1

Exercises
Articles
Articles: a/an
PEG 1-4 Insert a or an if necessary. 1 My neighbour is . . . photographer; let's ask him for . . . a !ice about colour films. " #e ha . . . fish an . . . chips for . . . lunch. $ %hat oesn't soun . . . !ery interesting lunch. & I ha . . . !ery ba night; I i n't sleep . . . 'ink. 4 (e is . . . !egetarian; you 'on't get . . . meat at his house. (e'll gi!e you . . . nut cutlet. $)ast time I ha . . . nut cutlet I ha . . . in igestion. * . . . tra!el agent 'oul gi!e you . . . information about . . . hotels. + #e' better go by . . . ta,i-if 'e can get . . . ta,i at such . . . hour as " a.m. . . . . person 'ho suffers from . . . claustrophobia has . . . rea of being confine in . . . small space/ an 'oul al'ays prefer . . . stairs to . . . lift. 0 1o you take . . . sugar in . . . coffee2 $ I use to/ but no' I'm on . . . iet. I'm trying to lose . . . 'eight. 3 . . . man suffering from . . . shock shoul not be gi!en anything to rink. 14 5ou'll get . . . shock if you touch . . . li!e 'ire 'ith that scre' ri!er. #hy on't you get . . . scre' ri!er 'ith . . . insulate han le2 11 It costs fifty-fi!e an . . . half pence an I'!e only got . . . fifty pence piece. $ 5ou can pay by . . . che6ue here. $ 7ut can I 'rite . . . che6ue for . . . fifty-fi!e an . . . half pence2 1" . . . Mr 8mith is . . . ol customer an . . . honest man. $ #hy o you say that2 (as he been accuse of . . . ishonesty2 1& I'm not . . . 'age-earner; I'm . . . self-employe man. I ha!e . . . business of my o'n. $ %hen you're not . . . 'orker; you're . . . capitalist9 14 #hen he 'as charge 'ith . . . mur er he sai he ha . . . alibi. 1* . . . frien of mine is e,pecting . . . baby. If it's . . . girl she's going to be calle Ethel re a. $ #hat . . . name to gi!e . . . girl9 1+ I ha!e . . . hour an . . . half for lunch. $ I only ha!e . . . half . . . hour-barely . . . time for . . . smoke an ... cup of coffee. 1. I hope you ha!e . . . lo!ely time an . . . goo 'eather. $ 7ut I'm not going for . . . holi ay; I'm going on . . . business. 10 (e looke at me 'ith . . . horror 'hen I e,plaine that I 'as . . . ouble agent. 13 I 'oul n't climb . . . mountain for :1/4449 I ha!e . . . horror of . . . heights. "4 I ha!e . . . hea ache an . . . sore throat. I think I'!e got . . . col . $ I think you're getting . . . flu. "1 . . . Mr ;ones calle 'hile you 'ere out (neither of us knows this man). (e 'ants to make . . . complaint about . . . article in the paper. (e 'as in . . . !ery ba temper. "" If you go by . . . train you can ha!e 6uite . . . comfortable <ourney/ but make sure you get . . . e,press/ not . . . train that stops at all the stations. "& . . . fe' people kno' (hardly anyone knows) that there is . . . secret passage from this

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house to . . . ol smugglers' ca!e in the cliffs. "4 I'm ha!ing . . . fe' frien s in to . . . coffee tomorro' e!ening. #oul you like to come2 $ I' lo!e to/ but I'm afrai I'm going to . . . concert. "* It's time you ha . . . holi ay. 5ou ha!en't ha . . . ay off for . . . month. "+ (e broke ...leg in... skiing acci ent. It's still in . . . plaster. ". I 'ant . . . assistant 'ith . . . kno'le ge of =rench an . . . e,perience of . . . office routine. "0 I see that your house is built of . . . 'oo . >re you insure against ... fire2 "3 %he escaping prisoner campe in . . . 'oo but he i n't light . . . fire because . . . smoke rising from the 'oo might attract . . . attention. &4 I ha . . . ama?ing e,perience last night. I sa' . . . inosaur eating . . . meat pie in . . . )on on park. $ 5ou mean you ha . . . nightmare. >ny'ay/ inosaurs i n't eat . . . meat. &1 I'll pay you . . . hun re . . . 'eek. It's not . . . enormous salary but after all you are . . . completely unskille man. &" If you kept . . . graph you coul see at . . . glance 'hether you 'ere making . . . profit or . . . loss. && . . . little (hardly anything) is kno'n about the effect of this rug; yet . . . chemist 'ill sell it to you 'ithout . . . prescription. &4 I ha!e . . . little money left; let's ha!e inner in . . . restaurant. &* #oul it be . . . trouble to you to buy me . . . ne'spaper on your 'ay home2 &+ . . . man is . . . reasoning animal.

Articles: the
PEG +-0 Insert the if necessary. 1 . . . youngest boy has <ust starte going to . . . school; . . . el est boy is at . . . college. " 8he li!es on . . . top floor of an ol house. #hen . . . 'in blo's/ all . . . 'in o's rattle. & . . . arkness oesn't 'orry . . . cats; . . . cats can see in . . . ark. 4 My little boys say that they 'ant to be . . . spacemen/ but most of them 'ill probably en up in . . . less ramatic <obs. * 1o you kno' . . . time2 $ 5es/ . . . clock in . . . hall has <ust struck nine. $ %hen it isn't . . . time to go yet. + (e 'as sent to . . . prison for . . . si, months for . . . shop-lifting. #hen . . . si, months are o!er he'll be release ; . . . ifficulty then 'ill be to fin . . . 'ork. $ 1o you go to . . . prison to !isit him2 . I 'ent to . . . school to talk to . . . hea mistress. I persua e her to let >nn gi!e up . . . gymnastics an take . . . ballet lessons instea . 0 . . . ballet isn't much use for . . . girls; it is much better to be able to play . . . piano. 3 I am on... night uty. #hen you go to . . . be / I go to . . . 'ork. 14 Peter's at . . . office but you coul get him on . . . phone. %here's a telephone bo, <ust roun . . . corner 11 (e got... bronchitis an 'as taken to . . . hospital. I expect they'll sen him home at . . . en of . . . 'eek. $

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(a!e you rung . . . hospital to ask ho' he is2 1" >nn's habit of ri ing a motorcycle up an o'n . . . roa early in . . . morning annoye . . . neighbours an in . . . en they took her to . . . court. 1& (e first 'ent to . . . sea in a 8'e ish ship/ so as 'ell as learning . . . na!igation he ha to learn . . . 8'e ish. 14 . . . family hotels are . . . hotels 'hich 'elcome . . . parents an . . . chil ren. 1* @n . . . 8un ays my father stays in . . . be till ten o'clock/ rea ing . . . 8un ay papers. 1+ %hen he gets up/ puts on . . . ol clothes/ has . . . breakfast an starts . . . 'ork in . . . gar en. 1. My mother goes to . . . church in . . . morning/ an in . . . afternoon goes to !isit . . . frien s. 10 )ike many 'omen/ she lo!es . . . tea parties an . . . gossip. 13 My parents ha!e ... col meat an . . . sala for . . . supper/ . . . 'inter an . . . summer. "4 1uring . . . meal he talks about . . . gar en an she tells him . . . !illage gossip. "1 #e ha!e a !ery goo train ser!ice from here to . . . city centre an most people go to . . . 'ork by train. 5ou can go by . . . bus too/ of course/ but you can't get a season ticket on . . . bus. "" . . . ea no longer nee . . . help. #e must concern oursel!es 'ith . . . li!ing. #e must buil . . . houses an . . . schools an . . . playgroun s. "& I' like to see . . . Mr 8mith please. $ 1o you mean . . . Mr 8mith 'ho 'orks in . . . bo, office or . . . other Mr 8mith2 "4 1i you come by . . . air2 $ Ao/ I came by . . . sea. I ha a lo!ely !oyage on . . . Bueen Eli?abeth II. "* . . . most of . . . stories that . . . people tell about . . . Irish aren't true. "+ . . . marrie couples 'ith . . . chil ren often rent . . . cottages by . . . seasi e for . . . summer holi ays. . . . men hire boats an go for . . . trips along . . . coast; . . . chil ren spen . . . ay on . . . beach an . . . poor mothers spen . . . most of . . . time oing . . . cooking an cleaning. ". It's usually safe to 'alk on . . . san / but here/ 'hen . . . ti e is coming in/ . . . san becomes angerously soft. . . . people ha!e been s'allo'e up by it. "0 #hen . . . %itanic 'as crossing . . . >tlantic she struck an iceberg 'hich tore a huge hole in her bo'. . . . captain or ere . . . cre' to help . . . passengers into . . . boats. "3 E!ery'here . . . man has cut o'n . . . forests in or er to culti!ate . . . groun / or to use . . . 'oo as . . . fuel or as . . . buil ing material. &4 7ut . . . interference 'ith . . . nature often brings . . . isaster. . . . tree-felling sometimes turns . . . fertile lan into a ustbo'l. &1 . . . people think that . . . lea is . . . hea!iest metal/ but . . . gol is hea!ier. &" @ur air hostess sai / '. . . rack is only for . . . light articles. . . . hea!y things such as . . . bottles must be put on . . . floor.' && . . . 'in o's are suppose to let in . . . light; but . . . 'in o's of this house are so small that 'e ha!e to ha!e . . . electric light on all . . . time. &4 %here'11 al'ays be a conflict bet'een . . . ol an . . . young. . . . young people 'ant . . . change but . . . ol people 'ant . . . things to stay . . . same. &* . . . po'er ten s to corrupt an . . . absolute po'er corrupts absolutely. &+ 5ou can fool some of . . . people all . . . time/ an all . . . people some of . . . time; but you cannot fool all . . . people all . . . time.

4 Articles: a/an, the

PEG 1-0 Insert a, an or the if necessary. 1 %here 'as . . . knock on . . . oor. I opene it an foun . . . small ark man in . . . blue o!ercoat an . . . 'oollen cap. " (e sai he 'as . . . employee of . . . gas company an ha come to rea . . . meter. & 7ut I ha . . . suspicion that he 'asn't speaking . . . truth because . . . meter rea ers usually 'ear . . . peake caps. 4 (o'e!er/ I took him to . . . meter/ 'hich is in . . . ark corner un er . . . stairs C. . . meters are usually in . . . ark corners un er . . . stairsD. * I aske if he ha . . . torch; he sai he islike torches an al'ays rea . . . meters by . . . light of . . . match. + I remarke that if there 'as . . . leak in . . . gaspipe there might be . . . e,plosion 'hile he 'as rea ing . . . meter. . (e sai / '>s . . . matter of . . . fact/ there 'as . . . e,plosion in . . . last house I !isite ; an Mr 8mith/ . . . o'ner of . . . house/ 'as burnt in . . . face.' 0 'Mr 8mith 'as hol ing . . . lighte match at . . . time of . . . e,plosion.' 3 %o pre!ent . . . possible repetition of this acci ent/ I lent him . . . torch. 14 (e s'itche on . . . torch/ rea . . . meter an 'rote . . . rea ing o'n on . . . back of . . . en!elope. 11 I sai in . . . surprise that . . . meter rea ers usually put . . . rea ings o'n in . . . book. 1" (e sai that he ha ha . . . book but that it ha been burnt in . . . fire in . . . Mr 8mith's house. 1& 7y this time I ha come to . . . conclusion that he 'asn't . . . genuine meter rea er; an . . . moment he left . . . house I rang . . . police. 14 >re ;ohn an Mary . . . cousins2 $ Ao/ they aren't . . . cousins; they are . . . brother an . . . sister. 1* . . . fog 'as so thick that 'e coul n't see . . . si e of . . . roa . #e follo'e . . . car in front of us an hope that 'e 'ere going . . . right 'ay. 1+ I can't remember . . . e,act ate of . . . storm/ but I kno' it 'as . . . 8un ay because e!erybo y 'as at . . . church. @n . . . Mon ay . . . post i n't come because . . . roa s 'ere blocke by . . . fallen trees. 1. Peter thinks that this is 6uite . . . cheap restaurant. 10 %here's been . . . mur er here. $ #here's . . . bo y2$ %here isn't . . . bo y. $ %hen ho' o you kno' there's been . . . mur er2 13 Aumber . . . hun re an t'o/ - . . house ne,t oor to us/ is for sale. It's 6uite . - . nice house 'ith . . . big rooms. . . . back 'in o's look out on . . . park. "4 I on't kno' 'hat . . . price . . . o'ners are asking. 7ut 1ry an Eot are . . . agents. 5ou coul gi!e them . . . ring an make them . . . offer. "1 . . . postman's little boy says that he' rather be . . . entist than . . . octor/ because . . . entists on't get calle out at . . . night. "" ;ust as . . . air hostess (there was only one on the plane) 'as han ing me . . . cup of . . . coffee . . . plane ga!e . . . lurch an . . . coffee 'ent all o!er . . . person on . . . other

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si e of . . . gang'ay. "& %here 'as . . . collision bet'een . . . car an . . . cyclist at . . . crossroa s near . . . my house early in . . . morning. . . . cyclist 'as taken to . . . hospital 'ith . . . concussion. . . . ri!er of . . . car 'as treate for . . . shock. . . . 'itnesses say that . . . car 'as going at . . . se!enty miles . . . hour. "4 Professor ;ones/ . . . man 'ho isco!ere . . . ne' rug that e!eryone is talking about/ refuse to gi!e . . . press conference. "* Peter Piper/ . . . stu ent in . . . professor's college/ aske him 'hy he refuse to talk to . . . press. "+ #e're going to . . . tea 'ith . . . 8miths to ay/ aren't 'e2 8hall 'e take . . . car2 $ #e can go by . . . car if you 'ash . . . car first. #e can't go to . . . Mrs 8mith's in . . . car all co!ere 'ith . . . mu . ". (e got . . . <ob in . . . south an spent . . . ne,t t'o years oing . . . 'ork he really en<oye . "0 It is . . . pleasure to o . . . business 'ith such . . . efficient organi?ation. "3 . . . ay after . . . ay passe 'ithout . . . ne's/ an 'e began to lose ... hope. &4 #oul you like to hear . . . story about . . . Englishman/ . . . Irishman an . . . 8cotsman2 $ Ao. I'!e hear . . . stories about . . . Englishmen/ . . . Irishmen an . . . 8cotsmen before an they are all . . . same. &1 7ut mine is not . . . typical story. In my story . . . 8cotsman is generous/ . . . Irishman is logical an . . . Englishman is romantic. $ @h/ if it's . . . fantastic story I'll listen 'ith . . . pleasure. &" My aunt li!e on . . . groun floor of . . . ol house on . . . Ei!er %hames. 8he 'as !ery much afrai of . . . burglars an al'ays locke up . . . house !ery carefully before she 'ent to . . . be . 8he also took . . . precaution of looking un er . . . be to see if . . . burglar 'as hi ing there. && '. . . mo ern burglars on't hi e un er . . . be s/' sai her aughter. I'll go on looking <ust . . . same/' sai my aunt. &4 @ne morning she rang her aughter in . . . triumph. 1 foun . . . burglar un er . . . be . . . last night/' she sai / 'an he 'as 6uite . . . young man.' &* . . . apples are sol by . . . poun . %hese are forty pence . . . poun . &+ It 'as . . . 'in y morning but they hire . . . boat an 'ent for . . . sail along . . . coast. In . . - afternoon . . . 'in increase an they soon foun themsel!es in . . . ifficulties.

Articles and possessive adjectives

PEG 1-0/+"-& Insert a, an, the, or my, his, her, our, your, their if necessary. 1 (e took off . . . coat an set to 'ork. " #hy are you stan ing there 'ith . . . han s in . . . pockets2 & >t most meetings . . . people !ote by raising . . . right han s. 4 %he bullet struck him in . . . foot. * %hey tie . . . han s behin . . . back an locke him in a cellar. + (e took . . . shoes off an entere on . . . tiptoe. . 8omeone thre' . . . egg 'hich struck the speaker on . . . shoul er. 0 I ha!e . . . hea ache.

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3 I ha!e . . . pain in . . . shoul er. 14 %he 'in screen 'as smashe an the ri!er 'as cut in . . . face by broken glass. 11 (e 'as . . . !ery tall man 'ith . . . ark hair an . . . small bear / but I coul n't see . . . eyes because he 'as 'earing . . . ark glasses. 1" (e tore . . . trousers getting o!er a barbe 'ire fence. 1& 7rother an sister 'ere 6uite unlike each other. (e ha . . . fair 'a!y hair; . . . hair 'as ark an straight. 14 8he pulle . . . slee!e to attract his attention. 1* 8he pulle him by . . . slee!e. 1+ '(an s up9' sai the maske man/ an 'e all put . . . han s up. 1. >sk . . . 'oman in front of you to take off . . . hat. 10 (e stroke . . . chin thoughtfully. 13 If you're too hot 'hy on't you take off . . . coat2 "4 I sa' him raise . . . right han an take . . . oath. "1 %he lioness bit him in . . . leg. "" 5ou shoul change . . . 'et shoes/ or you'll catch another col . "& %here 'as a shot an a policeman came out 'ith . . . bloo running o'n . . . face. "4 #e shook . . . han s 'ith . . . host. "* (e fell off his horse an in<ure . . . back. "+ %he barman sei?e the runk by . . . collar. ". )ea!e . . . coats in . . . cloakroom; on't bring them into . . . theatre. "0 (e fell o'n a flight of stairs an broke . . . rib. "3 (e pointe to a 'oman in . . . green ress. &4 (e is . . . thoroughly selfish man; he 'oul n't lift . . . finger to help anyone. &1 5ou'll strain . . . eyes if you rea in . . . ba light. &" 8he 'as on . . . knees/ scrubbing . . . kitchen floor. && (e has . . . horrible <ob; I 'oul n't like to be in . . . shoes. &4 5ou'!e got . . . shirt on insi e out. &* 'Pull up . . . socks/' sai his mother. &+ I hit . . . thumb 'ith a hammer 'hen I 'as hanging the picture.

a/an and one

PEG 4 Insert a/an or one if necessary. 1 . . . of my frien s a !ise me to take . . . ta,i; another sai that there 'as 6uite . . . goo bus ser!ice. " . . . frien of mine lent me . . . book by Mere ith. I'!e only . . . more chapter to rea . #oul you like . . . loan of it after'ar s2$ Ao/ thanks. I rea . . . of his books . . . fe' years ago an i n't like it. 7esi es I ha!e . . . library book to finish. If I on't take it back tomorro' I'll ha!e to pay . . . fine. & . . . man I met on the train tol me . . . rather unusual story. 4 Most people like . . . rest after . . . har ay's 'ork/ but %om seeme to ha!e . . . ine,haustible supply of energy.

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* I'!e tol you . . . hun re times not to come into . . . room 'ith . . . hat on. + It's unlucky to light three cigarettes 'ith . . . match. $ %hat's only . . . superstition. @nly . . . i iot belie!es in superstitions. . (e says . . . cara!an is no goo ; he nee s . . . cottage. 0 . . . plate is no goo ; 'e nee . . . o?en. 3 )ast time there 'as . . . fog here . . . plane crash-lan e in . . . fiel near the airport. %he cre' ha . . . lucky escape. . . . man broke his leg; the rest 'ere unhurt. 14 5ou'!e been . . . great help to me; . . . ay I 'ill repay you. 11 My car broke o'n near . . . bus stop. %here 'as . . . man 'aiting for . . . bus so I aske him for . . . a !ice. 1" (e took . . . 6uick look at my car an sai / '7uy . . . ne' . . . .' 1& %here 'as . . . 'oman there. %he rest 'ere men. $ %here shoul n't ha!e been e!en . . . 'oman. It 'as meant to be . . . stag party. 14 1on't tell . . . soul9 Aot e!en your 'ife9 $ @f course not9 I' ne!er tell . . . secret to . . . 'oman. 1* Most of the staff ha been there for only . . . !ery short time/ but . . . man ha been there . . . year an . . . half/ so he kne' . . . little more than the rest. 1+ Foul you len me . . . ictionary/ please2 I'm trying to o . . . cross'or pu??le. $ I'm afrai I'!e only got . . . ictionary/ an %om's borro'e it. 1. . . . chop 'on't be enough for %om; he'll 'ant t'o; he's . . . small man but he's got . . . big appetite. 10 1 'ant . . . !olunteers for . . . angerous <ob/' sai the captain. %here 'as . . . long silence. 'Isn't there e!en . . . man 'ho 'ill take . . . risk2' he aske . . . . !oice calle out from the back/ '#ill there be . . . re'ar 2' 13 I ha!e . . . flat on the top floor. 5ou get . . . lo!ely !ie' from there. "4 . . . ay a ne' irector arri!e . (e 'as . . . ambitious/ ba -tempere man/ an the staff took . . . instant islike to him. "1 8u enly . . . bullet struck . . . street lamp . . . little to 7ill's left. (e looke up an sa' . . . man 'ith . . . gun stan ing at . . . open 'in o'. "" 7ill fire back t'ice. . . . bullet hit the 'all/ the other broke . . . pane of . . . glass. (e hear . . . angry shout. "& . . . ay-it 'as . . . ry ay 'ith . . . goo !isibility-%om 'as ri!ing along . . . country roa in . . . borro'e car. "4 5ou're making . . . mistake after another. (a!e you . . . hango!er/ or something2 $ Ao/ but I ha . . . !ery ba night last night. %he people ne,t oor 'ere ha!ing . . . party. $ . . . ba night shoul n't ha!e such . . . effect on your 'ork. I often ha!e three ba nights in succession. I li!e in . . . !ery noisy street.

Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs
PEG 14+-. >u,iliaries here are use both alone an as part of !arious tenses of or inary !erbs. Eea the follo'ing CaD in the negati!e CbD in the interrogati!e. %hese sentences/ e,cept for nos. I an 1&/ coul also be use for 6uestion tag e,ercises Csee E,ercise 1&D. AoteG

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1 may for possibility rarely begins a sentence. Instea 'e use do you think CthatD H presentIfuture or is H sub<ect H likely H infiniti!eG %om may kno'. 1o you think CthatD %om kno's2 Is %om likely to kno'2 " Jse needn't as the negati!e of must. 1 It may cost :144. " Men shoul help 'ith the house'ork. & %om 'oul pay her. 4 %hey coul play the guitar. * #e're seeing Mary tomorro'. + 8he ought to keep it in the f ri ge. . 5ou can un erstan it. 0 %he police 'ere 'atching the house. 3 5ou can go 'ith him. 14 %hey'!e got a house. 11 5our boss 'ill be angry. 1" %om shoul pay the fine. 1& %hey may come tonight. 14 %hey 'ere cleaning their shoes. 1* (e must 'rite in =rench. 1+ 5ou ha!e rea the instructions. 1. %hese pearls are ma e by oysters. 10 %he ice 'as thick enough to 'alk on. 13 %his 'ill take a long time. "4 %hey may (permission) take the car. "1 5ou'!e ma e a mistake. "" >nn 'oul like a skiing holi ay. "& #e must o it at once. "4 %om coul come. "* %hey 'ere in a hurry. "+ %here is enough salt in it. ". 5ou coul see the sea from the house. "0 >nn 'ill be able to ri!e you. "3 %hey ha 'ritten to him. &4 #e must cook it in butter. &1 It is free?ing. &" 8he ought to accept the offer. && %here'11 be time for tea. &4 I'm right. &* (e may be at home. &+ (e use to li!e here.

Auxiliaries conjugated with do/does/did

PEG 14+-./ 1"&/ 1"+ Csee also E,ercise 1.D 8ome au,iliaries 'hen use in certain 'ays make their negati!e an interrogati!e

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accor ing to the rule for or inary !erbs/ i.e. 'ith do. 8ometimes either form is possible. Make the sentences CaD negati!e an CbD interrogati!e/ using oI oesI i . 1 %hey ha!e eggs for breakfast. " (e nee s a ne' coat. & (e use to sell fruit. 4 %hey ha!e to 'ork har . * 8he oes the house'ork. + (e nee s more money. . (e ha a ro' 'ith his boss. 0 8he ha a heart attack. 3 (er hair nee e cutting. 14 (e oes his home'ork after supper. 11 8he has a singing lesson e!ery 'eek. 1" 8he ha to make a speech. 1& (e oes his best. 14 (e has to get up at si, e!ery ay. 1* %he chil ren ha!e inner at school. 1+ 8he are him to climb it. 1. 5ou i it on purpose. 10 (e has his piano tune regularly/ (see 119) 13 (e ares to say that9 "4 %hey ha a goo time. "1 %he rink i him goo . "" My 'atch nee s cleaning. "& (e ha an acci ent. "4 5ou ha your house painte . "* 8he use to make her o'n clothes. "+ 5ou o the e,ercises. ". (e ha ifficulty CinD getting a <ob. "0 (e are to interrupt the presi ent/ i he2 COmit final i he2D

Auxiliary verbs
PEG 14+-. Put the follo'ing !erbs into the past tense. C>u,iliaries are use both by themsel!es an as part of certain forms an tenses of or inary !erbs.D Jse had to as the past tense of must an didn't need as a past tense of needn't. 1 " & 4 * + . 0 (e isn't 'orking har . 8he oesn't like cats. I can't say anything. #e must rea it carefully. (e 'on't help us. (e can lift it easily. It isn't far from )on on. Isn't it too hea!y to carry2

14
3 (e nee n't pay at once. 14 (e hopes that %om 'ill be there. C(e hope . . .D 11 (o' much oes this cost2 1" (e says that >nn may be there. C(e sai . . GD 1& (o' ol is he2 14 1o you see any ifference2 1* I o 'hat I can. 1+ (o' far can you s'im2 1. I must change my shoes. 10 %om ares not complain. 13 I on't are CtoD touch it. "4 (a!e you time to o it2 "1 >re you frightene 2 "" Must you pay for it yourself2 "& %he letter nee n't be type . "4 #e hope that he'll come. C#e hope . . .D "* (e says that she may not be in time. C(e sai that she . . .D "+ 1o you un erstan 'hat he is saying2 I on't. ". %here are acci ents e!ery ay at these crossroa s. "0 8he thinks that it may cost :144. C8he thought that it . . .D "3 1oesn't Mr Pitt kno' your a ress2 &4 %hey aren't e,pecting me/ are they2 &1 (e thinks that the snakes may be angerous/ (see 28) &" 8he 'ants to kno' if she can borro' the car. C8he 'ante to kno' if...D && Fan't you manage on :144 a 'eek2 &4 %om is certain that he 'ill 'in. &* Fan you rea the notice2 Ao/ I can't. &+ I on't think that the bull 'ill attack us.

Auxiliary verbs
PEG 140 >ns'er the follo'ing 6uestions CaD in the affirmati!e CbD in the negati!e/ in each case repeating the au,iliary an using a pronoun as sub<ect. 1o you nee this2 $ Yes, I do !o, I don"t. Fan %om s'im2 - Yes, he #an !o, he #an"t. Aote alsoG Is that 7ill2 $ Yes, it is !o, it isn"t. #ill there be time2 $ Yes, there will !o, there won"t. Jse needn't in . an 1*. Jse must in "+ an &*. 1 Is the 'ater eep2 " 1o you kno' the 'ay2 & Fan you s'im2 4 1oes he come e!ery ay2 * Is that %om o!er there2 + >re you %om's brother2

11
. Must you go2 0 >re you en<oying yoursel!es2 3 1i he see you2 14 #oul :14 be enough2 11 May I borro' your car2 1" Is this the front of the 6ueue2 1& #ill she be there2 14 1o you play car s2 1* 8houl I tell the police2 1+ Fan you cook2 1. >re you rea y2 10 Foul 'omen <oin the club2 13 Is your name Pitt2 "4 #ere they frightene 2 "1 #ill his mother be there2 "" @ught I to get a ne' one2 "& 8houl I tell him the truth2 "4 #as the ri!er kille 2 "* (a!e you any money2 "+ Aee 'e finish the e,ercise2 ". Jse he to ri e in races2 "0 #oul you like to see him2 "3 Is this yours2 &4 1o you 'ant it2 &1 Fan I take it2 &" #ill you bring it back tomorro'2 && >re you free this e!ening2 &4 >m I in your 'ay2 &* Aee I 'ear a tie2 &+ #as that 7ill on the phone2

Additions to remarks, using auxiliary verbs

PEG 11"

Part I >

to the follo'ing remarks using (and) so H the nounIpronoun in brackets H the au,iliary. If there is an au,iliary in the first remark repeat this; if not use do/does/did. (e li!es in )on on. CID (e li!es in )on on and so do 1. (e ha to 'ait. CyouD (e ha to 'ait and so had you. 1 I ha!e rea it. C;ohnD " (e is a 'riter/ CsheD & %om can speak #elsh/ Chis 'ifeD 4 8he ought to get up. CyouD * I shoul be 'earing a seat belt. CyouD + ;ohn 'ill be there. C%omD . %he first bus 'as full. Cthe secon D 0 I bought a ticket/ Cmy brotherD 3 5ou must come. Cyour sonD 14 %his bus goes to Picca illy. CthatD

1"
11 I'm getting out at the ne,t stop. Cmy frien D 1" (e use to 'ork in a restaurant. C1D

Part 2 >

to the follo'ing remarks using Can D neitherInor H the au,iliary H the nounIpronoun in brackets. (e isn't back. CsheD (e isn't back and neither is she. 1& I ha!en't seen it. C%omD 14 5ou shoul n't be 'atching %K. C%omD 1* 5ou mustn't be late. C1D 1+ (e can't come. Chis sisterD 1. I on't belie!e it. C>nnD 10 >lice coul n't un erstan . C>n re'D 13 I'm not going/ CyouD "4 %his telephone oesn't 'ork. CthatD "1 %om's car 'on't start. CmineD "" I ha n't any change. Cthe ta,i ri!erD "& (e i n't kno' the 'ay. Canyone elseD "4 My father 'oul n't min . Cmy motherD

Part 3 Fontrary a itions.

> to the follo'ing remarks using but H nounIpronoun H the au,iliary or do/does/did. Make a negati!e a ition to an affirmati!e remarkG 8he thanke me. CheD 8he thanke me $ut he didn"t. Make an affirmati!e a ition to a negati!e remarkG 8he can't eat oysters. CID 8he can't eat oysters $ut I #an. Jse nee n't as the negati!e of must/ an must as the affirmati!e of nee n't. "* ;ohn 'as seasick. CMaryD "+ (e 'asn't there/ CsheD ". 5ou must go. Cyour brotherD "0 My sister can speak German. CID "3 >le,an er i n't 'ant to 'ait. C;amesD &4 7ill nee n't stay. C8tanleyD &1 > cat 'oul n't eat it. Ca ogD &" (e 'ill en<oy it. Chis 'ifeD && I ha!en't got a computer/ Cmy neighbourD &4 %his beach is safe for bathing/ Cthat beachD &* I must lea!e early/ CyouD &+ 5ou on't ha!e to pay ta,. CID

Agreements and disagreements with remarks, using auxiliary verbs

PEG 143

Part I >greements 'ith affirmati!e remarks.

>gree 'ith the follo'ing remarks/ using yes/so H pronoun H the au,iliary or do/does/did. %o e,press surprise/ use @h/ so . . . (e has a goo influence on her. - Yes, he has.

1&
1 #e must ha!e a large room. " I 'as !ery ru e. & 8he al'ays 'ears ark glasses. 4 8he may be a spy. * %om coul tell us 'here to go. + %here's a snake in that basket. . (e nee s si, bottles. 0 %his boat is leaking9 3 (is re!ol!er 'as loa e . 14 %his restaurant might be e,pensi!e. 11 %hey use to ha!e a parrot. 1" %he fog is getting thicker.

Part 2 >greements 'ith negati!e remarks. >gree 'ith the follo'ing remarks/
using no H pronoun H the au,iliary. Elephants ne!er forget. $ !o, they don"t. 1& Fuckoos on't buil nests. 14 (e i n't complain. 1* It isn't 'orth keeping. 1+ (e can't help coughing. 1. %he ice 'asn't thick enough. 10 %he lift 'oul n't come o'n. 13 %his flat hasn't got !ery thick 'alls. "4 %hey on't ha!e earth6uakes there. "1 %he oranges i n't look !ery goo . "" It hasn't been a ba summer. "& I on't look my age. "4 (e mightn't like that colour.

Part 3 1isagreements 'ith affirmati!e or negati!e remarks. 1isagree 'ith the follo'ing remarks/ using oh no/but H pronoun H au,iliary. Jse a negati!e au,iliary if the first !erb is affirmati!e an an affirmati!e au,iliary if the first !erb is negati!e. (e 'on't be any use. $ (Oh) yes, he will. 8he 'orke here for a year. - (Oh) no, she didn"t. "* 5ou're runk. "+ I i n't o it on purpose. ". %hey 'eren't in your 'ay. "0 I 'asn't born then. "3 8he' rather li!e alone. &4 5ou ga!e him my a ress. &1 I can use your bicycle. &" %hat fi!e poun note belongs to me. && (e i n't mean to be ru e. &4 Fhil ren get too much pocket money.

14
&* E,ams shoul be abolishe . &+ 8he promise to obey him.

Question tags after negative statements

!"

##$

>

6uestion tags to the follo'ing statements. 7ill oesn't kno' >nn. %ill doesn"t know &nn, does he' >nn hasn't got a phone. &nn hasn "t got a phone, has she' this/that Csub<ectD becomes it in the tag. there remains unchange G (hat isn"t (om, is it' (here won"t $e time, will there' >ll the tags/ e,cept the tag for no. &4/ shoul be spoken in the usual 'ay 'ith a statement intonation. 7ut they coul also be practise 'ith a 6uestion intonation. %he important 'or in the statement must then be stresse . 1 5ou aren't afrai of snakes. " >nn isn't at home. & 5ou on't kno' =rench. 4 %om i n't see her. * %his isn't yours. + Mary 'asn't angry. . 7ill hasn't ha breakfast. 0 5ou 'on't tell anyone. 3 I i n't 'ake you up. 14 %om oesn't like oysters. 11 5ou on't 'ant to sell the house. 1" It oesn't hurt. 1& People shoul n't rink an ri!e. 14 5ou aren't going alone. 1* %hey coul n't pay the rent. 1+ 5ou on't agree 'ith 7ill. 1. %here 'asn't a lot to o. 10 I nee n't say anything. 13 %hat 'asn't >nn on the phone. "4 5ou i n't o it on purpose. "1 %his 'on't take long. "" 8he oesn't belie!e you. "& It i n't matter !ery much. "4 (e shoul n't put so much salt in it. "* Mary coul n't lea!e the chil ren alone. "+ 5ou aren't oing anything tonight. ". 5ou 'oul n't min helping me 'ith this. "0 George ha n't been there before. "3 %he chil ren 'eren't surprise .

1*
&4 &1 &" && &4 &* &+ 5ou 'oul n't like another rink. %om oesn't ha!e to go to lectures. 7ill hasn't got a car. 7ill coul n't ha!e pre!ente it. I nee n't 'ait any longer. %here 'eren't any mos6uitoes. %he fire 'asn't starte eliberately.

Question tags after affirmative statements !"##$

> 6uestion tags to the follo'ing statementsG %om goes to 7ath 6uite often/ doesn "t he' (e tol you about his last trip/ didn "t he' It 'as !ery col last night/ wasn "t it' 7e careful of the contractions 's an 'd: (e's rea y/ isn "t he' (e's finishe / hasn "t he' (e' seen it/ hadn"t he' (e' like it/ wouldn"t he' %hese shoul be practise mainly 'ith a statement intonation/ but they coul also be sai 'ith a 6uestion intonation. 8ee notes to pre!ious e,ercise. 1 %he chil ren can rea =rench. " (e's ten years ol . & 7ill came on a bicycle. 4 %he 8miths ha!e got t'o cars. * 5our gran father 'as a millionaire. + %om shoul try again. . It coul be one. 0 5our brother's here. 3 %hat's him o!er there. 14 George can lea!e his case here. 11 %his 'ill fit in your pocket. 1" (is 'ife has hea aches 6uite often. 1& 8he's got lo!ely blue eyes. 14 %he t'ins arri!e last night. 1* Mary paints portraits. 1+ 7ill puts the money in the bank. 1. 7ill put the money in the bank. 10 Prices keep going up. 13 I'!e seen you before. "4 7ill's 'ritten a no!el. "1 (is mother's !ery prou of him. "" %he t'ins use to play rugby. "& %om might be at home no'.

1+
"4 #e must hurry. "* 5ou' been there before. "+ 5ou' like a rink. ". %he boys prefer a cooke breakfast. "0 Mary ought to cook it for them. "3 %hat 'as >nn on the phone. &4 %he 8miths nee t'o cars. &1 5ou'll help me. &" (e use to eat ra' fish. && %here'11 be plenty for e!eryone. &4 5ou' better 'ait for 7ill. &* 5ou' come if I nee e help. &+ 5ou coul come at short notice.

Question tags: mixed

PEG 114 8ee notes to E,ercises 1" an 1&. Aote that a statement containing 'or s such as none, nobody, hardly/hardly any etc. is treate as a negati!e statementG (e har ly e!er makes a mistake/ oes he2 #hen the sub<ect is nobody/anybody/everybody etc./ the pronoun they is use in the tagG Aobo y like the play/ i they2 > 6uestion tags to the follo'ing statements. 1 5ou take sugar in tea. " 7ut you on't take it in coffee. & %he lift isn't 'orking to ay. 4 It ne!er 'orks !ery 'ell. * %he area 'as e!acuate at once. + %here 'as no panic. . %hough e!erybo y reali?e the anger. 0 %here 'as a lot of noise. 3 7ut nobo y complaine . 14 Mary har ly e!er cooks. 11 8he buys con!enience foo s. 1" 8he' sa!e money if she bought fresh foo . 1& Mr 8mith usually remembere his 'ife's birth ays. 14 7ut he i n't remember this one. 1* >n his 'ife 'as !ery isappointe . 1+ (e ought to ha!e ma e a note of it. 1. Aeither of them offere to help you. 10 %hey on't allo' pet ogs in this shop. 13 7ut gui e ogs can come in. "4 (e har ly e!er lea!es the house. "1 %hat isn't 7ill ri!ing.

1.
"" "& "4 "* "+ ". "0 "3 &4 &1 &" && &4 &* &+ Aothing 'ent 'rong. )ions are loose in this reser!e. 8o 'e' better get back in the car. It' be unpleasant to be attacke by a lion. >n it 'oul n't be any use running a'ay. It is a pity >nn i n't come 'ith us. 8he' ha!e en<oye it. %hey shoul ha!e planne the e,pe ition more carefully. )i!es 'ere lost unnecessarily. 8he 'arne him not to ri e the stallion. 7ut he ne!er takes a !ice. %here use to be trees here. %here isn't any point in 'aiting. (e'll har ly come no'. 5our central heating oesn't 'ork !ery 'ell.

Auxiliaries followed by full or bare infinitive

PEG "4+ Put to 'here necessary before the infiniti!es in brackets. 1 5ou nee n't CcomeD tomorro'. " People use Ctra!elD on horseback. & I'll ha!e ChurryD. 4 5ou ought CtakeD a holi ay. * I'll Clen D him some money. + 5ou are CgoD at once. . #e i n't ha!e CpayD anything. 0 %here 'on't CbeD enough room for e!eryone. 3 5ou can CseeD the 'in mill from here. 14 (e 'as able Ce,plainD. 11 #e may ha!e CstayD here all night. 1" (e use Cspen D a lot of time in his library. 1& (e i n't are CsayD anything. 14 1on't Cmo!eD. 1* #e'll ClookD for a hotel. 1+ 5ou nee n't ClookD for a hotel; I'll be able CputD you up. 1. %he octor sai that I ought Cgi!e upD smoking. 10 (e use to rink 6uite a lot. 13 (e shoul CbeD rea y by no'. "4 May I CaskD you a 6uestion2 "1 I shan't be able C oD it till after the holi ays. "" I i n't nee CsayD anything. "& (o' are you CopenD my letters9 "4 %hey ought C'arnD people about the angerous currents. "* I shoul CsayD nothing about it if I 'ere you. "+ 5ou are not CmentionD this to anyone. ". #hy o they CobeyD him2$

10
"0 "3 &4 &1 &" && &4 &* &+ %hey on't are CrefuseD. 5ou must ClookD both 'ays before crossing the roa . 5our map may Cha!e beenD out of ate. 5ou ought Cha!e finishe D it last night. I must CsayD I think you beha!e !ery ba ly. I 'ill ha!e CcarryD a tent. #e'!e got Cget outD. It might CkillD somebo y. @ught you CbeD 'atching %K2 8houl n't you CbeD oing your home'ork2

Auxiliaries: mixed
PEG chapters 11-1+ =ill each of the follo'ing gaps 'ith a suitable au,iliary or au,iliary form. 1 " & 4 * 8choolboy to frien G I left my book at home. . . . I share yours2 I'm taking s'imming lessons. I hope to . . . to s'im by the en of the month. 5ou . . . better take off your 'et shoes. I'm sorry I'm late. I . . . to 'ait ages for a bus. %eacherG 5ou . . . (o$ligation) rea the play/ but you . . . (no o$ligation) rea the preface. + I kne' he 'as 'rong but I . . . (hadn "t the #ourage) to tell him so. . 5ou're getting fat. 5ou . . . to cut o'n on your beer rinking. 0 (e . . . to smoke !ery hea!ily. Ao' he har ly smokes at all. 3 %he ne' motor'ay . . . opene this afternoon/ (plan) 14 I'!e come 'ithout any money. . . . you possibly len me :*2 11 >nnG . . . 'e meet at Picca illy Fircus2 1" %omG It . . . be better to meet at the theatre. #e . . . miss one another at Picca illy. 1& . . . you like to come canoeing 'ith me ne,t 'eeken 2 14 MaryG I . . . to pay "4p. for this little chap on the bus yester ay. 1* >nnG My little boy's un er three so I . . . (!o o$ligation. )se present tense.) to pay for him. 1+ %he plane . . . lan e (unfulfilled plan) at (eathro'/ but it has been i!erte to Gat'ick. 1. 5ou'!e spelt it 'rong. %here . . . be another 's'. 10 5ou . . . tol me9 (I"m disappointed that you didn"t tell me.) 13 #e . . . to take a ta,i. @ther'ise 'e'll be late. "4 >t the holi ay camp 'e . . . to get up at si, an bathe in the ri!er. %hen 'e . . . come back an cook an enormous breakfast/ (routine a#tions) "1 %om . . . kno' the a ress. ((om pro$a$ly knows.) "" %om . . . kno' the a ress. (I"m sure that (om knows.) "& I'!e lost my umbrella9 I . . . left it on the bus9 (dedu#tion) "4 %heatre regulationsG >t the en of the performance the public . . . (are permitted to) lea!e by all e,it oors. "* If I . . . you I' get a ta,i. "+ 1i you paint it yourself or i you . . . it painte 2 ". 5ou . . . (negati*e) to be ri!ing so fast. %here's a spee limit here.

13
"0 5ou . . . (re+uest) get me some aspirin 'hen you're at the chemist's.

have: possessive
PEG 1"" In 7ritish English/ ha!e meaning possess is not normally con<ugatec 'ith o e,cept 'hen there is an i ea of habit. I ha*en"t (got) a 'atch/ Cpresent possessionD (o' many corners has a Ca characteristic rather than a habit cube2 (e doesn "t usually ha*e time ChabitD to stu y. In the past/ did is use for habit; other'ise either form is possibleG ,id you ha*e -ad you an umbrella 'hen you left the house2 In other English-speaking countries/ ho'e!er/ the do forms are use almost e,clusi!ely. It 'oul therefore be possible to use do/did forms throughout the follo'ing e,ercises Ce,cept in no. ".D/ but stu ents are aske to use have not/have you forms 'here they coul be use . #here both are e6ually usual this 'ill be note in the key. =ill the spaces 'ith the correct forms of ha!e/ a ing got 'here possible. @nly one space 'ill be left in each clause/ but note that ot may be separate from ha!e by another 'or . #hen a negati!e form is re6uire "(negati*e)" 'ill be place at the en of the e,ample. 1 (e is stan ing there in the rain an . . . e!en the sense to put up his umbrella/ (negati*e) " (e . . . a col in the hea . $ %hat's nothing ne'; he al'ays . . . a col . & I . . . brain'a!es !ery often/ but I . . . one no'. (1st *er$ negati*e) 4 It is no goo arguing 'ith someone 'ho . . . a bee in his bonnet. * #hy on't you say something2 5ou . . . an e,cuse2 (negati*e) + 5ou . . . this toothache yester ay2 . (o' many letters . . . the alphabet2 0 %he houses in your country . . . flat roofs2 3 5ou . . . the time2 C L 1o you kno' the time2D Ao/ I . . . a 'atch/ (negati*e) 14 5ou e!er . . . an impulse to smash something2 11 (e . . . :1/444 a year 'hen his father ies. 1" >ir passengers usually . . . much luggage/ (negati*e) 1& 5ou . . . any ob<ection to sitting 'ith your back to the engine2 14 @ysters . . . al'ays pearls in them. (negati*e) 1* 5our oor . . . a little hole through 'hich you can peep at callers2 (negati*e) 1+ 5ou . . . a match on you2 $ Ao/ I on't smoke so I ne!er . . . matches. 1. #hat is your opinion2 $ I . . . an opinion2 (negati*e)

"4
10 %hat cup . . . a crack in it. 13 5ou . . . any suspicion 'ho i it2 "4 %his esk . . . a secret ra'er2 $ Ao/ mo ern esks e!er . . . secret ra'ers. (negati*e) "1 #hen you go to a place for the first time/ you e!er . . . a feeling that you'!e been there before2 "" 7abies . . . teeth 'hen they're born2 "& (o' many si es . . . a pentagon2 "4 @ur cat . . . kittens e!ery year. $ (o' many she . . . each time2 "* %hey say that if chil ren . . . complete free om 'hen they are young/ they . . . inhibitions 'hen they gro' up. (2nd *er$ negati*e) "+ 5ou . . . mos6uitoes in your country in summer2 ". 5ou . . . chil ren2$ 5es/ I . . . t'o/ a boy an a girl. "0 5ou . . . a motor cycle2 $ Ao/ I only . . . an or inary bicycle/ but I . . . a motor cycle ne,t year. "3 #hy o you su enly 'ant to back out2 5ou . . . col feet2 &4 FustomerG 5ou . . . any mushrooms to ay2 8hopkeeperG #e usually . . . them but I'm afrai 'e . . . any at the moment. (last *er$ negati*e) &1 I think I kno' the man you mean. (e . . . one blue eye an one bro'n one2 (negati*e) &" Fhil ren no'a ays . . . far too much pocket money. I . . . any 'hen I 'as at school. (2nd *er$ negati*e) && #e 'ere al'ays getting lost in the esert. $ 5ou . . . compasses2 (negati*e) &4 Ee -haire people al'ays . . . ba tempers2 &* 1o you think 'e shoul eat this meat2 It . . . a !ery nice smell. (negati*e) &+ %he stairs are on fire9 5ou . . . a long rope2

have: various uses

PEG 1"& have can mean ta!e Ca mealIlessonIbath/ etc.D/ entertain CguestsD/ encounter C ifficulty/ etc.D/ en"oy Ca timeI<ourney/ etc.D. #hen use in these 'aysG CaD have usually forms its negati!e an interrogati!e 'ith do. CbD have can be use in the continuous tenses. Put the correct form of have into the follo'ing sentences. Jse am havin , is havin , etc./ as a future form. 1 #e . . . some frien s in for inner tomorro' night. " 5ou . . . a goo <ourney yester ay2 & 1on't isturb him; he . . . a rest. 4 #e . . . lunch early tomorro'. * (o' many lessons he . . . a 'eek2 $ (e usually . . . four. + 5ou . . . earth6uakes in your country2

"1
. #hat time you . . . breakfast2 $ #e usually . . . it at 0.44. 0 #hat you . . . for breakfast2 $ #e . . . toast an coffee. 3 #hy you . . . a cooke breakfast2 (negati*e) . It's too much trouble. 14 #hy 'ere they making such a noise2 %hey . . . an argument. 11 5ou . . . a thun erstorm yester ay2 1" Fome in/ 'e . . . a ebate. 1& 5ou . . . a cup of coffee2 $ 5es/ please. 14 #e . . . a meeting tomorro' to iscuss safety precautions. 1* %he tree <ust misse the roof/ 'e . . . a !ery lucky escape. 1+ (o' i you amage your car2 5ou . . . an acci ent2 1. I . . . a look at that house tomorro'. If I like it I'll buy it. 10 #e . . . !ery ba 'eather <ust no'. 13 I . . . a !ery interesting con!ersation 'ith the milkman 'hen my neighbour interrupte me. "4 English people al'ays . . . roast beef for lunch on 8un ays2 "1 It is ifficult to learn a foreign language 'hen you . . . an opportunity of speaking it. (negati*e) "" %he farmers . . . a lot of trouble 'ith fo,es at present. "& @n the 'hole 'omen ri!ers . . . so many acci ents as men ri!ers. (negati*e) "4 5ou . . . anything to eat before you left home2 $ @h yes/ I . . . bacon an eggs. "* 5ou . . . any ifficulty getting into your flat last night2 "+ >re you en<oying yourself2 $ 5es/ I . . . a 'on erful time. ". (o' often he . . . a singing lesson2 "0 5ou . . . a goo night2 $ Ao/ I slept !ery ba ly. "3 #hy 'ere they late2 # %hey . . . a puncture. &4 #e . . . a party here ne,t 'eek. #oul you like to come2 &1 #hy i n't you speak to her2 $ I . . . a chance. (negati*e) &" #e . . . a lecture ne,t Mon ay. && I . . . tea 'ith her tomorro'. &4 (e . . . an operation ne,t 'eek. &* (e e!er . . . nightmares2 &+ #hen he got tire of it I . . . a try. $ 5ou . . . any luck2 $ 5es/ I caught a great big fish.

%he have & object & past participle construction

""
PEG 113

Part I =ill in the spaces by inserting the correct form of have. Jse am/is/are havin as
a future form. Cget can be use instea of ha!e/ but is more collo6uial.D 1 I . . . my house painte . %hat is 'hy there is all this mess. " My hair looks rea ful; I think I . . . it set tomorro'. & %he attic 'as ark so last year 'e . . . skylight put in. 4 %hat ea tree is angerous. I . . . it cut o'n tomorro'. * #e . . . <ust . . . central heating installe . %he house is 'arm9 + I can't rea Greek so I . . . the ocuments translate . My nephe' is helping 'ith the translation. . . . . you . . . the film e!elope or i you e!elop it yourself2 0 #hy ...he... all his shoes specially ma e2 (e says that he has to because his feet are ifferent si?es. 3 . . . you . . . your milk eli!ere or o you go to the shop for it2 14 If you hate cleaning fish 'hy . . . you . . . them cleane at the fishmonger's2 (negati*e) 11 (o' often . . . you . . . your brakes teste 2 1" I'm afrai it's rather raughty here but 1... that broken pane replace tomorro'.

Part 2 =ill in the spaces by inserting the correct form of have, the past participle of the
!erb in brackets an / 'here necessary/ a pronoun. 1& 5our ankle is !ery s'ollen. 5ou' better . . . it . . . C,-rayD 14 5our roof is leaking/ you shoul . . . it . . . CrepairD 1* %he trousers are too long; I must . . . CshortenD 1+ Ao one 'ill be able to rea your notes. $ I kno'; I . . . them . . . CtypeD 1. %hat's a goo piano but you shoul . . . it . . . CtuneD 10 #hy on't you . . . the ocument . . . 2 CphotocopyD 13 (e i n't like the colour of the curtains so he . . . C yeD "4 (e 'ent to a garage to . . . the puncture . . . Cmen D "1 (is arm 'as broken so he ha to go to hospital to . . . CsetD "" %he battery is all right no'. I . . . <ust . . . it . . . CrechargeD "& It's a beautiful photo. I'm going to . . . CenlargeD "4 7e careful of those kni!es. I . . . <ust . . . CsharpenD Part 3 Ee'rite the sentences using a have H ob<ect H past participle construction an omitting the 'or s in bol type. I employed a plumber to e,amine my boiler. I had my $oiler e/amined. "* I pay a ara e to ser!ice my car. "+ %he tap keeps ripping so I must send $or a plumber to see to it. ". I paid a %atchma!er to clean my 'atch. "0 >n artist is painting her portrait. 8he . . . "3 %hey arran ed $or the police to arrest the man. &4 (e paid a lorry ri!er to to' the car to a garage.

"&
&1 %hey are employin builders to buil a garage. &" I pay a %indo% cleaner to clean my 'in o's e!ery month. && I 'ent to an oculist an he teste my eyes for me. &4 %he ol gypsy is telling %om's fortune. %om . . . &* I as!ed the $ishmon er to open the oysters $or me. &+ I %ent to a "e%eller and he pierce my ears $or me.

be
PEG 11&-1./ "34/ "3&/ &44/ &4" %his is a general e,ercise 'hich inclu es infiniti!es/ sub<uncti!es/ con itionals/ an some e,amples of the be H infiniti!e construction #hen this last construction or a passi!e construction is re6uire the secon !erb is gi!en in brackets at the en of the sentence. #hy are all those ogs 'earing harness2 $ %hey . . . as gui e ogs for the blin / CtrainD (hey are $eing trained as guide dogs for the $lind. =ill the spaces in the follo'ing sentences by inserting the correct form of be 'ith/ 'here necessary/ the past participle or present or perfect infiniti!e of the !erb in brackets. Eemember that/ in the passi!e/ be can be use in the continuous tenses. 1 %hey are cutting o'n all the trees. %he countrysi e . . . CruinD " %he Prime Minister . . . a speech tonight/ CmakeD & If I . . . you I' go on to the ne,t e,ercise. 4 . . . late once is e,cusable but . . . late e!ery ay is not. * (e or ere that all lights . . . Ce,tinguishD + (o' long you . . . here2 . My flat 'as full of ust because the ol house <ust opposite . . . Cpull o'nD 0 (e aske 'here he . . . it. CputD I tol him to put it on the mantelpiece. 3 It . . . ifficult to rea a ne'spaper upsi e o'n2 0)se negati*e.) 14 5ou . . . here till I return. %hat is an or er. CstayD 11 (e suggests that prominent people . . . to contribute. CaskD 1" E!en if you . . . to go on your knees to him I on't think it 'oul make him change his min . 1& I... on a catering course 'hen I lea!e school. My parents ha!e arrange it. CgoD 14 #hat is happening no'2 $ %he in<ure man . . . out of the arena. CcarryD 1* It's better . . . too early than too late. 1+ I 'ish you . . . here. I miss you !ery much. 1. #hy i you lea!e him behin 2 5ou . . . him 'ith you. ((hose were your instru#tions.) CtakeD 10 8he is learning Italian. 8he . . . by a professor from Milan/ CteachD 13 I kno' I . . . half an hour late yester ay but I . . . half an hour early tomorro'. $ I' rather you . . . punctual e!ery ay. Csee 291) "4 It is impossible . . . right e!ery time.

"4
"1 (e . . . here by se!en but no' it's nine an there's no sign of him. CbeD "" %hey eci e that !oting papers . . . to all members. Csen D "& %here . . . eggs for breakfast tomorro'2 "4 If only 1... there9 C7ut I 'asn't.D "* %he Bueen . . . the ne' hospital ne,t 'eek. CopenD "+ I coul n't see the man 'ho 'as gui ing us an I i n't kno' 'here 'e . . . CtakeD ". It . . . a trilogy but in the en the author foun that he ha only enough material for t'o !olumes/ CbeD "0 5ou . . . !ery angry if I refuse 2 "3 %he matter . . . iscusse in tomorro''s ebate. &4 (is mare . . . in tomorro''s race but he sai this morning that she 'as sick an 'oul n't be running after all. CrunD &1 %he house 'asn't rea y; it still . . . an there 'ere pots of paint an la ers e!ery'here/ CpaintD &" %hey eci e that an e,purgate e ition . . . for use in schools. CprintD && (is 'orks are immensely popular; they . . . into all the ma<or European languages. CtranslateD &4 It is high time you . . . in be . &* I ha my instructions an I kne' e,actly 'hat I . . . C oD &+ If this report . . . belie!e / 'e are going to ha!e a !ery se!ere rought.

it is/there is
PEG +./11+-1. Insert it is/there is in the spaces. In some sentences/ contracte plural/ negati!e an interrogati!e forms/ or the past or future tense are re6uire . 1 #hat's the time2- ... ... &.&4. $ >n 'hat's the ate2$ . . . . . . the "4th. " (o' far... ...to5ork2$ . . . . . . *4 miles. & ... ... !ery stormy last night. $ 5es/ ... ... storms all o!er the country. 4 ... ... free?ing !ery har . ... ... ...ice on the lake tomorro'. * >s... ... sunny she eci e to take the chil ren to the sea. + #hy on't you go for a 'alk2 . . . . . . a pity to stay in 'hen . . . . . . so nice outsi e. . ... ... not any sha o's because ... ... not any sun. 0 ... ... going to be a bus strike tomorro'. $ ... ... ...all right if ... ... a fine ay; but if ... ... 'et ... ... ... long 6ueues on the Jn ergroun . 3 ... ... not any glass in the 'in o's; that is 'hy . . . . . . so col in the room. 14 ... ... !ery 'et yester ay; ... ... impossible to go out. 11 ... ...a lot of rain last 'eek. ... ... floo s e!ery'here. 1" ... ...a thick fog last night. ... ... se!eral acci ents on the motor'ay. 1& ... ... foolish to ri!e fast 'hen ... ... foggy. 14 ... ... ifficult to fin your 'ay roun this to'n. . . . . . . so many streets all looking e,actly alike. 1* Fome on/ chil ren9 ... ... time to get up9 ... ... nearly breakfast time.

"*
1+ . .. . .. ... lunch time 'hen 'e get to 5ork/ so let's ha!e lunch there.$ Ao/ ... ... not be time for lunch because our train to E inburgh lea!es 5ork at 1&.1*. 1. ... ...a funny smell here. ... ... turpentine2 10 ... ...all sorts of stories about Eobin (oo / but ... ... not kno'n e,actly 'ho he 'as or 'hat he i . 13 ... ... sai that if you break a mirror you'll be unlucky for se!en years. "4 >s he ha !ery ba sight ... ... ifficult for him to recogni?e people. "1 'Fan I ha!e a (elegraph, please2' sai the customer. I'm afrai ... ... not any left/' sai the ne'sagent. '7ut . . . . . . a 2uardian on the rack besi e you. #hy not take that2 ... ... <ust as goo .' "" ... ... not necessary to carry your passport e!ery'here 'ith you but ... ... a !isable to carry some ocument of i entity. "& ... ...a guar outsi e the oor an ... ... bars on the 'in o's. ... ... impossible to escape. "4 ... ...a garage behin the hotel2 $ 5es/ but ... ... rather full. I on't think ... ... room for your car. "* @ne night . . . . . . a hea!y fall of sno' 'hich blocke all the roa s. )uckily ... ... plenty of foo in the house. "+ ... ...a hotel in the !illage/ so 'e eci e to stay there. . . . . . . a charming !illage an I 'as !ery happy there/ but my chil ren 'ere bore because ... ... nothing to o in the e!enings. ". ... ... fi!e flats in the buil ing-one on each floor. Mine's on the top floor. . . . . . . no lift but ... ... suppose to be goo for the figure to run up an o'n stairs/ . . . . . .2 "0 ... ...a pity you ha!en't another be room. $ 5es/ but ... ... 6uite a big loft/ 'hich I am thinking of turning into a be room. . . . . . . a skylight so ... ... not . . . a !entilation problem. "3 ... ...all sorts of legen s about these ca!es. ... ... sai that smugglers hi their goo s here an that . . . . . . an un ergroun passage lea ing to the !illage inn. &4 %ell me something about 3ing 4ear. . . .. . .. the story of a king 'ho i!i e his king om bet'een his aughters. ... ... foolish to gi!e a'ay your property like that. . . . . . . ne!er certain that your family 'ill beha!e generously to you in return. &1 (as %om any more chil ren2$ 5es. . . . . / . a aughter/ >nn. . @h yes/ ... ... >nn 'ho opene the oor to us yester ay/ . . . . . .2 &" (e thought that ... ... better to say nothing about his change of plan. && . .. ...a long time before I got an ans'er. %hen one ay a letter arri!e -'ell/ ... ... not really a letter/ for ... ... only one sentence on the paper. &4 ... ...a pon besi e your house2- 5es/ . . . . . . $ (o' eep . . . . . .2 &* #e'!e one all 'e can. ... ... nothing to o no' but 'ait. &+ ;ust cross out that 'or an goon.... ... not necessary to begin again. (or... ...no nee to begin again.D

can and be able

PEG 1&+-0

Part I can, use to e,press ability 'ith could, shall/%ill be able

"+
=ill the follo'ing spaces/ using can for present/ could for past an shall/%ill be able for future. %here is no nee to use other able form in this section. Put to 'here necessary before the infiniti!es. 1 . . . you stan on your hea 2 # I . . . 'hen I 'as at school but I . . . no'. (2nd *er$ negati*e) 2 #hen I'!e passe my ri!ing test I . . . hire a car from our local garage. & >t the en of the month the Post @ffice 'ill sen him an enormous telephone bill 'hich he . . . pay. (negati*e) 4 I . . . remember the a ress/ (negati*e) . . . . you e!en remember the street2 (negati*e) * #hen the fog lifts 'e . . . see 'here 'e are. . + 5ou'!e put too much in your rucksack; you ne!er . . . carry all that. . #hen I 'as a chil I . . . un erstan a ults/ an no' that I am an a ult I . . . un erstan chil ren/ (negati*e, negati*e) 0 #hen you ha!e taken your egree you . . . put letters after your name2 3 1on't try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. @ther'ise 'hen you get home you . . . remember any of them. (negati*e) 14 #hen I first 'ent to 8pain I . . . rea 8panish but I . . . speak it. (2nd *er$ negati*e) 11 ...you type2$ 5es/ I . . . type but I . . . o shorthan / (2nd *er$ negati*e) 1" I'm locke in. I . . . get out9 (negati*e) . . . . you s6uee?e bet'een the bars2 (negati*e) . Ao9 I . . .; I'm too fat. (negati*e)

Part 2 could an 'as able

In some of the follo'ing sentences either could or %as able coul be use . In others only %as/%ere able is possible. =ill the spaces an put to 'here necessary before the infiniti!es. 1& (e 'as !ery strong; he . . . ski all ay an ance all night. 14 %he car plunge into the ri!er. %he ri!er . . . get out but the passengers 'ere ro'ne . 1* I 'as a long 'ay from the stage. I . . . see all right but I . . . hear !ery 'ell. (2nd *er$ negati*e) 1+ #e . . . borro' umbrellas; so 'e i n't get 'et. 1. . . . you 'alk or i they ha!e to carry you2 10 I ha no key so I . . . lock the oor. (negati*e) 13 I kne' the to'n so I . . . a !ise him 'here to go. "4 #hen the garage ha repaire our car 'e . . . continue our <ourney. "1 >t fi!e years ol he . . . rea 6uite 'ell. "" #hen I arri!e e!eryone 'as asleep. =ortunately I . . . 'ake my sister an she let me in. "& %he s'immer 'as !ery tire but he . . . reach the shore before he collapse . "4 %he police 'ere suspicious at first but I . . . con!ince them that 'e 'ere innocent.

Part 3 PEG """ F/ ""& 7/ "0&-4

".
%his section inclu es e,amples of could use for polite re6uests an as a con itional. "* . . . I speak to Mr Pitt/ please2$ I'm afrai he's out at the moment. . . . you ring back later2 "+ If you stoo on my shoul ers . . . you reach the top of the 'all2 $ Ao/ I'm afrai I . . . (negati*e) ". If I sang . . . you accompany me on the piano2$ Ao/ 1.../ 1... play the piano9 (negati*e, negati*e) "0 If a letter comes for me . . . you please for'ar it to this a ress2 "3 8he ma e the 'all !ery high so that boys . . . climb o!er it. (negati*e) &4 %hey took his passport so that he . . . lea!e the country/ (negati*e) &1 . . . you tell me the time/ please2 $ I'm afrai 1. . . . I ha!en't got a 'atch. (negati*e) &" If you ha to/ . . . you go 'ithout foo for a 'eek2$ I suppose I . . . if I ha plenty of 'ater. && . . . you len me :*2 $ Ao/ I . . . (negati*e) &4 %hey use to chain !aluable books to library esks so that people . . . take them a'ay. (negati*e) &* (e says that he sa' Flementine ro'ning but . . . help her as he . . . s'im. (negati*e, negati*e) &+ If you ha ha the right tools . . . you ha!e repaire the engine2

may
PEG 1".-&&/ "0*/ "00/ &44 Insert the correct form of may/mi ht e,cept in 14 an &+/ 'here a be allo%ed form is necessary. 1 It - . . rain/ you' better take a coat. " (e sai that it . . . rain. & #e . . . as 'ell stay here till the 'eather impro!es. 4 . . . I borro' your umbrella2 ' 5ou . . . tell me9 (I think I ha*e a right to know.) + Fan i ates . . . not bring te,tbooks into the e,amination room. . People con!icte of an offence . . . (ha*e a right to) appeal. 0 If he kne' our a ress he . . . come an see us. 3 . . . I come in2 $ Please o. 14 #hen he 'as a chil he . . . (they let him) o e,actly as he like . 11 I think I left my glasses in your office. 5ou . . . ask your secretary to look for them for me. (re+uest) 1" (e . . . be my brother (I admit that he is) but I on't trust him. 1& I . . . ne!er see you again. 14 (e... be on the ne,t train. #e . . . as 'ell 'ait. 1* If 'e got there early 'e . . . get a goo seat. 1+ %he police . . . (ha*e a right to) ask a ri!er to take a breath test.

"0
1. 5ou ought to buy no'; prices . . . go up. 10 I'll 'ait a 'eek so that he . . . ha!e time to think it o!er. 13 (e isn't going to eat it; 1... as 'ell gi!e it to the og. "4 5ou . . . at least rea the letter. CI think you should.) "1 5ou . . . ha!e 'ritten/ (I am annoyed disappointed that you didn "t.) "" #e' better be early; there . . . be a cro' . "& Aobo y kno's ho' people first came to these islan s. %hey . . . ha!e saile from 8outh >merica on rafts. "4 5ou . . . (ha*e permission to) use my office. "* (e sai that 'e . . . use his office 'hene!er 'e like . "+ I on't think I'll succee but I . . . as 'ell try. ". 5ou ought to go to his lectures/ you . . . learn something. "0 If 'e can gi!e him a bloo transfusion 'e . . . be able to sa!e his life. "3 %'o parallel 'hite lines in the mi le of the roa mean that you . . . not o!ertake. &4 If I bought a lottery ticket I . . . 'in :1/444. &1 If you sai that/ he . . . be !ery offen e . &" I 'on er 'hy they i n't go. $ %he 'eather . . . ha!e been too ba . && #arningG Ao part of this book . . . be repro uce 'ithout the publisher's permission. &4 (e has refuse / but he . . . change his min if you aske him again. &* . . . I see your passport/ please2 &+ (e . . . (negati*e) ri!e since his acci ent. ((hey ha*en"t let him dri*e.)

must and have to

PEG 144-* =ill the spaces in the follo'ing sentences by inserting must or the present/ future/ or past form of have to. 1 8he . . . lea!e home at eight e!ery morning at present. " Aotice in a picture galleryG Fameras/ sticks an umbrellas . . . be left at the esk. & (e sees !ery ba ly; he . . . 'ear glasses all the time. 4 1... o all the typing at my office. * 5ou . . . rea this book. It's really e,cellent. + %he chil ren . . . play in the streets till their mothers get home from 'ork. . 8he felt ill an . . . lea!e early. 0 Mr Pitt . . . cook his o'n meals. (is 'ife is a'ay. 3 I ha n't enough money an I . . . pay by che6ue. 14 I ne!er remember his a ress; I al'ays . . . look it up. 11 EmployerG 5ou . . . come to 'ork in time. 1" If you go to a entist 'ith a pri!ate practice you . . . pay him 6uite a lot of money. 1& =ather to small sonG 5ou . . . o 'hat Mummy says. 14 My neighbour's chil . . . practise the piano for three hours a ay. 1* 1octorG I can't come no'. FallerG 5ou . . . come; he's terribly ill. 1+ English chil ren . . . stay at school till the age of 1+. 1. In my istrict there is no gas lai on. People . . . use electricity for e!erything. 10 Aotice abo!e petrol pumpG >ll engines . . . be s'itche off. 13 Mother to aughterG 5ou . . . come in earlier at night.

"3
"4 %he shops here on't eli!er. #e . . . carry e!erything home oursel!es. "1 %he buses 'ere all full; I . . . get a ta,i. "" Aotice besi e escalatorsG 1ogs an push chairs . . . be carrie . "& '>u pair' girls usually . . . o 6uite a lot of house'ork. "4 %ell her that she . . . be here by si,. I insist on it. "* #hen a tyre is puncture the ri!er . . . change the 'heel. "+ Park noticeG >ll ogs . . . be kept on lea s. ". 8he . . . learn ho' to ri!e 'hen her local rail'ay station is close . "0 Eail'ay noticeG Passengers . . . cross the line by the footbri ge. "3 I got lost an . . . ask a policeman the 'ay. &4 =armers . . . get up early. &1 If you buy that tele!ision set you . . . buy a licence for it. &" #hen I change my <ob I . . . mo!e to another flat. && #aiters . . . pay ta, on the tips that they recei!e. &4 =ather to sonG I can't support you any longer; you . . . earn your o'n li!ing from no' on. &* Eail'ay noticeG Passengers . . . be in possession of a ticket. &+ #hene!er the og 'ants to go out 1... get up an open the oor.

must not and need not

PEG 14+ Jse must not or need not to fill the spaces in the follo'ing sentences. 1 5ou . . . ring the bell; I ha!e a key. " Aotice in cinemaG E,it oors . . . be locke uring performances. & 5ou . . . rink thisG it is poison. 4 #e . . . ri!e fast; 'e ha!e plenty of time. * 5ou . . . ri!e fast; there is a spee limit here. + Fan i ates . . . bring books into the e,amination room. . 5ou . . . 'rite to him for he 'ill be here tomorro'. 0 #e . . . make any noise or 'e'll 'ake the baby. 3 5ou . . . bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain. 14 5ou . . . o all the e,ercise. %en sentences 'ill be enough. 11 #e . . . reheat the pie. #e can eat it col . 1" Mother to chil G 5ou . . . tell lies. 1& 5ou . . . turn on the light; I can see 6uite 'ell. 14 5ou . . . strike a match; the room is full of gas. 1* 5ou . . . talk to other can i ates uring the e,am. 1+ #e . . . make any more san 'iches; 'e ha!e plenty no'. 1. 5ou . . . put salt in any of his ishes. 8alt is !ery ba for him. 10 5ou . . . take anything out of a shop 'ithout paying for it. 13 5ou . . . carry that parcel home yourself; the shop 'ill sen it. "4 5ou . . . clean the 'in o's. %he 'in o'-cleaner is coming tomorro'. "1 Mother to chil G 5ou . . . play 'ith matches. "" Fhurch noticeG Kisitors . . . 'alk about the church uring a ser!ice. "& 1... go to the shops to ay. %here is plenty of foo in the house.

&4
"4 5ou . . . smoke in a non-smoking compartment. "* Police noticeG Fars . . . be parke here. "+ #e . . . open the lion's cage. It is contrary to Moo regulations. ". 5ou . . . make your be . %he mai 'ill o it. "0 I 'ant this letter type but you . . . o it to ay. %omorro' 'ill o. "3 I'll len you the money an you . . . pay me back till ne,t month. &4 #e . . . climb any higher; 'e can see !ery 'ell from here. &1 5ou . . . look un er the be . %here isn't anybo y there. &" 5ou . . . ask a 'oman her age. It's not polite. && 5ou'!e gi!en me too much. $ 5ou . . . eat it all. &4 #e . . . forget to shut the lift gates. &* Mother to chil G 5ou . . . interrupt 'hen I am speaking. &+ If you 'ant the time/ pick up the recei!er an ial 0401; you . . . say anything.

need not and don't have to etc(

PEG 140-*4 Eeplace the 'or s in bol type by need not/need I2 etc./ or a negati!e or interrogati!e have to form. I'!e been in!ite to a 'e ing; but I can't go. &ill it be necessary for me to sen a present2 5hall I ha*e to send a present' 1 It isn't necessary $or him to go on 'orking. (e has alrea y reache retiring age. 0-e . . .) " &as it necessary $or you to 'ait a long time for your bus2 & It isn't necessary $or me to 'ater my tomato plants e!ery ay. ' It %ill be necessary $or them to get up early 'hen they go out to 'ork e!ery ay. * #e ha to stop at the frontier but 'e %ere not re(uired to open our cases. + It 'asn't necessary to 'alk. (e took us in his car. (6e . . .) 1 My employer sai / ) shan't re(uire you tomorro'.' (You . . . #ome.) 0 It is never necessary $or me to 'ork on 8atur ays. 3 #hen I am eighteen I'll be of age. %hen it %on't be necessary to li!e at home if I on't 'ant to. 14 Ae' teacher to his classG It isn't necessary $or you to call me '8ir'; call me '7ill'. 11 &ill it be necessary $or us to report this acci ent to the police2 1" #hen you buy something on the installment system you are not re(uired to pay the 'hole price at once. 1& 1i you kno' enough English to ask for your ticket2 It %asn't necessary to say anything. I bought my ticket at a machine. 14 It isn't necessary to buy a licence for a bicycle in Englan . (6e . . .) )* Is it essential $or you to finish tonight2 1+ Is it necessary $or people to go e!ery'here by boat in Kenice2 1. &ill it be necessary $or me to sleep un er a mos6uito net2 10 Most people think that ci!il ser!ants are not re(uired to 'ork !ery har . 13 It %asn't necessary to s%im. #e 'ere able to 'a e across.

&1
"4 It isn't necessary $or you to ri!e me to the station. I can get a ta,i. "1 @ur plane 'as elaye so 'e ha lunch at the airport. 7ut it %asn't necessary to pay for the lunch. %he airline ga!e it to us. "" Is it obli atory $or us to !ote2 "& #hen you 'ere a chil %ere you re(uired to practise the piano2 "4 I sa' the acci ent but fortunately it %asn't necessary $or me to gi!e e!i ence as there 'ere plenty of other 'itnesses. "* 8mall boy to frien G It %on't be necessary $or you to 'ork har 'hen you come to my school. %he teachers aren't !ery strict. "+ %hey ha plenty of time. It %asn't necessary $or them to hurry. ". Is it necessary $or you to take your og 'ith you e!ery'here2 "0 #hat time %as it necessary $or you to lea!e home2 "3 I brought my passport but I %asn't re(uired to sho' it to anyone. &4 I misse one ay of the e,am. &ill it be necessary $or me to take the 'hole e,am again2 &1 Is it really necessary for you to practise the !iolin at & a.m.2 &" E!erything 'as one for me. It 'asn't necessary for me to o anything. && >re =rench chil ren obli ed to go to school on 8atur ays2 &4 I 'as late for the opera. $ &as it necessary $or you to 'ait till the en of the first act before fin ing your seat2 &* (e repaire my ol 'atch so it 'asn't necessary for me to buy a ne' one after all. &+ &ere you re(uired to make a speech2

must, can't and needn't with the perfect infinitive

PEG 1*"/ 1*+/ 1*3 must H perfect infiniti!e is use for affirmati!e e uctions. can't/couldn't H infiniti!e is use for negati!e e uctions. needn't H perfect infiniti!e is use for a past action 'hich 'as unnecessary but 'as performe . =ill the spaces in the follo'ing sentences by using one of these forms H the perfect infiniti!e of the !erbs in brackets. 1 1i you hear me come in last night2 $ Ao/ I . . . CbeD asleep. " I 'on er 'ho broke the 'ineglass; it . . . CbeD the cat for she 'as out all ay. & 5ou . . . ChelpD him. C You helped him $ut he didn "t need help.) 4 I ha my umbrella 'hen I came out but I ha!en't got it no'. $ 5ou . . . Clea!eD it on the bus. * (e . . . CescapeD by this 'in o' because it is barre . + I . . . Cgi!eD :14. :* 'oul ha!e been enough. . I sa' a rattlesnake near the ri!er yester ay. $ 5ou . . . CseeD a rattlesnake. %here aren't any rattlesnakes in this country. 0 (e is back alrea y. $ (e . . . CstartD !ery early. 3 (e returne home 'ith a tiger cub. $

&"
(is 'ife CbeD !ery please about that. 14 I bought t'o bottles of milk. $ 5ou . . . CbuyD milk; 'e ha!e heaps in the house. 11 I phone you at nine this morning but got no ans'er. $ I'm sorry. I . . . CbeD in the gar en. 1" I left my bicycle here an no' it's gone. $ 8omeone . . . Cborro'D it. 1& #hen she 'oke up her 'atch ha !anishe . $ 8omeone . . . CstealD it 'hile she slept. 14 I'!e opene another bottle. $ 5ou . . . C oD that. #e'!e only <ust starte this one. 1* %he machine sai / '5ou 'eigh +* kilos/' an I sai / %hank you.' $ 5ou . . . CsayD anything. 1+ I tol him to turn left an he imme iately turne right9 $ (e . . . Cun erstan D you. 1. Perhaps he s'am across. $ Ao/ he . . . C oD that; he can't s'im. 10 1o you remember rea ing about it in the ne'spapers2 $ Ao/ I . . . CbeD abroa at the time. 13 (e . . . C'alkD from here to )on on in t'o hours. It isn't possible. "4 (e 'as !ery sick last night. $ %he meat 'e ha for supper . . . CbeD goo . "1 %here 'as a ock strike an the liner coul n't lea!e port. $ %he passengers . . . CbeD furious. "" #e 'ent to a restaurant an ha a !ery goo inner for :&. $ 5ou . . . Cha!eD a !ery goo inner if you only pai :&. "& I ha!e <ust 'atere the roses. $ 5ou . . . C'aterD them. )ook/ it's raining no'9 "4 %hat carpet 'as ma e entirely by han . $ It . . . CtakeD a long time. "* %he oor 'as open. $ It . . . CbeD open. I ha locke it myself an the key 'as in my pocket. "+ (e sai that he 'atere the plants e!ery ay. $ (e . . . C'aterD them. If he ha they 'oul n't ha!e ie . ". (e came out of the 'ater 'ith little re spots all o!er his back. $ (e . . . CbeD stung by a <elly-fish. "0 #e'!e sent for a octor. $ 5ou . . . Csen D for him. I am perfectly 'ell. "3 I'!e ma e t'o copies. $ 5ou . . . CmakeD t'o. @ne 'oul ha!e been enough. &4 %here 'as a terrible crash at & a.m. $ %hat . . . CbeD %om coming in from his party. &1 I ha to get o'n the mountain in a thick fog. $ %hat . . . CbeD !ery ifficult. &" I sa' >nn in the library yester ay. $ 5ou . . . CseeD her; she is still abroa . && (o' i he get out of the house2 (e . . . CcomeD o'n the stairs for they 'ere bla?ing.

&&
&4 5ou . . . Clen D him your map. (e has one of his o'n. &* I spoke in English/ !ery slo'ly. $ 5ou . . . CspeakD slo'ly. (e speaks English !ery fluently. &+ (e 'as foun unconscious at the foot of the cliff. (e . . . CfallD "44 metres.

resent and past tenses

%he simple present tense
PEG 1." Eea the follo'ing in the thir person singular. 1o not change the ob<ect if it is plural. Aote that after certain consonants a final es is pronounce as a separate syllable. 8ee PEG 1" 7G kiss, kisses Ikis/ kisi?I. 1 %hey 'ish to speak to you. C(eD " 7uses pass my house e!ery hour. & %hey help their father. C(eD 4 #e change planes at (eathro'. * 5ou 'atch too much %K. C(eD + %hey 'orry too much. C(eD . I cash a che6ue e!ery month. C(eD 0 I al'ays carry an umbrella. C8heD 3 %hey 'ash the floor e!ery 'eek. C8heD 14 (is sons go to the local school. 11 %hese hens lay bro'n eggs. 1" Eubber balls bounce. 1& %hese figures astonish me. 14 1o you like boile eggs2 CheD 1* %hese seats cost :14. 1+ %hey fish in the lake. C(eD 1. Elephants ne!er forget. 10 %hey usually catch the 0.14 bus. 13 %hey sometimes miss the bus. "4 I mi, the ingre ients together. "1 %he ri!ers free?e in 'inter. "" %hey fly from )on on to E inburgh. "& %he carpets match the curtains. "4 %hey reali?e the anger. "* I use a computer. "+ #hat o they o on their ays off2 $ %hey o nothing. %hey lie in be all ay. ". %he boys hurry home after school. "0 %hey push the oor open. "3 %hey kiss their mother. &4 %hey bo, in the gymnasium. &1 %hey ress 'ell. &" 5our chil ren rely on you.

&4
&& %hey snatch la ies' han bags. &4 5ou fry e!erything. &* %he ta,es rise e!ery year. &+ %hey o e,ercises e!ery morning.

%he simple present tense

PEG 1." Eea the follo'ing CaD in the negati!e CbD in the interrogati!e. In Aos. " an 14/ have is use as an or inary !erb an shoul be treate as one. 1 5ou kno' the ans'er. " (e has breakfast at 0.44. & (e lo!es her. 4 8ome schoolgirls 'ear uniforms. * (e trusts you. + (e tries har . . %he park closes at usk. 0 (e misses his mother. 3 %he chil ren like s'eets. 14 (e finishes 'ork at +.44. 11 (e li!es besi e the sea. 1" (e bullies his sisters. 1& %his sto!e heats the 'ater. 14 8he has a cooke breakfast. 1* 8he carries a sleeping bag. 1+ (e usually belie!es you. 1. 8he ances in competitions. 10 5ou remember the a ress. 13 8he plays chess !ery 'ell. "4 (e 'orries about her. "1 %hese thie!es 'ork at night. "" (e lea!es home at 0.44 e!ery ay. "& >nn arranges e!erything. "4 8he agrees 'ith you. "* %heir ogs bark all night. "+ %heir neighbours often complain. ". %om en<oys ri!ing at night. "0 (e engages ne' staff e!ery 8pring. "3 %om looks !ery 'ell. &4 %hey sell fresh grape <uice here. &1 (e charges more than other photographers. &" 8he cuts her husban 's hair. && %hey pick the apples in @ctober. &4 %he last train lea!es at mi night. &* (e rela,es at 'eeken s. &+ 8he refuses to iscuss it.

&* %he present continuous tense

PEG 1+4-. Put the !erbs in brackets into the present continuous tense. In Ao. "*/ have is use as an or inary !erb an can therefore be use in the continuous tense. 1 8he Cnot 'orkD/ she Cs'imD in the ri!er. " (e CteachD his boy to ri e. & #hy >nn Cnot 'earD her ne' ress2 4 %he airplane CflyD at "/444 metres. * #hat %om C oD no'2 (e CcleanD his shoes. + %his fire CgoD out. 8omebo y CbringD more coal2 . It CrainD2$ 5es/ it CrainD !ery har . 5ou can't go out yet. 0 #hy you Cmen D that ol shirt2 3 5ou Cnot tellD the truth. $ (o' o you kno' that I Cnot tellD the truth2 14 #ho Cmo!eD the furniture about upstairs2 $ It's %om. (e CpaintD the front be room. 11 Mrs ;ones Cs'eepD the steps outsi e her house. 1" #hat you Crea D no'2 I Crea D 7rime and 8unishment. 1& It is a lo!ely ay. %he sun CshineD an the bir s CsingD. 14 8omeone CknockD at the oor. 8hall I ans'er it2 $ I CcomeD in a minute. I <ust C'ashD my han s. 1* 8he al'ays CringD up an CaskD 6uestions. 1+ #hy you CmakeD a cake2 8omeone CcomeD to tea2 1. #here is %om2 $ (e ClieD un er the car. 10 Fan I borro' your pen or you CuseD it at the moment2 13 5ou C oD anything this e!ening2 $ Ao/ I'm not. #ell/ I CgoD to the cinema. #oul you like to come 'ith me2 "4 #e Cha!eD breakfast at 0.44 tomorro' as %om CcatchD an early train. "1 >nn usually oes the shopping/ but I C oD it to ay as she isn't 'ell. "" #hy you CtypeD so fast2 5ou CmakeD a lot of mistakes. "& Mother CrestD no'. 8he al'ays rests after lunch. "4 %hey C igD an enormous hole <ust outsi e my gate. $ #hat they C oD that for2 $ I on't kno'. Perhaps they ClookD for oil. "* #hat CmakeD that terrible noise2 $ It's the pneumatic rill. %hey CrepairD the roa . "+ %he chil ren are !ery 6uiet. Go an see 'hat they C oD. 9 %hey CcutD up some :* notes. ". #hat you C'aitD for2I C'aitD for my change; the boy <ust CgetD it. "0 I can't hear 'hat you CsayD; the traffic CmakeD too much noise. "3 8he al'ays CloseD her glasses an CaskD me to look for them. &4 MotherG #hat you ClookD at2 8omething ChappenD in the street2

&+
&1 Fhil G 5es. %he house opposite is on fire9 Fome an look. MotherG I can't. I CbathD the babies. Is the =ire 7riga e here2 &" Fhil G 5es. =ire engines CrushD up an the firemen C<umpD out an CunrollD their hoses. && 8moke CpourD from the 'in o's9 People CstopD to 'atch. > policeman CtryD to mo!e them on. &4 >n ol man CclimbD out of a first floor 'in o'9 > fireman ChelpD him9 %'o boys Csli eD o'n a rope9 &* > 'oman C'a!eD from the attic an a fireman CgoD up a la er to help her9 &+ Ao' he CcomeD o'n again9 (e CcarryD a baby9 %he cro' Ccheer9

%he simple present and the present continuous

PEG 1+4-.4 Put the !erbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense. 1 Fuckoos Cnot buil D nests. %hey CuseD the nests of other bir s. " 5ou can't see %om no'G he Cha!eD a bath. & (e usually C rinkD coffee but to ay he C rinkD tea. 4 #hat she C oD in the e!enings2 $ 8he usually CplayD car s or C'atchD %K. * I 'on't go out no' as it CrainD an I -Cnot ha!eD an umbrella. + %he last train Clea!eD the station at 11.&4. . (e usually CspeakD so 6uickly that I Cnot un erstan D him. 0 >nn CmakeD a ress for herself at the moment. 8he CmakeD all her o'n clothes. 3 (ar ly anyone C'earD a hat no'a ays. 14 I'm afrai I'!e broken one of your coffee cups. 1on't 'orry. I Cnot likeD that set any'ay. 11 I C'earD my sunglasses to ay because the sun is !ery strong. 1" %om can't ha!e the ne'spaper no' because his aunt Crea D it. 1& I'm busy at the moment. I Cre ecorateD the sitting room. 14 %he kettle CboilD no'. 8hall I make the tea2 1* 5ou Cen<oyD yourself or 'oul you like to lea!e no'2 I Cen<oyD myself !ery much. I C'antD to stay to the en . 1+ (o' you CgetD to 'ork as a rule2 $ I usually CgoD by bus but tomorro' I CgoD in %om's car. 1. #hy you CputD on your coat2 $ I CgoD for a 'alk. 5ou CcomeD 'ith me25es/ I' lo!e to come. 5ou Cmin D if I bring my og2 10 (o' much you Co'eD him2I Co'eD him :*. $ 5ou Cinten D to pay him2 13 5ou CbelongD to your local library2 5es/ I o. -

&.
5ou Crea D a lot25es/ 6uite a lot. (o' often you CchangeD your books2 I CchangeD one e!ery ay. "4 Mary usually ClearnD languages !ery 6uickly but she Cnot seemD able to learn mo ern Greek. "1 I al'ays CbuyD lottery tickets but I ne!er C'inD anything. "" 5ou ClikeD this necklace2 I Cgi!eD it to my aughter for her birth ay tomorro'. "& I 'on't tell you my secret unless you CpromiseD not to tell anyone. I CpromiseD. "4 5ou al'ays C'riteD 'ith your left han 2 "* 5ou Clo!eD him2Ao/ I ClikeD him !ery much but I Cnot lo!eD him. "+ 5ou C reamD at night25es/ I al'ays C reamD an if I CeatD too much supper I Cha!eD nightmares. ". %he milk CsmellD sour. 5ou CkeepD milk a long time2 "0 %hese 'orkmen are ne!er satisfie ; they al'ays CcomplainD. "3 #e CuseD this room to ay because the 'in o' in the other room is broken. &4 (e al'ays CsayD that he 'ill men the 'in o' but he ne!er C oD it. &1 5ou Ckno'D 'hy an apple CfallD o'n an not up2 &" 5ou C'riteD to him tonight2 5es/ I al'ays C'riteD to him on his birth ay. 5ou C'antD to sen any message2 && %om an Mr Pitt Cha!eD a long con!ersation. I C'on erD 'hat they CtalkD about. &4 5ou Cbelie!eD all that the ne'spapers say2Ao/ I Cnot belie!eD any of it. $ %hen 'hy you Crea D ne'spapers2 &* %his car CmakeD a !ery strange noise. 5ou CthinkD it is all right2@h/ that noise Cnot matterD. It al'ays CmakeD a noise like that. &+ %he fire CsmokeD horribly. I can't see across the room. I Ce,pectD that bir s Cbuil D a nest in the chimney. #hy you Cnot putD 'ire across the tops of your chimneys2 %om C oD that sometimes but it Cnot seemD to make any ifference.

%he simple present and the present continuous

PEG 1+4-.4 Put the !erbs in brackets into the simple present or present continuous tense. 1 #hat %om CthinkD of the 7u get2 (e CthinkD it most unfair. $ I CagreeD 'ith him. " #hat this one CcostD2-

&0
It CcostD forty pence. & 5ou ChearD the 'in 2 It Cblo'D !ery strongly tonight. 4 5ou CseeD my car keys any'here2 Ao/ I ClookD for them but I Cnot seeD them. * (e ne!er ClistenD to 'hat you say. (e al'ays CthinkD about something else. + %his book is about a man 'ho C esertD his family an CgoD to li!e on a Pacific islan . . 5ou Cun erstan D 'hat the lecturer is saying2 $ Ao/ I Cnot un erstan D him at all. 0 #hat you Cha!eD for breakfast usually2 $ I usually CeatD a carrot an C rinkD a glass of col 'ater. 3 #hen the curtain CriseD 'e CseeD a group of 'orkers. %hey CpicketD factory gate. 14 #hy you C'alkD so fast to ay2 5ou usually C'alkD 6uite slo'ly. $ I ChurryD because I CmeetD my mother at 4 o'clock an she Cnot likeD to be kept 'aiting. 11 I C'ishD that og 'oul lie o'n. (e CkeepD <umping up on my lap. $ I CthinkD he C'antD to go for a 'alk. 1" 5ou Crecogni?eD that man2 $ I CthinkD that I ha!e seen him before but I Cnot rememberD his name 1& )ook at that cro' . I C'on erD 'hat they C'aitD for. 14 %his message has <ust arri!e an the man C'aitD in case you C'antD to sen a reply. 1* 8top9 5ou Cnot seeD the notice2 $ I CseeD it but I can't rea it because I Cnot 'earD my glasses. #hat it CsayD2 $ It CsayD '%hese premises are patrolle by guar ogs'. 1+ 8he al'ays Cborro'D from me an she ne!er CrememberD to pay me back. 1. 5ou Cnee D another blanket or you CfeelD 'arm enough2 10 It Csa!eD time if you CtakeD the path through the 'oo 2 $ Ao/ it Cnot matterD 'hich path you take. 13 I Csa!eD up because I CgoD abroa in ;uly. "4 I CthinkD it is a pity you on't take more e,ercise. 5ou CgetD fat. "1 %he plane that you ClookD at no' <ust CtakeD off for Paris/ "" %om ne!er C oD any 'ork in the gar en; he al'ays C'orkD on his car. "& #hat he C oD to his car no'2 $ I CthinkD he CpolishD it. "4 %hat film CcomeD to the local cinema ne,t 'eek. 5ou C'antD to see it2 "* (o' Peter CgetD on at school2 $ Kery 'ell. (e CseemD to like the life. "+ #hy Mrs Pitt ClookD so angry2 $ Mr Pitt CsmokeD a cigarette an C ropD the ash on the carpet. ". %his is our itinerary. #e Clea!eD home on the 0th/ Carri!eD in Paris on the 3th/ Cspen D the ay in Paris/ an CsetD out that night for Kenice. $ %hat Csoun D most interesting. 5ou must tell me all about it 'hen you CgetD back. "0 %his story is about a boy 'ho CmakeD frien s 'ith a snake 'hich he Cfin D in his gar en. %hen he CgoD a'ay but he Cnot forgetD the snake an some years later he CreturnD an ClookD for it. "3 (e Cfin D the snake 'ho Crecogni?eD its ol frien an CcoilD roun him affectionately. 7ut/ unfortunately/ the snake is by no' a full-gro'n boa-constrictor an its embrace CkillD the poor boy. &4 %he snake CfeelD sorry about this2I Cnot kno'D. %he story Cen D there.

&3
&1 (o' you Cen D a letter that CbeginD/ '1ear 8ir'2 $ I al'ays CputD/ '5ours truly'/ but %om CpreferD '5ours faithfully'. &" #hat the 'or 'catastrophe' CmeanD2 $ It CmeanD ' isaster'. && #hat you C'aitD for2I C'aitD for the shop to open. 7ut it Cnot openD till 3.44. I Ckno'D but I C'antD to be early/ as their sale CstartD to ay. &4 #hy you CsmokeD a cigar/ Mrs Pitt2 5ou Cnot smokeD cigars as a rule. $ I CsmokeD it because I C'antD the ash. %his book CsayD that cigar ash mi,e 'ith oil Cremo!eD heat stains from 'oo . &* #ho Co'nD this umbrella2 $ I Cnot kno'D. E!erybo y CuseD it but nobo y Ckno'D 'ho Co'nD it. &+ 5ou Cmin D if I CaskD you a 6uestion2 $ %hat C epen D on the 6uestion. $ It CconcernD your brother. $ I CrefuseD to ans'er any 6uestion about my brother.

%he simple past tense

PEG 1.*-+ Put the !erbs in the follo'ing sentences into the simple past tense. 1 I go to 'ork by bus. " I meet her on %ues ays. & (e al'ays 'ears black. 4 I make cakes e!ery 'eek. * 8he gets up at +.&4. + (e un erstan s me. . (e shuts the shop at +.44. 0 8he speaks slo'ly. 3 (e lea!es the house at 3.44. 14 I rea a chapter e!ery night. 11 5ou eat too much. 1" I see him e!ery ay. 1& %om sings in the choir. 14 (e cries 'hen he is hurt. 1* #ho kno's the ans'er2 1+ I think I kno' it. 1. %he curtain rises at 0.44. 10 (e takes the og out t'ice a ay. 13 #e buy them here. "4 I ream e!ery night. "1 7luetits often lay eggs in that nesting bo,. "" (e often feels ill. "& I kno' 'hat he 'ants. "4 I usually pay him :*.

44
"* "+ ". "0 "3 &4 &1 &" && &4 &* &+ (is og al'ays bites me. It smells o . It costs &4p. My back hurts. I lie o'n after lunch. #e rink 'ater. (is roses gro' 'ell. (e ri es e!ery ay. (e often falls off. %hese ogs fight 'hene!er they meet. (e puts up his prices e!ery year. (e sleeps ba ly.

%he simple past tense

PEG 1.*-+ Put the !erbs in the follo'ing sentences into CaD the negati!e CbD the interrogati!e. 1 8he sa' your brother. " #e hear a terrible noise. & (e slept till 14.44. 4 (e looke at the picture. * %hey rank all the 'ine. + %hey set out early enough. . 8he thought about it. 0 %he police caught the thief. 3 (e hi the letter. 14 8he foun her 'atch. 11 (is nose ble . 1" My mother chose this hotel. 1& 8he lent you enough money. 14 Neiko taught ;apanese. 1* %om hurt his foot. 1+ (e broke his arm. 1. (is 'ife came at 0.44. 10 (e lost his 'allet. 13 (is son 'rote a no!el. "4 %hey fle' to Ae' 5ork. "1 >nn re' you a map. "" %om lai the table. "& Mr Pitt fell o'nstairs. "4 8he lost her 'ay. "* (e forba e her to lea!e. "+ I sent it to the laun ry. ". ;ack kept the money. "0 (e ro e slo'ly. "3 %hey spent it all. &4 8he sol the car. &1 ;ean rang the bell.

41
&" %he sun rose at +.44. && %he boys ran home. &4 (e shook the bottle. &* (e forga!e her. &+ %hey broa cast an appeal for money.

%he past continuous tense

PEG 1.0 Put the !erbs in brackets into the past continuous tense. 1 1etecti!eG I'm afrai I must ask you both 'hat you C oD yester ay at 14."4 p.m. Mr OG I CplayD chess 'ith my 'ife. Mr 5G I ClistenD to a play on the ra io. " %he chil ren 'ere frightene because it CgetD ark. & It 'as a fine ay an the roa s 'ere cro' e because a lot of people CrushD to the seasi e. 4 %he airplane in 'hich the football team Ctra!elD crashe soon after taking off. * (e usually 'ears san als but 'hen I last sa' him he C'earD boots. + %he house 'as in great isor er because he Cre ecorateD it. . %he irector i n't allo' the actors to tra!el by air 'hile they C'orkD on the film. 0 %he car ha nobo y in it but the engine CrunD. 3 %'o chil ren CplayD on the san an t'o fishermen CleanD against an upturne boat. 14 I 'as alone in the house at that time because Mr ;ones C'orkD in the garage an Mrs ;ones CshopD. 11 (e sai that he 'as the captain of a ship 'hich CsailD that night for Marseilles. 1" >re you going to Eome2 I thought that you CgoD to Milan. 1& My 'ife an I CtalkD about you the other ay. 14 #hen I first met him he Cstu yD painting. 1* %here 'as a strong smell an the soun of frying. @b!iously Mrs ;ones CcookD fish. 1+ %om ate nothing for lunch because he C ietD. (e sai that he CtryD to lose 14 kilos. 1. #ho you CtalkD to on the telephone as I came in2 I CtalkD to Mr Pitt. 10 >s she CclimbD the la er it slippe si e'ays an she fell off it. 13 #hen I first met him he C'orkD in a restaurant. "4 (e 'atche the chil ren for a moment. 8ome of them CbatheD in the sea/ others ClookD for shells/ others CplayD in the san . "1 #here he Cli!eD 'hen you sa' him last2 "" 8he Cstan D at the bus stop. I aske her 'hat bus she C'aitD for. "& =rom the soun s it 'as clear that Mary CpractiseD the piano. "4 %here ha been an acci ent an men CcarryD the in<ure people to an ambulance. "* %'o men CfightD at a street comer an a policeman CtryD to stop them. $ #hat they CfightD about2 $ Aobo y seeme to kno'. "+ %om CsitD in a corner 'ith a book. I tol him that he Crea D in !ery ba light. ". I 'ent into the gar en to see 'hat the boys C oD. ;ames C'ee D an >le,an er CcutD the grass.

4"
"0 %hey ha taken off the 'heel of the car an Cmen D the puncture. I aske 'hen it 'oul be rea y. "3 #hen I arri!e at the meeting the first speaker ha <ust finishe speaking an the au ience CclapD/ &4 %he traffic CmakeD so much noise that I coul n't hear 'hat he CsayD. &1 #hile he ClearnD to ri!e he ha t'enty-fi!e acci ents. &" (e ha a ba fall 'hile he CrepairD his roof. && (e 'as a little ma . (e al'ays CtryD to pro!e that the earth 'as flat. &4 #hile 'e CfishD someone came to the house an left this note. &* %he e,am ha <ust begun an the can i ates C'riteD their names at the top of their papers. &+ ;ust as I C'on erD 'hat to o ne,t/ the phone rang.

%he simple past and the past continuous

PEG 1.*-01 Put the !erbs in brackets into the simple past or the past continuous tense. 1 I lit the fire at +.44 an it CbumD brightly 'hen %om came in at ..44. " #hen I arri!e the lecture ha alrea y starte an the professor C'riteD on the o!erhea pro<ector. & I CmakeD a cake 'hen the light 'ent out. I ha to finish it in the ark. 4 I i n't 'ant to meet Paul so 'hen he entere the room I Clea!eD. * Jnfortunately 'hen I arri!e >nn <ust Clea!eD/ so 'e only ha time for a fe' 'or s. + (e C'atchD %K 'hen the phone rang. Kery un'illingly he CturnD o'n the soun an CgoD to ans'er it. . (e 'as !ery polite. #hene!er his 'ife entere the room he Cstan D up. 0 %he a miral CplayD bo'ls 'hen he recei!e ne's of the in!asion. (e CinsistD on finishing the game. 3 My og C'alkD along 6uietly 'hen Mr Pitt's Pekinese attacke him. 14 #hen I arri!e she Cha!eD lunch. 8he apologi?e for starting 'ithout me but sai that she al'ays ClunchD at 1".&4. 11 (e al'ays C'earD a raincoat an CcarryD an umbrella 'hen he 'alke to the office. 1" #hat you CthinkD of his last book2 $ I ClikeD it !ery much. 1& I CshareD a flat 'ith him 'hen 'e 'ere stu ents. (e al'ays CcomplainD about my unti iness. 14 (e su enly Creali?eD that he Ctra!elD in the 'rong irection. 1* (e CplayD the guitar outsi e her house 'hen someone opene the 'in o' an Cthro'D out a bucket of 'ater. 1+ I <ust CopenD the letter 'hen the 'in Cblo'D it out of my han . 1. %he burglar CopenD the safe 'hen he ChearD footsteps. (e imme iately CputD out his torch an Ccra'lD un er the be . 10 #hen I ClookD for my passport I Cfin D this ol photograph. 13 5ou looke !ery busy 'hen I CseeD you last night. #hat you C oD2 "4 %he boys CplayD car s 'hen they ChearD their father's step. %hey imme iately Chi eD the car s an CtakeD out their lesson books.

4&
"1 (e CcleanD his gun 'hen it acci entally CgoD off an CkillD him. "" (e Cnot allo'D us to go out in the boat yester ay as a strong 'in Cblo'D. "& >s I CcrossD the roa I CstepD on a banana skin an CfallD hea!ily. "4 I still ClieD on the roa 'hen I CseeD a lorry approaching. "* )uckily the ri!er CseeD me an CstopD the lorry in time. "+ (o' you C amageD your car so ba ly2 $ I CrunD into a lamp-post yester ay. $ I suppose you C ri!eD too 6uickly or 'ere not looking 'here you CgoD. ". >s he CgetD into the bus it CstartD su enly an he CfallD back'ar s on to the roa . "0 I CcallD Paul at ..44 but it 'asn't necessary because he alrea y CgetD up. "3 #hen he Cmen D the fuse he CgetD a !ery ba shock. &4 #hen I ChearD his knock I CgoD to the oor an CopenD it/ but I Cnot recogni?eD him at first because I Cnot 'earD my glasses. &1 #hen I came in they CsitD roun the fire. Mr Pitt C oD a cross'or pu??le/ Mrs Pitt CknitD/ the others Crea D. Mrs Pitt CsmileD at me an CsayD/ 'Fome an sit o'n.' &" #hile the guests C anceD thie!es CbreakD into the house an CstealD a lot of fur coats. && %he ne,t ay/ as they Ckno'D that the police ClookD for them/ they Chi eD the coats in a 'oo an CgoD off in ifferent irections. &4 8he 'as !ery e,tra!agant. 8he al'ays CbuyD herself ne' clothes. &* (er mother often CtellD her that she Cspen D too much money but she ne!er ClistenD. &+ #hene!er the rummer CbeginD practising/ the people in the ne,t flat CbangD on the 'all.

%he simple past and the past continuous

PEG 1.*-01 Put the !erbs in brackets into the simple past or past continuous tense. 1 Mr 8mith ne!er C'akeD up in time in the mornings an al'ays CgetD into trouble for being late; so one ay he CgoD to to'n an CbuyD an alarm clock. " %o get home he Cha!e toD go through a fiel 'here a ba -tempere bull usually Cgra?eD. & %his bull normally Cnot chaseD people unless something CmakeD him angry. Jnfortunately/ as Mr 8mith CcrossD the fiel / his alarm clock CgoD off. 4 %his CannoyD the bull/ 'ho imme iately CbeginD to chase Mr 8mith. * Mr 8mith CcarryD an open umbrella as it CrainD slightly. (e Cthro'D the umbrella to the groun an CrunD a'ay as fast as he coul . + %he bull CstopD an CbeginD to attack the umbrella. #hile he C oD this Mr 8mith escape . . #hen he Ca'akeD she CsitD by the 'in o'. 8he ClookD at something in the street/ but 'hen he CcallD her she CturnD an CsmileD at him. 0 #hy you CinterruptD me <ust no'2 I Cha!eD a !ery interesting con!ersation 'ith Mr Pitt. 3 %he mur erer CcarryD the corpse o'n the stairs 'hen he ChearD a knock on the oor. 14 #hen I ClookD through your books I CnoticeD that you ha!e a copy of :urder in the 7athedral. 11 >s they C'alkD along the roa they ChearD a car coming from behin them. %om CturnD roun an Chol D up his han . %he car CstopD. 1" #hen I Carri!eD at the station Mary C'aitD for me. 8he C'earD a blue ress an ClookD !ery pretty. >s soon as she CseeD me she C'a!eD an CshoutD something/ but I coul n't hear 'hat she CsayD because e!erybo y CmakeD such a noise. 1& %he prisoner CescapeD by climbing the 'all of the gar en 'here he C'orkD. (e C'earD

44
blue o!eralls an black shoes. 14 8he sai that the car Ctra!elD at 44 k.p.h. 'hen it CbeginD to ski . 1* 8he sai that she Cnot likeD her present flat an CtryD to fin another. 1+ #hile he CmakeD his speech the minister su enly CfeelD faint. 7ut someone CbringD him a glass of 'ater an after a fe' minutes he Cbe ableD to continue. 1. #hen I CseeD him he CpaintD a portrait of his 'ife. $ 5ou ClikeD it2 $ (e only <ust CstartD 'hen I CseeD it/ so I coul n't <u ge. 10 I CtakeD my frien to a mur er trial the other ay. $ #ho CbeD trie 2> man calle 7ill 8ykes. $ #as he ac6uitte 2 I on't kno'. %hey still ClistenD to the e!i ence 'hen 'e Clea!eD. 13 I CbeD sorry that I Cha!e toD lea!e the party early/ because I Cen<oyD myself. "4 >s 'e CcomeD here a policeman CstopD us. (e CsayD that he ClookD for some stolen property an CaskD if he coul search the car. "1 I CseeD you yester ay from the bus. #hy you CuseD a stick2 $ I CuseD a stick because I ha hurt my leg that morning falling off a horse. $ #hose horse you Cri eD2 "" %he floor 'as co!ere 'ith balls of 'ool. @b!iously Mrs Pitt CknitD something. "& >nn sai that she CbeD on holi ay. I CsayD that I ChopeD that she Cen<oyD herself. "4 #hile he C'aterD the flo'ers it CbeginD to rain. (e CputD up his umbrella an CgoD on 'atering. "* I <ust C'riteD a che6ue 'hen I CrememberD that I Cha!eD nothing in the bank. "+ I Cfin D this ring as I C igD in the gar en. It looks !ery ol . I 'on er 'ho it CbelongD to2 ". #hen I last CseeD her she ChurryD along the roa to the station. I CaskD her 'here she CgoD an she CsayD/ ')on on'/ but I on't think she CspeakD the truth because there Cnot beD any train for )on on at that time. "0 %he tailor sai / '5our suit 'ill be rea y on Mon ay.' 7ut 'hen I CcallD on Mon ay he still C'orkD on it. "3 %he teacher CcomeD into the classroom unusually early an one of the boys/ 'ho CsmokeD a cigarette/ Cha!eD no time to put it out. 8o he Cthro'D it into the esk an ChopeD for the best. &4 > little later the teacher CnoticeD that smoke CriseD from this esk. '5ou CsmokeD 'hen I CcomeD in2' he CaskD. &1 #hile I Cs'imD someone CstealD my clothes an I Cha!e toD 'alk home in my s'imsuit. &" %he men CsayD that they C'orkD on the roa outsi e my house and that they C'antD some 'ater to make tea. && (e CsayD that he Cbuil D himself a house an that he CthinkD it 'oul be rea y in t'o years. &4 >t & a.m. Mrs Pitt C'akeD her husban an CsayD that she CthinkD that someone CtryD to get into the house. &* #hy you Clen D him that book2 I still Crea D it. $ I'm sorry. I Cnot kno'D that you still Crea D it. &+ I CcomeD in !ery late last night an unfortunately the og C'akeD up an CstartD to bark. %his C'akeD my mother 'ho CcomeD to the top of the stairs an CsayD/ '#ho is there2' I CsayD. It is me/' but she Cnot hearD me because the og CbarkD so lou ly/ so she CgoD back to her room an CtelephoneD the police.

4* %he present perfect tense

PEG 10"-3 Put the !erbs in brackets into the present perfect tense/ an fill the spaces by repeating the au,iliary. 5ou C'ashD the plates2 $ 5es/ I... Have you washed the plates? ~ Yes, I have. 5ou CseeD him lately2 $ Ao/ I... Have you seen him lately?~ No, I haven't. 1 #here you CbeD2 $ I CbeD to the entist. " 5ou Cha!eD breakfast2 $ 5es/ 1... & %he post CcomeD2 $ 5es/ it . . . 4 5ou CseeD my 'atch any'here2 $ Ao/ I'm afrai I . . . * 8omeone C'in D the clock2 $ 5es/ %om . . . + I Cnot finishD my letter yet. . (e <ust CgoD out. 0 8omeone CtakeD my bicycle. 3 %he phone CstopD ringing. 14 5ou ChearD from her lately2 Ao/ 1... 11 I <ust C'ashD that floor. 1" %he cat CstealD the fish. 1& 5ou Ce,plainD the e,ercise2 $ 5es/ 1... 14 %here aren't any buses because the ri!ers CgoD on strike. 1* 5ou Cha!eD enough to eat2 $ 5es/ I Cha!eD plenty/ thank you. 1+ Fharles CpassD his e,am2 $ 5es/ he... 1. (o' many bottles the milkman Clea!eD2 $ (e Clea!eD si,. 10 I Cli!eD here for ten years. 13 (o' long you Ckno'D Mr Pitt2 $ I Ckno'D him for ten years. "4 #oul you like some coffee2 I <ust CmakeD some. "1 Mary C'aterD the tomatoes2 $

4+
5es/ I think she . . . "" 5ou Cnot makeD a mistake2 $ Ao/ I'm sure I . . . "& #hy you Cnot men D the fuse2 $ I Cnot ha!eD time. "4 5ou C i!eD from the ten-metre boar yet2 $ Ao/ I... "* 5ou e!er Clea!eD a restaurant 'ithout paying the bill2 $ Ao/ I... "+ I CaskD him to inner se!eral times. ". (e al'ays CrefuseD. "0 5ou e!er Cri eD a camel2 "3 I CbuyD a ne' carpet. Fome an look at it. &4 (e CpostD the letter2 &1 #hy he Cnot finishD2 (e Cha!eD plenty of time. &" I often CseeD him but I ne!er CspeakD to him. && 5ou e!er CeatD ca!iar2 $ Ao/ 1... &4 #e <ust ChearD the most e,traor inary ne's. &* %he police CrecaptureD the prisoners 'ho escape yester ay. &+ I Cnot payD the telephone bill yet.

%he present perfect and the simple past

PEG 1.*-./ 10"-3 CaD =ill the spaces by repeating the au,iliary use in the 6uestion/ putting it into the negati!e 'here necessary. CbD Put the !erb in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense. (a!e you seen that play2 CaD 5es/ I . . . Yes, I ha*e. CbD 5es/ I CbeD there last night. Yes, I was there last night. CaD 5es/ I . . . CbD 5es/ I C'in D it on Mon a CaD Ao/ I . . . CbD 5es/ I CeatD some at %om's party last 'eek. CaD 5es/ I think she . . . CbD 5es/ she Cfee D him before lunch. CaD Ao/ they . . . CbD %hey only CrepairD part of it so far. CaD 5es/ they C oD it all. CbD 5es/ they C oD it before they left school. CaD Ao/ I . . . CbD Ao/ I Cnot fin D them yet. CaD 5es/ I ...

1 (a!e you 'oun the clock2 " (a!e you e!er eaten snails2 & (as she fe the og2 4 (a!e they repaire the roa 2 * (a!e they one their home'ork2 + (a!e you foun the matches2 . (a!e you ma e the coffee2

4.
0 (a!e you been here before2 3 (a!e you seen him lately2 14 (a!e you been to the opera this 'eek2 11 (a!e you e!er ri!en this car2 1" (as he misse his train2 1& (a!e they been through Fustoms2 14 (as he spoken to her2 1* (a!e you spent all your money2 1+ (o' much ha!e you sa!e since Fhristmas2 1. (as his temperature gone o'n2 10 (a!e you seen his gar en2 13 (a!e you pai the bill2 "4 (a!e you e!er flo'n a plane2 "1 (as your og e!er bitten anyone2 last 'eek. "" (a!e you plante your peas2 %ues ay. "& (as he 'ritten to the paper2 CbD I CmakeD some yester ayG 'e can use that. CaD Ao/ I ... CbD 5es/ I CbeD here se!eral times. CaD Ao/ I . . . CbD Ao/ I Cnot seeD him since Fhristmas. CaD 5es/ I . . . CbD 5es/ I CgoD to ;aust on =ri ay. CaD 5es/ I C ri!eD it once or t'ice. CbD 5es/ I C ri!eD it 'hen you 'ere a'ay. CaD Ao/ he .... CbD 5es/ he . . . It CgoD fi!e minutes ago. CaD 5es/ they . . . CbD 5es/ their luggage CbeD e,amine at 1o!er. CaD 5es/ he . . . CbD 5es/ he CspeakD to her on =ri ay. CaD Ao/ I only Cspen D half of it. CbD 5es/ 1... CaD I Cnot sa!eD anything. CbD I Csa!eD :&. CaD Ao/ it . . . CbD 5es/ it CgoD o'n last night. CaD Ao/ I Cnot seeD it yet. CbD I CseeD the house on Mon ay but I Cnot seeD the gar en. CaD 5es/ I... CbD 5es/ I CpayD it 'hile you 'ere a'ay. CaD Ao/ I . . . CbD 5es/ I CflyD 'hen I 'as at uni!ersity. CaD 5es/ he CbiteD a policeman CbD 5es/ he CbiteD me t'ice. CaD 5es/ I CplantD them on CbD Ao/ 1... yet. CaD 5es/ he . . . CbD 5es/ he C'riteD at once. CaD Ao/ 1... CbD I C rinkD it once in Eussia but I Cnot rinkD it since. PEG 1.*-./10"-3 Put the !erbs in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense. In some sentences the present perfect continuous CPEG 134D is also possible.

"4 (a!e you e!er runk !o ka2

%he present perfect and the simple past

40
1 %his is my house. $ (o' long you Cli!eD here2 $ I Cli!eD here since 13.4. " (e Cli!eD in )on on for t'o years an then CgoD to E inburgh. & 5ou C'earD your hair long 'hen you 'ere at school2 $ 5es/ my mother CinsistD on it. 4 7ut 'hen I Clea!eD school I CcutD my hair an C'earD it short e!er since. * 8hakespeare C'riteD a lot of plays. + My brother C'riteD se!eral plays. (e <ust CfinishD his secon trage y. . I CflyD o!er )och Aess last 'eek. $ 5ou CseeD the )och Aess monster2 0 I Cnot seeD him for three years. I 'on er 'here he is. 3 (e Cnot smokeD for t'o 'eeks. (e is trying to gi!e it up. 14 Fhopin CcomposeD some of his music in Ma<orca. 11 #hen he Carri!eD2 $ (e Carri!eD at ".44. 1" 5ou ClockD the oor before you left the house2 1& I Crea D his books 'hen I 'as at school. I Cen<oyD them !ery much. 14 I can't go out because I Cnot finishD my 'ork. 1* I ne!er C rinkD 'hisky. $ #ell/ ha!e some no'. 1+ I C'riteD the letter but I can't fin a stamp. 1. %he clock is slo'. $ It isn't slo'/ it CstopD. 10 (ere are your shoes; I <ust CcleanD them. 13 I Clea!eD home at 0.44 an CgetD here at t'el!e. "4 I C oD this sort of 'ork 'hen I CbeD an apprentice. "1 (e <ust CgoD out. "" (e CgoD out ten minutes ago. "& 5ou Cha!eD breakfast yet2 $ 5es/ I Cha!eD it at 0.44. "4 I CmeetD him last ;une. "* 5ou CseeD the moon last night2 "+ %he concert CbeginD at ".&4 an ClastD for t'o hours. E!eryone Cen<oyD it !ery much. ". %he play <ust CbeginD. 5ou are a little late. "0 %he ne'spaper CcomeD2 $ 5es/ >nn is rea ing it. "3 %he actors Carri!eD yester ay an CstartD rehearsals early this morning. &4 It CbeD !ery col this year. I 'on er 'hen it is going to get 'armer. &1 Fer!antes C'riteD ,on <ui/ote. &" #e CmissD the bus. Ao' 'e'll ha!e to 'alk. && (e CbreakD his leg in a skiing acci ent last year. &4 Mr Poun is the bank manager. (e CbeD here for fi!e years. &* Mr Fount C'orkD as a cashier for t'enty-fi!e years. %hen he CretireD an CgoD to li!e in the country. &+ 5ou CbeD here before2 $ 5es/ I Cspen D my holi ays here last year. $

43
5ou Cha!eD a goo time2 $ Ao/ it ne!er CstopD raining.

%he present perfect and the simple past

PEG 1.*-./10"-3 Put the !erbs in brackets into the present perfect or simple past tense. =ill the spaces by repeating the au,iliary use in the prece ing !erb. 5ou CseeD Mary on Mon ay2 $ 5es/ I... ,id you see :ary on :onday'" Yes, I did. 1 #here is %om2I Cnot seeD him to ay/ but he CtellD Mary that he' be in for inner. " I CbuyD this in 7on 8treet. $ (o' much you CpayD for it2 $ I CpayD :144. & #here you Cfin D this knife2 $ I Cfin D it in the gar en. $ #hy you Cnot lea!eD it there2 4 I CloseD my black glo!es. 5ou CseeD them any'here2 $ Ao/ I'm afrai 1.... #hen you last C'earD them2 $ I C'earD them at the theatre last night. $ Perhaps you Clea!eD them at the theatre. * 1o you kno' that la y 'ho <ust Clea!eD the shop2 $ 5es/ that is Miss %hrift. Is she a customer of yours2 $ Aot e,actly. 8he CbeD in here se!eral times but she ne!er CbuyD anything. + (e Clea!eD the house at 0.44. $ #here he CgoD2 $ I Cnot seeD 'here he CgoD. . (e Cser!eD in the =irst #orl #ar. $ #hen that 'ar CbeginD2 $ It CbeginD in 1314 an ClastD for four years. 0 #ho you C!oteD for at the last election2 $ I C!oteD for Mr Pitt. $ (e Cnot beD electe / CbeD he2 $ Ao/ he CloseD his eposit. 3 5ou ClikeD your last <ob2 $ I ClikeD it at first but then I C6uarrelD 'ith my employer an he C ismissD me. $ (o' long you CbeD there2 $ I CbeD there for t'o 'eeks. 14 I Cnot kno'D that you Ckno'D Mrs Pitt. (o' long you Ckno'D her2 $ I Ckno'D her for ten years. 11 %hat is Mr Minus/ 'ho teaches me mathematics/ but he Cnot ha!eD time to teach me much. I only CbeD in his class for a 'eek. 1" 5ou ChearD his speech on the ra io last night2 $ 5es/ I . . . $

*4
#hat you CthinkD of it2 1& I Cnot kno'D that you CbeD here. 5ou CbeD here long2 $ 5es/ I CbeD here t'o months. $ 5ou CbeD to the Fathe ral2 $ 5es/ I CgoD there last 8un ay. 14 5ou e!er CtryD to gi!e up smoking2 $ 5es/ I CtryD last year/ but then I Cfin D that I 'as getting fat so I CstartD again. 1* 5ou CseeD to ay's paper2 $ Ao/ anything interesting ChappenD2 5es/ t'o con!icte mur erers CescapeD from the prison o'n the roa . 1+ Mary Cfee D the cat2 $ 5es/ she Cfee D him before lunch. $ #hat she Cgi!eD him2 $ 8he Cgi!eD him some fish. 1. (o' long you Ckno'D your ne' assistant2 $ I Ckno'D him for t'o years. $ #hat he C oD before he CcomeD here2 $ I think he CbeD in prison. 10 I Cnot seeD your aunt recently. $ Ao. 8he Cnot beD out of her house since she CbuyD her colour %K. 13 %he plumberCbeDhere yet2 $ 5es/ but he only CstayD for an hour. $ #hat he C oD in that time2 $ (e CturnD off the 'ater an CemptyD the tank. "4 #here you CbeD2 I CbeD out in a yacht. $ 5ou Cen<oyD it2 $ 5es/ !ery much. #e CtakeD part in a race. $ 5ou C'inD2 $ Ao/ 'e CcomeD in last. "1 (o' long that horrible monument CbeD there2 $ It CbeD there si, months. )ots of people C'riteD to the %o'n Founcil asking them to take it a'ay but so far nothing CbeD one. "" I <ust CbeD to the film 6ar and 8ea#e. 5ou CseeD it2 $ Ao/ 1.... Is it like the book2 $ I Cnot rea D the book. $ I Crea D it 'hen I CbeD at school. $ #hen %olstoy C'riteD it2 $ (e C'riteD it in 10+0. $ (e C'riteD anything else2 "& (annibal CbringD elephants across the >lps. $ #hy he C oD that2 $ (e C'antD to use them in battle. "4 #here you CbeD2 $ I CbeD to the entist. $ (e CtakeD out your ba tooth2 $ 5es/ he . . . $ It ChurtD2-

*1
5es/ horribly. "* 8he CsayD that she' phone me this morning/ but it is no' 1".&4 an she Cnot phoneD yet. "+ I <ust Crecei!eD a letter saying that 'e Cnot payD this 6uarter's electricity bill. I Cnot gi!eD you the money for that last 'eek2 $ 5es/ you . . . but I'm afrai I Cspen D it on something else. ". (o' long you CbeD out of 'ork2 $ I'm not out of 'ork no'. I <ust CstartD a ne' <ob. $ (o' you Cfin D the <ob2 $ I Cans'erD an a !ertisement in the paper. "0 5ou CfinishD checking the accounts2 $ Ao/ not 6uite. I C oD about half so far. "3 I CcutD my han rather ba ly. (a!e you a ban age2 $ I'll get you one. (o' it ChappenD2 $ I 'as chopping some 'oo an the a,e CslipD. &4 (o' you CgetD that scar2 $ I CgetD it in a car acci ent a year ago. &1 5ou CmeetD my brother at the lecture yester ay2 $ 5es/ I .. .. #e Cha!eD coffee together after'ar s. &" (e CloseD his <ob last month an since then he CbeD out of 'ork. $ #hy he CloseD his <ob2 $ (e CbeD !ery ru e to Mr Pitt. && #hat are all those people looking at2 $ %here CbeD an acci ent. $ 5ou CseeD 'hat ChappenD2 $ 5es/ a motor cycle CrunD into a lorry. &4 I CphoneD you t'ice yester ay an CgetD no ans'er. &* @riginally horses use in bull fights Cnot 'earD any protection/ but for some time no' they C'earD special pa ing/ &+ %hat house CbeD empty for a year. 7ut they <ust CtakeD o'n the '=or 8ale' sign/ so I suppose someone CbuyD it.

%he present perfect continuous tense

PEG 134-1 Put the !erbs in brackets into the present perfect continuous tense 1 I CmakeD cakes. %hat is 'hy my han s are all co!ere 'ith flour. " (er phone CringD for ten minutes. I 'on er 'hy she oesn't ans'er it. & (e Co!er'orkD. %hat is 'hy he looks so tire . 4 %here is sa' ust in your hair. $ I'm not surprise . I CcutD o'n a tree. * (a!e you seen my bag any'here2 I ClookD for it for ages. + #hat you C oD2 $ I C'orkD in the laboratory. . (e Cstu yD Eussian for t'o years an oesn't e!en kno' the alphabet yet. 0 (o' long you C'aitD for me2 $ I C'aitD about half an hour. 3 It CrainD for t'o ays no'. %here'11 be a floo soon.

*"
14 #e CargueD about this for t'o hours no'. Perhaps 'e shoul stop 11 I CbatheD. %hat's 'hy my hair is all 'et. 1" 5ou C ri!eD all ay. )et me ri!e no'. 1& (o' long you C'earD glasses2 14 %he petrol gauge CsayD 'Empty' for 6uite a long time no'. 1on't think 'e shoul get some petrol2 1* I'm sorry for keeping you 'aiting. I CtryD to make a telephone call Eome. 1+ 5ou Cnot eatD enough lately. %hat's 'hy you feel irritable/ 1. (e CspeakD for an hour no'. I e,pect he'll soon be finishe . 10 %hat helicopter CflyD roun the house for the last hour; o you think it's taking photographs2 13 %he ra io CplayD since . a.m. I 'ish someone 'oul turn it off. "4 I CshopD all ay an I ha!en't a penny left. "1 #e Cli!eD here since 13... "" I'm on a iet. I CeatD nothing but bananas for the last month. "& %he chil ren ClookD for'ar to this holi ay for months. "4 %hat pipe CleakD for ages. #e must get it men e . "* %om C igD in the gar en all afternoon an I ChelpD him. "+ I CaskD you to men that 'in o' for si, 'eeks. #hen are you going to o it2 ". 8omeone CuseD my bicycle. %he chain's fallen off. "0 (o' long you C ri!eD2 $ I C ri!eD for ten years. "3 %he trial CgoD on for a long time. I 'on er 'hat the !er ict 'ill be. &4 It Csno'D for three ays no'. %he roa s 'ill be blocke if it oesn't stop soon. &1 Mary CcryD2 $ Ao/ she Cnot cryD/ she CpeelD onions. &" %he car CmakeD a !ery curious noise e!er since it ran out of oil. && (e 'alke !ery unstea ily up the stairs an his 'ife sai / '5ou C rinkD9' &4 5our fingers are !ery bro'n. 5ou CsmokeD too much. &* 5ou usually kno' 'hen someone CeatD garlic. &+ E!er since he came to us that man CtryD to make trouble.

%he present perfect and the present perfect continuous

PEG 131-" Put the !erbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense. CIn some cases either coul be use .D 1 #e C'alkD ten kilometres. " #e C'alkD for three hours. & 5ou C'alkD too fast. %hat's 'hy you are tire . 4 I CmakeD sausage rolls for the party all the morning. * (o' many you CmakeD2 $ I CmakeD "44. + %hat boy CeatD se!en ice-creams. . (e Cnot stopD eating since he arri!e . 0 %he ri!er C rinkD. I think someone else ought to ri!e. 3 I CpullD up 144 an elions.

*&
14 I CpullD up an elions all ay. 11 #hat you C oD2 $ #e CpickD apples. 1" (o' many you CpickD2 $ #e CpickD ten basketfuls. 1& I CsleepD on e!ery be in this house an I on't like any of them. 14 (e CsleepD since ten o'clock. It's time he 'oke up. 1* (e Cri eD; that's 'hy he is 'earing breeches. 1+ I Cri eD all the horses in this stable. 1. #hat a lo!ely smell9 $ Mary CmakeD <am. 10 %he stu ents C'orkD !ery 'ell this term. 13 I only ChearD from him t'ice since he 'ent a'ay. "4 I ChearD from her regularly. 8he is a !ery goo correspon ent. "1 I CgreaseD my car. %hat's 'hy my han s are so irty. "" I CpolishD this table all the morning an she isn't satisfie 'ith it yet. "& I C'orkD for him for ten years an he ne!er once CsayD 'Goo morning' to me. "4 (e CteachD in this school for fi!e years. "* I CteachD hun re s of stu ents but I ne!er CmeetD such a hopeless class as this. "+ #hy you CbeD so long in the garage2 $ %he tyres 'ere flat; I CpumpD them up. ". I CpumpD up three tyres. #oul you like to o the fourth2 "0 I ClookD for mushrooms but I Cnot fin D any. "3 (e CcoughD a lot lately. (e ought to gi!e up smoking. &4 5ou ChearD the ne's2 %om an >nn are engage 9 $ %hat's not ne'; I Ckno'D it for ages9 &1 I CtryD to finish this letter for the last half-hour. I 'ish you' go a'ay or stop talking. $ I har ly CsayD anything. &" %he ri!er of that car Csoun D his horn for the last ten minutes. && It CrainD for t'o hours an the groun is too 'et to play on/ so the match CbeD postpone . &4 (e ChopeD for a rise in salary for si, months but he Cnot areD to ask for it yet. &* Mr 8mith/ you C'hisperD to the stu ent on your right for the last fi!e minutes. 5ou ChelpD him 'ith his e,am paper or he ChelpD you2 &+ #hy you CmakeD such a horrible noise2 $ I CloseD my key an I CtryD to 'ake my 'ife by thro'ing stones at he 'in o'. $ 5ou Cthro'D stones at the 'rong 'in o'. 5ou li!e ne,t oor.

for and since

PEG 10. =ill the spaces in the follo'ing sentences by using $or or since. 1 #e'!e been fishing . . . t'o hours. " I'!e been 'orking in this office . . . a month. & %hey'!e been li!ing in =rance . . . 13.4. 4 (e has been in prison . . . a year. * I'!e kno'n that . . . a long time. + %hat man has been stan ing there . . . si, o'clock.

*4
. 8he has ri!en the same car . . . 13.*. 0 %hings ha!e change . . . I 'as a girl. 3 %he kettle has been boiling . . . a 6uarter of an hour. 14 %he central heating has been on . . . @ctober. 11 %hat trunk has been in the hall . . . a year. 1" (e has been !ery ill . . . the last month. 1& I'!e been using this machine . . . t'el!e years. 14 #e'!e been 'aiting . . . half an hour. 1* Mr Pitt has been in hospital . . . his acci ent. 1+ (e hasn't spoken to me . . . the last committee meeting. 1. I ha!e been !ery patient 'ith you . . . se!eral years. 10 %hey ha!e been on strike . . . Ao!ember. 13 %he strike has laste . . . si, months. "4 It has been !ery foggy . . . early morning. "1 %hey ha!e been 6uarrelling e!er . . . they got marrie . "" I'!e been a'ake . . . four o'clock. "& I'!e been a'ake . . . a long time. "4 #e'!e ha no gas . . . the strike began. "* I'!e earne my o'n li!ing . . . I left school. "+ Aobo y has seen him . . . last 'eek. ". %he police ha!e been looking for me . . . four ays. "0 I ha!en't 'orn lo'-heele shoes . . . I 'as at school. "3 (e ha a ba fall last 'eek an . . . then he hasn't left the house. &4 (e has been un er 'ater . . . half an hour. &1 %hat tree has been there . . . "/444 years. &" (e has been Minister of E ucation . . . 130&. && I'!e been trying to open this oor . . . forty-fi!e minutes. &4 (e hasn't eaten anything . . . t'enty-four hours. &* #e'!e ha terrible 'eather . . . the last month. &+ Aobo y has come to see us . . . 'e bought these bloo houn s.

)uture forms
%he present continuous tense as a future form
PEG "4" Put the !erbs in brackets into the present continuous tense. 1 %hey are going to rill for oil here. %hey CstartD on Mon ay. " My uncle CmakeD a speech on =ri ay. & I CtakeD my sister to the ballet tomorro'. 4 8he CcallD for me at si,. * (e CplayD at #imble on ne,t summer. + I CmeetD her at the station at ten. . %he sales Cnot startD till Mon ay. 0 (o' you CgetD to the party tomorro'2 $ I CgoD by car. $ #ho C ri!eD2 3 %he piano tuner CcomeD this afternoon.

**
14 5ou Cgi!eD him anything for his birth ay2 $ 5es/ I Cgi!eD him a ictionary. 11 %he 'in o's CbeD cleane to ay. %hen 'e'll be able to see out. 1" 8he CcomeD out of hospital ne,t 'eek. 1& #e Cha!eD inner early tonight as 'e CgoD to the theatre. 14 #here you CgoD for your holi ays this year2 $ I CgoD to (ollan . 1* (e Cnot gi!eD a lecture tonight. 1+ I Cha!eD my photograph taken tomorro'. 1. I CbuyD her a burglar alarm for a 'e ing present. 10 %he elections CbeD hel ne,t 'eek. 13 I Cha!eD lunch 'ith my aunt on %hurs ay. "4 %he committee CmeetD ne,t #e nes ay. "1 My gran parents CcelebrateD their gol en 'e ing ne,t 'eek. "" I Clen D him my car for his holi ays. "& %he strikers CreturnD to 'ork ne,t 'eek. "4 8mith's CopenD a ne' branch in this street in ;uly. "* #e'!e bought a ne' house an Cmo!eD in !ery soon. "+ I Cnot takeD up <u o ne,t 'inter. ". %hey CgetD marrie ne,t 'eek. "0 5ou C oD anything tonight2 $ 5es/ I CgoD to my carpentry class. "3 %he Prime Minister CflyD to >merica tomorro'. &4 (e CstartD a ne' <ob on =ri ay. &1 %he Bueen Cgi!eD a gar en party ne,t 'eek. 5ou CgoD2 &" My brother CbeD release on %ues ay. I CmeetD him outsi e the prison. && I CcatchD the +.&4 plane tomorro'. $ #here you Clea!eD your car2 $ I Cnot takeD the car. &4 (er mother Csen D her to =rance ne,t year. &* I CgoD to the entist tomorro'. Miss Pitt CtakeD my class. &+ I Clen D my flat to my >merican cousins ne,t year.

%he be going to form

PEG "4&/"4+ Put the !erbs in brackets into the be oin to form. 1 5ou CmissD your train. " %he pressure cooker Ce,plo eD. & #hen you CpayD the bill2 4 8he C yeD the ol curtains blue. * #e CmakeD this 'hisky bottle into a lamp. + #hat you C oD 'ith this room2 $ I CpaintD the 'alls in black an 'hite stripes. . %he umpire Cblo'D his 'histle. 0 5ou CeatD all that2 3 %hat man 'ith the tomato in his han Cthro'D it at the speaker. 14 %hat oor CslamD.

*+
11 %he bull CattackDus. 1" It CrainD. )ook at those clou s. 1& %he cat Cha!eD kittens. 14 %he men in the helicopter CtryD to rescue the man in the 'ater. 1* %hat ri er CfallD off. 1+ %hese t'o men CcycleD across >frica. 1. %he )or Mayor is stan ing up. (e CmakeD a speech. 10 (e Cgro'D a bear 'hen he lea!es school. 13 %his aeroplane CcrashD. "4 I CstopD here for a moment to get some petrol. "1 5ou CaskD him to help you2 "" I'!e lent you my car once. I Cnot oD it again. "& I ha!e seen the play. Ao' I Crea D the book. "4 8mall boyG I CbeD a frogman 'hen I gro' up. "* I Cnot sleepD in this room. It is haunte . "+ #e CbuyD a metal etector an look for burie treasure. ". 5ou Creser!eD a seat2 "0 I CplantD an oak tree here. "3 %he og CburyD the bone. &4 I Cha!eD a bath. &1 I CsmuggleD this out of the country/ &" %here 'as !ery little blossom this spring. >pples CbeD scarce. && I on't like this macaroni. I Cnot finishD it. &4 I Cnot stayD here another minute. &* %hey CtryD him for manslaughter 'hen he comes out of hospital. &+ #e CmakeD a lot of money out of this.

%he present continuous and the be going to form

PEG "4"-+ Planne future actions can be e,presse by the present continuous tense 'ith a time e,pression or by the be oin to form 'ith or 'ithout a time e,pression. %he present continuous is mainly use for !ery efinite arrangements in the near future. %he be going to form can be use more 'i ely. Jse the present continuous 'here possible in the follo'ing sentences an put the remaining !erbs into the be oin to form. 1 I CplayD bri ge tonight 'ith %om an >nn. " (e Cha!eD an operation ne,t 'eek. & It's !ery col . I ClightD a fire. 4 #e Cha!eD some frien s to lunch tomorro'. * I'!e bought a piano; it CbeD eli!ere this afternoon. $ #here you CputD it2 $ I CputD it in the ining room. + 5ou CgoD to the auction tomorro'2 $ 5es/ I CgoD but I Cnot buyD anything. . I'!e remin e you once; I Cnot oD it again.

*.
0 I Cha!eD my hair cut this afternoon. 3 My nephe' CcomeD to stay 'ith me ne,t 'eeken . $ #here you CputD him2 $ I CputD him in the room in the to'er. 14 @ur class CstartD German ne,t term. 11 I Cspen D a fe' ays in )on on ne,t 'eek. 1" %he %o'n Founcil Cbuil D a ne' school here. 1& #hat you CtellD the police2 $ I CtellD them the truth. 14 (e CstartD tomorro'. 1* %he Bueen CopenD Parliament ne,t month. 1+ %he Prime Minister CspeakD on %K tonight. 1. %his shop CcloseD o'n ne,t 'eek. 10 #hen you Cha!eD your ne,t lesson2 $ I Cha!eD it on Mon ay. 13 I CcollectD my ne' ress this afternoon. "4 #e CtakeD the chil ren to the seasi e this summer. "1 I Cgi!eD him a football for his ne,t birth ay. "" 8he CsingD in her first big concert ne,t month. (e CgoD to 8pain for his holi ays. $ (e CflyD2 $ Ao/ he CgoD by boat. "4 8he CseeD a specialist ne,t 'eek. "* (e C'ashD the car2 "+ (e CringD me up tonight. ". %he inspector CaskD you a fe' 6uestions. "0 (er parents Cgi!eD a party for her ne,t month. %hey Cin!iteD si,ty guests. "3 (a!e you got a ticket for the big match on 8atur ay2 $ Ao/ I on't e!en kno' 'ho CplayD. $ =rance CplayD Englan . &4 %hey ClaunchD a ship this afternoon. 5ou CcomeD to see it2 &1 #hat you C oD 'ith the money2 &" I CpickD you up at +.&4; on't forget. && #here you CgoD tonight2 $ I CgoD out 'ith Peter. (e CcallD for me at eight. &4 I CcompeteD in the bicycle race tomorro'. &* Mr Pitt has <ust phone to say that he Cnot comeD back till #e nes ay night. &+ I Crea D you his ans'er to my letter of complaint.

%he future simple

PEG "4.-3 Put the !erbs in brackets into the future simple. 1 I Ckno'D the result in a 'eek. " 5ou CbeD in Eome tonight. & 5ou Cha!eD time to help me tomorro'2 4 It CmatterD if I on't come home till morning2 * 5ou CbeD able to ri!e after another fi!e lessons.

*0
+ 1o you think that he Crecogni?eD me2 . Jnless he runs he Cnot catchD the train. 0 (e Clen D it to you if you ask him. 3 I hope I Cfin D it. 14 If petrol pump atten ants go on strike 'e Cnot ha!eD any petrol. 11 (e Cbelie!eD 'hate!er you tell him. 1" I CrememberD this ay all my life. 1& Perhaps he Carri!eD in time for lunch. 14 If he 'orks 'ell I CpayD him :14. 1* I 'on er ho' many of us still CbeD here ne,t year. 1+ If you think it o!er you CseeD that I am right. 1. If you learn another language you CgetD a better <ob. 10 I am sure that you ClikeD our ne' house. 13 Ae'spaper announcementG %he Presi ent C ri!eD along the (igh 8treet in an open carriage. "4 (e Cmin D if I bring my og2 "1 5ou Cnee D a !isa if you are going to 8pain. "" If you open that trap oor you CseeD some steps. "& 5ou CfeelD better 'hen you'!e ha a meal. "4 (e CbeD offen e if you on't in!ite him. "* 8he Cha!eD :1444 a year 'hen she is t'enty-one. "+ If you put any more polish on that floor someone CslipD on it. ". I 'on er if he Csuccee D. "0 Papers Cnot beD eli!ere on the 7ank (oli ay. "3 I hope he CrememberD to buy 'ine. &4 If you lea!e your roller skates on the path someone CfallD o!er them. &1 If they fall o!er them an hurt themsel!es they CsueD you. &" >nnouncementG Mrs Pitt CpresentD the pri?es. && If you 'ant t'enty cigarettes you Cha!eD to gi!e me more money. &4 AoticeG %he management Cnot beD responsible for articles left on the seats. &* If I rop this it Ce,plo eD. &+ #hat your father CsayD 'hen he hears about this acci ent2 $ (e Cnot sayD much but he not Clen D me the car again.

%he present continuous and the future simple

PEG "4"/ "4.-3 Put the !erbs in brackets into the present continuous or the future simple using the present continuous 'here possible. C%he be oin to form coul be use here instea of the present continuous/ but for the sake of simplicity stu ents are a !ise to use only the t'o tenses first mentione .D 1 " & 4 * + I am sure that I Crecogni?eD him. I CseeD her tomorro'. I (e CplayD in a tennis match on =ri ay. 8he CcomeD back on Mon ay. I CgoD again ne,t year. #e Ckno'D tonight.

*3
. 5ou pay an I Co'eD you the money. 0 I Cbelie!eD it 'hen I see it. 3 I Cha!eD my car repainte ne,t 'eek. 14 I hope that you Cha!eD a goo time tomorro'. 11 (is speech CbeD broa cast tonight. 1" %he 'in o'-cleaner CcomeD at eight tomorro'. 1& %om CcatchD the ..44 train. 14 #here you CmeetD them2$ I CmeetD them at mi night in the mi le of the 'oo . 1* #hat horse you Cri eD tomorro'2 1+ )ook9 I'!e broken the teapot. #hat Mrs Pitt CsayD2 $ 8he Cnot min D; she ne!er like that one. 1. I'!e left the light on. It CmatterD2 10 (e Cnot forgetD to come. 13 (e Clea!eD in a fe' ays. "4 I CrememberD it. "1 If you rop that bottle it CbreakD. "" I ne!er Cforgi!eD him. "& I'm sure that you ClikeD him. "4 %hey ClayD the foun ations ne,t 'eek. "* 5ou CseeD a signpost at the en of the roa . "+ (e has cut my hair too short. $ 1on't 'orry; it Cgro'D again !ery 6uickly. ". 5ou Cun erstan D 'hen you are ol er. "0 %he cat CscratchD you if you pull its tail. "3 I CbeD back at 0.&4. &4 If he oesn't 'ork har he Cnot passD his e,am. &1 8he CgoD on a cruise ne,t summer. &" I Cmo!eD to a ne' flat ne,t 'eek. && I am sorry that the chil sa' the acci ent. $ I on't think it matters. (e soon CforgetD all about it. &4 I C'aitD here till he comes back. &* (e Cnot 'riteD to you unless you 'rite to him. &+ %here CbeD a big meeting here tomorro'.

will & infinitive and the be going to form

PEG "41/"4&-+ =uture 'ith intention can usually be e,presse by 'ill H infiniti!e or the be going to form. Kery often either of these can be use / but 'hen the intention is clearly preme itate the be going to form must be use / an 'hen the intention is clearly unpreme itate 'e must list' 'ill H infiniti!e. Put the !erbs in brackets into one of these t'o forms. CIn some of the e,amples the present continuous coul be use instea of the be going to form.D 1 %he fire has gone out9 $ 8o it has. I CgoD an get some sticks. " 1i you remember to book seats2 $

+4
@h no/ I forgot. I CtelephoneD for them no'. & (e has <ust been taken to hospital 'ith a broken leg. $ I'm sorry to hear that. I Csen D him some grapes. 4 I'!e hire a type'riter an I ClearnD to type. * I see that you ha!e got a loom. 5ou C oD some 'ea!ing2 + I can't un erstan this letter. $ I CcallD my son. (e CtranslateD it for you. . 5ou CbuyD meat2 $ Ao/ I Cnot eatD meat any more. I CeatD !egetables. 0 5ou'!e bought a lot of paint. 5ou Cre ecorateD your kitchen2 3 #hy are you getting out the <ack2 $ #e ha!e a puncture an I CchangeD the 'heel. $ I ChelpD you. 14 )ook 'hat I'!e <ust bought at an auction9 $ #hat an e,traor inary thing9 #here you CputD it2 11 #hy are you peeling that bit of garlic2 $ I CputD it in the ste'. 1" #hat you C oD 'hen you gro' up2 $ I CbeD an acrobat in a circus. 1& #hat are you going to o 'ith that ress2$ I CshortenD the skirt. 14 #ill you len me your season ticket2 $ Ao/ I Cnot len D it to you. It is against the la'. 1* %hat tree makes the house !ery ark. $ Kery 'ell/ I CcutD it o'n. 1+ I'!e <ust enrolle at the local technical college. I Catten D pottery classes ne,t 'inter. 1. (o' o I get from here to )on on 7ri ge2 $ I on't kno'/ but I CaskD that policeman. 10 #hy are you carrying a corkscre'2 $ I CopenD a bottle of 'ine. 13 #hy's he putting the camera on a tripo 2 $ (e CtakeD a group photo. "4 My brother has <ust returne from >merica. $ @h goo / 'e CaskD him to our ne,t party. "1 #hy ha!e you set your alarm to go off at fi!e-thirty2 $ 7ecause I CgetD up then. I'!e got a lot to o. "" I'm turning this cupboar into a arkroom. I C e!elopD my o'n films. "& 5ou look fro?en. 8it o'n by the fire an I CmakeD you a cup of tea. "4 %hey'!e brought a rope an they Cto'D the car to a garage. "* I ha!en't bought any cigarettes because I Cgi!eD up smoking. "+ I ha!e trie to e,plain but she oesn't un erstan English. $ I CsayD it to her in =innishG perhaps she'll un erstan that. ". I'!e come out 'ithout any money. $ Ae!er min / I Clen D you some. (o' much o you 'ant2 "0 1o you see that car2 %hey CraffleD it for charity. "3 %hey'!e hire a bull o?er. %hey CclearD a'ay this rubble. &4 Fhil G I'!e torn my ress.

+1
MotherG I Cmen D it for you. &1 I'm catching the +.&4 train. $ 8o am 1. I Cgi!eD you a lift to the station. &" I'!e bought some blue !el!et an I CmakeD curtains for this room. && #hy are you carrying that sa'2 $ I CshortenD the legs of the ining room table. &4 #hy are you taking that big basket2 $ I CbuyD a lot of !egetables. &* I'!e planne my future for the ne,t ten years. $ %hat is !ery cle!er of you. #hat you C oD 'hen you lea!e the uni!ersity2 &+ #hy are you putting that ol loaf into a paper bag2 $ I Cgi!eD it to Mrs Pitt for her hens.

will *i* infinitive and the be going to form

PEG "4* 7oth %ill you an are you oin to can intro uce 6uestions about future intentions. 7ut %ill you !ery often intro uces a re6uest or in!itation. =or this reason are you oin to is more usual than %ill you in 6uestions about intentions/ are you oin to must of course be use 'hen the intention is ob!iously preme itate . C8ee also E,ercise **.D Put the !erbs in brackets into one of these t'o forms. #here both are possible it 'ill be note in the key. CIn some e,amples the present continuous tense coul be use instea of the be oin to form.D %he e,ercise contains re6uests/ in!itations/ an 6uestions about intentions. 1 5ou CopenD the oor for me/ please2 $ 5es/ certainly. " 5ou C oD the 'ashing-up tonight2 $ Ao/ I think it can 'ait till tomorro'. & I'm looking for my easel. $ 5ou CpaintD someone's portrait2 4 '5ou Crea D this passage alou / please/' sai the e,aminer. * 5ou CeatD any more of this/ or shall I tell the 'aiter to take it a'ay2 + 5ou aren't 'earing your climbing boots. 5ou Cnot climbD the mountain 'ith the others2 . '5ou ClistenD to me9' sai his mother angrily. 0 5ou CputD my car a'ay from me/ please2 $ 5es/ certainly. 3 5ou Cha!eD another cup of coffee2 $ Ao/ thank you. 14 #hy i you buy all these eggs2 5ou CmakeD an enormous omelette2 11 %here's the phone again. %ake no notice. $ 5ou Cnot ans'erD it2 1" 5ou CcomeD an see me after the class2 I 'ant to iscuss your 'ork 'ith you. 1& I see that you ha!e or ere the 2uardian. 5ou really Crea D it2 14 5ou CbuyD stamps2 $ 5es/ I am. $ %hen you CbuyD some for me/ please2

+"
1* 5ou Clen D me your fishing ro 2 $ 5es/ of course. #here you CfishD2 1+ 5ou CfinishD this book or shall I take it back to the library2 1. 5ou Cgi!eD me l@p/ please2 $ 5es/ here you are. 5ou CmakeD a telephone call2 10 5ou Clea!eD that coil of barbe 'ire in the hall2 8omeone 'ill fall o!er it if you o. 13 5ou CbathD your og2 $ 5es/ you ChelpD me2 "4 5ou C ri!eD/ please2 I on't like ri!ing at night. "1 5ou Cri eD that horse2 (e looks !ery ba -tempere to me. "" 5ou CeatD it ra'2 5ou 'ill be ill if you o. "& 5ou Cha!eD some of this cake2 I ma e it myself. "4 5ou really CcallD the fire briga e2 I on't think it is at all necessary. "* 5ou CpaintD the 'hole room by yourself2 It 'ill take you ages. "+ 5ou CbeD rea y in fi!e minutes2 ". (ostessG ;ohn/ you CsitD here at the en of the table2 "0 5ou C oD something for me2 $ 5es/ of course; 'hat is it2 "3 5ou CbeD angry if he refuses to help you2 &4 #hy ha!e you brought your type'riter2 5ou C'orkD this 'eeken 2 &1 5ou CcallD me at si,2 I ha!e to catch an early train. &" 5ou C'alkD there in this rain2 5ou'll get a'fully 'et. && 5ou CsignD here/ please2 &4 #hat are all those notes for2 5ou Cgi!eD a lecture2 &* #hy o you 'ant a can le2 5ou Ce,ploreD the ca!es2 &+ If I catch some fish/ you CcookD them for me2

%he future continuous tense

PEG "11-1& %his tense can be use 1 'ith a point in time to in icate that the action 'ill begin before this time an continue after it. " 'ith or 'ithout a time to e,press a future 'ithout intention. In this 'ay it is !ery like the present continuous/ but it is not/ like the present continuous/ restricte in time an is a more etache an casual 'ay of e,pressing the future. It often implies that the action 'ill occur in the or inary course of e!ents or as a matter of routine. CE,cept 'hen use as in I/ abo!e/ this tense can usually be replace by one of the other future forms/ though the e,act sha e of meaning may then be lost.D Put the !erbs in brackets into the future continuous tense. 1 %his time ne,t month I CsitD on a beach. " #hen you arri!e I probably CpickD fruit. & #hen 'e reach Englan it !ery likely CrainD. 4 In a fe' ays time 'e CflyD o!er the Pyrenees. * I'll call for her at eight. $

+&
Ao/ on't; she still Cha!eD breakfast then. + I C'aitD for you 'hen you come out. . #hen you ne,t see me I C'earD my ne' ress. 0 My son 'ill be in the si,th form ne,t year. $ %hat means that ol 1r > er CteachD him mathematics. 3 I'll gi!e ;ack your message. I can o it easily because I CseeD him tomorro'. #e go to 'ork on the same train. 14 5ou C oD geometry ne,t term. 11 I'll look out for you at the para e. $ 1o/ but I C'earD uniform so you may fin it har to recogni?e me. 1" #e ha!e to o night uty here. I C oD mine ne,t 'eek. 1& In a hun re years' time people CgoD to Mars for their holi ays. 14 (e CuseD the car this afternoon. 1* I CseeD you again. 1+ It's a serious in<ury but he C'alkD again in si, 'eeks. 1. I'll come at three o'clock. $ Goo / I Ce,pectD you. 10 %hey are pulling o'n all the ol houses in this street. I e,pect they CpullD o'n mine in a fe' years' time. 13 I' like to see your ne' flat. $ #ell/ come tomorro'/ but it Cnot lookD its best/ for the painters still C'orkD on it. "4 8tan there/ they CchangeD the guar in a minute an you'll get a goo !ie'. "1 5ou' better go back no'; your mother C'on erD 'here you are. "" In fifty years' time 'e Cli!eD entirely on pills. "& #hat o you think the chil ren C oD 'hen 'e get home2 $ I e,pect they Cha!eD their supper. "4 %he gar en ClookD its best ne,t month. "* It 'on't be easy to get out of the country. %he police C'atchD all the ports. "+ #hat the ti e C oD at si, tomorro' morning2 $ It CcomeD in. ". I'!e <ust remembere that I left the bathroom taps on. I e,pect the 'ater Cflo'D o'n the stairs by no'. "0 5ou Cnee D your camera tomorro' or can I borro' it2 "3 #e'!e <ust got to the top in time. %he sun CriseD in a minute. &4 >ir hostessG #e Ctake offD in a fe' minutes. Please fasten your safety belts. &1 #e' better go out tomorro' because Mary CpractiseD the piano all day( &" 1on't ring her up at +.44; she CputD the chil ren to be . Eing later. && #e are making a house-to-house collection of things for the <umble sale. #e CcomeD to your house ne,t 'eek. &4 %hat football club has lost some of its players. %hey Clook outD for ne' men. &* #hen I get home my og CsitD at the oor 'aiting for me. &+ )et's go o'n to the harbour; the fishing boats all CcomeD in because of the gale.

will & infinitive and the future continuous

PEG "41/ "11-14 8ee note for pre!ious e,ercise. Put the !erbs in brackets into the appropriate future form/ using %ill H infiniti!e or the

+4
future continuous. C#here alternati!e forms are possible they 'ill be gi!en in the key.D 1 %here is going to be a bus strike. E!eryone C'alkD to 'ork ne,t " 5ou'!e <ust misse the last train9 $ Ae!er min / I C'alkD. & I'll ring you tomorro' at si,. $ Ao/ on't ring at si,; I CbathD the baby then. Eing later. 4 MotherG 5our face is irty. Fhil G >ll right/ I C'ashD it. * #ill you ha!e lunch 'ith me on the "4th2 $ I' lo!e to/ but I'm afrai I C oD my e,am then. + I C'orkD for Mr Pitt ne,t 'eek as his o'n secretary 'ill be a'ay. . 5ou Cha!eD something to rink/ 'on't you2 0 #hy i you take his ra?or2 (e ClookD for it e!ery'here tomorro'. 3 I hope you'll o 'ell in the race tomorro'. I CthinkD of you. 14 Aotice on boar shipG In the e!ent of an emergency all passengers CassembleD on the boat eck. 11 I on't feel 'ell enough to go to the station to meet him. $ I CmeetD him for you. 7ut ho' I Crecogni?eD him2 $ (e's small an fair/ an he C'earD a black an 'hite school cap. 1" I Clea!eD these flo'ers at the hospital for you. I CgoD there any'ay !isit my cousin. 1& 5ou ought to try to get a ticket for the 8pectators' Gallery ne,t 'eek; they C ebateD international fishing rights. 14 5ou'!e left the light on. $ @h/ so I ha!e. I CgoD an turn it off. 1* I'!e <ust been appointe assistant at the local library. $ %hen you C'orkD un er my sister. 8he is hea librarian there. 1+ I 'ant to post this letter but I on't 'ant to go out in the rain. $ I CpostD it for you. I CgoD out any'ay as I ha!e to take the og for a 'alk. 1. %he prima ballerina is ill so I e,pect her un erstu y C anceD instea . 10 %o ay is Guy =a'kes' 1ay; this e!ening people CletD off fire'orks an CmakeD bonfires in the streets. 13 Military or erG 8entries CremainD on uty till they are relie!e . "4 %his time ne,t Mon ay I CsitD in a Paris cafe rea ing 4e ;igaro. . 5ou Cnot rea D. 5ou'll be looking at all the pretty girls. "1 #ages ha!e gone up/ so I suppose prices Cgo upD too. "" It is nearly autumn; soon the lea!es CchangeD colour. "& Mother Con phoneDG My son has <ust burnt his han !ery ba ly. 1octorG I CcomeD at once. "4 Fustomer in restaurantG #aiter/ this plate is irty. #aiterG I'm sorry/ sir/ I CbringD you another. "* In a fe' years' time 'e all Cli!eD in houses heate by solar energy. "+ It's beginning to get ark; the street lights Cgo onD in a fe' minutes. ". #e Cnot playD poker at the party tonight; our hostess oesn't appro!e of car s. "0 )et's 'ait here; the s'ing bri ge CopenD in a minute to let that ship through. "3 GuestG May I use your phone to ring for a ta,i2

+*
(ostessG @h/ there's no nee for that; my son C ri!eD you home. &4 Fome on eck; 'e CenterD harbour in a fe' minutes. &1 7efore you lea!e the office you Chan D the keys of the safe to Mr Pitt. 1o you un erstan 2$ 5es/ sir. &" >re you nearly rea y2 @ur guests Carri!eD any minute. && )ou speaker announcementG %he ship Clea!eD in a fe' minutes an all persons not tra!elling are aske to go ashore. &4 Ao' that the parking regulations ha!e become stricter/ more people CuseD public transport an Clea!eD their cars at home. &* I'!e got rats in my basement an I on't kno' ho' to get ri of them. $ I CbringD my og roun 'hene!er you like. (e CcatchD them for you. &+ I'm afrai I'!e <ust broken your gol fish bo'l. $ Ae!er min / I CputD the gol fish in the bath.

won't & infinitive and the future continuous negative

PEG "14 %on't H infiniti!e Ce,cept 'hen use as part of the or inary future simple/ shall/%illD usually implies that the sub<ect refuses to perform a certain action. %he negati!e future continuous tense merely states that a certain action 'ill not take place. Put the !erbs in brackets into the appropriate future form/ using %on't H infiniti!e or the future continuous negati!e. C#here other future forms are also possible this 'ill be note in the key.D 1 I on't like that man an I Cnot helpD him. " (e Cnot meetD her/ because they 'ill be in ifferent places. & My husban Cnot cutD o'n the tree. (e says that it is perfectly all right as it is. 4 My husban Cnot cutD the he ge for some time/ because he's got a lot of other <obs to o first. * %om Cnot comeD to our party/ because he 'ill be a'ay on that ate. + Peter says that he Cnot comeD to our party. (e oesn't appro!e of parties. . 8he says that she Cnot len D me the book/ because I ne!er gi!e books back. 0 Mr Pitt Cnot speakD at the meeting tonight/ because he has une,pecte ly ha to go to hospital. 3 I'll 'ork un er anyone e,cept my brother. I Cnot 'orkD un er him. 14 #e'll be in the same firm/ but 'e Cnot 'orkD together/ because 'e'll be in ifferent epartments. 11 I Cnot ha!eD that boy in my class. (e is far too noisy. 1" I Cnot teachD you ne,t 'eek/ as I ha!e to go to Paris. 1& (e is so angry 'ith his sister that he Cnot speakD to her. 14 I'll gi!e your message to my sister 'hen I 'rite; but I Cnot 'riteD some time/ as I only 'rite once a month an I poste a letter to him yester ay. 1* I Cnot fee D your og again. (e al'ays tries to bite me 'hen I come near him. 1+ %hey 'ere !ery ru e to me. I Cnot goD there again. 1. (e sai / 1 Cnot paintD you in that ress. It oes not suit you. 10 I Cnot takeD any photographs for some time because my camera is being repaire . 13 I Cnot borro'D his !an again. %he brakes on't 'ork properly. "4 %hat boy Cnot 'ashD his face. (e likes being irty.

++
"1 5ou can ha!e the car tomorro' if you like. I Cnot useD it as I'll be far too busy to go out. "" 8he says that she Cnot sen D the chil to school/ no matter 'hat 'e say. 8he thinks it is far better to e ucate chil ren at home. "& (e says he Cnot playD for them again/ because they aren't gi!ing him enough money. "4 8he Cnot singD at the ne,t concert/ because she has ha to go home su enly. "* I Cnot playD car s 'ith you again. 5ou al'ays cheat. "+ 8he Cnot takeD part in the bri ge tournament/ because she'll be a'ay then. ". I Cnot eatD any more of this; I feel 6ueer alrea y. "0 I Cnot eatD curry again for a long time/ because I am going to stay in a house 'here no one kno's ho' to cook it. "3 (e says that he Cnot ri eD that mare again/ because she's angerous. &4 %om Cnot ri eD in tomorro''s race/ because he is too young. %hey on't allo' ri ers un er si,teen. &1 #hisky is absolutely necessary to me an I Cnot gi!eD it up. &" ;ack Cnot rinkD 'hisky this time ne,t 'eek/ because he'll be in hospital an they 'on't gi!e it to him there. && I Cnot openD the 'in o'. I islike fresh air. &4 %here is something on his min / but he Cnot tellD me 'hat it is. &* %he cat Cnot eatD fish so I ha!e to buy meat for him. &+ (e Cnot 'earD uniform 'hen you see him/ because he'll be on lea!e then/ an they on't 'ear uniform 'hen they are on lea!e.

+econd person interrogative: will you and other forms !" ,#' %ill you+ often intro uces a re6uest or in!itation/ an sometimes a comman . It is often use also to intro uce 6uestions about intentions 'hen the situation re6uires an unpreme itate ecision. 5ou can ha!e either. #hich 'ill you ha!e2 5ou'!e misse the last train. #hat 'ill you o no'2 =or other types of intention/ ho'e!er/ it is usually safer to use one of the other future formsG be oin to, the present continuous or the future continuous C'hich is consi ere the most polite formD. Put the !erbs in brackets into one of the four forms. #hen more than one ans'er is possible/ this 'ill be note in the key. 1 #hy are you taking all that brea 'ith you2 5ou Cfee D the s'ans2 " 5ou CletD your flat again ne,t summer2 & 5ou ClightD the fire for me/ please2 (ere are the matches. 4 5ou C'earD a tie tomorro'2 $ @h no. %om sai / 'Fome as you are.' * I kno' you on't like 'earing ties/ but C'earD one tomorro'/ <ust to please me2 $ 5es/ of course.

+.
+ 8hop assistantG 5ou CcomeD this 'ay/ please2 . 5ou Cha!eD something more to eat2$ 5es/ please/ I' like another san 'ich. 0 5ou Cha!eD anything more to eat2 $ Ao/ because I ha!en't any more money. 3 5ou Cstu yD computer programming at college2 14 5ou CspeakD to %om at the meeting tomorro'/ o you think2 11 5ou CturnD off the %K/ please2 Ao one is 'atching it. 1" 5ou CtakeD your e,am no' or in 1ecember2 1& 5ou ClistenD in to the concert this e!ening2 14 5ou ChelpD me 'ith this/ please2 I can't lift it. 1* (otel receptionistG 5ou CstayD for more than one night/ Mrs ;ones2 1+ 5ou Clen D me your type'riter for an hour2 I 'ant to type a letter. 1. 5ou CmeetD him at the station2 $ Ao/ 'e ne!er meet him. (e oesn't like being met. 10 5ou CcomeD sailing 'ith me this afternoon2 $ Ao/ thank you/ I on't like sailing. 13 5ou Cha!eD some more 'ine2$ 5es/ please. "4 I can't un erstan this letter. 5ou CtranslateD it for me/ Miss Pitt2 "1 5ou CuseD your camera this afternoon2Ao/ you can borro' it if you like. "" 5ou CgoD to the tobacconist's2 $ 5es. $ %hen you CgetD me t'enty cigarettes2 "& 5ou CcomeD to the Motor 8ho' 'ith me ne,t #e nes ay2 $ %hank you !ery much. I' lo!e to. "4 I'll be going abroa ne,t 'eek. Is there anything I can get you2 5ou CpassD through Paris2 $ 5es/ I Cspen D a fe' ays there. %hen you CgetD me some scent2 "* I see that you are repairing your ol henhouse. 5ou CkeepD hens2 "+ I'!e <ust bought my tickets. $ 5ou Ctra!elD by sea or air2 ". #hat are all these slates for2 5ou CrepairD your roof2 "0 5ou Chol D my parcels/ please/ 'hile I put up my umbrella2 "3 5ou CgoD to Ma eira as usual this summer2 &4 5ou kin ly Ce,plainD 'hy you i n't o 'hat I tol you2 &1 5ou Crecogni?eD him/ o you think2 &" I'!e chosen a school for my son. $ 5ou Csen D him to a public school or to a 8tate school2 && Passenger to bus con uctorG 5ou CtellD me 'here to get off/ please &4 5ou CgoD by car2 If so/ 'oul you gi!e my brother a lift2 &* 5ou CtypeD all night again2 7ecause if so I think I'll go to a hotel. &+ 5ou CstopD interrupting9 I'll ne!er get finishe if you on't keep 6uiet.

shall and will

PEG "41/ "4.-0/ "&&-4

+0
shall is correct for the first person of the future simple Ce,cept 'hen this form is use to e,press intentionD/ but in the affirmati!e an negati!e %ill is !ery often use instea / i.e. 'e can say/ II'e 'ill' an II'e 'on't' instea of II'e shall' an II'e shan't'. In the I interrogati!e %ill shoul not be use to replace shall. %here are some rather ol -fashione or formal constructions 'here shall is use 'ith the secon or thir persons. (ere shall cannot be replace by %ill. 8uch constructions are usually a!oi e but a fe' e,amples ha!e been gi!en belo'. Jse %ill or shall to fill the spaces in the follo'ing sentences. 8ometimes either coul be use . 1 #hen you are in be I . . . be at 'ork. " #ho'll help me2$ I ... & #e 'ill unite to resist oppression/ an tyrants . . . not triumph o!er us. C 6e won"t let them triumph.) 4 #hat . . . 'e o no'2 $ #ait. * 5ou'!e been a goo chil / an 'hen 'e get home you . . . ha!e a s'eet. 0I"ll gi*e you a sweet.) + 5our father . . . hear of this. 0I"ll #ertainly tell him.) . ...'e go to the cinema2 $ 5es/ let's. 0 8he . . . tell the same story o!er an o!er again. 0o$stinate insisten#e) 3 Flub ruleG Members . . . 'rite the names of their guests in the book pro!i e . 14 %heatre regulationG Persons . . . not be permitte to sit in the gang'ays. 11 #here . . . I be in si, years' time/ I 'on er2 1" (e . . . not come here again. 0-e refuses.) 1& (e . . . not come here again. CI won"t let him #ome.) 14 Flause in leaseG %he tenant . . . be responsible for all repairs. 1* %his kin of snake . . . not bite unless it is startle . 1+ . . . you ha!e a cigarette2 $ Ao/ thanks/ I on't smoke. 1. (e . . . play his ra io !ery lou ly/ 'hich annoys me !ery much. 0o$stinate insisten#e) 10 7y this time ne,t year I . . . be earning my o'n li!ing. 13 #ho . . . take this letter to the post for me2 $ I ... "4 #hat . . . 'e o 'ith all the foo that's left o!er2 "1 1o you kno' the 'ay2 Ao2 %hen I . . . sho' you. "" #here . . . I put it2 $ Put it behin the piano. "& Police noticeG . . . anyone 'ho 'itnesse the acci ent please ring "4 5achts . . . go roun the course/ passing the marks in the correct or er. 0e/tra#t from Ya#ht =a#ing =ules)

+3
"* #hen . . . you hear the result2 # I . . . not hear for another 'eek. "+ 1 . . . not apologi?e'/ she sai / stamping her foot. ". #ho . . . I say calle 2 $ 5ou nee n't mention my name. (e . . . kno' 'ho I am. "0 8he . . . ne!er o anything you tell her. "3 I . . . not be here ne,t 'eek. &4 I . . . not ha!e to o any cooking for a month. I'm going to an hotel. &1 . . . I put it on your esk2 $ Please o. &" I . . . fill up this form9 %he 6uestions are impertinent. $ If you on't/ ma am/ you . . . (negati*e) get your !isa. && . . . you stan 6uite still for a moment/ please2 &4 . . . I put more salt in the ste'2 &* > og . . . obey his o'ner but a cat . . . not. &+ I . . . kno' 'hether you are telling the truth or not.

%ime clauses
PEG &4" %he future simple is not use in time clauses/ the simple present tense being use instea . Put the !erbs in brackets into the correct tense Cpresent or futureD. 1 #hen he CreturnD I'll gi!e him the key. " (e'll be rea y as soon as you CbeD. & I'll stay in be till the clock CstrikeD se!en. 4 8he 'ill be elighte 'hen she ChearD this. * #hen the laun ry comes I Cha!eD some clean han kerchiefs. + I shan't buy tomatoes till the price CcomeD o'n. . 8tay here till the lights CturnD green. 0 #hen it CgetD col I'll light the fire. 3 %he lift Cnot startD until you press that button. 14 8he'll ha!e to beha!e better 'hen she CgoD to school. 11 #hen you look at yourself in the glass you CseeD 'hat I mean. 1" (e CbeD here before you go. 1& I Clen D you my cassette recor er 'hene!er you 'ant it. 14 (e C'akeD up 'hen 'e turn the lights on. , 1* (e CringD us up 'hen he arri!es in Englan 2 1+ (e 'ill 'ash up before he CgoD to be . 1. I 'on't come to )on on till the bus strike CbeD o!er. 10 I Cgi!eD the chil ren their inner before he CcomeD home. 13 %hey 'ill be astonishe 'hen they CseeD ho' slo'ly he 'orks. "4 I'll pay you 'hen I CgetD my che6ue. "1 I CgoD on oing it until he tells me to stop. "" I'll buy that house 'hen I Cha!eD enough money. "& 5ou CfallD rapi ly through the air till your parachute opens. "4 #e'll ha!e to stay here till the ti e CgoD out. "* #hen the Bueen Carri!eD the au ience 'ill stan up.

.4
"+ #hen the fog CliftD 'e'll be able to see 'here 'e are. ". %he refrigerator Cgo onD making that noise till 'e ha!e it repaire . "0 >s soon as the holi ays begin this beach CbecomeD !ery cro' e . "3 %he car Cnot mo!eD till you take the brake off. &4 %he alarm bell Cgo onD ringing till you press this button. &1 >s soon as she ClearnD to type I'll get her a <ob. &" )ook before you CleapD. (pro*er$) && #e Cha!eD to stay on this esert islan till 'e can repair our boat. &4 1on't count on a salary increase before you actually CgetD it. &* #hen 'inter CbeginD the s'allo's 'ill fly a'ay to a 'armer country. &+ #e can't make any ecision till he Carri!eD here.

%he future perfect tense !" ,#.

Put the !erbs in brackets into the future perfect tense. 1 In a fortnight's time 'e CtakeD our e,am. " I CfinishD this book by tomorro' e!ening. & 7y this time tomorro' 'e Cha!eD our in<ections. 4 7y the en of ne,t year I CbeD here t'enty-fi!e years. * I'll still be here ne,t summer but %om Clea!eD. + I CfinishD this <ob in t'enty minutes. . 7y ne,t 'inter they Cbuil D four houses in that fiel . 0 #hen 'e reach Kalparaiso 'e CsailD all roun the 'orl . 3 >t the rate he is going he Cspen D all his money by the time he is t'enty-one. 14 7y this time ne,t year I Csa!eD :"*4. 11 7y the time 'e get to the party e!erything CbeD eaten. 1" %he train Clea!eD before 'e reach the station. 1& If I continue 'ith my iet I CloseD 14 kilos by the en of the month. 14 7y the en of my uni!ersity course I Catten D 1/"44 lectures. 1* 7y the en of this 'eek my illness CcostD me :144. 1+ 7y the time that he lea!es school his parents Cspen D :"*/444 on his e ucation. 1. 7y the en of the term I Crea D all t'el!e !olumes. 10 #hen you come back I CfinishD all the house'ork. 13 %he police ChearD of the theft by this time. "4 #e C rinkD all that 'ine by the en of the year. "1 @n the fourth of ne,t month he CbeD in prison for ten years. "" #hen 'e reach Fre'e 'e C oD half of the <ourney. "& >t this rate you CbreakD all the 'ine glasses by the en of the month. "4 If 'e on't hurry the sun CriseD before 'e reach the top. "* I'm going to (y e Park to hear the people making speeches. $ 5ou'll be too late. 7y the time you get there they CfinishD their speeches an e!erybo y CgoD home. "+ 7y mi night he CbeD unconscious for forty-eight hours. ". 7y the en of the month */444 people CseeD this e,hibition. "0 7y ne,t >pril I CpayD :&/444 in income ta,. "3 I suppose that 'hen I come back in ten years' time all these ol houses CbeD pulle o'n.

.1
&4 @n "1 @ctober they CbeD marrie for t'enty-fi!e years. &1 >fter this performance I CseeD -amlet t'enty-t'o times. &" %he strike lea er sai / '7y mi night *44 men CcomeD out on strike.' && >t your present rate you CburnD all that coal by the en of the month/ &4 %he treasurer sai / '7y the en of the year all our ebts Cbe pai D off.' &* %ouristG #e'!e only got fi!e hours in Eome; 'e are lea!ing but I'm sure that 'e CseeD e!erything of importance by then. &+ (ousehol er to MooG @ne of your elephants is in my gar en eating my tomatoes. Moo officialG %he elephant keeper 'ill be 'ith you in half an hour. (ousehol erG 5our elephant CeatD all my tomatoes by then.

%ime clauses
PEG &4" %he future perfect tense is not use in time clauses/ the present perfect being use instea . Put the !erbs in brackets into the correct tense/ using the future/ present/ or present perfect. Fompare I to * 'ith I to * in E,ercise *0. 1 #hen 'e CtakeD our e,am 'e'll ha!e a holi ay. " #hen I CfinishD the book I'll len it to you. & #hen 'e Cha!eD our in<ections I e,pect 'e'll feel a'ful. 4 #hen I CbeD here for a year I'll ask for a rise. * #hen %om CgoD I'll tell you a secret. + 7y the time he CgetD back from his holi ay the milkman 'ill ha!e left t'enty-one bottles of milk outsi e his oor. . 1on't ri!e at more than *4 k.p.h. till your car C oD 4/444 kilometres. 0 #hen you C oD 4/444 kilometres you can ri!e it at .4 k.p.h. 3 #hen you open the safe you CseeD a small black bo,. 14 #hen 'e Cha!eD lunch 'e'll go for a 'alk. 11 #hen the bell rings I CtakeD the meat out of the o!en. 1" I'll bolt all the oors before I CgoD to be . 1& #hen 'e CseeD the cathe ral 'e'll go to the museum. 14 #e'll ha!e to stay up this tree till the bull CgoD a'ay. 1* (e Cnot letD you out till you ha!e finishe your home'ork. 1+ >s soon as I hear from him I CletD you kno'. 1. My father 'ill be furious 'hen he CseeD 'hat you ha!e one. 10 5ou Cnot hearD the soun of the e,plosion till after you ha!e seen the flash. 13 %hese gates 'ill remain shut until the train CpassD. "4 #hen he CsellD all his ne'spapers he'll go home. "1 #e can't ha!e a fire here until 'e Cs'eepD the chimney. "" 5ou CgetD a shock 'hen you open that bo,. "& #hen you are eighteen your father Cgi!eD you a latchkey. "4 1on't <ump out of the aeroplane until the pilot CsayD 'Go9' "* I can't lea!e the country till the police CreturnD my passport. "+ #hen a bottle of champagne CbeD opene for t'enty-four hours the 'ine is not fit to rink. ". (otel receptionistG #hen you CsignD the hotel register the porter 'ill sho' you

."
your room. "0 5ou Cnot kno'D ho' goo oysters are till you ha!e taste one. "3 %hat roa 'ill not be safe till the floo s Csubsi eD. &4 #hen e!erybo y Clea!eD the park the park-keeper 'ill lock the gates. &1 #hen 'e ha!e seen the Fhamber of (orrors 'e Cha!eD a cup of tea. &" #hen you Cha!eD something to eat you'll feel better. && I CstayD in court till the <ury returns. &4 5ou cannot become a member of this club until you CmakeD a parachute escent. &* #hen the boa constrictor CeatD the goat he 'ill become !ery lethargic. &+ >s soon as e!erybo y has gone to be the mice CcomeD out of their holes.

would and should

PEG 144-1/ "&4-"/ "&*-. Put should or %ould in the spaces in the follo'ing sentences. 1 . . . you min opening the oor2 " . . . you like another cup of coffee2 & (e insiste that the ne'spaper . . . print an apology. 4 %he ol a miral . . . sit for hours 'atching the ships. * . . . you be so goo as to keep an eye on my house 'hile I am a'ay2 + I . . . say nothing about it if I 'ere you. . %hat ress oesn't suit you; you . . . buy another. 0 If you pulle the communication cor the train . . . stop an you . . . be fine . 3 %hey 'ent to the cinema at ".&4/ so they . . . be back here by +.44. 14 . . . you please help me 'ith this2 11 It is !ery strange that he . . . think that. 1" I 'ish he . . . not play his ra io so lou ly. 1& . . . you be !ery kin an len me your type'riter2 14 I . . . like to kno' 'here you ha!e been. 1* It 'as eci e that the matter . . . be referre to a special committee. 1+ Perhaps you . . . be kin enough to let us kno' about this. 1. If the telephone . . . ring please say that I'll be back at si,. 10 . . . you like to come or . . . you rather stay here2 13 %here are too many acci ents. E!eryone . . . be much more careful. "4 %heir metho 'as al'ays the same; they . . . 'ait till their !ictim ha left the bank an then go up to him an ask for a light. "1 #hat are you oing here2 5ou . . . be in be . "" It is essential that this matter . . . be kept out of the ne'spapers. "& (e suggeste that the money . . . be raise by public subscription. "4 If you . . . change your min / this a ress 'ill al'ays fin me. "* If this machine . . . at any time fail to gi!e complete satisfaction please post us the enclose car . "+ (e change his name so that nobo y . . . kno' 'hat he ha been before. ". If he offere me money I . . . refuse. "0 I 'ish you . . . not ask so many 6uestions. "3 (e or ere that %om . . . lea!e the house at once. &4 I . . . be most grateful if you . . . o this for me. &1 (e is an,ious that e!eryone . . . un erstan 'hy he acte as he i .

.&
&" 5ou . . . not argue 'ith your father; you . . . obey him. && (e 'as a !ery patient cat; he . . . sit for hours besi e a mousehole. &4 . . . the pain return take one of these pills. &* It is most important that I . . . see him at once. &+ (e i n't are CtoD sell the ring in case someone . . . ask 'here he got it.

would and should

PEG 144-1/ "&4-"/ "&*-. Put should or %ould in the spaces in the follo'ing sentencesG 1 It is only fair that you . . . kno' the truth about your o'n father an it is better that you . . . hear it from me than from some stranger. " If you . . . kin ly 'ait here a moment I'll ring the irector's office. & . . . these measures fail to restore or er harsher restrictions 'ill ha!e to be impose . 4 %he rocks 'ere icy an he 'as terrifie lest he . . . slip. * If Pierre like any ish he . . . sen for the chef an congratulate him/ an if anything 'as 'rong he . . . sen for the manager an complain. $ >n Englishman . . . ne!er are to o that; he . . . be too shy. + I 'as <ust burying the bones in the gar en 'hen 'ho . . . look o!er the he ge but the !illage policeman. . #hen he foun out that the man ha smallpo, he urge that e!ery effort . . . be ma e to contact his fello' passengers. 0 I 'ish you . . . go out or sit o'n. (o' . . . you like it if I kept tramping roun 'hen you 'ere trying to 'ork2 3 I'!e <ust recei!e an anonymous threatening letter. #hat . . . I o about it2 $ I . . . take it to the police if I 'ere you. 14 %he committee thinks that you ha!e been guilty of isloyalty. $ I on't kno' 'hy the committee . . . think that. 11 I can't repair it no' but if you . . . like to lea!e it 'ith me I'll see 'hat can b+ one. 1" 5ou complaine to the manager/ of course2 $ Ao/ I aske to speak to him but he . . . not come to the phone. $ 5ou . . . ha!e insiste . 1& #here 'ill he be no'2 $ @h/ he . . . be there by no'; the flight only takes an hour. 14 If your main parachute . . . fail to open/ your secon one 'ill open automatically. 1* I suggeste that %om . . . 'alk on an try to get help 'hile I staye 'ith the in<ure man but he . . . not hear of this. 1+ I am ama?e that you . . . e!en suggest offering bribes. 1. %his passage oesn't lea any'here. It is o that no one . . . ha!e notice this before. 10 . . . you min not smoking; this is the petrol store. $ %hen there . . . be a 'Ao 8moking' notice. 13 Fan't I trust you not to rea my letters2 It is ri iculous that I . . . ha!e to lock things up in my o'n house. "4 (e sai he 'ishe I . . . not come so often. "1 %his train is entirely automatic; there is no ri!er; but a mechanic is al'ays a!ailable in

.4
case anything . . . go 'rong. "" 8he ha one rather boring habit; she . . . insist on telling people about her reams. "& (e recommen e that the trouble makers in the factory . . . be ismisse . "4 It is absur that 'omen . . . be pai less than men for oing the same 'ork. "* 1... rather you aske him. )ast time I trie to speak to him he . . . not listen. "+ #hen he 'ent out he left the ra io on so that his parents . . . think that he 'as still in his room. ". (e 'as etermine that his chil ren . . . go to the best schools a!ailable. "0 %om says you arc foolish to take such a risk. $ (e ...9 0(hat is typi#al of him.) "3 #hen four hours ha passe an there 'as still no sign of him she began to be 'orrie lest he . . . ha!e met 'ith some acci ent. &4 People are !ery fon of saying/ %his . . . be stoppe '/ or/ '8omething . . . be one about this'/ but if they 'ere the go!ernment they . . . not kno' ho' to stop it or 'hat to o about it. &1 It is ama?ing that the )eaning %o'er of Pisa . . . ha!e stoo for so long. &" (e resigne from the go!ernment in or er that e!eryone . . . kno' that he isappro!e of the ne' policy. && If I ha ha his e ucation an he ha ha mine perhaps I . . . be sitting at his esk an he . . . be out here s'eeping the streets/ &4 (e 'as a terribly obstinate chil / 'ho . . . ne!er obey the simplest or er/ but . . . argue e!ery point till she nearly 'ent ma . &* Eobinson sai / '#hy . . . 8mith get all the cre it 'hen someone else has one all the 'ork2' &+ >ll ay he... sit in his office immaculately resse / but at night he . . . put on irty ragge clothing an roam about the streets 'ith isreputable companions.

/onditionals
/onditional sentences: type 0
PEG ""1 Put the !erbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 If I see him I Cgi!eD him a lift. " %he table 'ill collapse if you Cstan D on it. & If he CeatD all that he 'ill be ill. 4 If I fin your passport I CtelephoneD you at once. * %he police CarrestD him if they catch him. + If he Crea D in ba light he 'ill ruin his eyes. . 8omeone CstealD your car if you lea!e it unlocke . 0 #hat 'ill happen if my parachute Cnot openD2 3 If he C'ashD my car I'll gi!e him :14. 14 If she Cnee D a ra io she can borro' mine. 11 If you Cnot goD a'ay I'll sen for the police. 1" I'll be !ery angry if he CmakeD any more mistakes. 1& If he CbeD late 'e'll go 'ithout him.

.*
14 8he 'ill be absolutely furious if she ChearD about this. 1* If you put on the kettle I CmakeD the tea. 1+ If you gi!e my og a bone he CburyD it at once. 1. If 'e lea!e the car here it Cnot beD in anybo y's 'ay. 10 (e'll be late for the train if he Cnot startD at once. 13 If you come late they Cnot letD you in. "4 If he CgoD on telling lies nobo y 'ill belie!e a 'or he says. "1 Jnless he CsellD more he 'on't get much commission. "" If I len you :14 'hen you CrepayD me2 "& #e'll ha!e to mo!e upstairs if the ri!er CriseD any higher. "4 If he C'orkD har to ay can he ha!e a holi ay tomorro'2 "* Ice CturnD to 'ater if you heat it. "+ If the house CburnD o'n 'e can claim compensation. ". If you Cnot likeD this one I'll bring you another. "0 Jnless you are more careful you Cha!eD an acci ent. "3 %ell him to ring me up if you CseeD him. &4 If I tell you a secret/ you CpromiseD not to tell it to anyone else2 &1 If you Cnot belie!eD 'hat I say/ ask your mother. &" If he ClikeD the house 'ill he buy it2 && If you 'ill kin ly sit o'n I CmakeD en6uiries for you. &4 Jnless I ha!e a 6uiet room I Cnot be ableD to o any 'ork. &* 8he 'on't open the oor unless she Ckno'D 'ho it is. &+ 8houl you re6uire anything else please CringD the bell for the atten ant.

/onditional sentences: type ,

PEG """ Put the !erbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 If I ha a type'riter I CtypeD it myself. " If I Ckno'D his a ress I' gi!e it to you. & (e ClookD a lot better if he sha!e more often. 4 If you CplayD for lo'er stakes you 'oul n't lose so much. * If he 'orke more slo'ly he Cnot makeD so many mistakes. + I shoul n't rink that 'ine if I CbeD you. . More tourists 'oul come to this country if it Cha!eD a better climate. 0 If I 'ere sent to prison you C!isitD me2 3 If someone Cgi!eD you a helicopter 'hat 'oul you o 'ith it2 14 I CbuyD shares in that company if I ha some money. 11 If he CcleanD his 'in screen he' be able to see 'here he 'as going. 1" If you ro!e your car into the ri!er you Cbe ableD to get out2 1& If you Cnot belongD to a union you coul n't get a <ob. 14 If I C'inD a big pri?e in a lottery I' gi!e up my <ob. 1* #hat you C oD if you foun a burglar in your house2 1+ I coul tell you 'hat this means if I Ckno'D Greek. 1. If e!erybo y Cgi!eD :1 'e 'oul ha!e enough. 10 (e might get fat if he CstopD smoking. 13 If he kne' that it 'as angerous he Cnot comeD.

.+
"4 If you CseeD someone ro'ning 'hat 'oul you o2 "1 I CbeD ruine if I bought her e!erything she aske for. 9 "" If you slept un er a mos6uito net you Cnot beD bitten so often. "& I coul get a <ob easily if I Cha!eD a egree. "4 If she C oD her hair ifferently she might look 6uite nice. "* If 'e ha more rain our crops Cgro'D faster. "+ %he 'hole machine 'oul fall to pieces if you Cremo!eD that scre' ". I CkeepD a horse if I coul affor it. ' "0 I' go an see him more often if he Cli!eD on a bus route. "3 If they CbanD the sale of alcohol at football matches there might be less !iolence. &4 I CofferD to help if I thought I' be any use. ' &1 #hat 'oul you o if the lift CgetD stuck bet'een t'o floors2 &" If you CpaintD the 'alls 'hite the room 'oul be much brighter. && If you CchangeD your <ob 'oul it affect your pension2 &4 If you kne' you ha only si, 'eeks to li!e ho' you Cspen D those si, 'eeks2 &* 5ou 'oul n't ha!e so much trouble 'ith your car if you Cha!eD it ser!ice regularly. &+ I' climb o!er the 'all if there Cnot beD so much broken glass on t of it.

/onditional sentences: type 1 !" ,,1

Put the !erbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 " & 4 * + . 0 3 14 11 1" 1& 14 1* 1+ 1. 10 13 "4 "1 "" "& "4 "* "+ If I ha kno'n that you 'ere in hospital I C!isitD you. %he groun 'as !ery soft. 7ut for that/ my horse C'inD. If you Carri!eD ten minutes earlier you 'oul ha!e got a seat. 5ou 'oul ha!e seen my gar en at its best if you CbeD here last 'eek. 7ut for his 6uickness I CbeD kille . I shoul n't ha!e belie!e it if I Cnot seeD it 'ith my o'n eyes. If he ha slippe he CfallD *44 metres. If he ha aske you/ you CacceptD2 If I Cha D a map I 'oul ha!e been all right. If I Ckno'D that you 'ere coming I' ha!e bake a cake. I CofferD to help him if I ha reali?e that he 'as ill. If you ha left that 'asp alone it Cnot stingD you. If I Creali?eD 'hat a ba ri!er you 'ere I 'oul n't ha!e come 'ith you. If I ha reali?e that the traffic lights 'ere re I CstopD. 7ut for the fog 'e CreachD our estination ages ago. If you ha tol me that he ne!er pai his ebts I Cnot len D him the money. If you Cnot snee?eD he 'oul n't ha!e kno'n that 'e 'ere there. If you CputD some mustar in the san 'iches they 'oul ha!e taste better. %he hens Cnot getD into the house if you ha shut the oor. If he ha kno'n that the ri!er 'as angerous he Cnot tryD to s'im across it. If you CspeakD more slo'ly he might ha!e un erstoo you. If he ha kno'n the 'hole story he Cnot beD so angry. I shoul n't ha!e eaten it if I Ckno'D that there 'as ginger in it. If I CtryD again I think that I 'oul ha!e succee e . 5ou Cnot getD into trouble if you ha obeye my instructions. If you ha n't been in such a hurry you Cnot putD sugar into the sauce instea of salt.

..
". "0 "3 &4 &1 &" && &4 &* &+ If I CbeD rea y 'hen he calle he 'oul ha!e taken me 'ith him. 8he ha a hea ache; other'ise she CcomeD 'ith us. If she ha listene to my irections she Cnot turnD o'n the 'rong street. If you ClookD at the engine for a moment you 'oul ha!e seen 'hat 'as missing. Eome Cbe capture D by her enemies if the geese ha n't cackle . (e 'oul ha!e been arreste if he CtryD to lea!e the country. I CtakeD a ta,i if I ha reali?e that it 'as such a long 'ay. 5ou Csa!eD me a lot of trouble if you ha tol me 'here you 'ere going. %hey 'oul ha!e force their 'ay into the house if I Cnot callD for help. If he ha put out his pipe before putting it in his pocket he Cnot burnD a hole in his coat.

/onditional sentences: mixed types

PEG ""1P + Put the !erbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 " & 4 * + . 0 3 14 11 1" If you Cfin D a skeleton in the cellar on't mention it to anyone. If you pass your e,amination 'e Cha!eD a celebration. #hat ChappenD if I press this button2 I shoul ha!e !ote for her if I Cha!eD a !ote then. If you go to Paris 'here you CstayD2 If someone offere to buy you one of those rings/ 'hich you CchooseD2 %he flight may be cancelle if the fog CgetD thick. If the milkman CcomeD tell him to lea!e t'o pints. 8omeone CsitD on your glasses if you lea!e them there. 5ou 'oul play better bri ge if you Cnot talkD so much. #hat I C oD if I hear the burglar alarm2 If you Crea D the instructions carefully you 'oul n't ha!e ans'ere the 'rong 6uestion. 1& I coul repair the roof myself if I Cha!eD a long la er. 14 Jnless they turn that ra io off I CgoD ma . 1* If you 'ere ma e re un ant 'hat you C oD2 1+ #e'll ha!e a long 'ay to 'alk if 'e CrunD out of petrol here. 1. If you shake that bottle of port it Cnot beD fit to rink. 10 I'll probably get lost unless he CcomeD 'ith me. 13 5ou Cnot ha!eD so many acci ents if you ro!e more slo'ly. "4 If you C'earD a false bear nobo y 'oul ha!e recogni?e you. "1 If she Clea!eD the fish there the car 'ill get it. "" Jnless they lea!e a lamp besi e that hole in the roa somebo y into it. "& 5ou'll get pneumonia if you Cnot changeD your 'et clothes. "4 If I ha kno'n that you coul n't eat octopus I Cnot buyD it. "* If they ChangD that picture lo'er people 'oul be able to see it. "+ 8he Cbe ableD to 'alk faster if her shoes ha n't such high heels. ". I CbringD you some beer if I ha kno'n that you 'ere thirsty. "0 If you ha touche that electric cable you CbeD electrocute . "3 If the story ha n't been true the ne'spaper Cnot printD it. &4 I Cnot buyD things on the installment system if I 'ere you. &1 1ial 333 if you C'antD Police/ >mbulance/ or =ire 7riga e.

.0
&" 5ou Cnot beD any use to me unless you learn to type. && If anyone attacke me/ my og C<umpD at his throat. &4 If he 'ere in he Cans'erD the phone. &* %he ship 'oul ha!e run agroun if the pilot CmakeD one mistake. &+ I shoul n't ha!e taken your umbrella if I Ckno'D that it 'as the only one you ha .

/onditional sentences: mixed types

PEG ""1-+ =inish these sentences/ taking care to use the correct tenses. 1 If he ha taken my a !ice . . . " If you ate less . . . & #e'll sen for the octor if . . . 4 If she practise more . . . * If there isn't enough 'ine in that bottle . . . + If you ha checke the petrol before 'e starte . . . . %his clock 'oul n't ha!e run o'n if . . . 0 %ry on the blue one if . . . 3 If these gates are locke . . . 14 If 'e lea!e before breakfast . . . 11 If the ri!er rises any higher . . . 1" (er life might ha!e been sa!e if . . . 1& If the !olcano starts erupting ... 14 %he grass 'oul look better if . . . 1* Jnless it is a nice ay . . . 1+ If you on't put enough stamps on a letter/ the person 'ho gets it . . . 1. (e 'oul len it to you if . . . 10 Jnless this hotel gets another cook . . . 13 If the storm becomes 'orse . . . "4 If your uncle sees you . . . "1 If you trie to climb it 'ithout a gui e . . . "" If you i n't shake the camera so much/ your photographs . . . "& I' ha!e brought my coat . . . "4 If (>as) you on't like the picture . . . "* (e 'oul ha!e gi!en her iamon s if . . . "+ If you ha aske his permission . . . ". If the fire ha been notice earlier . . . "0 If you ha any sense . . . "3 5ou 'oul ha!e been angry if . . . &4 If he ha put the flo'ers into 'ater at once . . . &1 I shoul ha!e or ere more coal if . . . &" If you lea!e the gate open . . . && 5ou 'ill ha!e to go to the entist if . . . &4 (e 'oul ha!e been ro'ne if . . . &* If I' ha a car . . . &+ If %om rings 'hile I'm out . . .

.3

2ixed tenses and verb forms

PEG ""1-+/ "0&-4 Fon itional forms are use in re6uests. =ill the gaps in the follo'ing ialogue 'ith a suitable !erb form. %elephone con!ersation . 1 >nnG .. .I... to Mr #ash/ please2 , 3ash: 3ash ( ( ( & >nnG Goo morning/ Mr #ash. %his is >nn ;ones of 14 Fyprus Eoa . . . . you come an . . . my 'in o's one 8atur ay this month2 4 #ashG I'm afrai 1... (negati*e). %he ne,t si, 8atur ays are ahea booke . * 7ut I... ...on #e nes ay morning. + >nnG . . . you . . . !ery early on #e nes ay2 I lea!e at 0.1* on 'eek ays. . #ashG I... ...to you by 0.&4. . . . that be early enough2 0 >nnG Ao/ it ...9 %here . . . be nobo y to let you in. I... the flat at 0.1*. 3 #ashG @h 0.1*9 1... you... 0.&49 14 #ell/ I suppose 1... ...to you by 0.44 as you're an ol customer. 7ut I . . . (negati*e) . . . a habit of it. 11 It means . . . breakfast at + an my 'ife . . . (negati*e) that. 1" 8he . . . al'ays . . . to persua e me to gi!e up 'in o'- . . . as it. 8he . . . it's angerous. 1& >nnG #hat . . . she . . . you . . . instea 2 14 #ashG (er father has a shop an she... ...me... ...in it. 1* 8he ...it... be a nice stea y <ob 'ith regular hours/ 1+ >n if 1... in a shop she ... ... 'here I 'as. 1. >nnG >n . . . you really . / . of gi!ing it up2 10 #ashG Ao/ I . . . the life. >t least/ I . . . it in summer. 13 7esi es/ I ... ... bore 'orking in a shop. "4 #ell/ . . . #e nes ay at 0.44 . . . you then/ Miss ;ones2 "1 >nnG 5es/ it . . . be splen i . It's !ery goo of you . . . . . . so early. "" I . . . let you in an you can . . . yourself out. "& 5ou . . . shut the oor carefully after you/ . . . (negati*e interrogati*e) you2 "4 #ashG 5es/ of course 1....I al'ays .... Goo bye/ Miss ;ones.

0nfinitive
)ull or bare infinitive
PEG "4+ Insert to 'here necessary before the infiniti!es in brackets. 1 (e ma e me C oD it all o!er again. " 8he can CsingD 6uite 'ell. & (e 'ill be able Cs'imD !ery soon.

04
4 I use Cli!eD in a cara!an. * 5ou ought CgoD to ay. It may CrainD tomorro'. + 5ou nee n't CsayD anything. ;ust no your hea an he 'ill Cun erstan D. . I 'ant CseeD the house 'here our presi ent 'as born. 0 (e ma e her CrepeatD the message. 3 May I CuseD your phone2 14 5ou nee n't CaskD for permission; you can CuseD it 'hene!er you like. 11 If you 'ant CgetD there before ark you shoul CstartD at once. 1" I coul n't CrememberD his a ress. 1& 5ou'll be able C oD it yourself 'hen you are ol er. 14 #oul you like CgoD no' or shall 'e C'aitD till the en 2 1* %hey 'on't let us Clea!eD the Fustoms she till our luggage has been e,amine . 1+ (o' are you CopenD my letters9 1. (e i n't are CargueD 'ith his boss. 10 I use CsmokeD forty cigarettes a ay. 13 #ill you help me Cmo!eD the bookcase2 "4 (e 'oul n't let my baby CplayD 'ith his gol 'atch. "1 %hey refuse CacceptD the bribe. "" (e is e,pecte Carri!eD in a fe' ays. "& Please let me Ckno'D your ecision as soon as possible. "4 (e ma e us C'aitD for hours. "* Foul you CtellD me the time/ please2 "+ #e must Csen D him a telegram. ". I let him CgoD early as he 'ante CmeetD his 'ife. "0 #here 'oul you like Cha!eD lunch2 "3 5ou can Clea!eD your og 'ith us if you on't C'antD CtakeD him 'ith you. &4 I' like him CgoD to a uni!ersity but I can't CmakeD him CgoD. &1 #e coul CgoD to a concert/ unless you' prefer C!isitD a museum. &" 5ou seem Ckno'D this area !ery 'ell. $ 5es/ I use Cli!eD here. && %he ki nappers tol the parents Cnot informD the police/ an the parents i n't are C isobeyD. &4 Aee I CcomeD2 I' much rather CstayD at home. &* 5ou can CtakeD a horse to 'ater but you can't CmakeD him C rinkD. (proverb) &+ I'm sorry C isappointD you but I can't CletD you Cha!eD any more money till the en of the month.

)ull or bare infinitive

PEG "4+ Insert to 'here necessary before the infiniti!es in brackets. CIn of the sentences a present participle coul be use instea of an infiniti!e. %hese alternati!es 'ill be note in the key.D 1 It is easy CbeD 'ise after the e!ent. " 1o you C'ishD CmakeD a complaint2 & #e on't C'antD anybo y Ckno'D that 'e are here. 4 If you can't CrememberD his number you' better ClookD it up. * I 'ant her ClearnD Esperanto; I think e!erybo y ought to Ckno'D it2

01
+ (e is sai CbeD the best surgeon in the country. . Kisitors are aske Cnot fee D the animals. 0 Foul I CseeD Mr Pitt/ please2I'm afrai Mr Pitt isn't in. #oul you like CspeakD to his secretary' 3 It's better Ctra!elD hopefully than Carri!eD/ (pro*er$) 14 (e shoul Ckno'D ho' CuseD the film pro<ector/ but if he oesn't ha better Csho'D him. 11 (e 'as ma e CsignD a paper a mitting his guilt. 1" I hear the oor CopenD an sa' a sha o' Cmo!eD across the floor. 1& (e trie CmakeD me Cbelie!eD that he 'as my stepbrother. 14 >s 'e seem Cha!e misse D the train 'e may as 'ell CgoD back to the house. 1* I felt the house CshakeD 'ith the e,plosion/ 1+ (e tol me CtryD CcomeD early. 1. 7efore he let us CgoD he ma e us CpromiseD Cnot tellD anyone 'hat ha seen. 10 #oul you ClikeD CcomeD in my car2 $ Ao/ thanks. I' rather C'alkD. 13 I a !ise him CaskD the bus con uctor CtellD him 'here CgetD off. "4 It is better CputD your money in a bank than CkeepD it un er your be in an ol stocking. "1 (e oesn't e!en bother Crea D letters/ let alone Cans'erD them. "" %he bank robbers ma e the cashier Csho'D them ho' CopenD the safe. "& If you kne' he 'as 'rong/ 'hy i n't you CsayD something2 $ I i n't like CsayD anything because he al'ays gets angry if you contra ict him. "4 It's better CbeD sure than sorry. "* #hat o you C'antD me CtellD him2 $ %ell him that any time he cares CcallD I shall be elighte C iscussD the matter 'ith him. "+ 1i you remember Cgi!eD him the money2 $ Ao/ I i n't/ I still ha!e it in my pocket; but I'll CseeD him tonight an I promise Cnot forgetD this time. ". I sa' the ri!er CopenD his 'in o' an Cthro'D a bo, into the bushes. "0 %hat is far too hea!y for one person CcarryD; let me ChelpD you. "3 I 'as afrai CpickD up the re!ol!er as I on't kno' ho' Chan leD firearms. &4 I sa' the plane CcrashD into the hill an CburstD into flames. &1 %here is nothing C oD but C'aitD till somebo y comes CletD us out. &" (e hear a cock Ccro'D in a neighbouring !illage. && 5ou may as 'ell CtellD us the truth. It 'ill CbeD easy CcheckD your story. &4 %he >merican sai he ha seen nine presi ents CcomeD an CgoD. $ (e must CbeD a !ery ol man. &* It is up to you ClearnD the la's of your o'n country. &+ #oul you rather CbeD more stupi than you look or ClookD more stupi than you are2

0nfinitive represented by to
PEG "4. In each of the follo'ing pairs of sentences an infiniti!e use in the first sentence is repeate in the secon . Eea the sentences/ e,pressing this secon infiniti!e by to only. Aote that 'here the secon infiniti!e has an ob<ect/ this 'or Iphrase must be omitte . #hy i n't you tell me the truth the first time2I meant to tell you the truth but I 'as too frightene . I meant to $ut I was too frightened.

0"
1 1i you !isit the Pyrami s2 $ Ao/ I 'ante to !isit them but there 'asn't time. " #hy o you 'ear ark glasses2 $ I ha!e to 'ear them; I ha!e 'eak eyes. & 1o you smoke2 $ Ao/ I use to smoke but I on't no'. 4 #oul you like to go to the theatre tonight2 $ 5es/ I' lo!e to go to the theatre. * #hy i n't you pay the bill for him2 $ I offere to pay it but he refuse . + (a!e you put the car in the garage2 $ Ao/ but I'm <ust going to put it there. . I 'ant you t'o to apologi?e to each other. $ #ell. lam 'illing to apologi?e it he apologi?es first. 0 1i you reser!e seats on the train2 $ Ao. I trie to reser!e them but they ha all been booke alrea y. 3 1i you ans'er the letter2 $ Ao/ I inten e to ans'er it but I'm afrai I forgot 14 #hy i n't you hit him2 $ I 'as afrai to hit him. 11 I' lo!e to spen a night in a haunte room. $ I' hate to spen a night in a haunte room. 1" #hy i n't you ask your father for the money2 $ I i n't like to ask him. 1& 1i you get a chance to fly the aeroplane yourself2 $ Ao/ I 'ante to fly it but the pilot 'oul n't let me. 14 #hy oesn't he punish his boys 'hen they isobey him2 $ (e often threatens to punish them but he ne!er actually oes so. 1* #hy i n't he repair the car himself2 $ (e 'asn't able to repair it. 1+ I use to rink 'hisky 'ith my meals. $ I use to rink 'hisky 'ith my meals also but I on't no'. 1. 1i you buy sausages2$ Ao/ I meant to buy them but I forgot. 10 #hy oesn't he try again2$ (e oesn't 'ant to try again. 13 5ou shoul !isit the Pra o 'hen you are in Ma ri .$ 5es. I inten to !isit it. "4 #hy oesn't he play games2 $ (is mother oesn't 'ant him to play games. "1 5ou ought to stop 'ork no'. $ 5es/ I am <ust going to stop. "" #hy o some <ockeys carry e,tra 'eights2$ %hey are oblige to carry them by the regulations. "& 1i he help you2$ Ao/ I aske him to help me but he sai he ha n't time. "4 5ou shoul ha!e thanke her before you left. $ I meant to thank her but 'hen I 'as going I coul n't fin her any'here.

0&
"* #hy i she put parsley in the soup2$ I tol her to put it in. "+ #hy i n't he report it to the police2$ (e 'as afrai to report it. (e i n't think they' belie!e him. ". #hy i he ri!e so fast2 $ (e ha to ri!e fast; other'ise he' ha!e misse his train. "0 5ou use to like rice pu ing. $ 5es/ I kno' I use to like it but I on't no'. "3 #hy i n't you buy the car2 $ I 'as a !ise not to buy it. &4 I hope the chil ren 'on't go near the 'ater. $ I 'arne them not to go near it. &1 #hy are 'e trying to get planning permission2 $ #e ha!e to get planning permission. It is the la'. &" I meant to 'ork har . $ I kno' you meant to 'ork har but you i n't. && 1o the boys ti y their o'n rooms2 $ %hey are suppose to ti y them but they on't al'ays. &4 #hy i n't he call the police. $ (e 'asn't able to call them. (is telephone line ha been cut. &* #hy i you mo!e your car2 $ %he policeman tol me to mo!e it. &+ #hy i you bring your mother-in-la'2 I particularly aske you not to bring her.

too/enough/so . . . as with infinitive

PEG "*" Fombine each of the follo'ing pairs of sentences into one sentence using too/enou h 'ith infiniti!e. It is !ery col . #e can't go out. It is too #old for us to go out. (e is strong. (e can carry it. -e is strong enough to #arry it. Ee'rite numbers &/ "4/ an &* using so . . . as 'ith infiniti!e. Cenou h 'ith infiniti!e coul also be use here/ 'hile so . . . as coul replace enou h in numbers 3/ "4/ an "3. %hese alternati!es are gi!en in the key.D 1 5ou are !ery young. 5ou can't ha!e a front- oor key. " It is !ery col . #e can't bathe. & #oul you be !ery kin an ans'er this letter by return2 4 I am rather ol . I can't 'ear that kin of hat. * %he la er 'asn't !ery long. It i n't reach the 'in o'. + (e ha n't much money. (e coul n't li!e on it. (Omit it.D . (e 'as furious. (e coul n't speak. 0 %he fire isn't !ery hot. It 'on't boil a kettle. 3 %om 'as !ery foolish. (e tol lies to the police. 14 5ou are 6uite thin. 5ou coul slip bet'een the bars. 11 (e is !ery ill. (e can't eat anything.

04
1" @ur ne' car is !ery 'i e. It 'on't get through those gates. 1& %he floor 'asn't strong. #e coul n't ance on it. (Omit it.D 14 I 'as terrifie . I coul n't mo!e. 1* %he bull isn't big. (e coul n't harm you. 1+ %he coffee isn't strong. It 'on't keep us a'ake. 1. %he ri!er is eep. #e can't 'a e it. (Omit it.D 10 (e is la?y. (e 'on't get up early. 13 (e 'on't get up early so he ne!er catches the fast train. "4 #oul you be !ery goo an for'ar my letters 'hile I am a'ay2 "1 %he ice is 6uite thick. #e can 'alk on it. (Omit it.D "" (e 'as !ery runk. (e coul n't ans'er my 6uestion. "& It is !ery col . #e can't ha!e breakfast in the gar en. "4 (e 'as e,tremely rash. (e set off up the mountain in a thick fog. "* #e aren't !ery high. #e can't see the summit. "+ 5ou aren't !ery ol . 5ou can't un erstan these things. ". (e 'as !ery snobbish. (e 'oul n't talk to any of us. "0 %he package is !ery thick. I can't push it through the letterbo,. (Omit it.D "3 8he 'as !ery mean. 8he ne!er ga!e to charity. &4 (e is !ery impatient. (e ne!er listens to anyone. &1 I 'as !ery tire . I coul n't 'alk any further. &" It's not !ery ark. #e can't see the stars clearly. && It 'as !ery hot. 5ou coul fry an egg on the pa!ement. &4 %he oranges 'ere !ery bitter. #e coul n't eat them. (Omit them.D &* #oul you be !ery kin an turn o'n the ra io a little2 &+ (e is !ery selfish. (e 'oul n't put himself out for anyone.

Various infinitive constructions

PEG "+-./ 114/ "&3/ "43-*4 Eeplace the group of 'or s in italics by an infiniti!e or an infiniti!e construction. It is important that he should understand this. It is important or him to understand this. (e 'as the first man who arri*ed. -e was the first man to arri*e. 1 %he captain 'as the last man who left the ship. " (e got to the top and was *ery disappointed when he found that someone else ha reache it first. & (he #ommittee ha*e de#ided to send you to Paris. C5ou CgoD to Par omit %he committee ha!e eci e to sen .D 4 #oul you be *ery kin and len me your umbrella2 * %here are a lot of sheets that need mending. + I 'as astonishe when I heard that he ha left the country. . It is better that he should hear it from you. 8 I was rude to him/ whi#h was stupid. CIt 'as stupi ...D 3 If he ha another chil with whom he #ould play, he 'oul be happier 14 It is necessary that e*eryone should know the truth. 11 %here 'as no place where we #ould sit.

0*
1" (e put his han into his pocket and was astonished when he found that his 'allet 'asn't there. 1& -e rushed into the burning house/ whi#h 'as !ery bra!e of him. CIt 'as !ery bra!e . . .D 14 I can't go to the party; I ha!e nothing that I #an wear. 1* It is e/pe#ted that he will $road#ast a statement tonight. C(e is e,pecte ...D 1+ I 'ant a kitchen where C L in whi#h) I #an #ook. 1. (e reache the station e,hauste and was *ery disappointed when he learnt that the train ha <ust left. 10 (a!en't you anything with whi#h you #ould open it' 13 It seems that the #rime was #ommitted by a left-han e man. C%he crime seems . . . )se perfe#t infiniti*e passi*e.) "4 Is it likely that he will arri*e before si,2 CIs he . . .D "1 I 'as on the point of lea*ing the house 'hen the phone rang. "" (his is the plan? someone will meet you at the station . . . C5ou . . . Cbe metD at the stationD "& 8he is an,ious that they should ha*e e!ery possible a !antage. "4 It is said that he 'as a brilliant scientist. C(e is sai . . .D "* %he strikers eci e that the strike should #ontinue. "+ #oul you be *ery kind and translate this for me2 ". It is a !isable that we should lea*e the house separately. "0 You signed the ocument 'ithout rea ing it/ whi#h was *ery stupid. CIt 'as stupi ...D "3 It is said that she has a frightful temper. C8he . . .D &4 (e 'as the first man who swam the Fhannel. &1 (hey $elie*e that he is honest. C(e . . .D &" It appears that he was killed 'ith a blunt instrument. C(e appears . . . )se passi*e infiniti*e.) && (e 'as the only one who reali@ed the anger. &4 It is said that the earth was originally part of the sun. C%he earth . . .D &* (e took out his spare 'heel an was *ery disappointed when he dis#o*ered that that tyre 'as also puncture . &+ It is said that the murderer is hiding in the 'oo s near your house.

erfect infinitive used with auxiliary verbs

PEG "** Jse the perfect infiniti!e of the !erb in italics 'ith the appropriate au,iliary !erb. Phrases in bol type shoul not be repeate / but their meaning shoul be e,presse by the au,iliary H perfect infiniti!e. It is possible that he telephoned 'hile 'e 'ere out. -e may ha*e telephoned while we were out. 5ou (thank) him for his present but you didn't. You should ha*e thanked him for his present. 1 I reali?e that my house 'as on fire. $ %hat ($e) a terrible moment. " I sa' a ghost last night. $

0+
5ou (not see) a ghostG there aren't any ghosts. 5ou (dream) it. 3 It is possible that a chil $roke the 'in o'. 4 5ou #arried it yourself/ 'hich 'as not necessary. * I'!e ha a toothache for t'o ays. $ 5ou (go) to the entist 'hen it starte . + %here (he) motor-cycle races on the san s but as it is so 'et they ha!e been cancelle / . >s I 'as stan ing in the hall your og bit me. $ It (not he) my og; he 'as 'ith me all ay. It ($e) my brother's 0 I feel terribly ill to ay. $ 5ou (not eat) those mushrooms yester ay. Mushrooms on't agree 'ith you. 3 I 'on er 'hy he i n't ans'er2 $ Possibly he didn "t understand the 6uestion. 14 I ga*e him a tip/ %hich %as not necessary. 11 %he prisoner (es#ape) this 'ay/ for here are his footprints. 1" 5ou lied to him/ %hich %as %ron . 1& I i n't recogni?e the !oice at the other en of the line. $ It ($e) my el er sister; she is often at home at that time. It (not $e) my youngest sister as she is abroa . 14 8omeone (#ook) a meal here lately; the sto!e is still hot. 1* I'!e brought my o'n san 'iches. $ 5ou (not $ring) them. I ha!e enough for t'o. 1+ %he burglar 'ent straight to the safe although it 'as hi en be picture. $ 8omeone (tell) him 'here it 'as. 1. %he presi ent (un*eil) the statue/ but he is ill so his 'ife is oing instead( 10 %he plane is late; I 'on er 'hat has happene 2 $ Possibly it was elaye by fog. 13 I ha!e ne!er met him. $ 5ou (meet) him; he li!es ne,t oor to you. "4 I (do) it. CIt 'as my uty to o it/ but I i n't.D "1 (e (not #at#h) the 3."4 train because he i n't lea!e home till 3. "" I opened it/ %hich %as unnecessary. "& %he police 'ere here 'hile 'e 'ere out. $ 8omeone ($etray) us. "4 I dro*e at 04 miles an hour/ %hich %as %ron . "* #hen I 'as your age I (#lim$) that mountain/ Cbut I i n'tD. "+ If a policeman ha seen me climbing through your 'in o' he me 'hat I 'as oing/ ". (e sai that censorship of ne's 'as ri iculous an it (a$olish) ago. Cpassi!e !erbD "0 5ou $oiled so many eggs; but there are only four of us. "3 8he (play) the chief part in the film/ but she 6uarrelle 'ith the irector/ so he engage someone else. &4 %his poem ($e) 'ritten by Neats/ but I am not certain. &1 (e (take) off his hat in the theatre/ Cbut he i n'tD. &" People use to 'alk t'enty miles to o their shopping. $ %hey (ha*e) a lot of energy in those ays. && @ne ay he 'ent for a 'alk up a mountain an ne!er came back. $ (e (fall) o!er a precipice. &4 I <ust presse lightly on the pane an my han 'ent through. $ %he glass ($e) !ery thin.

0.
&* 5ou translated it into =rench/ %hich %asn't necessary. &+ 5ou looked at the ne' moon through glass. It is most unlucky.

erfect infinitive used with auxiliaries and some other verbs

PEG "** InstructionsG as for E,ercise .&/ but 'here t'o !erbs in italics are place si e by si e/ put the secon !erb into the perfect infiniti!e an the first into an appropriate tense. %his palace (say) ($uild) in three years. (his pala#e is said to ha*e $een $uilt in three years. 1 8he (marry) my brother but she 'as kille in a plane crash a month before the 'e ing ate. " 5ou repeated it/ %hich %as unnecessary. & %here (seem) ($e) a fight here. E!erything is smashe to bits. 4 #e (set) out to ay/ but the 'eather is so ba that 'e eci e to postpone our start till tomorro'. * I thought they 'ere mushrooms. $ 5ou (not eat) them unless you 'ere sure. %hey ($e) poisonous. + (e learnt the language in si, months. $ (e (work) !ery har . . I $rought my umbrella/ %hich 'as unnecessary. 0 I (like) ($athe) but there 'asn't time. 3 I'!e forgotten the a ress. I (write) it o'n (but I didn't). 14 If I' kno'n your house 'as so col I (not #ome). 11 5ou (tell) me you 'ere going camping9 If I' kno'n I (go) 'ith you.7ut it raine all the time. 5ou (not like) that/ 'oul you2 1" #ho ga!e you my a ress2 $ I on't remember. It ($e) %om. $ It (not $e) %om; he oesn't kno' it. 1& 5ou $ought flo'ers but 'e ha!e plenty in the gar en. 14 >fter t'o years of his teaching she kne' absolutely nothing. $ (e (not $e) a goo teacher. 1* My sister has <ust come back from abroa . 8he (seem) (enAoy) her trip !ery much. 1+ )ife ($e) !ery uncomfortable in the 8tone >ge. 1. 5ou (stand) still 'hen you 'ere being photographe / Cbut you i n'tD. 10 I (go) to a foreign uni!ersity but the 'ar pre!ente it. 13 I (like) (photograph) it but I ha no more film. "4 %here (he) a ba acci ent here. )ook at all the broken glass. "1 It is possible that prehistoric ca!e ra'ings were connecte 'ith religion. "" I ha!e been ri!ing for "4 years. . 5ou (not dri*e) for "4 years. 5ou are only &4 no'. "& It (take) years to ig the 8ue? Fanal. "4 (e 'alke past me 'ithout speaking. $ (e (not re#ogni@e) you. (e is !ery short-sighte . "* I (like) (go) to the match but the tickets 'ere all sol . "+ (e says he sa' you at the theatre yester ay. $ (e (not see) me. I 'asn't there. ". %his picture may be a fakeG on the other han it ($e) painte by one of the 1utch

00
masters. "0 It is possible that the fire in the ship was started by a bomb. "3 8he 'alke &44 miles/ carrying her chil . $ 8he (ha*e) great courage. &4 It is possible that he (read) it in the papers. $ (e (not read) it. (e can't rea . 8omeone (tell) him. &1 I tol them to meet me un er the clock but they i n't turn up. Perhaps they were waiting un er the 'rong clock. %here are t'o in the station. &" (e tol me his name 'as ;ohnson. $ 5ou (mishear) him. (is name is ;ones. && I sai that I coul n't fin my pen an he sai that perhaps somebo y had $orrowed it. &4 I (like) (ask) a 6uestion but I 'as sitting so far back that I i n't think I' be hear . &* %here ($e) a fort here at one time. 5ou can see 'here the foun ations 'ere. &+ %he inosaur ($e said) ($e) rather a stupi animal.

"erund, infinitive and participles %he gerund

PEG "*. Put the !erbs in brackets into the gerun . 1 (e ga!e up CgambleD. " %ry to a!oi CmakeD him angry. & 8top CargueD an start C'orkD. 4 %he chil ren prefer C'atchD %K to Crea D. * I am against CmakeD any complaints. + It's no use CcryD o!er spilt milk. 0pro*er$) 1 I suggest Chol D another meeting ne,t 'eek. 0 (e finishe CspeakD an sat o'n. 3 (e 'as fine for C ri!eD 'ithout lights. 14 It is ifficult to get use to CeatD 'ith chopsticks. 11 if you can't turn the key try CputD some oil in the lock. 1" (e lost no time in CgetD o'n to 'ork. 1& 5ou can't make an omelette 'ithout CbreakD eggs. (pro*er$) 14 #e are looking for'ar to Crea D your ne' book. 1* %hey escape by Csli eD o'n ropes ma e of blankets. 1+ %hey on't allo' CsmokeD in here. 1. (e is thinking of Clea!eD his <ob an CgoD to >merica. 10 >fter Crea D this article you 'ill gi!e up CsmokeD. 13 If you put your money into that business you risk CloseD e!ery penny. "4 Imagine Cli!eD 'ith someone 'ho ne!er stops CtalkD. "1 Is there anything here 'orth CbuyD2 "" (e 'as accuse of CleakD classifie information to the press. "& 5ou' better consult your la'yer before C eci eD to buy the property. "4 I on't en<oy CgoD to the entist. "* #oul you min CputD your pet snake some'here else2 "+ %he hostages 'ere rescue 'ithout a shot CbeD fire .

03
". 7y C'orkD ay an night he succee e in CfinishD the <ob in time. "0 (e has a scheme for CmakeD grass gro' in 'inter. "3 I on't feel like C'orkD; 'hat about CgoD to a isco instea 2 &4 #oul you min C'riteD your name an a ress on the back of the che6ue2 &1 If a thing is 'orth C oD at all it is 'orth C oD 'ell. (pro*er$) &" I hate Cborro'D money. && (e 'as furious at CbeD mistaken for an escape con!ict. &4 >fter CtalkD for ten minutes I succee e in Ccon!inceD him that there 'as no anger. &* I remember Crea D a re!ie' of that book an CthinkD I' like to get. &+ >s a result of ClistenD at keyholes he learnt many facts 'hich he no hesitation in CuseD to his o'n a !antage.

"erund and infinitive

PEG "++-.1 Put the !erbs in brackets into the correct form Cgerun or infiniti!eD 1 " & 4 * + . 0 3 14 11 1" 1& 14 1* 1+ 1. 10 13 "4 "1 "" "& "4 "* "+ ". "0 "3 I am looking for'ar to CseeD you. (e rea s Cha!eD to retire. I arrange CmeetD them here. (e urge us C'orkD faster. I 'ish CseeD the manager. It's no use C'aitD. (e 'arne her Cnot touchD the 'ire. 1on't forget ClockD the oor before CgoD to be . My mother tol me Cnot speakD to anyone about it. I can't un erstan her Cbeha!eD like that. (e trie Ce,plainD but she refuse ClistenD. >t inner she annoye me by CsmokeD bet'een the courses. 5ou are e,pecte Ckno'D the safety regulations of the college. (e eci e C isguiseD himself by C ressD as a 'oman. lam prepare C'aitD here all night if necessary. #oul you min Csho'D me ho' C'orkD the lift2 >fter C'alkD for three hours 'e stoppe to let the others Ccatch 'ith us. I am beginning Cun erstan D 'hat you mean. (e 'as fine for Ce,cee D the spee limit. %he boys like CplayD games but hate C oD lessons. I regret CinformD you that your application has been refuse . I coul n't help Co!erhearD 'hat you sai . Mrs ;onesG I on't allo' CsmokeD in my ra'ing-room. Mrs 8mithG I on't allo' my family CsmokeD at all. (e surprise us all by CgoD a'ay 'ithout CsayD 'Goo -bye'. Please go on C'riteD; I on't min C'aitD. (e 'ore ark glasses Ca!oi D CbeD recogni?e . 7efore Cgi!eD e!i ence you must s'ear CspeakD the truth. I trie Cpersua eD him CagreeD 'ith your proposal. 5our 'in o's nee CcleanD; 'oul you like me C oD them for you2

34
&4 #oul you min CshutD the 'in o'2 I hate CsitD in a raught. &1 I can't help Csnee?eD; I caught a col yester ay from CsitD in a raught. &" 1o stop CtalkDG I am trying CfinishD a letter. && (is octor a !ise him Cgi!e upD C<ogD. &4 My 'atch keeps CstopD. $ %hat's because you keep CforgetD C'in D it. &* #ithout Creali?eD it. he hin ere us instea of ChelpD us. &+ People use CmakeD fire by CrubD t'o sticks together.

"erund and infinitive

PEG "++-.1 Put the !erbs in brackets into the correct form Cgerun or infiniti!eD. 1 (e hates Cans'erD the phone/ an !ery often <ust lets it CringD. " If you go on CletD your og CchaseD cars he'll en by CbeD run o!er. & I prefer C ri!eD to Cbe ri!enD. 4 I a !ise you CstartD ClookD for a flat at once. * #oul you min Clen D me :*2 I forgot CcashD a che6ue. + C)ieD on this beach is much more pleasant than CsitD in the office. . 8he likes her chil ren CgoD to the entist e!ery si, months. 0 7y CneglectD CtakeD or inary precautions he en angere the life of his cre'. 3 >n instructor is coming Csho'D us ho' CuseD the a6ualung. 14 I ha!e no intention of CgoD to that film; I coul n't bear CseeD my fa!ourite actress in such a rea ful part. 11 I suggest CtelephoneD the hospitals before CaskD the police ClookD for him. 1" >fter ChearD the con itions I eci e Cnot enterD for the competition. 1& 8ome people seem Cha!eD a passion for C'riteD to the ne'spapers. 14 (e e,pects me Cans'erD by return but I ha!e no intention of CreplyD at all. 1* I trie Ce,plainD to him but he refuse ClistenD an 'ent on CgrumbleD. 1+ 7y CofferD enormous 'ages he is persua ing men Clea!eD their present <obs an C'orkD for him. 1. (e postpone CmakeD a ecision till it 'as too late C oD anything. 10 Imagine Cha!eD Cget upD at fi!e a.m. e!ery ay9 13 %ry CforgetD itG it isn't 'orth C'orryD about. "4 %here is no point in CremainD in a angerous place if you can't o anything ChelpD the people 'ho ha!e CstayD there. "1 %he horse 'on't be 'ell enough CrunD in tomorro''s race. (e oesn't seem Cha!e reco!ere D from his long <ourney. "" >t first I en<oye ClistenD to him but after a 'hile I got tire of ChearD the same story again an again. "& It is usually easier ClearnD a sub<ect by Crea D books than by ClistenD to lectures. "4 It 'oul n't be safe CstartD o'n no'; 'e'll ha!e C'aitD till the mist clears. "* >fter C iscussD the matter for an hour the committee a <ourne 'ithout Cha!e reache D any ecision. "+ It's not much use Cha!eD a bicycle if you on't kno' ho' Cri eD it. ". (e i n't are Clea!eD the house because he 'as afrai of CmeetD someone 'ho might Crecogni?eD him. "0 I istinctly remember CpayD him. I ga!e him :".

31
"3 1i you remember Cgi!eD him the key of the safe2 $ Ao/ I i n't. I'll go an o it no'. &4 Please forgi!e me for CinterruptD you but 'oul you min CrepeatD that last sentence2 &1 I kno' my hair 'ants CcutD but I ne!er ha!e time CgoD to the hair resser's. &" (e ma e a lot of money by CbuyD tickets in a !ance an CsellD them for t'ice the price on the ay of the match. && 8he rushe out of the room 'ithout Cgi!eD me a chance Ce,plainD. &4 (e keeps CaskD me the time an I keep CtellD him CbuyD himself a 'atch. &* (e has a theory that it is possible CtellD the time in aylight by ClookD into a cat's eyes. &+ I' hate CbeD besi e a !olcano 'hen it starte CeruptD.

"erund and infinitive

PEG "++-.1 >fter li!e it is sometimes possible to use either gerun or infiniti!e/ but there ten s to be a slight ifference in implication. li!e H gerun usually means 'en<oy'; it also usually implies that the action isI'as performe G I like skating L I en<oy skating Can o skateD. li!e H infiniti!e has more the meaning of 'appro!e of/ like the i ea or habit'. In the affirmati!e it gi!es no in ication as to 'hether the action is performe or not/ an in the negati!e implies that it is not performe . I i n't like saying it usually means 1 sai it/ un'illingly'/ but I i n't like to say it usually means 1 i n't say it' Cbecause it i n't seem right or sensibleD. %he istinction/ ho'e!er/ is not rigi . %he abo!e notes are/ therefore/ only gui es 'hich may safely be follo'e . Put the !erbs in brackets into gerun or infiniti!e. 1 I use Cri eD a lot but I ha!en't ha a chance C oD any since CcomeD here. $ I ri e sometimes. #oul you like CcomeD 'ith me ne,t time2 " Most people prefer Cspen D money to CearnD it. & I resente CbeD un<ustly accuse an aske him (apolo i,e). 4 It isn't goo for chil ren CeatD too many s'eets. * I i n't feel like C'orkD so I suggeste Cspen D the ay in the arden. + #hy o you keep ClookD back2 >re you afrai of CbeD follo'e 2 . 1o you remember CpostD the letter2 $ 5es/ I o; I poste it in the letter-bo, near my gate. 0 1i you remember ClockD the oor2 $ Ao/ I i n't. I' better CgoD back an C oD it no'. 3 5ou still ha!e a lot ClearnD if you'll forgi!e my CsayD so. 14 It's no use CtryD CinterruptD him. 5ou'll ha!e C'aitD till he stops CtalkD. 11 I'm for C oD nothing till the police arri!e. %hey on't like you Cmo!eD anything 'hen a crime has been committe . 1" (e i n't like Clea!eD the chil ren alone in the house but he ha no alternati!e as he ha CgoD out to 'ork. 1& #hy i n't you rink it2I i n't like C rinkD it as I i n't kno' 'hat it 'as. 14 I'm !ery sorry for CbeD late. It 'as goo of you C'aitD for me. 1* I keep CtryD CmakeD mayonnaise but I ne!er succee . $

3"
%ry Ca D the yolk of a har -boile egg. 1+ 1o you feel like CgoD to a film or 'oul you rather CstayD at home2 1. 8he tol me ClookD through her correspon ence an CtakeD out any letters that you ha 'ritten her. I i n't like ClookD through someone else's letters but I ha C oD as she sai . 10 (e took to Cget upD early an C'alkD noisily about the house. 13 I like ClistenD to folk music much better than ClistenD to pop. "4 %he car began CmakeD an e,traor inary noise so I stoppe CseeD 'hat it 'as. "1 5ou'll ne!er regret C oD a kin action. "" (e eci e CputD broken glass on top of his 'all Cpre!entD boys CclimbD o!er it. "& (e annoye me !ery much by CtakeD the piece of cake that I 'as keeping CeatD after my supper. "4 (e kept CringD up an CaskD for an e,planation an she i n't kno' 'hat C oD about him. "* #e got tire of C'aitD for the 'eather CclearD an finally eci e CsetD out in the rain. "+ (e ma e me CrepeatD his instructions CmakeD sure that I un erstoo 'hat I 'as C oD after he ha gone. ". I suggest Clea!eD the car here an Csen D a break o'n !an Cto'D it to the garage. "0 8he apologi?e for Cborro'D my se'ing-machine 'ithout CaskD permission an promise ne!er C oD it again. "3 I i n't mean Coffen D anyone but someho' I succee e in CannoyD them all. &4 8he claime Cbe ableD CtellD the future by Cga?eD into her crystal ball. &1 (e ne!er thinks of CgetD out of your 'ay; he e,pects you C'alkD roun him. &" 5ou on't nee CaskD his permission e!ery time you 'ant Clea!eD the room. && %he police accuse him of CsetD fire to the buil ing but he enie Cha!e beenD in the area on the night of the fire. &4 I left my oor open. #hy i n't you 'alk in2 $ I i n't like CgoD in 'hen you 'eren't there. &* It's much better CgoD to a hair resser than CtryD Csa!eD time by CcutD your o'n hair. &+ I' rather CearnD my li!ing by CscrubD floors than CmakeD money by CblackmailD people.

0nfinitive, gerund, present participle

PEG "++-.*/ "3* F/ "3* 1 %his e,ercise inclu es e,amples of both in forms/ the gerun an the present participle. Either present participle or infiniti!e 'ithout to can be use after !erbs of the senses. Put the !erbs in brackets into a correct form. #hen more than one form is possible it 'ill be note in the key. 1 #hen the painter felt the la er CbeginD CslipD he grabbe the glitter Csa!eD himself from CfallD. " %he sno' kept CfallD an the 'orkmen gre' tire of CtryD CkeepD the roa s clear. & (e offere Clen D me the money. I i n't like CtakeD it but I ha no alternati!e. 4 #hat 'as in the letter2 $ I on't kno'. I i n't like CopenD it as it 'asn't a resse to me. * 1o you remember Crea D about it2 $ Ao/ at that time I 'as too young Crea D ne'spapers. + 1i you remember CbookD seats for the theatre tomorro'2 $

3&
5es/ I ha!e the tickets here. #oul you like CkeepD them2 I am incline CloseD theatre tickets. . %ry Ca!oi D CbeD late. (e hates CbeD kept C'aitD. 0 I i n't kno' ho' CgetD to your house so I stoppe CaskD the 'ay. 3 I 'ish my refrigerator 'oul stop CmakeD that horrible noise. 5ou can't hear anyone CspeakD. 14 %his book tells you ho' C'inD at games 'ithout actually CcheatD. 11 %he gunman began CfireD. (e felt a bullet Cgra?eD his cheek. 1" (e hear the clock CstrikeD si, an kne' that it 'as time for him CgetD up. 1& I can hear the bell CringD but nobo y seems Cbe comingD CopenD the oor. 14 1i you a !ise him CgoD to the police2 $ Ao/ I i n't like Cgi!eD any a !ice on such a ifficult matter. 1* (e 'ante CputD my chameleon on a tartan rug an C'atchD it CchangeD colour. 1+ It is easy CseeD animals on the roa in aylight but sometimes at night it is !ery ifficult Ca!oi D ChitD them. 1. %he tire seems CbeD out. $ It can't be 6uite out. I can hear the 'oo CcrackleD. 10 I caught him CclimbD o!er my 'all. I aske him Ce,plainD but he refuse CsayD anything/ so in the en I ha CletD him CgoD. 13 #hen at last I succee e in Ccon!inceD him that I 'ante CgetD home 6uickly he put his foot on the accelerator an I felt the car CleapD for'ar . "4 I'm not use to C ri!eD on the left. #hen you see e!eryone else C oD it you'll fin it 6uite easy C oD yourself. "1 It is pleasant CsitD by the fire at night an ChearD the 'in Cho'lD outsi e. "" %here 'as no 'ay of CgetD out of the buil ing e,cept by CclimbD o'n a rope an >nn 'as too terrifie C oD this. "& #e hear the engines CroarD as the plane began Cmo!eD an 'e sa' the people on the groun C'a!eD goo -bye. "4 It's no goo C'riteD to him; he ne!er ans'ers letters. %he only thing C oD is CgoD an CseeD him. "* #hy i you go all roun the fiel instea of C'alkD across it2 $ I i n't like CcrossD it because of the bull. I ne!er see a bull 'ithout CthinkD that it 'ants CchaseD me. "+ %he people in the flat belo' seem Cbe ha!ingD a party. 5ou can hear the champagne corks Cthu D against their ceiling. ". I on't like CgetD bills but 'hen I o get them I like CpayD them promptly. "0 >sk him CcomeD in. 1on't keep him Cstan D at the oor. "3 %he boys ne,t oor use ClikeD CmakeD an CflyD mo el aeroplanes/ but they seem to ha!e stoppe C oD that no'. &4 I kne' I 'asn't the first Carri!eD/ for I sa' smoke CriseD from the chimney. &1 #e 'atche the men Csa'D the tree an as 'e 'ere 'alking a'ay hear it CfallD 'ith a tremen ous crash. &" I hate CseeD a chil CcryD. && #e 'atche the chil ren C<umpD from a 'in o' an CfallD into a blanket hel by the people belo'. &4 It is !ery unpleasant C'akeD up an ChearD the rain CbeatD on the 'in o's. &* (e sa' the lorry CbeginD CrollD for'ar s but he 'as too far a'ay C oD anything CstopD it.

34
&+ %here are people 'ho can't help ClaughD 'hen they see someone CslipD on a banana skin.

4sing participles to join sentences

PEG ".+-3 ;oin each of the follo'ing pairs of sentences/ using either a present participle e.g. knowing, a past participle e.g. known, or a perfect participle e.g. ha*ing known. Aumbers 1./ "0/ &&/ an &+ contain three sentences each. Fombine these in the same 'ay. (e got off his horse. (e began searching for something on the groun . 2etting off his horse, he $egan sear#hing . . G I ha seen photographs of the place. I ha no esire to go there. -a*ing seen photographs of the pla#e, I had no desire . . . %he speaker refuse to continue. (e 'as infuriate by the interruptions. Infuriated $y the interruptions, the speaker refused. . . %hese participle constructions are more common in 'ritten English. 1 I kne' that he 'as poor. I offere to pay his fare. " #e barrica e the 'in o's. #e assemble in the hall. & 8he became tire of my complaints about the programme. 8he turne it off. 4 (e foun no one at home. (e left the house in a ba temper. * 8he hope to fin the 'ill. 8he searche e!ery'here. + %he criminal remo!e all traces of his crime. (e left the buil ing. . (e reali?e that he ha misse the last train. (e began to 'alk. 0 (e 'as e,hauste by his 'ork. (e thre' himself on his be . 3 (e ha spent all his money. (e eci e to go home an ask his father for a <ob. 14 (e escape from prison. (e looke for a place 'here he coul get foo . 11 8he i n't 'ant to hear the story again. 8he ha hear it all before 1" %hey foun the money. %hey began 6uarrelling about ho' to i!i e it. 1& 8he entere the room su enly. 8he foun them smoking. 14 I turne on the light. I 'as astonishe at 'hat I sa'. 1* #e !isite the museum. #e eci e to ha!e lunch in the park. 1+ (e offere to sho' us the 'ay home. (e thought 'e 'ere lost. 1. (e foun his re!ol!er. (e loa e it. (e sat o'n facing the oor. 10 8he aske me to help her. 8he reali?e that she coul n't mo!e it alone. 13 (e fe the og. (e sat o'n to his o'n inner. "4 (e a resse the congregation. (e sai he 'as sorry to see ho' fe' of them ha been able to come. "1 (e thought he must ha!e ma e a mistake some'here. (e 'ent through his calculations again. "" I ha!e looke through the fashion maga?ines. I reali?e that my clothes are hopelessly out of ate. "& %he tree ha fallen across the roa . It ha been uproote by the gale. "4 People 'ere sleeping in the ne,t room. %hey 'ere 'akene by the soun of breaking glass. "* I kne' that the mur erer 'as still at large. I 'as e,tremely reluctant to open the oor. "+ (e stole the sil!er. (e looke for a place to hi e it. ". #e 'ere soake to the skin. #e e!entually reache the station.

3*
"0 I sat in the front ro'. I use opera glasses. I sa' e!erything beautifully. "3 @ne e!ening you 'ill be sitting by the fire. 5ou 'ill remember this ay. &4 I i n't like to sit o'n. I kne' that there 'ere ants in the grass. &1 8he belie!e that she coul trust him absolutely. 8he ga!e him a blank che6ue. &" 8lates 'ere rippe off by the gale. %hey fell on people passing belo'. && %he lion foun his cage oor open. (e sa' no sign of his keeper. (e left the cage an 'alke slo'ly to'ar s the ?oo entrance. &4 %he go!ernment once trie to ta, people accor ing to the si?e of their houses. %hey put a ta, on 'in o's. &* I ha hear that the ca!es 'ere angerous. I i n't like to go any further 'ithout a light. &+ 8he 'ore e,tremely fashionable clothes. 8he 'as surroun e by photographers an pressmen. 8he s'ept up to the microphone.

2isrelated participles
PEG "04 > participle is consi ere to belong to the noun or pronoun that imme iately prece es it C'hich usually/ but not necessarily/ is the sub<ect of the main !erbD. %he boy/ #lim$ing the tree to get bir s' eggs/ ha a ba fall. If there is no nounIpronoun in this position the participle is consi ere to belong to the sub<ect of the follo'ing main !erbG 7lim$ing the tree to get bir s' eggs/ the boy ha a ba fall. 8ometimes this principle is isregar e an confusion resultsG Flimbing o'n the tree/ one of the eggs bro!e. %his 'or or er makes it appear that the egg 'as climbing/ 'hich is nonsense. > participle linke in this 'ay to the 'rong nounIpronoun is sai to be 'misrelate '. %he sentence shoul be re'rittenG 7lim$ing down the tree he $roke one of the eggs or &s he was #lim$ing down the tree one of the eggs $roke. @ther e,amples of this type of error are gi!en belo'. Forrect the sentences. 8ometimes only a change of or er is re6uire . 1 " & 4 * + . 0 3 14 11 1" 1& 14 #hen lea!ing a car in this car park the brakes must be left off. #a ing across the ri!er/ the current s'ept me off my feet. #hen filling a tank 'ith petrol nake lights shoul be e,tinguishe . Eunning into the room/ a rug caught her foot an she fell. Eea ing the letter a secon time/ the meaning becomes clearer. #hen carrying a gun it shoul ne!er be pointe at anyone. #hen planting these flo'ers care must be taken not to amage the roots. Ei ing in his first race/ his horse fell at the last <ump. #hen paying by che6ue/ a bank car shoul be sho'n. Nno'ing me to be the fool of the family/ the ne's that I ha 'on a scholarship astonishe him. 7elie!ing that his last hour ha come/ his han s began to tremble. Passing un er a la er/ a pot of paint fell on my hea . Eea ing in be / my han s often get !ery col . )ea!ing the cinema/ it seeme to him that the film ha been e,ceptionally ba .

3+
1* 1+ 1. 10 13 "4 "1 "" "& "4 "* "+ ". "0 "3 &4 3) &" && &4 &* 7arking furiously/ I le the og out of the room. (a!ing pai my ta,es/ the amount left in the bank is har ly 'orth mentioning. #riting my name in the hotel register/ a familiar !oice attracte my attention. %ie to a post/ the sea 'as tossing the boat up an o'n. Misun erstan ing the 6uestion/ the 'rong ans'er 'as sent in. 8hining in the sky/ 'e sa' the first star. #hen ri!ing carelessly it is easy to ha!e an acci ent. Pinne to the oor by a knife/ the man sa' a notice. #ritten in large letters they rea the 'or s 'Ao Entry'. #hile cleaning his gun it 'ent off une,pecte ly. #on ering 'here to go. an a !ertisement caught my eye. Eushing out of Che house/ a lorry knocke me o!er. 8itting by the fire/ it all comes back to me. =lailing from such a height/ 'e thought he 'oul ne!er sur!i!e. #hen changing a fuse the electricity shoul first be s'itche off. %o'e behin the car/ I sa' a trailer 'ith a boat on it. #hile sitting at the foot of a cliff a stone fell on him. 1ri!ing to 'ork/ the traffic <ams infuriate him. 1roppe by parachute/ the country seeme entirely unfamiliar. 8itting in the entist's chair/ an i ea su enly occurre to me. #eakene by his last illness/ I felt sure that another 'inter in this country 'oul kill him. &+ Getting out of be / a scorpion bit him.

assive Active to passive

!" 1$,*. Put the follo'ing into the passi!e !oice. %he agent shoul not be mentione e,cept in numbers II an "0. 1 5ou shoul open the 'ine about three hours before you use it. " Pre!ious climbers ha cut steps in the ice. & 8omebo y ha cleane my shoes an brushe my suit. 4 #e use this room only on special occasions. * 5ou must not hammer nails into the 'alls 'ithout permission. + In some istricts farmers use pigs to fin truffles. . 8omeone s'itche on a light an opene the oor. 0 8omebo y ha slashe the picture 'ith a knife. 3 %hey are pulling o'n the ol theatre. 14 #hy i n't they men the roof before it fell in2 11 %he mob broke all the shop 'in o's in recent riots. 1" %he librarian sai that they 'ere starting a ne' system because people 'ere not returning books. 1& %he police aske each of us about his mo!ements on the night of the crime. 14 8omeone 'ill ser!e refreshments. 1* People must not lea!e bicycles in the hall. 1+ Members may keep books for three 'eeks. >fter that they must return them.

3.
1. %he burglars ha cut an enormous hole in the steel oor. 10 I'!e bought a harp. %hey are eli!ering it this afternoon. (,o not #hange the first senten#e.) 13 8omeone has alrea y tol him to report for uty at si,. "4 %hey rang the church bells as a floo 'arning. "1 Ao one can o anything unless someone gi!es us more information. "" People are spen ing far more money on foo no' than they spent ten years ago. "& %he organi?ers 'ill e,hibit the paintings till the en of the month. "4 %hey 'ill say nothing more about the matter if someone returns the stolen gun. "* It is high time someone tol him to stop beha!ing like a chil . "+ > thief stole my og an brought him back only 'hen I offere :"4 re'ar for him. ". %he <u ge ga!e him t'o 'eeks in 'hich to pay the fine. "0 %hey make these artificial flo'ers of silk.

Active to passive
PEG &4"-+ Put the follo'ing into the passi!e/ mentioning the agent 'here necessary. #here there is an in irect an a irect ob<ect/ make the in irect ob<ect the sub<ect of the passi!e !erb. %hey ga!e her a clock. 5he was gi*en a #lo#k. %he gerun after certain !erbs is replace in the passi!e by should be H past participleG %hey a !ise employing part-time 'orkers. (hey ad*ised that part9time workers should $e employed. 1 %hey fee the seals at the ?oo t'ice a ay. " #ho 'rote it2 & Fompare clothes 'hich 'e ha!e 'ashe 'ith clothes 'hich any other laun ry has 'ashe . 4 (e e,pecte us to offer him the <ob. * %hey sho'e her the easiest 'ay to o it. + )ightning struck the ol oak. . %itian coul n't ha!e painte it as people i n't 'ear that style of ress till after his eath. 0 > <ellyfish stung her. 3 %he author has 'ritten a special e ition for chil ren. 14 ;u ges use to carry s'eet herbs as a protection against <ail-fe!er. 11 #hat i he 'rite it 'ith2 $ (e 'rote it 'ith a matchstick ippe in bloo . 1" >n uneasy silence succee e the shot. 1& 1i the i ea interest you2 14 %he la'yer ga!e him the etails of his uncle's 'ill. 1* 7ea!ers make these ams. 1+ %hey use to start these engines by han . Ao' they start them by electricity. 1. Most people oppose this. 10 8tu ents are oing a lot of the 'ork. 13 %he Prime Minister 'as to ha!e opene the ry ock.

30
"4 %hey recommen e opening ne' factories in the epresse area. ()se shoul .D "1 %he closure of the 'orkshops 'ill make a lot of men re un ant. "" >nyone 'ith the smallest intelligence coul un erstan these instructions. "& #e 'ill not a mit chil ren un er si,teen. "4 7oys of si,teen to eighteen are to man this training ship. "* > rainstorm floo e the gypsies' camp. "+ %he ho'ling of 'ol!es kept him a'ake all night. ". %hey suggeste making the tests easier. ()se shoul .D "0 Fhil ren coul n't ha!e one all this amage.

assive to active
PEG &4"-+ %urn the follo'ing sentences into the acti!e !oice. #here no agent is mentione one must be supplie . 8chool noticeG %his oor must be kept shut. 5tudents must keep this door shut. 1 #hy on't you ha!e your eyes teste 2 C... get an optician to . . . 5ee 119.) " %his spee limit is to be intro uce gra ually. & %he run'ays are being lengthene at all the main airports. 4 It is no' + a.m. an at most of the hospitals in the country patients are being 'akene 'ith cups of tea. * 7yron is sai to ha!e li!e on !inegar an potatoes. + 7y tra ition/ any sturgeon that are caught by 7ritish ships must be offere to the Bueen. . %his notice has been altere . 0 %he o'ners 'ent a'ay last March an since then their houseboat has been use continuously by s6uatters. ()se a #ontinuous tense and omit continuously.D 3 %he amage ship 'as being to'e into harbour 'hen the to'line broke. 14 (a!e a lift put in an then you 'on't ha!e to climb up all these stairs. 11 )ast year a profit of t'o million poun s 'as ma e in the first si, months but this 'as cancelle by a loss of se!enteen million poun s 'hich 'as ma e in the secon si, months. 1" E!ening ress 'ill be 'orn. 1& %he ship 'as put into 6uarantine an passengers an cre' 'ere forbi en to lan . 14 8omeone 'ill ha!e to be foun to take her place. 1* (e 'as ma e to surren er his passport. 1+ %his rumour must ha!e been starte by our opponents. 1. My paintings are to be e,hibite for the first time by Ae' >rts Gallery. 10 %his scientific theory has no' been pro!e to be false. 13 %he car 'hich 'as blo'n o!er the cliff yester ay is to be sal!age to ay. "4 %he house 'here the ea man 'as foun is being guar e by the police to pre!ent it from being entere an the e!i ence interfere 'ith. "1 #hy 'asn't the car either locke or put into the garage2 "" It is being sai that too little money is being spent by the go!ernment on roa s. "& 5our money coul be put to goo use instea of being left i le in the bank. "4 =or a long time the earth 'as belie!e to be flat.

33
"* %his copy hasn't been rea . %he pages ha!en't been cut. "+ %he stones 'ere thro'n by a stu ent/ 'ho 'as after'ar s le a'ay by the police. ". Farrier pigeons are sai to ha!e been use by early Egyptian an Greek sailors. "0 %he referee 'as being escorte from the football fiel by a strong police guar .

0ndirect speech
0ndirect speech: statements
PEG &4.-0/&1& 1 8tu ents are aske to assume that these sentences are spoken an reporte on ifferent ays. %his 'ill mean that a sentence such asG (e sai / 1 am coming tomorrow," 'ill becomeG (e sai that he 'as coming the ne/t day, an so on. %his applies to all the e,ercises on in irect speech in this book. " #ith in irect speech/ 'hen the person a resse is mentione / tell is more usual than say to as an intro uctory !erb. =or e,ampleG -e told me that he 'as going a'ay the ne,t ay is more usual than -e said to me that he 'as going a'ay the ne,t ay. Put the follo'ing into in irect speech. 1 1 ha!e something to sho' you/' I sai to her. " 'Aothing gro's in my gar en. It ne!er gets any sun/' she sai . & I'm going a'ay tomorro'/ mother/' he sai . 4 I'!e been in )on on for a month but so far I ha!en't ha time to !isit the %o'er/' sai Eupert. * It isn't so foggy to ay as it 'as yester ay/' I remarke . + '%he ne' un erpass is being officially opene the ay after tomorro'/ 'sai the 77F announcer. . '#e ha!e mo!e into our ne' flat. #e on't like it nearly so much as our last one/' sai my aunt. 0 '#e ha!e a lift but !ery often it oesn't 'ork/' they sai . 3 '=rom one of the 'in o's of my flat I can see the Eiffel %o'er/' he sai . 14 I'!e no i ea 'hat the time is but I'll ial 0401 an fin out/' sai his aughter. 11 (e sai / 'My 'ife has <ust been ma e a <u ge.' 1" I'll come 'ith you as soon as I am rea y/' she replie . 1& I ha!e a German lesson this afternoon an I ha!en't one my home'ork yet/' sai the small boy. 14 If you let the iron get too hot you 'ill scorch your clothes/' I 'arne her. 1* '5ou ha!en't gi!en me 6uite enough. %he bill is for :14 an you'!e pai me only :1&/' he pointe out. 1+ >nn sai / 'Englishmen make goo husban s because they are nearly al'ays 'illing to help in the house.' 1. Mary ans'ere / I like men to be useful but I on't like them to be too omesticate . I prefer them to keep out of the kitchen altogether. Men look silly in aprons any'ay.' 10 Motoring reportG %he ne' Eolls Eoyce runs so 6uietly that all you can hear is the ticking of the clock. Managing irector of the Eolls Eoyce companyG In that case 'e'll ha!e to o

144
something about the clock. 13 1 on't kno' 'hat to o 'ith all my plums. I suppose I'll ha!e to make <am. %he trouble is that none of us eats <am/' she sai . "4 '#e like 'orking on 8un ays because 'e get ouble pay/' e,plaine the buil ers. "1 (e sai / I am 6uite a goo cook an I o all my o'n 'ashing an men ing too.' "" '5ou can keep that one if you like/ ;oan/' he sai . I'!e got plenty of others.' "& I'm going fishing 'ith mother this afternoon/' sai the small boy/ 'an 'e are going into the gar en no' to ig for 'orms.' COmit now5( "4 '5ou'!e got my umbrella/' I sai crossly. '5ours is in your be room.' "* I kno' e,actly 'hat they sai /' the pri!ate etecti!e e,plaine to his client/ 'because I bugge their phone.' "+ I'll sit up till she comes in/ but I hope she 'on't be late/' he sai . ". If you gi!e me some 'ire/ I'll hang that picture for you/' sai my cousin. "0 I ha!e a %urkish bath occasionally/ but it oesn't seem to make any ifference to my 'eight./' she sai . "3 %his is 6uite a goo mo el/ ma am. I use one of these myself/' sai the salesman. &4 'My ne' house is suppose to be haunte / but so far I ha!en't seen any ghosts/' she sai . &1 %he a !ertisement sai / If you ans'er the 6uestions correctly you may 'in :144.' &" If I press my ear against the 'all/ I can hear 'hat the people in the ne,t flat are saying/' he sai .

0ndirect speech: statements

PEG &43-14 8ome tensesIforms o not change 'hen irect speech becomes in irectG 'I 'ish my chil ren 'oul eat !egetables/' she sai . he (said she) wished her !hildren would eat ve"etables. Put the follo'ing into in irect speech/ being careful to a!oi ambiguityG 1 I coul n't get into the house because I ha lost my key/ so I ha to break a 'in o'/' he sai . " '%he mirror is there so that you can see yourself 'hen you are ancing/' the instructress tol him. & I 'rote to him the ay before yester ay. I 'on er 'hy he hasn't rung up/' she sai . 4 If the groun is ry on the ay of the race/ my horse might 'in/' sai the o'ner. * '5ou' better slo' o'n. %here's a spee limit here/' she sai to me. ()se a !ise.D + If %om 'ants seats/ he' better apply early/' she sai . . '#e 'alke *4 miles last night to see the Minister an protest about our rents being raise . (e 'as !ery polite an promise to o 'hat he coul for us/' sai one of the tenants. 0 '%hey shoul put traffic lights here/ other'ise there'11 be more acci ents/' she sai . 3 It's time 'e began training for our ne,t match/' the coach sai to them. 14 If you lea!e home at si,/ you shoul be here by nine/' he sai to me. 11 If it rains this afternoon it 'ill be too 'et to play the match tomorro'/' the captain sai . 1" I meant to plug in the electric blanket but I plugge in the electric kettle by mistake. I'm al'ays oing silly things like that/' she tol her guest.

141
1& I 'as inten ing to o it tomorro'/' he sai / 'but no' I on't think I'll be able to.' 14 '7ill shoul o !ery 'ell at the uni!ersity/ Mrs 8mith/' sai the hea master. '(e's one !ery 'ell here.' 1* I on't think your father likes me/' sai the young 'ife. '5ou mustn't think that/' sai her husban ; 'it is <ust that he is ol an fin s it har to get use to ne' people.' (4ea*e mustn't un#hanged. ) 1+ '%he steak is o!er one again. I'm not complaining; I'm <ust pointing it out/' sai her husban . 'I 'ish you' stop pointing things out/' sai his 'ife. 1. '%hey coul n't open the safe on the spot so they carrie it a'ay 'ith them/' the night 'atchman reporte . 10 If you sa' my father/ you' recogni?e him at once. (e is the most e,traor inarylooking man/' she sai to me. 13 I foun an ol Eoman coin in the gar en yester ay/' he sai / 'an I'm going to take it to the museum this afternoon.' "4 (e sai / I got out of my boat/ lea!ing the engine running/ but 'hile I 'as stan ing on the 6uay the gears su enly engage themsel!es an the boat 'ent straight out of the harbour 'ith no one on boar .' "1 %hen Macbeth enters an says/ I ha!e one the ee .' "" '#oul you like me to go 'ith you2' I sai . I' rather go alone/' he ans'ere . "& My brother sai / '5ou may take my car if you like. I shan't be nee ing it tomorro' or the ay after. ' "4 '5ester ay %om an I 'ent to look at a house that he 'as thinking of buying. It 'as rather a nice house an ha a lo!ely gar en but %om eci e against it because it 'as opposite a cemetery/' sai Felia. "* (e sai / 'My 'ife 'ants to take a <ob but I' rather she concentrate on our home.' "+ I on't kno' 'hat your father 'ill say 'hen he sees 'hat a mess your puppies ha!e ma e of this fi!e-poun note/' sai my mother. ". It's high time you passe your test; I'm tire of ri!ing roun 'ith an )-plate on the front of the car/' my sister sai . "0 I 'ish you' seen it/' I sai to her.

0ndirect speech: 6uestions

PEG &1. Put the follo'ing into in irect speech. %he first ten 6uestions re6uire no change of or erG (e sai / '#hat is happening2' -e asked what was happening. 1 '#hat happene to Mr 7u 2' sai one of the men. " '#hich of his sons inherite his estate2' aske another. & '#ho is going to li!e in the big house2' en6uire a thir . 4 '#hat 'ill happen to his racehorses2' aske someone else. * '#hich team has 'on2' aske >nn. + '#hich team 'on the pre!ious match2' sai 7ill.

14"
. '#ho is playing ne,t 'eek2' he aske . 0 '#ho 'ill be umpiring that match2' aske %om. 3 '#ho 'ants a lift home2' sai >nn. 14 '#ho has <ust roppe a :14 note2' I aske . 11 '#here is the ticket office2' aske Mrs ;ones. 1" '#hat shall I o 'ith my hea!y luggage2' she sai . ()se shoul .D 1& '#hat platform oes the train lea!e from2' aske 7ill. 14 '#hen oes it arri!e in 5ork2' he aske . 1* '#hen 'as the timetable change 2' I aske . 1+ '#hy has the ".&4 train been cancelle 2' sai >nn. 1. '(o' much oes a ay return to 7ath cost2' Mrs ;ones aske . 10 '#hy oes the price go up so often2' she 'on ere . 13 '(o' can I get from the station to the airport2' sai 7ill. "4 '#hen are you coming back2' I aske them. "1 Is a return ticket cheaper than t'o singles2' sai my aunt. "" '1o puppies tra!el free2' aske a og o'ner. "& 'Fan I bring my og into the compartment 'ith me2' she aske . "4 '1oes this train stop at 5ork2' aske 7ill. "* 'Fan you telephone from inter-city trains2' sai the businessman. "+ '1oes the ".44 ha!e a restaurant car2' he en6uire . ". 'Fan you get coffee on the train2' aske my aunt. "0 '1o they bring it roun on a trolley2' she sai . "3 '>re there smoking compartments2' sai the man 'ith the pipe. &4 '(a!e you reser!e a seat2' I aske him. E,tra e,erciseG rea the last t'enty 6uestions/ using one of the follo'ing prefacesG I %onder/I'd li!e to !no%/-o you !no%+/.ave you any idea+//an you tell me+ ## '#o you $now where the ti!$et o%%i!e is?' #, 7I wonder what I should do with my heavy lu""a"e.'

0ndirect speech: 6uestions !" 1#8

> ne' stu ent/ Paul/ has come to the college an the other stu ents are asking him 6uestions. Imagine that he reports these 6uestions later to an English frien G I %ill asked what #ountry I #ame from. 1 '#hat country o you come from2' sai 7ill. " '(o' long ha!e you been here2' sai >nn. & '>re you 'orking as 'ell as stu ying2' aske Peter. 4 '(a!e you got a 'ork permit2' 7ill 'ante to kno'. * '#hat are you going to stu y2' aske >nn. + '(a!e you enrolle for more than one class2' sai Peter. . '1o you 'ant to buy any secon -han books2' sai 7ill. 0 '(a!e you seen the library2' aske >nn. 3 '1o you play rugby2' sai Peter. 14 '#ill you ha!e time to play regularly2' he 'ent on. 11 '1i you play for your school team2' sai 7ill. 1" '>re you intereste in acting2' aske >nn.

14&
1& '#oul you like to <oin our 1rama Group2' she sai . 14 '#hat o you think of the canteen coffee2' aske Peter. Mary an %om/ 'ith their son/ ;ohn/ age II/ ha!e recently come to this area. Mary 'ants to fin a school for ;ohn an asks her neighbour Mrs 8mith about the local school. CaD )ater/ Mrs 8mith reports these 6uestions to her husban G 'Is it a mi,e school2' 5he asked if it was a mi/ed s#hool. CbD >lternati!ely/ supply suitable ans'ers to Mary's 6uestions an then imagine that Mary reports the con!ersation Cher 6uestions an Mrs 8mith's ans'ersD to her husban %omG &+ '#ere your boys happy there2' $ '5es/ they 'ere.' I as$ed i% her boys had been happy there and she said that they had. 1* '(o' long has it been a mi,e school2' 1+ '1o you like the hea master2' 1. Is he a scientist or an arts gra uate2' 10 '(o' many chil ren are there in the school2' 13 '(o' big are the classes2' "4 '>re the classes streame 2' "1 '#hat is the aca emic stan ar like2' "" 'Fan parents !isit the school at any time2' "& Is there a goo art epartment2' "4 '1o they teach music2' "* '#hat instruments can the chil ren learn2' "+ Is there a school orchestra2' ". '1o they act plays2' "0 '#hat sort of plays ha!e they one2' "3 '#hat games o they play2' &4 '>re the playing fiel s near the school2' &1 '>re they taught to s'im2' &" 'Fan the chil ren get inner at school2' && Is the foo goo 2' &4 Is there a Parent-%eacher >ssociation2' &* '(o' often oes it meet2' &+ '#ere your o'n boys happy at the school2'

0ndirect speech: 6uestions

PEG &1. Put the follo'ing into in irect speech. 1 '#hy are you looking through the keyhole2' I sai . " '#ho put salt in my coffee2' he aske . & '#hich of you kno's ho' to make Irish ste'2' sai the chief cook.

144
4 '#hy i you tra!el first class2' I aske him. * '(o' can I run in high-heele shoes2' she en6uire . + '#hat is your ne' house like2' I aske them. . (e sai / '#here am I suppose to go no'2' (Omit no'.D 0 '#hose car i you borro' last night2' I sai to him. 3 '#hat 'as she 'earing 'hen you sa' her last2' the policeman aske me. 14 '#ho o'ns this re!ol!er2' sai the etecti!e. 11 '#here 'ere you last night/ Mr ;ones2' he sai . 1" '#hat else i you see2' I aske the boy. 1& '(a!e you one this sort of 'ork before2' sai his ne' employer. 14 'Fan you rea the last line on the chart2' the oculist aske her. 1* '1i they un erstan 'hat you sai to them2' he aske me. 1+ '>re you being atten e to/ sir2' sai the shop assistant. 1. '#ill you go on strike 'hen the others o2' the shop ste'ar aske him. 10 '1o you see 'hat I see/ Mary2' sai the young man. 13 '#ho left the banana skin on the front oorstep2' sai my mother. "4 '(a!e you gone completely ma 2' I aske . '1o you 'ant to blo' us all up2' "1 '#hy is your house so full of anti6ues2' she aske . '#as your father a collector2' "" '>re you lea!ing to ay or tomorro' morning2' sai his secretary. "& '(o' far is it2' I sai / 'an ho' long 'ill it take me to get there2' "4 'Foul I speak to Mrs Pitt2' sai the caller. I'm afrai she's out/' sai the au pair girl. 'Foul I take a message2' "* '>re you sorry for 'hat you i 2' the mother aske the little boy. "+ '>re you going to see him off at the station2' I aske her. ". '#oul you min if I looke insi e your bag/ Ma am2' sai the policeman. "0 If someone fell at your feet foaming at the mouth 'oul you kno' 'hat to o2' sai the instructor in =irst >i . "3 '#hy o you think it may be angerous2' he aske her. &4 '1o you kno' that the shoes you are 'earing aren't a pair2' I aske him.

0ndirect speech: commands, re6uests, advice expressed by object & infinitive

PEG &"4 In irect comman s/ re6uests/ etc. are normally e,presse by tell/ order/ as!/ be / advise/ remind/ %arn/ etc./ 'ith the person a resse an the infiniti!e. Fhange the follo'ing irect comman s into in irect comman s using this construction. Eemember that the person a resse is often not mentione in a irect comman G (e sai / 'Go a'ay'/ but must be mentione in an in irect comman G -e told me C (om us them, et#. ) to go away. 1 '8'itch off the %K/' he sai to her. " '8hut the oor/ %om/' she sai . & ')en me your pen for a moment/' I sai to Mary. 4 '1on't 'atch late-night horror mo!ies/' I 'arne them. * '1on't belie!e e!erything you hear/' he 'arne me. + 'Please fill up this form/' the secretary sai . . '1on't hurry/' I sai .

14*
0 '1on't touch that s'itch/ Mary/' I sai . 3 '@pen the safe9' the rai ers or ere the bank clerk. 14 'Please o as I say/' he begge me. 11 '(elp your mother/ Peter/' Mr Pitt sai . 1" '1on't make too much noise/ chil ren/' he sai . 1& '1o 'hate!er you like/' she sai to us. 14 '1on't miss your train/' she 'arne them. 1* 'Eea it before you sign it/' he sai to his client. 1+ '1o sing it again/' he sai . 1. '1on't put your han s near the bars/' the ?oo keeper 'arne us. 10 '7uy a ne' car/' I a !ise him. 13 '1on't ri!e too fast/' she begge him. "4 '1on't lean your bicycles against my 'in o's/ boys/' sai the shopkeeper. "1 'Fome to the cinema 'ith me/' he aske her. "" 'Fook it in butter/' I a !ise her. "& '1on't touch the gates/ ma am/' sai the lift operator. "4 '1on't argue 'ith me/' the teacher sai to the boy. "* 'Pull as har as you can/' he sai to him. "+ '8en for the =ire 7riga e/' the manager sai to the porter. ". '1on't len her anything/' he a !ise us. "0 'Make a list of 'hat you 'ant/' she tol us. "3 ')ook at the paper/' he sai to her. &4 '8tan clear of the oors/' a !oice 'arne the people on the platform. &1 '8ee if you can fin any mushrooms/ chil ren/' she sai . &" '1on't go alone/' I 'arne her. && 'Pay at the cash esk/ 'the shop assistant sai to the customer. &4 %he notice sai / ')ea!e this space clear.' &* 'Eemember to 'rite to your mother/ 'I sai to them. &+ '%hink 'ell before you ans'er/' the etecti!e 'arne her.

!" 1,$ 8ee note to 34. Put the follo'ing into in irect speech. In most cases the person a resse must be supplie . 1 (e sai / 'Get out of my 'ay.' " 'Flimb in through the 'in o'/' he or ere . & 'Please pay at the esk/' sai the assistant. 4 '@pen your bag/ please/' sai the store etecti!e. * '1on't 'orry about anything/ Mrs Pitt/' sai her solicitor. ')ea!e it all to me.' + '1on't use bent coins in a slot machine/' I 'arne him. . '=ollo' that car/' the etecti!e sai to the ta,i- ri!er.

0ndirect speech: commands, re6uests, advice

14+
0 3 14 11 1" 1& 14 1* 1+ 1. 10 13 "4 "1 "" "& "4 "* "+ ". "0 '#ash it in luke'arm 'ater/' recommen e the assistant. '(a!e confi ence in me/' urge the octor. '%ake me up to the &&r floor/' he sai to the liftman. 'Eea the notice about life-sa!ing e6uipment/' a !ise the air-hostess. '>l'ays cook 'ith butter/' sai her mother/ 'ne!er use margarine.' '1on't argue 'ith your father/' I sai . 'Eemember to prune the roses/' sai my aunt. '#ait for me at the bri ge/' sai the young man. '1on't eat too much starch/' I a !ise her/ 'an a!oi frie foo .' '1on't say anything to make her angry/' sai my father. AoticeG Please o not ask at the esk for change for telephone calls. '1on't forget to fee the gol fish/' Mary sai to her brother. 'Fross the line by the footbri ge/' sai the porter. '#rite to me as often as you can/' sai his 'ife. 'Put your pistol on the table/' sai the crook. 'Please book me a seat in a non-smoker/' sai the tra!eller. '1on't forget your san 'iches/' sai his mother. '1on't go near the 'ater/ chil ren/' she sai . '8earch the house/' sai the police sergeant. '1on't make mountains out of molehills/' he sai . 'Put o'n that gun. It's loa e /' she 'arne .

0ndirect speech: commands, re6uests, advice

PEG &"4 8ee note to 34. Put the follo'ing into in irect speech/ <oining the sentences together 'ith as/ and, but or $or. 1 'Make goo use of your time. 5ou 'on't get such an opportunity again/' he sai to us. " '1on't 'ait till tomorro'/' sai the a !ertisement/ 'post the coupon at once.' & '7e !ery careful crossing roa s/' she sai / 'an remember to ri!e on the right.' 4 1 can't open it. 5ou ha!e a try/ Peter/' he sai . * 'Go an get me a paper/ an come straight back/' he sai to me. + '8omeone's coming. Get into the cupboar /' she sai . . 'Gi!e 'ay to traffic approaching from your right/' the roa sign 'arne us. 0 'Please/ please sen 'hate!er you can spare/' sai the secretary of the isaster fun . 3 '#ear a 'ig if you on't 'ant to be recogni?e /' I a !ise him. 14 '1on't bathe 'hen the re flag is flying/' sai the lifeguar . 11 '1on't forget to thank Mrs ;ones 'hen you are saying goo bye to her/' sai his mother. 1" '#atch the milk an on't let it boil o!er/' he sai . 1& '1on't shelter un er a tree in a thun erstorm/' he sai . %he tree might be struck by lightning.' 14 'Put the message into a bottle an thro' it into the sea/' he sai . 1* 'Eea it for yourself if you on't belie!e 'hat I say/' he tol me. 1+ '1on't forget to use your in icators/' sai the ri!ing instructor. 1. '1on't ri!e too fast or the baby 11 be sick/' she sai to her husban . 10 '1o make the coffee a bit stronger/' I begge . It 'as terribly 'eak last night.'

14.
13 '7e'are of pickpockets/' sai a huge notice. "4 '8mell this. 1o you think it has gone ba 2' she sai . "1 '1on't take your coat off. #e are going out again in a moment/ she tol him. "" '8tan by the 'in o' an tell me if anyone goes into the house opposite/' he sai . "& '1on't mo!e till the policeman 'a!es you on/' sai the ri!ing instructor. "4 '1on't touch it. 5ou 'ill only make it 'orse/ 'he tol me. "* '7e careful; the steps are !ery slippery/' I 'arne him. "+ '>sk your boss to ring me back/' I sai . 'My number is 1"&4*+..' 'Foul you repeat that/ please2' sai the girl. ". '1on't 'ork too fast/' sai the foreman. If 'e finish before si, 'e shan't get any o!ertime.' "0 'Prepare to meet your oom. %he en of the 'orl is at han /' sai the placar . "3 'Eemember to put the brake on/' the instructor sai . &4 '#oul you please take off your shoes2' Neiko sai to him.

0ndirect speech: commands, re6uests, invitations, offers, advice

PEG "04-./ &10-"4 Put the follo'ing into in irect speech using as!, advise, invite, o$$er, remind, tell, %arn. 1 '#oul you like to ha!e lunch 'ith me on 8un ay2' he sai to me. " '#oul you like a cigarette2' sai one of the guests. & '#oul you min not smoking bet'een courses2' sai their hostess. 4 %ake these letters to the post/ 'ill you2 >n shut the oor as you out/' sai the boss. * '#ill you help me/ please2' she sai . 1 can't reach the top shelf.' + '%his is a horrible room. #hy on't you ask for something better2' he sai . . If I 'ere you I' try to get a room on the top floor/' he sai . 0 I'll 'ait for you if you like/' she sai . 3 'Eemember to s'itch off 'hen you'!e finishe /' he sai . 14 '5ou might check these figures for me/' he sai . 11 '5ou' better apologi?e for being late/' sai my mother. 1" 'Foul you check the oil/ please2' I aske the mechanic. 1& 1 'ish you' sit still9' sai the artist. '(o' o you e,pect me to paint you 'hen you keep <erking your hea 2' 14 '#hy on't you go by train2 It's much less tiring than ri!ing/' I sai . 1* (otel noticeG-#ill guests please not play ra ios lou ly after mi night2 1+ '#oul you like to 'ait here2' sai the receptionist/ sho'ing me into the 'aiting room. 1. '5ou must see this e,hibition9' sai all my frien s. 10 1 shoul plant affo ils/ if I 'ere you/' I sai to them. 13 If you' <ust sign the back of the che6ue/' sai the bank clerk. "4 I' be !ery grateful if you' for'ar my letters 'hile I am a'ay/' he sai . "1 Police announcementG #ill anyone 'ho sa' this acci ent please get in touch 'ith their nearest police station2 "" '1on't lea!e your room at night/' he sai . '@ur host's ogs might mistake you for a burglar.' "& '>ns'er this letter for me/ 'ill you2' he sai . '>n remember to keep a copy.' "4 '#oul you min mo!ing your car2' he sai . It's blocking my gate.' "* Cin a letterD 'Perhaps you' let me kno' 'hen your ne' stock comes in.' (:rs Bones...D

140
"+ Aotice on boar G %he first team 'ill report to the gymnasium for 'eight-training. ((he #oa#h...D ". 'Foul you se' on this button for me2' %om aske >nn. '5ou' better se' it on yourself/' sai Mary. '7uttons se'n on by >nn usually come off the ne,t ay.' "0 If you 'ill kin ly sit o'n the fortune-teller 'ill be 'ith you in a moment/' the girl sai .

0ndirect speech: 6uestions, re6uests, invitations, offers, advice

PEG "04-./ &10-"4/ &"& Eemember that &hy don't you+ can be an or inary 6uestion or a !iceIsuggestion. %reat it here as a !ice. Put the follo'ing into in irect speech. 1 'Foul you get there an back in one ay2' I aske . (I asked if he . . .) " 1 can't open this tin/' sai >nn. '8hall I o it for you2' sai %om. & 'Foul you translate this for me/ please2' I aske the official. 4 '8hall 'e e!er meet again2' he 'on ere . * '#ill you be here tomorro'2' she aske . '5es/' I ans'ere . + 'Foul I lose fi!e kilos in a 'eek2' sai the fat 'oman. 'Ao/' sai the octor. . '#ill you ha!e a rink2' he sai . 0 '#hy on't you install gas central heating2' sai the a !ertisement. (urge) 3 '#ill you rea this !ery carefully/ please2' he sai to me. 14 '8hall I tell him 'hat happene 2' she aske me. 11 '#oul n't you like to look ten years younger2' sai the hair resser. 1" I'm going to 7righton tomorro'/' sai >nn. '8o am I/' sai %om. '#oul you like a lift2' ((om said he was too and...D 1& 'Fan I ha!e a s'eet2' sai the small boy. 14 'Fan 'e stay up till the en of the programme2' sai the chil ren. 1* 'Foul I ha!e the 'eeken off2' he aske his boss. 1+ 'Foul I lea!e early on =ri ay2' he sai . 1. '#hy on't you like pop music2' the teenagers aske him. 10 '#hy on't you take up the oboe again2' sai my frien s/ (ad*ise) 13 '#here shall I hang my ne' picture2' he sai . '#oul it look 'ell o!er the mantelpiece2' "4 '#hat shall I o if the car 'on't start2' I sai . "1 '(a!e you got enough money2 8hall I len you some2' sai my frien . "" '#ill you be able to gui e me or shall I bring a map2' I aske . "& '5ou 'on't forget to shut the oor/ 'ill you2' she sai . (remind) "4 '#oul you like to see o!er the house2' I aske her. "* '#oul you like to peel the potatoes2' sai >nn/ han ing me a knife. "+ I'!e got t'o tickets. #oul you like to come 'ith me2' he sai . ". 'Fan you use a 'or processor2' he aske . 'Ao/' I sai . "0 '#oul you min li!ing by yourself for si, months2' they aske . "3 '#oul you min paying cash2' sai my lan la y 'hen I took out my che6ue-book. &4 '#hy on't you trust him2' I aske >nn. 1 ne!er trust left-han e men/' she ans'ere .

0ndirect speech: commands and 6uestions with if- clauses and time

143 clauses
PEG ""3/ &"4-1 Buestions 'ith if- clauses an time clauses shoul be reporte 'ith the if- clause or time clause last. '#henIIf I see him/ 'hat shall I say2' she aske . 5he asked what she should say when if she saw him. Fomman s can be reporte by tell H infiniti!e H i$0 clauseItime clause. 7ut sometimes Cas in nos. * an 14 belo'D this 'oul pro uce a rather clumsy sentence. It is then a !isable to use say/said that H i$- clauseItime clause H be/should H infiniti!eG 'If #hen you see him/ ask him to ring me/' she sai . 5he said that if when I saw him I was to ask him to ring her. %as to e,presses a efinite comman ; shoul implies a !ice. Put the follo'ing into in irect speech. 1 (e sai / '#hen you are at the butcher's remember to get a bone for the og.' " 8he sai / If you feel faint sit o'n an put your hea bet'een your knees.' & If I fin your purse 'hat shall I o 'ith it2' he sai . 'Neep it till you see me again/' I replie . 4 8he sai / If he arri!es before I get back gi!e him something to rink.' * If anyone rings up/' she sai / 'say that I'll be back shortly.' + '#hen you are ri!ing al'ays look in your ri!ing mirror before turning right/' sai my instructor. . ')ea!e the key un er the mat if you go out/' she sai . 0 If you think the room is col shut the 'in o's/' sai my aunt. 3 If you feel lonely any time ring me up/' he sai . 14 If she oesn't eat meat/ offer her an omelette/' he sai . 11 'Get the car off the roa on to the !erge if you ha!e a puncture. 1on't lea!e it on the roa /' sai my father. 1" If I am not back by this time tomorro'/ take this letter to the police/' he sai . 1& '#hen you see Mrs Pitt on't forget to thank her/' she sai to her husban . 14 '#hen the bell rings take the meat out of the o!en/' my sister sai . 1* If you are taken prisoner/' sai the officer/ 'gi!e your name/ rank an number but refuse to ans'er any other 6uestions.' 1+ '#hen you hear the fire alarm/ shut all 'in o's an go o'nstairs as 6uickly as possible/' sai the schoolmaster. 1. If the lift shoul stop bet'een t'o floors press the emergency button/' he sai . 10 '7efore you allo' anyone to use the %urkish bath remember to ask him if he has a 'eak heart/' sai the senior atten ant. 13 If the police stop me/ 'hat shall I say2' she aske . "4 '#hat shall I o if he refuses to let me in2' she sai . '#rite a note an push it un er the oor/' I sai . "1 '#hat 'ill happen if the strike continues2' he sai . "" If it goes on sno'ing/ ho''ll 'e get foo 2' 'on ere the house'i!es. "& '#hen the rain stops/ can 'e go out2' sai the chil ren. "4 '#hen you'!e complete one section/ go on to the ne,t/' the teacher sai . "* If you on't like the programme/ s'itch to another channel/' I sai I to her.

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"+ If I lose my tra!eller's che6ues/ 'ill the bank repay me2' I aske . ". If the noise gets 'orse/ you' better complain to the police/' he sai to me. "0 '>s soon as you fin a hotel/ ring me an gi!e me the a ress/' he sai .

0ndirect speech: suggestions

PEG "03 1/ &"" Part I #rite the follo'ing in in irect speech/ in or inary narrati!e form. >nn suggeste ha!ing a party on the ne,t 8atur ay. Mary agree an aske 'ho they shoul in!ite. Eeport '#hy on't 'e ... 2' as a suggestion an '#hy on't you . . .2' as suggestion or a !ice. Eeport '#hy not2' in no. 3 as agreed. 1 >nnG #hat about ha!ing a party on 8atur ay2 " MaryG 5es/ let's. #ho shall 'e in!ite2 & >nnG )et's not make a list. )et's <ust in!ite e!erybo y. 4 MaryG #e on't 'ant to o too much cooking/ so 'hat about making it a 'ine an cheese party2 * >nnG 8uppose 'e ask e!erybo y to bring a bottle2 + MaryG 8hall 'e hire glasses from our local 'ine shop2 #e ha!en't many left. . >nnG If it's 'arm/ ho' about ha!ing the party in the gar en2 0 MaryG #hy not ha!e a barbecue2 3 >nnG #hy not2 #e coul ask Paul to o the cooking. 14 MaryG )ast time 'e ha a barbecue the neighbours complaine about the noise. 8hall 'e ask e!eryone to speak in 'hispers2 11 >nnG 8uppose 'e go roun to the neighbours an apologi?e in a !ance this time2 1" MaryG #hy not in!ite the neighbours2 %hen the noise 'on't matter. 1& >nnG #hat a cle!er i ea9 8hall 'e start ringing e!eryone up tonight2 14 MaryG #hat about 'orking out ho' much it 'ill cost first2 Part 2 Put the follo'ing into in irect speech. 1* '#hat about a roun -the-'orl cruise2' suggeste Mrs 8mith. '#hat about renting a cara!an2 It's all 'e can affor /' sai her husban . 1+ '8uppose you complain/ >nn2' I sai . '%he boss is more likely to listen to you than to any of us.' 1. '5ou use to be a goo tennis player/' she remin e him. '#hy on't you take it up again2' 10 '8hall 'e talk there2 It's not far/' he sai . '5es/ let's/' I sai . 13 '#hat about <oining a 'ea!ing class2' >nn sai to me. '%here's one starting soon.' "4 ')et's organi?e a sponsore cycle race/' sai the chil ren. '#hat about a sponsore silence2' sai the teacher 'ith a grin. "1 '#here shall 'e meet2' I sai . '#hat about the hotel2' sai 7ill. "" '8uppose you ring him/ >nn/ an ask him 'hat he thinks of the i ea2' I sai . "& I'm oing most of the 'ork/' I pointe out. '#hat about gi!ing me a han 2' "4 ')et's lea!e the 'ashing-up till tomorro'/' he suggeste . I hate 'ashing up last thing at night.' "* '8uppose the chil ren go on an a !enture holi ay this summer2' suggeste the father. "+ '#hy on't you ask them 'hat they' like to o2' I sai .

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". '8hall 'e begin training for the ne,t )on on Marathon2' sai 7ill. 'I'!e no intention of running in marathons/' I sai . '#hy on't you ask Paul2' "0 '#hy on't you put an a !ertisement in the local paper2' they suggeste to me.

0ndirect speech: mixed types

PEG chapter &1 Cnote especially &"4D Put the follo'ing into in irect speech/ a!oi ing as far as possible the !erbs say/ as! an tell an choosing instea from the follo'ingG accept, accuse, admit, advise, a ree, apolo i,e, assure, be , call CLsummonD/ call CHnounIpronounHnounD/ complain, con ratulate, deny, exclaim, explain, ive, hope, insist, introduce, invite, o$$er, point out, promise, protest, re$use, remar!, remind, su est, than!, threaten, %arn, %ish. 1 (e sai / '1on't 'alk on the ice; it isn't safe.' " 'Miss 7ro'n/ this is Miss #hite. Miss #hite/ Miss 7ro'n/' he sai . & '(ere are the car keys. 5ou' better 'ait in the car/' he sai to her. 4 'Please/ please/ on't tell anyone/' she sai . I 'on't/ I promise/' I sai . * '#oul you like my torch2' I sai / hol ing it out. 'Ao/ thanks/' he sai . I ha!e one of my o'n.' 0Omit thanksD + %omG I'll pay. >nnG @h no/ you mustn't9 %omG I insist on paying9 . 'Fome in an look roun . %here's no obligation to buy/' sai the shopkeeper. 0 If you on't pay the ransom/ 'e'll kill the boy/' sai the ki nappers. 3 I 'on't ans'er any 6uestions/' sai the arreste man. 14 '(e e,pects a lot of 'ork for !ery little money/' complaine one of the typists. '5es/ he oes/' agree the other. 11 I 'ish it 'oul rain/' she sai . 1" '5ou presse the 'rong button/' sai the mechanic. '1on't o it again. 5ou might ha!e a nasty acci ent.' 1& '5our 'eight's gone up a lot9' I e,claime . 'I'm afrai it has/' she sai sa ly. 14 1 hope you'll ha!e a goo <ourney/' he sai . '1on't forget to sen a car 'hen you arri!e.' 1* '(urrah9 I'!e passe the first e,am9' he e,claime . 'Fongratulations9' I sai / 'an goo luck 'ith the secon .' 1+ '>ll right/ I'll 'ait a 'eek/' she sai . (Omit all rightD 1. 'Many happy returns of your birth ay9' 'e sai . '%hanks/' sai the boy. 10 '5our oor is the shabbiest in the street/ 'sai the neighbour. It is/' I sai . 13 'Figarette2''%hanks/' I sai . "4 I'll sell the %K set if you keep 6uarrelling about the programme/' sai their mother. 'Ao/ on't o that9 #e 'on't 6uarrel any more/' sai the chil ren. "1 I'll gi!e you :*44 to keep your mouth shut/' he sai to me.

11"
"" I'll 'ait for you/ I promise/' he sai to me. "& I'm sorry I'm late/' she sai . '%he bus broke o'n.' "4 '5ou'!e been leaking information to the Press9' sai his colleagues. 'Ao/ I ha!en't/' he sai . ')iar9' sai %om. "* I'll rop you from the team if you on't train har er/' sai the captain. "+ If the boys o anything cle!er/ you call them your sons/' complaine his 'ife. '7ut if they o anything stupi / you call them mine.' ". ')et's ha!e a rest/' sai %om. '5es/ let's/' sai >nn. "0 'Jgh9 %here's a slug in my lettuce. #aiter9' he crie .

0ndirect to direct speech

PEG &4.-"" Put the follo'ing into irect speech/ using ialogue formG %omG 6ould you like to #ome for a dri*e tomorrow, &nn' >nnG I"d lo*e to etc. Trip to Stratford 1 %om in!ite >nn to come for a ri!e the follo'ing ay. " >nn accepte 'ith pleasure an aske 'here he 'as thinking of going. & (e sai he' lea!e it to her. 4 8he suggeste 8tratfor . . . * a ing that she ha n't been there for ages. + %om agree an sai that they might go on the ri!er if it 'as a fine ay. . >nn 'on ere 'hat 'as on at the Eoyal 8hakespeare %heatre. 0 %om sai they' fin out 'hen they got there ... 3 a ing that it 'as usually possible to get seats on the ay of the play. 14 (e aske >nn if she coul be rea y by ten. 11 >nn sai 'ith regret that she coul n't as she ha to type a report first. 1" %om e,presse horror at the i ea of 'orking on 8atur ay . . . 1& an a !ise her to change her <ob. 14 8he tol him not to be ri iculous an e,plaine that . . . 1* she ha !olunteere to type the report in return for a free afternoon the follo'ing 'eek. 1+ 8he pointe out that she ha n't kno'n that he 'as going to ask her out. 1. %om sai he suppose it 'as all right but . . . 10 'arne her not to make a habit of !olunteering for 'eeken 'ork. 13 >nn promise not to. "4 %om sai gloomily that he suppose she' be busy all morning. "1 >nn assure him that she' be finishe by 11.44 an . . . "" offere to meet him at the bus stop at (y e Park Forner. "& %om sai that it 'asn't a !ery goo meeting place an that he' call for her. "4 >nn sai that that 'as !ery kin of him an that she' be 'aiting in the hall. .ill climb "* %om suggeste climbing to the top/ a ing that the !ie' from there 'as mar!ellous ... "+ but >nn sai that they' been climbing for three hours an that she 'as too tire to go

11&
any further. ". 8he suggeste that %om shoul go on up 'hile she 'ent o'n an 'aite there. "0 %om agree an han e her the car keys/ a !ising her to 'ait in the car. "3 (e promise to be as 6uick as he coul . &4 >nn sai that if he 'as too long there' be no lunch left/ for she' ha!e eaten it all.

urpose
0nfinitive used to express purpose
PEG &&4 Fombine each of the follo'ing pairs of sentences into one sentence using so asIin order 'here necessary. (e sent me to 8pain. (e 'ante me to learn 8panish. -e sent me to 5pain to learn 5panish. (e turne out the light. (e i n't 'ant to 'aste electricity. -e turned out the light so as not to waste ele#tri#ity. 1 I am buying paint. I 'ant to paint my hall oor. " (e tie a knot in. his han kerchief. (e hope that this 'oul remin him to meet the train. & (e opene the lions' cage. (e inten e to fee the lions. 4 (e left his rifle outsi e. (e i n't 'ant to frighten his 'ife. * (e has a bo,. (e plans to put his sa!ings in it. (Omit it.D + #e ha no cups but he ga!e us coconut shells. (e sai 'e coul rink out of them. (Omit them.D . (e rushe into the burning house. (e 'ante to sa!e the chil . 0 (e rea only for short perio s each ay. (e i n't 'ant to strain his eyes. 3 %hey got up !ery early. %hey 'ante to get to the top of the hill before sunrise. 14 (e rang the bell. (e 'ante to tell us that inner 'as rea y. 11 #e must keep our glo!es on. #e on't 'ant to get frost-bitten. 1" %he farmer put a scarecro' up in the fiel . (e 'ante to frighten I the bir s. 1& I took off my shoes. I i n't 'ant to make any noise. 14 7efore the carpenter came she co!ere the floor 'ith polythene sheeting. 8he 'ante to protect the carpet. 1* %he boys are collecting sticks. %hey inten to put them on the fire. (Omit them.D 1+ (e 'as playing !ery softly. (e i n't 'ant to isturb anyone. 1. I am sen ing him to the J8>. I 'ant him to stu y electronics there. 10 I sent him out of the room. I 'ante to iscuss his progress 'ith his hea master. 13 (e fi,e a metal la er to the 'all belo' his 'in o'. (e 'ante to be able to escape if there 'as a fire. "4 (e change his a ress constantly. (e 'ante to elu e the police. "1 %he police ha!e barrica e the main streets. %hey 'ant to pre!ent the emonstrators from marching through the to'n. "" %hey e!acuate e!erybo y from the anger ?one. %hey 'ante to re uce the risk. "& I am learning Greek. I 'ish to rea (omer. "4 (e sent his chil ren to his sister's house. (e 'ante them to 'atch the tele!ision programme.

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"* (e sent his chil ren to their aunt's house. (e 'ante to ha!e some peace. "+ %he to'n council has forbi en coal fires. %hey are trying to keep the air clean. ". %hey employe a etecti!e. %hey 'ante to learn 'hat I i in the e!enings. "0 I am sa!ing up. I 'ant to buy a helicopter. "3 (e coughe . (e 'ante to 'arn them that he 'as coming. &4 5ou shoul take your holi ays in ;une. In this 'ay you 'oul a!oi the rush. &1 I keep my hens in a fiel surroun e by 'ire netting. I 'ant to protect them against the fo,es. &" I am learning skiing at an in oor school. I 'ant to be able to ski 'hen I get to 8'it?erlan . && %he 'orkmen left re lights near the hole. %hey 'ante to 'arn motorists. &4 (e in!ente a 'ife an si, chil ren. 7y this trick he hope to a!oi paying income ta,. &* 8ome 'omen tint their hair 'hen it goes grey. %hey 'ant to look younger. &+ (e i n't tell her he 'as going up in the spacecraft. (e i n't 'ant to alarm her.

/lauses and phrases of purpose

PEG &&+-. > purpose clause intro uce by so that can sometimes be replace by prevent/avoid H gerun or allo%/enable/let/ma!e etc. H infiniti!e. %he t'o sentencesG (e rumple the be clothes. (e 'ante to make me think he ha slept in the be . coul be combine G He rumpled the bed!lothes so that I should&would thin$ he had slept etc( or to ma$e me thin$ he had slept etc( >n in case clause is useful 'hen 'e mention the possible future action 'e are taking precautions againstG 1on't let him play 'ith scissors. (e may cut himself. coul be e,presse G ,on"t let him play with s#issors in #ase he #uts himself. 8ometimes an in case clause can be replace by a negati!e purpose clause. 1 (e kille the men 'ho helpe him to bury the treasure. (e 'ante nobo y but himself to kno' 'here it 'as. " Put the cork back. 8omeone may knock the bottle o!er. & %he airfiel authorities ha!e put arc lights o!er the amage run'ay. %hey 'ant repair 'ork to continue ay an night. 4 %he girl packe the !ase in polyester foam. 8he i n't 'ant it to get broken in the post. * (e 'ore a false bear . (e i n't 'ant anyone to recogni?e him. + 8he built a high 'all roun her gar en. 8he i n't 'ant her fruit to be stolen. . %hey talke in 'hispers. %hey i n't 'ant me to o!erhear them. 0 5ou ought to take some serum 'ith you. 5ou may get bitten by a snake. 3 >eroplanes carry parachutes. %he cre' can escape in case of fire. 141 am insuring my life. I 'ant my chil ren to ha!e something to li!e on if I am kille . 11 Please shut the gate. I on't 'ant the co's to get out of the fiel . 1" (e telephone from a public call-bo,. (e i n't 'ant the call to be trace to his o'n

11*
a ress. 1& I am putting nets o!er my stra'berry plants. I on't 'ant the bir s to eat all the stra'berries. 14 #e keep a spa e in the house. %here may be a hea!y fall of sno' in the night. 1* #e put bars on the lo'er 'in o's. #e i n't 'ant anyone to climb in. 1+ 5ou shoul carry a <ack in your car. 5ou may ha!e a puncture. 1. #e built the roof 'ith a steep slope. #e 'ante the sno' to sli e off easily. 10 %he notices are 'ritten in se!eral languages. %he go!ernment 'ants e!eryone to un erstan them. 13 I put my a ress on my og's collar. I 'ant anyone 'ho fin s him to kno' 'here he comes from. "4 8he tie a bell roun her cat's neck. 8he 'ante the bir s to kno' 'hen he 'as approaching. "1 7ring your gun 'ith you. #e may be attacke . "" I ha!e put 'ire o!er my chimney-pots. I on't 'ant bir s to buil nests in them. "& #rite your name in the book. (e may forget 'ho lent it to him. "4 (e chaine up the lioness at night. (e i n't 'ant her to frighten anyone. "* 1on't put on any more coal. %he chimney may catch fire. "+ %he burglar cut the telephone 'ires. (e i n't 'ant me to call the police. ". %ake a torch 'ith you. It may be ark before you get back. "0 %he manufacturers ha!e ma e the taps of their ne' gas cooker !ery stiff. %hey on't 'ant young chil ren to be able to turn them on. "3 1on't let the baby play 'ith my glasses. (e may break them. &4 %he ebate on e ucation has been postpone . %he go!ernment 'ant to iscuss the latest crisis. &1 If someone knocks at the oor at night on't open it. It may be the escape con!ict. &" %he policeman stoppe the traffic e!ery fe' minutes. (e 'ante the pe estrians to be able to cross the roa . && (e ha a telephone installe in his car. (e 'ante his secretary to be able to contact him 'hene!er necessary. &4 Ae!er let chil ren play 'ith matches. %hey may set themsel!es on fire. &* >s he 'ent through the forest 7ill marke the trees. (e 'ante the rest of the party to kno' 'hich 'ay he ha gone. &+ %urn o'n the o!en. #e on't 'ant the meat to burn 'hile 'e are out.