1 1

Lesson 6
Lesson 6
Doubly Reinforced Beams Doubly Reinforced Beams
2 2
Contents
Contents
Introduction to Doubly reinforced concrete Introduction to Doubly reinforced concrete
beams beams
Worked example Worked example
Design methodology Design methodology
3 3
Introduction to Doubly
Introduction to Doubly
R
R

fed
fed
beams
beams

M M moment calculated from formulae moment calculated from formulae

Mu Mu ult ult. Moment = 0.156fcubd . Moment = 0.156fcubd

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If M > If M > Mu Mu
Concrete can no more withstand the actual Concrete can no more withstand the actual
moment. moment.
Either increase the concrete strength, Either increase the concrete strength,
Or doubly reinforced the beam Or doubly reinforced the beam

Providing compression steel will resist the Providing compression steel will resist the
moment in excess of moment in excess of Mu Mu
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Stress
Stress

Strain blocks
Strain blocks
b
d
x=d/2
s = 0.9x
F
st
F
cc
z
0.45f
0.0035
c
st
Cross section Strains
Stresses
A
s
A
s
' d
'
c
sc
cu
F
sc
=
=
5 5
Area of reinforcement
Area of reinforcement

Compression steel Compression steel reinf reinf. Is cal. Using . Is cal. Using

Tension steel (k Tension steel (k

=0.156) =0.156)
) ( 95 . 0
'
'
d d f
M M
A
y
u
s

=
d: depth to the compression steel from the top surface
s
y
s
A
z f
M
A
'
95 . 0
+ =
(

+ = )
9 . 0
25 . 0 ( 5 . 0
'
K
d z
6 6
Assumption
Assumption

Compression steel has yielded i.e. steel Compression steel has yielded i.e. steel
stress = 0.95 stress = 0.95 fy fy, but this will only apply if , but this will only apply if

If If d d /x /x>0.43 >0.43 - - compression steel will be at a compression steel will be at a

stress less than yield, in which case this stress less than yield, in which case this
stress can be found from the stress can be found from the elasto elasto- -plastic plastic
stress strain curve shown above stress strain curve shown above
d
x
d
d
x
d z
' '
.
< < =

0.43 OR 0.215 where
045
7 7
Worked example
Worked example

A simply supported rectangular beam of 9m A simply supported rectangular beam of 9m

span carries a characteristic dead ( span carries a characteristic dead (g gk k ) load ) load
(inc. Self wt. of beam ), and imposed ( (inc. Self wt. of beam ), and imposed (q qk k ) )
loads of 6 loads of 6 kN/m kN/m and 8 and 8 kN/m kN/m respectively. respectively.
Check whether it is a SRB or DRB Check whether it is a SRB or DRB
Doubly Reinforced Beam??
b =225 mm
h=400 mm
q =8kN/m
g =6kN/m
k
k
9m
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Worked example
Worked example
The beam dimensions : The beam dimensions : b b= 225mm, = 225mm, h h= 400mm, = 400mm, fcu fcu
=30MPa and =30MPa and f fy y =460N/mm2 calculate the area of =460N/mm2 calculate the area of
reinforcement required. reinforcement required.
Since M> Since M>Mu Mu, doubly , doubly r r fed fed
Ultimate load ( ) = . .
= . . kN/ m
Design Moment ( ) = kNm
Assuming bar diameter =
Effective depth = - / - cover
(say 40mm to main steel inc. link )
=
Ultimate Moment ( ) = .156
.156 30
Nmm
kNm
w g q
M
wl
mm
d h
mm
M f bd
k k
u cu
14 16
14 6 16 8 212
8
212 9
8
21465
25
25 2
348
0
0 225 348
1275 10
1275
2 2
2
2
6
+
+ =
=

=
=
=
=
.
.
.
.
.

9 9
Worked example
Worked example

Compression steel calculation Compression steel calculation

d mm
z d
K
z mm
x
d z
d
x
'
'
'
/ /
(0. (0.
.
))
(0. (0.
.
.
))
( )
. .
. .
= + = + =
= +
= +
=
=

=

=
= = <
cover
Compression steel has yielded
2 40 20 2 50
5 25
09
348 5 25
0156
09
270
045
348 270
045
173
50
173
0289 043
10 10
Worked example
Worked example

Choose appropriate reinforcement Choose appropriate reinforcement

diameters diameters
2
6
'
'
669
) 50 348 ( 460 95 . 0
10 15 . 87
) ( 95 . 0
mm
d d f
M M
A
y
u
s =


=

=
669
270 460 95 . 0
10 5 . 127
95 . 0
6
'
+


= + =
s
y
u
s
A
z f
M
A
11 11
Design methodology
Design methodology
a). Calculate K from M/fcubd2 a). Calculate K from M/fcubd2
K` = 0.402(bb K` = 0.402(bb 0.4) 0.4) 0.18(bb 0.18(bb 0.4)2 0.4)2
If K < K If K < K , compression steel is not required, beam , compression steel is not required, beam
shall be designed as a singly reinforced one. shall be designed as a singly reinforced one.
If K > K If K > K , compression steel is required. , compression steel is required.
b). Calculate x = (bb b). Calculate x = (bb 0.4)d 0.4)d
If If d d /x /x < 0.37, the compression steel has yielded and < 0.37, the compression steel has yielded and
fsc fsc = 0.95fy = 0.95fy
If If d d /x /x > 0.37, calculate the steel compressive strain > 0.37, calculate the steel compressive strain
esc and hence esc and hence fsc fsc
c). Calculate the area of compression steel, c). Calculate the area of compression steel,
As As = (K = (K K K )fcubd2/(fsc(d )fcubd2/(fsc(d d d )) ))
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Design methodology
Design methodology
d). Calculate the area of tension steel from d). Calculate the area of tension steel from
As =K As =K fcubd2/(0.95fyZ) + Asc fcubd2/(0.95fyZ) + Asc fsc/0.95fy fsc/0.95fy
Where Z =d Where Z =d 0.9x/2 0.9x/2
e). Links e). Links
The links should pass round the corner bars and each The links should pass round the corner bars and each
alternate bar. alternate bar.
The link size should be at least one The link size should be at least one- -quarter the size of quarter the size of
the largest compression bar. the largest compression bar.
The spacing of links should not be greater than twelve The spacing of links should not be greater than twelve
times the size of the smallest compression bars. times the size of the smallest compression bars.
NO compression bar should be more than 150mm NO compression bar should be more than 150mm
from a restrained bar. from a restrained bar.