Internal Curing of Concrete Using Localy Available Material in Bangladesh by Different materials have been used for internal

curing or self curing in the form of saturated lightweight fine aggregates, superabsorbent polymers, or saturated wood fibers such as super absorbent polymers (SAP), crushed return concrete aggregates, pre-wetted lightweight aggregates (LWA), expanded shale, clays, and slates, recycled waste porous ceramic coarse aggregate, wooden fiber etc. In Bangladesh, Many of these materials are either unavailable or costly. For performance ease and economy, the material that will be used as internal curing material should have high absorption capacity so that it can provide required water for curing of concrete, at the same time should be readily available and cheap. The major challenge associated with internal curing in Bangladesh or other developing countries is to select a lightweight aggregate, which is cheap and available, and to select the proper percent replacement. Availability, lightweight and high water absorption capacity of Burnt Clay Aggregate (Brick) was prime factors to select it as a lightweight aggregate. In this research different percent replacement is taken and is varied with water cement ratio, stress-strain, modulus of elasticity, and age with a view to get the optimum percent replacement of lightweight aggregate. Research shows that use of brick as lightweight aggregate in internal curing does not significantly reduce strength and for 20 percent replacement by brick, strength reduction is minimum. The research finds out can take a major role in cost elimination in construction especially in areas having water scarcity Keywords: Internal Curing, Modulus of Elasticity, Strength, Clay Burnt Aggregate, Brick, LWA Introduction Introductory Remarks Lightweight aggregate batched at a high degree of absorbed water may be substituted for normal weight aggregates to provide internal curing in concrete containing a high volume of cementitious materials. High cementitious concretes are vulnerable to self-desiccation and

early-age cracking, and benefit significantly from the slowly released internal moisture. Field experience has shown that high strength concrete is not necessarily high performance concrete and that high performance concrete need not necessarily be high strength. A frequent,

unintended consequence of high strength concrete is early-age cracking. Blending lightweight aggregate containing absorbed water is significantly helpful for concretes made with a low ratio of water-to-cementitious material or concretes containing high volumes of supplementary cementitious materials that are sensitive to curing procedures. This process is often referred to as water entrainment. Time dependent improvement in the quality of concrete containing pre wet lightweight aggregate is greater than with normal weight aggregate. The reason is better hydration of the cementitious materials provided by moisture available from the slowly released reservoir of absorbed water within the pores of the lightweight aggregate. The fact that

absorbed moisture in the lightweight aggregate is available for internal curing has been known for more than four decades. The first documentation of improved long term strength gains made possible by the use of saturated normal weight aggregates, was reported in 1957 by Paul Klieger, who, in addition, commented in detail on the role of absorbed water in lightweight aggregates for extended internal curing. In his 1965 report, Concrete Strength Measurement Cores vs. Cylinders, presented to the National Sand and Gravel Association and the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association. Holm (1984) cited the improved integrity of the contact zone between the lightweight aggregate and the matrix. The improved quality was attributed to internal curing, and better cement hydration and pozzolanic activity at the interface, and reduction in stress concentrations resulting from elastic compatibility of the concrete constituents. The benefits of internal curing go far beyond any improvements in long-term strength gain, which from some combinations of materials may be minimal or non-existent. The principal contribution of internal curing results in the reduction of permeability that develops from a significant extension in the time of curing. Powers showed that extending the time of curing increased the volume of cementitious products formed which caused the capillaries to become segmented and discontinuous. It appears that in 1991, Philleo was the first to recognize the potential benefits to high performance normal weight concrete possible with the addition of lightweight aggregate containing high volumes of absorbed moisture. Reduced sensitivity to poor curing conditions in concretes containing an adequate volume of pre wet lightweight aggregate has also been reported. Since 1995 a large number of papers addressing the role of water entrainments influence on internal curing and autogenous shrinkage have been published of which Bentz, et al (1998), is typical. The benefits of internal curing are increasingly important when supplementary cementitious materials, (silica fume, fly ash,

metokaolin, calcined shales, clays and slates, as well as the fines of lightweight aggregate) are included in the mixture. It is well known that the pozzolanic reaction of finely divided aluminasilicates with calcium hydroxide liberated as cement hydrates is contingent upon the availability of moisture. Additionally, internal curing provided by absorbed water minimizes the plastic (early) shrinkage due to rapid drying of concretes exposed to unfavorable drying conditions. The following Eq. is used to determine the volume of water that must be supplied from the lightweight fine aggregate to reach complete curing. Vwat = (1)

where Vwat(m3 water/m3 concrete or ft3 water/yd3 concrete) is the volume of water that is consumed during the hydration process due to chemical shrinkage, Cf is the cement content, CS is the chemical shrinkage of the concrete that occurs during the hydration process (usually about 0.06 lb H2O per lb of cement hydrated or kg of H2O per kg of cement hydrated), max represents the maximum degree of hydration and can be estimated as (W/C)/0.40 for W/C ratios below 0.40, When the W/C ratio is greater than 0.40, the maximum expected degree of hydration can be estimated as one and is the density of water. This thesis is aimed at the following objectives: To find out the best percent replacement by lightweight aggregate of concrete with respect to stress-strain, modulus of elasticity. To observe the effects of percent replacement for different parameter i.e. stress, strain, modulus of elasticity. To discuss the suitability of internal curing based on the research. Research Significance Internal curing has been discussed as an added advantage in concrete research. It has wider prospect and it is possible to get benefit from the internal curing instead of traditional external curing. Lightweight aggregate are normally used in concrete for the internal curing which are available, cheap and easy to transport. It has a significant contribution in shrinkage reduction, enhancing durability, higher performance, improving contact zone, greater utilization of cement, greater curing predictability, not adversely affect finishability, not adversely affect pumpability, sustainability, lower maintenance, and hence improving overall concrete performance. It can aid the construction process economically resulting into effective resource

utilization. Also considering environmental impact analysis this technique is found as a desirable one. Additionally introduction of internal curing can open doors for recycling and use of other potential materials. In this regards, internal curing is expected to be beneficial in many aspects.

Experimental Work This Thesis includes the evaluation of several mixes to determine the effectiveness of lightweight aggregates as an internal curing agent. Free shrinkage specimens and strength cylinders are evaluated to determine the effects of the lightweight aggregates. The mixes have water/cement ratio of 0.4, 0.45, and 0.50 with 10%, 20% and 30% of coarse aggregate replacement. 3-day, 7-day and 28-days of curing period are evaluated for the specimens. A total of four programs are described. In each program keeping the W/C ratio same the different percentage of replacement of coarse aggregate were used, and a total of thirty six cylinders to cast. In each program for each type of replacement three specimens have been made to have more accurately representative conclusion. The first three programs included only coarse aggregate replace but the last one was only fine aggregate replacement for w/c ratio 0.45, just to compare with the earlier ones. The testing machines are also calibrated to ensure their standards. The humidity and temperatures of testing days had been recorded for more understanding the testing conditions.

Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate The analysis is conducted to determine the grading of materials proposed for use as aggregates or being used as aggregate. The term fineness modulus (FM) is a ready index of coarseness or fineness of the material. It is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregates retained on each of the standard sieves and dividing this sum arbitrarily by 100. No. 100, No. 50, No.30, No.16, No.8, No.4, 3/8 in, in, 1.5 in are the ASTM standard sieves. This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C 136. The lab experiments were conducted for two different types of aggregate. These aggregates are Stone chips (C.A), Burnt Clay Aggregate (brick chips), Sand (F.A), Fine aggregate

prepared from Burnt Clay Aggregate (brick chips) aggregate. Test results are shown in Figure 1 to Figure 4.
100 80
Percent Finer %

60 40 20 0 1 10
Particle Size (mm) Stone chips as coarse agggregate

100

Figure 1: Grain size distribution of coarse aggregate (Stone Chips)

100 80

Percent Finer %

60 40 20 0 1 10 Particle Size (mm) 100

Burnt Clay Aggregate as coarse aggregate

Figure 2: Grain size distribution of coarse aggregate (Burnt Clay Aggregate)

100 80 Percent Finer % 60 40 20 0 0.01

Sand as fine aggregate

0.1 Particle Size (mm)

10

Figure 3: Grain Size Distribution for Fine Aggregate (Sand)

100 80 Percent Finer % 60 40 20 0 0.01

Burnt Clay Aggregate as fine aggregate

0.1

1 Particle Size (mm)

10

100

Figure 4: Grain Size Distribution of Fine aggregate (Burnt Clay Aggregate)

Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity of Fine and Coarse aggregate Aggregate generally contain pore, both permeable and impermeable, for which specific gravity has to be carefully determined. With the specific gravity of each constituent known, its weight can be converted into solid volume and hence a theoretical yield of concrete per unit volume can be calculated. This test was conducted for determining the bulk and apparent specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate.

Bulk specific gravity is defined as the ratio of weight of aggregate (oven-dry or saturated surface dry) to weight of water occupying a volume equal to that of solid including permeable pores. This is used for Calculation of volume occupied by the aggregate in various admixtures containing aggregate on an absolute basis. The computation of void in aggregate. The determination of moisture in aggregate.

Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the aggregate dried in an oven at 100 to C for 24 hrs. To the weight of water occupying a volume equal to that of solid excluding permeable pores. This pertain to the relative density of the solid material making up the constituent particles not including the pore space within the particles that is accessible to water. Absorption volume is used to calculate the change in the weight of an aggregate due to water absorption in the pore spaces within the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition. For an aggregate that has been in contact with water and that has free moisture on particle surfaces, the percentage of free moisture can be determined by deducting the absorption from the total moisture content. This test procedure conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C128. Test results are shown in Table 1. Test Method: ASTM C128-88

Table 1: Absorption capacity and Specific Gravity of aggregate Material Stone Burnt Clay Aggrega te Sand Burnt Clay Aggrega te Specific Gravity Bulk Appar Bulk (SSD) ent 2.65 2.68 2.73 1.68 2.55 1.6 1.99 2.59 1.95 2.42 2.66 2.49 Absorption Capacity 1.1 18.2 1.7 22.3

Coarse Aggregate

Fine Aggregate

Unit Weight of Fine and Coarse Aggregate This test procedure covers the determination of unit weight in compacted or loose condition of fine and coarse aggregates. Unit weight values of aggregates are necessary for use so many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures. They may also be used for determining mass/volume relationship for conversions and calculating the percentages of voids in aggregates. Voids within particles, either permeable or impermeable, are not included in voids as determined by this test method. This test was conducted according to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C29. Test results are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Unit weight of aggregate Material Type Stone Chips Coarse Aggregate Burnt Clay Aggregate Sand Fine Aggregate Burnt Clay Aggregate Unit Weight (gm/cm3) 1.523 0.905 1.531 0.881

Parameters Considered

Two parameters, water-cement ratio and percent replacement of lightweight aggregate were considered for this experiment. For water cement ratio 0.40, 0.45, 0.50 three different percent replacement of 10%, 20% and 30% were considered. Test Procedure Stone chips has used as course aggregate was brought to saturated surface dry (SSD) condition. In the experiment it is done by wagging after pouring water on the coarse aggregate. A same procedure was applied for the coarse aggregate. Wagging is needed to make the aggregate homogeneously mixed. To avail internal curing, Burnt Clay aggregates are used. 1st class bricks are used as a curing agent and coarse aggregate replacer. 3/8 downgraded coarse aggregate are used. Those crushed bricks are sunk under water with the help of sacks (made of jute) for more than 24 hours to attain saturated condition. Thus, the brick aggregate are allowed to fill its permeable pores filled completely by water. Total sixteen mixes were designed for the experimental program. Four were normal mixes and twelve mixes were to evaluate the effectiveness of using brick as lightweight aggregate as internal curing agent. Twelve mixes have evaluated three different replacement levels, 10% replacement, 20% replacement and 30% replacement of lightweight aggregate for water cement ratios 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50. Table 4 shows the concrete mixes of the experimental program.. Table 4: Concrete mix
Mixture ID CA-1 CA-2 CA-3 CA-4 CA-5 CA-6 CA-7 CA-8 CA-9 CA-10 CA-11 CA-12 FA-1 FA-2 FA-3 FA-4 FA 0.45 0.5 CA 0.45 0.4 Replaced Aggregate W/C ratio Percent Replacement 0% 10% 20% 30% 0% 10% 20% 30% 0% 10% 20% 30% 0% 10% 20% 30% A/C Ratio 3.34 3.34 3.34 3.34 3.89 3.89 3.89 3.89 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.45 3.89 3.89 3.89 3.89 Water (kg/m3) 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 252.3 Cement (kg/m3) 628.6 628.6 628.6 628.6 558.6 558.6 558.6 558.6 502.5 502.5 502.5 502.5 558.6 558.6 558.6 558.6 CA (kg/m3) 1261.3 1261.3 1261.3 1261.3 1301.3 1301.3 1301.3 1301.3 1341.3 1341.3 1341.3 1341.3 1301.3 1301.3 1301.3 1301.3 FA, Sand (kg/m3) 840.8 840.8 840.8 840.8 872.9 872.9 872.9 872.9 894.9 894.9 894.9 894.9 872.9 872.9 872.9 872.9 Stone (kg/m3) 1261.3 1135.1 1009.0 882.9 1301.3 1171.2 1041.0 910.9 1341.3 1207.2 1073.1 938.9 872.9 785.6 698.3 611.0 Brick (kg/m3) 0.0 126.1 252.3 378.4 0.0 130.1 260.3 390.4 0.0 134.1 268.3 402.4 0.0 87.3 174.6 261.9

The summery of fresh concrete properties values are given in table 5. Table 5: Summary of fresh concrete properties Mixture ID CA-1 CA-2 CA-3 CA-4 CA-5 CA-6 CA-7 CA-8 CA-9 CA-10 CA-11 CA-12 FA-1 FA-2 FA-3 FA-4 Slump (mm) 114.3 65 55 78 190.5 205 215 220 198 222.25 215.9 215.9 160 160 148 190 Unit Weight (kg/m3) 2357.6 2325 2316.8 2251.5 2329 2347.4 2306.6 2290.3 2306.6 2314.8 2308.6 2306.6 2445.4 2376 2337.2 2335.2

The 0% (percent) replacement is kept under water for normal external curing. the other %replacements are kept at almost constant humidity at normal temperature around 250c. After 3, 7, 18 days, the cylinders are tested and Stress and corresponding strain are found from it. Thus the experiment is ready for analysis Specimen were made for the following tests. Compressive strength development (ASTM C 39) 6 12 in normally cured cylinders without aggregate replacement . Three cylinders

were tested at 3 days, 7 days, 28 days. 6 12 in internally cured cylinders with aggregate replacement of 10%, 20%, 30%.

Three cylinders were tested at 3 days, 7 days, 28 days Modulus of Elasticity (ASTM C469) 6 12 in normally cured cylinders without aggregate replacement. Three cylinders

were tested 28 days. 6 12 in internally cured cylinders with aggregate replacement of 10%, 20%, 30%.

Three cylinders were tested at 28 days.

Result and Discussion

internal curing is working water requred for curing wrto strength

wrto E Reason to choose CA Graph & economy

% selection

Required and Supplied Curing Water Eq. 1 gives the amount of water required for complete curing. From the absorption capacity, the amount of lightweight aggregate and the amount of water supplied by lightweight aggregate is determined. Table 6 shows that, curing agent (crushed brick) has the potential to provide concrete with required curing water, which helps concrete to attain full due strength. Nevertheless, 10 percent replacement by lightweight aggregate (for both CA and FA) requires a huge amount of water for complete curing. Due to this reason concrete cannot be cured properly. Thus, cannot gain full strength. On the other hand, 30 percent replacement (for both CA and FA) provides huge amount of excess water, which also prevents concrete from gaining due strength.

Table 6: Water requirement in curing according to Bentz and Snyder and the amount of water supplied by lightweight aggregate Percent Replacemen t Brick , a (kg) Vwat (from Eq 2.9) kg Water supplied through internal curing c =ab (kg) Extra water needed (C- Vwat ) ( kg per m3) 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 39.1 18.2 39.1 39.1 39.1 35.2 35.2 35.2 35.2 39.1 0.0 22.9 45.9 68.8 0.0 23.7 47.3 71.0 0.0 24.4 48.8 73.2 0.0 Normally Cured -21.05D 1.92 24.87 Normally Cured -15.42 8.27 31.95 Normally Cured -10.79 13.63 38.04 Normally Cured -19.63 W/C Ratio Absorption capacity, b Replaced Aggregate (kg) 628 628 628 628 558 558 558 558 502 502 502 502 558

0% 0.4 10% 20% 30% 0% CA 0.45 10% 20% 30% 0% 0.5 10% 20% 30% 0% 10% FA 0.45

0 126 252 378 0 130 260 390 0 134 268 402 0

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

87.2 558 0.07 39.1 15.9 22.3 174. 20% 558 0.07 39.1 31.7 -0.16 4 261. 30% 558 0.07 39.1 47.6 19.30 6 D Negative value indicates additional requirement of water for complete curing.

CS

Effect on Physical Properties Effect of percent replacement of coarse aggregate as well as fine aggregate on internal curing concrete has been observed from two points of views. a) compressive strength and b) modulus of elasticity. 4.3.1 Effect on Compressive Strength: Figure 4.1 to figure 4.3 represent the variation of compressive strength for a particular W/C ratio for different coarse aggregate replacement percent. Strength decreases with the increase of replacement percent for internal curing concrete. For a particular W/C ratio with zero percent replacement of coarse aggregate, normally cured concrete shows the higher strength than internal curing concrete with higher replacement of coarse aggregate.
6000 5000 4000 Strength (psi) 3000 2000 1000 0 0 5 10 15 Age (Day) 20 25 30 CA-1 CA-2 CA-3 CA-4

Figure 4.1: Figure: Strength Vs. Age for W/C ratio 0.40 (CA replacement)

4000 3500 3000 2500 Strength (psi) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 Age (Day) 20 25 30 CA-5 CA-6 CA-7 CA-8

Figure 4.2: Strength Vs. Age for W/C ratio 0.45 (CA replacement)

3500 3000 2500 Strength (psi) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 Age (Day) 20 25 30 CA-9 CA-10 CA-11 CA-12

Figure 4.3: Strength Vs. Age for W/C ratio 0.50 (CA replacement)

3500 3000 2500 Strength (psi) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 Age (Day) 20 25 30 FA-1 FA-2 FA-3 FA-4

Figure 4.4: Strength Vs. Age for W/C ratio 0.45 (FA replacement)

4.3.2 Effect on Modulus of Elasticity: Figure 4.4 represents that modulus of elasticity varies linearly with percent replacement of aggregate for a particular W/C ratio. Modulus of elasticity is higher in low percent replacement on a certain W/C ratio. Comparing to the percent replacement of Coarse and Fine aggregate keeping the W/C ratio same (0.45), Fine aggregate replaced concrete shows higher Modulus of elasticity than the coarse aggregate replaced concrete. Modulus of

elasticity of different concrete mix for different aggregate replacement percentage is in Appendix B.
4000 3500 Modulus of Elasticity (ksi) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Replacement of CA, % 30% 35% WC Ratio 0.4 WC Ratio 0.45 WC Ratio 0.5

Figure 4.4: Modulus of elasticity Vs Replacement Figure 4.5 represents that, variation of modulus of elasticity with strength of concrete with aggregate having different percent of aggregate replacement. As replacement percentage increases, strength of the concrete reduces as well as the modulus of elasticity. Brick chips have lower strength than stone chips.

Figure 4.5: Modulus of elasticity Vs Strength

Reason to choose CA over FA

4000 3500 3000 2500 Strength (psi) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 Age (Day) 20 25 30 CA-5 FA-1

3500 3000 2500 Strength (psi) 2000 CA-6 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 Age (Day) 20 25 30 FA-2

3500 3000 2500 Strength (psi) 2000 CA-7 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 Age (Day) 20 25 30 FA-3

3500 3000 2500 Strength (psi) 2000 CA-8 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 Age (Day) 20 25 30 FA-4

4.4 Strength Reduction Due to Aggregate Replacement: Figure 4.6 shows the variation of strength with respect to Percent replacement. Table 4.2 contains the strength reduction percentages. Table 4.2 shows that at every test W/C ratio

strength reduction percentage is minimum at twenty percent coarse aggregate replacement. Specific percent replacement can be obtained from Fig. 4.7 for different W/C ratio.

Figure 4.6: Strength Vs Percent Replacement

Table 4.2: Percent strength reduction % Replacement (weight basis) Strength (psi) % Strength reductio Strength n % (psi) Strength reductio Strength n (psi) % Strength reductio Strength n (psi) % Strength reductio n W/C ratio 0.4 W/C ratio 0.5 W/C ratio 0.5 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 47 62 47 54 48 88 43 50 0.2 2.6 8.7 31 56 29 18 29 85 29 45 7. 5 5. 4 6. 7 24 22 18 03 24 03 20 48 25. 6 0.8 15. 4 22 81 20 14 23 30 21 03 11. 7 15. 7 9.7
18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 Strength Reduction, % 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Burnt Clay Aggregate (CA), % 30 35 WC Ratio 0.4 WC Ratio 0.45 Wc Ratio 0.5

CA W/C ratio 0.45

FA

Figure 4.7: Strength Reduction Vs. Percent Replacement (FA) for different W/C ratio

It will be recalled that, at a given degree of hydration, the w/c ratio determines the porosity of the cement paste. Thus, the relation of equation accounts for the influence of the total volume of voids on strength, i.e. gel pores, capillary pores and entrapped air. With an increase in age, the degree of hydration generally increases so that strength increases. It should be emphasized that strength depends on the effective w/c ratio, which is calculated on the basis of the mix water less the water absorbed by the aggregate; in other words, the aggregate is assumed to use up some water so as to reach a saturated and surface-dry condition at the time of mixing.

4.3 Effect of water cement ratio Effect of water cement ratio on internal curing concrete has been observed on two points of view. Water cement ratio has an emerging effect on concrete compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Workability of concrete greatly depends upon water cement ratio as seen in normal concrete. Higher the water cement ratio so the workability increases and viceversa. Effect of water cent ratio on concrete compressive strength and its modulus of elasticity is discussed below. 4.3.1 Effect on Strength

Figure 4.1 to Figure 4.3 represent the variation of compressive strength for a particular coarse aggregate replacement percent for different W/C ratio at different age. Strength decreases with the increase of water cement ratio for internal curing concrete. For a particular w/c ratio with zero percent replacement of coarse aggregate, normally cured concrete shows the higher strength than internal curing concrete with higher replacement of coarse aggregate. Maximum strength is found for w/c ratio 0.40 both for normal curing and internal curing concrete.

2500 CA 0% Replaced CA 10% Replaced 2000 Strength ,(psi) CA 20% Replaced CA 30% Replaced 1500

1000

500 0.35

0.4

0.45 WC Ratio

0.5

0.55

Figure 4.3: Strength vs. w/c for 3days

4000 CA 0% Replaced 3500 CA 10% Replaced CA 20% Replaced Strength ,(psi) 3000 CA 30% Replaced

2500

2000

1500 0.35

0.4

0.45 WC Ratio

0.5

0.55

Figure 4.2: Strength vs. w/c ratio for 7 days

5000 CA 0% Replaced 4500 4000 Strength ,(psi) 3500 3000 2500 2000 0.35 CA 10% Replaced CA 20% Replaced CA 30% Replaced

0.4

0.45 WC Ratio

0.5

0.55

Figure 4.1: Strength vs. w/c ratio for 28 days

4.3.2 Effect on Modulus of Elasticity

Figure 4.4 represents effect of w/c ratio with modulus of elasticity of concrete. Modulus of elasticity is higher for low w/c ratio and lower for higher w/c ratio. For normal curing concrete with zero percent replacement of coarse aggregate shows higher modulus of elasticity than internal curing concrete.

Figure 4.4: Modulus of elasticity vs. w/c ratio