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International Journal of Advanced Computer Science, Vol. 2, No. 8, Pp. 287-292, Aug., 2012.

Manuscript
Received:
9,Sep.,2011
Revised:
25,Nov.,2011
Accepted:
20,Jan.,2012
Published:
15,Sep.,2012
Keywords
Simulation
Model,
Solar Arrays,
Reference
standard,
MPPT,

Abstract A simulation model of solar
array can reflect the real-time output voltage
and current, the maximum power point
voltage, the maximum power point current
and the maximum power point in any light
intensity and any temperature of solar array.
A simulation model is established in
Matlab/Simulink and proved the engineering
model correctly and reliability. Using the
method of Perturbation and
Observation(P&O) and Incremental
Conductance(INC) track the maximum
power point of a solar array under the
reference standard of these output elements,
and found out the pursuit gain around the
reference standard oscillation and further to
validate the model's reliability.



1. Introduction
The simulation model of solar-array is the foundation
of the photovoltaic grid system, which might be more useful
if the model could reflect the real details of the solar-array.
Recently, there are two major photovoltaic engineering
models, one of them is that the temperature of the solar
array is less influential to the output details of the solar
array and the other one is that the temperature is greatly
effection to the output. But, we found out that the
temperature of the solar array have a great effect to the
output of the solar array through engineering measurement.
So, we designed a model which can reflect the real-time
voltage and current of the solar array, the maximum power
point voltage, the maximum power piont current and the
maximum power point in any light intensity and solar array
temperature with the guidance of the measurement.


Xiaolei Wang (3420013067@qq.com), Liang Yang(ylsoolar@qq.com) and
Pan Yan(3517700745@qq.com) are with the School of Electrical and
Information, Zhongyuan University of Technology, 41 Zhongyuan Road,
Zhengzhou, China, 450007.
2. The Output of the Solar
Arrays Engineering Model
A. The I-U Characteristics of the Solar Array in Different
Light Intensity and Solar Arrays Temperature
The equivalent circuit of solar array is shown in Fig.1,
and its I-U equation is [1]:
)
{1 [ 1]}
oc
sc
I I M e I
A
= +A
U- U/ ( NU
(Equ. 1)
In the Equation.1,
/( U )
(1 / )
m oc
U N
m sc
M I I e

=
( / 1) / ln(1 / )
m oc m sc
N U U I I =
ref
T T T A =
/ 1
ref
S S S A =
* * U T S I | A = A A A
= ( / ) *
ref sc
I S S T I S o A A + A
load
Rs
{
}
M
N
solar arrays
OC
U
SC
I
U

Fig.1 Equivalent circuit of solar array
As is shown above, 0.00121 ( / )
o
sc
I A C o = ,
0.005 ( / )
o
oc
U A C | = ;
oc sc m m
U I U I are in the
order of the open circuit voltage, the short current, the
maximum power point voltage and the maximum power
point current under the standard condition(the light
intensity is
2
1000W/m and the solar arrays temperature
is 25
o
C ). M and N are the intermediate coefficient.
T A , S A , U A and I A are the real-time modifier in
different light intensity and different solar arrays
temperature.
A Simulation Model of Solar Array Based on
Newton Iteration Method
Xiaolei Wang, Liang Yang, & Pan Yan
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science, Vol. 2, No. 8, Pp. 287-292, Aug., 2012.
International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)


288
B. The Open-circuit Voltage and The Short-circuit
Current of the Solar Arrays in Different Light Intensity
and Solar Arrays Temperature
When the current (I) of the Equ .1 is zero, the voltage (U)
means the open circuit voltage (
'
oc
U ) , and the
'
oc
U is the
real-time value. The
'
oc
U is given by
'
=N ln([(1 / ) / ] 1)
oc oc sc
U U I I M U +A + +A (Equ. 2)
And when the voltage(U) of the Equation.1 equal
zero, the current(I) is just real-time value of the
short-circuit current(
'
sc
I ) ,which is given by
) '
{1 [ 1]}
oc
sc sc
I I M e I
A
= +A
- U/ ( NU
(Equ. 3)
C. The Maximum Power Point Voltage, the Maximum
Power Point Current and the Maximum Power Point
of the Solar Arrays in Different Light Intensity and
Solar Arrays Temperature
If we assume that the current (I) of the Equation.1 is the
maximum power point current, the Equ .1 should be
changed into
m
)
= {1 [ 1]}
oc
m sc
I I M e I
A
+A
U - U/ ( NU
(Equ. 4)
Now, we consider the relationship among the power (P),
the voltage (U) and the current (I), which is given by
P=UI (Equ. 5)
The derivative equation is
= + dP / dU I U(dI / dU) (Equ. 6)
In the Equ .6, the dI/dU is given by
( )/
d d =- M /
oc
U U NU
sc oc
I U I e NU
A
/ (Equ. 7)
If we assume that the dP/dU is zero, the Equ .6 should
be changed into
m
+ *(
m
I U dI / dU) =0 (Equ. 8)
In the Equ .8, the I
m
means the maximum power point
current and the U
m
means the maximum power point
voltage. And the Equ .7 should be changed into
( )/
d d =- M /
m oc
U U NU
sc oc
I e NU
A
I / U (Equ. 9)
If we inserted I
m
from the Equ .4 and made use of the
substitutions defined in the Equ .8 and 9, we finally get the
expressions
U 1
) 1
m
oc
U U
NU m
oc sc
I
e
NU M I M
A
A
= + + ( 1+ (Equ. 10)
We may define three parameters a, b and c, which are
1 (1/ ) / ( )
sc
a M I I M = + +A ,
oc
b NU = , c U = A ,the
Equ .10 can be written in terms of a, b and c as
( )/
(1 U / )
m
U c b
m
b e a

+ = (Equ. 11)
As the value of 1+U
m
/b and a are both greater than
zero, so we can take the natural logarithm to the both side of
the Equa .11 and we get
ln(1 U / ) ( ) / ln
m m
b U c b a + + = (Equ. 12)
Then, adding one in the both side of the Equ .12, so we
get
U
ln(1 ) (1 ) 1 ln
m m
U c
a
b b b
+ + + = + + (Equ. 13)
Now, we define another two parameters x and as
1 /
m
x U b = + , 1 ( / ) ln c b a = + + , then, we have the
relation
ln x x + = (Equ. 14)
Next, we use Newton iteration method to solve the
Equ .14, if we let ( ) ln f x x x = + , we could
get
'
( ) (1/ ) 1 f x x = + , using the equation of Newton
iteration method
'
1
( ) / ( ), ( 0,1, 2,...)
k k k k
x x f x f x k
+
= = ,we can
get the value of x ,which is
( 1.07)[ ln(0.8879 0.9493) 1]
0.0571
x

+
=
+
(Equ. 15)
when the initial value(x) equals 7.9186 which is
calculated just in this paper at the standard situation
because different solar panel have different output
characteristics, we can get appropriate initial value when
we consider the output characteristics of solar panel, and
then we can get the value of
'
m
U from the equation
'
1 /
m
x U b = + , the
'
m
U is the real-time value, the standard
value of the maximum power point tracking(MPPT), which
is given by
'
U =b(x-1)
m
(Equ. 16)
We get a special value of the particular solar panel from
the Equ .15, but we need one equation that can reflect most
solar panels output characteristics. So we choose
1 /
m
U b + as the initial value of x ,then eliminate
intermediate variable(abc and ),we can get
'
( ln ) 1
1
m oc
U NU


=
+
(Equ. 17)
It is the real-time value of the maximum power point
voltage.
In the Equ .17,
( )[1 ln(1 )]
2
m
m oc
oc
m oc
U
U NU
NU
U NU

+ + +
=
+

1
1 ln(1 )
oc sc
U I
NU M MI

A A
= + + + +
are the correction factors. In the engineering, if
Xiaolei WANG I et al.: A Simulation Model of Solar Array Based on Newton Iteration Method.
International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)


289
we got the real-time value of the light intensity(S) and the
solar panels temperature (T), we could get the real-time
value of the maximum power point voltage, which could be
used in the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control.
If we insert
'
U
m
from the Equation.17 and make use of
the Equation.4, we can get the real-time value of the
maximum power point current (
'
m
I ) ,which is given by
'
'
= [1 ( 1)]
m
oc
U
m sc
I I M e I
A
+ A
U
NU
(Equ. 18)
If we make use of the Equ .17 and 18, we can get the
maximum power point
'
m
P ,which can be written as
' ' '
m m m
P U I =
'
'
{ [1 ( 1)] }
m
oc
U
m sc
U I M e I
A
= + A
U
NU
(Equ. 19)

3. The Simulation Model of Solar
Array
The relationship between current(I) and voltage(U) of
the solar arrays is shown in the Equation.1,the real-time
open circuit voltage is shown in the Equation.2, the
real-time short-circuit current(
'
sc
I ) is shown in the
Equation.3,the maximum power point voltage(
'
m
U ) , the
maximum power point current(
'
m
I ) and the maximum
power point(
'
m
P ) is shown in the order of Equation.17,18
and 19. Now we can make use of these equations to build a
simulation model of solar array in Matlab/Simulink, which
is shown in the Fig.2 and the part of Subsystem is shown in
Fig.3. In the simulation model, S1 and S2 are light intensity
whose unit is W/m
2
, T1 and T2 are the temperature of the
solar array whose unit is
o
C.
In the simulation model, we select 34 solar-cell panels,
in which the number of parallel connection (N) is 2, the
number of series (M) is 17. The open circuit voltage (U
oc
)
of a solar cell is 21.5V, the short circuit current (I
sc
) is
5.67A, the maximum power point voltage (U
m
) is 17.5V and
the maximum power point current (I
m
) is 5.15A in the
condition that the light intensity (S) is 1000 W/m
2
and the
temperature of the solar cell is 25
o
C.
The simulation result is shown in Fig.4 when the light
intensity(S) is 1000W/m
2
and the temperature of the solar
arrays is 25
o
C. When the light intensity(S) linearly changes
from 500 W/m
2
to 1000 W/m
2
but the temperature of the
solar arrays is a invariant value (25
o
C), the result is shown
in Fig.5. And the result is shown in Fig.6 when the
temperature linearly changes from 15
o
C to 75
o
C but the
light intensity(S) is 1000 W/m
2
. And the result is shown in
Fig.7 when the Temperature (T) and Light intensity(S) both
linearly changes.



Fig.2 Simulation model of solar array



Fig.3 Simulation model of Subsystem


We can see from the Fig.4 that the output of the solar
arrays is a constant current source when the light intensity(S)
and the solar array temperature (T) are constant value. As
the curve of power and voltage have only one extreme point,
so the extreme point is the maximum power point under the
condition of a single case. We also calculate from the Fig.5
that the value of the maximum power point of the solar
array, the maximum power point current and the maximum
power point voltage are larger than the past when the light
intensity(S) gradually becomes larger. We can see from
Fig.6 that the maximum power point and the maximum
power point voltage are smaller than the past when the
temperature gradually becomes larger.




Fig.4 The output of solar array on standard condition
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science, Vol. 2, No. 8, Pp. 287-292, Aug., 2012.
International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)


290

Fig.5 The output of solar array when the light intensity changes from
500
2
/ W m to 1000
2
/ W m

Fig.6 The output of solar array when the solar arrays temperature changes
from 15
o
C to 75
o
C

Fig.7 The output of solar array when the light intensity and the solar arrays
temperature are variation
4. The Simulation Result of
MPPT with the Method of
P&O and INC
Using the method of Perturbation and
Observation(P&O) [3]and Incremental Conductance(INC)[4]
track the maxi- mum power point of the solar-array based
on the model of solar-array. The MPPT simulation model is
established in Matlab/Simulink, which is shown in Fig.8,in
which the simulation parameters are all invariantly. The
reference voltage and the module of MPPT control, which
are obtained through mathematical calculation, are making
use of the M-Function of Matlab. In the simulation model of
MPPT control, the flow chat of P&O is shown in Fig.9 and
the INC is shown in Fig.10.The method of Perturbation and
Observation(P&O) and Incremental Conductance(INC) are
the classical and reliable ways, so we can make use of the
two methods to track the maximum power point, if the
result shown that the tracking curve is oscillation around the
reference curve, the model of solar array should be correct.
The Fig.11 shows the simulation result when using the
method of Perturbation and Observation(P&O) track the
maximum power point and the Fig.12 shows the result when
using the method of Incremental Conductance(INC).We can
see from the Fig.11 and Fig.12 that the tracking curve is
oscillation around the reference curve, so we can calculate
that the model of solar array is correct.



Fig.8 Simulation model of MPPT


5. Conclusion
The engineering model of solar array is the foundation
of the grid connection of photovoltaic. It is needing a
accurate reference value to measure the tracking precious
and the response speed in the MPPT control of the grid
connection of photovoltaic. Established a simulation model
in Matlab/Simulink. The model can reflect the real-time
voltage and current, the real-time maximum power point
voltage, the real-time maximum power point current and the
maximum power point. A three-dimensional diagram of
voltage (U), current (I) and the maximum power point (P
m
)
is shown in Fig.7, which is the foundation of MPPT control.
Xiaolei WANG I et al.: A Simulation Model of Solar Array Based on Newton Iteration Method.
International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)


291
Then using the output parameters of the model as is the
reference value and using the method of Perturbation and
Observation(P&O) and the method of Incremental
Conductance(INC) track the maximum power point, and
found out the tracking value is oscillation around the
reference value, so the result indicated that the model of
solar array is accurate.


Detecting UI
P2-P1=0?
P2-P1>0?
U2-U1>0?
U2-U1>0?
U2=U2+U U2=U2-U U2=U2-U U2=U2+U
Return
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y N
N
Calculating P2 and P1

Fig.9 Flow chart of P&O


Initialization
dI/dU=-I/U? dI=0?
dI/dU>-I/U?
U2=U2+U U2=U2-U U2=U2-U U2=U2+U
N
Y
Detecting UI
dU=0?
Calculating
dU=U2-U1 dI=I2-I1
dI>0?
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Return

Fig.10 Flow chart of INC

Fig.11 The simulation results through P&O

Fig.12 The simulation results through INC
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Xiaolei Wang is with the School of
Electrical and Information, Zhongyuan
University of Technology, 41
Zhongyuan Road, Zhengzhou, China,
450007.
Xiaolei Wang

Liang Yang is with the School of
Electrical and Information, Zhongyuan
University of Technology, 41
Zhongyuan Road, Zhengzhou, China,
450007.
Liang Yang


Pan Yan is with the School of
Electrical and Information, Zhongyuan
University of Technology, 41
Zhongyuan Road, Zhengzhou, China,
450007.






















Pan Yan

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