EXPERIMENT : SOAP MAKING (SAPONIFICATION)

In this experiment we prepare soap from animal fat (lard) or vegetable oil. Animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of carboxylic acids; they have a high molecular weight and contain the alcohol, glycerol. Chemically, these fats and oils are called triglycerides (See chapter 27.3 of 372 5160 [1 ]d 13 gr end 1 [0 I 7840 1620 1580 1760 2300 2780 8300 8280 7820 7860 211 I2900 1620 63 1540 1660 4020 4140 2780 2900 1780 3040 1820 1680 2880 4120 3980 3220 53 1320 20 1620 1580 2020 2600 2780 8300 8280 8140 D2900 St D 295 St [14 1320] 1660] 3800] 4140] 2560] 2900] 3980] 3960] 2740] 1680] 2880] 4120] [1 9 2 acids I 20 A I8300 1580 r chemdict /bs[[1 1320 1 1620 begin D DSt St [15 1540 [2 SP II2020 8280 1620 1660 2740 1320] D DSt St [3 [16 I 2600 I 8140 1660 1680 DSt D St [4 [17 I 1620 I 8140 3800 2880 D St DS [ Bruice). The principal in3960 animal fats and vegetable oils can be prepared from the natural triglycerides by alkaline hydrolysis (saponification). You may also choose to add a scent to your % userdict/chemdict L/gr/grestore L/tr/ xl pp l SA RA -1 st -8 py np gs fill e o cp 5 a w dp 0 In x 6 w 2 0 dp/cY }b/OrA{py y cw py 0 1 2 -1 g bW -2 dp ChemDraw CopyRight sc 8 p cm fill pp}{sqrt 0 pA -1 m2 }{6 gr ix o D 2 pl dv 1 -9.6 rtransform 2 lt{1 180 p -2 A}{cw m mv s sc px a}b/P exec}{al o -1 s 2 cm 0 gr}{pp}{gs m dv s dp m g mv H dp o {dp dv -.6 rO x sc b2 py exec W 0 12 A}{dL st sm xl -1 CA lp np neg 0 n py w LB mv I 1.2 p gr T{8 a}{ex 7 p bd sc -9.6 e st at p 1 neg 5 F mv p px clip}b/Ct{bs OA -1 l Laser n p L/gs np 1986, arcn pp l 0 L/xl/trans aL m neg}if/py gs gr 2 p mv cp st}b/HA l p OB ex 1 r at 2.25 0 m 16.8 s mv o w mv px }{1 90 gs n 1 8 l s 0 l fil 12 ac 145 counttomark{bs py n/ex lp y /gsave np ro bW s 3.375 e dp sg ix aR 1 P py t}{0 l0.6 0.3 ro bd w 1987, 7 8 -1 O ac gr rep px SA sc cv 1 rad fill x -1 m1 0 aL dict p B/bL 0 DL x eq{D n sc 1.2 0 1 at end}b/D dp {lW 8 py late -9.6 x 0 ey l ne{bW DA r SA p 0 L/ie/i gr py m sc bd dp px -1 mt 120 B p s Cambridge rot put l}for rad m p n/ey rO 180 b1 e mv cm 0 -1 L/S{s }{dL 2 x D}{D 1 21.6 D m/ p 0 ro 0 l py 5 0 g bW dv -.6 ac A}{cw CA 0 p 180 lt{-1 -1 a}ie}b/WW{gs a}ie}b/BW{wD chemdict w felse sm -1 0 tr/dy 12 bs st aA 2 x b{bs{dp dp 0 l8 px py x sc 0 2.2 -8 cp dx r1.5 dv}{bd}ie f S}ie 0 st}{A p gr}{gs O e rot 0 np m}b/dA 6 dv py s m py L 1 D g ne{bW 3 24.6 A}{1 p cm 16 n/dx 360 -1 180 x/dx p SA /ix/index a Scientific 5 LB sc 2 -1 0 g l neg lp 5 mv px sqrt px r m s 4 0 0 sc gs begin/version neg}if/px r m -1 s ac arc type[]type -4.8 DA 12 arc gs gi x 1 s p 0 -1 180 0.6 py e L l st}{0 o {[3 dy 0 r 3 ac 2 mv dp 0 rO 5 2.25 B al 0.5 O gs s w CB 2 0 }{dL lW 1 dv/bd py p 25.8 c -1 2.2 16 gs B n/dy wD F eq{DB}{D pp S]}b/dL{dA cw rev{neg}if 6 ac begin L/l/lineto w r 90 lComputing, 1 s CB m 1 r e rO -1 lp px 2 SA 0.5 g sg 0 2 px p dv o s -2 x sc 1 CA cW dv cv begin fill 16 m r py l e cX x 0 p np[{py 1 x}i fill eq{dp SA 0 s dv DA sg np cm neg 0 lx bs dp p -1.6 mv wy s arc 0 1 OA a gr lp ne etgray f 24 0 lgr ly fil rlineto D 1 bW np sm 0 e }{cw p cp bs cm 0 e ac S}ie wx L/mt/matrix s gs o A}{2.25 g/w l o rO ac 27 }{1 def/b{bind cm p lc}b/O sc mv 0 py gr 0 s 16 dp cY cm n w px e Inc. lsm 0 tcm g at 0 ac 1.6 neg s WI g p gr}b/OB{/bS b gs cli 5 -1 pp}{2 2 px ne{bW 1 m 2 div 0 lp sm p ne mt cp 2 l s x 0 m 0 eq{gs t}{As ppath 3 st sc cm 1 v{O m mv 27 py p 4 bs s e 0 p or{4 s sl w ro fi lW e dup SA st st}]e gr l t}{px 0 gi neg 270 0 ll}b/SA{aF l s 4.8 e p rO bL cp 1.5 4 tr p m rA 0 gr py def}bind ZLB g/bb al L/mv/movet 2 l m c l OA gi dp mv fill 0 1 w st 2 fil cp ac e dv/bd rad bd 25.8 AA gs cpt SA pp 1 put 39 rO lW p r y S xl}{xl al l gr 1 px 0.4 4 }{1.5 cm 0 gs end ap a/py -1 lt{pp 4 x o w s }{1 pp e ac g D 1 np set 0 2 w m cv py 3 g 0 o at -1 s 0.5 1 mv A}{270 sc p r}if s x}if cp dv b m}b/CB{np[{[{CS}{CS}{ ix D def/L{load exec dv gr}b/In{px px xl gray etdas -0.4 pp eq{dL m -1 l ro}ie}b/A x 8 SA sc px 4 0 T}]o 2 rad 1 3 s w 4 a pp lW 24.6 py o round sc g/cX 0 1 t}{1.0 g pp}ifelse S}i ZL 0 ix lW x -1 gr}ie}b/Cr{0 O -0.4 L/m/ Bd 1 fill h}d/cR w p pp a/px 180 rO lm/aL xl A}{1 B 0 f/lp }if p r nH CA ap 9.6 -2 n 3 x gr}b/w g gr ac gs 3 360 o/cX ac s mul 6 2 p Ac}{0.5 w -1 AA c g dv l x 1 -1 A DA def}b/d/def dx px cm 21.6 4 o 1 px l e x b LB gs exec}b/CS{p lp SA s{nH {np r 12 w 1 r arc gi n o aL sg p 5 L }{1 s/w ne{py py x s 0 }{180 1 0 cX e lt{e}if /n/ 2 mv m g/cY gs D dp/cY al OA d/ 3 9.6 fill 0 1 S cm n rad p m 2 s x -1 18 360 1 cY neg 0 wF dv pp aR 1 Ac}{1 dv t}{0 mv rO dv x w }{1 gr r sm 16.8 rO s 0 sc dy s x dic e CA g dp DS xl s n pp /w 1.5 dp 0 p px ra cm L np x b L s g m 1 fi a 0 p n 0 s soap by adding an essential oil. You can purchase the scent you want to add or isolate it from the natural source using a process of steam distillation (see Natural Product Isolation procedure at the end of this lab)

O R 1C O R 2C O R 3C O CH
2

CH

R 1CO O Na

HO

CH

CH

NaOH saponification or hydrolysis

R 2CO O- Na + + H O

CH

R 3CO O Na
Carboxylic acid salts (Soap)

HO

CH

Triglycerides (Fat or Oil)

Glycerol

The natural acids are rarely of a single type in any given fat or oil. In fact, a single triglyceride molecule in a fat may contain three different acid residues (R1COOH, R2COOH, R3COOH), and not every triglyceride in the substance will be identical. Each fat or oil, however, has a characteristic statistical distribution of the various types of acids possibleSee chapter 26.3, pg 1121 of Bruice for some examples. The fats and oils that are most common in soap preparations are lard and tallow from animal sources, and coconut, palm, and olive oils from vegetable sources. The length of hydrocarbon chain and the number of double bonds in the carboxylic acid portion of the fat or oil determine the properties of the resulting soap. For example, a salt of a saturated long-chain acid makes a harder, more insoluble soap. Chain length also affects solubility. Tallow is the principal fatty material used in making soap. The solid fats of cattle are melted with steam, and the tallow layer formed at the top is removed. Soapmakers usually blend tallow with coconut oil and saponify this mixture. The resulting soap contains mainly the salts of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids from the tallow, and the salts of lauric and myristic acids from the coconut oil. The coconut oil is added to produce a softer, more soluble soap. Lard (from hogs) differs from tallow (from cattle or sheep) in that lard contains more oleic acid.

Tallow

CH 3(CH 2)14CO OH
Palmitic acid

CH 3(CH 2)16CO OH
Stearic acid

CH 3(CH 2)7CH
Coconut oil

CH(CH 2)7CO OH
Oleic acid

CH 3(CH 2)10CO OH
Lauric acid

CH 3(CH 2)12CO OH
Myristic acid

Pure coconut oil yields a soap that is very soluble in water. The soap contains essentially the salt of lauric acid with some myristic acid. It is so soft (soluble) that it will lather even in seawater. Palm oil contains mainly two acids, palmitic acid and oleic acid, in about equal amounts. Saponification of this oil yields a soap that is an important constituent of toilet soaps. Olive oil contains mainly oleic acid. It is used to prepare Castile soap, named after the region in Spain in which it was first made. Toilet soaps generally have been carefully washed free of any alkali remaining from the saponification. As much glycerol as possible is usually left in the soap, and perfumes and medicinal agents are sometimes added. Floating soaps are produced by blowing air into the soap as it solidifies. Soft soaps are made by using potassium hydroxide, yielding potassium salts rather than the sodium salts of the acids. They are used in shaving cream and liquid soaps. Scouring soaps have abrasives added, such as fine sand or pumice. To Prepare for this lab: Read section 17.14 of Bruice for a review of Soaps. Prelab to be turned into your instructor before you begin: 1)Write the balance equation for this reaction (use a C18 triaceylglyceride for you oil) 2) State what oil (or mixture of oils) that you will be using to make your soap. Use 100g of total oil. Also be sure to have calculated the amount of sodium hydroxide and water that you will be using (see procedure below for an explanation). Think about what mold you may want to use --the bottom of quart size milk carton is pre lined and works great and bring one if you can. The soap making procedure and advice below was graciously produced by Sean Choi, an exceptional soap maker. A recommended soap making website that you can refer to is Thesage.com. This website will also give you ideas as to what oils to use and scents (essential oils) that can be added. Note that you can add an essential oil to scent your soap. Many oil will be provided (olive oil, Veg oil and a few others) but you are encouraged to purchase/bring some from home to produce you own unique soap. You can also purchase soap molds and essential oil at Zenith supply on 63rd and Roosevelt. http://www.zenithsupplies.com/

SOAP MAKING ADVICE AND PROCEDURE: Introduction: The reaction in making soap (saponification) is a base (usually NaOH or KOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides to make three salts (soap) and glycerol. The molecules crystallize differently depending on the base used. NaOH produces a harder bar while KOH is used more frequently for liquid soaps.

The two most commonly used methods to make soap at home are called the cold process and the hot process. Both require a heat source and careful calculations to ensure that no caustic base is left unreacted in the soap. The hot process uses heat to speed the reaction resulting in fully saponified soap by the time you pour your soap into molds. The cold process uses just enough heat to ensure that all the fat is melted prior to reacting it with the base. I prefer the cold process because it is simpler, requires less time and energy, while resulting in a creamier bar. We will use the cold process in this experiment. In this experiment you must calculate the amount of base required to make a soap using a specific oil. To calculate the amount of NaOH required, you must refer to the table at the end of this experiment. The figures in the third column (NaOH Bar Soap) give the grams of base required to saponify 1 gram of the oil. For example, 1.0 gram of avocado would require 0.133 g of solid NaOH. In this experiment, you will use a 5 % excess of the oil to ensure that nearly all of the sodium hydroxide is consumed in the saponification process. Otherwise, the soap will be too basic and could be harmful to use. If 100 g of avocado oil were used, then the amount of NaOH required (assuming a 5% excess of oil) would be 95 g oil x 0.133 g NaOH/1.0 g oil = 12.63 g of solid NaOH. Water is also required for this soap. For most soaps, a good amount of water is 35% of the mass of oil used. In this case, the amount of water required would be 35 g ( or 35 mL). It is sometimes desirable to use more than one kind of oil. Here are the calculations for a soap containing 30% coconut oil and 70% olive oil. Assume that 70 g of coconut oil and 30 g of olive oil are used. First, calculate the mass of 95% of each oil to ensure that there is a 5% excess of oil. Then do the following calculation:

28.5 g coconut oil x 0.181 g NaOH/g oil + 66.5 g olive oil x 0.134 g NaOH/g oil = 5.16 g + 8.91 g = 14.07 g NaOH required. The recipe would be 30 g of coconut oil, 70 g of olive oil, 14.06 g NaOH, and 35 mL of water. Note: A great all around soap is made with 30% coconut oil, 35% Crisco shortening, and 35% olive oil. Not too dry and good cleaning. PROCEDURE 1. Determine how much soap you want to make. In this experiment, you should use 100 g of oil, either 100% of one oil or a mixture. 2. Decide which oil/oils you will be using. Each oil has differing properties that react differently and produce different qualities in your soap. For example, coconut oil will give you a hard bubbly bar with excellent cleaning properties, however, bars with more than 40% coconut oil can be drying to the skin. On the other hand, olive oil makes a super moisturizing soap but the bar is softer, doesnt last as long, and can leave behind an oily feeling. 100% olive oil bars also take considerably longer to react. In general, oils that are great for cleaning produce a harder bar but arent that moisturizing, while moisturizing oils produce softer bars and dont clean as well. 30% coconut oil and 70% other oil/oil blend reacts easily and makes a great all around bar. 3. Each oil requires a different amount of base to react completely and can be looked up in a saponification table (attached). Calculate the amount of NaOH required to react all but 5 % of your oil(s). You want a 5% excess of oil in your soap to ensure that no caustic base remains unreacted in your soap. The excess oil is also great for the skin. 4. Prepare your mold, anything that will hold its shape will do. You will want to either grease your mold with petroleum jelly or line with freezer paper, parchment paper, or plastic wrap. DO NOT use aluminum foil because it will react with your base and release hydrogen gas. The bottom of quart size milk carton is pre lined and works great. 5. Make your aqueous base solution. Weigh out the amount of NaOH calculated in step 3 and put aside. Then pour 35.0 mL of distilled water into a 250-mL beaker. Slowly add the base to the water (never water to base!) while stirring with a glass stirring rod until dissolved and let cool to 33-43C. Caution: NaOH is caustic and can burn you! Wear gloves! When NaOH is dissolved in water, a lot of heat is given off. This solution may become very hot.

6. Weigh and place oils into a beaker and melt/heat on a hot plate to 33-43C. Mixing the oils and base at similar temperatures facilitates the reaction and prevents separation. 7. Once both the base solution and your oils are 33-43C, you can begin slowly pouring the aqueous base solution into the oils while stirring. A magnetic stir bar may facilitate this process. Continue stirring until the mixture begins to thicken and you can see trails of your mixture on the surface upon lifting your spoon/stirrer above the surface. This stage is called trace and some oils take longer than others to reach this stage. Once you have reached trace, you can add any fragrances or additives, mix thoroughly, then pour into your mold. Be mindful not to pour your stir bar into the mold. If you do, wear gloves when fishing it out and change gloves afterwards. (A helpful hint for cleaning the beaker is to let it sit until next lab period. By that time, the glass will be lined with soap rather than an oily caustic film. This is one of the few times in life where it pays off to put it off!) 8. Optionally you can insulate your mold with towels to trap heat and facilitate the reaction, or not. Some prefer to even chill the mixture at this point to prevent the soap from going through a gel stage which occurs when the reaction heats up, turning the soap transparent for a short time before turning opaque again. The soap will appear different having gone through, or not having gone through gel stage. Either way, your soap should be nearly completely saponified in 24-48 hours, at which point it can be removed from the mold. Though safe to use at this point, curing for 4-6 weeks will react any trace amounts of base and evaporate excess water, resulting in a smoother and longer lasting bar. 9. Before using your soap, you must test the pH to make sure that it is not too basic. You will test the pH in three different ways. Using a sharp device such as a knife or scalpel, shave off about 1 g of your soap in small pieces. Add to 20 mL of water in a small beaker and stir. Transfer about 2 mL of this mixture to a test tube and add a couple drops of phenolphthalein. The test range for phenolphthalein is ~ pH 8-10, changing from colorless to a deep pink. Colorless to light pink is fine. The more intense the pink, the more basic it is. A soap that gives a deep pink color may be an indication of an erroneous measurement or non-uniform mixture. A soap giving a deep pink color could be dangerous. Verify the pH using a pH meter. Soaps with a pH > 10 can be irritating to the skin depending on skin type. Soaps with a pH > 11 should NOT be used on the skin. They can be grated and used as laundry soap which generally has a pH of 10-12. Finally test a couple drops of the soap solution on pH paper to see if you get similar results.

For the saponifcation table below simply find you oil that you are using, and multiply the grams that you will use of that oil times the value given under the base you are using (in this case sodium hydroxide). This product of this value is the weight of base (in grams) that you need (see sample calculation above).
Oil SAP NaOH Sodium Hydroxide (Bar Soap) KOH Potassium Hydroxide (Liquid Soap) INCI Name

Almond Butter, Sweet

90 - 140

0.098

0.139

Prunus amygdalus dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil

Almond Oil Sweet

190 - 200

0.137

0.194

Prunus amygdalus dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil

Almond Oil, Sweet, Organic

190 - 200

0.137

0.193

Prunus amygdalus dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil

Aloe Butter

220 - 260

0.176

0.247

Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil and Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract

Aloe Vera Oil

185 - 200

0.135

0.191

Apricot Kernel Butter

130 - 145

0.097

0.1361

Prunus armeniacae (Apricot) Kernel Oil

Apricot Kernel Oil

185 - 195

0.135

0.190

Prunus armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil

Apricot Kernel Oil, Organic

185 - 195

0.135

0.190

Prunus armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil

Avocado Butter

177 - 198

0.132

0.186

Hydrogenated Persea gratissima (Avocado) Seed Oil

Avocado Oil

177 - 198

0.133

0.188

Persea gratissima (Avocado) Oil

Babassu Oil

245-256

0.178

0.251

Orbignya oleifera (Babassu) Seed Oil

Baobab Oil

190 - 220

0.143

0.202

Adansonia digitata (Baobab) Seed Oil

Beef Tallow

190 - 200

0.140

0.196

Beeswax White

89 - 103

0.067

0.095

Beeswax

Beeswax, yellow

89 - 103

0.067

0.095

Beeswax

Blackcurrant Oil

185 - 195

0.134

0.188

Ribes nigrum (Blackcurrant) Fruit Oil

Borage Oil

175 - 196

0.134

0.189

Borago officinalis (Borage) Seed Oil

Brazil Nut Oil

245-256

0.176

0.247

Camellia Oil

185 - 197

0.134

0.189

Camellia oleifera (Camellia) Seed Oil

Candelilla Oil

43 - 65

0.038

0.053

Canola Oil

0.132

0.187

Castor Oil

175 - 187

0.127

0.179

Ricinus communis (Castor) Seed Oil

Cherry Kernel Oil

182-202

0.138

0.194

Prunus avium (Cherry) Kernel Oil

Cocoa Butter (deodorized)

188 - 200

0.136

0.192

Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter Deodorized

Cocoa Butter (food grade)

188 - 200

0.136

0.192

Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter

Cocoa Oil

173-188

0.127

0.179

Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) Oil

Coconut Oil 76

250 - 264

0.181

0.256

Cocos nucifera (Coconut) Oil

Coconut Oil, Organic

250 - 264

0.178

0.252

Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil

Cod Liver Oil

0.132

0.1848

Coffee Seed Oil

0.130

0.182

Corn Oil

0.135

0.190

Cottonseed Oil

0.137

0.192

Emu Oil (Fully Refined)

185 - 200

0.135

0.191

Emu Oil

Evening Primrose Oil

175 - 196

0.133

0.188

Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil

Evening Primrose Oil, Organic

175 - 196

0.133

0.188

Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil

Flax Seed Oil

188 - 196

0.135

0.190

Linum usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil

Flax Seed Oil, Organic

188 - 196

0.135

0.190

Linum usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil

Fractionated Coconut Oil

325 - 340

0.237

0.334

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride

Grape Seed Oil

185 - 200

0.134

0.187

Vitis vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil

Hazelnut Oil

180 - 200

0.136

0.192

Corylus americana (Hazel) Seed Oil

Hemp Seed Butter

175 - 200

0.133

0.1875

Cannabis sativa Seed Oil (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

Hemp Seed Oil

190 - 195

0.137

0.193

Cannabis sativa (Hemp) Seed Oil

Hemp Seed Oil, Organic

190 - 195

0.135

0.191

Cannabis sativa (Hemp) Seed Oil

Illipe Butter

188 - 200

0.136

0.192

Shorea stenoptera (Illipe) Seed Butter

Jojoba Golden

91 - 93

0.068

0.096

Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil

Jojoba, Organic

91 - 93

0.068

0.096

Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil

Kokum Butter

187 - 193

0.134

0.188

Garcinia indica (Kokum) Seed Butter

Kukui Nut Oil

190 - 195

0.135

0.191

Aleurites moluccana (Kukui) Nut Oil

Lard

0.141

0.199

Lavender Butter

175 - 200

0.133

0.1875

Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil (and) Lavendula angustifloia extract, (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

Macadamia Nut Butter

175 - 200

0.133

0.1875

Macadamia ternifolia Seed Oil (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

Macadamia Nut Oil

190 - 200

0.138

0.195

Macadamia (Macadamia ternifolia) Seed Oil

Mango Butter

183 - 198

0.135

0.190

Mangifera indica (Mango) Seed Butter

Marula Oil

188 - 196

0.135

0.190

Sclerocarya birrea (Marula) Kernel Oil

Meadowform Oil

169

0.120

0.169

Limnanthes alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil

Moringa Oil

193.2

0.136

0.191

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Oil

Neem Oil

175 - 205

0.138

0.194

Azadirachtin indica (Neem) Oil

Olive Butter

175 - 200

0.138

0.193

Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

Olive Oil A

184 - 196

0.134

0.190

Olea europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil

Olive Oil, Extra Virgin

184 - 196

0.135

0.190

Olea europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil

Olive Squalane, Refined

184 - 196

0.135

0.190

Organic Raspberry Seed Oil

184 - 191

0.133

0.1875

Rubus Idaeus (Red Raspberry) Seed Oil

Palm Butter

0.155

0.218

Palm Kernel Oil

220

0.155

0.218

Elaeis guineensis (Palm) Kernel Oil

Palm Oil

190 - 205

0.144

0.203

Elaeis guineensis (Palm) Oil

Palm Oil, Organic

190 - 205

0.144

0.203

Elaeis guineensis (Palm) Oil

Peanut Oil

0.136

0.190

Perilla Oil

185 - 200

0.135

0.191

Perilla ocymoides (Perilla) Seed Oil

Pistachio Nut Butter

175 - 200

Pistacia Vera Seed Oil (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

Pomace Olive Oil

0.133

0.188

Olea europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil

Poppyseed Oil

0.137

0.194

Pumpkin Seed Oil

187 - 195

0.132

0.186

Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin) Seed Oil

Rapeseed (Canola) Oil

182 - 193

0.124

0.175

Rice Bran Oil

180 - 190

0.131

0.185

Oryza sativa (Rice) Bran Oil

Rosehip Oil

185 - 193

0.133

0.187

Rosa canina (Rosehip) Fruit Oil

Safflower Oil, High Linoleic

185 - 198

0.135

0.190

Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil

Sal Butter

178 - 192

0.130

0.183

Seabuckthorn Oil

130 - 200

0.116

0.163

Hippophae rhamnoides (Seabuckthorn) Oil

Sesame Oil

186-199

0.135

0.191

Sesamum indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil

Shea Butter

170 - 185

0.126

0.178

Butyrospermum parkii (Shea Butter) Fruit

Shea Butter Ultra

160 - 180

0.131

0.185

Butyrospermum parkii (Shea Butter) Fruit)

Shortening (vegetable)/Tallo w

0.136

0.192

Soybean Oil

190

0.134

0.188

Glycine soja (Soybean) Oil

Sunflower Seed Oil

185 - 198

0.136

0.191

Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil

Turkey Red Oil

0.127

0.178

Sulfated Ricinus communis (Castor) Oil

Virgin Coconut Oil

250 - 264

0.178

0.252

Cocos nucifera (Virgin Coconut) Oil

Walnut Oil

190 - 197

0.136

0.192

Juglans regia (Walnut) Seed Oil

Wheat Germ Oil

180 - 200

0.132

0.186

Triticum vilgare (Wheat) Germ Oil