM

SYMBOL DEFINING

EOUATION

OUANTITYA Radiant energy

lou le

uNlr

ouANTtrYa
Luminous

UNIT
lumen second
lumen

energy

do

'dt

Radiant flux ncident radiant flux density

I

watt watt meter-2

Luminous f lux lncident luminous

-do -oA
d0

flux density
(

lumen Toot _ (footcandle)

(irrad iance)

illum i nation

Emitted radiant

watt meter-2

dA

flux density
(radiant exitance)

Emitted luminous flux density (luminous exitance) Luminous intensity

lumen foot-2

dob
d@

Radiant intensity

watt sterad ian-1

lumen steradian-l
{candela)

d2o
dA do

cosd

"

Radiance

watt meter-2
steradian-1

Luminanced

a lumen Toot _

steradian-1 (candela foot-2)

Notes: a) The prefixes "radlant" & "luminous" often are omitted if no confusion will b) o is the solid angle of a differential source element expressed in steradians. c) 0 is the angle between a line of sight & the normal to area dA d) See Reference 6 for a complete discussion of this term & its various units

occur.

-12-

r.0

z
F
U
J

.4

./' __ _ _5__

./1

/{7'it

<.6 F
tr

U G

I:1- -l-'
24O ZAO
WAVELE NGTH

-----r
3ZO
N

z, t

?20

24A

280

320

360

4oo

?9O

360

.tOO

WAVELENGTH - NANOMETERS

ANOM ETE RS

A - ALUMINUM B- ALZAK FINISH ALUMINUM C - CHROMIU M D. SI LVER - NICKEL F- STAINLESS STEEL

A- WTNDOW GLASS, .t0 tNCH B- PvREx*zz+, trt c- PYaEx*924t, lmm D. CLEAR FUSED OUARTZ, Icn E- DtSTtLLEo WATER, 6 |NCH F- POLYSTYRENE FtLM, .0066 |NCH tNtTtAL G - PoLYSTYRENE FtLM, .0066 ll'tCH-AFTR t50 HOUR
EXPOSURE

TO S-I LAIVP AT 6 INCH

DISTANCE

H-

MYLAR (50A),.l3mm

Figure 19. Reflectance Values of Common Materials

Figure 20. Typical Transmittance Curves of Common Materials

EXAMPLE 1: Determine

t"he

253.lnm irradiance produced by

a G8T5 tamp

(5/8" diameter) for points A and B.

a) From Figure 2, the radiant flux at 253.1 nm

Q

= 8.4 x 0.17 =

1.43 w

b)

The lamp can be approximated as a long cylindrical radiator whose radiant exitance is

nr=d= Lvt =

t-= i-T-tiE;-i-TT
M
.0606

l'4'lw

.u6ub w rn- 2

c) Assuming this is approximately Lambertian,

.019.3 w

in-2 sr-l

d) Since 12" > 3" > 5/8", the semi-infinite Lambertian strip is a good approximation for point A.
7t L width r x .0 I93 5/8" = .0032win-l (or = 500s*..-l) en =Zt(a**r,u*.1 =*]l3#

e) For point B, the inverse square law

will be within a few percent for a Lambertian strip since the distance is 4 times the maximum dimension. The radiant intensity in the direction of point B is

I=Lx

Aprojected

=.0193 x (5/8" x 12"') =.145wsr-l

Finally, with the inverse square law we find

Eo

'145- =
@8"12

6i x

10-6win-2

Many refinements could be made in these calculations to account for end effects, finite length of lamp, etc.;however, this accuracy usually is not warranted.

-l 3-

EXAMPLE

2: A parabolic trough reflector l2 inches long and with a focal length of 1-1/2 inches is located above the lamp of Example 1. The reflector is specular Alzak aiuminum, and the lamp is located along the focai line of the
reflector. What is the 253.lnm irradiance at point
B?

a) A quick check shows that point B is past the minimum inverse square distance for the reflector. Therefore, point B "sees" a reflector radiance equal to the lamp radiance times the reflector reflectance (0.6 from Figure l9).

Lrefl = 0.0193

.6 = .0116 w in-2 sr-l

angle Ac,-r at point B and the solid angle is small, the reflector produces an irradiance

b) If the reflector subtends the solid

of

EB = L.efl

Ao = .oi tu

(.6"

sl8"')-x

324

10-6

w in-2

c) The sum of tlie lamp irradiance plus the reflector irradiance

is the total irradiance.

totai Eg = 63

10-6

324

10-6

= .39 x

10-3 w in-2

I |=-'">--

T
I

q8,,

L--=
EXAMPLE

3:

Repeat Example 2

if the reflector linish is diffuse.

a) The lamp

is very close to the reflector. Consequently one-half of the lamp's radiant power is incident on tl're reflector.

0=

112

1.43 = 0.715 w

b) A good difluse Alzak surface will

have a reflectance value close to the specular value;use 0.6. Since the reflector is shallow, neglect the interflections and curvature (these effects oppose and will tend to oancel), and assume it is a Lambertian surlace. Thus,

Mre;

=+{ff;t-.oosq5
.00

in-2

, .00595 Lretl = *" =

lt.lg

1n-2

.r-l
is

c) The radiant intensity produced by the rellector

I = Lrefl x
.t22 rR =-;=

Aprojected

.00190

x (6" - 5/S") x

12"

= .122 * rr-l
square law is

d) The irradiance at point B due to the reflector by the inverse

Ga"y

)r x

10-6

w in-l

e) The sum ol tlie lamp irradiance plus the reflector irradiance is the total irradiance

totalEg = 63 x 10-6 + 53 x 10-6 =.116 x l0-3 w in-2

-1

4-

EXAMPLE

4: A relative
(wli-l
).

spectral power distribution curve, R(I), is shown for blue fluorescent lamps. If a particular blue lamp,is rated at 1160 lm, determine the multiplier for the curue so that it is absolute in watts per micron

a) Choose a convenient scale for graphical work, say the l5 x 20 cm shown. Multiply the relative power curve R(tr) by the iumirtous spectlal efficiency function v(tr) at each wavelength. Then measure tlie area under this product curve;it turns out to be 21.0 cm/ on the drawing size suggested.

b) A unit length on the relative power scale is 10 cm and a unit length on the wavelength scale is 50 cm. Tirerefore, a unit area on the graph scale is 10 x 50 = 500 cm2 on the drawing. The area under the product curve on the"graph scale is
21

.0 cm2

5oo

cm2

'042

c) If K

is the multiplier to put the curve in absolute units, then

o=

680

(tn*-t{ L*,nrt ('s-l) v(r) dr(p) = u60lm

=

1.11

<^r v(r)

dr
area under the product curve found in part

d) The final integral above is the

"f

(b). Thus,

K=

ffi

= +o.t

EXAMPLE 5: Lamps ol tlie type described in example 4 produce an illumination of 12 lm ft-2 at a particular point. What the irradiance in the .3pr to .4p band at that point?

is

a) lf the radiant power is acted on selectively with respect to wavelength, then it

is necessary to follow it through the system applying the proper spectrai reflectance and spectral transmittance tunctions. However, the problem is simple if the radiant power is acted on non-selectively, i.e., all wavelengths of interest are affected equally. In this example, direct lamp radiation can be considered in this manner. Also, any rellecting or transmitting material that equally attenuates all wavelengths in the .3pr to .4p region and the visible region of the spectrum could be present. is the area under the absolute spectral power distribution curve between these wavelengths. Measuring this region on our large scale drawing, we lind an area ol 10.5 cm-. On the

b) The radiant power between .3p and .4;.r enritted by the larnp
ba:ic grrph scale. the area
10.5 cm2
is

500 cm/
--=i

.u-

c) The radiant power

Q

is given by

t.

I J.3

r.4

tKR(I)l (ws-l) dtr

R(^)
d).

(sr

Q.t-.+

=Kl

7.1 (b).
The V;r

J.3

d) This final ir.rtegral is the area under the curve found in part
Q.Z-.+

,r'olK

is

known from example 4.

40.1

.O21

.855 w
.3trr

e) The ratio of the emitted power in the

to .4p band to the emitted luminous flux

is

.855 w ll66lm = .74 x 10-3w lm-l

fJ Under the stated conditions of non-selective flux control, this ratio is preserved throughout the system. At a point where the illumination is 12 lrn ft-2, we find E.:-.+

121mft-2

.74

x 10-3w lrn-l = .0089 w ft-2

-1

5-

IiEFERENCES l. Huff, C., Smith, H., Boring, W., and Clarke, N., "Study of Ultraviolet Disinfection ol Water and Factors in Treatment
Efficiency," Public Health Reports, U. S. Publi. Health Service, Vol. 80, pp. 695, 705, August 1965. Kaufinan, J., "lntroducing SI Units," Illum. Eny.,Yol.63,p.537, Oct. 1968. l.F.S. Lighting Handbook,4th Edition. Pp. 25-15 to 25-17. Illuminating Engineering Society, New York 1966. 4. I.E.S. Nomenclature and Definitions for lllumit:iling Engineering, U.S.A.S. Z7 .l 1967 . 5. Koller, L., Ultraviolet Rodiatiott, John Wiley an,-l Sons, lnc., New York, 1965. 6. Levin, R,, "Luininance A Tutorial Paper," Jotir. SMPTE,Yol. ll,p. 1005, Oct. 1968. 7 Nicodemus, F.. "Radiometry," Applied Optic: and Optical Engineering, Ch.8, Vol.4, editor: R. Kingslake. Academic
2. J.

Press. New

York 1967.
1969. 1962.
San Gabriel, California.

8. Nicodemus, F., "Optical Resource Letter on Radiometry," JOSA, Vol.59, pg.243, March 9. Summer, W., Ulftaviolet and Infrared Engineering Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York
10. Ultra-Violet Products, Inp.,
Acknowledgement: The author wishes to express hi,i appreciation to the following:

Dr. L. J. Buttolph, Engineer on the staff of the Illuminating Engineering Society for his assistance in supplying information on germicidal lamp applications, including Figures 4,6,15-18, and Table III.
Dr. Robert Levin of the General Er.rgineering Department, Sylvania Lighting Center, for his
Ultra-Violet Products, Inc. of San Gabriel, California, for Figures 5A, 5B, 1 I , and l3
assistance in

writing the section on the calculations in the ultraviolet spectrum. and providing technical data.

C. C. \{PELKAS Iliumination Engineering Dept.

GERMICIDAL LAMPS

STARTER REOUIRED

G3OT8

watts Bulb

Base

Description
Producer (1)

s-11

,
53/+,
4 Pin Radio Germicidal-U
Shape

Abbreviation

or'fjl'l,', lll: t.,ll. r,,e

Oty.
A-1000
G4T4 I
1

G15T8

4 l-4

12

4000

8 T-5 12" 15 T-8 78" 30 T-8 36"

1.

Min. Bipin Germicidal Med. Bipin Germicidal

Med.

Bipin

Germicidal

24 6000 G15I8 24 7500 G30T8 24 7500

ffimilIL
t4{.H
l.i1

G8T5

This lamp is.classified primarily as an ozonizing lamp and has limited germicidal action. No starter required.

-t6-

t"onfto\n$
^xo
\il""=
-a

ouo

i'"u'

stA

GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICs

LIGHTING CENTER, DANVERS, MASSACHUSETTS 01923