Lecture 1: Overview

Digital ICs in FORBES top 30 innovations in 30 years

1. Internet, broadband, www (browser and html) 2. PC/laptop computers 3. Mobile phones 4. E-mail 5. DNA testing and sequencing/human genome mapping 6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 7. Microprocessors 8. Fiber optics 9. Office software (spreadsheets, word processors) 10. Non-invasive laser/robotic surgery (laparoscopy) 11. Open-source software and services (e.g., Linux, Wikipedia) 12. Light-emitting diodes 13. Liquid crystal display (LCD) 14. GPS systems 15. Online shopping/e-commerce/auctions (e.g., eBay)
http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/19/innovation-internet-health-entrepreneurs-technology_wharton.html

Digital ICs in FORBES top 30 innovations in 30 years

16. Media file compression (jpeg, mpeg, mp3) 17. Microfinance 18. Photovoltaic solar energy 19. Large- scale wind turbines 20. Social networking via the Internet 21. Graphic user interface (GUI) 22. Digital photography/videography 23. RFID and applications (e.g., EZ Pass) 24. Genetically modified plants 25. Bio fuels 26. Bar codes and scanners 27. ATMs 28. Stents 29. SRAM flash memory 30. Anti-retroviral treatment for AIDS
http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/19/innovation-internet-health-entrepreneurs-technology_wharton.html

What is an IC (Integrated Circuit)?

Jack S. Kilby: Nobel Prize in Physics 2000

Physical View: IC is built up in layers

Passivation Metal 3 ILD: Inter layer dielectric Metal 2 ILD: Inter layer dielectric Metal 1 ILD: Inter layer dielectric Xtor gate High-k Gate oxide Silicon base Transistor (Xtor) Other active devices

Patterning of each layer and inter layer connection

Geometric patterns for each layer

Metal pad to connect to outside world

vv v
Passivation Metal 3 ILD: Inter layer dielectric Metal 2 ILD: Inter layer dielectric Metal 1 ILD: Inter layer dielectric Xtor gate High-k Gate oxide Silicon base Via

Active devices: Transistors, Diodes, .

NMOS Gate (g) Drain (d) Source (s) PMOS

High-k Gate oxide

n+

n+

p+

p+

Silicon Substrate (P) Diode NWELL (n-doping) Can also make BJTs, standalone diodes, ..

Functional View: a typical Mixed Signal IC

ANALOG

DIGITAL

Transistor Abstraction for a digital designer

Simplest logic Gate: Logical Inverter

Universal gate: Can implement any Boolean function with This gate.

Boolean functions
x 0 0 1 1 y 0 1 0 1 f(x,y) 0 1 1 0

f ( x, y) = x ' y + xy '

Full Adder

32 transistors: S = A xor B xor C Cout = AB + BC + CA

Carry Propagate Addition

Other data path units

!! Multiplier !! Divider !! Comparator !! Shifter !! Zero detect !! Bit wise logical operators !! ......

Subtracter

One/Zero detector

Signed magnitude comparator

Sequencing
!! Sequencing operations ! Synchronous ! Asynchronous

Synchronous counter

Course Goals
! Understand
! Transistors, wires, deep submicron issues ! delay, power and energy for digital circuits ! digital circuit design concepts, basic digital cells, sequencing elements ! Clocking, clock distribution techniques, timing constraints ! Memory structures ! Low power techniques like power gating, multithreshold, sizing, parallelism, minimum energy operation ! IO and packaging

Logistics
Class Timings: M-W-F 11:15am to 12:30pm Lab Timings: Anytime you can get access to a machine with opensource tools: Electric and LTI-SPICE Grading: 1st Quiz (Jan end), Midterm (Feb end), Mini-project (Mar end), Final (first week of December)

Text:
CMOS VLSI Design. 4th Edition. Weste/Harris