1

EEL-6936. Advanced Topics in Wireless Communications

A Technical Study of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced

ByOlufemiAmao

Contents
Introduction5
1.BriefHistoryofCellularSystems.6
2.BasicTransmissionSchemeinLTE.9
2.1DownlinkTransmission.9
2.1UplinkTransmission.11
3.PhysicalLayerOverviewofLTE13
3.1DownlinkPhysicalLayer.13
3.2UplinkPhysicalLayerOverview..16
4.PhysicalChannelsandSignals..18
4.1DownlinkPhysicalChannels..18
4.2DownlinkPhysicalSignals20
4.3UplinkPhysicalChannels21
4.4UplinkPhysicalSignals21
5.MIMOTechnologiesinLTEandLTEAdvanced22
6.OtherLTEAdvancedTechnologies27
6.1Carrieraggregation27
6.2CoordinatedMultipointTransmission/Reception29
6.3Relaying31
Conclusion..33
Reference...34

Figures
Figure1.1:Cellularhistory.........................................................................................7
Figure1.2:3Gevolution..............................................................................................8
Figure2.1:OFDMSignalBlockGenerator..................................................................9
Figure2.2:SchedulingconceptinOFDM..................................................................10
Figure2.3:OFDMSignalrepresentedinFrequencyTimedomain.............................11
Figure2.4:TransmitterstructureforSCFDMA.........................................................12
Figure2.5:DifferencesbetweenSCFDMAandOFDM...........................................12
Figure3.1:FDDFrameStructure.13
Figure3.2:TDDFrame(for5msswitchpointperiodicity)14
Figure3.3:OFDMresourceblockconcept15
Figure3.4:Overviewofdownlinkphysicalchannelprocessing..16
Figure3.5:Overviewofuplinkphysicalchannelprocessing.17
Figure4.1:Transportchannelsmappedtophysicalchannelsinthedownlink.19
Figure4.2:TransportchannelsmappedtophysicalchannelsintheUplink.21
Figure5.1:SimplifiedtransmissionmodelforaMIMOsystemwith3TXandRXantenna22
Figure5.2ClosedloopspatialmultiplexingusingNantennaandMlayers.23
Figure5.3:OpenloopspatialmultiplexingwithNantennasandMlayers25
Figure5.4:SFBCwithtwotransmitantennasondownlink..26
Figure5.5:SFBC+FSTDwithfourtransmitantennasondownlink.26
Figure6.1:carrieraggregationtechniques.27
Figure6.2:ExampleofLTEcarrieraggregationscheme..28
Figure6.3:IntraandInterCoMPconcept..29
Figure6.4:demodulationbasedonUEspecificRS.30
Figure6.5:demodulationbasedoncellspecificRS.30
4

Figure6.6:Onewayrelaymodel .31
Figure6.7:Twowayrelaymodel 31
Figure6.8:Sharedrelaymodel 32
Figure6.9:Powercomparisonanalysiswithdifferentrelaytechniques 32

Tables
Table2.1Transmissionbandwidthconfiguration..............................................................10
Table5.1:CodebookfortransmissionforTwoantennaports...........................................24
Table5.2CodebookfortransmissionforFourantennaports.............................................24

Introduction

InApril2008,astudytermedRequirementforFurtherAdvancementforEUTRAalsocalled
LongTermEvolutionAdvanced(LTEAdvanced)wasinitiated.LTEAdvancedaimstoenhancethe
systemperformanceandcapabilitiesinexistingLTE.ThemaingoalofLTEAdvancedistoensure
thatalltherequirementofIMTAdvancedasdefinedbytheInternationalTelecommunication
Union(ITU)ismetandevenexceeded.Hence,agoodunderstandingofLTEisrequiredinorderto
understandandappreciatethekeytechnologicalcomponentsthatarebeingconsideredinLTE
Advanced.LTEAdvancedshouldbebackwardcompatiblewithLTE.Anoverviewofthephysical
layerinLTEisreviewedinthisreport;thisiscloselyfollowedwithareviewofsomeofthose
componentsspecifictoLTEAdvanced.

Chapter1BriefHistoryofCellularsystems

Cellularsystemshaveconstantlyevolvedsincetheywerefirstproposedin1947.Their
ubiquitousreachhasdrivenglobalorganizationssuchastheThirdGenerationPartnership
Project(3GPP)tothedevelopmentsofmobiletechnologies.The3GPPisacollaborationof
groupsoftelecommunicationsassociations,setuptomakeagloballyapplicablethirdgeneration
(3G)mobilephonesystemspecification,withinthescopeoftheInternationalMobile
Telecommunications2000(IMT2000)projectoftheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion
(ITU).3GPPTSGRANisthetechnicalspecificationgroupthathasdevelopedWidebandCode
DivisionMultipleAccess(WCDMA), HighSpeedPacketAccess(HSPA),aswellasLTE.Thegroups
iscurrentlyintheforefrontoffuturetechnologies.
Thehistoryofthemobilecellularsystemsisoftendividedintogenerationstodistinguishthe
technologicaldevelopmentandimprovementovertheyears.Firstgenerationcellularsystems
(1G)suchasAMPS,werebasedonanalogcommunicationtechnologythatoftenprovidedsome
voiceandverylimitedcircuitswitcheddataservices.FirstgenerationsystemsuseFrequency
DivisionMultipleAccess(FDMA)andoperateinthe450and800MHzfrequencyband.
Secondgenerationcellularsystems(2G),arebasedondigitalcommunicationstechnology.
Comparedtotheirpredecessors,2Gsystemshadimprovedspectralefficiency(increased
numberofuserspercell).Thiswaspossiblebecausedigitalvoicecouldbecompressedand
multiplexedmoreeffectively,thusallowingforfargreatermobilephonepenetration.Basedon
thetypeofmultiplexingused,2GsystemsarecategorizedaseitherTimeDivisionMultiplexing
Access(TDMA)basedsuchasGSMorCodeDivisionMultipleAccess(CDMA)basedsuchasIS95.
TheinitialformofGSMoperatedinthe900,1800and1900MHzfrequencyandusedTDMAas
itsmultiaccessschemeforcircuitbasedtransmissionofdigitizedvoice.Aninitialdatarateofup
to9.6kb/swaspossible.Theprimarydataservicesin2Gweretextmessaging(SMS)andcircuit
switcheddataservicessuchasemail.Theneedtoimprovetheexisting2Gusheredinafew
upgradesthatresultedinsomepacketswitchedfunctionalityandwasknownas2.5Gbased
cellulartechnology.GPRS,EDGEand1XRTTT.
Thirdgenerationtechnologies3G,setthestagefortheinternationalizationofcellular
standards.Priortothis,CDMAbasedsystemsweremainlydeployedinNorthAmericawhile
GSMsystemswerecommoninEurope.Radioaccessdevelopmenton3Gishandledin3GPP,
althoughtheinitialdevelopmentstartedbefore3GPPwasformed.Unlike2Gor2.5G,3Gallows
simultaneoususeofvoiceanddataservicesandoperatedatahigherdatarates.Additional
workon3Ghasbeendrivenbytheneedforacellularsystemthatwouldprovidereducedcost
perbit, Increasedserviceprovisioning,flexibilityofuseonexistingandnewfrequencybands,
simplifiedarchitectureandareasonableterminalpowerconsumption.Therehavebeen
substantialresearchactivitiesdedicatedtowardsimproving3G.The3GPPdocumentsare
dividedintoreleases,whereeachreleasehasasetofaddedfeatures,comparedtothe
7

previousreleases.3GinEuropewasnamedUniversalMobileTelecommunicationsServices
(UMTS).
WidebandCDMA(WCDMA)wasselectedasthetechnologyforUMTSinthepairedspectrum
(FDD)andTDCDMA(TimeDivisionCDMA)intheunpairedspectrum(TDD).Itoffereda
downlinkspeedofabout384Kbsandanuplinkofabout128Kbps.3GsystemsbasedonTD
SCDMAwaslaterdevelopedinChinaandmergedasadditionaloptionforTDDmode.Thefirst
majoradditionofradioaccessfeaturestoWCDMAwasinRelease5(HSDPA)andRelease6
(EnhancedUplink).Together,theyarereferredtoas(HighSpeedPacketAccess)HSPA.HSPA
providesamaxdownlinkspeedofabout14Mbit/sanduplinkofabout5.7Mbit/s.HSPA+
increasedHSPAsdataratesresultinginadownlinkof56Mbit/sandanuplinkofupto22Mbit/s
inrelease7,usingthesameaccesstechnologyasrelease6butwithimprovedantenna
technologyandhigherordermodulation.
Release8offeredasignificantimprovementinperformanceovertheexisting3Gstandards.A
feasibilitystudyontheLongTermEvolution(LTE)wasproposedin2004aspartofrel8.LTE
representsanefficientpacketbasedradioaccessnetworkthatprovidesfullIPbased
functionalitywithlowlatencyandlowcost.LTEisseenasanevolutionoftheUMTS/3GPP3G
standardswithincreasedspeedsandgeneralimprovedperformance,althoughtherearemajor
stepchangesbetweenLTEandits3GPPpredecessors.Anumberofnewtechnologiesthatmake
uptheLTEsuiteswouldbeintroducedanddiscussedinsubsequentchaptersofthisreport.

Figure1.1:Cellularhistory

Fourthgenerationsystems(4G)isexpectedtomeetIMTAdvancedrequirementsforanallIP
packetswitchednetworks,mobileultrabroadbandgigabitspeedaccessandmulticarrier
transmission.LTErev8doesnotmeetthestandardsfor4Gsystems,hencetheneedforLTE
Advancedasdescribedinrel9andbeyond.LTEAdvancedmeetstherequirementfor4G.LTE
AdvancediscompatiblewiththefirstreleaseofLTE(LTErel8)equipmentandcansharethe
samefrequencyband.TheITUhascoinedthetermIMTAdvancedtoidentifymobilesystems
whosecapabilitiesgobeyondthoseofIMT2000

Figure2.2:3gevolution

Chapter2BasicTransmissionSchemeinLTE

2.1DownlinkTransmission
LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM). OFDM makes use of a large number of closely packed orthogonal subcarriers that are
transmitted in parallel. Each subcarrier is modulated independently at low symbol rate. When
several hundreds of these subcarriers are combined using an IFFT process, the result is a data
rate similar to conventional singlecarrier modulation in the same bandwidth. As long as the
orthogonal natures of the subcarriers are maintained, subcarriers do not interfere with each
other. Carrier spacing in LTE is fixed at 15 KHz. The OFDM signal generation is shown in the
figure2.1below.

Source(s) 1:N
QAM
Modulator
QAM symbol rate =
N/T
u symbols/sec
N symbol
streams
1/T
u
symbol/sec
IFFT
OFDM
symbols
1/T
u
symbols/s
N:1
Useful OFDM
symbols

Figure2.1:OFDMSignalBlockGenerator

OFDMprovidesahighdegreeofrobustnessagainstchannelfrequencyselectivityduetoits
relativelongsymboltimeandcyclicprefix.Thecyclicprefixensuresintersymbolinterference
(ISI)doesnotspillintothenextFFTperiod,byensuringthatthedelayspreadiscontainedwithin
thecyclicprefix.LTEdefinestwoformsofCyclicprefix;normalandextended.Cyclicprefix
contributestotheoverall length of the OFDM symbol and are discarded before the FFT
operation at the receiver.Anormalcyclicprefixofabout5sisusedinsmallcellenvironment,
whileextendedcyclicprefixofsize17scanbeusedinenvironmentwithextremetime
dispersionorinthecaseofSingleFrequencynetwork.
InSinglecarrier,equalizationisoftenusedtocorrectsignaldistortionthatoccursdueto
frequencyselectivenatureofthechannel.Theadditionalcomplexityassociatedwithusing
equalizationathighbandwidthabove5MHz,makessinglecarrierunattractiveforLTE.OFDM
providesadditionalbenefitstoLTEsuchastheabilitytoscheduleresourceinboththetimeand
frequencydomainusingresourceblockconceptofOrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiple
Access(OFDMA)asshowninfigure2.2and2.3.OFDMAallowssubsetsofthesubcarrierstobe
allocateddynamicallyamongthedifferentusersonthechannelasshownbelow.
10

Figure2.2:schedulingconceptinOFDM

Thecoreofthetransmissionaccessschemeistousesharedchanneltransmission.Ascheduler
canvaryresourcesforeachtimeinstantandbywhichusersthesharedresourcesshouldbe
assigned.Thepossibilityforchanneldependentschedulinginthefrequencydomainisuseful
whenchannelsarevarying.Schedulingdecisionscanbetakenasoftenasonceevery1msand
thegranularityinthefrequencydomainis180kHz.Inthefrequencydomainthedownlink
subcarriersaregroupedintoresourceblocks,witheachresourceblockconsistingof12
consecutivesubcarriers(12*15KHz=180KHz).
Inaddition,toaccommodatedifferentspectralregulationsandavailability,LTEisdesignedto
supportvariablechannelbandwidthbyvaryingthenumberofsubcarriersusedfortransmission.
Thesubcarrierspacingisconstantregardlessofthetransmissionbandwidth.Toallowfor
operationindifferentlysizedspectrumallocations,thetransmissionbandwidthisinsteadvaried
byvaryingthenumberofOFDMsubcarriers.Subcarriersaregroupedas12consecutivepairs
knownasresourceblock.TheconceptofResourceBlockisexplainedinchapter3.
Channel bandwidth
BW
Channel
[MHz]
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
No of Resource Block(180
KHz)
6 15 25 50 75 100

Table 2.1 Transmission bandwidth configuration

11

LTEcanalsobedeployedindifferentfrequencybandsfromaslowas450MHzbandupto,at
least,2.6GHzwithsupportforbothFrequecyDivisionDuplex(FDD)andTimedivisionDuplex
(TDD).ThereisnospecifiedFFTsizeandsamplingfrequencyfortheLTEdownlink.The
samplingratefs=_fNFFTisoftenamultipleorsubmultipleof3.84MHzwhichcorrespondsto
thechiprateinWCDMA.

Figure2.3:OFDMSignalrepresentedinFrequencyTimedomain

2.2.UplinkTransmission
TheuplinkaccessinLTEusesSingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess(SC
FDMA).Comparedtothedownlink,thereissignificantlowerpoweravailabilityintheuplink.SC
FDMAwaschosenbecauseitcombinesthelowpeaktoaverageratio(PAR)techniquesofsingle
carriersystemswiththemultipathresistanceandflexibleallocationthatOFDMAoffers.SC
FDMAcanbeseenasanOFDMmodulationthatisprecededbyaDiscreteFourierTransform
(DFT)operation,hencetheyaresometimesreferredtoasDFTSOFDM.InSCFDMA,data
symbolsinthetimedomainareconvertedtothefrequencydomainusingdiscreteFourier
transform(DFT),inthefrequencydomaintheyaremappedtothedesiredlocationintheoverall
channelbandwidthbeforebeingconvertedbacktotimedomainusinganinverseFFT(IFFT)
.Cyclicprefixisthenaddedtothetimedomainsignal.
UplinkLTEisbasedonorthogonalseparationofusers.Itisthetaskoftheuplinkschedulerto
assignresourcesinbothtimeandfrequencydomaintodifferentusers.Mobiledevicesare
allowedtotransmitwithinacellduringagiventimeintervalbythescheduler.Onlyacontiguous
frequencyregioncanbeassignedtotheterminalsintheuplinkasaconsequenceoftheuseof
singlecarriertransmissioninLTEuplink.ThisisoftenreferredtoaslocalizedDFTSOFDM
transmission.Ablockdiagramshowingthetransmitterstructureandthedifferencebetween
OFDMandSCFDMAisdepictedinfigure2.4andfigure2.5respectively.

Sub-carriers
FFT
Time
Symbols
5 MHz Bandwidth
Guard Intervals

Frequency
12

DFT
Sub-carrier
Mapping
CP
insertion
Size-N
TX
Size-N
FFT

Coded symbol rate=R
NTX symbols
IFFT

Figure2.4:TransmitterstructureforSCFDMA.

Figure2.5:DifferencesbetweenSCFDMAandOFDM

13

Chapter3PhysicalLayerOverviewofLTE

AlthoughLTEdownlinkanduplinkusesadifferentmultipleaccessschemes,OFDMAandSC
FDMArespectively,theyshareacommonframestructure.Theframestructurerepresentsa
timedomainrepresentationoftheslotandsymbol.
Thesizeofvariousfieldsinthetimedomainisexpressedasanumberoftimeunit,
( ) FFTsize KHz T 2048 15000 1
s
= seconds.Thisischosenforbackwardcompatibilitywith
UMTS.(UMTSchiprateis3.84MHzoneeighthoftheassumedLTEsamplingfrequency).
Downlinkanduplinktransmissionsareorganizedintoradioframesofsize10ms(
ms 10 307200
s f
= = T T ).Atype1framestructureisdefinedforFDD,whiletype2isdefinedfor
TDD.ForFDD,10subframesareavailablefordownlinktransmissionand10subframesare
availableforuplinktransmissionsineach10msinterval.Uplinkanddownlinktransmissionsare
separatedinthefrequencydomain.Eachradioframeis ms 10 307200
s f
= = T T longandconsists
of20slotsstartingfrom0to19,withlength ms 5 . 0 T 15360
s slot
= = T .

Figure3.1:FDDFrameStructure

ForTDD,Eachradioframeoflength ms 10 307200
s f
= = T T consistsoftwohalfframesoflength
ms 5 153600
s
= T each.Eachhalfframeconsistsoffivesubframesoflength ms 1 0720 3
s
= T .For
eachsubframeinaradioframe,Ddenotesthesubframeisreservedfordownlink
transmissions,UdenotesthesubframeisreservedforuplinktransmissionsandSdenotesa
specialsubframewiththethreefieldsDwPTS,GPandUpPTS..ThelengthofDwPTSandUpPTS
variesanditssubjecttothetotallengthofDwPTS,GPandUpPTSbeingequalto ms 1 0720 3
s
= T .
14

Figure3.2:TDDFrame(for5msswitchpointperiodicity).
10msradioframerepresentsthelargestunitoftime.Thisisfurtherdividedintoasubframeof1
mswhichcontainstwo0.5msslots.AslotcontainssevenOFDMsymbolswhennormalcyclic
prefixisusedandsixOFDMsymbolswhenextendedcyclicprefixisused.WhennormalCPis
used,theCPlengthforthefirstOFDMsymbolineachslotisslightlylongerthanthatofthe
othersixtoaccommodateanintegernumberofOFDM.Thisimpliesthatasubframe(1ms)
consistsof14OFDMsymbols(inthecaseofnormalCP)and12OFDMsymbolinthecaseof
extendedCP.

Inthefrequencydomain,resourcesaregroupedintoresourceblocksmadeupof12consecutive
subcarriersperslot,thiscorrespondstoabandwidthof180Khz.TheResourceElementdepicts
thesmallestunitofresource,madeupofonesubcarrierforadurationofoneOFDMsymbol.A
Resourceblockisthusmadeupof84resourceelementswhennormalCPisusedor72resource
elementinthecaseofextendedCP.(12x7ofdm/slotand12x6ofdm/slotrespectively).Thisis
showninfigure3.3
15

1
2

Figure3.3:OFDMresourceblockconcept

16

3.1DownlinkPhysicalLayeroverview
InLTE,theenhancedbasestationthatprovidesphysicallayerfunctionalityisreferredtoas
evolvedNodeB(eNodeB).Thephysicallayerisprimarilyresponsiblefortranslatingdataintoa
reliablesignalbetweentheeNodeBandtheUserEquipment(UE).Thephysicallayeralso
interfaceswiththehigherlayers,specificallywiththeMAClayerviatransportchannels.Datais
deliveredtothephysicallayerintheformofTransportBlocksthatareofcertainsize.
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Precoding
Resource
elementmapper
OFDMsignal
generation
Resource
elementmapper
OFDMsignal
generation
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
layers
antenna
ports
codewords

Figure3.4:Overviewofdownlinkphysicalchannelprocessing.

Toreducetransmissionerrors,a24bitCyclicRedundancyCheck(CRC)andchannelcodingare
appendedtoeachblockofdata.TheCRCisusedatthereceivertodetecterrorsinthedecoded
transportblock.Inaddition,scramblingisappliedtoalldownlinkphysicalchannelstoreduce
interferencerejection.Thescramblingsequenceusesanorder31Goldcode,whichcanresultin
231sequencesthatarenotcyclicshiftsofeachother.QuadraticPermutationPolynomial(QPP)
basedTurbocodingisusedinLTEwithanoverallcoderate(R)of1/3.AQPPbasedreducesthe
complexityoftheTurboencoder/decoderbecausetheyaremaximumcontentionfree,which
impliesthattheyprovidemaximumflexibilityinsupportedparallelism.ForexampleifK=512,
supportedparallelismfactorswillinclude{1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512}.Trellis
terminationisusedfortheturbocoding.
LTEemploysabitlevelscramblingonalltransportchannels.Theblockofbitsundergoesan
exclusiveoroperationwithabitlevelscramblingsequence.Scramblinghelpsthereceiverto
fullyutilizetheprocessinggainbyreducinginterferenceatthereceiver.Differentscrambling
sequencesareusedindifferentneighboringcellthusrandomizinginterferingsignalsatthe
receiverafterdescrambling.MBSFNbasedtransmissionusescellcommonscrambling,the
samesequenceisusedinallparticipatingcells.
Themodulationmappertakesblockofscrambledbinarydigits,0or1,asinputandoutputsa
complexvaluedmodulationsymbols,x=I+jQ.LTEsupportsthefollowingmodulationschemes;
QPSK,16QAMand64QAM.InthecaseofQPSK,twobitsarerepresentedby1symbol,whilein
16QAMand64QAMfourandsixbitsarerepresentedpersymbolrespectively.Notallchannels
supportsthethreemodulationscheme.Forexample,whiletheDownlinkSharedChannel(DL
SCH)supportsallthreemodulationschemes,BroadcastChannel(BCH)onlysupportsQPSK.
17

LayermappingandprecodingarepartofantennamappingprocessandtheyrelatetoMultiple
InputMultipleOutput(MIMO)application.TheconceptofMIMOisusedinLTEandLTE
Advancedandisdiscussedinchapter5.Splittingantennamappingintotwostepsmakesit
easiertodescribethedifferentMIMOschemesthatareusedinLTE.Thelayermappingprovides
demultiplexingofthemodulationsymbolsofeachcodewordintooneormultiplelayers. The
numberoflayersisalwaysasleastasmanyasthenumberoftransportblockstobetransmitted.
Precodingtakessymbolsfromeachlayerthatwasproducedfromlayermapping,andprocesses
themtogether.Theresultisthenmappedtodifferentsubcarriers(frequencydomain)and
antennaport(spatialdomain).
MIMOsystemsaredefinedintermsofthenumberoftransmitterandthenumberofreceivers.
Forexample,a4x2MIMOimpliesthereare4transmittersand2receivers.A2x2MIMOsystem
hasequalnumberoftransmitterandreceiver(2Transmitterand2Receivers)resultingina1:1
relationshipwithrespecttolayersandthetransmittingantennaport.However,a4X2hasa2:1
relationshipresultinginredundancyinoneorbothdatastreams.Layermappingspecifieshow
theextratransmitterantennasareused.Themappingconfigurationemployeddependsonthe
multiantennaschemethatisbeingused.

3.2UplinkPhysicalLayeroverview
Asmentionedinsection2.2,uplinktransmissionisbasedonSCFDMA.CRCinsertion,Channel
codingandbitlevelscramblingaresimilartothedownlinkphysicallayerdescribedinsection
3.1.Uplinkscramblingishowevermobileterminalspecific,thusdifferentterminalsusedifferent
scramblingsequence.LTEUplinkalsosupportsQPSK,16QAMand64QAMmodulationscheme.

Figure3.5:Overviewofuplinkphysicalchannelprocessing.

18

Chapter4PhysicalChannelsandSignals
Thephysicalchannelsintheuplinkanddownlinkoperatedifferentlyduetothedifferent
requirementsandconstraints.Thedownlinkphysicalchannelcorrespondstoasetofresource
elementscarryinginformationoriginatingfromhigherlayerssuchastheMAClayer.Dataona
transportchannelisorganizedintotransportblockswithinaTransmissionTimeInterval(TTI).
EachtransportblockhasaTransportFormat(TF)thatspecifieshowthetransportblockistobe
transmittedovertheradiointerface.Suchspecificationincludes,themodulationscheme,block
size,ratecontrolandantennaemapping.

4.1DownlinkPhysicalChannels

Thefollowingdownlinkphysicalchannelsaredefined;
PhysicalBroadcastChannel,PBCH
PhysicalDownlinkSharedChannel,PDSCH
PhysicalMulticastChannel,PMCH
PhysicalDownlinkControlChannel,PDCCH
PhysicalControlFormatIndicatorChannel,PCFICH
PhysicalHybridARQIndicatorChannel,PHICH
ThefollowingphysicalsignalsareusedinLTEdownlink;
Primarysynchronizationsignal
Secondarysynchronizationsignal
Referencesignals
PhysicalBroadcastChannel(PBCH)
Thephysicalbroadcastchannelcarriescellspecificsysteminformationthatareusedto
configureandallowaccesstootherchannelsneededinthecell.Itistransmittedinthecenterof
thechannelandoccupies72subcarriers(equivalentto6RB).Inthetimedomain,thePBCHis
locatedinslot1ofthefirstfourOFDMsymbols.Theonlymodulationschemesupportedis
QPSK.
PhysicalDownlinkSharedChannel(PDSCH)
DownlinkdataistransmittedviathePDSCHchannel.ThechannelissharedamongmultipleUEs
inthetimedomain.LTEfeaturessuchasspatialmultiplexing,rateadaptationandchannel
dependentschedulingaresupportedinthischannel.UnlikePBCH,themodulationscheme
supportedareQPSK,16QAMand64QAM.
19

PhysicalMulticastChannel(PMCH)
ThischannelisresponsiblefortransportingMulticastChannel(MCH).Italsosupports
QPSK,16QAMand64QAM.
PhysicalDownlinkControlChannel(PDCCH)
PDCCH carries the channel allocation and control information. It is made up of one or more
consecutive Control Channel Elements (CCEs), where a control channel element is made up of
nine resource element groups. Only QPSK modulation is supported in this channel. A Control
FormatIndicator(CFI)thatiscarriedbythePhysicalControlFormatIndicatorchannel(PCFICH)
indicatesthenumberofOFDMsymbolthatisallocatedforthePDCCH.

PhysicalControlFormatIndicatorChannel(PCFICH)
ThePhysicalControlFormatIndicatorchannel(PCFICH)isthephysicalchannelthatcarriesthe
CFIwhichdictatesthenumberofOFDMsymbolsusedfortransmissionofPDCCHina
subframe.ItislocatedatOFDMsymbol0ofeverysubframe.Inthefrequencydomain,thesub
carriersallocatedforPCFICHisdeterminedbyCellIDinformation.

PhysicalHybridARQIndicatorChannel,PHICH
AcknowledgementandNegativeAcknowledgement(ACKandNAK)aresenttotheUEviathe
PHICH.

Figure4.1Transportchannelsmappedtophysicalchannelsinthedownlink
20

4.2DownlinkPhysicalSignals
Onthedownlink,LTEdefinesthreephysicalsignals;
PrimarySynchronization
SecondarySynchronization
ReferenceSignals
Theprimaryandsecondarysynchronizationsignalsarespecificsequencesinsertedintothelast
twoOFDMsymbolsinthefirstslotofsubframeszeroandfive.Theyaremainlyusedforcell
searchprocedure.Inadditiontotheprimaryandsecondarysynchronizationsignals,thecell
searchprocedurealsoexploitsthereferencesignalsaspartofitsoperation.Inthetimedomain,
boththeprimaryandsecondarysignalsaretransmittedtwiceper10msradioframe.Inthe
frequencydomain,thesignalsalwaysoccupythecentral62subcarriersofthechannel.This
ensuresthecellsearchprocedureisthesameregardlessofthechannelbandwidth.TheUE
determinesthetimingandcenterfrequencyfromthePrimarysynchronizationsignal.
Theprimarysynchronizationsignalsinthesubcarriersaremodulatedusingafrequencydomain
ZadoffChusequence.AZadoffChusequenceisaConstantAmplitudeZeroAutocorrelation
(CAZAC)sequencewaveformwithexcellentautocorrelationpropertiesandlowcrosscorrelation
withothersequences.Whenappliedtoradiosignals,itresultsinanelectromagneticsignalof
constantamplitude.Thephaseofeachsubcarrierisdeterminedbytherootindexnumberina
sequencegeneratorwiththerootindexnumbercorrespondingtothecellidentity.Thereare
504uniquecellidentitiesandthepowerlevelineachsubcarriersarethesame.
Thesecondarysynchronizationsignalisusedtoidentifythecellidentitysubgroups.Its
frequencyrepresentationissimilartotheprimarysynchronizationdescribedabove.The
sequencegenerationfunctionutilizesaninterleavedconcatenationoftwolength31binary
sequence.The504uniqueidentitiesmentionedintheparagraphaboveisgroupedinto168
uniquecellidentitygroups(from0to167),witheachgroupcontainingthreeuniqueidentities.
Thelaterisachievedbycyclicshiftingeachsequence.Theprimarysynchronizationgivesthe
identityinformation.
Referencesignalsareusedtoreducethepossibilityofamplitude,phaseandtimingerrorsinthe
receivedsignals.Sucherrorsmighthavebeenintroducedbytheradiochannelandimpairments
fromthetransmitter.Thereferencesignalsdonotcarryanyuniqueinformationbutprovides
knownphaseandamplitudereferencethatcanbeusedtoreliabledecodesignalsthatwould
havebeenerroneouslydecodedinitsabsence.Inthetimedomain,thereferencesignalsare
generatedeverytwosymbolsperslotwhileinthefrequencydomain,theyareallocatedinevery
sixthsubcarriers.Inadditiontocellspecificreferencesignals,LTEdefinesMBSFNreference
signalsandUEspecificreferencesignals.
21

4.3UplinkPhysicalChannel
Thefollowingphysicalchannelsareusedintheuplink;PhysicalUplinkSharedChannel(PUSCH),
PhysicalUplinkControlChannel(PUCCH)andthePhysicalRandomChannel(PRACH).
PUSCHisthechannelthatcarriesusertraffic.SimilartothePDSCH,themodulationscheme
supportedareQPSK,16QAMand64QAM.UplinkSharedChannel(ULSCH)andUplinkControl
information(UCI)arealsotransportedviathischannel.PUCCHcarriesuplinkcontrol
Informationsuchasschedulingrequests,periodicChannelQualityIndicator(CQI),and
acknowledgements.RandomaccesspreamblessenttoeNodeBisinitiatedviathePRACH.It
shouldbenotedthataUEcannottransmitonbothPUCCHandPUSCHsimultaneously.This
impliesthatiftheUEneedstosenddatainthesamesubframeasthescheduledperiodicCQI
report,PUSCHwouldbeusedinsteadofPUCCH.

Figure4.2TransportchannelsmappedtophysicalchannelsintheUplink
UplinkPhysicalSignals
4.4UplinkPhysicalSignals
LTEdefinestwophysicalsignalsintheuplink,namelyDemodulationReferencesignal(DMRS)
andtheSoundingReferenceSignal(SRS).DMRSisusedforuplinkchannelestimationand
synchronization.ItfacilitatescoherentdemodulationbasedontheZadhoffChusequence,
whichprovidesitwithgoodtimedomainautocorrelationpropertiesandconstantamplitude.In
thefrequencydomain,itisthesamesizeastheassignedresource,whileinthetimedomain;it
istransmittedinthefourthSCFDMAsymbolofthePUSCHslot.SRSisalsobasedonthe
ZadhoffChusequenceanditsusedtofacilitatefrequencydependentscheduling.Subcarrier
allocationisdictatedbythebandwidthallocationconfiguredintheSRS.

Chapt

InaM
amat
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4x4f

SUM
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Figure5.1S
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forfour
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E
d
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23

Figure5.2ClosedloopspatialmultiplexingusingNantennaandMlayers

TheclosedloopspatialmultiplexingrequirestheUEtofeedbacktherankindicator(RI),thePMI
andthechannelqualityindicatorCQIintheuplink.TheRIindicatesthenumberofspatiallayers
thattheUEscurrentchannelconditioncansupport.TheeNodeBmaydecidethetransmission
rank(M)basedontheRIreportedbytheUEorbasedonotherfactorssuchasavailablepower
transmission.TheeNodeBsendsthescheduledUEtheintendedprecodingmatrix,thatwould
beusedaspartofthedownlinkcontrolinformationusingathreebitTransmitPrecodingMatrix
Indicator(TPMI)fieldfortwotransmitantennasandasixbitTPMIfieldforfourtransmit
antennas.Withoutcyclicdelaydiversity(CDD),precodingforspatialmultiplexingisdefinedby
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
i x
i x
i W
i y
i y
P u

Ydenotesthecomplexsymboltransmittedonthenthantenna,xdenotesthemodulation
symboltransmittedonthemthlayerandWdenotestheNXMprecodingmatrix.For
transmissionontwoantennaports, { } 1 , 0 e p ,theprecodingmatrix ) (i W oftable5.1isused
whilefortransmissiononfourantennaports, { } 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 e p ,theprecodingmatrixtable5.2is
employed.
24

Codebook
index
Number of layers u
1 2
0
(

1
1
2
1

(

1 0
0 1
2
1

1
(

1
1
2
1

(

1 1
1 1
2
1

2
(

j
1
2
1

(

j j
1 1
2
1

3
(

j
1
2
1
-
Table 5.1: Codebook for transmission for Two antenna ports { } 1 , 0 .

Codebook
index
n
u
Number of layers u
1 2 3 4
0 | |
T
u 1 1 1 1
0
=
} 1 {
0
W 2
} 14 {
0
W 3
} 124 {
0
W 2
} 1234 {
0
W
1 | |
T
j j u 1 1
1
=
} 1 {
1
W 2
} 12 {
1
W 3
} 123 {
1
W 2
} 1234 {
1
W
2 | |
T
u 1 1 1 1
2
=
} 1 {
2
W 2
} 12 {
2
W 3
} 123 {
2
W 2
} 3214 {
2
W
3 | |
T
j j u = 1 1
3

} 1 {
3
W 2
} 12 {
3
W 3
} 123 {
3
W 2
} 3214 {
3
W
4
| |
T
j j j u 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1
4
=
} 1 {
4
W 2
} 14 {
4
W 3
} 124 {
4
W 2
} 1234 {
4
W
5
| |
T
j j j u 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1
5
=
} 1 {
5
W 2
} 14 {
5
W 3
} 124 {
5
W 2
} 1234 {
5
W
6
| |
T
j j j u 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1
6
+ + =
} 1 {
6
W 2
} 13 {
6
W 3
} 134 {
6
W 2
} 1324 {
6
W
7
| |
T
j j j u 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1
7
+ + =
} 1 {
7
W 2
} 13 {
7
W 3
} 134 {
7
W 2
} 1324 {
7
W
8 | |
T
u 1 1 1 1
8
=
} 1 {
8
W 2
} 12 {
8
W 3
} 124 {
8
W 2
} 1234 {
8
W
9 | |
T
j j u = 1 1
9

} 1 {
9
W 2
} 14 {
9
W 3
} 134 {
9
W 2
} 1234 {
9
W
10 | |
T
u 1 1 1 1
10
=
} 1 {
10
W 2
} 13 {
10
W 3
} 123 {
10
W 2
} 1324 {
10
W
11 | |
T
j j u 1 1
11
=
} 1 {
11
W 2
} 13 {
11
W 3
} 134 {
11
W 2
} 1324 {
11
W
12 | |
T
u 1 1 1 1
12
=
} 1 {
12
W 2
} 12 {
12
W 3
} 123 {
12
W 2
} 1234 {
12
W
13 | |
T
u 1 1 1 1
13
=
} 1 {
13
W 2
} 13 {
13
W 3
} 123 {
13
W 2
} 1324 {
13
W
14 | |
T
u 1 1 1 1
14
=
} 1 {
14
W 2
} 13 {
14
W 3
} 123 {
14
W 2
} 3214 {
14
W
15 | |
T
u 1 1 1 1
15
=
} 1 {
15
W 2
} 12 {
15
W 3
} 123 {
15
W 2
} 1234 {
15
W

Table 5.2 Codebook for transmission for Four antenna ports{ } 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 .

25

Theprecodingcodebooksshownabovearedesignedtohaveconstantmodulus,thusallphysical
transmitantennakeepthesametransmitpowerlevelregardlessoftheprecodingmatrix.This
ensurestheefficiencyofthepoweramplifier.Theprecodingmatrixesarenested,thatis,each
precodingmatrixinahigherranksubcodebookcanfindatleastoneprecodingmatrixinalower
rankprecodingmatrix.ThispropertyensuresproperperformanceincaseswhentheeNodeB
decidestousetransmissionrankthanwhatisindicatedintheRI.
OpenloopspatialmultiplexingareusedinsituationwhenthefeedbackreceivedfromtheUEis
unreliable,forexamplewhentheUEismovingatafastspeedcausingchannelconditiontovary
fasterthanthefeedbackcanreport.Theopenloopisillustratedinthefigurebelowconsistingof
NantennasandMlayerswithNgreaterorequaltoM.

Figure 5.3: Open-loop spatial multiplexing with N antennas and M layers.

UnlikeSUMIMO,MUMIMOschemeissupportedinboththedownlinkanduplinkLTE.Inthe
uplink,TwoormoreUEscanbescheduledtotransmitusingthesametimefrequency.Tomake
eachsignalunique,theeNodeBassignsorthogonalreferencesignalstotheschedulesUEs.A
ZadoffChusequenceisdefinedasthebasesequencefortheuplinkreferencesignals.
OrthogonalreferencesignalscanbecreatedfromthecyclicallyshiftedZadofffChusequence.
ThuseachUEcanbeassignedadifferentcyclicallyshiftedZadofffChusequence,resultingin
uniquereferencesignalforeachUE.Fordatatransmissionontheuplink,acyclicshiftvalueis
alwaysincludedinthecontrolsignalandneedstobereceivedbeforeaUEcanstarttransmitting
data.ThisistrueevenincaseswhereMUMIMOschemeisnotused.
Rank1transmissionistheonlymodesupportedinthedownlinkwhenMUMIMOschemeis
used.Differentrank1precodingmatricesareusedwhenmultipleUEsareconfiguredtousethe
sametimefrequencyresource.PerUEpreconfiguredPowerlevelmightbehardtomaintainin
MUMIMO,hencetheneedtointroduceda1bitsignalingtoindicateiftheUEneedstoreduce
itspowerbyhalf(3dB).
TransmitdiversityisanotherMIMOschemeusedinLTEandLTEAdvanced.Inthedownlink,the
diversityschemecanbeappliedtoallthephysicalchannels,notjustthePDSCH.TheUE
recognizesthenumberoftransmitantennabyblindlydecodingthePBCH.Spacefrequency
26

blockcode(SFBC)isusedinthecaseoftwotransmitantenna.ForeasierUEimplementationand
toproviderobustnessagainstcorrelationbetweenchannelsfromdifferenttransmitantennas,a
combinationofSFBCandfrequencyswitchedtransmitdiversity(FSTD)isusedinthecaseoffour
transmitantenna.Thisisshowninfigure5.4and5.5below.

Figure5.4:SFBCwithtwotransmitantennasondownlink.



Figure5.5:SFBC+FSTDwithfourtransmitantennasondownlink

27

Chapter6:OtherLTEAdvancedTechnologies

6.1carrieraggregation
CarrieraggregationtechnologyisintroducedinLTEAdvancedtosupportveryhighdatarate
transmissionsoverawiderfrequencybandwidthsthanexistingLTEsupports.LTErel8as
showninTable2.1,supportsabandwidthrangingfrom1.4Mhzto20Mhz,whileLTEAdvanced
shouldsupportabandwidthextensionuptoaround100MHz.Inordertosupportawider
transmissionbandwidthwhilepreservingbackwardcompatibilitywithLTERel8,Carrier
aggregationtechniquehasbeenintroduced.Itinvolvestheaggregationofmultiplebasic
frequencyblockscalledcomponentcarriers(CC)witheachCChavingamaximumof110
resourceblocks(RBs)(whichissupportedintheLTERel8).Otherradioparameterssuchasthe
subcarrierspacing,subframelengthandphysicalchannelparametersthatwasdiscussedin
previouschapters,remainsthesameacrossCCs.ThisistoensureallLTEandLTEAdvancedUEs
canworkinthesamenetwork.

Figure6.1carrieraggregationtechniques

TwotypesofCarrieraggregationtechniquesarebeingproposedforLTEAdvanced;Continuous
andNoncontinuous.Continuouscarrieraggregationinvolvesusingmultipleavailable
28

componentcarrierthatareadjacenttoeachotherwhiletheNoncontinuousaggregation
techniquesinvolvesusingcomponentcarriersthatareseparatedalongthefrequencyband.
WhileContinuouscarrieraggregationwouldseemeasiertoaccomplished,mostservice
providersmightfindithard(ifnotimpossible)toobtaincontinuous100MHzfrequencyband
duetothescarcityinspectrumallocation.WithNoncontinuousCarrierAggregationtechnique,
dataistransmittedovermultipleseparatedcarriersacrossalargefrequencyrangewith
differentchannelcharacteristics.Noncontinuouscarrieraggregationschemecanbe
implementedeitheratthemediumaccesscontrol(MAC)orthePhysicallayer.Ifimplementedin
theMAClayer,transmissionparametersareconfiguredindependentlyforeachcomponent
carrier.Thisimpliesthateachcomponentcarriermaintainsitsowntransmissionconfiguration
parameters(suchasthemodulationscheme,codingrateandMIMOconfiguration)inthe
physicallayeraswellasintheMAClayer.Inthephysicallayeraggregationscheme,asingleMAC
entityisusedbyalltheaggregatedcomponentcarriers.BackwardcompatibilityforLTERel8is
ensuredbyusingthesameconfigurationparametersandschemes.

Figure6.2ExampleofLTEcarrieraggregationscheme
Tosupportasymmetricdatatrafficintheuplinkanddownlink,anumberofschemeshavebeen
proposedtoaidtheeNodeBinidentifyingtheexactcomponentcarriersthataUEhasselected
forthedownlink.Thefirstschemeproposestheconfigurationofaphysicalrandomaccess
channel(PRACH)oneachcomponentcarrierwithdifferentparameters.TheeNodeBcanextract
thenumberofcomponentcarriersthattheUEisusingfromRACHpreambleviaanuplink
componentcarrier.Thesecondschemeinvolvestheconfigurationonallthedownlink
componentcarrierswiththesamePRACHparameters.Allassociateddownlinkcomponent
receivesabroadcastviaaninitialrandomaccessresponsewithspecifictransmission
29

configuration.TheeNodeBcanthenextractthecomponentcarriersthatarebeingusedbythe
UE.Athirdschemeissimplebutlessflexible.Itusesonlyonedownlinkcomponentcarrierto
bearthecontrolchannelsrelevanttotherandomaccessprocess.Withthisschemeinuse,the
eNodeBdoesnothavetodetectthedownlinkcomponentcarriersthatareinusebytheUE.

6.2CoordinatedMultipointTransmission/Reception

CoordinatedMultipointTransmissionandReception(CoMP)isanothercandidatetechnology
beingconsideredforLTEAdvanced.CoMPinvolvestheuseofantennasfrommultiplecellsites
inacoordinatedfashion. Bycoordinatingtransmissionbetweenmultipleantennas,higher
systemcapacityandimprovedcelledgedataratecanbeachieved.Beamformingorprecoding
gainscanbeachievedbytakingintoaccounttheinstantaneouschannelconditions.Thereare
twocategoriesforcoordinatingmultipleantennas;DynamicschedulingcoordinationandJoint
transmission/reception.CoMPcanbeusedwithinacelloracrossmultiplecells.

Figure6.3:IntraandInterCoMPconcept
InIntrasiteCoMP,thecoordinationiswithinthecellandlesscomplex,whileinIntersiteCoMP
thecoordinationcanspanacross2ormorecells,thusitisconsideredmorecomplexwith
respecttotheformer.
ChannelestimationonthedownlinkcanbeobtainedusingUEspecificreferencesignalsorcell
specificreferencesignal.InthecaseofUEspecific,referencesignalissubjecttothesame
30

transmittersideprecodingasthedata,beforetransmittingfrommultipleantenna.TheUEdoes
notneedtobeawareofthetransmissionpointsinvolved,hencethismethodcanbeusedin
existingLTErel8.Inaddition,standardizedcodebookordifferentdeploymentscenariosarenot
needed.


Figure6.4:demodulationbasedonUEspecificRS

Withcellspecificreferencesignals,theUEneedstotakeintoaccounttheweightsappliedatthe
differenttransmissionpoints.Thisimpliestheuseofstandardizedtransmissionweightsand
codebooks.Maximumratiocombinationandinterferencerejectioncombiningcanbeusedto
coherentlycombinesignalsintheuplink.Onthetransmitterside,theknowledgeofthechannel
isalsousedtodeterminetheCoMPprocessing.TheUEcanreportthequalityofthenetwork
usingtheCQIwiththeaidofreferencesignals.



Figure6.5:demodulationbasedoncellspecificRS




31

6.3 Relaying
ArelayutilizesmultihopcommunicationtoenhancethetargeteddatarateinLTEAdvanced.
Fromalinkbudgetperspective,reducingthedistancebetweenthetransmitterandreceivercan
increasethepowerrate.Severalrelaytechniqueshavebeendevelopedoverthepastdecades
suchastheanalogrepeater,thatusesacombinationofdirectionalantennasandpower
amplifierstorepeatthetransmitsignal.Thefirstcommercialwirelessnetworktoincorporate
multihopcommunicationwasIEEE802.16j.InLTEAdvanced,threerelaytechniquesarebeing
considered;onewayrelay,twowayrelay,andsharedrelay.
Onewayrelaymodelismadeupofonesingleantennarelaypersectorsservingonlyusersinits
sector.Communicationtakesplaceintwoorthogonalphases,thefirstphasebeingtheeNodeBs
transmissiontotherelay,whilethesecondphaseinvolvestherelaystransmissiontotheUE.A
decodeandforwardoperationisthenperformed.Onewayrelaycanenhancecapacitynearthe
celledgebutmightbelimitedbyinterference.

Figure6.6:Onewayrelaymodel

Twowayrelaymodelalsocalledbidirectionalrelayingismadeupofasingleamplifyand
forwardrelaypersectorandallowsimultaneousuplink/downlinkcommunication.Twoway
relaymodelavoidsthehalfduplexlossofonewayrelaybecausebothUEandeNodeBtransmit
totherelayatthesametimeinthefirsttimeslot.Therelaythenrebroadcastduringthe
secondslot,hencecommunicationstilltakesplaceintwoorthogonalphase.Downlinkand
uplinkratecanbemaximizedwithTwowayrelaymodelduetothefullduplexadvantage.With
theaidofchannelstateinformationandknowledgeoftheirownmessages,theUEandeNodeB
areabletodecodeinformationfromanotherparty.Duetoamplifyandforwardnatureoftwo
wayrelaying,ithasapotentialtoamplifyinterference.
32

Figure6.7:Twowayrelaymodel
SharedrelayusesapointtomultipointtechniquewhereseveraleNodeBcansharetherelay.
SimilartoOnewayrelay,itusesadecodeandforwardmechanism,howevermultipleantenna
relayareplacedattheintersectionofmultiplecells.Therelaythendecodesthesignalsfromthe
intersectingbasestations.Interferencecanbecanceledbyusingmultiplereceiveantennaswith
MIMOtechnologies.ExploitingtheMIMOMAC(multipleaccess)channeltodecodethree
signalscochannelandthenusingMIMObroadcastchanneltodeliverthreeinterferencefree
signals.Thiswouldresultintheremovalofmuchofthedominantinterference.Byspatially
removinglocalinterference,sharedrelayensuresthehighestratewhencomparedtotheother
relaymethodsthatwaspreviouslydiscussed.

Figure6.8:Sharedrelaymodel

Figure6.9:Powercomparisonanalysiswithdifferentrelaytechniques
33

Conclusion

ThereportlookedatthephysicallayerinLTEandsomecandidatetechnologyproposedinLTE
Advanced.BackwardcompatibilitywithLTErel8isanimportantpriorityindevelopingLTE
Advanced.Withregardstocarrieraggregation,thisimpliesthatUEsincapableofsupporting
LTEAdvancedmustbeabletodemodulateanddecodethedownlinkdatachannelfromoneof
thecomponentcarrierswithoutperformanceloss.Asdiscussedinsection6.1,therearetwo
methodsproposedforcarrieraggregation;continuousandnoncontinuous.Forcontinuous
spectrumallocation,theUEmightbeaffectedbyinterferencefromadjacentcomponent
carriers.Toavoidsuchcondition,Guardbandsmaybenecessarybetweenadjacentcomponent
carriers.Consequently,theneedforanintercarrierguardbandmayresultinlossin
transmissionbandwidth.Toaccountforthelossduetoguardbandandensurethe20MHz
transmissionbandwidthispreserved,theentiretransmissionbandwidthmightneedtobewider
than20MHz.

34

References
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Aspects".

2. 3GPP, TR 36.913, "Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA
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3. LTE-Advanced Evolving LTE towards IMT-Advanced, Stefan Parkvall, Erik
Dahlman, Anders Furuskr, Ylva Jading, Magnus Olsson, Stefan Wnstedt,
Kambiz Zangi

4. HSPA to LTE-Advanced, Rysavy Research


5. Investigation on Optimum Radio Parameter Design in Layered OFDM for LTE-
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6. Device-to-Device Communication as an Underlay to LTE-Advanced Networks,
Klaus Doppler, Mika Rinne, Carl Wijting, Cssio B. Ribeiro, and Klaus Hugl, Nokia
Research Center

7. Long Term Evolution: Towards 4th Generation of Mobile Telephony and Beyond
Sao Tomai1, Grega Jaku2

8. Progress on LTE Advanced-the new 4G standard, Eiko Seidel

9. LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution from Theory to Practice, Stefania
Sesia,Issam Toufik,Mathew Baker.

10. Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer, Jim Zyren

11. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, Erik Dahlman,Stefan
Parkvall,Johan Skold and Per Beming.

12. UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology Introduction: Application Note
1MA111, RHODE & SCHWARZ.

13. Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution Hannes Ekstrm et al.

35

14. Carrier Aggregation for LTE-Advanced Mobile Communication Systems

Guangxiang Yuan et al

15. LTE-Advanced The solution for IMT-Advanced, Hideshi Murai, Maria
Edvardsson, Erik Dahlman

16. Illustration of MIMO channel matrix in a wireless communication system using
multiple transmitters (Tx) and receivers (Rx) , Benjamin Baumgrtner

17. LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless, Moray Rumney