1.

Introduction_S13

1

INTRODUCTION

Scope of Environmental Modeling (Schnoor, pg. 1)

Why should we build mathematical models of environmental pollutants?

Three reasons:
1) To better understand the fate and transport of chemicals:
Where do all the chemicals go? How rapidly are they degraded?

2) To determine chemical concentrations:
For Risk Assessment (exposure concentrations); Environmental Impact Assessment;
Waste Load Allocations (WLA); Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)

3) To predict future conditions:
Are the contaminants with us forever?
What is the best alternative remediation method among the options?

Specific Scope of this course

Analysis of water quality in the natural systems including lakes, reservoirs, streams, rivers,
estuaries, and groundwater

Stream - primarily groundwater feed
River - groundwater and runoff
Tidal river - tidal oscillation in stage but no salinity
Estuary - mixture of fresh and salt water near the ocean


Nature of Problem (TM p.1)

a. Discharge of the residues of human and natural activities
- result in an interference of desirable use of water

b. Desirable uses of water

1) Water supply - municipal and industrial
2) Recreational - swimming, boating, and aesthetics
3) Fisheries - commercial and sport
4) Ecological balance (habitat).
1. Introduction_S13

2
Major Water Quality Problems

Principal Pollution Problems, Affected Uses, and Associated Water Quality Variables: modified from TM ( p.2 ) (Table 1.1).


Manifestation of Problem

Water Use Interference
(affect on)

Water Quality Problem

Water Quality Variable

1. Fish kills
- Nuisance odors (H
2
S)
- Nuisance organisms (maggot)
- Radical changes in ecosystem

Water Supply
Recreation
Fishery
Ecological Health

Low DO (dissolved oxygen)
High toxic chemical levels

DO, BOD, NH
3
/ NH
4
+
, Org-N,
Organic solids, Phytoplankton
Toxics (e.g., pesticides)

2. Disease transmission
Water born diseases
- Gastrointestinal disturbance
(Salmonella, Shigella)
- Eye irritations


Water Supply
Recreation
Fishery


High bacterial levels
Coliforms (indicator organisms)
Viruses (hepatitis)
Elevated level of pathogenic
viruses and protozoa

Total coliform bacteria
Fecal coliform bacteria
Fecal streptococci, viruses, protozoa
Salmonella typhi, Vibriocholerae.
Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium parvumis

3. Tastes and Odors
- blue green algae (Anabaena)
Aesthetic health (nuisances)
- algae bloom (Aalgal mats,@
Apea soup@
Unbalanced ecosystem

Water Supply
Recreation
Ecological health
Fishery

Eutrophication due to excessive
nutrients (P, N), Excessive algae
growth

Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P),
Phytoplankton

4. Toxics in water supply.
Fishery closure due to unsafe
toxic levels
Ecosystem upset: Increased
mortality; Reproductive
impairment; Declined species
diversity

Water Supply
Ecological health
Fishery

High toxic chemical levels

Metals (Hg, Cd, Cr),
Disinfection byproducts, DBPs
(THMs)
Radioactive substances (H
3
)
Pesticides, Herbicides, PCBs, PAHs,

1. Introduction_S13

3

Overall Perspective

a. The role of the water quality engineer and scientist is:

- to analyze water quality problems by dividing the problem into its principal components.

b. Principal Components

1) Inputs:
the discharge of residue into the environment from man's and nature's activities
pollutants are discharged into an ecological system; e.g., river, lake, estuary, ocean

2) Transport and transformation
Transport - physical movement of water and associated matter
Transformation - physical, chemical, and biological reactions (conversions)

3) Outputs (Water Quality Concentration)
The resulting concentration of a substance

4) Desirable Water Use
Water supply - municipal and industrial
Recreational - swimming, boating, and aesthetics
Fisheries - commercial and sport
Ecological balance (habitat)

5) Water Quality Standards


Water Quality Standard

- an established limit on water quality for an implementation plan and enforcement.
- standards promulgated by U.S. EPA apply to all public water systems.
- represents the goals which pollution control is meant to secure.

Water Quality Criteria

- Scientifically determined level of Water Quality necessary for a given use (e.g., to protect
aquatic life and human health).

- U.S. EPA has developed water quality criteria consisting of numerical limits: their rational is
based on bioassays of aquatic organisms.

- "Quality Criteria for Water", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)



1. Introduction_S13

4
Waste Load Allocation (WLA) Principles (TM, p. 4; Fig. 1.2)






Figure 1.1: Flow diagram - water quality engineering.


Steps in the WLA Process

STEP
1. Water Use
- A designation of a desirable water use or uses; e.g., water supply, recreation, agriculture

2. WQ Criteria
- An evaluation of water quality criteria that will permit such uses.

3. WQ Standard
- The synthesis of the desirable water use and water quality criteria to a water quality
standard promulgated by a local, state, interstate or federal agency.

4. Cause-effect relationship
- An analysis of the cause-effect relationship between present and projected waste load
inputs and water quality response through use of:

a) Site-specific field data or data from related areas and a calibrated and verified
mathematical model.
Desirable Public health and ecological
water use water quality standards
Desired
AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEM Actual WATER QUALITY
INPUTS (River, lake, reservoir, CONCENTRATION
Point sources estuary, etc.)
and Non-point sources Desired vs. Actual
Transports,
Reactions
Desired conc. < Actual conc.
Environmental
engineering
controls
1. Introduction_S13

5

b) A simplified modeling analysis based on the literature, other studies, and engineering
judgment.

5. Sensitivity Analysis
- A sensitivity analysis and projection analysis for achieving water quality standards under
various levels of waste load input.

6. Factor of safety
- Determination of the "factor of safety" to be employed through; for example, a set-aside
of reserve waste load capacity.

7. Costs - for the residual load, an evaluation of:
The individual costs to the dischargers
The regional cost to achieve the load and the concomitant benefits of the improved water
quality.

8. Review
- Given all of the above, a complete review of the feasibility of the designated water use
and water quality standard.

9. Promulgation of the WLA
- If both are satisfactory, a promulgation of the waste load allocation to each discharger.



Mathematical Modeling Framework (TM, p.7; Figure 1.4)


1. Introduction_S13

6
Model (Mathematical Model)

- Mathematical model is a quantitative construct, which describes (mimics or is analogous to) a
chemical, physical, or biological phenomena (Schoor, 1996).

Classification of Models

a. Spatial description
One, two or three dimensional
Homogeneous or heterogeneous spatially
Isotropic or unisotropic

b. Temporal description
1) Steady state or dynamic (time variable)

c. Statistical description
1) Deterministic or probabilistic (stochastic) - we will do deterministic models

d. Time interval
1) Continuous or discrete - we will develop continuous models

e. Complexity


Solving





Specific
problems Detailed
Prioritization/Ranking
Broad
range of Qualitative
problems
Least Data required Most
Least Time Most
Least Cost Most
Most Uncertainty Least
1. Introduction_S13

7
3. Model evaluation

How good is a model?
How might we measure or test the validity of a model?

a. A criterion should be established a priori to the modeling effort.

- The criterion is based on the user's needs or requirements for the model.
- This criterion may be statistical in nature.

b. Model results must be compared to a criterion.

c. Ways to test a model:

1) Comparison of model results
vs. field data

The error of the predicted model
results vs. the measured
concentrations can be evaluated as
absolute error or relative error.





Absolute Error = Observedvalue - Predicted (Model) value


Observed - Predicted
Relative Error (%) = 100
Observed
| |
|
\ .


2) Linear Regression on Observed values vs. Predicted values plots

R
2
= coefficient of determination
R = correlation coefficient

Statistical goodness of fit
procedures (regression analysis,
chi-square analysis, student-t
test, etc.)




3) Comparison of model results
vs. experimental results.

Correlation between observed and predicted
concentrations
y = 0.8739x + 1.707
R
2
= 0.9412
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40
Observed conc. (mg/L)
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

c
o
n
c
.

(
m
g
/
L
)Line of no difference
Linear (Predicted)
Observed vs. Predicted Concentration
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (hr)
C
o
n
c
.

(
m
g
/
L
)
Observed
Predicted
1. Introduction_S13

8
If there are no field data, then you may test your model against laboratory experimental
results (microcosm).

4) Sensitivity analysis for hypothetical situations

Sensitivity analysis for hypothetical situations can be analyzed to determine if the model
gives intuitive (reasonable) results.


Definitions:

Model Calibration
- Tuning of the model coefficients against one set (e.g., one year, one location) of field
data.

- The first stage testing or tuning of a model to a set of field data, preferably a set of field data not used in the original model
construction; such tuning to include a consistent and rational set of theoretical defensible parameters and inputs.

Model Verification
- Comparison of the model results against another set of field data at the same site or at a
different site.

- Subsequent testing of a calibrated model to additional field data preferably under different external conditions to further examine model
validity.

Model Validation
- Repeated application of the model to ensure that all major processes are included and that
the model does describe the observed phenomena.

Model Postaudit
- Comparison of model predictions that were made into the future against data gathered
over that period of time.

- A subsequent examination and verification of model predictive performance following implementation of an environmental control
program.

1. Introduction_S13

9
Basic Concept

Principle of Continuity, Conservation of Energy, Conservation of Mass, Mass Balance

- Heat, mass, and momentum are always conserved in macroscopic interactions.


Heat Balance



Q
in
= heat in inflow (e.g., hot
spring)
Q
out
= heat in outflow
S = solar short wave radiation
L = solar long wave radiation
B = back radiation, B = T
4

E = evaporation
c = convection
q = total heat




Then heat balance will be

in out
q
Q S L B E c Q
t
A
= + +
A


where t = time
q = m C
p
T Unit: BTU = (lbs)(BTU/lb-F)(F)
J = (kg) (J/kg C) (C)
m = mass, lb, kg
C
p
= heat capacity = specific heat, BTU/lb -F, J/kg C
T = change in temperature, F, C

( )
in out
q Q S L B E C Q t A = + + A



Q
in
Q
out
q
c
c
S L B E
1. Introduction_S13

10
Mass Balance





Accumulation = Inputs - Outputs Reactions

where Reactions: + sign = formation or production reactions
- sign = decomposition or decay reactions



Key Elements:

1) Control Volume
- A clearly defined control volume
- e.g., the Earth, an entire body of oceans, an infinitesimal thin slice of water

2) Inputs and Outputs (Mass Loading)
- A knowledge of inputs and outputs that cross the boundary of the control volume
- The mass input depends on both the input flow and the input concentration.

Two categories of inputs:
a) Point sources
b) Non-point sources

Point Sources

a) Those inputs that are considered to have a well-defined point of discharge
b) Under most circumstances, it is usually continuous.
c) A discharge pipe or group of pipes can be located and identified with a particular
discharger.
d) Two principal point sources:
1) municipal point sources that result in discharges of treated and partially treated
sewage
2) industrial discharges which result in the discharge of toxic substances, nutrients,
BOD, etc.


MASS INPUTS MASS OUTPUTS
Transport Transport
CONTROL
VOLUME
Transformation
Reactions
1. Introduction_S13

11

Point Source Mass Loading Rates

For continuous flow, the input load is given by:

W
(t)
= Q
(t)
C
(t)
(1.1)

M L
3
M
--- = ---- ----
T T L
3


where W
(t)
= mass rate of input, M/T
C
(t)
= concentration of input, M/L
3

Q
(t)
= flow of input, L
3
/T


b. Unit Conversion

m
3
g 86,400 s kg kg
W
(t)
= Q C = ------ ------ ------------ ------- = -------
s m
3
day 10
3
g day

MG 8.34 lb/MG lb
W
(t)
= Q C = (--------)(mg/L) (---------------) = --------
day mg/L day

1 mg 1 g 10
-3
kg
------ = ----- = ----------
L m
3
m
3




Non Point Sources:

a) Origin of the discharge is diffuse.
- It is not possible to relate the discharge to a specific well-defined location.

b) Principal non-point sources:
- agricultural runoff
- silviculture runoff
- atmospheric deposition
- urban and suburban runoff
- drainage from abandoned mines
- construction activities,
- groundwater (infiltration, and leaching from land disposal of solid wastes)


1. Introduction_S13

12



Runoff Flow and Non point Source Mass Loading Rates

a. Runoff Flow

The Rational formula: Q
R
= C I A

where Q
R
= the average runoff flow during the event, L
3
/T, cfs
I = the rainfall rate, L/T, in/hr
A = the area over which the runoff will occur, L
2
, acres
C = the runoff coefficient
= f (land use, population density, degree of imperviousness)
= 0.1 - 0.3 for rural area (for population density of about 1 person/acre)
= 0.7 - 0.9 for heavy industrial and commercial areas (for population densities > 50
persons/acre)

b. Mass loading for wet period only (Di Toro, 1979)

W
R
= c Q
R


M M L
3

--- = ----- -----
T L
3
T

where W
R
= the mean load per overflow event, M/T
c = the average concentration during the event, M/L
3

Q
R
= the average runoff flow during the event, L
3
/T

- Assumed c and Q
R
do not depend on each other.



c. Mass loading for wet and dry period average (the long-term average loading rate)

W
R
D M T
W
A
= ------ ----- -----
t T T

Where W
A
= the long-term average loading rate, M/T
W
R
= the mean load per overflow event, M/T
D = the average duration of storms, T
t = the average time between storms, T



1. Introduction_S13

13


Sample Problem x.01 (TM, 13): A city with combined sewers extends over an area of 15 mi
2
.
Rainfall occurs on average every 77 hr, with an average intensity and duration of 0.055 in/hr and
6.5 hr, respectively. The permeability of the city is such that the volumetric runoff coefficient C
= 0.6 and the average overflow total nitrogen (TN) concentration is 9 mg/L. The city treatment
plant discharges 20 MGD with an effluent TN concentration of 40 mg/L. The treatment plant
captures on average 20% of the runoff.

Compare the TN discharge from the combined sewer overflows (CSOs) with that from the city
sewage treatment plant (STP).

(Solutions)

TN loading to the STP,
W
(STP)
= Q c = (20 MGD) (40 mg/L) 8.34 = 6670 lb/d

Runoff-Wet period only:

Q
R
= CIA = (0.6) (0.055 in/hr) (9600 acres) = 317 cfs

where Q
R
= the average runoff flow during the event, L
3
/T
I = the rainfall rate, L/T = 0.055 in/hr
C = the runoff coefficient = 0.6
A = 15 mi
2
(640 acres/ mi
2
) = 9600 acres

Because the rain fall captured by the STP = 20 %, the overflow = 317 cfs (1 0.20) = 254 cfs

254 ft
3
9 mg 28.31 685 L lb 1 g 86400 s 12,300 lb
W
R
= Q
R
c = -------- -------- ---------------- --------------- ------------ ----------- = ------------
s L 1 ft
3
453.5924 g 1000 mg d d



Runoff Wet and Dry Period Average


W
R
D 12,300 lb 6.5 hrs 1040 lb
W
A
= ------ = ------------- ------------ = -------------
t d 77 hrs d

Where W
A
= the long-term average loading rate, lb/d

W
R
= the mean load per overflow event = 12,300 lb/d
D = the average duration of storms = 6.5 hrs
t = the average time between storms = 77 hrs

1. Introduction_S13

14

3) Transport Characteristics

- A knowledge of the transport characteristics within the control volume and across its
boundaries.

Completely Mixed System - Flow through system with spatially uniform concentration due to
the intensity of mixing with confined boundaries.

Advection (plug flow) System


Table Ranges of Diffusion (D) and dispersion (E) Coefficients in Natural Systems (Schnoor,
1996 )

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cm
2
/sec m
2
/day mi
2
/day
==========================================================
a. Molecular (D) 10
-5
10
-4

b. Deep sediments (E) (1) 10
-7
- 10
-5
10
-6
- 10
-4

c. Bioturbated
sediments (E) 10
-5
- 10
-4

d. Lakes (E) 0.01 - 10 0.1 - 100 (2)
e. Large rivers (E)
lateral 10
2
- 10
3

longitudinal 10
4
- 10
5.5

f. Estuary (E) 10
5
- 10
7
5 - 500 2 - 20
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) deep, compacted sediments
- bioturbulation (by benthic organisms) are not considered
- worms can greately influence on mixing.
(2) some lakes are subject to great mixing due to spring/fall overturns.

1. Introduction_S13

15
Principle of Continuity, Conservation of Mass, Mass Balance

- Heat, mass, and momentum are always conserved in macroscopic interactions.

Accumulation = Inputs - Outputs Reactions

where Reactions: + sign = formation or production reactions
- sign = decomposition or reduction reactions



Example: Hydrologic Cycle


Water balance around an impoundment (e.g., Lake)

| | | | | |
Change in volume Rate of in flow Rate of out flow =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
in
V
Q t R t G t E t Q t
t
A
= + +
A


where V(t) = volume of water in the lake
Q
in
(t) = surface flow into the lake
Q(t) = outflow from the lake
R(t) = runoff (rain, snow)
G(t) = groundwater (subsurface) flow
E(t) = Evaporation
t = increment time


Precipitation
(Rain, Snow)
Evapotranspiration
Infiltration Runoff R(t) Evaporation, E(t) Evaporation, E(t)
Surface flow
Q
in
(t) Lake
Groundwater
flow G(t)
Outflow Ocean
Q(t)
1. Introduction_S13

16

Assuming that surface water inflow and the outflow are predominant flow (i.e., surface runoff,
evaporation, and groundwater inflow are insignificant), water balance (change in volume) can be
written as


A
A
V
t
Q t Q t
in
= ( ) ( )

as t 0

dV
dt
Q t Q t
in
= ( ) ( )

Consider three cases:

a) If there is no outfall, Q
(t)
= 0


dV
dt
Q t
in
= ( )

b) At steady state condition, dV/dt = 0


dV
dt
Q t Q t
in
= = ( ) ( ) 0

Q t Q t
in
( ) ( ) =


c) If Q
in
is constant and Q(t) increases exponentially as

Q(t) = Q
o
e
kt


where k = coefficient
Q
o
= initial flow; i.e., Q at t = 0

dV
dt
Q Q e
in o
kt
=

| |
dV Q Q e dt
in o
kt
=

| |
dV Q Q e dt
V
V
in o
kt
t
o
} }
=
0


where Vo = initial water volume; i.e., V at t = 0
1. Introduction_S13

17


dV Q dt Q e dt
V
V
in o
kt
t t
o
} } }
=
0 0


| | | |
| |
V Q t
Q
k
e
V
V
in
t
o kt
t
o
=
0
0


( )
V V Q t
Q
k
e
o in
o kt
= 1

( )
V V Q t
Q
k
e
o in
o kt
= + 1 (4)



Mass Balance on pollutant in a well-mixed impoundment




Accumulation = Inputs - Outputs Reactions

Change in
pollutant mass
in the lake
Pollutant mass
inflow
Pollutant mass
outflow
Pollutant mass
reacting

(
(
(
=

(



( ) A
A
A
A
VC
t
Q C QC
C
t
V
in in
rxn
=
|
\

|
.
|


as t 0

Q
in
Q
C
in
C
V, C
1. Introduction_S13

18
( ) d VC
dt
Q C QC
dC
dt
V
in in
rxn
=
|
\

|
.
|



Time-variable impoundment



Q
i
= inflow
Q
e
= outflow
C
i
= constituent concentration in inflow
C
t
= constituent concentration in outflow at
time t







Assume that the impoundment is completely mixed and no reaction is taking place in it.


Flow balance

Change in volume

t
i e
dV
Q Q
dt
= (1)

Change in concentration

( )
1 1
1
t t t t t
dC C C C C C
dt t t t t

A
= = =
A A
(2)

Mass Balance

( )
t t
i i e t
d VC
QC Q C
dt
= (3)

Using the chain rule,

t t
t t i i e t
dV dC
C V QC Q C
dt dt
+ = (4)

Q
i
Q
e
C
i
C
t
V
t
C
t
1. Introduction_S13

19
Substituting Eqs. (1) and (2) into Eq. (4) yields

( ) C Q Q V
C C
t
Q C Q C
t i e t
t t
i i e t
+

|
\

|
.
|
=
1
A
(5)
Solve for C
t
Q C Q C
V
t
C
V
t
C Q C Q C
i t e t
t
t
t
t i i e t
+ =

A A
1


C Q
V
t
Q C
V
t
C
t i
t
i i
t
t
+
|
\

|
.
|
= +

A A
1


C
Q C
V
t
C
Q
V
t
t
i i
t
t
i
t
=
+
+
|
\

|
.
|

A
A
1

Multiply both the numerator and denominator by t gives

C
Q C t V C
Q t V
t
i i t t
i t
=
+
+

A
A
1
(6)
From (1)
dV
dt
V V
t
Q Q
t t
i e
=

=
1
A


( ) V V Q Q t
t t i e
=
1
A

( ) V Q Q t V
t i e t
= +

A
1
(7)

If a reaction is considered, Eq. (6) becomes

1 i i t t t
t
i t
QC t VC r V t
C
Q t V

A + A
=
A +
(8)

where r = rate of reaction

1. Introduction_S13

20
Example x.02. A water retention basin was constructed with a dam to maintain a constant
outflow rate. Table x.01 presents the flow (Q) and suspended solid concentration (C) for a one
day period. Using the data, estimate the change in water volume (V) and suspended solid (SS)
concentration when the initial volume (V
o
) is 100 m
3
. Assume a completely mixed basin and no
settling of SS in the basin.





Figure x.01 A water retention basin in question


Table x.01 Time series follow and SS data




Inflow
Q
i
C
i
C
t V
t
Outflow
Q
e
C
t
Dam
Ci Qi
Time
Consecutive
Time (hr) SS (mg/L) Flow (m3/s)
8 AM 8 5 0.0420
10 10 10 0.0500
12 NOON 12 50 0.0800
2 PM 14 300 0.1000
4 16 200 0.0800
6 18 100 0.0500
8 20 80 0.0200
10 22 50 0.0150
12 MIDNIGHT 24 20 0.0100
2 26 18 0.0080
4 28 15 0.0050
6 30 10 0.0030
Avg 72 0.0386
1. Introduction_S13

21
(Solution)

Equations (Model)

( ) V Q Q t V
t i e t
= +

A
1


where V
t
= volume of the basin at time t, m
3

V
t-1
= volume of the basin at time t-1, m
3

Q
i
= inflow, m
3
/s
Q
e
= outflow, m
3
/s
t = time interval, s
t = t - (t-1)

C
Q C t V C
Q t V
t
i i t t
i t
=
+
+

A
A
1


where C
i
= constituent concentration in inflow, mg/L
C
t
= constituent concentration in outflow at time t, mg/L
C
t-1
= constituent concentration in outflow at time t -1, mg/L

Assumptions:
1) The impoundment is completely mixed
2) No reaction, no settling of SS take place in the basin.

Calculation Steps:

1. Find the constant rate of flow out of the system, Q
e



3 1
0.0386 / sec
n
i
i
e
Q
Q m
n
=
= =

2. Define the initial SS of water, C
o


C
o
= 5 mg/L

3. Set V
o
= V
t-1
= 100.0 m
3


4(1). Find the volume, V
t


( ) V Q Q t V
t i e t
= +

A
1
(7)

V
t
= (0.0420 0.0386) (m
3
/s)(7200 s) + 100.0 m
3
= 124.6 m
3


Note t = 2hr = 7200 sec

1. Introduction_S13

22
5(1). Find C
t


C
Q C t V C
Q t V
t
i i t t
i t
=
+
+

A
A
1
(6)

3 3
3 3
(0.0420 / )(5 / )(7200 ) (124.6 )(5 / )
(0.0420 / )(7200 ) (124.6 )
5 /
t
m s mg L s m mg L
C
m s s m
mg L
+
=
+
=



Repeat step 4 and 5 for each Q
i



4(2). Find the volume after t, V
t


( ) V Q Q t V
t i e t
= +

A
1
(7)

V
t
= (0.050 0.0386)) (m
3
/s)(7200 s)+ 124.6 m
3
= 206.8 m
3


5(2). Find C
t


C
Q C t V C
Q t V
t
i i t t
i t
=
+
+

A
A
1
(8)

3
3
3
3
(0.050 / )(10 / )(7200 ) (206.8 )(5 / )
(0.050 / )(7200 ) (206.8 )
8.176 /
t
m s mg L s m mg L
C
m s s m
mg L
+
=
+
=



The computed results are given in Table x.02. Figure x.04 shows the suspended concentrations
with the different initial volume (V
o
).



Table x.02 Change in volume and SS
concentration in an time variable impoundment









Consecutive v
i
(m3) C
i
(mg/L)
Time Time (hr)
Vo = 100 m
3
8 Am 8 124.6 5.000
10 10 206.8 8.176
12 Noon 12 505.0 30.461
2 Pm 14 947.2 146.865
4 16 1245.4 163.668
6 18 1327.6 150.087
8 20 1193.8 142.542
10 22 1024.0 133.713
12 MN 24 818.2 124.516
2 26 598.0 115.158
4 28 356.2 105.964
6 30 100.0 88.918
1. Introduction_S13

23






















Do Homework Assignment 1. The homework is due one week from today.


Change in water volume in the basin, Vo = 100 m
3
0
500
1000
1500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (hr)
B
a
s
i
n

v
o
l
u
m
e

(
m
3
)
Change in SS concentration in the basin, Vo= 100 m
3
0
50
100
150
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (hr)
S
S

c
o
n
c
.

(
m
g
/
L
)
Figure x.04 Change in SS concentration in
the impoundment, V
o
= 100 m
3


Figure x.03 Change in water volume in the
impoundment, V
o
= 100 m
3